Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We further tested the sensitivity of our results by performing separate analyses of Cleantech 1.0 (startups founded 2005-2011) and 2.0 (startups founded 2012-2020) investment periods and by examining the difference between startups that exhibit high-patenting activity vs low-patenting activity. High patenting was defined as being in the top decile of startups in terms of number of patents (greater than 12 patents). The results of these analyses are provided in Supplementary Tables 13-16.These robustness and sensitivity analyses attempted to account for as many factors as possible. However, other potentially relevant variables were not included in this analysis due to lack of data availability, which is a common problem due to a widespread focus on secrecy in competitive startup sectors, or difficulty accessing granular data for the large numbers of entities included in this analysis. If data were available, future research could include considerations such as relationships with founder networks, public-private partnerships3, proximity to local branches of a corporate investor21, degree of digitalization34, startup size and generalizability to other sectoral and country contexts.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We measured the population at risk of hunger, or the number of people whose food availability falls below the mean minimum dietary energy requirement, on the basis of previous studies51-53. The following four parameters were used: the mean minimum dietary energy requirement, the coefficient of Nature Climate ChaNge variation of the distribution of food within a country, the mean food availability in the country (kcal per capita per day) and total population. Minimum dietary energy requirements are exogenously calculated on the basis of demographic composition (age, sex) of future population projections. Future changes in the inequality of food distribution within a country are exogenous and follow projected national income growth. This is based on an estimated relationship between income and the coefficient of variation of food distribution with observed historical national-level data. Poor infrastructure, remoteness and a high prevalence of subsistence farming limit local markets in distributing food equally across households7. Income is lowest in SAS and SSA, regions in which the share of land under subsistence farming is the largest (27% in SAS and 43% in SSA)54. Food availability in kcal per capita per day is endogenously determined by GLOBIOM at the regional level. One limitation of the approach is that it does not include within-country distributional consequences of trade integration and/ or climate change through income effects. Trade policies and climate change alter food prices, which affects individual incomes, purchasing power and food access depending on households being net consumers or net producers of food33. At the aggregate regional level, the bias from not considering these distributional effects may be upward or downward, depending on the share of net-consuming versus net-producing households; degree of subsistence farming versus agricultural wage work; and share of rural versus urban population in each country.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Twenty climate projections were selected from CMIP6 Tier 1 GCMs on the basis of uniform sampling to cover the full range of available SSPs, radiative forcing and the joint distribution of EOC change in precipitation and temperature over the Nile Basin. Processing, downscaling and bias correction of the GCM simulations were driven by the requirement for transient (2017-2100) three-hourly forcing data across seven climate variables that govern the surface mass and energy balances in the hydrological model (described in the next section). The seven variables are precipitation, temperature, incoming shortwave radiation, incoming longwave radiation, humidity, wind speed and surface pressure. Given the large spatial domain, the low availability of subdaily model output for all of the relevant variables in CMIP6 and challenges of multivariate bias correction51, we derived bias-corrected transient projections by (1) resampling the 0.25° historical baseline climate dataset to match the (detrended) relative variability of the selected GCM projections and then (2) applying perturbation factors to reintroduce the change signal extracted from the GCMs following a quantile delta mapping approach52.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Given a fixed configuration of capacities for a set of zones (country/areas in our implementation) and transfer capacities across zones (interconnections in our implementation), GenX's dispatch algorithm minimizes the total variable costs of satisfying each zone's demand at each of the 8,760 h in the year. The variable costs of each technology include a non-fuel variable operating cost plus a fuel cost, which is defined in turn by the fuel price per thermal MWh and the thermal efficiency of each plant type. GenX allows for the simulation of storage technologies, including hydropower plants with reservoirs and/or pumping capabilities and batteries. Because the algorithm minimizes the total annual cost, the resulting solution assumes perfect foresight of hourly profiles for capacity factors, inflows and demands for the full year. Hence, batteries and reservoirs will be charged and discharged in the optimal dispatch solution provided by GenX at the times that minimize the total cost of electricity generation for the full year. GenX includes the possibility to curtail demand if the cost of satisfying it exceeds a pre-set value of loss load parameter (set at 3,000 euros in our analysis). GenX also allows for demand-side response capabilities, which allow to anticipate or delay certain loads at a cost. The full solution of GenX dispatch is characterized by hourly generation profiles for each technology in each country/area and the hourly electricity flows across countries/areas (given the restrictions imposed by network capabilities). The Lagrange multiplier associated with the increase of 1 MWh in demand for a given country at a given hour is also calculated. Any technology in the model can set the marginal price, including variable renewables, storage, interconnectors or demand-side response.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Our analysis involved several dependent variables that measured the use of preventive health care from BRFSS. Several of these BRFSS variables have different versions that factor age of respondent and frequency of use of the service. For these measures, we analyzed the versions that included the largest sample sizes to provide the most complete picture of gendered patterns of health care use. For example, there were two versions of the question about mammograms: (1) women who have ever had a mammogram and (2) women age 40+ who have had a mammogram in the past 2 years. We used the former measure because the 2018 mammogram recommendations vary for women 40 years and older, and therefore, the latter measure may miss important variation by limiting the time period. Most health care services apply to both men and women; however, there were three that were asked only of women and one that was asked only of men (described in the following). All respondents were asked about a variety of health care services. These included dichotomous measures of whether respondents had a person they thought of as their personal doctor, if they had ever had a colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy or been tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and whether within the past year they had visited a doctor for a routine checkup, gotten a flu shot, or visited a dentist, dental hygienist, or dental clinic. For women, they were also asked if they had ever had a mammogram, pap test, or human papillomavirus (HPV) test. For men, they asked if they had ever had a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test. All variables were coded 0/1 so that 1 indicated the participant had used the health care service within the specified timeframe.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were coded and analyzed using Atlas.ti. Participants were given pseudonyms to protect their identity. Data were analyzed inductively following a grounded approach (Charmaz 2014). Interviews first underwent open coding. During the initial coding phase, I simultaneously created detailed memos reflecting on my impressions of the emerging codes and patterns. These memos and initial codes guided the next stage of focused coding, during which new codes were created to capture salient themes within and across interviews and initial codes were condensed (Charmaz 2014). For the purposes of this analysis, I focused on data from medical providers and themes that emerged from codes relevant to drug testing, clinical decision-making, medical surveillance, risk, and collaborations between medicine and child welfare. Ethical approval was obtained through the appropriate institutional review board.