Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The survey data were collected by Energy Institute at the Johannes Kepler University Linz, following high European Union standards of data protection and voluntary study participation. The methodology used in this paper does not require institutional ethical approval according to the guidelines set out by the Energy Institute at the Johannes Kepler University Linz. Confidentiality and anonymity of participants was ensured and informed written consent was obtained from all the interviewees.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    To cover the range of potential network tariff schemes, we designed a total number of 11 scenarios. First, we designed one respective tariff scenario recovering the network costs through only one of the three components—volume, fixed charge and measured peak load (average and maximum). Scenario f100 is a 100% fixed charge. Thereby, f100 represents a flat charge for all households, which is € 136,209.10 / 765 households =€ 178.05 per household per year for the full sample in our study. Scenario pa100 represents a scheme charging for measured peak load only. In this scenario, the definition of kW peak load follows the Austrian tariff structure in 201648, where a so-called smart meter tariff was included for testing only (in the residential sector). There, kW peak load as relevant for billing is not defined as  the one maximum load out of the 35,040 metered load values during one year  per Austrian meter. Peak load as relevant for setting a household's peak charge  is defined as the average of the 12 monthly peak loads during the respective  year. Scenario pa100 for the full sample analysis therefore sets  € 136,209.10 / 3,485.59 kW total =€ 39.07 per kW of billing relevant peak load, where kW total is the sum over all 765 corresponding peak-load values. Scenario pm100 also represents a scheme charging for peak demand only, but instead of averaging, the highest of the 12 monthly peaks is applied, such that it sets € 136,209.10 / 4,603.3 kW total =€ 29.59 per kW of billing relevant peak load, where kW total is the sum over all 765 corresponding peak-load values. Scenario e100 is a fully volumetric tariff and includes only a payment  per unit of consumed energy. Thereby it is € 136,209.10 / 2,691,272 kWh total = € 0.0506 per kWh consumed during the respective year, where kWh total is  the aggregated electricity consumption of all 765 households.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    To help address some of these potential confounders, standard multiple regression techniques would introduce controls to adjust for consequential observable differences between diagnosed and undiagnosed children. However, standard controls within OLS regressions may not be adequate if there is insufficient overlap, or balance, in the distributions of characteristics between diagnosed and undiagnosed children (Imbens and Rubin 2015). Researchers have turned to matching techniques to help achieve sample balance on key variables for which OLS models may yield estimates that lack sample support/balance (Gangl 2010). This study used two types of matching to obtain estimates that are “doubly robust” to confounding between diagnosed and undiagnosed children: coarsened exact matching (CEM) and propensity score matching (PSM) (Stuart et al. 2009). First, I use CEM to preprocess the data and ensure sample balance on three key factors that shape both diagnosis and the outcomes: family social class group (given the study's theoretical motivation), severity quartile of prediagnosis behavioral problems (a key confounder of diagnostic effects), and child sex (since sex differences in children's presentation of ADHDrelated behaviors could produce improper matches given greater diagnosis of the hyperactive subtype among boys).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We used data of electrolysis project announcements from the IEA Hydrogen Production Projects and Infrastructure Database58 (previously called the IEA Hydrogen Projects Database), incorporating three database snapshots from 2021, 2022 and 2023. We only included project announcements for electrolysers that included a year of project launch, had a meaningful status (not 'Other' or 'Other/Unknown') and reported a capacity value. We did not filter for the type of electricity as this was often unknown. These criteria led to 612 projects in the 2021 snapshot, 877 projects in the 2022 snapshot and 1,265 projects in the 2023 snapshot. In the 2023 snapshot, only a single status category was reported for projects that were either under construction or had an FID ('FID/Construction'). To ensure consistent status categories across all snapshots, we merged the 'FID' and 'Under construction' categories in the 2021 and 2022 snapshots. Projects with a 'DEMO' status were allocated as 'Operational', 'FID/Construction' or 'Decommissioned', depending on whether they were still running, announced for the future or had been decommissioned, respectively. We note that the 'Concept' category is very broadly defined with an unspecified credibility bar for inclusion, while the 'Feasibility study' category may also contain projects for which a feasibility study is planned, but has not yet started. Confidential projects were distributed to all regions in proportion to the share of capacity from non-confidential projects, but could not be tracked across database snapshots.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The economic dispatch (ED) problem was formulated as a convex quadratic program, the outcome of which depends on the realization of the random variables that govern demand, availability and fuel costs. The problem splits operations into simple time blocks of varying length, which reflect the different levels of load seen throughout the year without explicitly representing operational considerations, such as unit commitment decisions, which in general preclude equilibria, or ramping constraints, which can exacerbate the issue of multiple equilibria. In general, the inclusion of these constraints leads to a greater need for capacity, but their implications for the resource mix are not well understood48.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We collected data on private funding from three sources: Thomson ONE, Crunchbase and Preqin. To obtain the total funding received by a company at the end of a given calendar year, we use the maximum amount recorded from any of the three sources. We limited our observations to funding deals announced between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2017. For VC funding, we include the following deal types: Venture Capital Equity Investment (Thomson ONE); Seed, Series A-I, Venture—Series Unknown (Crunchbase); and Seed, Series A-I (Preqin). For private funding variables, we include all VC funding deals, plus the following deal types as well: Common Stock, Convertible Preferred Stock, Preferred Shares and Warrants (Thomson ONE); Angel, Convertible Note, Corporate Round, Equity Crowdfunding, Funding Round, Post-IPO Equity, Pre-Seed and Private Equity (Crunchbase); Add-on, Angel, Growth Capital/Expansion, Private Investment in Public Equity (PIPE) and Unspecified Round (Preqin).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We examined four dependent variables: (1) preterm birth (binary, <37 completed weeks gestation), (2) low birthweight (binary, <2500 grams), (3) birthweight (continuous, grams), and (4) entry into prenatal care in the first trimester (binary, entered in first three months). We measured gestational age in weeks using the combined last menstrual period and physical estimated gestational age variable (Dietz  et al. 2014).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    For each water extraction, the smart shower meter recorded energy and water consumption, average water temperature, interruptions and the duration. In addition, in 168 of the rooms, the average flow rate per shower was also measured. Using the data stored on the device, energy consumption can be converted to water consumption and vice versa. Given the high correlation between water and energy consumption per shower (0.989)25, the choice of the unit of analysis does not change the results in any meaningful way. This article focuses on resource consumption in units of energy in kilowatt hours. The raw data set included observations of 25,647 measured showers from 269 hotel rooms at 6 different hotels (see Data availability). In a first pre-processing step, the data were cleaned by removing outliers from malfunctioning devices; to this end, observations that deviated by over 3 standard deviations from the mean  of the energy consumed or water volume per shower were removed from the  sample—that is, only observations in the interval [ -x . . + x . . x x 3 sd, 3 sd ] were retained. Furthermore, we removed data points that most likely did not represent showers—for example water extractions of volumes below 6.5 litres and observations deviating over 2 standard deviations from average temperature, which probably represent cleaning or other procedures. A member of the research team accompanied cleaning personnel at one hotel for several hours to gather information on cleaning practices to identify water extractions for cleaning. The specific choice of 6.5 litres was based on this assessment; we conducted robustness checks in which we changed this threshold to other values (5 litres or 10 litres), which generated very similar results. After this pre-processing step, the final data set included 19,596 showers from 265 hotel rooms (11,384 observations in the treatment group and 8,218 in the control group). The average flow rate per shower could be measured only for 168 rooms and 8,824 observations, so only these data points are included in the estimation of models (2) and (3) in Table 2. Since the study is a natural field experiment with uninformed participants, we were not able to collect socio-demographic data about the guests who stayed in the rooms with the smart shower meters during the study.