♥ ❛♥❞ ❡❛st❡r♥ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t ✭❛r♦✉♥❞ ✶✵✵✵ ♠ ❤✐❣❤✮ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❡•❡✈❛t❡❞ ✇❡•• ❛❜♦✈❡ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤✇❡st❡r♥ s✉❜✲❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t ✭❛❜♦✉t ✸✵✵ ♠ ❤✐❣❤✮✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❜♦✈❡ ♠♦st ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t❛• ✐♥t❡r✐♦rs ❣•♦❜❛••②✳ ❚❤✐s t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❛♥♦♠❛•②✱ ❝❛••❡❞ t❤❡ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ ❙✉♣❡rs✇❡•• ✭◆②❜•❛❞❡ ❛♥❞ |♦❜✐♥s♦♥✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✱ r❡❛❝❤❡s ❛❜♦✉t ✺✵✵ ♠ ❛♥❞ ✐s ♥♦t ♦♥•② ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t❛• ♣•❛t❡❛✉①✱ ❜✉t ❛•s♦ ❡①t❡♥❞s s♦✉t❤✇❡st✇❛r❞s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ s✉♣❡rs✇❡•• ✐s r❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ✉♣✇❡••✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❤♦t ♠❛♥t•❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛• ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♠❛♥t•❡✲❝♦r❡ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r②✱ ❝❛••❡❞ t❤❡ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ s✉♣❡r♣•✉♠❡ ✭◆②❜•❛❞❡ ❛♥❞ |♦❜✐♥s♦♥✱ ✶✾✾✹❀ ❙✐♠♠♦♥s ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❊❛st ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ P•❛t❡❛✉✱ t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣•✉♠❡ ✐s ❞✐r❡❝t•② r❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t❛• r✐❢t✐♥❣✳ ❇✉t t❤❡ ♠✉❝❤ ❜r♦❛❞❡r ❛♥❞ ❤♦♠♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ ♣•❛t❡❛✉ ✐s ♥♦t ❞✐r❡❝t•② r❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ ❛♥② s❤❛••♦✇ ♠❛♥t❡••✐❝ ❛♥♦♠❛•②✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡❡♣ ❤♦t ♠❛♥t•❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ ♣•✉♠❡ ✐s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❛♥♦✲ ♠❛•②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉•❞ ❜❡ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡r♠❛• ❞✐•❛t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛♥t•❡ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ◆②❜•❛❞❡ ❛♥❞ ❙•❡❡♣✱ ✷✵✵✸✮ ❛♥❞✴♦r ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤② ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t t♦ t❤❡ ❣r❛✈✐t② ❛♥♦♠❛•② ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ▲✐t❤❣♦✇✲❇❡rt❡••♦♥✐ ❛♥❞ ❙✐•✈❡r✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❚❤❡ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ P•❛t❡❛✉ s❤♦✇s ❛ ❝❡♥tr❛• ❣❡♥t•❡ ❞❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❉❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥✱ •❡❛❞✐♥❣ t♦ ✐♥tr❛✲❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t❛• s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r♠✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❜❛s✐♥ ✭❚❤♦♠❛s ❛♥❞ ❙❤❛✇✱ ✶✾✾✵❀ ❍❛❞❞♦♥ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛ •✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❡♥t❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❉❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥✱ ✐♥ ❛♥ ❛r❡❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ ✈❡r② •♦✇ r❡•✐❡❢✱ ✇✐t❤ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ✈❛r②✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ❛❜♦✉t ✾✼✵ ♠ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❜•♦❝❦✱ t♦ ✾✶✾ ♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ •♦✇❡st ▼❛❜❛❜❡ ❉❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥✱ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❛ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✶✻✵ ❦♠✳ ❍❡♥❝❡
•② ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ s✉❞❞❡♥ ✐♥❝✐s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ |✐✈❡r •✉st ❞♦✇♥str❡❛♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ •♦✇❡st ❦♥✐❝❦✲♣♦✐♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ r✐✈❡r✱ t❤❡ P♦♣❛ ❋❛••s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥✐t✐❛t❡ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡✳ ❆t t❤❡ ❞♦✇♥str❡❛♠ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡✱ t❤❡ •✉♠❛r❡ ❢❛✉•t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❡①❤✐❜✐t ❛♥② s❝❛r♣✱ ♥❡✐t❤❡r ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡✱ ♥♦r ♦♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❜•♦❝❦✳ ❚❤❡ s•♦♣❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s s✉❜t•② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❡♥tr❛• ❜•♦❝❦ s♦✉t❤❡❛st ♦❢ t❤❡ •✉♠❛r❡ ❢❛✉•t t♦ r❡❛❝❤ ✵✳✵✷✺✪✳ ❚❤❡ ❜r❡❛❦ ✐♥ s•♦♣❡ ✐s ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥❞❡r✐♥❣ r✐✈❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡ ❞✐✈❡r❣✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ s❡✈❡r❛• s✐♥✉♦✉s ❛♥❛st♦♠♦s✐♥❣ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s✳ ❚❤❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t ✐s r❡♠❛r❦❛❜•② ✉♥✐❢♦r♠ ❛❝r♦ss t❤❡ ❢❛♥ s✉r❢❛❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡①❤✐❜✐ts ❛ s✉❜✲♣❡r❢❡❝t ❝♦♥✐❝❛• s❤❛♣❡ ✭•✉♠❜r✐❝❤t ❛♥❞ ▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❚❤✐s ❝♦♥✐❝❛• s❤❛♣❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t s❤♦✇ ❛♥② r❡❣✐♦♥❛• t✐•t✐♥❣ ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♥❣
❉♦✇♥str❡❛♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦r❞❡r ♦❢ ❇♦ts✇❛♥❛✱ t❤❡ r✐✈❡r ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡•② t✉r♥s ✐♥t♦ ❛ ❤✐❣❤•② s✐♥✉♦✉s ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❛❝t✐✈❡•② ♠❡❛♥❞❡r✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ s✉rr♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥✱ ❛s ✐t ❡♥t❡rs t❤❡ ✷✵ ❦♠ ✇✐❞❡ ✢❛t✲ ❜♦tt♦♠❡❞ ✈❛••❡② ❝❛••❡❞ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✸ ❛♥❞ ✷✳✺ ❆✱ ❇✱ ❛♥❞ ❈✮✳ ❚❤✐s ✶✵✵ ❦♠ •♦♥❣ ♣r❡✲❉❡•t❛ ❛r❡❛ ❝r♦ss❡s t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❞❡s❡rt ♦♥ t❤❡ ❖• ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❜•♦❝❦✳ ■t ✐s ❜♦r❞❡r❡❞ ❜② t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ s❝❛r♣s✱ •♦❝❛••② r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ✶✺ ♠ ❤✐❣❤✳ ❚✇♦ ♣•❛✉s✐❜•❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❜❛❜•② ❝♦♠♣•❡♠❡♥t❛r② ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❝♦✉•❞ ❜❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡s❡ s❝❛r♣s✳ ❚❡❝t♦♥✐❝s ❝♦✉•❞ ❝♦♥tr♦• t❤❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❡✐t❤❡r ❛ ♥❛rr♦✇ ❣r❛❜❡♥ ✭❙t❛♥✐str❡❡t ❛♥❞ ▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ ✶✾✾✸❀ ❍❛❞❞♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✺✮ ♦r ❛ s✐♥❣•❡ ❢❛✉•t ✭•✉♠❜r✐❝❤t ❛♥❞ ▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❤✐❣❤•✐❣❤t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡r ❡❛st❡r♥ s✐❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡ r❡•❛t✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡ •♦✇❡r ✇❡st❡r♥ s✐❞❡ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✺✱ •✉♠❜r✐❝❤t ❛♥❞ ▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r ♣❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡st ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❜•♦❝❦ s❤♦✇s ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ s❝❛r♣s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❛♣❡① t♦ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ r❡✈❡❛•✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣r♦❝❡ss✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈❡ ✐♥❝✐s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ r✐✈❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❜•♦❝❦✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ s♦♠❡ ♦❢
❯♥•✐❦❡ ♠♦st ❛••✉✈✐❛• ❢❛♥s✱ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✐s ❤✐❣❤•② ✈❡❣❡t❛t❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ •❛♥❞s❝❛♣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛ ❝♦♥s✐st ♦❢ ❛ ❜r❛✐❞❡❞ s②st❡♠ ♦❢ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s s✉rr♦✉♥❞❡❞ ❜② ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s✱ ♠♦r❡ ♦r •❡ss ♣❡r✲ ♠❛♥❡♥t•② ❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ♣✉♥❝t✉❛t❡❞ ❜② ✐s•❛♥❞s ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✻✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥✉♥❞❛t❡❞ ❛r❡❛s ✈❛r✐❡s ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ②❡❛r ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ✢♦♦❞✱ ❢r♦♠ ✸ ✺✵✵✲✻ ✵✵✵ ❦♠ 2 ✐♥ ❏❛♥✉❛r②✴❋❡❜r✉❛r② t♦ ✻ ✵✵✵✲✶✷ ✵✵✵❦♠ 2 ❆✉❣✉st✴❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✭❲♦•s❦✐ ❛♥❞ ▼✉rr❛②✲❍✉❞s♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♠♦r♣❤♦•♦❣✐❝❛••② ❛♥❞ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛••② s✉❜❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤r❡❡ ♣❛rts ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✺✱ ❙t❛♥✐str❡❡t ❛♥❞ ▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✉♣♣❡r ❉❡•t❛ ✐s ❝♦♠♣r✐s❡❞ ♦❢ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t ♠❛rs❤❡s✱ ✢♦♦❞❡❞ ❛•• t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ②❡❛r✳ ❚❤❡ ♠✐❞❞•❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❤♦sts ♠♦r❡ ✐s•❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ s♦♠❡ ♦❢ ✐ts ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ❛r❡ s❡❛s♦♥❛•✱ ✐♥✉♥❞❛t❡❞ ❡❛❝❤ ②❡❛r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ♣✉•s❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈❡•② ❞r②✐♥❣ ♦✉t ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡st ♦❢ t❤❡ ②❡❛r✳ ❚❤❡ •♦✇❡r ❢❛♥ ❡①❤✐❜✐ts s❛♥❞ t♦♥❣✉❡s✱ s❡❛s♦♥❛• ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ❛♥❞ ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥❛•✱ ♦♥•② ✢♦♦❞❡❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ②❡❛rs ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ ✢♦♦❞✱ t♦ s❡❛s♦♥❛• ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✷✮✳ ❚❤✐s ♠♦r♣❤♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ♦♥
♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t•② ✐♥✉♥❞❛t❡❞✱ ♣❡❛t ❛❝❝✉♠✉•❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ✐s ♠♦r❡ s✉❜•❡❝t t♦ ✜r❡s ❛♥❞ ✐s ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t•② •❡ss ♣r❡s❡r✈❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ •♦✇❡r ❢❛♥ ❡①❝•✉s✐✈❡•② ❤♦sts s❡❛s♦♥❛• t♦ ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥❛• ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s✱ s✉rr♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❞r②•❛♥❞s✱ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤ ♦❢ ❈❤✐❡❢✬s ■s•❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ r✐✈❡r✳ ❙♦♠❡ ♣❡r❡♥♥✐❛• r✐✈❡rs ❝✉rr❡♥t•② ✢♦✇ ❛•• t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ②❡❛r ✭❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡✱ ❇♦r♦✮✱ ❜✉t ♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡ r✐✈❡rs ✐♥❞✐✲ ❝❛t❡❞ ♦♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✸ ❛r❡ s❡❛s♦♥❛• ❛♥❞ ♦♥•② ✢♦✇ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❛rr✐✈❛• ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ✭❙❤❛s❤❡✱ ◆①♦t❡❣❛✱ ❇♦t❡t✐ r✐✈❡rs✮✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❝♦♥✜♥❡❞ ❜② ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✇❛t❡r s♣r❡❛❞s •❛t❡r❛••② ♠♦r❡ ❡❛s✐•②✳ ❚❤❡ •♦✇❡r ❢❛♥ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ♥♦t ♦♥•② ♠♦r❡ ✐s•❛♥❞s✱ ❜✉t ♠❛✐♥•② ♠♦r❡ s❛♥❞ t♦♥❣✉❡s✱ ❢♦r♠✐♥❣ ♠❛•♦r ✐♥t❡r✢✉✈❡ ❛r❡❛s✳ ■t ✐s t❤❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦✉t•❡ts✱ s♠❛••✱ s♦♠❡✲ t✐♠❡s s❡❛s♦♥❛• r✐✈❡rs ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r♠✐tt❡♥t ✇❛t❡r ❜♦❞✐❡s✳ ❆s t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✱ t❤❡ •♦✇❡r ❢❛♥ ✐s ❛ ♣r✐♠❛r② ❛r❡❛ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥✳ ❉✐str✐❜✉t❛r② s②st❡♠s ❉✐str✐❜✉t❛r② s②st❡♠s ❛r❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ♦❢ ❛♥❛st♦♠♦s✐♥❣ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s✱ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ t♦ •❛❣♦♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✉♣♣❡r ❉❡•t❛✱ ❉❙ ❛r❡ ♠♦r❡ ♦r •❡ss ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ❜② ✇❛t❡r ✢♦✇ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ❜♦✉♥
❛•❛❦❛♥❡ r✐✈❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ❇♦r♦ ❝✉rr❡♥t•② ❝❛rr✐❡s t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ✐♥✢♦✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ r✐✈❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ❳✉❞✉♠ ❛•s♦ ❛r✐s❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s✱ ❜✉t ♥♦ ❞✐st✐♥❝t ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ✐s ❝•❡❛r•② ♣❡r❡♥♥✐❛• ❛♥❞ ♣r✐♠❛r② ❢♦r ✇❛t❡r ✢♦✇✳ ■t ✐s ♠❛✐♥•② ❝♦♠♣r✐s❡❞ ♦❢ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ✇✐t❤ s❤♦rt ♣♦rt✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ❢❛❞✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ♦r ❢❡❡❞✐♥❣ ❝•♦s❡❞ •❛❣♦♦♥s✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ t❤❡ ❙❡•✐♥❞❛ s♣✐••✇❛② ✐s ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r♠✐tt❡♥t s②st❡♠✳ ❈✉rr❡♥t•② ✢♦♦❞❡❞✱ ✐t ❝❛♥ st❛② ❞r② ❢♦r ❞❡❝❛❞❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❤❛♥♥❡•✱ ✇❤❡♥ ✢♦♦❞❡❞✱ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛••② ❝♦♥♥❡❝ts t❤❡ s②st❡♠ t♦ t❤❡ ❑✇❛♥❞♦✱ ❢✉rt❤❡r ✢♦✇✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ )❛♠❜❡③✐✳ ◆♦ ❛❝t✉❛• ✢♦✇ ♦❝❝✉rs ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ t✇♦ s②st❡♠s✱ ❛s t❤❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ •✐❡s ✐♥ ❛ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ •♦✇ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ▲✐♥②❛♥t✐ s✇❛♠♣s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛✳ ❚❤✐s ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• •✐♥❦ ❛••♦✇s ❜✐♦t✐❝ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐✈✐t② r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ •♦✇ ❡♥❞❡♠✐❝✐t② ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✭|❛♠❜❡r❣ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❖✉t•❡ts ❚❤❡ s✇❛♠♣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛ ❞r❛✐♥ ✐♥t♦ s❡✈❡r❛• ♦✉t•❡ts✱ ✜♥❛••② ❣❛t❤❡r✐♥❣ t♦ r❡❛❝❤ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ t❡r♠✐♥✐ ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ✿ ▲❛❦❡ ◆❣❛♠✐ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤✱ ❝✉rr❡♥t•② ❢❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ r✐✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ▼❛❜❛❜❡ ❉❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤ ❡❛st✱ ❝✉rr❡♥t•② ❢❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ▼❛❜❛❜❡ r✐✈❡r✱ ❛•❜❡✐t ✇✐t❤ •♦✇ ✈♦•✉♠❡s✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ▼❛❦❣❛❞✐❦❣❛❞✐ ♣❛♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤❡❛st ✭❋✐❣✉r❡s ✷✳✶ ❛♥❞ ✷✳✷✮✳ ❆t t❤❡ ❙❊ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ t❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ ❢❛✉•t ❞r✐✈❡s t❤❡ ✢♦✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡♣♦♥②♠ r✐✈❡r✱ ❣❛t❤❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦✉t✢♦✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼❜♦r♦❣❛ ❛♥❞ ❇♦r♦ s②st❡♠s✳ ❆•t❤♦✉❣❤ ❝•♦s❡ t♦ t❤❡ r❡•❛t✐✈❡•② ❞❡❡♣ ▼❛❜❛❜❡ ❉❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥✐t✐❛t❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡❛st❡r♥ s✐❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✐❝❛• ❢❛♥✱ t❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ r✐✈❡r ✢♦
✐♥✐ ❛t ❜♦t❤ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡✳ ✷✳✶✳✹ ▼♦r♣❤♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❈❤❛♥♥❡•s ❈❤❛♥♥❡•s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡•② st✉❞✐❡❞ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✶❀ ❊••❡r② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✸❀ ▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❛♥❞ ❊••❡r②✱ ✶✾✾✺❛❀ ❚♦♦t❤ ❛♥❞ ▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❞❡t❛✐•❡❞ r❡✈✐❡✇ ✐s ♥♦t t❤❡ ❛✐♠ ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞②✳ ❇✉t t❤❡✐r ❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞s ✐s ❝r✐t✐❝❛• ❢♦r t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥❞ t❤❡ ❢❛❝t♦rs ❝♦♥tr♦••✐♥❣ t❤✐s ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥ ♦✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②✳ ❈❤❛♥♥❡•s ❝❛rr② t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♣❛rt ♦❢ ✢✉✈✐❛t✐•❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ t❤❡② ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t❡ r❛♣✐❞ ✢♦✇✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✉♣♣❡r ❛♥❞ ♠✐❞❞•❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ❛r❡ ✢❛♥❦❡❞ ❜② ♣❡r♠❡❛❜•❡ •❡✈❡❡s✳ ❚❤❡② r❡s✉•t ✐♥ ♠❛r❦❡❞•② ❡•❡✈❛t❡❞ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• s②st❡♠s t♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡ ❞✐st❛• ❡♥❞s ♦❢ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❛r② ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s✳ ❚❤❡② ❛•s♦ r❡s✉•t ✐♥ ❡•❡✈❛t❡❞ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇❛t❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s r❡•❛t✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡ s✉rr♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ✭▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ❞❡♣❡♥
♥❡• ❛✈✉•s✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛••② s✉♠♠❛r✐③❡❞ ❛s ✐♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✼✳ ❙t❛❣❡ ■ s❤♦✇s ❛ ♠❛t✉r❡ ❞❡♣♦s✐t✐♦♥❛• ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ✢♦✇✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❛ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❤✐❣❤ ❢♦r♠❡❞ ❜② ♣❡❛t ❛❣❣r❛❞✐♥❣ •❡✈❡❡s✳ ▲❛t❡r❛• ✇❛t❡r ✢♦✇ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥ ✐♥✐t✐❛t❡s ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞ ♣❛t❤✇❛②s✱ ♣♦ss✐❜•② ❤❡•♣❡❞ ❜② ❤✐♣♣♦♣♦t❛♠✉s ✭▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮ ♦r ❡•❡♣❤❛♥t ♣❛t❤s✳ ❚❤❡ •✉✈❡♥✐•❡ ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦✉r ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❡r♦❞❡s ✐ts ❜❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ s❛♥❞s✱ r❡♠♦❜✐•✐s✐♥❣ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❢✉rt❤❡r ❞♦✇♥str❡❛♠✳ ❙t❛❣❡ ■■ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❜•♦❝❦❛❣❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r s•♦✇✐♥❣ ❞♦✇♥ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r ✢♦✇ ❛♥❞ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣✐♥❣ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜❡❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•✱ ✇❤✐•❡ ✇❛t❡r ✢♦✇ ✈❡•♦❝✐t② ✐s ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡r♦s✐♦♥❛• ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦✉r✳ ■♥ st❛❣❡ ■■■✱ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❝❛♣t✉r❡s ✇❛t❡r ✢♦✇ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♦•❞ ❢❛✐•✐♥❣ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ✐♥ ✐ts ✜♥❛• st❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❞❡♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✳ ❲✐t❤ ❞✐r❡❝t ✇❛t❡r ✢♦✇ ❝♦♠❡s t❤❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r② •♦❛❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ♥♦✇ ❛❣❣r❛❞❡s ❛♥❞ ❢♦r♠s ✐ts ♣❡r♠❡❛❜•❡ •❡✈❡❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥❝✐♣✐❡♥t t❤✐r❞ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❞r❛✐♥s ✇❛t❡r ✢♦✇ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s✉rr♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s✳ ❙t❛❣❡ ■❱ ✐••✉str❛t❡s t❤❡ ♥✉•• ❜❛•❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♦r❣❛♥✐❝ ❛❣❣r❛❞❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✐♥ t❤❡ •♦♥❣ t❡r♠✱ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❛•♠♦st s②st❡♠❛t✐❝ ♦❝❝✉rr❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♣❡❛t ✜r❡s✳ ❚❤❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤② ❢♦r♠❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❡r ♣❡❛t •❡✈❡❡s ✐s r❡♠♦✈❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♦♥•② r❡♠❛✐♥s t❤❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❛❝❝✉♠✉•❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❡❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•✱ •❡❛❞✐♥❣ t♦ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ✐♥✈❡rs✐♦♥ r❡❝♦r❞✐♥❣ ❢♦ss✐• ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❜❡❞s ✐♥ t❤❡ •❛♥❞s❝❛♣❡✳ ❙❡✐s♠✐❝ ❡✈❡♥ts✱ ✐♥❞✉❝✐♥❣ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤❝