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    A diverse research team of five conducted and analyzed the interviews, collaborating to construct a rigorous analytical process. Codes were developed inductively, similar to a grounded theory approach, through an iterative process of reading transcripts to identify patterns and themes, many of which centered around questions that we posed to participants, such as if and how they counsel patients from different backgrounds about contraception (Charmaz 2014). We then entered codes such as “specific contraceptive for specific patient” into a qualitative research software program and further refined them into hierarchical coding schemes using line-by-line  coding. Given the semistructured nature of the interviews, findings for this article around providers' efforts to minimize and manage bias emerged unprompted during the interviews when providers were asked about their approaches to patients. We then ensured that all examples fit the codes and subcodes. To maintain consistency, researchers reviewed transcripts in pairs for intercoder reliability and continuously memoed throughout the coding process about relevant themes. All quotes used in this article were the most illustrative examples among many of the participants. Data were only included that were commonplace across participants. This research was reviewed and approved by state and university Institutional Review Boards. All names are pseudonyms.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Observations and attitudes towards novel marine-climate interventions were surveyed using an online survey-questionnaire targeting active practitioners. Questions were designed to capture observational data describing current arrangements for governing interventions and positional attitudinal data concerning perceived benefits and costs, gaps in governance, risks, and missed and emerging opportunities (see survey-questionnaire in Supplementary Table 8). Types of interventions used to design response options were identified from recent authoritative reviews15,34,84. The questionnaire used a mix of selected choice questions, ratings and open-ended text response questions. The questionnaire was delivered using Qualtricsxm online survey software. The survey instrument and specific questions were pre-tested by members of the research group, revised and then formally piloted through a soft launch of the survey in October 2022 with members of the study's technical advisory committee.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We used probabilistic modelling of S-shaped production ramp-up and technology diffusion based on the latest empirical data to project future battery demand and domestic production in Europe, covering the EU, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the United Kingdom. We also translated this battery demand into the corresponding amounts of required critical raw materials. This probabilistic approach captures the nonlinear propagation and simultaneous interaction of major parameters with inevitable uncertainties, in contrast to deterministic models that rely on single estimate inputs. However, the goodness of the projections still depends on the quality of the input data and chosen model parameterization. A Monte Carlo simulation (N = 1,000) then allows the construction of feasibility spaces and the classification of findings by probability. The model was implemented in Python. Model components and procedures are illustrated in Supplementary Fig. 1. We performed all calculations on a standard Lenovo notebook with an i7-8565U @1.8 GHz processor and 16 GB RAM (random access memory).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We used regional fixed effects analyses to consider the impacts of predictor variables on billing, discomfort and the need for medical attention. By using regional fixed effects grouped by climate zone, these models control for unobserved time-invariant differences between households, for those differences associated with living in different climate zones. That is, the predictions of respective dependent variables in each regional fixed effects analysis are estimated conditional on the climate zone, and each climate zone is associated with a unique intercept.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    All model code and data used to generate results for this article are archived53 and a running version is available at https://github.com/Environment-Research/ revenue_recycling. The NICE model52 used here is a modification of the RICE model3,54, which was developed by W. Nordhaus. RICE is the regional counterpart to the global dynamic integrated climate-economy (DICE) model, which is one of three leading cost-benefit models used by researchers and governments for regulatory analysis, including to estimate the social cost of carbon55. RICE3,54 and NICE51,52 have been described in great detail elsewhere. Since their basic architecture is the same, we first describe this RICE architecture and then explain the model developments that make RICE into NICE, noting from the outset that all models of this class are reduced-form representations of reality with associated strengths and limitations56,57.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Energy insecurity and disconnection rates are likely to be determined by a range of factors, including the usual level of electricity use and the inability to pay. While we do not have household data on occupancy or income, we are able to categorize the meters into groups using average daily electricity use. The average daily load will be a function of the types of appliance, intensity of use and the number of residents. The percentile groupings used are shown in Supplementary Table 14 along with the aggregate expenditure on electricity. Note that the data are not a balanced panel due to the incremental roll out of smart meters across communities and we excluded those meters with less than 100 observations.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The price elasticity of global oil supply is low (close to zero) in the short term and grows only slowly in the longer term. New conventional oil fields take several years to bring into production and additional supply in the short term (within 1 year) can only come from either inventory, politically withheld supply (including, for example, Saudi Arabian spare capacity), shale oil production and infill drilling in conventional fields.Compared with demand elasticity studies, supply elasticity studies are rare. Caldara et al.22 compile six studies applying different methods and data and find short-term (within 1 year) supply elasticities in the range of 0-0.27. These estimates are based on historical data and do not necessarily reflect current or future oil supply. As a complement, we also rely on modelled forward-looking estimates of supply elasticity derived by Wachtmeister25 using a bottom-up modelling framework and Rystad UCube field-by-field data, as well as our own judgement of the current oil market outlook.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The main study area, Warren, encompasses the urban domain of the Red Run watershed located in southeast Michigan (Fig. 2a,b). This is a complex urban area with a substantial proportion of impervious surfaces. The land-use cover obtained from the National Land Cover Database 2019 (NLCD, https://www.mrlc.gov) indicates a predominant presence of developed areas with buildings, driveways, pavements and parking, with an impervious surface ratio reaching 94.48% (Supplementary  Fig. 18). The terrain in this region is relatively flat, with a northward slope adjacent Bear Creek. According to FEMA reports, some Warren  areas fall within the 100- and 500-year flood zones. To ensure a  realistic simulation, a substantial amount of digital and field observational data were collected to set up the model accurately. The overall simulation domain encompasses the entire Red Run watershed in which the Warren region is nested (Fig. 2a). This was done to ensure the modeling of spatial flood processes, such as surface inflows into the Warren area from other sub-basins and the simulation of flood waves in the Red Run River and its tributaries and their impact on the Warren area. High-resolution elevation data (0.6-m resolution)  were used to set up the overland flow model (Lidar Point Cloud data kindly provided by the USGS, https://apps.nationalmap.gov/ downloader/) (Supplementary Fig. 19a). Land-use and land-cover data with a 30-m resolution obtained from the NLCD were used to estimate roughness parameters for the model. Similarly, impervious surface data with a 30-m resolution, also derived from the NLCD, were used to estimate infiltration parameters. It is worth noting that other areas within the Red Run watershed also exhibited high impervious surface ratios, ranging mostly between 47% and 95%.