Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We test observed (unconditional) differences for the hypotheses described in the main text. We use Wilcoxon rank-sum tests to test hypotheses for household incomes and Pearson χ2 tests for the categorical variables (housing tenure, housing type, race). We compare medians because household income levels are not normally distributed. We make two adjustments to ensure independence between the comparison groups. First, we estimate comparative statistics within states to ensure that the community and rooftop solar data are pulled from the same geographic subsamples. Second, we restrict the rooftop solar adopter data to systems installed in 2022 to account for the fact that our community solar data reflect samples of customers enroled in community solar in 2022 or 2023. That temporal misalignment matters because rooftop solar adoption has become more demographically equitable over time5. Both restrictions are reflected in the sample sizes reported in Table 1.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    First, differences by family social class in the marginal effects of diagnosis were estimated overall and then separately by whether or not the child subsequently received medication following diagnosis. In the latter analyses, diagnosed children were further classified as those who “additionally receive medication” and those who “do not receive medication,” both relative to undiagnosed children. This moderation analysis (first by family social class and then also by medication status) occurred after CEM but before PSM (Stuart et al. 2009). To guard against reverse-causality issues, sensitivity analyses relied on medication receipt reported only in third grade; resulting estimates remained substantively unchanged. Baseline models pooling across social class are shown in Appendix Table A.1. The CEM package in Stata 14 was used to independently and ex ante ensure that diagnosed and undiagnosed children were “exact matches” on three characteristics on which there are well- established differences in diagnosis and future behaviors: (1) family social class (3 groups); (2) quartile of pre-diagnosis behavioral problems based on parent- and teacher-rated subscales for inattentive or hyperactive/impulsive behavioral type (16 groups); and (3) child sex (2 groups). The continuous variables for social class and pre-diagnosis ADHD-related behaviors were first temporarily “coarsened” into the above categories so that matching occurred within the 96 broad groups above (3 x 16 x 2 = 96). All 380 diagnosed children were successfully matched to otherwise comparable undiagnosed children. By contrast, 340 (.5% of) undiagnosed children were pruned for reasons of achieving balance described in the Online Appendix.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The NICE model extends RICE by disaggregating regional consumption into five socioeconomic groups with consumption levels reflecting the current distribution of consumption within the regions58. So as not to affect any of the aggregate economic variables (investment, capital, output and so on), this is done by splitting average regional consumption into five units (or quintiles) after aggregate savings have been determined. The background consumption distribution and the distributions of damage and mitigation cost are determined in the way described below. We denote regions by index i, quintiles by j and periods by t. Quantities without a j index are regional aggregates and are identical to the quantities in the more aggregated RICE model. Net output Yit is given by Yit=1-λit 1+Dit Qit (1) where Qit denotes gross output, λit mitigation cost (opportunity costs of reducing CO2 emissions as a share of GDP) and Dit climate damages. The basic trade-off of the RICE model—mitigation costs in the present for the reduction of climate damages in the future—is embodied in this equation. As mentioned above, in each period the regional mitigation costs are chosen so that they are consistent with a globally uniform carbon price, which is implemented as a local tax, taxt , in each region.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Country long-term strategies were downloaded from the UNFCCC and were qualitatively coded in a spreadsheet by two independent coders, a research assistant and a member of the research team, for the following information: (1) Type of target (for example, carbon neutrality, net zero or other) (2) Coverage of target (GHGs or CO2 ) (3) Year of net zero, for countries with net-zero or carbon-neutral targets (4) Whether there is a definition of residual emissions or hard-to- abate/remaining emissions and, if so, how it is introduced (5) Whether there is a quantitative projection of residual emissions at net zero and, if so, what the amount is (6) Sectoral breakdowns of residual emissions (7) The source and process of generating the projections (which approaches were used; whether they appeared to be top-down or bottom-up; which particular models were used to generate them) (8) Mentions of public or stakeholder consultation or engagement In a few cases, other government documents or sources were also used for reference, including technical annexes for government strategies. Percentages of current