Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The resulting sample of providers was heterogeneous. Through snowball sampling, I was able to home in on actors who were known within their institutions to have knowledge and experience working with substance-using patients (e.g., clinicians with a special interest in perinatal substance use or perinatal social workers who were often responsible for making hotline calls to child welfare and communicating with patients after they have been tested). None of the hospitals in this sample had instituted formal universal screening protocol, and all of the providers in this sample discussed drug testing as a discretionary process. These findings are not intended to generalize to any one group  of professionals or setting. The benefit of a diverse sample is that it provides various professional vantage points at different points of care to reveal the effect of hybridity on decision-making processes that may be transferable to the study of other professional groups, institutions, or social problems spanning medical and legal institutions. I conducted semistructured interviews in person and over the phone (eight individuals were unable to meet in person) that lasted on average 45 minutes to an hour, with the longest interview spanning over 3 hours. The interview schedule centered around the provision of care for substance-using patients, including questions regarding how substance use was determined, drug screening and testing practices, hospital procedures and treatment protocol, professionals' attitudes toward substance-using patients, medical interventions for maternal substance use, and child welfare involvement.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The case selection includes three dimensions: technology, country and project type. First, we focus on solar PV and wind onshore technologies, the most deployed non-hydro RETs. In 2016, solar PV and wind onshore technologies accounted for a global capacity of 291 GW and 452 GW, respectively (for example, compared with 14 GW for wind offshore generation)46. Second, we focus on Germany, one of the earliest markets to adopt these technologies. Germany added the most solar PV capacity in 13 of the 17 years analysed, and the most wind onshore capacity in 8 of the 17 years analysed46. Our sample period begins in 2000, when Germany enacted its landmark legislation on renewable energy sources (EEG), with a feed-in tariff that triggered large-scale renewable energy investments23. The feed-in tariff was never changed retroactively. The German electricity market has been liberalized since 199823, and the vast majority of investment in RET was private47. Third, we restrict the analysis to project finance structures, exploiting the fact that 96% of large solar PV projects and 88% of large wind onshore projects in Germany between 2000 and 2015 were undertaken using project finance24

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    All the samples from the different countries were pooled when testing H1, H2 and H3. With 1,400 respondents in four countries and 1,000 respondents in one country, the total sample contained 6,600 respondents. These were then divided into seven groups (1,000 respondents in each group). To test H1, H2 and H3, we used independent-sample one-sided t tests and ordinary least-squares regression models with robust standard errors (results reported in Supplementary Information). We used the standard P < .05 criterion for determining whether there are differences between the groups. Hypotheses H1, H2 and H3 were supported if the null was rejected, and the estimates are statistically significant and have the expected signs and directions for both these tests. To test H3, group 3 was compared with an aggregated group based on group 4, group 5, group 6 and group 7. For the exploratory part where we investigated the role of individual factors for policy support, we used ordinary least-squares models.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We replicate demand and fuel prices variability as follows. The initial data include 21 annual demand data series and four annual series for fossil fuel prices (natural gas, coal, oil and uranium). All of them are for the period between 1990 and 2021. We detrend each of these series (after taking logs) using a Hodrick-Prescott filter42 with lambda set to 100, following the standard approach for annual frequency data. This procedure results in 25 residual series: each of them can be interpreted as the (percentual) deviation from the respective series trend. By construction, these residuals have zero or close to zero average. We compute the variance and covariance matrix of these series: the components of this matrix capture the covariance between each of the 21 country/areas and the covariance of each of them with each of the four fossil fuel prices. Elements along the diagonal capture the variances of each of the 25 series.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    In the second step of the analysis, we use our empirical estimates to calculate the expected reductions in CO2 emissions that can be causally attributed to policy diffusion. For this purpose, we use the estimated coefficients of all control variables and the spatial lag and feed them into Monte Carlo simulations of policy adoption and policy diffusion using the model in equation (1). We construct counterfactual scenarios that allow us to quantify the emission reductions that can be attributed to diffusion. For every country i, we compare a scenario A in which country i adopts carbon pricing in year t with a scenario B in which country i does not do so. For each of the two scenarios, we calculate the hazard rate of policy adoption at time t + 1 for all other countries j = i based on equation (1). The difference between the hazard rates of the two scenarios A and B can then be considered the additional hazard of policy adoption in country j that can be attributed to policy diffusion from country i.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We collected available auxiliary data from each source to either harmonize the data or integrate those parameters as control variables in the regression analysis to compare and validate the results: (1) value type, differentiating between cost or price, with the latter typically including additional overheads, mark-ups, indirect costs or supplier profits. However, we denote that both terms are also used synonymously.  (2) Application type, differentiating between automotive- or HDV-certified values, as altered requirements and scales also lead to different configurations, designs and costs. (3) Currency and (4) reference year information were collected to ensure accurate contextualization and temporal accuracy. (5) Scenario information was collected, differentiating between low (mass-market), high (niche market) and medium. (6) Forecast method, differentiating between literature-based projections, expert elicitation, detailed bottom-up cost modelling or learning and experience curves. (7) Data originality, differentiating between original or adopted values. (8) Integration level, differentiating between cell- or system-level values for batteries and stack- or system-level values for fuel cells. This raw data are available  for download, yet proprietary is anonymized.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We collected 819 sediment samples from 58 coastal wetlands, including unvegetated (tidal flats, N = 19) and vegetated (seagrass meadows, N = 10; tidal marshes, N = 14; mangrove forests, N = 15) coastal ecosystems along Chinese coastlines from the cold temperate zone (~40° N) to the tropical zone (~19° N) (Fig. 1a) during 2010 to 2022. We measured sediment Hg concentrations using a direct Hg analyser (DMA-80, Milestone), following the US Environmental Protection Agency Method 7473 (ref. 9). The limit of detection of the Hg analyser was 0.1 ng g-1. The performance of the Hg analyser was evaluated by multiple measurements of certified reference materials GBW07314 (marine sediment) and GBW07405 (soil). Results were not statistically different from the certified values, with Hg concentrations of 47.1 ± 3.9 ng g-1 (1sigma, N = 57, certified value of 48 ± 12 ng g-1) for GBW07314 and 282.9 ± 12.5 ng g-1 (1sigma, N = 16, certified value of 290 ± 40 ng g-1) for GBW07405. We measured LOI as the loss of weight of a sediment sample ignited at 550 °C for 8 h by a Muffle furnace9.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    To build work-family life histories, participants were prompted to recall significant milestones, such as job-related changes and key family events, annually. These included moving out of their parent's home, cohabiting, marriage, childbirth, widowhood, and divorce. Leveraging these data, I crafted a life history data set in which each individual is observed annually from age 15 up to their age at the time of the survey. Their recorded state remained unchanged until they indicated a change in status. This information was used as an input for sequence analysis to construct work-family life histories, as detailed in the empirical strategy section. For more information on the measurement of work-family statuses throughout the life course, see Appendix B in the online version of the article.