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Our approach to identification requires the assumption that not all areas that meet the CBRS delineation criteria were designated as part of the original system in 1982. This assumption is supported by the fact that additional areas have been added to the CBRS over the past 40 years, with the most recent addition proposed in December 202250. According to a 1988 Report to Congress51 and conversations with programme officers at the FWS, not all eligible areas were designated as part of the original system for two primary reasons. First, USGS quadrangles used in the inventory process did not show sufficient detail to identify all qualifying undeveloped coastal barrier areas. Second, the scientific definition of what qualifies as a 'coastal barrier' has evolved over time. We argue that both of these factors are plausibly exogenous to the housing market outcomes we analyse.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We use data on carbon pricing from the Carbon Pricing Dashboard of the World Bank. The dataset includes pricing policies at the national and  subnational level (Supplementary Table 2). We assign subnational  pricing schemes to the corresponding countries and focus on the first carbon pricing policy in every country. For a robustness test, we ignore subnational pricing policies. Furthermore, for another two robustness tests we keep only either carbon tax or ETS policies in the sample. For  the analysis of price levels, we combine this dataset with the World Carbon Pricing Database52. Data on GHG emissions are from a previous report53.  For the explanatory variables we use 9 different sources (Supplementary Table 2) for 21 raw variables (Supplementary Table 3). We use iterative  multiple imputation to fill missing values (see Methods). Descriptive  statistics of all covariates are shown in Supplementary Table 3. Our main sample covers 188 countries from 1988-2021 (Supplementary Fig. 1).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We conducted a content analysis of relevant policy documents, records from public meetings and public comments related to the rule-making  process. We used these data to complement and triangulate our  analysis from participant observation and interviews, and to confirm the elements of the regulations that were explicitly linked to equity and justice at different stages of the rule-making process. We gave special attention to justice controversies related to the implementation of BERDO and the role and positions of regulated parties, community advocates and other actors in proposing any specific regulations language or implementation decisions and strategies. This analysis included the final regulatory language adopted through the rule-making process, the minutes and materials from 15 public hearings of the Boston Air Pollution Control Commission, minutes and materials from 12 public hearings of the Review Board, minutes and materials from 11 CAG meetings, minutes and materials from 12 public meetings held by the City of Boston's Environment Department, 134 public comment letters received as part of the rule-making process, and nine documents that included city staff responses to public comment letters. A list of public meetings included in this analysis can be found in Supplementary Appendix C.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We calculated state-level time-varying measures of obstetric interventions, maternal demographics, and risk factors for “high-risk pregnancy” among states' Black, Latina, and White childbearing populations. Our outcome measure was the proportion of births in state  in year j in which labor was induced, where i = Alabama,…, Wyoming and j = 1990,…,2017.5 Induction of labor is a characteristic of delivery that is comparable across the 1989 U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth and the 2003 U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth (Martin et al. 2007), and IOL coding in the NVSS is also comparable across U.S. states.6 As a control variable, we also created a measure of the cesarean delivery rate among first-birth singletons born to states' Black, Latina, and White women, calculated as the proportion of singleton first births in state i delivered by cesarean in year j.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Two units of analysis were used to examine the data. Data on respondents' role, interaction with interventions and general awareness of interventions were treated as data about the respondents, while data in response to survey question six onwards were treated as data about the intervention the respondent was asked to identify as the one with which they were most familiar. Selected choice data where respondents answered by selecting from a pre-determined set of options were analysed using basic descriptive statistics (frequency counts). These included questions to identify awareness of interventions, involvement in active intervention planning and deployment, the stage of development of the intervention respondents were most familiar with, the types of actors and organizations engaged in their development and the presence or absence of specific governance arrangements. Open-ended text responses were analysed using thematic content analysis102-104 to code data and thereby convert the qualitative data into quantitative data. To increase coding reliability105, first-pass coding frameworks were reviewed and tested by other members of the project team before finalizing and then undertaking the thematic analysis. Basic descriptive statistics (frequency counts) were then used to analyse the coded survey data by theme.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We use a stratified random sample of 1 km2 grid cells drawn from across countries with proportional allocation within states. To ensure a representative sample, countries are divided into two groups: those with more than 75,000 forested grid cells and those with fewer than 75,000 forested grid cells. For the first group, we randomly selected 10% of all grid cells. For the second group, we first determined the minimum random sample percentage according to Lohr18 and then proportionally sample this percentage of grid cells across states within countries. T he sample was limited to grid cells that had a minimum of 50% forest cover in 2010 and at least 25 ha of forest with canopy cover ≥60%. Brazilian forests in the Amazon biome are excluded from the analyses due to the existing monitoring system there. We study all countries that had access to the alerts before 2018 (Fig. 1a). The countries with fewer than 75,000 forested grid cells are: Burundi (70), Rwanda (638), Timor-Leste (3,862), Brunei (4,830), Uganda (8,813), Equatorial Guinea (25,352) and French Guiana (74,855). Using the same formula to sample the grid cells in the countries with more than 75,000 forested grid cells would lead to sampling less than 10%. To ensure representation within countries, sampling  for these locations is stratified at the second administrative level. Supplementary Table A11 presents the population of forested grid cells, sample sizes and corresponding sampling percentages. Sampling weights used in empirical estimations correspond to the inverse of the probability that the observation is included due to sampling design.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The circumstances that support this natural experiment arose in Jefferson County, which fully contains Louisville, a city that covers  842 km2 and had a population of 600,000 people in 2010. We hypothesized  that (1) coal-fired power plant emissions and subsequent population exposures dropped after the coal-fired power plant energy transitions and (2) the lower exposures resulting from energy transitions translated into fewer healthcare utilization events and symptoms. Our analyses used two health outcomes (acute asthma-related healthcare utilization and asthma symptoms) at two spatial scales (ZIP-code and individual level) and employed a measure of coal-fired power plant emission exposure.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    In this study, we explore the potential effects of fertility policy and its combination with retirement policy on the household carbon footprint. Specifically, there are three fertility policies: the two-child policy, the three-child policy and the assumed replacement-level policy. As for the retirement policy, we assume that the retirement age (as well as the threshold for older people in this study) is extended linearly from the Chinese current level (60 years for men and 55 years for women2) in 2020 to the age prevailing in developed countries (65 years for both men and women) in 2050, and remains constant afterwards (Supplementary Table 7)31. The fertility and retirement policies would affect the population and economy, thereby impacting the household consumption and carbon footprint in equation (16).