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Subscriptions are classified as with and without intent to control deforestation. We exclude subscriptions for areas greater than 100 Mha (this area corresponds to a little more than the size of a large state (such as Mato Grosso, Brazil) or a small country (Portugal for example) as they are considered too large to be used for monitoring and are most probably associated with users exploring the platform. To create the with-intent group, we exclude all subscriptions associated with the academic sector as well as those subscriptions created by staff from WRI or affiliates (together these constitute the without-intent subscriptions). The end result is a total of 558 subscriptions with intent and 734 without. The number of grid cells ever covered by a subscription with intent is 399,660, whereas those that have ever been covered by a subscription without intent total 298,574. Of the 558 subscriptions with intent, 302 declared their primary job responsibility using a drop down menu within the alerts system. Supplementary Table B22 details these responses. The majority of these were GIS specialists, with a relatively large number of programme managers, technical staff, land-use planning specialist, reporters, and forest/park managers. Of those that did not answer this question but did declare their location, the largest number was from Indonesia. The subscriptions layer has time and spatial variation. Each polygon of the layer corresponds to a subscribed area with a date of initiation of the subscription. Although it is the case that some subscribers terminate their subscriptions, to circumvent the potential endogeneity problems with using this variation, we assume that once a subscription has been made, the user remained interested in  the subscribed area until the end of our study period. Grid cells are marked as  with subscription from the date of the first subscription.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The samples are based on quota criteria. That is, the probability for each individual who could theoretically be included is not determined in advance but is based on their demographic background information, such as gender, age and region, from population statistics/census from each country. Respondents participating in the study were randomly exposed to different kinds of policy measures (treatments). They did not know the treatment group to which they had been assigned. Subsequent to the question on policy support, they were asked to state their evaluative response to the specific policy. The respondents also answered survey questions regarding their gender, age, educational background, household income level, area of residence and climate concern.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We performed preprocessing of the LL84 dataset prior to our analysis. First, as EUI data are self-reported, we identified and removed misreported and erroneous entries. Specifically, we applied a logarithmic transformation to the EUI data and filtered outlier values that fell outside the threshold of two standard deviations from the mean58. Second, using the unique Borough Block Lot property identifier, we merged energy and building attribute data with tax lot and zoning information provided by the NYC's Primary Land Use Tax Lot Output database to identify additional building characteristics, such as assessed value. Finally, we integrated NATure eNergYthe merged dataset with information from individual audit reports submitted to the Department of Buildings as per LL87 requirements to identify properties that conducted an energy audit in calendar years 2013 or 2014, and to analyse buildingspecific ECM recommendations and savings potentials.After our data processing steps, we analysed whether the audited properties in our sample demonstrated larger percentage reductions in site EUI between the pre- and postaudit period than those of similar buildings that did not perform an audit during the study period. We defined the EUI percentage change for each building as the difference between the mean EUI during the two years prior to the audit (2011 and 2012) and the two years after the audit (2015 and 2016). We used the two-year average to account for anomalous variations in building energy consumption that could occur in a given year (for example, Hurricane Sandy had a non-trivial impact on energy use in buildings in the impacted areas in 2012). We focused on multifamily and office buildings, as the two types account for more than 90% of the total LL84 covered properties by quantity and aggregate energy consumption. The merged dataset contains 3,981 properties, which include 3,563 multifamily buildings and 418 office buildings.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Our analytical strategy utilized regression models with fixed effects for states and years. Fixed effects control for omitted variables that are time-invariant by examining variability within states rather than between states. We used the xtreg command in Stata along with the fe option to estimate regression models with fixed effects for years and states, with robust standard errors clustered by state. The time fixed effects were accounted for by the inclusion of yearspecific intercepts. Linear models with fixed effects assume linear additive effects. All models accounted for serial correlation using the vce (robust) command in Stata. In the tables and text, we provide coefficients, their uncertainty (standard errors or confidence intervals), and p value thresholds up to .10 to improve transparency and reproducibility of our results (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We used a subsample of n = 4,129 households that were assigned to TOU (not control) and did not answer “Not applicable” when asked about AC curtailment (that is, we only considered households that have access to AC in their homes). Only households assigned to TOU were examined to restrict the comparison to households with the incentive to curtail during peak hours. For this subsample, we examined whether the vulnerable or non-vulnerable groups reported more frequent curtailment in the form of AC use. We used Wilcoxon rank sum tests (due to non-normal distributions) to test for differences in the reported frequency of evening AC curtailment among vulnerable versus non-vulnerable households. Table 4 reports the means, z scores with associated P tests and Cohen's d effect sizes (d). Effect sizes indicate the importance of mean differences; a large effect size is >0.8, a medium one >0.5 and a small one >0.2 (ref. 61). The results provide a richer description of how households responded to TOU rates, and are correlational rather than causal.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We used data from the 2021 EBA transparency exercise, which provides portfolio-level information of banks' gross exposure and accumulated provisions (LLR) by NACE sector level 1 at the end of June 2021. We used the  most recent data, but with additional robustness analysis, ensured that the results do not change using different years (the reader should note that due to the structure of this modelling, the provision coverage ratios oscillate with time in level but the relative difference across sectors is generally preserved). NACE is a standard classification of sectors in the European Union. It has various levels of granularity from 1 (least granular) to 4 (most granular), and the EBA transparency exercise relies on this classification. The exercise is an annual data collection to foster transparency and to complement banks' own disclosures. The data published includes 111 EU banks across 25 countries and provides information regarding banks' assets, liabilities, loan loss provisions and other financial information for each bank.