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The first stage in identifying variables to use as the bases for the cluster analysis was the development of measures of preference for the five business archetypes. Five measures were derived from the various questions on the survey. (1) Likelihood to adopt each archetype, using a single question asked after each archetype, was scored on a number of sematic differential attribute scales. (2) Adoption spread was the highest value of likely minus the lowest for each individual to generate a signal of preference certainty. If a person scored one or more options very highly in terms of likelihood to adopt, and another option very low, they would have a larger spread than someone who scored all options similarly. (3) Probability of adoption was the number of times chosen during the paired comparison experiments divided by the number of times available to be chosen. (4) Weighted probability of adoption was calculated by multiplying the probability of adoption score by the likelihood score. (5) Preference stability was a test of internal consistency calculated by using an excel macro to detect reversals between each combination of three options and then adding up the number per person. The majority of people were perfectly internally consistent (that is, 76% did not reverse their ranking of options across the three possible combination with each option).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Our policy-specific dataset includes 168 observations across the 47 countries and identifies the country; the year of the policy (91% of the policy observations are between 2019 and 2023); the name of the policy; the policy description; the data source (webpage link); whether the policy includes a requirement of other actors (for example, a regulatory rule for banks to comply with, or a request for information) or only pertains to the central bank operations (for example, information published by the bank or a change in how the bank manages its funds); whether the policy aims to re-risk, de-risk or both; the policy function class (information, economic or structural); and the relative 'cost' of the policy to the central bank (the relative degree to which the action is costly to the central bank to enact, as interpreted by what is going to have a material impact on the financial system and what might have a resource cost) (see Supplementary Note 5 for an expanded discussion of this cost concept). To review some examples of these specific policies and the policy classification systems, please see Table 1 and Extended Data Table 1.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We used microdata from a large set of nationally representative household surveys of different countries to estimate energy and cooking technology choices for regions of the world. We aggregated nations in line with the 11 regions of the MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM model42. The datasets used to represent each of these regions are presented in Supplementary Table 1, with a focus on regions of the world where access to clean cooking is lacking. Regions where access is not an issue (that is, North America (NAM), Western Europe (WEU) and Pacific OECD (PAO)) were included in our analysis and modelled independently, but are presented clubbed together in a single other or rest of the world region in some results.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Data harmonization, based on the upper parameters, ensured that all data points were specified as system-level OEM purchase prices in €2020for the respective component. Initially, this involved (3) currency conversions based on the respective historical exchange rate (subject to the reference year or release date) and (4) inflation adjustment to 2020 levels (annual mean over all member states of the European Union (EU-27) issued by the European Commission and downloadable via Eurostat). Potential inhomogeneities caused by (1) cost or price type, (2) application type or (8) integration level are harmonized based on studies that explicitly state multiple values differentiated according to (1), (2), (8). Hence, all cost values were topped with a 35% surcharge (median value from battery data as no temporal trend could be identified) to derive OEM purchase prices. Scaling automotive-certified components to HDV-certified ones, data showed a temporal trend for batteries but not for fuel cells. Hence, we used a decreasing scaling factor for batteries from around 80% in 2020 to 50% in 2030 and 20% in 2050, indicating higher integration, potential enhancements through on-purpose designs and usable synergies. For fuel cells, all automotive-type values were topped with a 100% surcharge (median value). For cell-to-system or stack-to-system scaling, data showed a clear temporal trend for both batteries and fuel cells. Therefore, we used a decreasing scaling for batteries from around 40% in 2020 to 30% in 2030 and 20% in 2050. In contrast, we used an increasing scaling factor for fuel cells from 60% in 2020 to 90% in 2030 and 125% in 2050, meaning that the cost share of the actual stacks on total system costs was expected to decrease. Supplementary Figs. 2-4 provide more details. These harmonized data are available for download.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We build a multicountry multi-industry general equilibrium model by incorporating MNEs, international trade flows and corporate tax to quantify the emission effect of corporate tax changes27. Specifically, we extended the quantitative trade and MP model developed by refs. 11,12, by incorporating corporate tax and linking production to environmental emissions. In the model, a firm from country i can serve country n by building an affiliate (MP) in country l and shipping goods to country n (Trade). This entails MP costs associated with the pair {i, l} and trade costs associated with the pair {l, n}. Given these costs between countries, a firm in any country chooses how much of its products will serve market n, and via which production location it will serve market n to maximize profit. Then, a corporate tax cut in country B would increase the profits of the production located in B and attract more MP activities and stimulate more trade flows from B. The expansion of production in B would directly increase the CO2 emissions through a scale effect. It would also increase labor demand and lift the wage level in B, as labor is a necessary input in production. However, the wage change in B would further reshape MP flows to B and trade flows from B by influencing marginal production costs. Meanwhile, tax cuts in B would impact output and emissions in B and other countries. For example, the tax cut in B will decrease the income of its competitors by taking up their market share. In other words, corporate tax cuts in one country would impact both MP and trade flows across countries and reshape global production and emission networks.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Our main dependent variable is annual deforestation9 extracted at the grid-cell level for 2011 through 2018. We use this annual measure of deforestation (rather than the sum of alerts for that year) because the alerts are reliant on single observations (making them more susceptible to error) and are designed to be conservative, whereas the annual product maps loss are based on the entire year and can capture the area of loss more accurately9. We prefer a binary measure of deforestation that is equal to one if there is a positive amount of deforestation during a given year. The reason for this is that the two continuous outcomes (per cent deforested and a winsorized version of per cent deforested) have substantial outliers, even in the case of the winsorized measure. For example, the per cent deforestation outcome ranges from zero to 100. However, the measure at the 75th percentile is zero, and at the 95th, 3.57. For the winsorized version of this variable, the 75th percentile value is still zero, and the 95th is 3.29. This type of skewness, particularly when combined with measurement error, can result in considerable bias in regressions.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Most research on fossil fuel subsidies is concerned with estimating the damages they cause and the benefits of subsidy reform1,2,36. Our study builds on two smaller bodies of positive research. The first is made up of cross-national quantitative studies of gasoline taxes and subsidies—the most readily measured type of fossil fuel subsidy. In general, these studies demonstrate that gasoline taxes and subsidies are closely associated with slowly changing economic factors, especially income per capita and fossil fuel wealth. The role of politics is more uncertain: some studies find a link between fuel taxes and political institutions29,37,38, whereas others do not39.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    In conjunction with the capacity investment decisions made in the first stage, investors can sign contracts with consumers that settle based on the energy price in the second stage. Assume a small set of contracts ηk frs I is available to trade. Let λfrst be the price of energy in time block t given fuel price f, profile r and demand shifter s, that is, the dual variable that corresponds to the power balance constraint in equation (2) divided by the length Lt , and let ηk frs I represent the payout  of contract k2K I given this scenario. A call option gives the purchaser the right to buy a unit of energy for a predetermined price if the spot price exceeds that level. Thus, if contract k indexes a call option that covers all the time blocks with strike price λk, we can calculate: ηk frs¼ X t2T Ltmaxf0;λfrst�λkg ð6Þ If k instead indexes a futures contract that covers all time blocks at price λk, the payout is calculated as: ηk frs¼ X t2T Ltðλfrst�λkÞ ð7Þ We also define a unit contingent contract that tracks the availability of generator g, a construct often used for variable technologies. When k indexes a unit contingent contract for generator g, the payout is calculated as: ηk frs¼ X t2T AgrtLtðλfrst�λkÞ ð8Þ