♥❞ s✉❜♠❡r❣❡❞ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❛•s♦ ♦❝❝✉rs✳ ❋•♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t✱ ❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❯♣♣❡r ❉❡•t❛✱ s❡❛s♦♥❛•✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❞r② ❞✉r✐♥❣ ✇✐♥t❡r ❛♥❞ s♣r✐♥❣✱ ❜✉t ✜••❡❞ ❡✈❡r② ②❡❛r ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✱ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ✇❛t❡r •❡✈❡• ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ♦✉tr❡❛❝❤❡s t❤❡ ❜❛♥❦s✳ ❋•♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ❝❛♥ ✜♥❛••② ❜❡ ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥❛•✱ ❛♥❞ ❜❡ ✜••❡❞ ♦♥•② s♦♠❡ ②❡❛rs✱ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♠❛•♦r ✢♦♦❞s ✭s❡❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✷✮✳ ❲❤✐•❡ ✢♦✇ ✈❡•♦❝✐t② ✐s t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s✱ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ❛r❡ ❛❝t✉❛••② t❤❡ •♦❝✐ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡st ✢♦✇ ✈♦•✉♠❡ ✭▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱
❛♥❞ ❊••❡r②✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❛•♦♥❣ ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡✱ ❤♦st✐♥❣ ✈❡r② ❢❡✇ ✐s•❛♥❞s✱ t♦ t❤❡ •♦✇❡r ❉❡•t❛✱ ✐♥✈❡rs❡•② ❝♦rr❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ✭•✉♠❜r✐❝❤t ❛♥❞ ▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❚❤❡② s❤♦✇ ❛ ❣r❡❛t ✈❛r✐❡t② ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ s✐③❡✱ ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❢❡✇ ♠ 2 t♦ s❡✈❡r❛• ❦♠ 2 ✱ ❛♥❞ s❤❛♣❡✱ r♦✉♥❞❡❞✱ ❡•♦♥❣❛t❡❞✱ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡❞✱ ❡t❝✳ ■s•❛♥❞s ❛r❡ ❡♥t✐r❡•② ♦r ♣❛r✲ t✐❛••② ♦✉t•✐♥❡❞ ❜② ❛ tr❡❡ •✐♥❡ ❢♦r♠✐♥❣ ❛ •♦❝❛• t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❤✐❣❤ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✻ ❛♥❞ ✷✳✽✮✳ ❚♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡ ❝❡♥t❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐s•❛♥❞✱ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡s ❛♥❞ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ t✉r♥s ❢r♦♠ tr❡❡s t♦ s❤r✉❜s ❛♥❞ ❣r❛ss❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❡♥t❡r ♦❢ ✐s•❛♥❞s ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ ❜❛rr❡♥ s♦✐• ✇❤✐t❡♥❡❞ ❜② ❡✤♦r❡s❝❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❝❛r❜♦♥❛t❡s ♦❢ ❝❛•❝✐✉♠✱ ♠❛❣♥❡s✐✉♠ ❛♥❞ s♦❞✐✉♠ ✭▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❛♥❞ ▼❡t❝❛•❢❡✱ ✶✾✾✵❀ |❛♠❜❡r❣ ❛♥❞ ❲♦•
♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛ ✐s ❝♦♥tr♦••❡❞ ❜② t✇♦ ♠❛✐♥ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r✐❝ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s ✿ t❤❡ ■♥t❡r✲ ❚r♦♣✐❝❛• ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡ )♦♥❡ ✭■❚❈)✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❈♦♥❣♦ ❆✐r ❜♦✉♥❞❛r② ✭❈❆❇✮✱ ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✾✳ ❚❤❡ ■❚❈) ✐s ❢♦r♠❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❛♥❞ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❤❡♠✐s♣❤❡r❡ ❛♥t✐❝②❝•♦♥✐❝ ❝✐r❝✉•❛t✐♦♥s ❞r✐✈✐♥❣ ❤♦t ❛✐r ♠❛ss❡s ✜••❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ✇❛t❡r ✈❛♣♦r✱ ❛♥❞ t❤✉s ❝❛rr②✐♥❣ ♠❛ss✐✈❡ r❛✐♥❢❛••✳ ❚❤❡ ❈❆❇ ✐s t❤❡ •✐♠✐t ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❡❛st❡r•✐❡s ❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ■♥❞✐❛♥ ❖❝❡❛♥✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✇❡st❡r•✐❡s✱ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛t✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉♠✲♣♦•❛r ❝✐r❝✉•❛t✐♦♥ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ◆✐❝❤♦•s♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❙❝❤❡❢✉s③ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❚❤❡ ■❚❈) ♠✐❣r❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ ♦♥❡ ❤❡♠✐s♣❤❡r❡ t♦ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❛•♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤✬s t✐•t ❞✉r✐♥❣ ✐ts r❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥ ✐s •♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ ❙✉♠♠❡r |❛✐♥❢❛•• )♦♥❡ ✭❚②s♦♥ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ✇✐♥t❡r✱ ❛♥ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r✐❝ ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t❛• ❤✐❣❤✲♣r❡ss✉r❡ ❝❡•• ❜r✐♥❣s st❛❜•❡ ❝♦•❞ ❞r② ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ♦✈❡r t❤❡ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t✱ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛rr✐✈❛• ♦❢ ❤♦t ❛♥❞ ❤✉♠✐❞ ❛✐r ♠❛ss❡s ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✾✮✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❛✉str❛• s✉♠♠❡r✱ t❤❡ ■❚❈) ♠✐❣r❛t❡s s♦✉t❤✇❛r❞s ❛♥❞ ❜r✐♥❣s tr♦♣✐❝❛• •♦✇ ♣r❡ss✉r❡s ♦❢ ✇❡t ❛✐r ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❞r② ❜❛s✐♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❈❆❇ ♠✐❣r❛t❡s s♦✉t❤❡❛st✇❛r❞s ❛♥❞ •✐♠✐ts t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❡st❡r•✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ♠✐❣r❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ②❡❛rs✱ ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ s♣❛t✐❛• ❛♥❞ t❡♠♣♦r❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥✱ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ✐♥♣✉ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ■♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ r❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙❡❛ ❙✉r❢❛❝❡ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ■♥❞✐❛♥ ❖❝❡❛♥✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❊• ◆✐ñ♦ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ◆✐❝❤♦•s♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❑✐♠✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❉✐❡♣♣♦✐s ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳ ❚❤✐s ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ r❡❣✐♠❡ r❡s✉•ts ✐♥ ❛ str♦♥❣•② s❡❛s♦♥❛• ❝•✐♠❛t❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✉str❛• s✉♠♠❡r ✐s ❝❤❛✲ r❛❝t❡r✐s❡❞ ❜② ❛ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❖❝t♦❜❡r t♦ ❆♣r✐•✱ ✇❤✐•❡ t❤❡ ❛✉str❛• ✇✐♥t❡r ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❞r② s❡❛s♦♥✱ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛♥② s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✐♥ t❤❡ st✉❞② ❛r❡❛✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t•②✱ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ②❡❛r ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥ ❜② t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t❛• P❡r♠❛♥❡♥t ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ |✐✈❡r ❇❛s✐♥ ❲❛✲ t❡r ❈♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥ ✭❖❑❆❈❖▼✮ ❢r♦♠ ✶ st ❖❝t♦❜❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❢♦••♦✇✐♥❣ ✸✵ th ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✭❖❑❆❈❖▼✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❚❤❡ ②❡❛r•② ♠✐❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ■❚❈) ❛•s♦ r❡s✉•ts ✐♥ ❛ str♦♥❣ r❡❣✐♦♥❛• ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t ✐♥ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❆♥❣♦•❛♥ ❤❡❛❞✇❛t❡rs r❡❝❡✐✈✐♥❣ ✽✵✵✲✶✷✵✵ ♠♠✴②r✱ ✇❤✐•❡ t❤❡ ❞✐st❛• ❉❡•t❛ r❡❝❡✐✈❡s ♦♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ✹✺✵ ♠♠✴②r✳ ❲✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛✱ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❛•s♦ ❜❡ ✈❡r② ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ❛s r❛✐♥❢❛•• ♠❛✐♥•② ♦❝❝✉rs ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❝♦♥✈❡❝t✐✈❡ ❡♣✐s♦❞✐❝ st♦r♠s t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♥t❛✐✲ ♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❛ ❢❡✇ ❦♠ 2 ✳ ❚❤✐s ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐t② ✐s ♣r♦❜•❡♠❛t✐❝ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ♦❢ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❢r♦♠ s♣❛t✐❛••② ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ r❛✐♥✲❣❛✉❣❡❞ st❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❆s ❝❡♥t✐♠❡t❡rs ♦❢ r❛✐♥ ❝❛♥ ❢❛•• ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❛ ❢❡✇ ❤♦✉rs✱ s❛t❡••✐t❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ❞❛t❛ ❝❛♥ ❛•s♦ ❜❡ ❜✐❛s❡❞ ❜② t❤❡✐r t❡♠♣♦r❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❡st✐✲ ♠❛t❡s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❝•♦✉❞✲t♦♣ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡s ❛r❡ ♥♦t♦r✐♦✉s•② ✐♥❛❝❝✉r❛t❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❡♥❞ t♦ ♦✈❡r❡st✐♠❛t❡ q✉❛♥t✐t✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ✐ss✉❡s ❛r❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✹✳ ❲❤✐•❡ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✐s ♥❡✈❡rt❤❡•❡ss s♦♠❡✇❤❛t ❝♦♥str❛✐♥❡❞✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r ✇❛t❡r •♦ss ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥✱ ❛❝t✉❛• ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐s ♣♦♦r•② ❝♦♥str❛✐♥❡❞✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ❛tt❡♠♣ts ♦❢ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ✇❡r❡ ❞♦♥❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜❡•❞ ❛♥❞ ✈❛r② ❢r♦♠ ✷✳✸ t♦ ✺ ♠♠✴❞❛② ✭P✐❦❡✱ ✶✾✼✵ ✐♥ ❲✐•s♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❉✐♥❝❡r✱ ✶✾✼✻✮ t♦ ✵✳✵✻ t♦ ✹✳✸ ♠♠✴❞❛②✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞✐✉r♥❛• ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r •❡✈❡• ✢✉❝t✉❛t✐♦♥s ❞✉❡ t♦ tr❡❡ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✐♥ ✐s•❛♥❞ ✭❇❛✉❡r ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮ ❛♥❞ ❢r♦♠ ✵✳✵✶ t♦ ✶✶✳✶✺ ♠♠✴❞❛② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞r② ✇♦♦❞•❛♥❞s s♦✉t❤❡❛st ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ ❢❛✉•t ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡♣❤❡♠❡r❛• ❋•✉①♥❡t t♦✇❡r s✐t❡ ✭❖❛❦ |✐❞❣❡ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛• ▲❛❜♦r❛t♦r② ❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❆❝t✐✈❡ ❆r❝❤✐✈❡ ❈❡♥t❡r✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❊❚ ❛r❡ ❛•s♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ❛t •❡❛st t✇♦ r❡♠♦t❡ s❡♥s✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ✿ ••♦❜❛• ▲❛♥❞ ❊✈❛♣♦r❛t✐♦♥ ❆♠st❡r❞❛♠ ▼♦❞❡• ✭•▲❊❆▼✱ ▼❛rt❡♥s ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✼✮ ❛♥❞ ▼❖❉❡r❛t❡ r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❙♣❡❝tr♦r❛❞✐♦♠❡t❡r ✭▼❖❉■❙✱ ▼❖❉✶✻✱ ▼✉ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✇✐❞❡ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♥♦t ♦♥•② ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ str♦♥❣ s❡❛s♦♥❛•✐t② ♦r t♦ ❞✐✣❝✉•t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛st❡❞ ❝•✐♠❛t❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛ ❛•s♦ ❡①❤✐❜✐ts ❛ ❣r❡❛t ✈❛r✐❡t② ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t •❛♥❞s❝❛♣❡s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t•② ✐♠♣❛❝t✐♥❣ ❊❚✱ ❢r♦♠ ♦♣❡♥ ✇❛t❡r t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❡•② tr❛♥s♣✐r✐♥❣ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s✱ ✐s•❛♥❞s ❢r✐♥❣❡s ♦r ♣❛ss✐✈❡ ❜❛rr❡♥ s♦✐•✳ ❚❤✐s ✈❛r✐❡t② ♦❢ •❛♥❞s❝❛♣❡s ✐s ♠❛✐♥•② r❡s✲ ♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✇✐❞❡ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✈❛•✉❡s✳ ❊❚ ♦❜✈✐♦✉s•② ❛•s♦ ✈❛r✐❡s ✈❡r② r❡❣✉•❛r•② ✇✐t❤ s❡❛s♦♥s✱ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐❣❤❡r r❛t❡s ✇❤❡♥ ✇❛t❡r ✐s ♠♦r❡ ❡❛s✐•② ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡✱ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡s ❤✐❣❤❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❞❛② •❡♥❣t❤ •♦♥❣❡r ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ♣❤♦t♦s②♥t❤❡s✐s✱ ❛ ♠❛•♦r ❞r✐✈❡r ♦❢ ❊❚✳ ❇✉t ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥s ❞✐✛❡r ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣❤❛s❡ ♦❢ ❊❚ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣❡❛❦ ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ❡✐t❤❡r ❛t t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦r t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ s✐t✉❛t❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ •✉♥❡ ✭P✐❦❡✱ ✶✾✼✵✮ ❛♥❞ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✭▼❖❉■❙✮✳ ❆s ✾✻✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥❝♦♠✐♥❣ ✇❛t❡r ✐s t❤♦✉❣❤t t♦ ✜♥❛••② •❡❛✈❡ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❜② ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ✭❲✐•s♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❉✐♥❝❡r✱ ✶✾✼✻✮✱ ❛ ♠♦r❡ r❡•✐❛❜•❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ❛ss❡ss ❛ ♣r♦♣❡r ✇❛t❡r ❜❛•❛♥❝❡✳ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❇❛s✐♥ ♣❤②s✐♦❣r❛♣❤② ❛♥❞ ✇❛t❡r ❝②❝•❡ ❚❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ |✐✈❡r ❛r✐s❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❆♥❣♦•❛♥ ❤✐❣❤•❛♥❞s t❤r♦✉❣❤ t✇♦ tr✐❜✉t❛r✐❡s✱ t❤❡ ❡❛s✲ t❡r♥ ❈✉✐t♦ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✇❡st❡r♥ ❈✉❜❛♥❣♦✱ •♦✐♥✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❡ ◆❛♠✐❜✐❛♥ ❜♦r❞❡r✱ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ |✉♥❞✉ ❛♥❞ ❆♥❞❛r❛ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✵✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛✱ ❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t•② ❞❡✜♥❡❞✱ ❡①t❡♥❞s ♦✈❡r ∼✷✷✺✱✵✵✵ ❦♠ 2 ✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐ts ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s ✈❛r✐❡s ❛♠♦♥❣st st✉❞✐❡s✱ ❛s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣❛rts ❛r❡ ❡✐t❤❡r s❡❛s♦♥❛•✱ ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥❛•✱ ❡♣✐s♦❞✐❝ ♦r ❡✈❡♥ ❢♦ss✐•✳ ❚❤❡ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞② ❛r❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ t♦♣♦✲ ❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛✱ t❤✉s ✐♥❝•✉❞✐♥❣ ❢♦ss✐• r✐✈❡rs ✉♣str❡❛♠ ♦❢ ▼♦❤❡♠❜♦✱ ❜✉t ❛r❡ •✐♠✐t❡❞ ❞♦✇♥str❡❛♠ ❜② t❤❡ •✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ t❤❡ ▼❛❜❛❜❡ ❉❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ▲❛❦❡ ◆❣❛♠✐✱ t❤✉s ❡①❝•✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ▼❛❦❣❛❞✐❦❣❛❞✐ ♣❛♥s✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✵ ✕ ▼❛♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❜❛s✐♥ s❤♦✇✐♥❣ t❤✐❝❦♥❡ss ♦❢ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❜❡❞s ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❍❛❞❞♦♥ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✶✾✾✾✮ ❛♥❞ ❈•▼❲✲❇|•▼ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✱ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞② ❛♥❞ ♠❛✐♥ tr✐❜✉t❛r✐❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ✭❞❛r❦ ❜•✉❡✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❑✇❛♥❞♦ ❛♥❞ )❛♠❜❡③✐ ✭•✐❣❤t ❜•✉❡✮✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✱ r✉♥♦✛ ♠❛✐♥•② ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡s str❡❛♠✢♦✇ ✐♥ t❤❡

Shakawe

❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✶ ✕ ❇♦tt♦♠ ♣•♦t s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❛♣❡① ♦❢ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡ ✭▼♦❤❡♠❜♦✱ ❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❲❛t❡r ❆✛❛✐rs✮ ❛♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❞✐st❛• ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛♥ ✭❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ r✐✈❡r✱ ❛t ▼❛✉♥✱ ❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ ▼✐❦❡ ❛♥❞ ❋r❛♥❝❡s ▼✉rr❛②✲❍✉❞s♦♥✮ ❛♥❞ t♦♣ ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠ s❤♦✇s ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❙❤❛❦❛✇❡ ✭s❡❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✵✱ ❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ ❙❆❙❙❈❆▲ ❲❡❛t❤❡r◆❡t✮✳ ❚❤❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛• ♦✛s❡t ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♣❡❛❦ ♦❢ •♦❝❛• r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❛♥❞ ✇❛t❡r •❡✈❡• ✐s ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❆♥❣♦•❛♥ ❤❡❛❞✇❛t❡rs t♦ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛✳ ◆♦t❡ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ s❝❛•❡s ❢♦r ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ t✇♦ st❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❆•• ❞❛t❛ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❛t ✇✇✇✳♦❦❛✈❛♥❣♦❞❛t❛✳✉❜✳❜✇✴♦r✐✳ ✇❤❡r❡ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✐s ♠♦r❡ ❛❜✉♥❞❛♥t ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✾ ❛♥❞ ❲✐•❦ ❡t ❛•✳ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❚❤❡ s•♦♣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r✐✈❡r ❜❡❞ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈❡•② •♦✇❡r t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t ❞♦✇♥str❡❛♠✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ •❡❛❞s t♦ t❤❡ ❛❝❝✉♠✉✲ •❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r✉♥♦✛ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛ ✭❲✐•s♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❉✐♥❝❡r✱ ✶✾✼✻❀ ❍✉❣❤❡s ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉•t✐♥❣ ✇❛t❡r ❜♦❞② t❤❡♥ ❢♦r♠s ❛ ✢♦♦❞ ♣✉•s❡✱ ✢♦✇✐♥❣ s•♦✇•② ❛•♦♥❣ t❤❡ ∼✻✵✵ ❦♠ s❡♣❛r❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❆♥❣♦•❛♥ ❤❡❛❞✇❛t❡rs ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛✳ ❚❤❡ tr❛✈❡• t✐♠❡ r❡s✉•ts ✐♥ ❛ r❡•❛t✐✈❡•② s✉❞❞❡♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❛t ▼♦❤❡♠❜♦ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡•② t❤r❡❡ ♠♦♥t❤s ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ♣❡❛❦ ♦❢ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✶✮✳ ❚❤✐s ✢♦♦❞ ✇❛✈❡ t❤❡♥ t❛❦❡s t❤r❡❡ ♠♦r❡ ♠♦♥t❤s t♦ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❛r② s②st❡♠s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ t♦ r❡❛❝❤ ✐ts ❞✐st❛• ♣❛rt✱ ❛t ❛ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✷✺✵ ❦♠ ❛♥❞ ❛ ✈❡•♦❝✐t② ♦❢ ∼✺ ❝♠✴s ✭❲✐•s♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❉✐♥❝❡r✱ ✶✾✼✻✮✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ✢♦♦❞ ♣✉•s❡ ❛❝❝r♦ss t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ✇❛t❡r ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s s♣✐••s t❤❡ ❜❛♥❦s✱ ✢♦✇✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ s✉rr♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s✳ ❙♣r❡❛❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ❛♥❞ ✜♥❛••② ❜•♦❝❦❡❞ ❜② ❢❛✉•t s❝❛r♣s✱ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇❛t❡r ✐s t❤❡♥ ✐♥t❡♥s❡•② ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❡❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r •❡✈❡• ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈❡•② ❞❡❝•✐♥❡s ✉♥t✐• ❢❛••✐♥❣ ❜❡•♦✇ t❤❡ r♦♦t ③♦♥❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✐• ♣r♦✜•❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ♣✉•s❡ ❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❆♥❣♦•❛♥ ❤✐❣❤•❛♥❞s ✉s✉❛••② ✐s t❤❡ ♦♥•② ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ r✐s❡ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r •❡✈❡• ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ s❡•❞♦♠ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡❞ ❜② •♦❝❛• r❛✐♥❢❛••✳ ❚❤❡ ✇❛t❡r •❡✈❡• ✐♥ t❤❡