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Here, we provide derivations of the model used in the analysis. We distinguish between the demand for crude oil for vehicle fuel in the EU, DEU, and the remaining oil demand DROW. Note that the rest of the world demand includes oil demand in the EU for uses other than vehicle fuel. Since we want to study the effects of taxes on vehicle fuel in the EU, we explicitly consider these and assume that the demand for oil for fuel in the EU depends on the price, including refinement, transportation and taxes. Let p denote the crude oil price, v the VAT rate and τ the per-unit tax on vehicle fuel in the EU. The costs for refinement and transportation could have one per-unit component, c, and one component proportional to the price, z. We thus have the fuel pricef=(1+v)((1+z)p+c+τ) (10)and crude demand in the EU depends on this price and on income I, DEU(f, I). The rest of the world demand depends directly on the crude oil price DROW(p). In the baseline model, we focus on per-unit costs, corresponding to z = 0. In the Supplementary Information, we instead consider completely proportional costs, corresponding to c = 0.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We implement the global constraint on cumulative CO2 emissions via a global uniform carbon tax, which increases exponentially at a growth rate of 5% per year. In the first periods, the trajectory of the tax is smoothed out from the exponential path to avoid abrupt changes in the pricing profile. To mimic the existence of hard-to-abate sectors and emissions, the maximum rate of abatement via conventional mitigation MIUmax is capped at 0.975 for all countries, corresponding to 97.5% of baseline emissions and around 2 GtCO2 in 2100 globally. Non-CO2 gases are not priced and do not contribute to the global budget. To decrease the computational complexity of the problem and to avoid implicit transfers across regions via mitigation effort shifting, each region solves as an independent optimization and convergence is achieved by solving iteratively all regions. Nonetheless, the superimposed shape of the global carbon tax produces a de facto cooperative scenario even though each regional optimization problem is solved independently, in the sense that implicit cooperation is assumed in negotiating (and abiding to) the carbon tax level and growth across countries.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    GRID Alternatives tracks every point of contact with existing and potential clients (including referrals) in a Salesforce database. We analysed a de-identified version of data extracted from this database. Typically, once referred to the non-profit, individuals are contacted to determine whether their household meets the qualification criteria for subsidized solar (for example, they own their home, meet household income requirements, have a good roof and live in a qualifying area). Unfortunately for our study, some individuals were never screened; the dramatic increase in referred names from the reciprocity + simplification condition outpaced the non-profit's ability to process them as well as available funding for subsidized PV. Of the nominations that were not screened (94 during the first 17 weeks; 122 by 9 months), most came from the reciprocity + simplification condition (86.2% of non-screened at 17 weeks, 77.9% at 9 months; Supplementary Table 5). As this issue was only discovered at the start of the coronavirus pandemic, the non-profit was unable to recontact these individuals. This forced us to deviate from our analysis plan and proxy for quality by examining whether nominated individuals lived in areas that qualify for low-income solar subsidies through SASH and DAC-SASH. See Supplementary Note 1.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Those communities that we focus on are typically exposed to extremely hot days and cold nights. Supplementary Table 13 shows the breakdown of key temperature statistics by climate zone for these communities. Figure 1 presents maps produced by the Australian BOM showing how temperature differs across both Australia and the NT72. Differences in temperature indicators vary across climate zones (shown in Fig. 1a-c). Central Australia experiences prolonged hot daytime temperatures in summer and cold (below zero) nights in winter. For example, the hottest day (46 °C) and coldest night (-4 °C) in our dataset both occurred in the southern-most 'hot persistently dry grassland climate zone'. Northern regions of the NT experience the southern extent of the tropical monsoon, which brings seasonal cyclonic activity and afternoon storms. Average temperatures decrease north to south. The highest maximum temperature (lowest minimum temperature) increases (decreases) as you move from the north to south (Fig. 1b,c and Supplementary Table 13). The regressions were run using daily average temperatures.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Each project has a unique reference number that stays the same across all database snapshots, as confirmed by the IEA in personal correspondence. This enabled us to track the development of project announcements over time (see Fig. 3 for projects announced for 2023, Supplementary Fig. 5 for projects announced for 2022 and Supplementary Fig. 6 for projects announced for 2024). Supplementary Figs. 7-10 also show the 2023 project tracking for those regions that have at least ten trackable project entries. We accounted for changing capacity of projects between two database snapshots by adding dummy projects, which are, however, not explicitly shown in the Sankey diagrams for simplicity. The reported rates of disappearance, delay and success (Fig. 3b-d and Supplementary Fig. 5b, c) only refer to projects announced in 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Our research methodology is informed by the principles underpinning ethical Australian Indigenous research outlined in the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Code of Ethics for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Research71, and our research team is committed to the principles of Indigenous self-determination, Indigenous leadership, impact and value, sustainability and accountability. V.N.D. is senior Aboriginal researcher at Tangentyere Research Hub in Mparntwe (Alice Springs) and a visiting Indigenous fellow at the Australian National University (ANU) Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research. M.K. is senior policy manager at Tangentyere Research Hub and a visiting fellow at the ANU's Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We now describe our procedure for identifying plausible control areas: areas that could have been selected for CBRS designation in 1982 based on the selection criteria, but were not. CBRS boundaries do not follow traditional administrative boundaries; they were hand drawn to follow geomorphic and development features44. Our first step is to trace out potential counterfactual areas using an automated procedure that closely resembles this process. Importantly, we can observe close proxies for the information the planners had available at the time of designation—aerial photographs and topographic maps (Extended Data Fig. 2). We begin with 300 m resolution gridded data on historical land cover, development levels, elevation and distance to coast. Each cell of the raster represents a distinct observation that will be grouped into a region. We only consider grid cells within 2 km of the coast. We exclude any cell that is 100% water, within a CBRS unit (including both original units designated in 1982 and all units designated since then) or an otherwise protected area, and all grid cells within 2 km of a CBRS unit (to avoid selecting control areas that may be 'treated' by spillover effects of CBRS units).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    On the basis of the literature evaluations and feedback from the stakeholder survey, we compiled a comprehensive list of measures that were considered to have substantial impact on reducing demand-side emissions, while also being regarded feasible. We classified these measures into three different intervention strategies, based on a slightly adapted version of the ASI (Avoid-Shift-Improve) framework3. Categorizing policy measures in the ASI framework can be ambiguous in some cases. For example, stimulating adoption of heat pumps both improves the building technical systems and induces a shift from higher-carbon fuels to electrification for space heating. Because we aimed to explore which type of policy interventions are most effective, we needed a cleaner separation between the mitigation options and we use a more distinct separation between the demand-side measures. Table 1 summarizes the key assumptions for the three intervention strategies.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We utilized the Prescription Drug Abuse Policy System for a comprehensive listing of policy passage in each U.S. state between 2000 and 2016. We then created a state-year data set of the presence of policies across the observation period. Our central variable of interest is presence of a state-level PDMP (coding described in the following). We also considered alternative specifications via variables for whether prescribers/dispensers have access to the PDMP and whether prescribers/dispensers are required to check the PDMP when writing/filling a prescription. To account for other policies that may affect overdose rates, we included covariates for naloxone access expanded beyond medical settings, Good Samaritan laws absolving criminal/civil liability in reporting an overdose, pain clinic restrictions, and medical marijuana laws (not passed because of the overdose crisis but an important policy covariate given their pertinence to managing pain)