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We limited our time horizon to the period between 2012 and 2019. First, we excluded the years before 2001 because of discontinued regulations that may have distorted repowering decisions from today's perspective. Second, we also excluded the years from 2001 to 2011 as, during that period, the Danish government provided policy incentive programmes for repowering (Supplementary Note 1) that could have confounded our analysis. Third, we excluded projects that involved research and test turbines, as these turbines are subject to different regulations. Of the 102 identified wind projects, 8 were experimental test projects, that is, turbines established and dismantled at test sites. In total, 70 test turbines were dismantled during the investigated period. Fourth, we excluded household wind turbines, that is, turbines with a generation capacity of 25 kW or less, as there are different regulations for these types of turbines. During the investigated period, 77 household turbines were dismantled. Fifth, we excluded a dismantling project that was part of an infrastructure development project, in which 26 turbines were dismantled because of the construction of the Femern tunnel in Southern Denmark. Overall, we determined that 221 out of the relevant 601 dismantled turbines were repowering related.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We assembled several indicators of community socio-economic status and demographic composition at the ZIPcode level from the US American Community Survey (ACS)55. These are variables potentially associated with coal-fired power plant exposure that might also predict asthma exacerbations56 and included total population, number of non-Hispanic black individuals, number of individuals without health insurance coverage, number of individuals 16 years and older that were unemployed, number of individuals 25 years and older without a high school diploma or equivalent and number of individuals with income in the previous 12 months below the federal poverty level. To create a time-varying dataset, we linked multiple 5-yr surveys because annual ZCTA-level estimates were not available. For example, we used the 2008-2012 ACS to estimate ZCTA characteristics in 2012 and the 2009-2013 ACS for 2013, which we then assigned to ZIP codes using a crosswalk. Finally, we downloaded ZIP-code-level meteorological data on ambient temperature, relative humidity, windspeed and atmospheric pressure from the USEPA57

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We use econometric models to identify policy diffusion in the data on past policy adoption. To do so, we estimate a model that relates adoption of a policy in a country i at time t to the adoption of the same policy in other countries j = 1, …, Nc , j ! = i prior to time t (with Nc being the number of countries in the sample). This is a common  empirical strategy to identify policy diffusion and has been used in the literature on climate policy7,20,21,41. Technically, the model accounts for the mutual influences between countries with spatial lags, which  are calculated as a weighted average of prior policy adoption in all  other countries. We use alternative weighting schemes based on geographical proximity, trade and international institutional linkages, which we consider as representing some of the alternative diffusion mechanisms cited in the main text. The choice of our model is informed by two characteristics of our dependent variable. The first characteristic is that any possible future policy adoption is unobserved, which means that our dependent variable is right-censored. Specifically, at the time of analysis, policy adoption is only recorded in the Carbon Pricing Dashboard of the World Bank up until April 2022, which means that 2021 is the most recent year in our sample. The second characteristic is that our dependent variable is binary, taking on only values 0 or 1. Both these characteristics are common in survival analysis, which is also referred to as event history analysis, and can be addressed with proportional hazard models.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The Louisville Metro Department of Public Health and Wellness provided quarterly combined counts of asthma-related hospitalizations and ERVs among all ages for the years 20122016 for all Louisville ZIP codes, which we restricted to the 35 ZIP codes with population greater than 5 in 2012. Hospitalizations and ERVs were considered asthma related if the following International Classification of Diseases 9 or 10 diagnosis codes were present in the first through to the third diagnosis positions: 493.XX or J45.X. To present health data spatially, we used a crosswalk to map ZIP codes to ZCTAs.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Conjoint experiments allow researchers to compare trade-offs across multiple dimensions by randomly generating bundles of attributes and asking respondents to pick between two such choice bundles. This design more closely captures decision-making in realistic contexts than asking respondents to independently evaluate options. Use of conjoint experiments to measure public preferences has increased in recent years across the social sciences59-61. Conjoint experiments have high external validity and lower social desirability bias compared with other methods of eliciting preferences62-64. In experiment 1, we examine 24 project dimensions in a demographically representative sample of PA residents. In experiment 2, we examine a reduced set of 19 dimensions in a smaller sample of local elected officials. We use a limited number of attributes and increase the number of choice pairs that respondents evaluate, to ensure that we are powered to detect 0.07 and 0.05 effect sizes despite the smaller sample size. We selected attributes to drop on the basis of the results of experiment 1 (for example, eliminating attribute levels that did not have statistically significant variation, like in project benefits, and adding an additional attribute level in response to feedback from researchers experienced with elite samples). We asked respondents to choose between two energy infrastructure projects in their area that varied on five dimensions. The full list of attributes is displayed in Supplementary Table 5. In experiment 2, we additionally asked local elected officials to report their perceptions of constituent support for each proposed pair of projects.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The raw dataset was filtered to obtain a dataset that only includes startups of interest to this analysis using the following steps and building on the approach in Surana et al.9. First, startups that did not have a clear connection to climate were identified and excluded from the dataset. This was done using keyword terms in the description, such as startups focused on ride sharing for which the climate benefit is unclear. Supplementary Table 17 provides all filtering terms. Competitors of these excluded ventures, as identified by i3, were also excluded. In addition, startups that i3 categorized in the 'other clean tech' sector were excluded unless they were described by a relevant keyword indicating a clear climate mitigation link (Supplementary Table 17). Manual verification revealed that many of these ventures were technology firms with minimal or unclear climate relevance (for example, Airbnb). Second, startups were excluded due to lack of information if no sector or industry group was specified, the description or tags did not include any relevant keywords and no founding year was provided. Third, startups were excluded from the temporal or geographical scope of this analysis. Startups located outside of the United States were excluded. Startups founded before 2005, the year the first major global climate agreement (the Kyoto Protocol) entered into force, were excluded. When the founding year was not included in the i3 data, it was identified by the authors using previously cleaned data provided by Kurowski and Doblinger and publicly available information from databases such as Pitchbook, Crunchbase and OpenCorporates. Fourth, entities in the dataset were also excluded if they were determined to be a large group or corporation (for example, EON Group), a public agency (for example, the US Department of Energy) or a university or research institute rather than a startup. Finally, startups were excluded from the analysis if they had not received a single investment or grant during the 2005-2020 period.