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Final energy demands for the different sectors are calculated based on the JRC IDEES database123 with additions for non-EU countries (refs. 10,60 provide further elaboration) and need to be met (that is, demand is perfectly inelastic). However, energy carrier production including electricity, hydrogen, methane and liquid fuels is determined . Fossil fuels (coal, natural gas and oil) and uranium are included, as are solid biomass imports as outlined below. Technology costs and efficiencies are elaborated on in the Supplementary Information, with technology values for 2040 (given in €2015) used from the PyPSA energy system technology data set v0.6.0 (ref. 124). The discount rate is uniform across countries and set to 7%, except for rooftop solar PV and decentral space/water heating technologies, for which it is set to 4%.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Mothers' reports of baseline education were coded into one of four categories: less than a high school degree, high school degree/ General Education Development (GED), some college, bachelor's or higher. Unfortunately, the baseline reports did not differentiate mothers with “some college” from those with an associate's degree. It did distinguish mothers with a technical/trade degree, although this group was small (6% of the sample). Thus, mothers with technical/trade degrees were included in the “some college group,” but I did use this information in models that restrict the sample based on mothers' baseline education (explained in the following). At each follow-up wave, women reported whether they had earned a higher education degree among a variety of institution types (e.g., technical degree, secretarial school, associate's degree, etc.) since the last interview. Using this information, I created three time-varying, binary variables for completed a vocational program, completed an associate's degree, and completed a bachelor's degree. Once mothers reported degree completion, mothers were assigned a value of 1 on that measure for all subsequent waves. This coding technique captured a pooled estimate of the association between additional education and health that used all available data and provided an average of mothers' health before versus after completing additional education. Mothers were also asked if they had enrolled in school since the last interview, but only where they had enrolled during Waves 2 to 5. I used this information to create a parallel set of bivariate measures of enrolled in a vocational program, enrolled in an associate's program, and enrolled in a bachelor's degree program for ancillary analyses exploring the impact of school enrollment (restricted to Waves 2-5).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We use a set of variables to control for socio-economic factors that are likely to impact regular use of LPG by rural households, and include state-level fixed effects to account for variation in unspecified state-level factors that could affect household consumption of LPG48,64. Supplementary Table 10 (cross-section subset) and Supplementary Table 11 (panel subset) also contain descriptive summaries of all control variables, along with the hypothesized direction of association between the covariate and LPG-use category.We utilize an economic status index as a measure of a household's relative wealth and economic status, based on the Filmer and Pritchett65 approach. Such indices are commonly used across studies in regions where fixed incomes are uncommon65-67. Overall measures of wealth and income, including asset indices, have been predominately positively associated with ownership and use of clean cooking fuels57,68,69. The list of variables included in the economic status index can be found in Supplementary Note 3 and summarized in both survey waves in Supplementary Table 13.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We considered several sets of potential confounders of the relationship between implementation of a license law and perinatal outcomes based on a priori knowledge. First, we considered whether the composition of birthing people may vary across places and bias the observed association. Second, we considered whether economic and demographic characteristics of place may drive the implementation of a license law and impact perinatal outcomes. Third, we considered the overall state immigration climate as a potential confounder.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The scoring mechanisms for each policy domain were established by Grumbach (2018). First, 135 individual policies were classified as liberal or conservative. Liberal was defined as the use of state power to regulate the economy, redistribute income and wealth, protect vulnerable groups, or limit the government's ability to penalize irregular social behavior. Conservative was defined as the reverse. for each policy domain were calculated as the sum of the liberal policy scores minus the sum of the conservative policy ones. The summed scores for each domain were then standardized across states and years to give a 0 to 1 scale.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Fluvial and coastal inundation maps are available for the current and future climate following the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. The SSP scenarios27-32 were used to represent the initial population numbers and to project population growth, income and economic growth for 2050. We applied the SSP 2 and SSP 5 scenarios as they matched well with RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, respectively. SSP 2 was a middle-of-the-road scenario, while SSP 5 was an energy-intensive and resource-intensive scenario. The former was used throughout the paper and the results of the SSP 5 scenario can be found in the Supplementary Information. See also Extended Data Fig. 1c.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The GCAM is an open-source global integrated assessment model (https://github.com/JGCRI/gcam-core/releases; for more information, see ref. 16 and online documentation http://jgcri.github.io/gcam-doc/toc.html). GCAM represents key interactions across the economic, energy, land and climate systems in 32 geopolitical regions in the world. It is a market equilibrium model that solves for the market prices and quantities of a large number of markets simultaneously. It is dynamic recursive with myopic foresight (that is, the model solution in each model period depends on the conditions in that period or periods before it). In this study, we use GCAM-USA v5.1, which is a version of GCAM with state-level detail in the United States26. Like GCAM, GCAM-USA is an open-source model. Detailed documentation for the GCAM-USA model is available online (http://jgcri.github.io/gcam-doc/gcam-usa.html). Here we summarize key model features that are relevant for this study. The model results for all main and supplementary scenarios are available from a public data repository51. GCAM-USA divides the energy and economic systems of the United States into 50 states and Washington DC, with state-level representation of socioeconomics, energy transformation (power generation and refining), carbon storage, renewable resources (wind and solar), electricity markets (with the representation of regional electricity grids) and consumer end-use energy demands (in buildings, transportation and industrial sectors).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Since labor is the only input in production, the labor used in producing goods in country n and sector j is a function of output: yj il (ωj)=z j il (ωj)l j l (ωj), (2) where l j l (ωj) is labor input and z j il (ωj) is production efficiency. This suggests that the marginal cost of each good in country l is wl, the wage level in country n. The production generates carbon emissions ej il (ωj) as a by-product. A firm allocates a portion ζ j l of the output yj il (ωj) to emission abatement activities to reduce its tax payment. On the basis of Copeland and Taylor (2001)31, we assumed the pollution abatement technology to be ej il (ωj)=(1-ζ j l ) 1 β j l yj il (ωj). The net production after abatement investment is, qj il (ωj)=z j il (ωj)[l j l (ωj)](1-βj l ) ej il (ωj)βj l , where z j il (ωj)=[z j il (ωj)]1-βj l and z j il (ωj) are drawn independently across firms from a Fréchet distribution with parameters θj: Pr(z j il <x) =exp(-Tj il x-θj). θj governs the dispersion of productivity for the affiliates located in different product locations. The firm's problem implies that the cost of unit input bundle is c j il =βj l -β j l (1-βj l )-(1-β j l ) (ρl)β j l (wl)(1-β j l ) and βj l = ρle j il c j il qj il , where wl is the wage and ρl is the emission tax in country l. Following ref. 12, the average productivity is a combination of productivities in parent country and in host country, that is, we have Tj il =Tj i Tj l .