country emissions were derived from the World Resources Institute's Climate Watch platform at https://www. climatewatchdata.org/ (ref. 1). Current-year emissions were derived from the 2019 emissions listed in UNFCCC inventories for total GHG emissions without LULUCF, at https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/transparency-and-reporting/ greenhouse-gas-data/ghg-data-unfccc/ghg-data-from-unfccc. Recent and current LULUCF data are from (ref. 35). The coded data was used to generate the tables and figures  in the Article. The analysis is straightforward; the work was simply in extracting the amounts of residual emissions and sectoral breakdowns because these are not presented in a standard form across  the documents, and in some cases they appear in charts but are  not well explicated in the main text of the reports.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Interviews and focus groups were audiorecorded. Focus groups were 90 minutes; individual interviews lasted 45 to 60 minutes. The recordings were transcribed and deidentified, including provision of pseudonyms for participants. At least two members of the research team thematically coded each transcript using ATLAS.ti, a qualitative analysis software. Coders met regularly to discuss themes and resolve discrepancies. Analysis consisted of an iterative process of thematic categorization, consultation with relevant literature, discussion of themes, and revisiting the data and refining codes (Emerson, Fretz, and Shaw 2011). Major themes emerged: uncertainty and confusion, negative impacts of restrictions on patients and providers, ethical dilemmas, varied interpretations, regional variation, and inequalities in access.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Indicators were developed iteratively during three rounds of engagement and consultations with 32 intermediaries from energy, housing, health and social service organizations operating at national and sub-national levels representing a diversity of constituents and locations. We engaged with 12 organizations one to three times over the course of the project in semi-structured 1-h long discussions. Stakeholders included: the Northern Territory Council of Social Service, the South Australian Council of Social Service, the Western Australian Council of Social Service, Original Power, the First Nations Clean Energy Network, Tangentyere Council Research Hub, Indigenous Consumer Assistance Network, Weipa Community Care, Energy Consumers Australia (ECA), Australian Energy Regulator and one other who requested anonymity. Before engagement commenced, these organizations all received a project information sheet and were read a consent form script; options were offered for anonymity, attribution at organizational level and attribution at individual level.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    To design mid-century scenarios, we set varying levels of national mitigation effort, targeting the national total GHG emissions in 2050 to be 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 95% below 2005 levels, respectively. The 20-80% decarbonization results are presented in the main text, and 95% decarbonization results are presented in Supplementary Fig. 7 as a sensitivity run to understand the required energy system changes in line with a 1.5°C global climate stabilization target and close to the Biden Administration's net-zero emissions target. We assume linear GHG mitigation pathways from 2015 to 2050 with 5-year interval (see trajectories for GHG targets in Supplementary Fig. 1). Since GCAM-USA is embedded within the global GCAM model and allows for interactions between the United States and the rest of the world through global markets, to avoid cross-country carbon leakage, we set decarbonization targets for other countries based on ref. 53, which are consistent with the 2°C pathway. We consider three subnational policy approaches to achieve the national targets. Under the Uniform approach, the model solves a single MAC (and in turn carbon price) nationally to meet the decarbonization target. The MAC is uniform NATUrE CliMATE ChANGE across states, which is determined by the marginal cost to mitigate the last unit of CO2 emissions nationally. Under the Hybrid and Heterogeneous approaches, we allow for heterogeneous MACs across states. We set the relative ratio of state-level MACs based on the present-day public support level for climate policy, then let the model solve the whole set of MACs for 51 states (Figs. 1b and 2 and Supplementary Methods). Note that the MACs capture the effects similar to a carbon price. A high MAC encourages the deployment of high-cost CO2 mitigation technologies (such as renewable electricity and BECCS) as well as a reduction in overall fossil energy use. As long as the importing activities can reduce energy production and associated emissions within the state boundary, our approach would not further require importing only low-carbon electricity or goods.