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Stefanelli and Lukac (2020)67 provide a framework for conducting power analyses for conjoint experiments using simulation techniques. Using their online power-analysis tool (https://mblukac.shinyapps.io/conjoints-power-shiny/), we find that experiment 1 is well powered. With 894 participants, 5 tasks and 4 variable levels (attribute with the largest number of options), the experiment has 94% power to detect an effect of 0.05 and 81% power to detect an effect of 0.04. Experiment 2 is not as well powered given the smaller available sample size of local elected officials; with 206 participants, 4 tasks and 4 variable levels, the experiment has 42% power to detect an effect of 0.05 and 78% power to detect an effect of 0.07 (Supplementary Fig. 6).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The quantity of interest in our analyses is defined as the percentage by which the network costs differ between the reference scenario and the alternative scenarios, and we refer to this quantity by: Δ = - x i j ir , , , i j j C C C 100 , ir where Ci,r is the annual network costs of household i in the reference scenario, while Ci,j stands for i' s costs in the jth alternative scenario, and ∈ (f100, e100, f50 pa50,f50 e50,f50 pm50,pa100,pm100,f pa e, pa50 e50,pm50 e50,f pme). A negative sign of Δi,j therefore indicates a cost  reduction under the alternative scenario j compared with today's regulatory practice, while a positive sign points to increased costs for household i. To investigate which household characteristics are associated with cost savings or incremental costs under the different alternative scenarios, we estimate Δi,j with a linear regression model. Thereby we consider that Δi,j is a function of householdlevel characteristics x 1, … …… , , , , , x x i ki ki , , , s uch that: i j = +…+ + Δ β β ε , 1, 1, i j x x (2) , , ki kj i j , where βk,j holds the incremental average percentage points by which the network costs change when alternative scenario j is applied instead of the reference scenario, when household characteristic k increases by one unit. εi,j references the error term. All regressions presented in this study estimate equation (2).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Data were collected during October 2021 to February 2023 and included review of 1,159 regulatory documents (284 of which are legal documents used for protection coding). Our review focused on consumer-facing electricity retail regulation (such as the NERL) as opposed to energy regulation more broadly (such as the NEL). Where categories of interest for electricity services fell within distributor remit (that is, solar connections), we reviewed the appropriate documents associated with electricity regulation (such as the National Electricity Rules made under the NEL). We mapped 12 categories, four of which were combined into a single indicator ('minimum complaints protections'). Data collection was completed during October 2021 to February 2023 and included review of 284 legal documents to identify protections in each settlement. Regulatory environment at the settlement level was cross-checked with review of over 800 further documents to ensure no exceptions were overlooked. Settlements were coded based on their legal protections up to and including 1 July 2022. Regulation undergoes frequent iteration, and there were numerous pending changes proposed in draft form or in the process of introduction during our review (notably in remote WA, though this is unlikely to change community status in the short term; Supplementary Note 6).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We used RD to estimate the impact of changes in the injunctive feedback included in the neighbour comparison. We justified this approach by showing that customers who received one, two or three thumbs up within the April-May 2018 eHER were different in many respects, which may also correlate with the impact of the treatment (Supplementary Table 10).  The RD approach allowed us to eliminate the influence of confounding factors on the estimated effect of changing the feedback category, as it focused on customers for whom the number of thumbs up is random. The price we paid for the improved identification of the effects is that the impacts estimated through RD are local, specific to a neighbourhood of the thresholds.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    To take broader social trust into account, respondents were asked a common survey question on social trust: “Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted, or that you can't be too careful in dealing with people? Please tell me what you think, where 1 means you can't be too careful and 5 means most people can be trusted.” In the analyses, an indicator of the lowest level of trust was contrasted with a set of dichotomous indicators for each of the other categories of trust. Ancillary analyses showed that community and generalized trust were not substantially correlated, suggesting that each were distinct indicators of trust.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The fully randomized design allows us to simultaneously estimate the causal effects of multiple treatment components based on simple linear regression26. Hence, average marginal component effects (AMCEs) were calculated using a simple linear regression estimator with standard errors clustered by respondent, using Stata 14.2 (by StataCorp, see https://www.stata.com/stata14/). The dependent variable is based on the rating scale, and the models include sets of dummy variables for the values of all attribute levels. To ease interpretation of the results, we dichotomized the obtained data with the rating scale using the median (which is 4) as the cut-off value. The resulting dependent variable 'Phase-out Support' is hence coded 0 for cases where a respondent rated a proposal as poor to neutral (1 to 4) and 1 for cases where (s)he rated a proposal as positive (5 to 7). The rationale for using the rating outcome as the dependent variable (instead of the forced-choice outcome) is that it may allow for a more fine-grained assessment of preferences. In the first task (forced choice), respondents had to choose one out of two scenarios in each of eight rounds. However, the comparison of scenarios may include instances where respondents have either strong preferences for or against both proposals—a situation that cannot be meaningfully ascertained by a forced-choice outcome. By contrast, in the rating task respondents could appraise both scenarios independently and on a more fine-grained scale. Nevertheless, replicating the analyses based on the forcedchoice outcome leads to substantively the same results (see Supplementary Fig. 2).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    For the second set of models for the week-byweek allocation of vaccine doses, we present a series of hierarchical linear growth models (Raudenbush and Bryk 2002; Singer and Willett 2003) with a correction for spatial dependency using a queen contiguity spatial weight matrix (Savitz and Raudenbush 2009). Given the nested structure of the data, weekly allocations per ZIP code, we used this approach to model the cumulative change over time in the number of vaccine doses per ZIP code. However, because the data were still organized by physically adjacent spatial units of analysis at Level 2, we used Savitz and Raudenbush's (2009) routine to account for spatial dependency using HLM 8.1, which is an approach used in similar health research  (O'Connell 2015). These results can be found in Table 3.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We searched the US Patent and Trademark Office website for patents assigned to each cleantech startup, issued on or before April 20, 2017. Design patents were excluded from the dataset. Observations were manually reviewed if the name of the assignee was not an exact match for the name of the company, or if the year of the patent filing was prior to the recorded founding year of the company. Patents are counted by the year in which the application was filed. Observations were collected through December 31, 2014, to account for the lag in observing a successful patent application. A citation-weighted count was also generated, following Trajtenberg's method of adding the annual patent count to a sum of all forward citations to those patents56. Citations to patents were observed through April 1, 2017.