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We measured people's support for climate change solutions in both the pre- and post-survey using the following three items: (1) 'Addressing global warming/climate change should be a priority of the government' (strongly disagree—strongly agree), (2) 'I feel personally responsible to help slow down global warming/climate change' (for example, by making changes to my lifestyle or paying higher taxes) (strongly disagree—strongly agree) and (3) 'Some people say that climate change is real, but that the cost of fixing it today might not be worth the investment (that is, that the cost of fixing it today is higher than the cost of the damages caused by it)' (strongly disagree—strongly agree). Responses were recorded on a seven-point scale. With a Cronbach's alpha of 0.84 in the pre- and 0.87 in the post-survey,  the internal consistency of our measure was found to be good.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We analyzed state-level annual observations for the temporal period 2006 to 2017 for the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. The time period of this study corresponds to the first year in which the opioid prescription data were made available by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC 2019) and the last year of available mortality data.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    To model these two different dependent variables, we present two sets of models, one for each outcome. First, for the number of vaccine distribution sites, we estimated a series of spatial error models. We calculated univariate global Moran's I statistics for our key independent variables that suggested that spatial autocorrelation was a problem and would therefore not meet the assumptions of ordineary least squares (OLS) regression. Furthermore, the LaGrange multiplier statistics indicated that the spatial error model was the most appropriate method to contend with this autocorrelation (Anselin, Florax, and Rey 2004). Specifically, we used a queen spatial weight matrix because this was found to best maximize global Moran's I for each of the key variables used in the models (Anselin 1995; Anselin, Florax, and Rey 2004). We also included Kelejian and Prucha (2010) robust standard errors to account for significant heteroscedasticity. However, of note, the term for lambda is not significant in the models presented in Table 2, suggesting that correlated errors in omitted variables may not be particularly a problem here. The OLS results were also virtually identical to what is presented here in terms of the sign, significance, and relative effect sizes for each of our variables. Because spatial autocorrelation was significant in our preliminary analyses, though, we chose to present the results as spatial error models. These results can be found in Table 2.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    To estimate the amount of deficits in the power system, we simulated the difference between the expected, temperature-dependent electricity demand and the available generation capacity. We used a regression model to simulate the demand from observations of past load in the years 2012-2020. Available generation capacity was obtained from the expected available capacity according to reports, reduced by outages related to temperatures.According to ERCOT17, 67.5 GW of thermal capacity was available during the 2021 winter, but 4 GW of this may have been under maintenance. We therefore assumed a value of 63.5 GW of available thermal capacity before the freeze event.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The capacity spin up of LIMES-EU is fixed so that it matches the 2015 historical mix of installed generation capacities in EU ETS countries. Extended Data Fig. 5 illustrates that based on this standing capacity, the model-calculated dispatch then reasonable matches the historic power generation dispatch in EU ETS countries. The total modelled emissions from electricity generation in the year 2015 for EU ETS countries covered by LIMES-EU amount to 981 Mt CO2, closely aligning with the historical emissions of 967 Mt CO2reported by Mantsos et al.56 Because emissions from industry, heating and aviation are also calibrated to match their historical 2015 levels (as described in LIMES-EU documentation52), this calibration ensures that our model generates meaningful values for total emissions in the 2015 time step. Also, the model-endogenous investments in 2015 lead to standing capacities in 2020 that match historic wind and solar capacities in 2020. To this aim, we additionally assume subsidies for electricity generated from solar or wind sources (€0.04 kWh-1 for solar and €0.015 kWh-1 for wind) to represent the various renewable subsidies that were in place in most EU member states. Our model, however, underestimates the capacity additions of offshore wind until 2020, which took place mostly in the United Kingdom.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    To assess the impact of energy audits on building EUI over time, we split the data into three time periods: pre-audit (average EUI in years 2011 and 2012), intervention (average EUI in years 2013 and 2014) and postaudit (average EUI in years 2015 and 2016). As a first step to test the significance of the audit effect, we used a two-way mixed design ANOVA in which the dependent variable is EUI, the within-group variable is time (with three levels as mentioned above) and the between-group variable is the intervention (with two levels, which indicate audited and non-audited buildings).One significant limitation of this approach is that it does not account for additional variables, besides time and intervention, that might be associated with changes in EUI, such as changes in occupancy characteristics.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    This paper uses data collected for a single year of project operation. Therefore, we provide a cross-sectional analysis that involves looking at the sector at a moment in time rather than assessing how it changes over time. It is particularly important to bear this in mind for the project performance characteristics presented in Table 4: because generation, revenue and operating costs may vary considerably from one year to the next, these data may not be representative of project performance in other years. Future research may wish to address these issues by collecting survey data on project performance over a number of years to construct a panel dataset.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    To understand the empirical scope of health lifestyles, this study's design was different from typical health lifestyle approaches that focus on a specific set of physical health-related behaviors and their frequencies. We sought to collect qualitative data on children's health lifestyles, avoiding imposing preexisting notions around what constitutes health and health behaviors for parents, what children's health lifestyles consist of, and whether parents talk about health lifestyles. Recruitment materials said the study was about “parents, kids, and well-being.” Data collection strategies, procedures, and instruments were refined through pilot research. The data combined in-home family observations, parent interviews and focus groups, and key informant interviews in two neighboring middle-class communities in the U.S. West—“Greenville” and “Springfield”—from September 2015 to May 2016. (All names and some potentially identifying details have been altered.) Our primary data source was 55 parent interviews: 35 with parents who also participated in a home observation (N = 30 families; in 5 families, both parents requested to be interviewed together) and 20 with parents who only participated in an interview. We conducted six focus groups (three for each community), including 21 parents (some of whom had also done interviews and/or observations). The nine key informants interacted with families in the local area (e.g., sports coaches, pediatricians, teachers). The 30 observation families (typically observed from the end of school to the start of the bedtime routine on one school night) included a fourth or fifth grader age 9 to 11. Parents in other interviews and focus groups had at least one elementary-age child. We chose these ages because family influences are still substantial but have been joined by peers, school, and child agency.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    In the investigation of recent lowpriced PV bids and PPAs, public announcements regarding, for example, financing terms, provide a window into some of the mechanisms by which these projects probably achieved their low prices. However, significant uncertainty remains, not the least of which surrounds the actual costs of these projects, for which there are conflicting reports21,33,34. Furthermore this 'top-down' look gives little insight into the relative impact of different cost-cutting mechanisms, and therefore provides little grounding for assessing whether these prices can be transferred to other markets; and as many of the details are proprietary, it would in fact not be feasible to attempt an exact reconstruction of any particular project. To circumvent this challenge, we adopted a bottom-up modelling approach, quantifying cost components based on a range of industry reports and analysis to build up a model of how these prices could be achieved under realistic global and local conditions.  