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Therefore, we explicitly model a representative technology for NETs. We characterize it as an investable technology in the model, such that each region can choose to reduce emissions with either standard abatement or via carbon removal. Since we explicitly model NETs, MIU is capped below 100%, meaning the investable technology is the only means to reach net-negative emissions. We choose to model our representative NET technology as DAC. DAC is modelled as in Realmonte et al.30 as an investable technology with depreciating capital, and emissions captured must be stored geologically. Total costs are divided into investment and variable costs (which implicitly include fuel and operation and maintenance costs), as well as storage costs. Total costs shrink with time due to learning by doing. The storage cost depends on the storage type (aquifer, exhausted oil and gas field, for instance) and each storage type has a regional cumulative capacity limit. No leakage is considered from the geological sites. See Supplementary Annex I for the implications of this representation on the shape of the marginal cost curve for abatement and removal.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    On the day of the study initiation, participants received a message instructing them to complete a pre-survey. At the end of the survey, they were given a personalized link to a web-based online climate betting site. Upon logging in to the site, they were presented with a number of climate betting markets and could take a position on any number of them (Fig. 1). In addition, participants could choose to trade a position with other participants. The number of available markets changed daily based on old markets closing and new markets opening. Participants could place multiple bets on the same market and could trade continuously before the bet's settle date and time. During the betting period, participants could log in to the prediction market site whenever they wished, monitor their currently available funds, view the available markets, make bets or trade positions. The market mechanism was 'double auction' (Supplementary Information), which required two participants to take opposite bets such that the sum of two bets was US$1 (that is, if one participant chose to wager US$0.60 that a 'Yes' bet will occur, only when another participant wagered US$0.40 that a 'No' on the outcome would a contract be initiated). If no participant was willing to take the opposite wager, the offer remained pending until the participant making the offer chose to revoke it. The manifested value of each market at any given moment was that of the last 'Yes' transaction to occur. That is, if a participant made a bet for US$0.82 that the average methane level in October 2018 will be the highest on record and another participant took the opposite position at US$0.12, then all participants saw the current market value as US$0.82. Accordingly, the values of markets represented the aggregated stable amount of money people were agreeing to wager on each topic. Naturally, as the settlement date of markets approached, the bets were likely to converge to the probability (0…100) of the correct outcome (that is, if the market asked whether the number of disasters in a certain location be more than 10 by a certain date, and a few days before the closing time, a number of disasters already reached 9, the likelihood of a 'Yes' bet was higher). The betting period was initiated on 9 September 9 2018, and lasted until 11 November 11 2018. When the betting period was complete, participants were instructed to complete a post-survey. Once participants completed the post-survey, they were paid for their participation in the entire study. The pre- and post-surveys included a variety of questions (Supplementary Information provide all questions), but the main focus of the study was the subset of questions pertaining to the concern about climate change.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We have complied with all relevant ethical regulations. The interviews were conducted in Denmark by the Technical University of Denmark according to the guidelines. All interactions followed Chatham House rules. We have obtained informed consent from all interview participants.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    To estimate differences between the teacher-rated school behaviors and perceived selfcompetence outcomes of diagnosed and undiagnosed children, this study draws on the restricted-use Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort of 1998 (ECLS-K), an initially nationally representative sample of kindergarteners followed through middle school. The analytic sample used here consisted of the 7,330 children who remained in the study through 5th grade, were not missing data on either the outcomes or ADHD diagnosis, and were either diagnosed (N = 380) or plausible undiagnosed matches who had comparable levels of early ADHD-related behavioral problems in spite of not having been diagnosed (N = 6,950). Details on the longitudinal sample, attrition, and trimming are detailed in the Online Appendix; cell sizes were rounded to the nearest 10 per the restricted-use data agreement.