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We fielded an online survey of 1,050 Swiss residents, quota sampled on age, gender and language, in December 2019. The survey was provided in German and French but not Italian, which is the official language in the canton of Ticino as well as some municipalities in Graubünden. Nevertheless, the survey covers respondents from all Swiss cantons. Overall, the sample quite closely matches the Swiss population; however, as typical for such surveys, the groups of the lower educated (secondary education I) as well as the oldest age groups are somewhat underrepresented (Supplementary Section 26). A copy  of the Swiss survey instrument is also provided in Supplementary Section 26.  The survey received a human subjects review from the University of California Santa Barbara's Office of Research Human Subjects Committee (protocol number 21-19-0801). All survey respondents provided informed consent before beginning the survey.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    This paper discusses the uncertainty of the simulation results from five aspects: the baseline scenario, mitigation policies, model parameters, energy storage technology and carbon sequestration capacity. First, China's carbon dioxide emission pathway may present varying predictions under the baseline scenario (Supplementary Section 3) and the strictness of achieving the mitigation target directly impacts emission reduction and economic costs. Thus, we set two scenarios for accelerating and delaying the emission reduction progress in the baseline to test this uncertainty. Second, different intensities of mitigation policies may lead to a nonlinear changing trend or turning point for reduced emissions and economic losses. To test this uncertainty, we created 1,295 scenarios by combining different policies with different intensities on the basis of an extensive literature review (Supplementary Section 3.2). We also developed two additional policies with more stringent intensity (grade 6) and weaker intensity (grade 0). Third, the simulation results for achieving the carbon neutrality target may be affected by the substitution elasticity between different energy products in the model. To address this uncertainty, the substitution elasticity between energy products was increased or reduced by 25% to test the robustness of the results. Fourth, energy storage technology can additionally support the growth of high proportions of renewable energy and increase the economic cost. In this paper, we set two scenarios with high-cost and low-cost storage energy development to test the robustness of the simulation results. Finally, enhancing the carbon sequestration capacity is crucial for achieving carbon neutrality goals, as the percentage of scenarios in which the carbon neutrality target is achieved by 2060 will decrease substantially from 11.1% to 0.23%, with a decrease in the carbon sequestration capacity from 2.5 GtCO2 to 1.5 GtCO2 (Supplementary Fig. 22). In this study, we assumed that the capacity is limited to a maximum of 2 GtCO2 from CCS technology and forest systems by 2060. On the basis of the five categories of uncertainty analysis above, we find that the trade-offs and synergies between mitigation policy pairs remain robust: the simultaneous implementation of policies with R and E at high levels has notable positive impacts on all dimensions, and the policy combination with C and R has notable negative impacts on all dimensions. See Supplementary Section 6 for details about the uncertainty analysis.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The data used in this paper were sourced from the NT Government owned utility Power and Water Corporation, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) and the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Daily electricity use data for 3,300 households with a smart prepayment meter were matched to temperature data from the closest weather station. For cases where there were no temperature data for that day, the next closest weather station was used (6.1% of all observations). If that still resulted in a missing value, then the average for that climate zone was used (0.3% of observations). Data on disconnections were provided along with the time and date that the electricity service was discontinued and subsequently restored. These cases of disconnection were aggregated into daily data and separated into two variables on the basis of whether an electricity service was restored to the household on the same day or not. Selected summary statistics for these data by climate zones are shown in the paper in Tables 1 and 2.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The study's communities, both midsized cities in the same large metropolitan area (U.S. Census Bureau 2017), were middle- to upper-middle-class. They were demographically quite similar, with median household incomes close to the state average and high proportions of residents identifying as White. Middle-class Springfield was more socioeconomically and ethnically diverse than uppermiddle-class Greenville; its median housing value was half as high, and half as many residents had a bachelor's degree (U.S. Census Bureau 2017). Both communities had unusually high rates of positive health behaviors and low obesity rates and were located in a geographic region that was considered a politically liberal health mecca attracting highly educated new residents.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    In scenarios with explicit land-protection schemes (protForest, protForest90%, protPrimforest, protBH, protCPD, protFF and protLW), we removed the respective areas from the land pool that is potentially available for any agricultural activities (Supplementary Figs. 3-9). In protForest, all primary and secondary forests are protected (3,683 Mha in total); in protForest90%, only 90% of the forests are protected in each simulation unit (3,315 Mha in total; Supplementary Fig. 10 shows the MAgPIE simulation units); and in protPrimforest, only primary forests are protected (1,339 Mha in total). The other land-protection policies affect only some focus areas. In protBH, biodiversity hotspots are protected (909 Mha); in protCPD, centres of plant diversity are protected (651 Mha); in protFF, frontier forests are protected (1,084 Mha); and in protLW, last of the wild areas are protected (3,635 Mha)64. Additionally, in all scenarios, specific land areas are protected or dedicated for afforestation according to the Nationally Determined Contributions targets of the nations that are participating in the Paris climate agreement (Supplementary Fig. 11).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Data are from households that participated in a pilot programme administered by a southwestern US electric utility. The utility sent invitations by direct mail and email soliciting opt in to the 2016 TOU pilot to roughly 197,000 households, 14% of which opted in. Some households that accepted the offer were not enrolled because they were ineligible (for example, were already participating in a special rate programme). The utility randomly assigned 21,534 households to either TOU1 (n = 4,709), TOU2 (n = 6,365), TOU3 (n = 3,746) or the control group that opted in to TOU but was not placed on a TOU rate (n = 6,714). Lowincome households and those with elderly members were deliberately oversampled for TOU2. TOU3 was not fully rolled out by the start of the study period, due to additional complexities unique to the rate, and so could not be included in the present study; we consider only TOU1, TOU2 and the control group

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The NECPs anticipate dramatic changes in the installed generation capacity of European countries (Supplementary Section 2). We use 2024 as the reference year for the current capacity mix because this allows us to acknowledge generation capacity that is very close to coming into market or to closing. Countries' plans foresee the doubling of variable renewables (wind and solar) from slightly above 500 GW to more than 1000 GW by 2030. Solar PV would experience the largest absolute growth, with the addition of more than 300 GW in this decade, whereas wind turbine capacity would increase by more than 230 GW (Supplementary Section 2 provides details). The plans also envision additions to hydropower capacity, battery storage and demand-side response, but on a much smaller scale. As for the retirements, all fossil fuel technologies experience reductions in capacity by 2030 in the NECPs, with coal being the most affected—capacity would be reduced by 41 GW, so that by 2030 coal power plant capacity would be approximately halved. The closure plans of nuclear plants in several countries would also lead to a sharp reduction total deployed capacity in this technology by 2030. Whereas there are important differences in scale across countries, the broad trend towards substitution of fossil fuels and nuclear with variable renewables is common to all countries. The NECPs also reflect a large expansion in the interconnection capabilities of European markets, which is also a driving factor of price formation. All interconnector projects in NECPs and the ERAA have been modelled (Supplementary Section 3).