) Discharge (km3/yr) 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Age (ky)

TWS (km 3 ) ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✷ ✕ ❱❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ✢✉①❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❉❡•t❛✳ ❋r♦♠ t♦♣ t♦ ❜♦tt♦♠ ✿ ♠♦♥t❤•② ✭❞❛r❦ ❜•✉❡✮ ❛♥❞ ❛♥♥✉❛• ✭•✐❣❤t ❜•✉❡✮ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛ ✭❈❍■|P❙✮✱ ♠♦♥t❤•② ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞ ❛t ▼♦❤❡♠❜♦ ✭❜•❛❝❦ •✐♥❡✱ ❉❲❆✮✱ ∆❙t♦r❛❣❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ✭❣r❡❡♥ •♥❡ ❢♦r ❈❙| s♦•✉t✐♦♥✱ ❜•✉❡ •✐♥❡ ❢♦r •|•❙ s♦•✉t✐♦♥✮ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ❡①t❡♥t ♦❢ ✐♥✉♥❞❛t❡❞ ❛r❡❛s ✭❞❛r❦ ❜•✉❡ •✐♥❡ ❲♦•s❦✐ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✼✮ ✇✐t❤ ❣r❡② ❜❛rs s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ❝•♦✉❞ ❝♦✈❡r ♦♥ t❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡✳ ❉❡•t❛ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✶✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥t ♦❢ ✐♥✉♥❞❛t❡❞ ❛r❡❛s ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✷✮ st❛rt ❞❡❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❛s s♦♦♥ ❛s t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ♣✉•s❡ ❤❛s ✢♦✇❡❞ ❞♦✇♥str❡❛♠✳ ❚❤✐s ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ s•♦✇s ❞♦✇♥ ♦r ✐s ❡✈❡♥ st♦♣♣❡❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✱ ❜✉t ✐s r❛r❡•② r❡✈❡rs❡❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❤❡❛✈② r❛✐♥❢❛••✳ |❛✐♥❢❛•• ♦♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✐ts❡•❢✱ ✇❤✐•❡ ✐t ❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡s ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ❛ t❤✐r❞ ♦❢ t♦t❛• ✇❛t❡r ✐♥♣✉ts ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ✈♦•✉♠❡ ✭❲✐•s♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❉✐♥❝❡r✱ ✶✾✼✻ ❛♥❞ ❚❛❜•❡ ✷✳✶✮✱ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡s ✇❛t❡r •❡✈❡• ♦♥•② ✐♥ ②❡❛rs ♦❢ ❡①❝❡♣t✐♦♥❛••② ❤✐❣❤ t♦t❛• ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ •❛r❣❡ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t ✢♦♦❞ ❡①t❡♥t✳ ■t ❝❛♥ ♣r♦•♦♥❣ ♦✉t✢♦✇s ✉♥❞❡r ❜♦t❤ t❤❡s❡ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s✱ t♦♦✳ ■♥ ♠♦st ②❡❛rs ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ •♦❝❛• r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❡✛❡❝ts ❛r❡ r❛♣✐❞•② ❛♠❡•✐♦r❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ ❊❚ t❤❛t ♦❝❝✉rs ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❤♦t s✉♠♠❡r ♠♦♥t❤s ✭❲✐•s♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❉✐♥❝❡r✱ ✶✾✼✻✮✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r •❡✈❡• ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✐s ✉♥❞❡r str♦♥❣ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ ❢❛❝t♦rs ✐♥ ❆♥❣♦•❛ ✭❲✐•s♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❉✐♥❝❡r✱ ✶✾✼✻❀ ▼❛③✈✐♠❛✈✐ ❛♥❞ ❲♦•s❦✐✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ✷✳✷✳ ❍(❉|❖▲❖•■❈❆▲ ❙(❙❚❊▼ ✹✸ ❚❤❡ ❡①t❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛ ✉♥t✐• ✈❡r② r❡❝❡♥t•②✱ ❛s ♥♦ ♣✐❡③♦♠❡tr✐❝ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ❤❛s ❡✈❡r ❜❡❡♥ ✐♠♣•❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ❆♥❣♦•❛✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r❡✲ s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛q✉✐❢❡r ✇❛s ❛•r❡❛❞② s✉s♣❡❝t❡❞ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♥❛t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ t❤✐❝❦♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛• s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ✭❲✐•s♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❉✐♥❝❡r✱ ✶✾✼✻❀ •✐❡s❦❡✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❍✉❣❤❡s ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ■♥ t❤❡ •❛st ✶✺ ②❡❛rs✱ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s❛t❡••✐t❡s r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤✬s ❣r❛✈✐t② ✜❡•❞ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♣♦✲ s❡❞ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲)❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥ ❛s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛•♦r ❛r❡❛s ♦❢ ❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚❡rr❡str✐❛• ❲❛t❡r ❙t♦r❛❣❡ ✭❚❲❙✮ ♦♥ ❊❛rt❤ ✭|❛♠✐••✐❡♥ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ ❍❛ss❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❏✐♥✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲)❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥ ✐s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛r❡ ❛r❡❛s t♦ s❤♦✇ ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ ❚❲❙ s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✷✳ •r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ♠❛② ❤❡♥❝❡ st❛♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t✱ ✇❤✐•❡ •❡❛st ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞✱ r❡s❡r✈♦✐r ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇❤♦•❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• s②st❡♠ ✭s❡❡ ❞❡t❛✐•s ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✹✮✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ♣✐❡③♦♠❡t❡rs ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥st❛••❡❞ ❛s ❡❛r•② ❛s ✶✾✼✺ ✭•✐❡s❦❡✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳ ❇♦r❡❤♦•❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❲❛t❡r ❆✛❛✐rs ✭❉❲❆✮ ❛••♦✇❡❞ ❛ ✜rst ♦r❞❡r ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ✭▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ■t ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ r❡✈❡❛•❡❞ t♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡ ❡①t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❡t•❛♥❞s✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ✈❛r②✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t♦ ❛ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ♦❢ ❛❜♦✉t ✶✵ ♠ ❞❡❡♣✱ ✇❤✐•❡ ✐ts ❞❡♣t❤ ❞r❛st✐❝❛••② ❢❛••s t♦ ♦✈❡r ✹✵ ♠ ❞❡❡♣ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❛ ❢❡✇ ❦✐•♦♠❡t❡rs ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❛••✉✈✐❛• ❢❛♥✳ ◆♦ •❛t❡r❛• ✢♦✇ ❛✇❛② ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❢❛♥ ♠❛r❣✐♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥❛• s❝❛•❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ♠♦✈❡♠❡♥ts ♣r❡✈❛✐• ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡•❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s✉r❢❛❝❡✱ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡✳ ▼♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐•❡❞ st✉❞✐❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ r❡❛•✐s❡❞ ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ❝✐t② ♦❢ ▼❛✉♥ t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❢r❡s❤ ✇❛t❡r t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ♣♦♣✉•❛t✐♦♥ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❈❛♠♣❜❡•• ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✱ ❜✉t ♠❛✐♥•② t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ ✈♦•✉♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛• ❢r❡s❤ ❛q✉✐❢❡r✳ ❚❤❡ •❛❝❦ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤✐s r❡s❡r✈♦✐r ❛t t❤❡ s❝❛•❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✐s ❛♥ ♦❜st❛❝•❡ t♦ ♣r♦♣❡r•② ❛ss❡ss ✇❛t❡r ❜❛•❛♥❝❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• s②st❡♠✳ •r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✐s ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✉♥s❛t✉r❛t❡❞ ③♦♥❡✱ t❤❡ s❤❛••♦✇ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞❡❡♣ ❛q✉✐❢❡r✳ ❆•• t❤r❡❡ ❛r❡ ❤♦st❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤✉♥❞r❡❞s ♦❢ ♠❡t❡rs ♦❢ ✉♥❝♦♥s♦•✐❞❛t❡❞ s❛♥❞s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❜❡❞s✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❢♦r♠❡r ❝❤❛♥♥❡• s②st❡♠s ❤❛✈❡ ❢♦r♠❡❞ •❡♥s❡s ♦❢ ❝•❛② •♦❝❛••② ❢♦r♠✐♥❣ ❛q✉✐❝•✉❞❡s✳ ❚❤❡ s❤❛••♦✇ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ✐s ✜••❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❢r❡s❤ ✇❛t❡r ❛♥❞ ✐s r❡❝❤❛r❣❡❞ ❛•♠♦st ❡♥t✐r❡•② ❜② r✉♥♦✛ ✐♥✜•tr❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ✢♦♦❞ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✭•✐❡s❦❡✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❲♦•s❦✐ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ■ts ❞❡♣•❡t✐♦♥ ✐s ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥s❡ ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥✱ ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ♥♦t ♦♥•② ❢r♦♠ ♦♣❡♥ ✇❛t❡r✱ ❜✉t ♠♦st•② t❤r♦✉❣❤ tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡❡♣ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s s❛•✐♥❡ ✇❛t❡r✱ ❛s ✐••✉str❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✽✱ ❛♥❞ ✐s ❢❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s❛•✐♥❡ ♣✉♠♣s ❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡❞ ❜② ✐s•❛♥❞s✳ ■♥♣✉ts ■♥✢♦✇ ✽✳✼✽✵ ✺✽✪ |❛✐♥❢❛•• ✻✳✷✻✵ ✹✷✪ ❖✉t♣✉ts ❊✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ✶✹✳✾✶✵ ✾✽✪ ❖✉t✢♦✇ ✵✳✷✻ ✷✪ ❚❛❜•❡ ✷✳✶ ✕ ▼❡❛♥ ❛♥♥✉❛• ✇❛t❡r ❜❛•❛♥❝❡ ✭▼♠ 3 ✴②r✮ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❲♦•s❦✐ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ♦✈❡r ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✶✾✻✾✕❉❡❝❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✵✷✳ ❲❛t❡r ❜❛•❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥ ✐s ❛♥ ✐♥tr❛♥s✐❣❡♥t ♣r♦❜•❡♠✳ Pr❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ❤❛s ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❆♥❣♦•❛♥ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❆♥❣♦•❛♥ ✇❛r ✭✶✾✼✵✬s✮ ❛♥❞ ❡①tr❛♣♦•❛t❡❞ ♦r s❛t❡••✐t❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ❡①❤✐❜✐t s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s✳ Pr♦❜•❡♠s r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ❛r❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✹✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ❊❚ ✐s ♥♦t ✇❡•• ❝♦♥str❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② ❞❛t❛ ✇❤✐•❡ ✐t r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ q✉❛s✐✲t♦t❛•✐t② ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ♦✉t♣✉ts✳ ■❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✬s ✐♥✉♥❞❛t❡❞ ❛r❡❛s ❛r❡ •❡ss r❡♠♦t❡
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✸ ✕ ❆♥♥✉❛• ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ r✐✈❡r ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞ ❛t ▼♦❤❡♠❜♦ ✭❜•✉❡ •✐♥❡✱ ❉❲❆✮ ❛♥❞ ❛♥♥✉❛• r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✐♥ ▼❛✉♥ ✭▼❛✉♥ ❛✐r♣♦rt st❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ✶✾✸✸ t♦ ✷✵✵✾✱ ❋▼▼❍ st❛t✐♦♥ s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❆•• ❞❛t❛ ❛r❡ ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ ♦♥ ❖|■✬s ✇❡❜s✐t❡ ✿ ✇✇✇✳♦❦❛✈❛♥❣♦❞❛t❛✳✉❜✳❜✇✴♦r✐ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❛❝❝❡ss✐❜•❡ t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛✱ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ s♦ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s•② t❤❛t ✢✉① ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts✱ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t•② ✇❛t❡r ❜❛•❛♥❝❡✱ ❛r❡ st✐•• ❞✐✣❝✉•t✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• r❡•❛✲ t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ❞✐✛❡r ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✐s•❛♥❞s✱ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s♠❛•• s♣❛t✐❛• ❡①t❡♥t ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛••♦✇ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ r❡♠♦t❡ s❡♥s✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦✉♥❞❛✲ t✐♦♥❛• ✇♦r❦ ♦❢ ❲✐•s♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❉✐♥❝❡r ✭✶✾✼✻✮ •❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ✜rst ♦✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• s②st❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❛♥❞ t♦ t❤❡ ✜rst ❛tt❡♠♣t ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ❜❛•❛♥❝❡ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t✳ ❍②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♠♦❞❡•s ❤❛✈❡ s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t•② ♣r♦❣❡ss✐✈❡•② ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡✈❡•♦♣❡❞ t♦ ❢❛❝❡ t❤✐s ❝❤❛••❡♥❣❡ ✭❉✐♥❝❡r ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✽✼❀ •✐❡s❦❡✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❍✉❣❤❡s ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❲♦•s❦✐ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ▼✐•③♦✇ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ♠♦❞❡•s ❛r❡ ❛•• ❝❛•✐❜r❛t❡❞ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡✳ ❆ ♠❛•♦r st❡♣ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ✇❛s r❡❛•✐s❡❞ ❜② •✐❡s❦❡ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✱ ❛••♦✇✐♥❣ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❞❡❝❛❞❡s✱ ❜② t❛❦✐♥❣ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ❜❛•❛♥❝❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❲♦•s❦✐ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ✐s s✉♠♠❛r✐③❡❞ ✐♥ ❚❛❜•❡ ✷✳✶✳ ❚❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥ ✐s ❛ss✉♠❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❝•♦s❡❞ s②st❡♠✱ ✇✐t❤ ♥♦ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ❜❡✐♥❣ •♦st t♦ t❤❡ ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦✉r✐♥❣ ❜❛s✐♥s ✭▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✱ ❛♣❛rt ❢r♦♠ ∼✷✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥❝♦♠✐♥❣ ✇❛t❡r✱ ✢♦✇✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❇♦t❡t✐ r✐✈❡r✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• s②st❡♠ t♦ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ✢✉①❡s ✐s ♥♦t •✐♥❡❛r✱ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛ ✭▼❛③✈✐♠❛✈✐ ❛♥❞ ❲♦•s❦✐✱ ✷✵✵✻✮ t♦ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❛r② s②st❡♠s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✭❲♦•s❦✐ ❛♥❞ ▼✉rr❛②✲❍✉❞s♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t r❡s♣♦♥❞ •✐♥❡❛r•② t♦ ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✭▼❛③✈✐♠❛✈✐ ❛♥❞ ❲♦•s❦✐✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ (❡❛rs ♦❢ ❛❜♦✈❡✲❛✈❡r❛❣❡ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❞♦ ♥♦t ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐•② ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ♠❛•♦r ✐♥✢♦✇s ✭❡✳❣✳ ✷✵✵✺✲✷✵✵✻ ✐♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✷✮ ❛♥❞ ②❡❛rs ♦❢ ♠✐♥♦r r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❝❛♥ st✐•• ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ✐♥✢♦✇ ✭✷✵✶✺✲✷✵✶✻✮✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ✇❤✐•❡ r❡❣✐♦♥❛• r❛✐♥❢❛•• s❤♦✇s ❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♠❛✐♥ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ ∼✶✽ ②r ✭❚②s♦♥ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ❉✐❡♣♣♦✐s ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✱ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥✢♦✇ ❛t ▼♦❤❡♠❜♦ ❡①❝•✉s✐✈❡•② ❡①❤✐❜✐ts ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ ✼✵✲✽✵ ②r ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝✐t② ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✸✮✳ ❯♥❢♦rt✉♥❛t❡•②✱ t❤❡ ✽✹ ②r •♦♥❣ ❝❤r♦♥✐❝•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ ❛t ▼♦❤❡♠❜♦ ✐s ✐♥s✉✣❝✐❡♥t t♦ ❛••♦✇ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦r r❡•❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s •❛tt❡r ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s✳ ❚❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ s❡❡♠s t♦ ❜❡ ♣r✐♠❛r✐•② ❞✉❡ t♦ r❡❣✐♦♥❛• ❝•✐♠❛t❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❛s t❤❡ )❛♠❜❡③✐ s❤♦✇s s✐♠✐•❛r ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✭▼❛③✈✐♠❛✈✐ ❛♥❞ ❲♦•s❦✐✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❲♦•s❦✐ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✱ ✐♠♣•②✐♥❣ ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t r❡❣✐♠❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• s②st❡♠ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❞❡❝❛❞❛• t✐♠❡ s❝❛