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We used SBTi's linear 1.5 °C and well below 2 °C global mitigation pathways41, involving annual reductions of 4.2% and 2.5% of base year emissions, respectively. The SBTi developed these pathways from a subset of the pathways described in the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change42. SBTi determined this subset by applying criteria related to temperature limit probability, temporary overshoot of emission budget, year of peak emissions and near-term emission reduction rate, with the aim of isolating pathways conforming with principles of plausibility, responsibility, objectivity, and consistency41. The SBTi notes that linearization of emission pathways over long timespans can result in substantial deviations of the pathways' cumulative emissions and therefore recommends the use of the derived reduction rates (4.2% and 2.5%) for the shorter time span of 2020-2035. However, the SBTi also advises companies to apply these reductions rates to set SBTs for base years before 20206, and SBTi applied the requirement of the 1.5 °C pathway (4.2% reduction in base year emissions per year) as a benchmark for the combined emission trajectory of companies with SBTs in the 2015-2019 period in its latest target progress report8. Following SBTi, we here apply the annual emission reduction rates of the two SBTi pathways (4.2% and 2.5%, respectively) as references to evaluate the Paris alignment of past corporate emission trajectories (2015-2019) and future targeted trajectories (median values 2017-2030) for the 115 companies.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    In the initial phase of this study, an extensive list of demand-side measures was identified, based on relevant literature and Ch. 5 of IPCC's AR6 WG III report2 (references in Table 1). To improve the credibility and policy relevance of the scenarios, and to ensure that no factors were overlooked, we collected input from experts in relevant areas related to climate change mitigation. This involved conducting an online stakeholder survey in 2021. Experts were asked by means of a questionnaire to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of different ways to reduce emissions in the domains of buildings, mobility and international transport (Supplementary Table 7). Details about the stakeholder survey are provided in Supplementary Information 2, and the responses are summarized in Supplementary Tables 7 and 8. This was used as input for designing the three intervention strategy scenarios. The full process of designing, simulating and analysing the scenarios is summarized in Supplementary Fig. 1.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We estimate GHG emissions associated with oil extraction using field-specific GHG emissions factors. We first estimate historical GHG emissions factors using the Oil Production Greenhouse Gas Emission Estimator (OPGEE) model v2.0 from the California Air Resources Board51,52 (Supplementary Fig. 10 provides 2015 data). The OPGEE model is an engineering-based life-cycle assessment tool for the measurement of GHG emissions from the production, processing and transport of crude oil. Using the OPGEE model and oil-extraction data from the California Department of Conservation, we model field-level GHG emissions for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018. We consider only upstream emissions from exploration, drilling, crude production, surface processing, maintenance operations, waste treatment/disposal and other small sources (as modelled by OPGEE). To obtain emissions factors for oil fields that were not modelled by OPGEE, we apply the median emissions factors for the fields that were modelled, separated by the use of steam injection (Supplementary Note 12  provides more information). To estimate the field-level GHG emissions for the projection period (2020-2045), we average the historical emissions factors for each year, again separated by fields based on the use of steam injection. We then linearly regress the average emissions factors and extrapolate over the projection period. Last, we apply the percent change in emissions factor between each forecast year to the field-level historical emissions factors from 2018 onwards to determine field-level emissions factors for each forecast year. Supplementary Note 12 provides more details.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Data were derived from two waves of the Canadian Quality of Work and Economic Life Study (C-QWELS), national surveys intended to examine social conditions and well-being among Canadians who were currently employed. Data were gathered by the study authors in cooperation with the Angus Reid Forum, a Canadian national survey research firm that maintains an ongoing national panel of Canadian respondents. The C-QWELS I was gathered from September 19 to September 24, 2019, and was an online survey conducted among a representative sample of 2,524 working Canadians. The response rate was 42%, but results were statistically weighted according to the most current education, age, gender, and region census data to ensure a sample representative of working Canadians. The C-QWELS II was conducted from March 17 to March 23, 2020 with another nationally representative sample of 2,528 working Canadians. The response rate was 43%, and responses were similarly weighted. Of the 5,052 total respondents, 4,923 were retained in the analytic sample (2019 sample = 2,477; 2020 sample = 2,446), a retention rate of over 97%, suggesting little bias due to listwise deletion.