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    This criterion looks at alignment between adaptation cycle components. Policies need to establish clear linkages between climate risk and impact assessments, planning of goals and objectives, actions to implement, and MEL, to facilitate context-fit tracking and meaningful insights on progress21,30. Intentional linkages maximize effectiveness of plans in reducing risks and vulnerabilities28. Our assessment of consistency was pragmatic and did not examine the extent to which sets of actions sufficiently address risks. A document was considered fully consistent if it provided evidence of intentional linkages across all four components of the adaptation cycle. For instance, actions to switch to drought-resistant crops or strengthen early warning systems for hydroclimatic risks in coastal areas indicate linkages between assessment and planning (Supplementary Table 3). While such an approach is inherently subjective, it provides a practical, preliminary approximation of how policies can deliver meaningful information for tracking.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Here we formulated a multiple-agent variant of a two-stage stochastic program for capacity expansion. In the first stage, risk-averse investment and financial trading decisions are made by a number of agents. Spot market prices are determined through a perfectly competitive dispatch over time blocks, t2T I ,  performed by the system operator in the second stage. The ultimate source of all generator revenue in the model is energy sales; financial contracts settle based on the prices realized in the second stage. Instead of writing the optimality conditions for each of the subproblems and reformulating as a complementarity problem9,41,42, we anticipate the algorithm that we describe later in this section and focus on the problems solved by each agent. Our modelling framework builds most directly on the approaches of de Maere d'Aertrycke and co-workers41,]42, which describe a risk-averse capacity equilibrium with incomplete markets. We make two modifications of note, which we describe in detail after introducing the model. Incomplete trading has significant ramifications, both computationally and conceptually. The computational issue is that, instead of a comparatively simple optimization problem, the problem is formulated using a construct called a multiple optimization problem with equilibrium constraints43. Although modest-sized instances can be solved by the PATH solver44, numerical tests on larger instances can fail to converge. To help address this issue, we proposed a heuristic decomposition algorithm similar in spirit to that of Höschle et al.45, which allows the identification of equilibria through a series of convex quadratic programs. Although the test systems used in this article are kept simple, this decomposition approach allows an easier extension to a richer set of technologies and risks. The conceptual concern is that the uniqueness of the equilibrium solutions cannot, in general, be guaranteed. We revisit this topic after introducing the algorithm. The optimization models are implemented in AMPL46 and solved using CPLEX47

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We model the impacts of three policies—setbacks, an excise tax and a carbon tax—on California's oil sector. A setback policy prohibits oil (and gas) extraction within a specified distance from sensitive sites including occupied dwellings, schools, healthcare facilities and playgrounds. We model two setback scenarios: (1) setbacks that apply to new wells only (main results) and (2) setbacks that apply to new and existing wells or all wells. We model setbacks on new wells by proportionally reducing field-level future new well entry based on the relative field area covered by a given setback buffer. For existing wells, setbacks are implemented in our model by removing those within the setback distance from future production. We consider setback distances of 1,000 feet, 2,500 feet and 1 mile. We assume only vertical drilling in the setback analysis. Horizontal and directional drilling from pads outside of the setback distance could access additional sub-surface oil resources within the setback distance, reducing our estimates of the health and equity benefits of setbacks, especially for shorter setback distances44. However, the costs and extent of adoption of horizontal drilling are uncertain for California and thus are not included in this study. The excise-tax policy imposes a tax on each barrel of crude oil extracted. In our projection period, we apply a constant tax rate to the oil price each year. This is consistent with historical proposals for excise taxes on California oil extraction45. The carbon-tax policy imposes a tax on the GHG emissions from the oil-extraction site. We consider only direct GHG emissions, excluding methane emissions due to a lack of reliable oil-field-specific data. All carbon-tax trajectories increase at an annual rate of 7%, the sum of a 5% real growth rate and 2% inflation rate per year (ref. 46). We determine the excise-tax rates applied to the oil price and carbon taxes that result in the following 2045 statewide GHG emissions targets using an optimization function: (1) 2045 statewide GHG emissions associated with the three setback distances (Supplementary Table 4) and (2) a 90% reduction in statewide GHG emissions compared with 2019. The excise and carbon taxes are shown in Supplementary Figs. 15 and 16 and are inputs to the oil-extraction model and affect future well entry and exit. Summplementary Note 17 provides more details.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We assume that gross consumption is distributed across population quintiles according to a baseline distribution, yielding gross consumptions for each quintile. Under the no recycling scenario, final consumption of each quintile is computed by subtracting climate damages and mitigation costs from gross consumption according to distributions that reflect different exposures and vulnerabilities of consumption groups to these impacts. Under the recycling scenario, carbon taxes are raised according to the same distribution as mitigation costs and redistributed as equal per capita payments within regions. The baseline distribution is given by quintile weights, qijt , that denote the ratio between quintile consumption and average consumption. If for quintile j in region i and period t, qijt > 1, its consumption is greater than average regional consumption in that period; if qijt < 1, its consumption is less than the average. Since the five quintiles comprise equal proportions of the population, ∑ j qijt=5 in all regions and periods. In the base implementation these quintile weights are fixed across time and estimated to the current distribution of consumption in the region by aggregating country level distributional data from the World Income Inequality Database58 to regional distributions. The aggregation is described in detail in Section 6 of the Supplementary Information.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    To investigate voters' policy preferences, we conducted a choice experiment. Choice experiments were developed in marketing research to investigate the importance of different product design features in determining purchasing preferences. The idea is to put respondents in a hypothetical yet realistic choice situation in which they are confronted with bundles of relevant product attributes. By observing stated preferences with regard to the presented alternatives, it is possible to examine the relevance of certain product attributes and their characteristics to individual choices. Political scientists have adopted the method to gauge citizens' preferences with regard to different policy proposals or scenarios26,49. Analytically, the design features of a policy are similar to product attributes, which is why the method provides a powerful approach to simultaneously estimate the individual effects of several attributes of a policy proposal on voter preferences50. Choice experiments require decision-makers to make trade-offs between different policy attributes when evaluating various multidimensional alternatives. As a consequence, they can mitigate the problem of social desirability bias in public opinion research on environmental matters26. In our case, using choice experiments may reduce the likelihood of overestimating voters' appetite for an ambitious phase-out of coal.