This allows us to look at the relative impact of the many factors that contribute to the ultimate cost of producing electricity. Performance modelling was performed in System Advisor Model (SAM) for a plant designed to match the known specifications of Dubai's MBR solar park, phase 3, the first of the sub-3¢ kWh-1 projects. The 'baseline' model scaled down the MBR model to 100MWac while retaining the same assumptions about hardware costs. LCOE was calculated in a spreadsheet (available on request) as: = +∑ ∑ = + = + C LCOE i N O r i N E r 1 (1 ) 1 (1 ) i i i i using the annual energy yield calculated by SAM and discounting by the weighted average cost of capital. Performance modelling of the UAE plant (3¢ kWh-1) uses International Weather for Energy Calculations weather data for Abu Dhabi; modelling for Sakaka (see Supplementary Note 1) used Photovoltaic Geographical Information System weather data (http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/, retrieved June 2018) for Al Jouf airport (coordinates 23.694° N, 40.088° E, a few kilometres from the solar park site). The model was implemented in SAM 2014.1.14, based on the known or presumed specifications of Dubai's MBR phase 3, including large (310 Wp ) CS6X modules from Canadian Solar, 5000 W inverters from GE, an inverter loading ratio of 1.3 and single-axis tracking

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Most interviews were held in private offices at the clinic sites, and participants provided informed consent prior to interview initiation. Interviews lasted, on average, 71 minutes, with a range between 38 minutes and nearly 2 hours. The interview inquired about providers' history practicing medicine, their contraceptive prescribing patterns, and details about how they engage in dialogue with their patients about contraception. At the completion of the interviews, the providers received $40 grocery store gift cards.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    County-level waste availability data were obtained from the base-year estimates under the reference scenario in the US Department of Energy's BT16. BT16 estimates the biophysical potential, spatial distribution, economic constraints and environmental impacts associated with existing and potential biomass resources16. Waste resources included in this study comprise four types of waste: agricultural residues (14 feedstocks, including both primary and secondary agricultural residues as defined in BT16), animal manure (2 feedstocks), forest residues (4 feedstocks) and MSW (9 feedstocks, including food waste). Technical availability was defined as the maximum potential of waste resources without taking into account feedstock costs. BT16 reports dry weight of waste feedstocks, and wet weight was calculated with moisture content for a more precise estimation of energy consumption and emissions during the collection and transport stages.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The full survey instrument is available as part of the replication archive for this study. Our main outcome variables were based on two items, namely a climate agreement item and a climate cost path item. The climate agreement item was as follows: “As you probably know, many experts say that countries should take action to address global warming. NaTUrE ClmaTE CHaNGE Suppose [your country] is considering joining an international agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Implementing the agreement would mean that each household would have to pay on average [France, €28, €113; Germany, €39, €154; the United Kingdom, £15, £60; the United States, $107] more per month through, for example, higher energy prices. Generally speaking, do you approve or disapprove of [France, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States] joining such an agreement?” Respondents were asked to answer on a scale from 1 (strongly approve) to 10 (strongly disapprove). The climate cost path item was as follows: “Regardless of your previous answer, suppose [France, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States] is going to implement that international agreement and the household costs would still be [same costs as above] per month on average. However, there are different ways of distributing these costs over time.  The figures below indicate four alternatives. If you had to select one of the  options in a referendum, which would you chose? Please carefully consider the available options.” The options were presented to respondents as shown in Fig. 1. The preferences for distributing climate costs over time, shown in Fig. 2, were calculated as the share of respondents who selected a particular time path. We investigated the role of different individual-level covariates using a multinomial probit regression. The four possible values of the outcome variable corresponded to the four time path options available to respondents. Our independent variables were the measures of consumption smoothing, patience and the sociodemographic covariates described above (the results are reported in Supplementary Table 2).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We establish a baseline scenario for the 2017-2060 period and 1,295 mitigation policy scenarios considering different intensities and portfolios of four major mitigation strategies (Supplementary Section 3).  The baseline scenario reflects future economic growth, energy consumption and carbon emissions under the current mitigation policies. The historical economic growth and energy consumption data for 2017-2021 are calibrated according to the NBSC28,30 and British Petroleum Statistical Review54. For 2022 to 2060, the projections of GDP growth, population, labour and industrial structure refer mainly to existing studies31,55,56. The energy consumption towards 2050 is calibrated by endogenizing energy efficiency improvement rates according to the projection of the IEA29 and extrapolated to the year 2060. In 2060, the annual GDP and population growth rate will decline to 2.5% and -0.6%, respectively; energy consumption will increase to 6,054 Mtce and carbon emissions will decrease to 7.9 GtCO2 .

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Race-ethnicity was divided into four groups: nonHispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, and Asian. Less than 2% of the sample consisted of an “other” race-ethnicity group, and because of their small numbers, they were dropped from the analysis. The models also included controls for the sex of the respondent, marital status (married; widowed, divorced, or separated; never married), age (18-to 39, 40-64, 65-79, and 80 and over), education (less than high school, high school or equivalent, college or higher), insurance status, and poverty (below 100% of the federal poverty line for household income). All the models also controlled for the year of the survey using a series of dummy variables.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The MEPS survey includes the Kessler K6, a wellvalidated instrument assessing nonspecific psychological distress (Kessler et al. 2003). The K6 was not fielded in every round: In each calendar year, respondents in the first year of their panel were given the K6 in the second round of interviews, and respondents in the final year of their panel were given the K6 in the fourth round. The K6 asks about the frequency of six symptoms in the past 30 days. Respondents were asked: “how often did you feel so sad that nothing could cheer you up; nervous; restless or fidgety; hopeless; that everything was an effort; and worthless,” with response categories ranging from none of the time (0) to all of the time (4). The six items were combined to create a summary measure with scores ranging from 0 to 24. In addition to a continuous score, some models employed a categorical measure of significant distress, based on a threshold score of 13 or higher, as used in previous studies (Reeves et al. 2011).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    For experiment 1, we collected a sample of 894 Pennsylvanians that was demographically representative on age, gender, ethnicity and household income (based on 2019 American Community Survey 1-year estimates) and balanced on rural (25%), urban (25%) and suburban residence (50%) (see demographics in Supplementary Table 6). Our public sample was recruited by the survey firm Lucid. To recruit participants, Lucid partners with multiple double opt-in panels that invite participants through emails, push notifications and in-app pop-ups. Respondents are incentivized through partner suppliers in the form of cash, gift cards or loyalty reward points. All respondents from our public sample completed the survey between 7 February and 24 February 2022. Fifty-seven respondents who failed an attention check were removed from the sample and subsequent analyses (Supplementary Fig. 5). Mean response time was 16.9 min. Each respondent was asked to choose between five distinct pairs of randomly generated projects, testing support across a total of 8,940 projects. For both experiments, the attribute levels were fully randomized within and across project pairs, ensuring the non-parametric identification of causal effects of the attributes22,65. For this sample, probability weights were created with a post-stratification raking procedure using Census variables (from 2019 American Community Survey 1-year estimates). This procedure follows the methodology outlined in DeBell and Krosnick (2009) for the American National Elections Study66. Robustness tests including comparison across attention check failure and profile order are included in Supplementary Information.