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    It is assumed that a strong increase in the use of electric vehicles reduces liquid fuel demand in land transport to zero, hence reducing the need for biomass and/or electricity for meeting renewable fuel targets (land transport demand overall is assumed to increase by 20%). A liquid fuel demand is however retained in aviation (total fuel demand increases by 70% compared to 2011), shipping (+50% compared to 2011, with half of the fuel demand supplied by hydrogen) and in the chemical industry (same demand as 2011), which can be supplied through solid biomass-based liquid fuels (biofuels), electrofuels, electrobiofuels and fossil fuels. Transport and chemical demand is assumed as for the year 2060 in Millinger et al.11, and recycling of plastics is not considered.For a sensitivity analysis with less sector coupling, the following options were turned off completely: battery electric vehicle (BEV) charging demand-side management; vehicle to grid; thermal energy storage; waste heat usage from biofuels, electrolysis, DAC and BioSNG; H2networks; H2underground storage in salt caverns. Further, no expansion of the electricity transmission or district heat grids from 2022 levels was allowed.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Hector is the reduced-form carbon-cycle climate module that is available for use in GCAM15,71 and is an open-source model. This study is based on Hector v.2.5. Hector has a three-part carbon cycle: one-pool atmosphere, three-pool land and four-pool ocean. The model's terrestrial carbon cycle includes primary production and respiration fluxes while also accommodating arbitrary geographic divisions, such as ecological biomes or political units. Hector's ocean component includes a detailed representation of the inorganic carbon cycle, calculating air-sea fluxes and ocean pH (ref. 71). Hector reproduces the global historical trends of atmospheric CO2 , radiative forcing and surface temperatures. GCAM interacts with Hector through emissions. At every time step, emissions from GCAM are passed to Hector. Hector then converts these emissions to concentrations when necessary and calculates the associated radiative forcing, as well as the response of the climate system (for example, surface temperature and carbon fluxes).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We obtained BEV-specific data (see Link et al.58), comprising sales data and comprehensive information on installed batteries until 2022, from the Fraunhofer ISI xEV battery database. Based on these data, we calculated sales-weighted average battery capacities per segment and BEV-specific segment splits covering the EU, EFTA and the UK. The gross battery capacities were derived by assuming an average share of usable energy of 93% (ref. 59). The segment-specific BEV energy consumption was calculated on the basis of European CO2certification data, as prescribed under Regulation (EU) 2019/631 and provided by the European Environment Agency60. We evaluated all vehicles with specific CO2emissions of 0 gCO2e km-1 (by the World Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure). These data are available up to 2022 and cover the EU, the United Kingdom (until 2019), Iceland (from 2018) and Norway (from 2019). We assumed energy consumption improvements of at least 5% until 2030-2035 due to increased energy efficiency or road load reductions. The latter mainly concern lightweight materials and decreasing battery weight61-63 as there is increasing evidence that higher specific energy levels and enhanced system integration overcompensate increasing battery sizes.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Accelerated aging. To calculate the speed of aging, we used an epigenetic clock known as the GrimAge index (Horvath and Raj 2018). The index is called GrimAge—after the Grim Reaper—because an accelerated score is grim news. This measure of aging has been shown to be a more robust predictor of morbidity and mortality among different racial groups than other epigenetic clocks currently available (Lu et al. 2019; McCrory et al. 2021). The index was developed by identifying a set of plasma protein predictors of mortality and then using these protein predictors to identify CpG sites that could predict time to death. As expected, the GrimAge index has a weak to moderate correlation with chronological age in the FACHS sample (r = .22), indicating a discrepancy between biological and calendar ages. Following standard procedures, we regressed GrimAge on chronological age to create a speed of aging score or “accelerated aging.” The resulting speed of Grim aging measure was thus adjusted to correlate with chronological age at 0. A positive value on this variable indicates, in years, accelerated epigenetic aging, whereas a negative value indicates, in years, decelerated aging.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    To solve the equilibrium, we calibrated the model to the year 2016, which is the most recent year for the ICIO-AMNE (Inter-Country InputOutput, Activity of Multinational Enterprises) tables (https://www. oecd.org/sti/ind/analytical-amne-database.htm). We imputed bilateral trade and MP shares and consumption preference alphaj l from the ICIOAMNE 2016 data constructed by the OECD28, and set θ = 4.5 and sigma = 4  following ref. 12. The effective corporate tax rates for the different economies were obtained from the World Bank (http://www.doingbusiness.org/). The changes in the corporate tax rates of the different regions were obtained from KPMG (https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home. html). The country sectoral-level emission data were from ref. 29. The cost- minimizing problem faced by firms implies that β j l = ρle j il c j il q j il = ρlυ j l , and therefore β j l indicates the share of carbon revenue in output at the country and sector level. The national carbon revenue in GDP is therefore ρl∑j ej l GDPl . To estimate β j l , we first derived the share of the energy and carbon tax revenue in the GDP at the national level, utilizing the data from the OECD database. These data, combined with national emissions, yield the emission tax rate ρl at the national level. Subsequently, multiplying this tax rate by the country-sector-specific emission intensity generates an estimate of βj l (Supplementary Information 11).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We examined trends in U.S. states' IOL rates using the National Vital Statistics Systems (NVSS) restricted birth data for years 1990 through 2017 (NCHS 2020).3 To reduce the confounding effects of multiparous women and multiple pregnancies on risk for obstetric interventions (Denona et al. 2020; Donahue et al. 2010), we restricted the analytic samples to include only singleton first births among non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic women (henceforth, White, Black, and Latina). The data are composed of 41,126,037 singleton first births: 26,446,616 to White women, 6,252,741 to Black women, and 8,426,680 to Latina women. We aggregated the data at the state level by mother's race-ethnicity to create separate analytic samples for births among states' White, Black, and Latina childbearing populations (for the creation of the analytic samples, see Figure S1 in the appendix in the online version of the article). Due to small counts of births, we omitted Idaho, Maine, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming from the analytic sample for births to Black women, and we omitted Maine, Vermont, and West Virginia from the analytic sample for births to Latina women. The analytic sample for births to White women is composed of all 50 states plus the District of Columbia (DC) across 28 years (1,428 state-years), and the analytic samples for births to Black and Latina women were limited to 43 states plus DC (1,232 state-years) and 47 states plus DC (1,344 state-years), respectively.4