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The first step of the econometric methodology identifies a cointegrating relation for the real price of oil from an unrestricted model, which is given by: Pricet¼f UtilTRCt;UtilTRC2 t ;UtilTRC3 t ;UtilOPECt;UtilOPEC2 t ; UtilOPEC3 t ;Dayst;UtilReft ð4Þ for which the variables have been defined previously. We identify a final version of equation (4) by estimating versions that specify all possible combinations of utilization rates by the TRC and OPEC (Supplementary Note 1) and evaluating each model against three criteria: do the variables cointegrate, do the variables have a statistically measurable relation with oil prices and do oil prices error correct to disequilibrium in the cointegrating relation? We evaluate cointegration by estimating each possible specification using OLS and testing the residual for a unit root with four statistics (PT, DFGLS, QT and DFGLSu)56. Statistics that reject the null hypothesis indicate that the residual does not contain a unit root, which indicates that the variables cointegrate and therefore represent a long-run cointegrating relation for price. The long-run relation between Price and the proxies for the balance between supply and demand are estimated using DOLS57. Lags and leads for the first differences of the independent variables are chosen using the Bayesian information criterion58. We test the null hypothesis that independent variable i has no statistically measurable relation with Price (βi = 0) with a t-test that is calculated with a standard error, which is robust to the presence of autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity in the regression residual59. Rejecting the null hypothesis indicates that independent variable i has a statistically measurable relation  with Price.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Our energy performance data (total energy use and EUI) and audit data were collected by the NYC Department of Finance and the Department of Buildings pursuant to LL84 and LL87. Data were provided by the NYC Mayor's Office of Sustainability subsequent to a data sharing request. The LL84 dataset includes all covered buildings, which are defined as buildings with greater than 50,000 ft2 of gross floor area, that submitted energy use data in calendar years 2011 through 2016. EUI is defined as the total annual energy consumption divided by the gross floor area of the building, and we utilized weather-normalized site EUI to capture the direct consumption reported through utility bills adjusted for the total number of heating degree days and cooling degree days in a given year57. In addition to the total energy use and EUI values, the dataset contains buildingspecific features, which include physical (age, gross floor area and so on) and operational (occupancy density, weekly operating hours, conditioned spaces and soon) characteristics.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    For models in which the proxies for market fundamentals cointegrate with price, have a statistically measurable relation with price and oil prices error correct to disequilibrium in the cointegrating relation, we identify price regimes using an indicator saturation technique that is implemented in the R package gets (refs. 61,62). We 'fix' the independent variables used in the DOLS estimate (along with the lags and leads of the first differences), use a P = 0.01 significance level and allow gets to choose from a full set of impulses and/or steps. Impulses are a one-quarter change in the equilibrium price for crude oil relative to that simulated by the proxies for market fundamentals in the cointegrating relation, while steps are changes that persist for two or more consecutive quarters. Impulses and steps are evaluated iteratively for every possible quarter. The method used to calculate the statistical significance of impulses and steps is summarized in Supplementary Note 2.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Before deploying wave 4, we estimated the objective rebate received by each survey respondent from Ontario and Saskatchewan, using their province of residence, reported marital status (including common law), number of children residing with them as reported in wave 3 and whether their NaTuRE ClImaTE CHaNgE residence is rural (for example, outside a census metropolitan area (CMA)) and thus eligible for an additional rebate. These factors completely determine dividend levels within the current Canadian policy, which we calculated using Revenue Canada income tax worksheets. Note that dividend levels are not a function of income in Canada. For CMA measurements, we determine the respondent's place of residence using the Postal Code Conversion File provided by Statistics Canada, which gives us a range of geographic identifying variables (such as residence in a CMA and electoral district) for each of the self-reported postal codes collected in our survey. We summarize the rebate calculation process for 2019 in Supplementary Section 23. As part of an embedded survey experiment in wave 4,  we randomly assigned half the respondents to receive a filled-out tax form that showed them their own household rebate amount (Supplementary Section 12). Details about question wording in our survey instrument are presented in Supplementary Section 24. All respondents were given the option of responding in either English (n = 752) or French (n = 147).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We first describe the selection process for CBRS designations, as our empirical approach relies on replicating it. The CBRS designation process is described in detail in the 1982 Federal Register and in refs. 42,43, where the US Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS) establishes a set of 'definitions and delineation criteria'. CBRS designations were then based upon the application of these criteria to on-the-ground situations. The first criteria for CBRS designations is that the land should be a 'coastal barrier', a class of low coastal land forms that protect landward areas from tidal, wave or wind energies. For the purposes of CBRS designations, the definition of coastal barriers also includes all associated aquatic habitats such as adjacent wetlands, marshes, estuaries, inlets and nearshore waters. In addition to meeting this geological definition, the CBRS requires coastal barriers to be 'undeveloped' in order to be included in the system. Specifically, the delineation criteria state that an area should be considered “only if there are few manmade structures on the barrier or any portion thereof and these structures and man's activities on the barrier do not significantly impede geomorphic and ecological processes”42.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Electronic copies of transcriptions and field notes were manually coded using NVivo qualitative software and summary spreadsheets. Analysis of themes reported here was inductive: We had no a priori expectation about what children's health lifestyles consisted of, how health or health behaviors were defined, or how they would vary. We analyzed observational field notes together with parent interviews to compare personal accounts to observed behaviors, allowing themes to arise organically and coding for some predetermined themes. People's public and private accounts and behaviors are often inconsistent in sociologically meaningful ways (Swidler 2001). Because the communities' health lifestyles were similar even though distribution and degree varied, we combined the communities here. We viewed the interviews and focus groups as opportunities for participants to actively construct narratives (Holstein and Gubrium 1995). Through narratives situated in specific social contexts, people construct identities, justify actions, and manage others' impressions (Swidler 2001). Narratives, which shed light on norms, individual and group identities, and inequalities, turned out to be an important aspect of children's health lifestyles. Our goal was not to adjudicate whether parenting, specific health lifestyles, or their consequences are good or bad.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Annual data on life expectancy by state were obtained from the United States Mortality Database (https://usa.mortality.org/). Life expectancy is an ideal indicator of overall population health because it reflects age-specific mortality rates spanning all ages for a particular year. Our key indicator of income inequality was the income share of the top 10% of earners based off pretax gross income reported to the Internal Revenue Service. These data were obtained from the U.S. State-Level Income Inequality Database, developed by Mark Frank (2015) and constructed from individual tax filing data available from the Internal Revenue Service. From the same source, we also obtained alternative measure of income inequality to use in supplemental analyses. These measures included the share of the top .1%, 1%, and 5% of income earners and the Gini index. The main source of data on state policies came from Grumbach (2018). These measures, shown in Table 1, contained 135 policies spanning 16 domains: abortion, campaign finance, civil rights and liberties, criminal justice, education, environment, gun control, health and welfare, housing and transportation, immigration, private sector labor, public sector labor, LGBT rights, marijuana, taxes, and voting. Evidence on how these policy domains are plausibly linked to life expectancy are described elsewhere (Kemp, Grumbach, and Montez 2022). For each state, the data contained a score for each domain annually from 2000 through 2014.