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✹ ✕ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r •❡✈❡• ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈✉✐t♦ ❛♥❞ ❈✉❜❛♥❣♦✳ ❚❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡r ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈✉❜❛♥❣♦ ✐s ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❛❜s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❜❡❞s ✐♥ t❤❡ s✉❜✲❜❛s✐♥✳ ■♥ ❝♦✉♥t❡r♣♦✐♥t✱ t❤❡ ❈✉✐t♦ ❛ss✉r❡s t❤❡ ❜❛s❡ ✢♦✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❛•• t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ②❡❛r ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❤✉♥❞r❡❞s ♦❢ ♠❡t❡rs ♦❢ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ s❛♥❞s ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❛ s✉✐t❛❜•❡ s✉❜str❛t❡ ❢♦r ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❛q✉✐❢❡r ✭▼♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ▼❡♥❞❡•s♦❤♥ ❡t ❛•✳ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❆ ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤✐s ♥♦♥✲•✐♥❡❛r✐t② ✐s t❤❡ ♣♦♦r•② q✉❛♥t✐✜❡❞ s❤❛••♦✇ ❛q✉✐❢❡r✳ ❆♥✲ ♥✉❛••②✱ t❤❡ r✉♥♦✛ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈✉✐t♦ ❛♥❞ ❈✉❜❛♥❣♦ ❤❡❛❞✇❛t❡rs ❞✐✛❡rs ❞❡s♣✐t❡ ♦✈❡r❛•• s✐✲ ♠✐•❛r r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✹ ❛♥❞ ❍✉❣❤❡s ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ |✉♥♦✛ ✐s ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ♠♦r❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s•② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈✉❜❛♥❣♦ ❤❡❛❞✇❛t❡rs✱ •❡❛❞✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ ❣r❡❛t❡r ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ r✐✈❡r ✇❛t❡r •❡✈❡•✳ ❚❤❡ ❈✉❜❛♥❣♦ t❤✉s ❤❛s ♠♦r❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ t✐♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ♣✉•s❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈✉✐t♦ ✐s ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ❛♥❞ t❤✐s tr✐❜✉t❛r② t❤✉s ❛ss✉r❡s t❤❡ ❜❛s❡✢♦✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ r✐✈❡r t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ②❡❛r ✭▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ▼❡♥❞❡•s♦❤♥ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❚❤✐s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐s ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s✉❜str❛t❡s ❛♥❞ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❡s ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ✭❍✉❣❤❡s ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ▼✐•③♦✇ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ✇❤✐•❡ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥ ❛•♠♦st ❡♥t✐r❡•② •✐❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ ✉♥❝♦♥s♦•✐❞❛t❡❞ s❛♥❞s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐✱ t❤❡ t❤✐❝❦♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♥❞ ❜❡❞s ✐s ♥♦t ❤♦♠♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✵✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❤❡❛❞✇❛t❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈✉✐t♦ •✐❡ ♦♥ ✉♣ t♦ ∼✸✵✵ ♠ ✐♥ t❤✐❝❦♥❡ss ♦❢ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ s❛♥❞s ✭❍❛❞❞♦♥ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✱ ❛••♦✇✐♥❣ ✐♥✜•tr❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❛✐♥❢❛••✱ ✇❛t❡r st♦r❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞r② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ t❤❡ ❤❡❛❞✇❛t❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈✉❜❛♥❣♦ ♣❛rt•② ❞✐r❡❝t•② •✐❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠❡t❛♠♦r♣❤✐❝ ❜❡❞r♦❝❦ ♦r ♦♥ ❛ ❢❡✇ t❡♥s ♦❢ ♠❡t❡rs ♦❢ ✉♥❝♦♥s♦•✐❞❛t❡❞ s❛♥❞s✱ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐♥❣ ✐♥✜•tr❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♥❣ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥t✐❛••② r❛♣✐❞ t❤✉s s❡❛s♦♥❛• r✉♥♦✛✳ ❙✐♠✐•❛r t♦ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛✱ t❤❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ t♦ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ✇❛t❡r ✐♥♣✉t ✐s ♥♦t •✐♥❡❛r ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤❡r ✐♥✢♦✇ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐•② ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ •❛r❣❡r ✢♦♦❞s ✭❲♦•s❦✐ ❛♥❞ ▼✉rr❛②✲ ❍✉❞s♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ ✐♥✢♦✇ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✷✵✵✻ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✵✼ ❜② ❛ ❢❛❝t♦r ♦❢ ✶✳✺ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ❡①t❡♥t✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞✉r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✲ ♣•❛✐♥s ✇❛s ✐♥ ❢❛❝t s❤♦rt❡r ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✷✮✳ ❙♦♠❡ ❡①♣•❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤✐s ♥♦♥✲•✐♥❡❛r✐t② ❝❛♥ ♦♥❝❡ ❛❣❛✐♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛••② ✐♥ ✐ts r❡s♣♦♥s❡s t♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t ❤②✲ ❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❛t t❤❡ ❛rr✐✈❛• ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ✭❲♦•s❦✐ ❛♥❞ ▼✉rr❛②✲❍✉❞s♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ ✐ts ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ✇❛✈❡ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡s t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✳ ❚❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ t❤✉s ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✲❡①✐st✐♥❣ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ s❛t✉r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦r❡ s❛t✉r❛t❡❞ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ❛•r❡❛❞② ✐s✱ t❤❡ •❡ss ✇❛t❡r ✐♥✜•tr❛t❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❛♥❞ ❢❛st❡r t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ✇❛✈❡ ✇✐•• ✢♦✇✳ ❚❤✐s ♥♦♥✲•✐♥❡❛r r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ q✉❛♥t✐✜❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ r❛t✐♦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✐♥✉♥❞❛t❡❞ ❛r❡❛s ❛♥❞ ✐♥✲ ✢♦✇✱ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ r❡❣✐♠❡ ✭❲♦•s❦✐ ❛♥❞ ▼✉rr❛②✲❍✉❞s♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❋•♦♦❞ r❡❣✐♠❡s ❞✐✛❡r ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❛r② s②st❡♠s✱ ❜✉t ❛•s♦ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t✐♠❡ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❛ s✐♥❣•❡ s②st❡♠✱ ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ ❛ tr❛♥✲ s✐❡♥t ♦r ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t ♠❛♥♥❡r ✭❲♦•s❦✐ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ▼❛•♦r ✢♦♦❞s ♦r •♦♥❣ ♣❡r✐♦❞s ♦❢ ❞r②♥❡ss ❝❛♥ tr✐❣❣❡r ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ r❡❣✐♠❡✱ ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ♠♦❞✐❢②✐♥❣ t❤❡ •♦❝❛• ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♥♦♥✲•✐♥❡❛r r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ t♦ ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s t❤✉s ♣❛rt•② r❡•✐❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥♦♥✲•✐♥❡❛r r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❙ t♦ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ✐♥♣✉ts✳ ❲❤✐•❡ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ✐s t❤♦✉❣❤t t♦ ❡①❡rt ❛ str♦♥❣ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ✢♦♦❞ ✭•✐❡s❦❡✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✽❀ ❲♦•s❦✐ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✱ t❤❡ ❢♦r❝✐♥❣s ❝♦♥tr♦••✐♥❣ ✐ts ❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❝•❡❛r•② ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ②❡t✳ ■♥✜•tr❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇❛t❡r ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ✐s t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❤❛••♦✇ ❛q✉✐❢❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ✐t ✐s t❤♦✉❣❤t t❤❛t •♦❝❛• r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❡①❡rt ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡✳ ❊❚ ✐s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡❝•✐♥❡ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r •❡✈❡• ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ✇❛✈❡✱ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❜❛❜•② ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡s t❤❡ ❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛• r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❡✈❡♥ts t♦ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ✭❲✐•s♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❉✐♥❝❡r✱ ✶✾✼✻✮✳ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❈♦♥❝•✉s✐♦♥ ❚❤❡ ✇❛t❡r •❡✈❡• ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✐s str♦♥❣•② ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡❞ ❜② ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ ❢❛❝t♦rs ✿ ✐♥✢♦✇✱ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❛♥❞ ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ✐s ♠♦❞❡r❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ r❡•❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• r❡s❡r✈♦✐rs ✐♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✱ ♥❛♠❡•② t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛t •❡❛st ♣❛rt•② r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♥♦♥✲•✐♥❡❛r✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥✢♦✇ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥tr❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✳ ❚❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ r❡✈❡❛•❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ♠❛•♦r r❡s❡r✈♦✐r ✐♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✱ ♣♦ss✐❜•② ♣•❛②✐♥❣ ❛ ❝r✉❝✐❛• ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦♥✲•✐♥❡❛r✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❯♥❢♦rt✉♥❛t❡•②✱ t❤❡ ❛❜s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❛••♦✇ s♦ ❢❛r t❤❡ ✈❛•✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s✳ ❍②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♠♦❞❡•s ❞❡✈❡•♦♣❡❞ t♦ ♦✈❡r❝♦♠❡ t❤❡ •❛❝❦ ♦❢ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ❛r❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛••② ♦♥•② ❝❛•✐❜r❛t❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦✉t✢♦✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛✱ ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ t❤✉s ♣♦♦r•② ❝♦♥str❛✐♥❡❞✳ ■♠♣r♦✈❡❞ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ❢♦r s✉❝❤ ❛ ✈❛•✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛② ❤❡♥❝❡❢♦rt❤ ❜❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤✬s ❣r❛✈✐t② ✜❡•❞ r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ ❜② •|❆❈❊ s❛t❡••✐t❡s t♦ ❛♥s✇❡r t❤✐s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛• q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✭s❡❡ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥s ✸ ❛♥❞ ✹✮✳ ❆s t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛✛❡❝t❡❞ ❜② s❡❛s♦♥❛• ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣✱ ❝❛♥ ✐t ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❛•♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❛s ❛ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ♣r♦①② ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛✱ ❛♥❞ t❤✉s ❤❡•♣ t♦ ❛ss❡ss t❤❡ ✈♦•✉♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❤❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ❄ ✷✳✸ •❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• s❡tt✐♥❣s ❇❡✐♥❣ •♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛♥ ❛❝t✐✈❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥✱ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛ ✐s ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✳ ❆t t❤❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡✱ ❡❛rt❤q✉❛❦❡s ❛r❡ t❤♦✉❣❤t t♦ ❜❡ ♣♦ss✐❜•② ♣❛rt•② r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❛r② s②st❡♠s✱ ❡✐t❤❡r ❜② ✐♥❞✉❝✐♥❣ •♦❝❛• t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ♦✛s❡ts •❛r❣❡ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t♦ tr✐❣❣❡r ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❛✈✉•s✐♦♥✱ ♦r ❜② ♠♦❞✐❢②✐♥❣ t❤❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ s•♦♣❡ ❛t t❤❡ s❝❛•❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✭P✐❦❡✱ ✶✾✼✵❀ ▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳ ❚❤✐s ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ✐s ♦♥•② s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② ❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② t❡st ♦❢ ❛ ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛• ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♠♦❞❡• ❢♦r t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✭❇❛✉❡r ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛•• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ✇♦✉•❞ ❜❡ ❞✐st✉r❜❡❞ ❜② ❛ t✐•t✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r ❣r❛❜❡♥ ♦❢ ♦♥•② ✵✳✵✵✵✶✹➦✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛ t✐•t r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ♦✛s❡t ♦❢ s❡✈❡r❛• ❝♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤✇❡st❡r♥ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✳ ❚❡❝t♦♥✐❝s ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡s t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② ❛t t❤❡ ❣❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡ ❜② ❝r❡❛t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ❢♦r t❤❡ s②st❡♠ t♦ ❜❡ ❞❡s♣✐t❡ t❤❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r② ✜••✐♥❣✳ ■t r❡•✉✈❡♥❛t❡s ❛❝❝♦♠♠♦❞❛t✐♦♥ s♣❛❝❡ ❢♦r ❢✉t✉r❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖• ✐s str♦♥❣•② ❝♦♥tr♦••❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ •♦♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣•❡① t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❤✐st♦r② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛✳ ❚❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐s t❤♦✉❣❤t t♦ ❜❡ r❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ ❛ s♦✉t❤✇❡st❡r♥ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊❛st ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ |✐❢t ❙②st❡♠ ✭❊❆|❙✮ s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ✶✾✼✵✬s ✭❙❝❤♦•③ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✼✻✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ s❛♥❞s ❝♦✈❡r ❛•♠♦st t❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ ❛r❡❛✱ ❤❡♥❝❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ✈❡r② ❢❡✇ ♦✉t❝r♦♣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❡❞r♦❝❦✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ♣❛st ❞❡❝❛❞❡✱ ❣❡♦♣❤②s✐❝❛• st✉❞✐❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜r♦✉❣❤t ♥❡✇ ✐♥s✐❣❤ts ♦♥ t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ str✉❝t✉r❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ r❡✈✐❡✇❡❞ ✐♥ P❛st✐❡r ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✼✮ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✺✳ ✷✳✸✳✶ |❡❣✐♦♥❛• ❣❡♦•♦❣② ❈r❛t♦♥s ❚❤❡ ❖• ✐s •♦❝❛t❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ♦•❞ ❛♥❞ r✐❣✐❞ ❜•♦❝❦s ✿ t❤❡ ❈♦♥❣♦ ❈r❛t♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡❛st ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❈r❛t♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷ ✐♥ P❛st✐❡r ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✼ ✐♥ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✺✳✶✮✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❆r❝❤❡❛♥ s❤✐❡•❞s ❛r❡ ❢♦r♠❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❛ss❡♠❜•❛❣❡ ♦❢ s♠❛••❡r ❝r❛t♦♥s ❜② ❆r❝❤❡❛♥ t♦ Pr♦t❡r♦③♦✐❝ ❜❡•ts✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❈♦♥❣♦ ❈r❛t♦♥✱ t❤❡ ♦•❞❡st ❞❛t✐♥❣s ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤❡r♥♠♦st ❑❛s❛✐ ❜•♦❝❦ ②✐❡•❞ ❛♥ ❛❣❡ ♦❢ ✸✳✺ •② ✭❈❛❤❡♥ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✽✹✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❈r❛t♦♥ ✐s ❢♦r♠❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❑❛❛♣✈❛❛• ❈r❛t♦♥✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ♦•❞❡st ❞❛t❡❞ ❣r❛♥✐t❡✲❣♥❡✐ss ②✐❡•❞s ❛♥ ❛❣❡ ♦❢ ✷✳✾✷✽ •② ✭❑❛♠♦ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✺✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ )✐♠❜❛❜✇❡ ❈r❛t♦♥✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❡❛r•✐❡st ❣r❡❡♥st♦♥❡ ❜❡•ts ❞❛t❡❞ ❛t ✸✳✺ •② ✭❈❛r♥❡② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✱ •♦✐♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❆r❝❤❡❛♥ ▲✐♠♣♦♣♦ ❜❡•t✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❡❛❦ ♦❢ ♠❡t❛♠♦r♣❤✐s♠ r❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤✐s ❝♦••✐s✐♦♥ ✐s ♣r♦❜❛❜•② ❛❜♦✉t ✷✳✼ •② ✭❇❛rt♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✈❛♥ |❡❡♥❡♥✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡ ❡①t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝r❛t♦♥s ✐s st✐•• ✉♥❞❡r ❞❡❜❛t❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✐t ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ r❡❝❡♥t•② ❡st❛❜•✐s❤❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡② ❡①t❡♥❞ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❛t ❞❡♣t❤ t❤❛♥ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s•② t❤♦✉❣❤t ✭❇❡❣❣ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ❑❤♦③❛ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ▼♦❜✐•❡ ❜❡•ts ❚❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥❣♦ ❝r❛t♦♥s ❛r❡ •♦✐♥❡❞ ❜② ❛ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ P❛•❡♦✲ t♦ ◆❡♦✲Pr♦t❡r♦③♦✐❝ ❜❡•ts ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✺✮✱ t❤❡ •❛st ♦♥❡ r❡s✉•t✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ P❛♥✲❆❢r✐❝❛♥ ♦r♦❣❡♥②✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❛♠❛r❛✴•❤❛♥③✐✲❈❤♦❜❡ ❜❡•t ✐s ❛ ♠✉•t✐✲st❛❣❡ ❡✈❡♥t ✇❤✐❝❤ ❜❡❣❛♥ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❡♣✐s♦❞❡ ♦❢ r✐❢t✐♥❣ ♣♦ss✐❜•② ❛r♦✉♥❞ ✶✶✵✻ ▼② ✭▼♦❞✐❡✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✱ ♥❛♠❡❞ t❤❡ •❤❛♥③✐✲❙✐♥❝•❛✐r r✐❢t✐♥❣✳ ❚❤✐s r✐❢t✐♥❣ •❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r② r♦❝❦s ❢♦r♠✐♥❣ t❤❡ •❤❛♥③✐✲❈❤♦❜❡ ❜❡•t ❛♥❞ ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ◆❊ tr❡♥❞ ❛s t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❢❛✉•ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖• ✭❇♦r❣✱ ✶✾✽✽❀ ❍❛❞❞♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❆ ✜rst ❝♦••✐s✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❈♦♥❣♦ ❛♥❞ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ✭❑❍✮ ❝r❛t♦♥s ✐s t❤♦✉❣❤t t♦ ❤❛✈❡ •❡❞ t♦ ❛ ✜rst ❡♣✐s♦❞❡ ♦❢ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ •❤❛♥③✐✲❈❤♦❜❡ ❜❡•t ❛r♦✉♥❞ ✶ •②✳ ❚❤❡ r✐❢t✐♥❣ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❉❛♠❛r❛♥ ♦r♦❣❡♥② ✇❛s ✐♥✐t✐❛t❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✽✵✵ ❛♥❞ ✼✸✵ ▼② ❛♥❞ ❛••♦✇❡❞ t❤❡ ❞❡♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢✉t✉r❡ ❉❛♠❛r❛ ❜❡•t✳ ❆♥ ❡♣✐s♦❞❡ ♦❢ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ r♦❝❦s ♦❢ t❤❡ •❤❛♥③✐ ❣r♦✉♣✱ ❞❛t❡❞ ❛r♦✉♥❞ ✻✺✵ ▼②✱ ♣♦ss✐❜•② ♠❛r❦s t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉❜❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❜r✐♥❣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❈♦♥❣♦ ❛♥❞ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❝r❛t♦♥s ❜❛❝❦ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ❢♦r t❤❡ ❉❛♠❛r❛♥ ❝♦••✐s✐♦♥ ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ❛r♦✉♥❞ ✺✺✵ ▼② ✭▼✐••❡r ✶✾✽✸ ✐♥ ❍❛❞❞♦♥ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❡❛❦ ♦❢ ♠❡t❛♠♦r♣❤✐s♠ ❢♦r t❤✐s ♦r♦❣❡♥② ✐s ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✺ ✕ ❙✐♠♣•✐✜❡❞ s✉❜✲❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❣❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♠❛♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ✭♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❍❛❞❞♦♥ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❚❤❡ t✇♦ ♠♦❜✐•❡ ❜❡•ts✱ t❤❡ ❉❛♠❛r❛ ❜❡•t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ •❤❛♥③✐✲❈❤♦❜❡ ❜❡•t •♦✐♥ ❜❡♥❡❛t❤ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥ ❜✉t ❛r❡ ❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ❜② s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r② ❛♥❞ ✐❣♥❡♦✉s r♦❝❦s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑❛r♦♦ ❙✉♣❡r❣r♦✉♣✳ ❚❤❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖• ❢♦••♦✇ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ tr❡♥❞ t❤❛♥ t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❛• ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ •❤❛♥③✐✲❈❤♦❜❡ ❢♦•❞❡❞ ❜❡•t✳ ❉❛s❤❡❞ •✐♥❡ s❤♦✇ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦✜•❡ ❢♦r ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✽ ❛♥❞ ②❡••♦✇ ❞♦ts s❤♦✇ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦r❡s ❢r♦♠ ▲✐♥♦• ✭✷✵✶✸✮✳ ◆♦t❡ t❤❡ ♣❡r❢❡❝t ❛•✐❣♥♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖• ❢❛✉•ts ❛♥❞ ❢♦•❞s ✐♥ t❤❡ •❤❛♥③✐✲❈❤♦❜❡ ❜❡•t✱ ❞❡t❛✐•❡❞ ✐♥ ❇♦ts✇❛♥❛✳ ❙♦♠❡ ♣❛rts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖• ❢❛✉•ts ❛•s♦ ❞❡•✐♥❡❛t❡ t❤❡ ❜❛s❛•t ✢♦♦❞s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑❛r♦♦✳ ✹✾ ❞❛t❡❞ ❛t ✺✷✵✲✺✷✽ ▼② ✭❍❛❞❞♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❈♦♦•✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t❛• ❝♦••❛♣s❡ ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊❛r•② ❖r❞✐✈✐❝✐❛♥ ✭•r❛② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✱ •❡❛❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❞✐s♠❛♥t•✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❡•t t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❡r♦s✐♦♥✱ ❞♦♠✐♥❣✱ ❢♦•❞✐♥❣✱ ✉♥t✐• t❤❡ P❡r♠✐❛♥ ✭▼✐••❡r ❛♥❞ ❇✉r❣❡r✱ ✶✾✽✸✮✳ ■♥ t❤❡ st✉❞② ❛r❡❛✱ t❤❡ ❜❡❞r♦❝❦ ❤❛s ♦♥•② ❜❡❡♥ s❛♠♣•❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❜•♦❝❦ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖• ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❝❡♥tr❛• ❜•♦❝❦✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ✐t ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ q✉❛rt③✐t❡✱ ❞♦•♦♠✐t❡ ♦r ❣♥❡✐ss ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❉❛♠❛r❛ ❜❡•t✳ ❚❤❡ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❉❛♠❛r❛ ❜❡•t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ •❤❛♥③✐✲❈❤♦❜❡ ❜❡•t •✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❡♥tr❛• ❜•♦❝❦ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ •r❛❜❡♥ ✭❑❡② ❛♥❞ ❆②r❡s✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❚❤❡ s✐♥❣•❡ ♥♦rt❤✇❡st❡r♥ •✉♠❛r❡ ❢❛✉•t ✐s •♦❝❛t❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣❡st ❤✐❣❤•② ♠❡t❛♠♦r♣❤✐s❡❞ ❉❛♠❛r❛ ❜❡•t✳ ❚❤❡ ♥✉♠❡r♦✉s s♦✉t❤❡❛st❡r♥ ❢❛✉•ts✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❛r❡ •♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ •❤❛♥③✐✲❈❤♦❜❡ ❢♦•❞❡❞ ❜❡•t✳ ❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮ s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣❛tt❡r♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖• ♣❡r❢❡❝t•② s✉♣❡r✐♠♣♦s❡s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❢♦•❞s ♦❢ t❤❡ •❤❛♥③✐✲❈❤♦❜❡✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ s✐♠✉•t❛♥❡♦✉s•② ✈❛r②✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ✸✵✲✺✵➦◆ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤ t♦ ✻✵✲✼✵➦◆✳ ❚❤❡ ❢❛✉•ts ❛r❡ ❤❡♥❝❡ str♦♥❣•② ❝♦♥tr♦••❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ Pr♦t❡r♦③♦✐❝ str✉❝t✉r❡s ✐♥❤❡r✐t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ P❛♥✲❆❢r✐❝❛♥ ♦r♦❣❡♥② ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ ♣♦ss✐❜•② ❛♥❝✐❡♥t ❢❛✉•ts ♦❢ t❤❡ •❤❛♥③✲❈❤♦❜❡ ❜❡•t ♥♦✇ r❡❛❝t✐✈❛t❡❞✳ ❑❛r♦♦ ❚❤❡ r♦❝❦s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑❛r♦♦ ❙✉♣❡r❣r♦✉♣ •✐❡ ✉♥❝♦♠❢♦r♠❛❜•② ♦✈❡r t❤❡ Pr❡❝❛♠❜r✐❛♥ ❜❡❞r♦❝❦✳ ❚❤❡ ❑❛r♦♦ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ✭•❛t❡ ❈❛r❜♦♥✐❢❡r♦✉s t♦ ❏✉r❛ss✐❝✮ ✐s ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ✐♥t❡♥s❡ r✐❢t✐♥❣ t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t ❆❢r✐❝❛ r❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❜r❡❛❦✲✉♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ •♦♥❞✇❛♥❛ s✉♣❡r✲❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t ✭❡✳❣✱ ❇✉♠❜② ❛♥❞ •✉✐r❛✉❞✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❚❤✐❝❦ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r② ❞❡♣♦s✐ts ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❣r❛❜❡♥s ✐♥ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛✱ ♠❛✐♥•② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❡♥tr❛• t♦ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ♣❛rt ♦❢ ❇♦ts✇❛♥❛✱ ❛•♦♥❣ ❛ ◆❊ tr❡♥❞✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ ❖• ✭❑❡② ❛♥❞ ❆②r❡s✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ▼♦❞✐s✐✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥s❡ ❑❛r♦♦ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ❢♦✉r ❣r♦✉♣s ✿ t❤❡ ❉✇②❦❛✱ ❊❝❝❛✱ ▲❡❜✉♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❇❡❛✉❢♦rt ❣r♦✉♣s✳ ■t ✇❛s ❝❛♣♣❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✈♦•❝❛♥✐❝ ❡♣✐s♦❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ∼✶✽✹✲✶✼✽ ▼② ❑❛r♦♦ ▲❛r❣❡ ■❣♥❡♦✉s Pr♦✈✐♥❝❡ ✭❉✉♥❝❛♥ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ •❛•• ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❚❤✐s ✐♥t❡♥s❡ ✈♦•❝❛♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ t❤❡ r♦❝❦s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙t♦r♠❜❡r❣ ❣r♦✉♣ ✿ •❛r❣❡ ❝♦✈❡rs ♦❢ ❜❛s❛•t ✢♦♦❞s✱ •♦❝❛••② r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❛ t❤✐❝❦♥❡ss ♦❢ ✶✵✵✵ ♠ ✭❑❡② ❛♥❞ ❆②r❡s✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✱ ✐♥tr✉s✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❞♦•❡r✐t❡ s✐••s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❊❙❊ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉②❦❡ ❙✇❛r♠ ✭❖❉❙✮✱ ❝r♦ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❖• ✐♥ ✐ts s♦✉t❤✇❡st❡r♥ ♣❛rt ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✺✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✼✵ ❦♠ ✇✐❞❡ ❝•✉st❡r ♦❢ ❞♦•❡r✐t❡ ❞②❦❡s ❝✉ts ❛•• t❤❡ •♦❝❛• str✉❝t✉r❡s ✐♥❤❡r✐t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ Pr❡❝❛♠❜r✐❛♥ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝s ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✶✶✵➦◆ ♦r✐❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✭▼♦❞✐s✐✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❏♦✉r❞❛♥ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ ❑❛r♦♦ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❣r❛❜❡♥ ✭▲✐♥♦•✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ▲♦✇❡r ❑❛r♦♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ❛r❡ ♦♥•② ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❜•♦❝❦✱ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s✐st ♦❢ r❤②t❤♠✐t❡s ❛♥❞ ❜•❛❝❦ s❤❛•❡s✳ ❚❤❡✐r t❤✐❝❦♥❡ss ❝❛♥ r❡❛❝❤ ✉♣ t♦ ✶✵✵ ♠✳ ❯♣♣❡r ❑❛r♦♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ✭▲❡❜✉♥❣ ❣r♦✉♣✮ ❛r❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❜•♦❝❦ ❛s ✇❡•• ❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❡♥tr❛• ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖•✱ s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ✐♥ t❤✐❝❦ •❛②❡rs ❝♦♥s✐st✐♥❣ ✐♥ r❡❞ ✢✉✈✐❛• s❛♥❞st♦♥❡s✳ ❆ ❜♦r❡❤♦•❡ s♦✉t❤ ❡❛st ♦❢ t❤❡ •✉♠❛r❡ ❢❛✉•t ❡①❤✐❜✐ts ✶✼✵ ♠ t❤✐❝❦ ♦❢ r❡❞ ❜❡❞s ✇✐t❤♦✉t r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜❡❞r♦❝❦✳ ■❣♥❡♦✉s r♦❝❦s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙t♦r♠❜❡r❣ ❣r♦✉♣ ❛r❡ t❤♦✉❣❤t t♦ ❜r♦❛❞•② •✐❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤✇❡st❡r♥ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r ❣r❛❜❡♥ ❛s ❜❛s❛•t ✢♦♦❞s ♦r ❞♦•❡r✐t❡ s✐••s ✭❑❡② ❛♥❞ ❆②r❡s✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✱ ❞❡•✐♠✐t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❙❙) ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ ❛♥❞ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ ❢❛✉•ts✳ ❚❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ♠❛❣♠❛t✐❝ str✐❦✐♥❣ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ✐s t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉②❦❡ ❙✇❛r♠✳ ❚❤✐s s❡t ♦❢ ❞♦•❡r✐t❡ ❞②❦❡s✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ◆✶✶✵➦ ❡①t❡♥❞s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ▲✐♠♣♦♣♦ ❜❡•t ✐♥ )✐♠❜❛❜✇❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤ ♦❢ ◆❛♠✐❜✐❛✱ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❖•✳ ■t ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❞❛t❡❞ ❛r♦✉♥❞ ✶✼✽ ▼② ✭•❛•• ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❑❛r♦♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ❛r❡ ❝❛♣♣❡❞ ❜② ❛ ♣❛•❡♦s♦✐• ♠❛r❦✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❡r♦s✐♦♥❛• s✉r❢❛❝❡✳ ❚❤✐s s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❡r♦❞❡s t❤❡ ◆①❛✐✲◆①❛✐ ❦✐♠❜❡r•✐t❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥tr✉❞❡s t❤❡ ❑❛r♦♦ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ✐s ❞❛t❡❞ ❛t ✽✸ ▼② ✭❇❛t✉♠✐❦❡ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✼ ✐♥ ▲✐♥♦• ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛s❛•ts ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ✐♠♣❛❝t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♣❛•❡♦t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤②✳ ❇✉t t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❝♦♥tr❛sts ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ •♦❣s ❛r❡ str♦♥❣•② r❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❢❛✉•ts✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t•②✱ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✉♥❞r❡❞s ♦❢ ♠❡t❡rs ♦❢ ❑❛r♦♦ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts s♦✉t❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ •✉♠❛r❡ ❢❛✉•t ❛♥❞ ❞♦•❡r✐t❡s ♥♦rt❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ ❢❛✉•t ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜•② ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ ❛♥ ❛❝t✐✈❡ ♣❤❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞✴♦r ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ❑❛r♦♦ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✈♦•❝❛♥✐s♠ t♦ ♣r❡s❡r✈❡ t❤❡ ❞❡♣♦s✐t ❢r♦♠ ▲❛t❡ ❈r❡t❛❝❡♦✉s ❡r♦s✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ s✉♣❡r❣r♦✉♣ ❚❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❜❛s✐♥ ❝♦✈❡rs ❛♥ ❛r❡❛ ❢r♦♠ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❉❡♠♦❝r❛t✐❝ |❡♣✉❜•✐❝ ♦❢ ❈♦♥❣♦ ✭❉|❈✮ t♦ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❙♦✉t❤ ❆❢r✐❝❛✱ ❛♥❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❊t♦s❤❛ ♣❛♥ t♦ t❤❡ )❛♠❜❡③✐ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛ ❛♥❞ ✇❡st❡r♥ )✐♠❜❛❜✇❡✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✻ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s ❛♥❞ ✐s♦♣❛❝❤s ♦❢ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❍❛❞❞♦♥ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✶✾✾✾✮✳ ▲✐♥♦• ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ t❤❡ •✐♠✐ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥ t♦ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❞❡♣♦❝❡♥t❡r ✐♥ ❉|❈✱ ♥♦t ❞r❛✇♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠❛♣✳ ❚❤❡ str❛t✐❣r❛♣❤② ❛♥❞ ❝❤r♦♥♦•♦❣② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❛r❡ ♣♦♦r•② ❝♦♥str❛✐♥❡❞✱ ♥♦t ♦♥•② ❞✉❡ t♦ ❛ •❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❞❛t❛✱ ❜✉t ❛•s♦ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ✐ts ❣r❡❛t s♣❛t✐❛• ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ✭❚❤♦♠❛s ❛♥❞ ❙❤❛✇✱ ✶✾✾✶❀ ❍❛❞❞♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❆•t❤♦✉❣❤ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡✱ t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❜❛s✐♥ ✐s s❤❛••♦✇ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ t❤✐❝❦♥❡ss ♦❢ ✹✺✵ ♠✳ ❚❤❡ ✈❡r② s♣❛t✐❛••② ✈❛r✐❛❜•❡ str❛t✐❣r❛♣❤② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ✐s ❣❡♥❡r❛••② ❢♦r♠❡❞ ♦❢ ❜❛s❛• ❝♦♥❣•♦♠❡r❛t❡s✱ s❛♥❞st♦♥❡s✱ •✐♠❡st♦♥❡s✱ ❝•❛② ❛♥❞ ✐s r❡❣✉•❛r•② ❝❛♣♣❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♠♦st r❡❝❡♥t ✉♥❝♦♥s♦•✐❞❛t❡❞ s❛♥❞s ✭❚❤♦♠❛s ❛♥❞ ❙❤❛✇✱ ✶✾✾✶❀ ❍❛❞❞♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❚❤r❡❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❞❡♣♦❝❡♥t❡rs ❢♦r♠ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥ ✐♥ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛✳ ❚❤❡ ❊t♦s❤❛ ❞❡♣♦❝❡♥t❡r s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st t❤✐❝❦♥❡ss ♦❢ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ s❛♥❞s ❝❛♥ r❡❛❝❤ ✉♣ t♦ ✷✵✵ ♠ t❤✐❝❦✳ ❚❤❡ ❆♥❣♦•❛♥ ❞❡♣♦❝❡♥t❡r ✐s ❡①❝•✉s✐✈❡•② ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❣❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♦❢ ❆♥❣♦•❛✱ t❤✉s ♣♦♦r•② ❝♦♥str❛✐♥❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❡t❛✐•❡❞✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ t❤❡ •❛st ❞❡♣♦❝❡♥t❡r ❡①t❡♥❞s ❛•♦♥❣ ❛ ◆✲❙ ❛①✐s ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ❛ )❛♠❜✐❛♥ ❞❡♣♦❝❡♥t❡r✱ s♦✉t❤ ♦❢ ▼♦♥❣✉✬s •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲❈❤♦❜❡ ❞❡♣♦❝❡♥t❡r✱ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❞❡t❛✐•❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦••♦✇✐♥❣ s❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ )❛♠❜✐❛♥ ❞❡♣♦❝❡♥t❡❞ ❝♦♠♣r✐s❡s ❛ ✉♥✐t ♦❢ ✉♥❝♦♥s♦•✐❞❛t❡❞ s❛♥❞s✱ t❤❡ ▼♦♥❣ s❛♥❞ ♠❡♠❜❡r✱ r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ✶✷✵ ♠ t❤✐❝❦ ✷✷✵ ❦♠ ❊❙❊ ♦❢ ▼♦♥❣✉✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖•✱ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ✉♥❝♦♠❢♦r♠❛❜•② ❝♦✈❡r ❡✐t❤❡r t❤❡ ❯♣♣❡r ❑❛r♦♦ r❡❞ ❜❡❞s✱ ❜❛s❛•ts ♦r t❤❡ ♠❡t❛♠♦r♣❤✐❝ ❜❡❞r♦❝❦✳ ❚❤❡ ❡r♦s✐♦♥ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ♠❛r❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❑❍ ❛♥❞ ❯♣♣❡r ❑❛r♦♦ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts✱ ✐s ❛•s♦ ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❡❞r♦❝❦ ✐♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ❞❡♣r✐✈❡❞ ♦❢ ❑❛r♦♦ ❞❡♣♦s✐ts✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ◆①❛✐✲◆①❛✐ ❦✐♠❜❡r•✐t❡✱ ❞❡✜♥❡s ✽✸ ▼② ❛s t❤❡ ♦•❞❡st ❜♦✉♥❞❛r② ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛❣❡ ♦❢ ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❑❍ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛♣❛ ❦✐♠❜❡r•✐t❡✱ ❞❛t❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✽✼✳✹± ✺✳✼ ❛♥❞ ✾✷✳✹± ✻✳✶ ▼② ✭❍❛❣❣❡rt② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✽✸❀ ▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❚♦ ❞❛t❡ ♥♦ ❞✉r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡r♦s✐♦♥ ♣❤❛s❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛✱ ❜✉t ❝•♦s❡ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❞✐r❡❝t•② ♦✈❡r•②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝r❛t❡r ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❦✐♠❜❡r•✐t❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ ❛♥ ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❡•❛t✐✈❡•② s♦♦♥ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ❦✐♠❜❡r•✐t❡s ❡r✉♣t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥ t✇♦ ❞✐st✐♥❝t ❢❛❝✐❡s✳ ✶✵ t♦ ✸✵ ♠ ♦❢ s❛♥❞② ❝❛r❜♦♥❛t❡s ❛♥❞ ❝❛•❝r❡t❡s ❛r❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ❛•• ❝♦r❡s ✐♥ ▲✐♥♦• ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ❡①❝❡♣t ♦♥❡ •♦❝❛t❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❈❤♦❜❡ ❛♥❞ ▲✐♥②❛♥t✐ ❢❛✉•ts✳ ❚❤❡② r❡✈❡❛• ❛ ♣❛•✉str✐♥❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✱ t❤✉s ✇❡tt❡r t❤❛♥ t♦❞❛②✱ ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛t❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❝❛♣ ❝❛•❝r❡t❡✱ ❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✜♥❛• ❡♠❡rs✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ r❡✈❡❛•✐♥❣ ❛ ❤✐❛t✉s ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❜❡❞s ✜♥❛••② ❝♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥❛t❡s ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❢❡✇ t❡♥s t♦ ✸✵✵ ♠ ♦❢ ✜♥❡ ✇❡••✲s♦rt❡❞ s❛♥❞ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✵✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ s❛♥❞s ✐s st✐•• ❝♦♥tr♦✈❡rs✐❛• ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛❡♦•✐❛♥ ❛♥❞ ✢✉✈✐❛t✐•❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt ✭❚❤♦♠❛s ❛♥❞ ❙❤❛✇✱ ✶✾✾✵✮ ❛♥❞ ✐♥✲s✐t✉ ✇❡❛t❤❡r✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r•②✐♥❣ Pr❡❝❛♠❜r✐❛♥ ❜❛s❡♠❡♥t ✭▼❝❋❛r•❛♥❡ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❚❤❡s❡ s❛♥❞s ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜•② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ r❡♠♦❜✐•✐s❡❞ s❡✈❡r❛• t✐♠❡s ❛s ♦❝❝✉r✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❛•❡♦✲❞✉♥❡ ✜❡•❞ ✭▼❝❋❛r•❛♥❡ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✻ ✕ ■s♦♣❛❝❤ ♠❛♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ✭♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❍❛❞❞♦♥ ❡t ❛•✳ ✶✾✾✾✮✳ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ •r❛❜❡♥ ❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ❚❤❡ ❖• ❢♦r♠s ❛ ❣❡♥t•❡ ❞❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈❡r② ✢❛t •♦❝❛• t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❜❛s✐♥✱ ❛♥❞ ✐s t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ •♦✇❡st ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❞❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ▼❛❦❣❛❞✐❦❣❛❞✐ ♣❛♥s ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✹✮✳ ❖♥•② s♦♠❡ ❢❛✉•ts ❡①❤✐❜✐t ❛ s❝❛r♣ ✐♥ t❤❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤②✱ ♥❡✈❡r ❡①❝❡❡❞✐♥❣ ❛ ❢❡✇ t❡♥s ♦❢ ♠❡t❡rs ❤✐❣❤ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✼✮✳ ❚❤❡s❡ s✉❜t•❡ s❝❛r♣s ❛r❡ ♥❡✈❡rt❤❡•❡ss s✉✣❝✐❡♥t t♦ ❜•♦❝❦ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✈❡r② •♦✇ r❡•✐❡❢✳ ❚❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥ ✐s s❡✐s♠✐❝❛••② ❛❝t✐✈❡ ✭❙❝❤♦•③ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✼✻❀ ▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✸✮ ❛♥❞ ✇❛s ✉♥t✐• ✈❡r② r❡❝❡♥t•② ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ♠♦st s❡✐s♠✐❝ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ❇♦ts✇❛♥❛✳ ❚❤❡ s❡✐s♠✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✐s ♠❛✐♥•② ❢♦❝✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤❡❛st❡r♥ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✳ ❚❤❡ ♥♦r♠❛• ❜♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ❢❛✉•ts s❤♦✇ ❞♦✇♥t❤r♦✇ ✉♣ t♦ ❛❜♦✉t ✺✵✵♠ ✭❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ ❙❤❡♠❛♥❣ ❛♥❞ ▼♦•✇❛•❡❢❤❡✱ ✷✵✶✶❀ ❇✉✛♦r❞ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✼ ✕ ▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r✐♠❛r② ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② ❢❛✉•t s❡ts ✭❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ▼♦❞✐s✐ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❈❛♠♣❜❡•• ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮ ❛♥❞ r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ ❡❛rt❤q✉❛❦❡ s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✺✵ ✭❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ ■❙❈ ✉♥r❡✈✐❡✇❡❞ ❜✉••❡t✐♥✮✳ ❇❛s❡♠❛♣ s❤♦✇s t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤② ❢r♦♠ ❙|❚▼✸✵ ❈ ✿ ❈❤♦❜❡ ❢❛✉•t✱ • ✿ •✉♠❛r❡ ❢❛✉•t✱ ❑✳ ✿ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ ❢❛✉•t✱ ▲❡ ✿ ▲❡❝❤❛ ❢❛✉•t✱ ▲✐ ✿ ▲✐♥②❛♥t✐ ❢❛✉•t✱ ▲✳◆✳ ✿ ▲❛❦❡ ◆❣❛♠✐✱ ▼ ✿ ▼❛❜❛❜❡ ❢❛✉•t✱ ▼✳❉✳ ✿ ▼❛❜❛❜❡ ❉❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥✱ P ✿ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡✱ ❙❙) ✿ ❙❡❦❛❦❛ ❙❤❡❛r )♦♥❡✱ ❚❤✳ ✿ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ ❢❛✉•t✱ ❚s ✿ ❚s❛✉ ❢❛✉•t✳ ❱❡r② ❢❡✇ ❝♦r❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❞r✐••❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦t❡❝t❡❞ ❉❡•t❛ t♦ ♦✈❡r❝♦♠❡ t❤❡ ❜•❛♥❦❡t ♦❢ ❑❍ s❛♥❞s✱ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ❢❡✇❡r r❡❛❝❤ t❤❡ ❜❡❞r♦❝❦✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts t❤❛t ❜r♦✉❣❤t ✐♥s✐❣❤ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ❖• str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛r❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜♦r❡❤♦•❡s ❞r✐••❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❲❛t❡r ❆✛❛✐rs ✭❍❛❞❞♦♥ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✾✮ ❛♥❞ ❚s♦❞✐•♦ |❡ss♦✉r❝❡s ✭▲✐♥♦•✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✱ ❛✐r❜♦r♥❡ ❛❡r♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ ❞❛t❛ ✭▼♦❞✐s✐✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❈❛♠♣❜❡•• ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✱ ▼❛❣♥❡t♦❚❡••✉r✐❝ ✭▼❚✮ ❛♥❞ ❊•❡❝tr✐❝❛• |❡s✐st✐✈✐t② ❚♦♠♦❣r❛♣❤② ✭❊|❚✮ ✭❇✉✛♦r❞ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❆s t❤❡ ❢❛✉•ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖• ❝✉t t❤❡ ❞②❦❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖❉❙✱ t❤❡ ♦✛s❡t ♦❢ t❤❡✐r t♦♣ ❞✉❡ t♦ ❞♦✇♥t❤r♦✇ ❛•♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•ts ❛••♦✇s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t♦t❛• ❞♦✇♥t❤r♦✇ ✭▼♦❞✐s✐✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ❙❤❡♠❛♥❣ ❛♥❞ ▼♦•✇❛•❡❢❤❡✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❇✉✛♦r❞ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮ ❞❡✈❡•♦♣❡❞ ❛♥ ❊❚▼ ♣r♦✜•❡ ❛❝r♦ss t❤❡ ✇❤♦•❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❛ •❛r❣❡ s❝❛•❡ ♣✐❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❣❡♦♠❡tr②✳ ❚❤❡s❡ st✉❞✐❡s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ •♦❝❛• ✐♥s✐❣❤ts t♦ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥ str✉❝t✉r❡✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❡❛❝❤ ✇✐t❤ str❡♥❣t❤s ❛♥❞ ✇❡❛❦♥❡ss❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❖• ✐s ❛ ❤❡♠✐✲❣r❛❜❡♥ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡s ✷✳✶✺ ❛♥❞ ✷✳✶✽✮✱ ❢♦r♠❡❞ ❜② ❛ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ ♥♦r♠❛•✱ ♣♦ss✐❜•② str✐❦❡✲s•✐♣✱ ❢❛✉•ts s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ❞♦✇♥t❤r♦✇ ✉♣ t♦ ❛❜♦✉t ✺✵✵ ♠ ✭❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ ❙❤❡♠❛♥❣ ❛♥❞ ▼♦•✇❛•❡❢❤❡✱ ✷✵✶✶❀ ❇✉✛♦r❞ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❖• ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤r❡❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥s ✭•✉♠❜r✐❝❤t ❛♥❞ ▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ ✷✵✵✶✮ ✿ ✶✮ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❡•❡✈❛t❡❞ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❜•♦❝❦✱ s✉♣♣♦rt✐♥❣ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡✱ ✷✮ t❤❡ •❡❛st ❡•❡✈❛t❡❞ ❝❡♥tr❛• ❜•♦❝❦✱ ❤♦st✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ▲❛❦❡ ◆❣❛♠✐ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ▼❛❜❛❜❡ ❉❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣r✐s✐♥❣ s❡✈❡r❛• ♥♦r♠❛• ❢❛✉•ts ❛♥❞ ✸✮ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❜•♦❝❦✱ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ❇♦t❡t✐ r✐✈❡r ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛••② ✢♦✇s✳ ❚❤❡ ❖• ✐s ❢♦r♠❡❞ ❜② ❛ ♣r✐♠❛r② ✼✵➦◆ ❢❛✉•t s❡t ❛♥❞ ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② ◆◆❲ t♦ ◆❙ ❢❛✉•t s❡t ✭▼♦❞✐s✐✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❈❛♠♣❜❡•• ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ t❤❡s❡ ❢❛✉•ts✱ ♦♥•② t❤❡ ✐s♦✲ •❛t❡❞ •✉♠❛r❡✱ t❤❡ ❑✉♥②❡r❡✱ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡✱ ▲✐♥②❛♥t✐ ❛♥❞ ❈❤♦❜❡ ❢❛✉•ts ❡①❤✐❜✐t ❛ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ s❝❛r♣✳ ❚❤❡ ❖• ✐s ❝♦♠♣r✐s❡❞ ♦❢ t❤r❡❡ ❞❡♣♦❝❡♥tr❡s ✿ ✶✮ ▲❛❦❡ ◆❣❛♠✐ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙❲ ✐s ❜♦✉♥❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ ❛♥❞ ▲❡❝❤❛ ❢❛✉•ts✱ ✷✮ t❤❡ ▼❛❜❛❜❡ ❉❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❛st ✐s ❜♦✉♥❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ▼❛❜❛❜❡ ❛♥❞ ❚s❛✉ ❢❛✉•ts ❛♥❞ ✸✮ t❤❡ ▲✐♥②❛♥t✐✲❈❤♦❜❡ s✇❛♠♣s ❜♦✉♥❞❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙❊ ❜② t❤❡ ❈❤♦❜❡ ❛♥❞ ▲✐♥②❛♥t✐ ❢❛✉•ts✱ ❛♥❞ ♣♦ss✐❜•② ✐♥ t❤❡ ◆❲ ❜② t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ •✉♠❛r❡ ❢❛✉•t✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥✱ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛ ✐s ❜♦✉♥❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s✐♥❣•❡ •✉♠❛r❡ ❢❛✉•t ✐♥ t❤❡ ◆❲ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ ❢❛✉•ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙❊✳ ❚❤❡ ❖• ✐s ❛ss②♠❡tr✐❝✱ ❤❡♥❝❡ ❛ ❤❡♠✐✲❣r❛❜❡♥✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s❡✈❡r❛• s♦✉t❤❡❛st❡r♥ ❢❛✉•ts s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ❞♦✇♥t❤r♦✇s ♦❢ ✉♣ t♦ ✺✵✵ ♠ ✭❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ❇✉✛♦r❞ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s✐♥❣•❡ ♥♦rt❤✇❡st❡r♥ •✉♠❛r❡ ❢❛✉•t s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ❛ ❞♦✇♥t❤r♦✇ ❛t •❡❛st ✺ t✐♠❡s s♠❛••❡r✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❈❛♠♣❜❡•• ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❛♥❞ ❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✱ s♦♠❡ ❞②❦❡s s❤♦✇ ❛ ❞❡①tr❛• ♦✛s❡t ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐♥❣ s♦♠❡ str✐❦❡✲s•✐♣ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ r❡❣✐♠❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉•❞ ❜❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② ❲◆❲✲❊❙❊ ❢❛✉•t s❡t •♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡rs•✐♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❢❛✉•t s❡t✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡❡♣ ❝r✉st❛• str✉❝t✉r❡✱ ♣❤②s✐❝❛• ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝r✉st ❛♥❞ s❡✐s♠✐❝✐t② ✐s t♦ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ P❛st✐❡r ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✱ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✺✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✽ s❤♦✇s ❛ s❝❤❡♠❛t✐❝ ❝r♦ss✲s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤✇❡st❡r♥ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❞♦✇♥t❤r♦✇s ❞✐✛❡rs ❛♠♦♥❣st st✉❞✐❡s✳ |❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ❝❛•❝✉•❛t❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦✛s❡t ♦❢ t❤❡ t♦♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞②❦❡s ✭❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ ❙❤❡♠❛♥❣ ❛♥❞ ▼♦•✇❛•❡❢❤❡✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✱ t❤❡② ❛❝t✉❛••② r❡❝♦r❞ t❤❡ ❣•♦❜❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♦♥ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•ts s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ▲♦✇❡r ❏✉r❛ss✐❝✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r✐♠❛r② ♣r❡s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ✐❣♥❡♦✉s r♦❝❦s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❯♣♣❡r ❑❛r♦♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥ ✐♠♣•✐❡s ❢❛✉•t ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ❜❡❢♦r❡ ♦r ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❈r❡t❛❝❡♦✉s ❡r♦s✐♦♥ ♣❤❛s❡✳ ❚❤✉s ❛ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ✐s ♥♦t t♦ ❜❡ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡❞ t♦ r❡❝❡♥t t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t②✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ❞②❦❡s ✐♥tr✉❞❡❞ t❤❡ ♣r❡✲❡①✐st✐♥❣ ❑❛r♦♦ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ ❤❡♥❝❡✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❯♣♣❡r ❑❛r♦♦ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡r✈❡❞✱ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤❡r ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ t❤❛♥ t❤❡ Pr❡❝❛♠❜r✐❛♥ ❜❡❞r♦❝❦✳ ❚❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛•• t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ str✉❝t✉r❡ r❡✈❡❛•❡❞ ❜② ❇✉✛♦r❞ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮ ✐s t❤✉s ❛ r❡❝♦r❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❝❝♦♠♠♦❞❛t❡❞ s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ •❛t❡ ♣❤❛s❡ ♦❢ ❡r♦s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❛♠❛r❛ ❜❡•t✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❡❞ t❤✐❝❦♥❡ss ♦❢ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ♠✐❣❤t ❛❝t✉❛••② ❝♦♥s✐st ✐♥ ❛ ✇❡❛t❤❡r✐♥❣ ♣r♦✜•❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❡❞r♦❝❦✱ r❡s✉•t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛♥ ♦✈❡r❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t ❛❝❝✉♠✉•❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❢❛✉•t ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ r♦✉♥❞♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r❛✐♥s✱ ❝♦♠♠♦♥•② ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❡❞ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t tr❛♥s♣♦rt✱ ❝♦✉•❞ ❛❝t✉❛••② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✽ ✕ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ s❝❤❡♠❛t✐❝ ❝r♦ss✲s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖• ❝♦♠♣✐•❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❍❛❞❞♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✺✮❀ ❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮❀ ❙❤❡♠❛♥❣ ❛♥❞ ▼♦•✇❛•❡❢❤❡ ✭✷✵✶✶✮❀ ❇✉✛♦r❞ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮❀ ▲✐♥♦• ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ s❡❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✺✳ ❚❤❡ ❑❛r♦♦ ❞②❦❡s ❛r❡ •♦❝❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❡❞r♦❝❦ ❛♥❞ ❑❛r♦♦ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❜❛s❛•ts✳ ❚❤❡ t❤✐❝❦ r❡❞ •✐♥❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛• t♦♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞②❦❡s✱ ❤❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•t ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ❛ss❡ss❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛❡r♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ ❞❛t❛✳ ❯♣♣❡r ❑❛r♦♦ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ✐❣♥❡♦✉s r♦❝❦s ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥✱ ❛t •❡❛st ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❚s❛✉ ❛♥❞ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ ❢❛✉•ts✳ ❚❤❡ ❚s❛✉ ❛♥❞ ▲❡❝❤❛ ❢❛✉•ts ♠❛② ❜❡ ❜•✐♥❞ ♦r ✐♥❛❝t✐✈❡ ❢❛✉•ts✳ ❚❤❡ •❤❛♥③✐ r✐❞❣❡ ❤♦sts ♠❛♥② s♠❛•• ❤♦rsts ❛♥❞ ❣r❛❜❡♥s✳ ❚❤❡ s•♦♣❡ ❢♦r♠❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ t♦♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❡❞r♦❝❦ ✐s ❤✐❣❤❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ s•♦♣❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉•❞ ❜❡ ♣❛rt•② ❞✉❡ t♦ ♠✐♥♦r ❢❛✉•ts r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ t♦ ❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t s•♦♣❡✳ |♦❝❦s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❛♠❛r❛ ❜❡•t✱ t❤❡ ❑❛✇❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣•❡① ❛♥❞ t❤❡ •❤❛♥③✐✲❈❤♦❜❡ ❜❡•t ❝♦♠♣r✐s❡ t❤❡ ❜❡❞r♦❝❦✱ ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✾✳ ❈♦•♦rs r❡♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ❣❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ✉♥✐ts ❛s ✐♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✺✳ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥✲s✐t✉ ❜② r❡♣❡❛t❡❞ ❛•t❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✭▼❝❋❛r•❛♥❡ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ |❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❝❛r❝✐t② ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞✐❡s✱ ✐t ✐s ♥♦t ❛ tr✐✈✐❛• t❛s❦ t♦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛ ✸❉ ♠♦❞❡• ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖•✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✾ ♣r♦♣♦s❡s t❤❡ ✜rst ♦✈❡r❛•• ✸❉ r❡❝♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡•✐❡❢ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❡❞r♦❝❦✱ r❡✈❡❛•✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞♦✇♥t❤r♦✇ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•ts✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✾ ✕ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ r❡❝♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜❡❞r♦❝❦ r❡•✐❡❢ s❤♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r✐♠❛r② ❢❛✉•t s❡t✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ ▼♦❞✐s✐ ✭✷✵✵✵✮❀ ❍❛❞❞♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✺✮❀ ❈❛♠♣❜❡•• ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮❀ ❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮❀ ❙❤❡♠❛♥❣ ❛♥❞ ▼♦•✇❛•❡❢❤❡ ✭✷✵✶✶✮❀ ❇✉✛♦r❞ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮❀ ▲✐♥♦• ✭✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❜❡❞r♦❝❦ ❝♦♥s✐st ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❛♠❛r❛ ❜❡•t✱ t❤❡ ❑✇❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣•❡① ❛♥❞ t❤❡ •❤❛♥③✐✲❈❤♦❜❡ ❜❡•t✳ ❈❤✳ ✿ ❈❤♦❜❡✱ ▲✐✳ ✿ ▲✐♥②❛♥t✐✱ ▼ ✿ ▼❛✉♥✱ ❙❙) ✿ ❙❡❦❛❦❛ ❙❤❡❛r )♦♥❡✱ ❚❤❛♠✳ ✿ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡✳ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•ts ❚❤❡ •✉♠❛r❡ ❢❛✉•t ✐s t❤❡ s✐♥❣•❡ ◆❲ ❜♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ❢❛✉•t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜r❡❛❦✲✐♥✲s•♦♣❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛••✉✈✐❛• ❢❛♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖•✬s ❝❡♥tr❛• ❜•♦❝❦✳ ❚❤✐s ❢❛✉•t ✐s ♠❛✐♥•② ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❣❡♦♠♦r♣❤♦•♦❣✐❝❛••② ❜② t❤❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐t ❝r❡❛t❡s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ◆❲ ◆❣❛♠✐•❛♥❞ ♣❛•❡♦✲❞✉♥❡ ✜❡•❞ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✷✮✳ ◆♦t ♦♥•② ❞♦❡s t❤❡ ❢❛✉•t ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s✉❞❞❡♥ ❞✐s❛♣♣❡❛r❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✉♥❡s✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♥❞ ✐s ❛•s♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞✳ ❆•t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝•❡ s✐③❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✐s s✐♠✐•❛r ♦♥ ❜♦t❤ s✐❞❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•t✱ t❤❡ s❛♥❞s ❝♦♠♣♦s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞✉♥❡ ✜❡•❞ ✐s ♠✉❝❤ r✐❝❤❡r ✐♥ ✐r♦♥✱ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❛ ❞❛r❦❡r ❝♦•♦✉r ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❢❛✉•t s❤♦✇s ❛ s❝❛r♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✵ t♦ ✶✵♠ ❤✐❣❤ ✭▼❝❋❛r•❛♥❡ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✱ ❢❛❞✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤② t♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡✳ ◆♦ st✉❞② ❤❛s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ t❤❡ ❡①❛❝t ❡①t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•t ❛t ❞❡♣t❤✳ ❆s ♦t❤❡r ❢❛✉•ts ♣•❛② ❛ r♦•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r② ❜❛s✐♥ ❜✉t s❤♦✇ ♥♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦♥ t❤❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤②✱ t❤✐s ❢❛✉•t ❝♦✉•❞ ❛❝t✉❛••② ❡①t❡♥❞ ❢✉rt❤❡r ◆❊✱ ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡✱ ❛s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ▼❝❈❛rt❤② ✭✷✵✶✸✮✳ ■t ✇♦✉•❞ t❤❡♥ ❜❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜r❡❛❦ ✐♥ s•♦♣❡ ✐♥t✐❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ▲✐♥②❛♥t✐ s✇❛♠♣s✳ ❚❤❡ ❞♦✇♥t❤r♦✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•t✱ ❛s ✇❡•• ❛s ✐ts •❛t❡r❛• ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t②✱ ✐s ❛•s♦ ♣♦♦r•② ❦♥♦✇♥✳ ❲❤✐•❡ t❤❡ ❣❡♦♣❤②s✐❝❛• st✉❞✐❡s ❛❣r❡❡ ♦♥ ❛ ❞♦✇♥t❤r♦✇ ♦❢ ✺✵ t♦ ✶✵✵ ♠ ✭▼♦❞✐s✐ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ❇✉✛♦r❞ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❛r❡❛✱ ❝♦r❡s ❞r✐••❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤✇❡st❡r♥ ♣♦rt✐♦♥ r❡✈❡❛•❡❞ ❛ ❞❡♣t❤ t♦ ❜❡❞r♦❝❦ ♦❢ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ✷✽✵ ♠ ✭▲✐♥♦•✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ ✇❤✐•❡ s♦♠❡ ❡❛rt❤q✉❛❦❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈✐❝✐♥✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ •✉♠❛r❡ ❢❛✉•t✱ ♥♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❝•✉st❡r ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ♦♥ ✐ts •♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✼✮✳ ❚❤✐s •❛❝❦ ♦❢ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ s❡✐s♠✐❝✐t② ✐s ♣❛r❛❞♦①✐❝❛• ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❣❡♦♠♦r♣❤♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•t✳ ■❢ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ✐s ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤✐s ❢❛✉•t✱ ❡✐t❤❡r ❢❛✉•t ❝r❡❡♣ ✐s ❛t ♣•❛②✱ ♦r t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✐s ❡♣✐s♦❞✐❝✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♣❡r✐♦❞ •♦♥❣❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t s❡✐s♠✐❝ r❡❝♦r❞s✳ ❚❤❡ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ ❢❛✉•t ❡①t❡♥❞s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❙❙) ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙❲ t♦ t❤❡ ▼❛❜❛❜❡ ❢❛✉•t ✐♥ t❤❡ ◆❊✳ ■t ✐s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❜♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ❢❛✉•t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥✱ ❞✉❡ t♦ ✐ts ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ ♠❡❛♥ ❞♦✇♥t❤r♦✇✱ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✸✸✹ ♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤ t♦ ✷✽✻ ♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤✱ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ♠❡❛♥ ❞♦✇♥t❤r♦✇ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥ ✭❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ■ts s❝❛r♣ ❝✉•♠✐♥❛t❡s ✐♥ ▲❛❦❡ ◆❣❛♠✐ ❛t ✸✺ ♠ ❛♥❞ ❢❛❞❡s t♦ ✵ ❛•♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❙❙) ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇❡st✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ◆❊✱ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•t s❝❛r♣ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈❡•② ❢❛❞❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ s✉rr♦✉♥❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ •♦♠♦t✐ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ✐♥ t❤❡ ◆❊✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ •♦❝❛t❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤✲❡❛st❡r♥ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ •❤❛♥③✐ r✐❞❣❡✳ ■ts ❞♦✇♥t❤r♦✇ ❢♦••♦✇s t❤❡ s❛♠❡ tr❡♥❞✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ❡st✐♠❛t❡s r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ✻✵✵ ♠ ❛•♦♥❣ ❛ s✉❜✲✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❢❛✉•t ♣•❛♥❡ ✐♥ ▲❛❦❡ ◆❣❛♠✐ ✭❇✉✛♦r❞ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ t♦ ❛ ♥✉•• ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t r❡•❛t✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ ❢❛✉•t ✐♥ ✐ts ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❡①t❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ▲❡❝❤❛ ❛♥❞ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ ❢❛✉•ts ❤❡♥❝❡ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡st t♦t❛• ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ❞②❦❡s ❡①❤✐❜✐t ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛• •❛t❡r❛• ♦✛s❡t ✭❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✱ ♣♦ss✐❜•② r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ✺ ❦♠ r✐❣❤t •❛t❡r❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ✭❈❛♠♣❜❡•• ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❉❡t❛✐•❡❞ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ r❡✈❡❛•❡❞ t❤❡ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ ❢❛✉•t ❛s ❛ ❢❛✉•t ③♦♥❡ ✇✐t❤ s❡✈❡r❛• ♣❛r❛••❡• ❢❛✉•ts ❛❜♦✉t ✸ t♦ ✺ ❦♠ ✇✐❞❡ ❢r♦♠ ✐ts s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❡①t❡♥t ✭❙❤❡♠❛♥❣ ❛♥❞ ▼♦•✇❛•❡❢❤❡✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ t♦ ✐ts ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❡♥❞ ✭▲❛•❡ts❛♥❣✱ ✶✾✾✺❀ ❈❛♠♣❜❡•• ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❇✉✛♦r❞ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮ ♥♦t✐❝❡❞ ♥♦ •♦✇ r❡s✐st✐✈✐t② ❛♥♦♠❛•② ♦♥ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•t ❛t ❞❡♣t❤ ✐♥ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✼✱ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ r✐✈❡r ✇❛s ❞r② ✭❆t❡❦✇❛♥❛✱ ♣❡rs✳ ❝♦♠♠✳✮✳ ❊❛rt❤q✉❛❦❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦✉r❤♦♦❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•t✱ ❜✉t ❡①❝•✉s✐✈❡•② ♦♥ ✐ts ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ♣♦rt✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ♣♦rt✐♦♥✱ ❜♦r❞❡r✐♥❣ ▲❛❦❡ ◆❣❛♠✐✱ s❤♦✇s ♥♦ r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ s❡✐s♠✐❝ ❡✈❡♥t✳ ❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ ❛❝t✉❛