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We conducted a comprehensive, structured and fully documented data quality validation of the green hydrogen project announcements, manually validating 524 project entries across all three database versions. For projects announced for 2022 or 2023, we covered at least 90% of the announced capacity, while for projects announced for 2024-2030, we covered at least 75% of the announced capacity in all three database versions (Supplementary Table 1). In addition, we manually verified the fate of all projects announced to launch in 2023 in the database published in October 2023 (Fig. 3). Note that we did not attempt to identify missing projects, implying that the success rate may change if projects that were realized in 2023 were missing from the most recent database version included in this analysis, published in October 2023. During the data validation, we adjusted the size of a project if it was not operating at its nameplate capacity, which was the case for the world's largest green hydrogen project, Sinopec Kuqa in China. The data quality validation procedure is described in detail in Supplementary Note 1.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We focused on three key dependent variables measured when respondents were ages 60 and older. First, self-rated health was a five-category indicator ranging from poor (1) to excellent (5). Second was the number of reported current or former chronic conditions. Following the logic used by Brady et al. (2022), we focused on life-threatening conditions: high blood pressure, cancer, diabetes, heart attack/ disease, lung disease, and stroke.3 Third, we constructed a scale of seven activities of daily living (ADLs) that represent functional limitations: whether the respondent has difficulty bathing, dressing, eating, getting in and out of a bed/chair, going outdoors, using the toilet, and walking.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We tested hypotheses for the current study by employing data from the Family and Community Health Study (FACHS). FACHS is designed to investigate the factors associated with the health and well-being of African American adults (see Lei et al. 2018; Simons et al. 2019). The FACHS sampling strategy includes African American families with a child who was in fifth grade at the time of recruitment. Families were intentionally recruited from neighborhoods that varied on demographic and economic characteristics based on 1990 census data. For 259 census block groups (115 in Georgia and 144 in Iowa), households were randomly selected from rosters of fifth graders in the public school system. Households were then contacted until the required number of households were recruited (84% response rate).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Our dependent variable was the annual drug-related mortality rate per 100,000 people by state. We obtained these data from CDC WONDER's (CDC 2018) multiple cause of death database. As defined by the CDC, drug-related deaths are those that are unintentional (ICD-10 codes X40-X44), by suicide (ICD-10 codes X60-X64), by homicide (ICD-10 code X85), undetermined (ICD-10 codes Y10Y14), and all other drug-induced causes (deaths not categorized in any of the aforementioned ICD-10 codes).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The river system infrastructure and economy-wide simulators were connected using a generic co-evolutionary framework developed in a previous study7. The framework enables linking river system simulation models (with daily or monthly time steps) with dynamic-recursive annual CGE models. At each annual time step, the coupling framework performs an iterative bidirectional communication between the river system and the CGE simulators to ensure coherence in the annual national-scale irrigation water supply and demand, municipal water supply and demand, hydropower generation, non-hydro generation and capacity, and electricity demand. In each iteration over an annual time step, the river system model quantifies and spatially aggregates national-scale irrigation and municipal water supplies and hydro and non-hydro generation on the basis of the river system's spatial and temporal constraints, infrastructure, and external drivers. This information is then passed to the CGE models as an external shock on the basis of which changes to the economy's municipal and irrigation water demands, electricity demand, and non-hydro capacity are determined and passed back to the river system model for the next iteration. Iterations over each annual time step can be terminated by a maximum number of iterations and/or a convergence error. In this work, we specified a maximum of three iterations between the river system and the economy-wide simulators for each annual time step and a convergence error of US$5 million measured using the Ethiopian real GDP. The coupling framework is implemented using the open-source Python Network Simulation framework81. The reader is referred to Basheer et al.7 for further details about the co-evolutionary coupling framework used in this study.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Data were collected by YouGov. YouGov uses their proprietary panels and proprietary sampling technology. YouGov begins by framing quotas on the basis of the census of the named populations. This frame is the basis on which the sampling software controls the flow of members into each survey. The sampling system will randomly select from each panel and allocate to surveys according to the quotas set. Panellists receive an invitation email containing a survey link. When they access the link, the router checks against quotas on all live surveys and allocates them to a survey they qualify for.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We utilized CDC restricted access mortality files from 2000 to 2016. The database contains every death in the United States in each year. Cause of death codes allowed identification of drug overdoses, which we then aggregated to the county level. We calculated age-adjusted overdose rates per 100,000 for each county. Unlike public use data, restricted data contain no suppressed information, which permits more precise analysis of counties with fewer than 10 deaths per year.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Education was measured in years ranging from 0 to 25.2 We included a squared education term to account for diminishing returns to education (Bracke et al. 2014). Household occupational status translated ISCO-88 occupational codes in the 2006 survey wave and ISCO-08 occupational codes in 2012  and 2014 surveys into the International SocioEconomic Index of Occupational Status (ISEI) scale (Ganzeboom and Treiman 1996) utilizing the updated ISEI-08 coding (Ganzeboom 2010). The ISEI index was applied to the respondent's reported occupation and, if indicated, their partner's occupation returning the highest score ranging from 1.10 to 8.90. Finally, household income was calculated in deciles for both survey years and ranges from 1 to 10.3

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We coded all participant observation, interview and content analysis data using an iterative qualitative process of inductive coding. We first coded the data according to emergent themes revealed by each source independently (that is, participant observation notes, interview transcripts and policy documents). We then conducted multiple iterative rounds of focused coding to homogenize our analysis across all data sources. The final coding protocol included the following themes:  (1) justice contestations; (2) the implementation process; (3) implementation decisions and outcomes; and (4) implementation challenges. The final coding protocol can be found in Supplementary Appendix D.  We used NVivo 20 software for all coding.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The representation of the NDCs in our central pathway is based on ref. 5 and is explained in detail in the supplementary information to that study. This study also includes 21 new and/or updated NDCs after 30 September 2021, including those from China, Pakistan and many African and Middle Eastern countries that were not included in ref. 5 (Supplementary Table 5). We assume that the NDCs are achieved as stipulated and focus on the climate outcomes of their successful implementation. Examining the likelihood of individual regions achieving their submitted targets is beyond the scope of this study. Our representation includes only ratified and quantifiable unconditional NDC commitments, including absolute emissions limit, percentage emission reductions from a given reference level and emission intensity targets. Parties whose commitments included: (1) only actions/policies, (2) non-GHG targets with no corresponding GHG emissions target or (3) only sector-specific GHG emissions reduction targets without attempting to quantify the impact on their overall GHG footprints are assumed to have target year emissions equal to the GCAM emissions in the default reference scenario without any climate policy ('Reference—No Policy' in ref. 5). Likewise, in cases where a country's 2025 and 2030 emissions based on its NDC are lower than the default reference scenario in the same year, the NDC emissions are assumed to be achieved as stipulated. In cases where a country's NDC emissions are higher, emissions are assumed to be equal to the reference scenario. For countries that included multiple types of commitments in their NDCs, such as economy-wide emissions reductions backed by sectoral policies or targets, only the broadest commitment was considered. For example, China's NDC representation in GCAM is based on its commitment to reduce its carbon intensity of GDP by 65% relative to 2005 and it does not explicitly model its targets for non-fossil energy consumption or increased forest stock.