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Psychological distress was measured using five common symptoms of nonspecific psychological distress (Kessler et al. 2002): feel anxious or tense, feel nervous, feel restless or fidgety, feel sad or depressed, feel hopeless. Respondents indicated the frequency they experienced each symptom in the previous month, with response scales of all of the time, most of the time, some of the time, a little of the time, and none of the time. All responses were coded so that higher values indicated more frequent symptoms. Psychological distress was measured as the mean of responses to these five questions (Cronbach's alpha = .877).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    State-level data were compiled from administrative data sources (e.g., Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Guttmacher Institute) to capture gender inequity in economic standing, political representation, policy protections, and reproductive rights. Table 1 includes a full list of measures with corresponding administrative data sources. Individual-level data came from the December 2014 to January 2019 waves of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Consumer Survey of Health Care Access, a repeat cross-sectional, online survey of adults age 18 and older in the United States. Surveys were conducted by an external firm that maintains an active panel of potential study participants. Stratified sampling was used to collect data based on age and health insurance status, with oversamples of various subpopulations of interest (minority, rural, Medicaid recipients, etc.) in particular survey waves. U.S. census weights were available to account for nonprobability sampling procedures.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Our data sources are defined in Table 1. We used home addresses to match adopter records at the address level to household-level variables for income, housing type and housing tenure purchased from Experian. Household-level incomes are estimated from individual- and household-level variables and a proprietary model developed by Experian, an empirically driven algorithm built to effectively predict sample statistics (for example, means, medians) of solar adopter incomes. The income estimates have been empirically validated in previous research on solar adopters13. The housing type variable is based on US Postal Service data. The housing tenure variable is based primarily on tax assessment and deed data. We predicted household-level racial characteristics using the 'wru' package in R36. The wru package estimates continuous probabilities for household race/ethnicity in five categories (Asian or Asian American, Black, Hispanic, White, other) based on the surname of the household's Census tract and the surname of the head of household. In cases where the surname was unavailable (12% of records), wru predicts race based only on the Census tract. Removing these tract-only predictions from the data does not substantially affect the results (Supplementary Fig. 2). The wru algorithm has been empirically validated to predict household race with around or above 80% accuracy5,37. We converted the continuous probabilities to a binary people of colour or Hispanic variable score based on whether some race other than White was assigned the greatest probability. We compare solar adopter demographics to the general population using state-level demographic statistics from the US Census American Community Survey. However, we omit the statewide comparison for race because the continuous race probabilities estimated by wru cannot be meaningfully compared to the self-identified races reported in Census data.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    All quantitative results in this work are obtained using the model LIMES-EU (Long-term Investment Model for the Electricity Sector), version 2.38. LIMES-EU is a linear optimization modelling framework that simultaneously determines cost-minimizing investment and dispatch decisions for generation, storage and transmission technologies in the European electricity sector. Although its clear focus is the electricity sector, the energy-intensive industry and district heating are also represented through marginal abatement cost curves. Compared with simple emissions trading models with static exogenous cost abatement curves, using an energy system model such as LIMES-EU allows to assess not only market developments (for example, prices or allowances in circulation) but also the investment dynamics and path dependencies within the electricity sector.LIMES-EU allows to fully simulate the EU ETS including the Market Stability Reserve (MSR)51. Hence, one can analyse figures such as the number of allowances in circulation, the intake by the MSR and resulting carbon prices. By varying the cap and MSR parameters, one can reproduce the state of the EU ETS between different political reforms.