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We measured individual tendency to discount future events and the preference for consumption smoothing using the convex time budget method28,29. The allocation of payments xt and xt+k between period t and t + k was considered. The utility function of an individual was defined as: ð Uxt;xtþk Þ¼ xalpha t þβδkxalpha tþk if t ¼ 0 xalpha t þ δkxalpha tþk if t>0 where alpha measures consumption smoothing as the utility function curvature, δ denotes long-run time discounting, and β captures present bias. We estimated these parameters using the choices of respondents in a convex time budget task. In this task, respondents were asked to select a bundle of payments that would be received at time t and t + k, where each choice comprised the cases in which the full payment occurred at time t and t + k and also included four convex combinations. For example, a choice task might ask respondents to choose between a combination of US$19 today and $0 in 5 weeks, a combination of $0 today and $20 in 5 weeks, as well as the following four convex combinations of these two: $15.20 today and $4.00 in 5 weeks, $11.40 today and $8.00 in 5 weeks, $7.60 today and $12.00 in 5 weeks, and $3.80 today and $16.00 in 5 weeks.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    This criterion describes inclusion of key elements of the adaptation cycle, which describe the 'why', 'what', 'how' and 'so what' of adaptation. This approach builds on an existing framework to track adaptation among governments15, which suggests that a comprehensive understanding of adaptation progress rests on an assessment of the vulnerability context, goals, actions and results. In our assessment, policies with adequate coverage include information on six  core elements mapped to the adaptation cycle (Supplementary Table 2). Hazards, systems at risk, goals, objectives and actions provide context to tracking and inform the development of adequate and meaningful indicators30. Together, these six elements deliver a baseline understanding of intentions for adaptation.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Following the IPCC and State of CDR reports, we defined CDR as “Human activities capturing CO2 from the atmosphere and storing it durably in geological, land or ocean reservoirs, or in products. This includes human enhancement of natural removal processes, but excludes natural uptake not caused directly by human activities.”1,2 Important characteristics of this definition are its unambiguous inclusion of both conventional land-based sinks and emerging CDR methods, as well as requirements for durability and direct human intervention19. A wide array of CDR technologies have been developed, tested or are in practice today60. In this Analysis, we follow ref. 2 and categorize afforestation, reforestation, forest management, soil carbon sequestration, wetland restoration and durable harvested wood products as 'conventional CDR on land'. 'Novel CDR' comprises all other CDR methods,  such as biochar as well as those that store carbon in the lithosphere including direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS), bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and enhanced weathering.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    For this paper, we capitalize on the OMCs' robust information technology platform, which electronically stores enrolment and sales records for all registered LPG consumers. We use this source to extract two datasets at different resolutions. For the first, we use a national database of LPG purchase by PMUY beneficiaries aggregated at the state level. These data were made available by a senior official from the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India. It contains data on 30 million PMUY beneficiaries, aggregated by state, who have completed at least 1 year as LPG consumers (based on their date of enrolment). For regression analysis to explain the state-wise variation in LPG consumption, refer to Supplementary Note 9 and Supplementary Fig. 12. For further details of the regression analyses and validity checks of the underlying assumptions for linear models, see Supplementary Code 1 hosted on Figshare45. The second dataset comprises sub-district level data gathered from three Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOCL) LPG distributors in Koppal district of Karnataka state. These were conveniently located near another ongoing project site. The three distributors D1, D2 and D3 serve 25,000 domestic consumers from around 120 villages across four taluks. While the data gathered include both commercial and domestic consumers, we analysed only data for domestic consumers in this research.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Our selection of IAM scenarios drew from the latest IPCC AR6 vetted  scenario database20. We used the C1 and C3 scenario categories, which together are referred to as 'below 2 °C scenarios' in the main manuscript. These scenarios could be considered as those most relevant to, but not necessarily all consistent with, the Paris Agreement temperature goal. We used the scenario re-analysis provided in ref. 21 that splits emissions and removals in the land-use sector. Their analysis was conducted by running the OSCAR bookkeeping model using variables reported in the AR6 scenario database, including forest land area, cropland area and forestry activity, to evaluate the direct anthropogenic removals on managed land. These scenario projections followed and extended the experimental setup used for the 2021 Global Carbon Budget68.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We modeled U.S. states' IOL rates between 1990 and 2017 separately for Black, Latina, and White women. We fit generalized linear mixed models to estimate the year-specific state-level rates as outcomes of a fixed effect linear slope, a random intercept, a random slope, and state-specific residual variance: Yij=π0i+π1iYearij-1990 /5+εij π0i=gamma00+μ0i π1i=gamma10+μ1i. (1) Assuming μ0i μ1i N 0 0 , sigma0 2 sigma01 sigma10 sigma1 2 and εij ~N0,sigmaε 2 where Yij is the IOL rate for state i in year j, where i= Alabama,…,Wyoming and j=1990,…,2017; gamma00 is the average IOL rate among U.S. states in year 1990; µ0i is the estimated deviation from gamma00 for state I in 1990; gamma10 is the average five-year change in IOL rate between 1990 and 2017; µ1i is the estimated deviation from gamma10 for state i; and εij is the Level 1 residual variance for state i in year j. We divided the slope by 5 for interpretation reasons (i.e., the estimated coefficient indicates the expected change in states' IOL rates over a five-year time span), and increasing the slope size improves estimates of the variance component of µ1i , sigma1 2 (Singer and Willett 2003).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We used a combination of government documents, oil and gas industry reporting, and media reports to extend the original 2000-2015 data to December 2023 for our sample. Data are missing for 173 of the 8,568 country-months owing to periods of political disruption for Myanmar and Venezuela. The countries in our sample are located in different regions—Latin America, the Middle East, North Africa, Central Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia—yet share two important characteristics: they are exporters of oil or fossil gas; and they tend to set fuel prices by government fiat, protecting them from global price fluctuations. The use of fixed gasoline prices creates a link between the global oil price and the size of the subsidy: when global prices rise, so do the benefits accruing to local consumers who continue to enjoy the fixed price and, hence, are receiving a larger per-unit subsidy.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The fertility and retirement policies affect the population in terms of size and structure, respectively. In particular, we project the population under different fertility policies with different fertility rates following the cohort-component method. As for the retirement policy, we use retirement age as the threshold to classify older people, such that the retirement policy affects the population age structure31.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The GLOFRIS flood risk model follows a commonly applied hazardexposure-vulnerability model25,26. Coastal and fluvial inundation maps were combined with land use to simulate the (future) exposure of assets and their values in flood zones. Depth-damage curves were used to combine hazard and exposure data to simulate flood risk (expected annual damage, EAD, in US$ per yr) for each individual grid cell and county. Floods can stochastically occur every year in each county on the basis of their return period. See also Extended Data Fig. 1a and Supplementary Information.