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The core of the modelling framework was developed for the conterminous US, including the entire USA coastline and all main river basins. It simulated flood risk at a yearly time step with representative household adaptation at a resolution of 30ʺ x 30ʺ and government adaptation at the county level. Homeowners could invest in DRR measures (elevation or flood-proofing of buildings) or take out/cancel insurance and governments could invest in elevating dikes. Both these adaptations and the proposed NFIP reform policies were captured in four policy scenarios. The model was run 50 times for each of these policy scenarios while also assuming different climate scenarios and socio-economic scenarios. The framework builds upon earlier versions of DYNAMO20,24. New components are the flood insurance market module, the addressing of coastal flood risk in addition to fluvial flood risk and the nationwide application of the model. For the method description of the  core model, please refer to ref. 20. See also Extended Data Fig. 1 and Supplementary Information.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We understand implementation as the process of translating public policies into operational and enforceable programs70. We primarily  investigate implementation through the process of rule-making. Through rule-making, city governments develop and issue specific regulations that establish rules and parameters by which to implement and enforce a policy71. In this way, rule-making is one of the first and most critical steps of the policy implementation process. Rule-making is also a critical site to analyse the operationalization of climate justice on the ground. Rule-making is where issues of politics and power most clearly intersect with policy implementation by providing an arena for city governments and other actors to contest and reinterpret the justice goals and mandates that were already embedded in climate policies during the policy planning process72.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We combined several datasets to determine the founding year of each cleantech company identified by the methods above.  The i3 dataset contains data on company founding year. USAspending.gov does not include information on the age of a business; DOE awardees and rejected ARPA-E applicants required manual research to determine founding year. When not available on the company's website, founding year was obtained from Orbis, Factset, public news sources and/or state business registration documents. We limit our dataset to companies that were startups in 2010, that is, with a founding year in the range 2005-2010.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Our initial sample was composed of the 813 companies with approved SBTs as per the online SBTi database7 on July 20th, 2021. The SBTs in the SBTi database generally contain the following data of relevance to this study: sector, emission metric (absolute or intensity-based), emission scope (1, 2, 3 or a combination), base year, target year and targeted percentage reduction in the emission metric. We first excluded 28 energy generators and utilities (3% of the initial sample) due to our focus on companies that purchase energy. We excluded another 101 companies (12% of the initial sample) that only have intensity-based SBTs covering scope 2 to avoid the additional uncertainty associated with converting intensity targets to absolute emission targets. For companies with multiple SBTs covering different emissions scopes and target years, we selected a single SBT, prioritizing targets specifically for scope 2, when available (otherwise, we prioritized targets for scopes 1 and 2 combined over targets for scopes 1, 2 and 3 combined), followed by prioritization of the shortest target time span (that is, the difference between the base year and target year). In addition to the target data sourced from SBTi, we collected information on the scope 2 accounting approach that each SBT refers to (market- or location-based) from company disclosures to CDP (formerly the Carbon Disclosure Project)40 (this information is not provided by SBTi; see Supplementary Section 2.4 for more details). Note, however, that only around half of companies with approved SBTs reported to CDP. We were therefore left with 338 of the 813 companies after removing energy generators and utilities (28), intensity targets (101) and companies that did not report to CDP (346).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Climate change adaptation is defined by the IPCC as “the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects”26. Adaptation of the agricultural sector to climate-induced changes in crop yields may include adjustments in consumption, production and international trade2. Demand-side adaptation is captured in GLOBIOM by changes in regional consumption levels in response to market prices. Supply-side adaptation includes the reallocation of land for each crop by a grid-cell and management system, and the expansion of cropland to other land covers23. Whereas Leclère et al.23 assess supply-side adaptation, here we focused on international market responses, in which our analysis approach is inspired by the 'adaptation illusion hypothesis' postulated by Lobell15 and confirmed by Moore et al.55. They argue that farm-level practices identified as adaptation measures by many crop modelling studies cannot be referred to as climate adaptation as they have the same yield impact in current climate as under climate change. In a similar manner, we intended to investigate whether, where and, if so, why trade integration has a larger positive impact on the risk of hunger under climate change. We defined the adaptation effect of trade as the sum of the effect of reducing trade costs on hunger under current climate (direct trade effect), and any additional positive or negative impact of trade integration under climate change (climate-induced trade effect). The adaptation effect of trade can be understood through Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage (Supplementary Text)11,12. Reducing trade costs promotes trade according to comparative advantage56 and facilitates the role of trade as a transmission belt in linking food-deficit and food-surplus regions57. Climate change impacts differ across crops and regions8. Depending on the spatial distribution of these impacts, the current pattern of comparative advantage may be intensified, maintained or substantially altered. This may lead to increased food deficits in certain regions. Trade is argued to have a larger role under climate change as it facilitates adjustment to changes in comparative advantage11,12 and enables food surplus to be linked with food deficit regions6,7,57.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Party identification was measured with the twostep approach used in the Socio-Economic Panel, which has been conducted since 1984 by the German Institute for Economic Research61. In a first step, respondents were asked whether they hold a preference for a specific party. If they replied in the affirmative (which was the case for 1,275 respondents, or 64% of the main sample), they were then asked which of the seven parties represented in the lower house of the German parliament they identify with, or whether they preferred another party. To measure perceived scientific consensus, respondents were asked to indicate the percentage of climate scientists worldwide who think that the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere since the middle of the 20th century is primarily due to human activity. They used a slider to choose a percentage between 0 and 100%. Strong ties with the coal industry were measured by asking whether respondents themselves or someone they know works in a coal mine or a coal-fired power station or has done so in the past.