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The cluster analysis was performed using R 3.6.157 and the packages dplyr58, cluster59, factoextra60, ggplot261, Rtsne62, dbscan63, fpc64 and clustMixType65. Partitioning around medoids (PAM), hierarchical agglomerative clustering (HAC), density-based clustering and k-prototypes clustering were the four clustering methods applied to the dataset. We included different combinations of organization-level variables (for example, the legal structure of the organization) and project-level variables (for example, the type of energy activity and type of customer) in several analysis runs. The first run used all 48 variables, the second run omitted the variables for organization turnover and project location, and the third run omitted all the organization-level variables (such as turnover, number of members, number of volunteers, number of staff employed, ownership structure, charitable status and year of foundation) and project location, and used only the 40 variables relating to the operation of individual projects.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The CEEGE model is a dynamic computable equilibrium model of China, following the framework of the CHINAGEM model provided by the Centre of Policy Studies at Victoria University26,27. The CEEGE model is based on the neoclassical economics theory and assumes that the market is fully competitive and that the returns to scale of production are constant. It contains six economic agents (production, investment, consumption, government, foreign and inventory) and three primary factors (labour, capital and land) and is solved with the GEMPACK software51. In this model, a system of linearized equations is established to describe the behaviours of agents in response to price changes and determines the equilibrium price and quantity by equating the demand and supply for all goods and factors. The model can be used to capture the direct and indirect effects of exogenous changes in the economy and assess the impact mechanism across the economy. Hence, it provides a valuable tool for various policy-oriented studies related to carbon mitigation52,53. The modules of production, household consumption, governmental consumption, investment, export demand, carbon accounting and pricing, the dynamic module, the equilibrium mechanism, macro-economic closure and energy storage are presented in Supplementary Section 4.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We used a two-level random intercept model to test our hypotheses. Our model nested annual state-level observations within states. In total, 611 observations (Level 1) were nested within the 50 states and the District of Columbia (Level 2) from 2006 to 2017. The two-level random intercept model, also known as the within-between random-effects model (REWB) or the hybrid model,2 allowed us to model the within and between effects for each driver of drug-related mortality. The model is written as follows: - - ij β β β y x x x u e = + - + + + ij 0 1 2 ( ) . j j j ij b1 represents the within effects, which are estimated by group mean centering the variables, and b2 is the group mean, which represents the between effects. uj is the Level 2 error term, and eij is the Level 1 error term.3 The primary advantage of this model is that it allows the researcher to obtain both the within and between effects simultaneously. Doing so is not possible in the standard fixed-effects model, which relies on within variance only, or the standard  random-effects model, which uses a weighted average of within and between variance (Bell, Fairbrother, and Jones 2019). In the context of this study, it allowed us to test whether an increase in a driver within a state had the same effect as cross-sectional differences (the average level of the driver) between states.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The sample was composed of men and women from the BRFSS national survey in 2018. BRFSS is the largest continuously conducted health survey in the world and collects annual, cross-sectional data from respondents in all 50 states about health behaviors and conditions and demographics. Some questions vary each year, thus we used 2018 data because it was the most recent year that had the most applicable and complete data on preventive health care use. It was also important to avoid 2020 data due to the impact of COVID-19 on health care use. Our analytic sample consisted of 425,454 individuals, of which 192,854 were men and 232,600 were women. The sample sizes varied for each preventive health care service outcome, depending on how many individuals responded to each of the questions.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We used the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), the longest running U.S. longitudinal survey, between 1970 and 2019. The PSID began with  a nationally representative sample of about 5,000 families and 18,000 individuals. Information from these individuals and their descendants was collected annually from 1968 to 1995 and biennially thereafter. The PSID was ideal for our purposes. The long-running administration of the PSID allows for the prospective tracking of individual employment characteristics, avoiding inaccuracies produced by retrospective accounting of one's career. Moreover, the PSID began collecting extensive health information of individuals in the 1990s. Main data came from the WZB-PSID file, which incorporates information from the Cross-National Equivalent File (Brady and Kohler 2022).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).