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Most countries tax the consumption of fossil fuels rather than subsidize it. Among those that subsidize, some target their subsidies towards low-income, vulnerable populations and use them for relatively brief periods; others subsidize most or all of their citizens over many years. Our study is concerned with the latter group of countries, which are typically the focus of international efforts to reduce fossil fuel subsidies. We follow convention and define a subsidy as the difference between the price paid by consumers and the cost of bringing the fuel to market14. To measure the size of these subsidies, we use the price gap method, which compares the observed retail price of a fuel in each country with a global benchmark price, which represents the supply cost. Anytime the retail price falls below the benchmark price (for example, the cost of supplying the fuel), it denotes a subsidy for that period. To identify the countries that were net subsidizers in the pre Paris era, we use the ref. 15 dataset of monthly gasoline taxes and subsidies, which covers 157 countries. We include in the sample all countries whose median gasoline price for the 2003-2015 period was below the median benchmark for the same period, meaning they were net subsidizers during this initial period. This yields 22 countries, one of which (Yemen) we drop due to missing data in the period after its civil war began.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The online survey-questionnaire was launched on 31 October 2022 and remained open until 15 March 2023. Three hundred and thirty-two responses met the criteria for level of question completion and were retained for analysis. These responses included those undertaken in five non-English languages—Chinese, Japanese, French, Portuguese and Spanish—which accounted for 18% of the final sample. These responses were translated into English by native speakers with marine expertise before analysis. Survey data were not treated to any weighting to adjust for the expected population because the survey population was an emerging specialist group, and population characteristics were not established. Response rates to the survey by sub-group are therefore not reported. Representativeness of the survey data was therefore subject to sample bias although recruitment methods were adjusted to target non-English speakers in five other languages and practitioners in non-scientific networks. A degree of sample bias was accepted as an expected limitation of the study due to the nature of the emerging group being surveyed and the online survey-questionnaire instrument used101. No identifying data were collected from respondents although in some cases participants provided personal identifying data in response to open-text questions.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We translate oil production (crude oil, condensate and natural gas liquids) in barrels per day to a corresponding volume of refined products. We make the simplifying assumption that one barrel of oil yields 170 l of products and fuels that can be sold to consumers. In the base case, the variable production cost of these fuels is assumed to correspond directly to the crude oil price (that is, the variable fuel production cost is the global oil price per barrel (Brent; in US$ per barrel) measured in Euros per litre of fuel product (p)). The retail fuel price (consumer price) is then the variable fuel production cost (oil price, p) plus the other, fixed, production costs, c (refining, transport, margins and so on), plus the fuel tax, τ, then VAT is applied to all of these. In the sensitivity analysis (see Supplementary Note 3), we explore other variable production costs (z) and discuss which case is more likely. Our base case c of €0.45 l-1 is derived backwards from a consumer price of €1.9 l-1. c thus includes the current refinery margins (the value difference between crude oil and refined products), which vary in time and are currently at historically high levels.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We conducted focus groups with prenatal genetic counselors and ob-gyns employed in a variety of Ohio hospital settings (e.g., private, public, academic, religious). Focus groups are a useful method for exploratory research that enables respondents with similar characteristics, such as profession, to engage in conversation. Participants who were unable to attend focus groups shared their experiences in individual, semistructured interviews. The University of Cincinnati's Institutional Review Board approved this study. Participants were recruited through professional society memberships and listservs, advocacy groups, university-affiliated hospitals, and snowball sampling. Participants were eligible if they were ob-gyns or genetic counselors who worked in Ohio for at least six months between 2010 and 2020. We excluded providers working in dedicated abortion clinics because the impact of abortion regulations on those who work in abortion clinics has been well documented. Less understood are the implications of these laws for general obstetricgynecological practice and for abortion-adjacent health care providers—such as genetic counselors— who work in the same state regulatory context. Genetic counselors counsel patients on their reproductive options, including abortion, prior to prenatal testing and following prenatal diagnosis. Ob-gyns interact with patients who need a range of reproductive health care, such as abortion, contraception, and management of miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We took a new wind energy development project as the starting point of the analysis. From this lens, we considered all the turbines that need to be dismantled to enable the undertaking of the new project (as a conditional requirement). We used the term dismantling, but, in principle, our approach can capture both the complete dismantling of turbines (also referred to as full repowering4), and the installation of new equipment (for example, drivetrain and rotor) on an existing tower and/or foundation (also referred to as partial repowering4). We emphasize that the analysis must include the dismantling of existing turbines not only at the location of the new project undertaking (on-site), but also those located elsewhere (off-site). Furthermore, existing turbines may be dismantled years before the new turbines are installed. Therefore, repowering must reflect a combined action of dismantling existing turbines and establishing new turbines, regardless of spatial or temporal proximity. We thus investigated the conditional relationship between capacity reduction and capacity addition. This enabled us to reveal notable differences between repowering projects (comprising both commissioning new turbines and dismantling existing turbines) and greenfield projects (only comprising the commissioning of new turbines) for several key indicators, such as project size and lifetime.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We multiplied a single general linear trend (Hg/OC ratio: 3.95 μg g-1) between OC and Hg in all coastal sediments generated from our regional observational data (Fig. 1c) by the Blue C stock in different Blue C ecosystems compiled by others to roughly estimate the Hg stock in the top metre of sediment in global coastal environments (Blue Hg stock; Fig. 1d). The van Bemmelen factor (LOI/OC = 1.724) is used to convert sediment LOI to OC content. The Blue C stock in global mangrove forests (mean = 5,150 Tg OC, range = 1,900-8,400 Tg OC), seagrass meadows (mean = 11,366 Tg OC, range = 1,732-21,000 Tg OC) and tidal marshes (mean = 1,106 Tg OC, range = 862-1,350 Tg OC) was obtained from ref. 3 and tidal flats (900 Tg OC) from ref. 4. We applied the identical method to estimate the Blue Hg fluxes. Since the huge uncertainties of current Blue C stocks and fluxes dominate the uncertainties of Blue Hg stock and flux estimates in the present study, we did not consider the error propagation of sediment LOI and Hg determination and the regression coefficient of OC and Hg in the calculation.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    My analysis comprised two stages: starting with applying multichannel sequence analysis (MCSA) and cluster analysis to build simultaneous career and family formation trajectories and followed by logistic regression models to examine the likelihood of being at high risk of depression across these trajectories. MCSA, an advanced form of sequence analysis (MacIndoe and Abbott 2011), facilitates the comparison of life trajectories in multiple domains by using operations such as insertion/deletion and state substitution for optimal matching. This led to various work-family trajectories, with costs based on the inverse of state probabilities and a constant insertion/deletion cost.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).