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We adjusted for controls, both time varying and invariant, that may confound the association between unionization and health. Demographic controls included age, year of birth, sex, race (White, Black, other), and four-category census region of residence (Northeast, South, Midwest, West). We included two measures of marital status: total years married and whether the respondent is married in a particular wave. We included an indicator of whether a respondent had a college degree by the age of 40.4 We included three health-related measures: the respondent's retrospective self-assessment of general health at ages 0 to 16,5 smoking status at ages 60 to 79, and the proportion of observed waves that a respondent had health insurance from 1999 onward, the first year health insurance information is consistently available. We included eight measures of contemporary and career employment. First, we included measures of a respondent's employment status at ages 60+: working, retired, unemployed, or not in the labor force. Second, we included the respondent's ages 60+ posttax and transfer total household income, divided by the square root of the number of household members. Third, we constructed 19 industry categories following Western and Rosenfeld (2011) and assigned respondents the modal category we observe at ages 18 to 60. Appendix materials in the online version of the article include replication with percentage waves in industry categories. Fourth, we constructed 12 large occupation categories and assigned the modal observed category from ages 18 to 60. Fifth, we assigned the respondent's modal region of residence from ages 18 to 60. Sixth, we included a measure of total years employed between ages 18 and 60 (percentage employed yielded the same results). Seventh, we included the percentage of years that a respondent was self-employed. Eighth, we combined information from occupation and industry, harmonized to 1990 Census Bureau classification schemes. We made all possible combinations of the 200 industry categories and 275 occupation categories observed in the PSID and counted the number of unique combinations each respondent held between ages 18 and 60. We used this measure to proxy labor market position changes. Appendix materials in the online version of the article include results with and without these career controls.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The research comprised two modeling experiments to address two research questions. First, we evaluated two scenarios of the spatial distribution of rainfall in causing flooding within the Warren area. For this purpose, STORM2014 precipitation data were configured as a grid with a resolution of 500 m x 500 m using rainfall data obtained from the Detroit City Airport rain gauge. This gridded product was used as model input in the first scenario, 'HR-Integrated' (results are presented in Fig. 2d). The drainage system was designed to closely resemble realworld conditions, allowing for water exchange between the inside and outside of the Warren drainage system based on the dynamically changing distribution of hydraulic head over the surface and below ground in storm sewers. In the second scenario, the gridded rainfall data for the Warren area were set to 0 mm for the duration of the STORM2014 event (that is, 24 h). This scenario was named 'NR-Integrated' (Fig. 2e). In the second experiment, we explored the functioning of two stormwater sewer outfalls (Fig. 2b,c) using three different model configurations. The first set-up represents the most realistic design  by allowing backwater to occur (water from the open channel flows back into the sewer system through the outfall) (termed 'Integrated' outfalls). The second set-up assumes the current sewer system is  unaffected by water levels at the outfall locations, maximizing drainage  capacity by allowing unrestricted discharge from the stormwater  system into the open channel without backflow from Bear Creek (termed 'Controlled' outfalls). The third set-up precludes any water exchange at the outfalls between the stormwater system and open channel, with the total outflow from the system stored in an underground storage  sized to contain all runoff from the Red Run watershed under  the STORM2014 event (a volume of ~24.77 million m3) rather than entering the open channel. We term this case 'Water loss', the results of which are shown in Supplementary Fig. 3.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    To explore the optimal utilization of waste biomass resources, we developed three alternative scenarios: MEP, MNE and MER. For all scenarios, the optimal conversion pathway for each feedstock was selected on the basis of the maximum value of energy or emission reduction. Under each scenario, the countylevel results were then added up to obtain the potentials for total renewable energy production, net energy and emission reduction at the national level.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We had access to historical electricity consumption data from July 2015 to December 2019 for all the customers. These data were provided by the utility, after being verified by the electricity distributor, and constituted our main outcome variable. Similarly to other works, we computed the average daily electricity usage in a month from the total monthly consumption and normalized it by dividing by the average post-period control group consumption and then multiplying by 100 (ref. 17). We also computed the average daily pretreatment electricity usage as the mean of the average daily consumption in a month between July 2015 and June 2016.We also had access to information on the treated customers' engagement with the reports and on the reports' contents. These data were provided by Opower. We knew when a eHER was sent and when a customer opened or clicked on a report, although we did not know which one. By opening the reports, customers were able to view the neighbour comparison; by clicking on it, customers were directed to their personal page on the utility's website, where further information, such as energy saving tips and bills, was available. On average, 64 and 30% of the customers opened and clicked on an eHER, respectively, at least once over the two years after the programme launch. As for the eHER augmented with the normative prime, 55 and 9.7% of customers opened and clicked at least once in the two months after its receipt, respectively.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The experiment was implemented in September 2018. Participants included the entire population of California LMI homeowners who had adopted solar with the non-profit GRID Alternatives, had interconnected their solar system between 2004 and 1 June 2018, and for whom GRID had a valid mailing address, N = 7,680. The vast majority of these customers qualified for California's Single-family Affordable Solar Homes (SASH) programme, of which GRID Alternatives is the programme administrator. SASH provides incentives at US$3.00 W-1 to homeowners with household incomes below 80% of the area median income (AMI), who live in a home defined as affordable housing by California Public Utilities Code 2852, and who receive electrical service from Pacific Gas & Electric, Southern California Edison or San Diego Gas & Electric. Applicant roofs are also screened for solar suitability, and solar installations must meet a minimum performance requirement. For our study population, 32% of the population had a household income below 30% AMI, 27.4% were between 30% and 50% AMI, 38.5% were between 50% and 80% AMI, and 2.1% were missing income data. Where SASH incentives are insufficient to cover the entire cost of a PV system and installation, GRID sources supplementary funding to provide the PV system at no cost.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We implemented a standard two-stage analytic framework, to estimate the association between short-term exposure to daily wildfire-specific PM2.5 and cause-specific respiratory hospitalization. The two-stage design is a flexible and computationally efficient analytical framework commonly used in environmental epidemiology to model large, heterogeneous data from multiple communities19,47-49. This approach allows for separate modelling of community-specific characteristics, preserving crucial local nuances and mitigating potential biases that could arise from pooling diverse data into a single model (Supplementary Methods 3).