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    . Most feedback devices display a bundle of elements rather than a single numeric metric52 to put the measurement data into context; frequently used elements include historic comparisons, peer comparisons, analogies and energy savings tips. Likewise, the smart shower meters in rooms assigned to the treatment condition displayed water consumption in litres (one decimal), energy use in (kilo)watt hours, current water temperature, a dynamic rating of the current energy-efficiency class (A-G) and a four-stage animation of a polar bear standing on a melting ice floe with stage transitions at predefined Articles energy use thresholds. The energy consumption displayed on the screen represents the lower bound of the energy used (without losses), and is calculated using the standard engineering formula for heat energy (Q = m xcp x ∆T, with heat energy Q, mass of water m, heat capacity cp , and ∆T being the difference between the measured water temperature of the ongoing shower and the average cold-water temperature). In the analysis of energy savings, we take into account the same average heating efficiency and losses as in Tiefenbeck et al.25. The energy-efficiency class displayed was inspired by the (static) energy-efficiency class scale indicated on household appliances in Europe. The smart shower meter dynamically indicates the energy efficiency of the current shower based on the energy use in the ongoing shower, starting in energy efficiency class A and progressing to B, C and so on at predefined kilowatt hour thresholds; the thresholds were defined on the basis of the distribution of energy use per shower in a pilot study. The four stages of the polar bear animation are tied to the energy-efficiency class, and change with the transitions from B to C, D to E and E to F, respectively. While the polar bear may be an eye-catching and memorable display element, it does not seem to drive the savings effects. A related study specifically examined the effect of variations of the design choices of the feedback elements; the results indicate that if the polar bear animation makes any difference, it reduces rather than increases the effectiveness of the display52.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Data from the Cleantech Group i3 database on startups, investors, initial public offerings (IPOs), mergers and acquisitions, and corporate relationships was accessed on 19 January 2022. These proprietary data are available to subscribers at https://i3connect.com. The Cleantech Group data are used in other major reports such as the International Energy Agency's (IEA) Tracking Clean Energy Innovation Report and the Silicon Valley Bank's The Future of Climate Tech Report8,38,39. In addition, it has been previously used in multiple peer-reviewed research papers3,9,10. Given the extensive use of the Cleantech Group's i3 database in prominent reports and peer-reviewed papers and the fact that information in the database is regularly updated by the database provider's research teams or by the firms themselves (with the last updated year reported), to our knowledge, it represents the most thorough dataset available for climate tech.The raw data had 38,089 startups and 17,737 investors worldwide. Each startup has information on sector, location, founding year, current status (for example, public, private or bankrupt), a description of the startup activity and keyword terms associated with the startup.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    All data processing, analysis and plot generation were carried out in the R platform48. Details of the code and the packages used are provided in Supplementary Codes 1 (National—state-level variance) and 2 (Sub-district—Koppal) hosted on Figshare45,46. The raw data collected in MS Excel format from the distributor terminals were first processed by the field staff of a partner organization—SAMUHA—in accordance with the Institutional Review Board guidelines of the University of British Columbia. In addition to deleting names, and other personal identifiers (different from the unique 16-digit number provided by OMCs), the first 10 characters of the address were scrubbed. The anonymized dataset was then transmitted online to the research team. We used a series of codes in R to join datasets and format them for further analysis.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    First, we calculated descriptive statistics for the statelevel measures and individual-level measures. For the individual-level descriptive statistics, we stratified by gender and estimated t tests for continuous variables, test of proportion for dichotomous variables, and chisquare tests for categorical variables to understand statistical differences between men and women. Then, we stratified the sample by gender and ran several multilevel logit models, with individuals nested within states, for each health care service. These models predicted the use of each preventive health care service as a function of state-level structural sexism exposure. Each model included all previously mentioned state-level and individual-level covariates. We retained the largest sample size for each outcome, which means that the sample size varies depending on how many individuals responded to each question. The sample sizes range from 115,012 to 182,582 for women and 95,317 to 159,469 for men.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    From the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey (ACS) and decennial censuses, we included county-level time-varying covariates, specifically population density, median household income, and percentages foreign-born, female-headed households, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and over 25 with a bachelor's degree. We included an interaction between percentage foreign-born and Hispanic given their high correlation and a significant interaction effect in several model specifications. To include all counties, we required 5-year ACS estimates because only larger counties are available over shorter estimates. Because these begin in 2009, we linearly interpolated years between the 2000 census and 2009 (with the exception of population density because estimates are available annually). We also included county-level unemployment rate, available annually from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. From the Annual Survey of State Government Finances, we included state-level per capita spending on education, public welfare, hospitals, and health.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We estimated large-scale infrastructure failure aggregated by plant category. We derived the temperature, at which the largest increase in outages occurred for each power plant category, from the 2021 outage data (Supplementary Figs. 4-7). Furthermore, we estimated a constant outage level in terms of tripping capacity. Finally, we also defined a constant recovery rate, which describes how outages decrease after the recovery temperature is reached. This approach will omit smaller outages, but it accounts better for the inter-dependency of failures. Furthermore, the uncertainty in the data did not allow us to derive outage curves for individual plants. A detailed outline of how we derived the outage parameters from the 2021 data in Texas is given in the Supplementary Methods. The resulting outage models were applied to the 71 years of climate data to obtain the capacity availability during this period.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research study's methodology.

    Summarize the method or approach using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Describe the model, data, or procedure mentioned in the passage
    - Use clear and accessible language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    A total of 160 participants were recruited for the study. Participants were recruited online using Prolific Academic and through the Reddit 'Climate Change sceptics' group. Participants were screened on Prolific using two questions: (1) 'What is your nationality?' (only participants who answered 'United States' to this question were eligible to participate) and (2) 'Do you believe in climate change?' (people could answer: 'Yes', 'No', 'Don't know' or 'Not applicable/rather not say'; an equal number of people saying 'Yes' or 'No' were recruited). Participants' location within the United States varied and spanned areas that are deemed high and low for their support for climate change science59 (Supplementary Fig. 1). To ensure that participants beliefs about climate change were consistent with the earlier Prolific screening, we added an additional filter question ('Global warming refers to the idea that the world's average temperature has been increasing over the past 150 years and may be increasing more. Do you think that global warming is happening?'; Answers: 'Yes', 'No' and 'Don't know'). Only people who responded 'Yes' or 'No' were included in the study. Seventeen participants were excluded from the analysis, broken down as follows: three were excluded because they did not complete the required surveys, five because they failed an attention check question in either the pre-/post-survey and nine because they did not fulfil the requirement to use the entirety of the allotted US$20. Of the 143 remaining participants, 73 were used as controls (35 believers, 38 sceptics) and the remaining 70 were used as the treatment group (35 believers, 35 sceptics). Supplementary Table 5 provides a breakdown of all participants' demographics.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).