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We used data from the U.S. restricted use natality files, 2008 to 2021 (National Vital Statistics System 2021) and linked these data to county- and state-level characteristics using the resident county and year. We started the analysis in 2008 because this is the year when Secure Communities was launched and funding for 287(g) dramatically expanded—two programs that involve local law enforcement in immigration enforcement and have been critical to the rise in deportations following a traffic stop (Moinester 2019). These programs contribute to immigrants' fears of driving without a license and, in turn, may be consequential for perinatal health (Rhodes et al. 2015). The target population for this study was Mexican and Central American birthing people who were likely to be impacted by the passage of a license law. We believe that undocumented birthing people would be most strongly impacted because they would personally receive an additional privilege and reduction in deportation risk because of the implementation of this law. The impact of these laws may also spill over to birthing people who are not themselves undocumented but whose partner or other loved ones are. These persons may experience a reduction in stress because of the passage of the laws or increase in financial resources due to changes for others in their household. Legal status is not included in birth certificate data. However, to make the study population more likely to be undocumented or have undocumented partners or loved ones, we restricted the analysis to birthing people born in Central America or Mexico. These regions account for 67% of the U.S. undocumented population (Migration Policy Institute 2019). As a sensitivity analysis, we stratified by maternal education to determine whether associations are stronger among individuals without a high school education, who are more likely to be undocumented (Passel and Cohn 2019).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    To develop the drivers of changes in financing conditions, we apply an interview case study design with two stages of data collection53. First, open exploratory interviews (N =  8) were conducted to gain early insights on the dynamics and drivers of changes in financing conditions and to define the structure for the second phase of the interviews. Second, we conducted 33 semistructured interviews with employees from debt and equity investment firms who had significant experience in the renewable energy finance industry (23 of these interviewees are the same individuals who provided the quantitative data mentioned above). Note that we contacted three investment professionals from the exploratory interviews again for the semi-structured interviews and the collection of project financing conditions data. If more than one researcher conducted an interview (N =  15), one of them summarized it using the recording, transcript and notes. If only one researcher conducted the interview (N =  26), the resulting summary was cross-checked by another researcher. This procedure ensures accurate and consistent recording, expands the scope of insights and enhances confidence in the findings53. Following Eisenhardt's approach53, we continued holding interviews until no additional insights were observed.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    I utilized data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), a panel survey representative of individuals ages 50 and older across various European countries. SHARE covers many topics, including economic, demographic, health, and family matters (Schröder 2011). Specifically, I focused on the SHARELIFE data collected during the third and seventh waves of SHARE, which provides detailed life histories, including employment and family formation experiences from childhood to advanced age, for women born between 1924 and 1965. More details on the data source are provided in Appendix A in the online version of the article.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    To estimate the health and labour consequences of supply-side policies, we build an empirically validated model of oil production to estimate field-level oil production and GHG emissions pathways under varying policy scenarios. These estimates drive our projections of pollution dispersion, mortality effects and local employment, which are used to quantify health and labour impacts under different policy and GHG emissions-target scenarios. We further examine the equity impacts of these scenarios focusing on how health and labour impacts are distributed between disadvantaged and other communities. Throughout, we use nominal prices in both the estimation and projection parts of the analysis. When presenting health and labour impacts, we calculate net present discounted values in 2019 US dollars after applying a discount rate of 3% and an inflation rate of 2%.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    On the basis of the different initial hypotheses, we collected a broad set of possible explanatory variables at the country level. To capture stranded asset risks, we used both a measure of the size of a financial sector and the approximate carbon exposure of the country's GDP. First, we used the World Bank DataBank's domestic credit provided to the private sector measure, as a share of GDP, from the most recent full coverage year in 2019 as a proxy for financial sector size53. This measure is a commonly used proxy for financial depth, which captures the financial sector's size relative to the domestic economy54. We also calculated the economic value contributing to a country's GDP from the oil and gas sector for the year 2021, using the Global Resource Input-Output Assessment model, a multiregional input-output database that captures input and intermediate goods trade across the world55. This dataset includes not just economic value produced and traded, but also value added by each economy into the value of final goods. This measure best captures the economic value the oil and gas sector contributes to an economy. For data on the growth of the renewable energy sector across countries, we used yearly data from the International Energy Agency on renewable energy's percentage share of primary energy supply and calculated the growth rate from 2018 to 202156. We used the 2022 exposure component of the ND-Gain country index to capture a country's physical risk of climate change impacts57. To measure climate policy stringency, we used the OECD's Climate Policy Stringency of adopted policies index for the most recent year available, 202058. To capture public sentiment about climate change, we used data from the YPCCC's survey, conducted in 2022, that produced population breakdowns of sentiment on climate change, by percentage59. We grouped the alarmed and concerned audiences together to capture the share of the population concerned about climate change. This survey is the most comprehensive cross-country sampling of public sentiment about climate change so far, but it still is missing a handful of countries from our dataset, most notably China and Russia. We substitute in a data point for China from a comparable 2022 survey from the International Monetary Fund, which includes the share of the population that feels that climate change will affect them or their family now up through the next 10 years60. We discuss this process more in Supplementary Note 6.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    For each set of models, we first present a model with only the clustering scores and ZIP-code-level control variables included (Model 1). Then, we add the health care resource variables one by one in the model (Models 2-5) to avoid the problems of multicollinearity and to isolate the effect of each organizational type as health care organizations tend to agglomerate. To our knowledge, no formal mediation test exists that can account for the spatial dependencies in the models and the multilevel structure of the second set of models. Therefore, we used an informal approach and examine change in the effect sizes with the inclusion of certain variables.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    To isolate the relative effects of household demographics on adoption choices we use the following logit model:p(CS) = alpha+Dβ+S+ε(1)Where p(CS) is the probability that a household is a community solar adopter (as opposed to a rooftop adopter), D is a vector of dummy variables for the four demographic dimensions and S is a state random effect. We convert the income variable into a dummy value by bifurcating the records into households that earn more or less than the state median income. The coefficient of interest is β, which represents the statistical association between household demographics and the household's adoption choice. Note that the model is not designed for causal inference. Household adoption choices are probably driven by numerous idiosyncratic factors that could correlate with the demographic factors. The purpose of this model is to compare the relative weights of the β coefficients to understand which demographic dimensions are most strongly associated with household adoption choices. We use state random effects to account for the possibility that community solar has distinct impacts on adopter demographics in different states with distinct policy contexts. In addition to comparing the coefficients, we also implement variations of the model in equation (1) with different combinations of the demographic factors. We then compare Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) values across those models (Supplementary Table 6). The AIC is a metric that simultaneously measures prediction accuracy while penalizing models with more variables. The AIC comparisons provide another way of comparing the relative contributions of demographic differences to household adoption choices.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).