♦❢ ♣r❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡♣✐❝❡♥tr❡s✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛ t②♣✐❝❛• ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t② ♦❢ ∼✺✵ ❦♠✱ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛••♦✇ t❤❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r ❢❛✉•t r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡❛rt❤q✉❛❦❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ▼❛❜❛❜❡ ❢❛✉•t s❤♦✇s ❛ ❞♦✇♥t❤r♦✇ ♦❢ ✉♣ t♦ ✺✵✵ ♠ ❞✐♣♣✐♥❣ ◆❊ ✭❑✐✲ ♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮ ❜✉t ♦♥•② ✾✵ ♠ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ♦❢ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❜❡❞s ❛r❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ❍❛❞❞♦♥ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✶✾✾✾✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❛r❡❛ r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ t❤❡ str♦♥❣❡st ❡❛rt❤q✉❛❦❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✷✵✶✸✲✷✵✶✹ s❡✐s♠✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ✹✳✸✳ ❚❤❡ ▼❛❜❛❜❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ ❝❛♥ ♥♦✇ ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s ❛ s✐♥❣•❡ ❢❛✉•t✳ ❚❤❡ ❡❛r•✐❡r ❞✐st✐♥❝t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡✐r ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛• r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ❜✉t t❤❡ ❛❡r♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ ❞❛t❛ s❤♦✇❡❞ ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐t② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ t✇♦ ❢❛✉•ts✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ♥♦ ❞❡t❛✐•❡❞ st✉❞② ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❞♦♥❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ ❞❡♣t❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛s❡♠❡♥t ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ▼❛✉♥ ❛r❡❛ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ▼❛❜❛❜❡ ❉❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ ❢❛✉•t ❡①t❡♥❞s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ •✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ◆❤❛❜❡ ❛♥❞ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ r✐✈❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤ t♦ ♥♦rt❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ •♦♠♦t✐ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•✳ ■ts s❝❛r♣ ✈❛r✐❡s ❢r♦♠ ✷✵ ♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤ t♦ ✷ ♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤✳ ■t ✐s ♥♦t❡✇♦rt❤② t❤❛t t❤❡ ❇♦t❡t✐ r✐✈❡r ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❝r♦ss t❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ ❢❛✉•t ❡✐t❤❡r ❛t t❤❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐ts •♦✇❡st s❝❛r♣✱ ♦r ❛t t❤❡ •♦✇❡st ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ❛•♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•t✳ ▲✐❦❡ t❤❡ ❑✉♥②❡r❡✱ t❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ ❢❛✉•t ✐s ❛ ❢❛✉•t ③♦♥❡ ✇✐t❤ s❡✈❡r❛• ♣❛r❛••❡• ❢❛✉•ts ❛ ❢❡✇ ❦♠ ✇✐❞❡ ✭▼♦❞✐s✐✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❈❛♠♣❜❡•• ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❞♦✇♥t❤r♦✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ ❢❛✉•t ✐s ✈❛r✐❛❜•❡ ❛•♦♥❣ str✐❦❡ ✭❈❛♠♣❜❡•• ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❙❤❡♠❛♥❣ ❛♥❞ ▼♦•✇❛•❡❢❤❡✱ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❛♥❞ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡s ✽✵ ♠ ✭❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✱ ❞✐♣♣✐♥❣ ◆❲✳ ❈❛♠♣❜❡•• ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ♥♦t✐❝❡❞ ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛• ❞❡①tr❛• ♦✛s❡t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞②❦❡s ❛✈❡r❛❣✐♥❣ ✶ ❦♠✳ ❇✉✛♦r❞ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮ ♣♦rtr❛②❡❞ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•t ❛s ❛ s✉❜✲✈❡rt✐❝❛• ③♦♥❡ ♦❢ •♦✇ r❡s✐st✐✈✐t② ❛♥♦♠❛•②✱ ♣♦ss✐❜•② ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❢❛✉•t ✐s ✜••❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❢r❡s❤ ✇❛t❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ ❢❛✉•t ✐s s❡✐s♠✐❝✱ ✇✐t❤ ❡✈❡♥ts r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❡✈❡r② ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ s❡✐s♠✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖•✳ ❚❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ ❢❛✉•t •♦✐♥s t❤❡ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ ❛♥❞ ▼❛❜❛❜❡ ❢❛✉•ts r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡•② ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤ ❛♥❞ ♥♦rt❤✱ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② ❢❛✉•ts ♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ◆◆❲✲❙❙❊ t♦ ◆✲❙ ✭▼♦❞✐s✐✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❈❛♠♣❜❡•• ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ♠✉❝❤ ❞❡♥s❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤ t❤❛♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ •✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❑✉♥②❡r❡✳ ❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♠♦r❡ ♠♦❞❡r❛t❡ ❞♦✇♥t❤r♦✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ ❢❛✉•t r❡•❛t✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ ❢❛✉•t ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s ❛ ②♦✉♥❣❡r r❡❛❝t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t t♦ ❛ ♠✐❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❝❝♦♠♠♦❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s♦✉t❤❡❛st✇❛r❞s✳ ❚❤❡ P❤✉t✐ ❛♥❞ ◆❛r❡ ❢❛✉•ts s❡❡♠ t♦ ♠❛t❝❤ s✉❝❤ ❛ ♠♦❞❡• ❛s t❤❡② ❡①❤✐❜✐t ♠✉❝❤ •♦✇❡r ❞♦✇♥t❤r♦✇s✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡•② ✶✽ ❛♥❞ ✼✶ ♠✱ ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ •♦❝❛t❡❞ ❙❊ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ ❢❛✉•t✳ ❚❤❡ ▲❡❝❤❛ ❢❛✉•t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❚s❛✉ ❢❛✉•t✱ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s•② ✉♥✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞✱ ✇❡r❡ ♦♥•② r❡✈❡❛•❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❛❡r♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ ❞❛t❛ ✭▼♦❞✐s✐ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✵✮ ❛s t❤❡② ❡①❤✐❜✐t ♥♦ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❢❛✉•t s❝❛r♣✳ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ❝♦♥•✉❣❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ ❢❛✉•ts ❛s t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❞✐♣♣✐♥❣ ❙❲✳ ❚❤❡✐r ♣r❡❝✐s❡ ❡①t❡♥t ✐s ♥♦t ❝•❡❛r•② ❞❡✜♥❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ▲❡❝❤❛ ❢❛✉•t ✐♥✐t✐❛t❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈✐❝✐♥✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❙) ❛♥❞ ❢❛❞❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ❈❤✐❡❢✬s ■s•❛♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤✱ ✇❤✐•❡ t❤❡ ❚s❛✉ ❢❛✉•t ❝♦✉•❞ ❜❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛t❡❞ ♠♦r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡❛st ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r ♥♦rt❤❡❛st✇❛r❞s t♦ ❢♦r♠ t❤❡ ◆❲ ❜♦r❞✐♥❣ ❢❛✉•t ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼❛❜❛❜❡ ❉❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❚s❛✉ ❢❛✉•t s❤♦✇s ❛ ❞♦✇♥t❤r♦✇ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✹✸ t♦ ✶✸✵ ♠✱ ✇❤✐•❡ t❤❡ ▲❡❝❤❛ ❢❛✉•t ✐s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s ❛ ♠❛•♦r ❢❛✉•t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❞♦✇♥t❤r♦✇ ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✷✸✷ ❛♥❞ ✸✸✹ ♠ ✭❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛• ❞♦✇♥t❤r♦✇s r❡•❛t✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡ •✉♠❛r❡ ❢❛✉•t ✐♥❞✉❝❡ ❛ ❤✐❣❤❡r s•♦♣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❡❞r♦❝❦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ •✉♠❛r❡ ❛♥❞ ❚s❛✉ ❢❛✉•ts t❤❛♥ t❤❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ s•♦♣❡✳ ❖t❤❡r ♠✐♥♦r ❢❛✉•ts ❝♦✉•❞ ❜❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤✐s ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈❡ ❞✐♣♣✐♥❣✳ ❇♦t❤ ❢❛✉•ts s❤♦✇ s♦♠❡ ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ s❡✐s♠✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈❡♥tr❛• ❉❡•t❛✳ ❚❤❡ ❚s❛✉ ❢❛✉•t ❝♦✉•❞ ❜❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❢❡✇ r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ ❡❛rt❤q✉❛❦❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❡♥tr❛• ❜•♦❝❦✳ ❇✉✛♦r❞ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮ r❡✈❡❛•❡❞ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❢❛✉•t ③♦♥❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t♦r ♦♥ t❤❡s❡ t✇♦ ❢❛✉•ts ❢r♦♠ ❊❚▼ ❞❛t❛✳ ❚❤❡ ❙❡❦❛❦❛ ❙❤❡❛r )♦♥❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥ts t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤✇❡st ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖•✳ ■t ♣r♦❜❛❜•② ✐s ✐♥❤❡r✐t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❉❛♠❛r❛♥ ♦r♦❣❡♥② ❛♥❞ ♥♦ ♥❡♦t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✐s ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✭▼♦❞✐s✐ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❚❤❡ ▲✐♥②❛♥t✐ ❢❛✉•t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❈❤♦❜❡ ❢❛✉•t ❡①t❡♥❞ t❤❡ ❖• ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡❛st✳ ❇♦t❤ ❢❛✉•ts ♠❛r❦ t❤❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤②✱ ✇✐t❤ s❝❛r♣s r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ♦♥•② ❛ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ♦❢ ✻ ♠ ❤✐❣❤ ❢♦r t❤❡ ▲✐♥②❛♥t✐ ❢❛✉•t✱ ❛♥❞ ✉♣ t♦ ✽✵ ♠ ❤✐❣❤ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❈❤♦❜❡ ❢❛✉•t✳ ❇♦t❤ ❢❛✉•ts ❛r❡ ❞✐♣♣✐♥❣ ◆❲✱ ❜✉t ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❞♦✇♥t❤r♦✇ ❛r❡ ♦♥•② ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ▲✐♥②❛♥t✐ ❢❛✉•t✱ r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✺✻ ❛♥❞ ✶✻✸ ♠✳ ❆❡r♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ ❞❛t❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ▲②♥✐❛♥t✐ ❢❛✉•t ✐s ❛❝t✉❛••② ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ♦❢ t✇♦ ❢❛✉•ts r❡•❛t❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❤♦♦❦ ✭❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❆ ❞✐✛✉s❡ s❡✐s♠✐❝✐t② ✐s •♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐♥②❛♥t✐ ❢❛✉•t✳ ❲✐t❤ t❤❡ ❑✇♥❛❞♦ r✐✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ▲✐♥②❛♥t✐ ❢❛✉•t ❢♦r♠s ❛ s♠❛•• ❛♥❛•♦❣✉❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛✱ ❝❛••❡❞ t❤❡ ▲✐♥②❛♥t✐ s✇❛♠♣s✳ ❖♥❝❡ ❛❣❛✐♥✱ t❤❡ s❡✈❡r❛• ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ❞✐✈❡r❣✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ r✐✈❡r ❛r❡ ❜•♦❝❦❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤② r❡s✉•t✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t②✳ ❆♣❛rt ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❙❛✈✉t✐ ♦✛t❛❦❡✱ t❤❡ r✐✈❡r ✐s ❞✐r❡❝t❡❞ ♥♦rt❤❡❛st✇❛r❞s ✉♥t✐• t❤❡ s❝❛r♣ ✐s •♦✇ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ ❢♦r t❤❡ r✐✈❡r t♦ ✢♦✇ s♦✉t❤✇❛r❞s✳ ❚❤❡ ❈❤♦❜❡ ❢❛✉•t ✜♥❛••② st❡❡rs t❤❡ r✐✈❡r t♦ •♦✐♥ t❤❡ )❛♠❜❡③✐✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② ❢❛✉•t s❡t ✐s ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖•✱ ♠❛✐♥•② ♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ✶✶✵➦◆ ✭▼♦❞✐s✐✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❈❛♠♣❜❡•• ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ♥♦r♠❛• ❢❛✉•ts ❛r❡ •♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛✉•t ③♦♥❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r✐♠❛r② s❡t✱ ♠❛✐♥•② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❑✉♥②❡r❡✳ ❚❤❡② ♠❛② ❛❝t✉❛••② ❡①t❡♥❞ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❛s ♥♦ ❞❡t❛✐•❡❞ st✉❞② ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❝❛rr✐❡❞ ♦✉t ♦✉ts✐❞❡ t❤✐s ❛r❡❛✳ ❚❤❡✐r ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❞❡♥s✐t② ✐s t❤✉s ❜✐❛s❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❜❡tt❡r ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❡r♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ ❞❛t❛ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ▼❛✉♥ ✭❈❛♠♣❜❡•• ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❙♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉❜s✐❞✐❛r② ❢❛✉•ts ❝❛♥ ❜❡ tr❛❝❡❞ ♦♥ ❡❛❝❤ s✐❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r✐♠❛r② ❢❛✉•ts✳ ❙♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•ts ❡①❤✐❜✐t ❛ ❞❡①tr❛• str✐❦❡✲s•✐♣ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ ❝✉r✈✐•✐♥❡❛r ❢❛✉•t ✐♥ t❤❡ •♦✇❡r ❉❡•t❛✳ ❚❤✐s s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② ❢❛✉•t s❡t ✐s t❤♦✉❣❤t t♦ ❛❝❝♦♠♠♦❞❛t❡ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤❡❛st❡r♥ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r♠ ❛♥ ❡♥✲❡❝❤❡•♦♥ ♣❛tt❡r♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♣r✐♠❛r② ❢❛✉•ts ✭▼♦❞✐s✐✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❚❤✐s ♣❛tt❡r♥ ✐s ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ ❛♥❞ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ ❢❛✉•ts ❛♥❞ ✐s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ •✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ◆❤❛❜❡ ❛♥❞ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ r✐✈❡rs✳ ❆ ❢❛✉•t ♦❢ s✐♠✐•❛r ♦r✐❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜•② ♣r❡s❡♥t ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ •✉♠❛r❡ ❛♥❞ ❚s❛✉ ❢❛✉•t✱ ❡①♣•❛✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❤✐❝❦♥❡ss ♦❢ ❯♣♣❡r ❑❛r♦♦ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❝•♦s❡ ❝♦r❡s •✶ ❛♥❞ •✸ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✽✮✳ •✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ ❡❛rt❤q✉❛❦❡s✱ t❤✐s •❛st ❢❛✉•t s❡t ✐s ♣r♦❜❛❜•② ♥♦t ❛❝t✐✈❡ ❛♥②♠♦r❡✳ ✷✳✸✳✸ ❈♦♥❝•✉s✐♦♥ ❚♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❞❡❝❛❞❛• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥✱ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝s ♠✉st ✐♥❞✉❝❡ ❡✐t❤❡r s✇✐❢t ♣•✉r✐❝❡♥t✐♠❡tr✐❝ ♦✛s❡ts ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• s❝❛•❡✱ t♦ tr✐❣❣❡r ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❛✈✉•s✐♦♥✱ ♦r ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛t t❤❡ ❢❛♥ s❝❛•❡✱ ❤✐❣❤ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t♦ ❝♦✉♥t❡r❜❛•❛♥❝❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ s•♦♣❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤✉s t❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥t✐❛• ✢♦✇ ✭P✐❦❡✱ ✶✾✼✵❀ ▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✸❀ ❇❛✉❡r ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❚❤✐s t❤❡♥ r❛✐s❡s ❛ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ q✉❡st✐♦♥s✳ ■s t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ❤✐❣❤ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t•② s❤✐❢t t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛•• t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❛♥❞ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❄ ❚♦ ❛♥s✇❡r t❤✐s q✉❡st✐♦♥✱ ✐t ✐s ❝r✉❝✐❛• t♦ ✜rst ❛♥s✇❡r t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✿ ✇❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ❛❝r♦ss t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥ ❄ ❚♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡♥❞♦r❤❡✐s♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❛t t❤❡ ❣❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡✱ ✐t ✐s ❝r✉❝✐❛• t♦ ❦♥♦✇ t❤❡ •♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡✳ ❍♦✇ ♦•❞ ✐s t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥ ❄ ❖r✱ ✇❤❡♥ ❞✐❞ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ❜❡❣✐♥ ❄ ❲❤❛t ✐s ✐ts •♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ❄ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉r✲ r❡♥t t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t②✱ ❢r♦♠ ∼✷✼❦②rs ✭•❛♠r♦❞✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ t♦ ▼✐♦❝❡♥❡ ✭▼❝❋❛r•❛♥❡✱ ♣❡rs✳ ❝♦♠♠✳✮✳ ■s t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ♦r ❡♣✐s♦❞✐❝ ❄ ❙✉❝❤ ❛♥s✇❡rs ✇♦✉•❞ ❜r✐♥❣ ♣r❡❝✐♦✉s ✐♥s✐❣❤ts t♦ ❜❡tt❡r ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❣❡♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝✴str✉❝t✉r❛• ♠♦❞❡• ❛♥❞ t♦ ❡•✉❝✐❞❛t❡ t❤❡ ❜✐❣❣❡r s❝❛•❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✿ ❲❤✐❝❤ ❣❡♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖• ❄ ❚❤✐s ❛♥s✇❡r ✇♦✉•❞ ❜r✐♥❣ ❛ str♦♥❣ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t ♦♥ t❤❡ •♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡✳ ■s t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ♦r ❡♣✐s♦❞✐❝ ❄ ❚❤✐s ❛♥s✇❡r ✐s ❝r✉❝✐❛• t♦ ❜❡tt❡r ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t t❤❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r② r❡❝♦r❞ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❡♥❞♦r❤❡✐s♠✱ t❤❡♥ ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s✳ ✷✳✹ ❆ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦•♦❣✐❝❛• s②st❡♠ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t t②♣❡s ♦❢ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❝✉rr❡♥t•② t❛❦❡ ♣•❛❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② ❤②❞r♦•♦❣②✱ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✇✐♥❞✱ ❛♥❞ ❞r✐✈✐♥❣ t❤❡♠ ✐♥ r❡t✉r♥✳ ▼❛♥② st✉❞✐❡s ❤❛✈❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ❛♥❞ tr✐❡❞ t♦ q✉❛♥t✐❢② t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❝✉rr❡♥t•② ❛t ♣•❛② ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❛t t❤❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✽✽❀ ❊••❡r② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✸❀ •❛rst❛♥❣ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✽❀ ▼✐•③♦✇ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✵❀ ▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❣❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡✱ ❞❛t✐♥❣s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❝❛rr✐❡❞ ♦✉t ♦♥ s❤❛••♦✇ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts✱ ②✐❡•❞✐♥❣ ❛❣❡s ♦❢ ✶✹✵ ❦② ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❛ ❢❡✇ ♠❡t❡rs ❞❡❡♣✳ ✷✳✹✳ ❆ ❙❊❉■▼❊◆❚❖▲❖•■❈❆▲ ❙(❙❚❊▼ ✺✾ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❈✉rr❡♥t s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r s❡❞✐♠❡♥t tr❛♥s♣♦rt ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝✉♠✉•❛t✐♦♥ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ q✉❛•✐t❛t✐✲ ✈❡•② ✇❡•• st✉❞✐❡❞ s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ✾✵✬s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✜rst q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✐♥♣✉ts✳ ❚❤r❡❡ t②♣❡s ♦❢ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❝❝✉r ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❛♥❞ •❡❛❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈❡ ❛❣❣r❛❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛♥ ✭▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ ✷✵✶✸✮ ✿ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ |✐✈❡r ✐s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r ✢✉✈✐❛t✐•❡ ❝•❛st✐❝ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ s♦•✉t❡ •♦❛❞ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥✱ t♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛❞❞❡❞ ❛❡♦•✐❛♥ ❞❡♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✳ ❈•❛st✐❝ ✢✉✈✐❛t✐•❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❈•❛st✐❝ ✢✉✈✐❛t✐•❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ |✐✈❡r ♠♦st•② ❝♦♥s✐st ♦❢ ✇❡••✲ s♦rt❡❞ q✉❛rt③ ❣r❛✐♥s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛t✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s✉rr♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ s❛♥❞s ✭▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✶✮ ❛♥❞ ❛•♠♦st ♥♦ ❝•❛② ❡♥t❡rs t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ✭❙t❛♥✐str❡❡t ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ❣r❛✐♥✲s✐③❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥tr❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ▼♦❤❡♠❜♦✱ ✐s ✵✳✸✺ ♠♠ ✭▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✱ s✐♠✐•❛r t♦ t❤❡ ❣r❛✐♥✲ s✐③❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s✉rr♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ❞✉♥❡ ✜❡•❞s ✭❙t❛♥✐str❡❡t ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ▼✐•③♦✇ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✱ t❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ❣r❛✐♥✲s✐③❡ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡s ❞♦✇♥str❡❛♠✱ ❛•♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ✢♦✇ ✈❡•♦❝✐t② ❞♦✇♥ t♦ ∼✵✳✷ ♠♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈✐❝✐♥✐t② ♦❢ ▼❛✉♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ s❛♥❞s ✐s tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② ❜❡❞•♦❛❞✱ ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✶✷✵ ✵✵✵ ❛♥❞ ✶✺✺ ✵✵✵ t✴②r✳ ❚❤❡ s✉s♣❡♥❞❡❞ •♦❛❞ ✐s st✐•• s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✸✵ ✵✵✵ t✴②r ✭❚❛❜•❡ ✷✳✷✮✳ ❈•❛st✐❝ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ❡❛s✐•② tr❛♣♣❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ r♦♦ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉❛t✐❝ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r♠✱ ❛•♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ♣❡❛t✱ t❤❡ ♣❡r♠❡❛❜•❡ •❡✈❡❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s✳ ❯♥•✐❦❡ ✇❛t❡r✱ ❝•❛st✐❝ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ t❤✉s ❡①❝•✉s✐✈❡•② tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✶✾✾✶✮✱ ❛❜♦✉t ✾✵✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥❝♦♠✐♥❣ ✢✉✈✐❛t✐•❡ s❛♥❞ ✐s tr❛♣♣❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡✳ ❖♥❝❡ ❞❡♣♦s✐t❡❞✱ t❤❡ s❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r❡♠♦❜✐•✐s❡❞ ✐♥ ❡r♦s✐♦♥❛• ♣❤❛s❡s ♦❢ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ❛♥❞ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡❞ ❞♦✇♥str❡❛♠✳ ❆s ✢✉✈✐❛t✐•❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ♠❛✐♥•② tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② ❜❡❞ •♦❛❞✱ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ❛r❡ ♣r✐♠❛r② s✐t❡s ❢♦r s❡❞✐♠❡♥t ❞❡♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✳ ❙❛♥❞ ❞❡♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜•♦❝❦ ❛ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•✱ ❛♥❞ t❤✉s ✇❤♦•❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❛r② s②st❡♠s✱ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❛ ❢❡✇ ②❡❛rs ✭❊••❡r② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳ ■♥ ❞❡❝❛❞❡s t♦ ❝❡♥t✉r✐❡s✱ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦✉♣•❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜•♦❝❦ ♠❛•♦r ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ❛♥❞ •❡❛❞ t♦ t❤❡✐r ❛✈✉•s✐♦♥ ✭❊••❡r② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✸❀ ▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❛♥❞ ❊••❡r②✱ ✶✾✾✺❛✮✳ ❲❤❡♥ ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛r❡❛s str❛t❡❣✐❝ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ❛♠♦♥❣st t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❛r② s②st❡♠s✱ ✐✳❡✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡ ♦r ✉♣♣❡r ❉❡•t❛✱ ❜•♦❝❦❛❣❡s ❝❛♥ ✐♥❞✉❝❡ ♠❛•♦r ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t s❤✐❢ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ r❡❣✐♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠s✱ •❡❛❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❞❡ss✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✉♥❞r❡❞s ♦❢ ❦♠ 2 ❛♥❞ str♦♥❣•② ✐♠♣❛❝t t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✳ ■♥ ❞♦✐♥❣ s♦✱ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞✐r❡❝t•② ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡s t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♦✉t•❡ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✳ ❚②♣❡ ❆♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♦✉♥t ✭❦t✴②r✮ ❙♦✉r❝❡✭s✮ ❇❡❞ •♦❛❞ ✶✷✵ t♦ ✶✺✺ ▼✐•③♦✇ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮ ❛♥❞ ▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✶✾✾✶✮ ❙✉s♣❡♥❞❡❞ •♦❛❞ ✸✵ ▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✶✾✾✶✮ ❙♦•✉t❡ •♦❛❞ ✶✵✻✳✾ t♦ ✷✹✼✳✹ ▼✐•③♦✇ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮ ❛♥❞ ▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✶✾✾✶✮ ❆❡r♦s♦•s ✷✺✵ •❛rst❛♥❣ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✶✾✾✽✮ ❚❛❜•❡ ✷✳✷ ✕ ◗✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r② ✐♥♣✉t ❙♦•✉t❡ •♦❛❞ ❙♦•✉t❡ •♦❛❞ ✐s ♣❛r❡♥t ♠❛t❡r✐❛• ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❛•❝r❡t❡ ❛♥❞ s✐•❝r❡t❡✱ ✉♥❞❡r ✐s•❛♥❞s ✭❞❡t❛✐•❡❞ ✐♥ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✷✳✶✳✹✮ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞✐st❛• r❡❛❝❤❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✭▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❛♥❞ ❊••❡r②✱ ✶✾✾✺❜❀ ❙❤❛✇ ❛♥❞ ◆❛s❤✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ▲❛②❡rs ♦❢ ❝❛•❝r❡t❡ ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ s✉❜✲s✉r❢❛❝❡✱ ❛s ❝❛•❝✐t❡ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t❡s ❞✉❡ t♦ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ♦s❝✐••❛t✐♦♥s r❡s✉•t✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ t❤✉s ❢♦r♠ ❜❡❞s ♦❢ ❝❛•❝r❡t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦r❞❡r ♦❢ ♠❡t❡rs t❤✐❝❦✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ♠❛ss ♦❢ s♦•✉t❡ •♦❛❞ ✐s ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✶✵✻ ✾✵✵ ✭▼✐•③♦✇ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮ ❛♥❞ ✷✹✼ ✹✵✵ t✴②r ✭▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❛♥❞ ▼❡t❝❛•❢❡✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✳ ❆❡♦•✐❛♥ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❆❡r♦s♦•s ❞❡♣♦s✐ts ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ q✉❛♥t✐✜❡❞ ❜② •❛rst❛♥❣ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✶✾✾✽✮ ❛t ✷✺✵ ✵✵✵ t✴②r✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊t♦s❤❛ P❛♥✳ ❯♥•✐❦❡ t❤❡ ✢✉✈✐❛t✐•❡ ♣❛rt✱ t❤❡ ❛❡♦•✐❛♥ ❣r❛✐♥s ❛r❡ ♣♦♦r•② s♦rt❡❞✱ r❡✈❡❛•✐♥❣ ♠✉•t✐♣•❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥s ✭❍✉♠♣❤r✐❡s ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❆•♠♦st ❤❛•❢ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✉st •♦❛❞ ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ ♦r❣❛♥✐❝ ♠❛tt❡r ❛♥❞ ✐s t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ❡r♦s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s s♦✐• ♠♦st•② ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞r② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥♦r❣❛♥✐❝ ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ♠♦st•② ❝♦♠♣r✐s❡❞ ♦❢ ❛♠♦r♣❤♦✉s ❜✐♦❣❡♥✐❝ s✐•✐❝❛ ❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❑r❛❤ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✉st •♦❛❞ ✐s ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ❜♦t❤ ✐♥ s♣❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ t✐♠❡✳ ❋•♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ❛r❡ ✈❛st ♦♣❡♥ ❛r❡❛s ✇❤❡r❡ ✇✐♥❞s ❤❛✈❡ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ ✈❡•♦❝✐t② t♦ ❡r♦❞❡ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❞r②✳ ❆rr✐✈✐♥❣ ❛t ✐s•❛♥❞ ❢r✐♥❣❡s✱ ✇✐♥❞s ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ ♣r✐♠❛r✐•② ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ tr❡❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❞✉st ✐s ♣❛rt•② tr❛♣♣❡❞ ❛♠♦♥❣st tr❡❡s ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠❛r❣✐♥s✳ ❚❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡s t♦ t❤❡ ✐s•❛♥❞ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤② ❛♥❞ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❢♦r ✹✵✪ ♦❢ ✐s•❛♥❞ ♠❛ss✳ ❉✉st •♦❛❞ ✐s ❛•s♦ str♦♥❣•② s❡❛s♦♥❛• ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❞❡♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ❛♥❞ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r✳ ■t s❤♦✇s ❛ str♦♥❣ ❝♦rr❡•❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ✇✐♥❞ s♣❡❡❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣❡❛❦s ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ s❡❛s♦♥✳ ■t ❛•s♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ ♦t❤❡r ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛• ❢❛❝t♦rs s✉❝❤ ❛s ♣r✐♠❛r② ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ✢♦♦❞ ❜✉t ✐♥ ❛ ✇❡❛❦❡r ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ✐♥❞✐r❡❝t ♠❛♥♥❡r✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❑r❛❤ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❛❡♦•✐❛♥ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❤❡♥❝❡ s❡❡♠s t♦ ❛❝t ♠❛✐♥•② ❛s ❛ ♠❛ss tr❛♥s❢❡r ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ❡r♦❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s t♦ ❛❝❝✉♠✉•❛t❡ ♦♥ ✐s•❛♥❞s✱ ❞❡s♣✐t❡ t❤❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ✐♥❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❛❡♦•✐❛♥ ♣❛rt✐❝•❡s ❢r♦♠ ♦t❤❡r r❡❣✐♦♥❛• s♦✉r❝❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❝♦rr♦❜♦r❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❛t ✽✹✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✉st •♦❛❞ ✐s tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡❞ ❜❡•♦✇ ✸ ♠ ❤✐❣❤✱ ✐♠♣•②✐♥❣ t❤❛t ♥♦t ♠❛♥② ❞✉st ♣❛rt✐❝•❡s •❡❛✈❡ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✳ ❚❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❡st✐♠❛t❡s ❢♦r s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r② ✐♥♣✉ts ❛r❡ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛• ♦r❞❡r ♦❢ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ✈❛•✉❡s ❢♦r ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r ✈❡•♦❝✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❛r❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t ✢✉①❡s ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜•② ✐♠♣•② ❛♥ ✉♥❞❡r❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t ✐♥♣✉t✳ ❉❡♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❛t t❤❡ ❛♣❡① ♦❢ ❛••✉✈✐❛• ❢❛♥ ✐s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛• ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠✐❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s✳ ❚❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ s✉❝❝❡ss✐✈❡ ♠✐❣r❛t✐♦♥s t❤r♦✉❣❤ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❝r♦ss t❤❡ ❢❛♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s t❤❡✐r ❝♦♥✐❝❛• s❤❛♣❡ t♦ s✉❝❤ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ✭•✉♠❜r✐❝❤t ❛♥❞ ▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ ✷✵✵✶❀ ❍❛rt•❡② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t ♠❛ss ❜❛•❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♠✐❝r♦✲t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤②✱ •✉♠❜r✐❝❤t ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t❤❛t ❛•• r❡❣✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛♥ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ❛❣❣r❛❞❛t✐♦♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ♠✐❣r❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❛ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ ✶✺✵ ✵✵✵ ②r✳ ✷✳✹✳✷ ▲♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛♥② st✉❞✐❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❝❛rr✐❡❞ t♦ ❞❛t❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❚❤❡r♠♦▲✉♠✐♥❡s✲ ❝❡♥❝❡ ♦r ❖❙▲ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❚❤♦♠❛s ❛♥❞ ❙❤❛✇✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ❇✉rr♦✉❣❤ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ |✐♥❣r♦s❡ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ ▲✐♥♦•✱ ✷✵✶✸✮ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ t❡r♠✐♥✐ ❛s ✇❡•• ❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✬s ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s✳ ▼♦st ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ❞❛t❡❞ s❤❛••♦✇ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts✱ ♦❢ ❛ ❢❡✇ ♠❡t❡rs ❞❡❡♣ ♦♥•②✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✬s t❡r♠✐♥✐✱ ▲❛❦❡ ◆❣❛♠✐ ✐s t❤❡ ♠♦st ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❡❞✳ ■ts ♣❛•❡♦✲s❤♦r❡•✐♥❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❞❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ♠❛♥② st✉❞✐❡s ❛♥❞ s②♥t❤❡s✐s❡❞ ✐♥ ✻✶ ❇✉rr♦✉❣❤ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✷✵✳
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✷✵ ✕ ❆❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❜s♦•✉t❡ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛t❡❞ s❛♠♣•❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❛•❡♦✲s❤♦r❡•✐♥❡s ♦❢ ▲❛❦❡ ◆❣❛♠✐ s②♥t❤❡t✐s❡❞ ✐♥ ❇✉rr♦✉❣❤ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ r❡✈❡❛•✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜•❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s✳ ❊❛❝❤ ❝♦•♦✉r❡❞ s②♠❜♦• r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts s❛♠♣•❡s ❢r♦♠ ❛ s✐♥❣•❡ ❝♦r❡✳ ◆♦t❡ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ ❛ s✐♥❣•❡ ❝♦r❡ ✭❣r❡❡♥ ❝r♦ss❡s✮ ✇✐t❤ ❛ •♦✇ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ♦❢ ❛❜♦✉t ✹ ① ✶✵ -5 ♠✴②r ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✺✺ ❛♥❞ ✸✵ ❦② ❇P✱ t❤❡ ❤✐❛t✉s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✸✵ ❦② ❛♥❞ ∼✸ ❦②✱ ❢♦••♦✇❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❢❛st❡st s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❤♦•❡ r❡❝♦r❞✱ ✽✳✸ ① ✶✵ -4 ✳ ❆ str✐❦✐♥❣ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ✐s t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s ❝❛•❝✉•❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡s❡ ❞❛✲ t✐♥❣s✱ ❢r♦♠ ✹ ① ✶✵ -5 t♦ ✽✳✸ ① ✶✵ -4 ♠✴②r✳ ❚❤✐s ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ✐s ✜rst ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝♦r❡s✳ ■t ♦❜✈✐♦✉s•② ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ t❤❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦r❡ r❡•❛t✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❛❝t✐✈❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❡r •❛❦❡ ❛♥❞ r❡✈❡❛•s t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ •❛❦❡✳ ❇✉t t❤❡ r❛t❡ ♦❢ ❛❝❝✉♠✉•❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❛•s♦ ✈❛r② ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❛ s✐♥❣•❡ ❝♦r❡✱ r❡✈❡❛•✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ r❡❣✐♠❡ ♦♥ ❛ t✐♠❡ s❝❛• ♦❢ t❤♦✉s❛♥❞s ♦❢ ②❡❛rs✳ ❉❡❡♣❡r s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ ❞❛t❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ s❛♥❞ ❞❡♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✐s ♣♦♦r•② ❝♦♥str❛✐♥❡❞✱ ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ ❛s ♠♦r❡ r❡❝❡♥t t❤❛♥ ✽✵ ▼② ✭▲✐♥♦•✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ■t ✐s t❤✉s r✐s❦② t♦ ❡①tr❛♣♦•❛t❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ •♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ ✐t t♦ t❤❡ s✉❜s✐❞❡♥❝❡ r❛t❡ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥✳ ✷✳✹✳✸ ❊r♦s✐♦♥ ❆s ❛♥ ❡♥❞♦r❤❡✐❝ s②st❡♠✱ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛ ✐s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ♥♦t t♦ ❜❡ s✉❜•❡❝t t♦ ❡r♦s✐♦♥ ❛t t❤❡ ❣•♦❜❛• s❝❛•❡✳ ❋•✉✈✐❛t✐•❡ ❡r♦s✐♦♥ ✐s ❛t ♣•❛② ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❢❛♥✱ ❜✉t ♦♥•② •♦❝❛••② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❛♥❞ ❞❡♣♦s✐t❡❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❛ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ✢♦♦❞ ✐s ♦♥•② r❡♠♦❜✐•✐s❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❞❡♣♦s✐t❡❞ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❞♦✇♥str❡❛♠✳ ■♥ t❤❡ s❤♦rt t❡r♠✱ ✇❛t❡r ✢♦✇ ✐♥ ♠❡❛♥❞❡r✐♥❣ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ❡r♦❞❡s t❤❡ ❡①t❡r♥❛• ❜❛♥❦s ❛♥❞ ❞❡♣♦s✐ts s❛♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r ❡❞❣❡ ♦❢ ♠❡❛♥❞❡rs ✭s❡❡ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✷✶✮✳ ■♥ ❞♦✐♥❣ s♦✱ ❡r♦s✐♦♥ ❤❡•♣s t❤❡ ♠✐❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❛♥❞ ❡r❛s❡s ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s •❛♥❞♠❛r❦s✳ ❊r♦s✐♦♥ ✐s ❛•s♦ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡st❛❜•✐s❤♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♥❡✇ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ❡r♦s✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❞❡❣r❛❞❡ ✐s•❛♥❞s✱ ♣❛rt✐❛••② ♦r t♦t❛••②✳ ✻✷ ❈❍❆P■❚|❊ ✷✳ ❈❖◆❚❊❳❚ ❖❋ ❚❍❊ ❙❚❯❉( ❆|❊❆ ■♥ t❤❡ •♦♥❣ t❡r♠✱ ❡r♦s✐♦♥ ♠❛② ❜❡ ✐♥✈♦❦❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ❢♦r ❤✐❛t✉s ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r② r❡❝♦r❞✱ ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❞❛t✐♥❣s ❛t ▲❛❦❡ ◆❣❛♠✐✳ ❚❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• s❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦r❡s✱ ❛s ✇❡•• ❛s t❤❡ ❞❛t✐♥❣s ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❝♦r❡s✱ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♣❡r♠✐t t❤❡ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛ ♣❤❛s❡ ♦❢ ♥♦♥✲ ❞❡♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡r♦s✐♦♥ ❛t ♣r❡s❡♥t✳ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ •♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s ❝❛♥ t❤✉s ❜❡ ❜✐❛s❡❞✳ ❈♦♥❝•✉s✐♦♥ ❙❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❤❛s ❛ str♦♥❣ ❝♦♥tr♦• ♦♥ ❜♦t❤ s❤♦rt ❛♥❞ •♦♥❣ ✇❛✈❡•❡♥❣t❤ t♦♣♦✲ ❣r❛♣❤② ❛♥❞ ✐s ♣r♦❜❛❜•② ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❡❞ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❛t t❤❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡✳ ■t ✐s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❛✈✉•s✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t•② ✐♠♣❛❝t ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✲ t❛r② s②st❡♠✳ ❲❤❡♥ ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛♥ ❛r❡❛ ❝r✐t✐❝❛• ❢♦r ❛ttr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ ✉♣♣❡r ❉❡•t❛✱ ✐t ❝❛♥ str♦♥❣•② ✐♠♣❛❝t t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ❛t t❤❡ s❝❛•❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✳ ❆t t❤❡ ❣❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡✱ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✜••s t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥ ❛♥❞ r❡❞✉❝❡s t❤❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❞❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s •♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♣♦♦r•② ❝♦♥str❛✐♥❡❞ ❛s ✈❡r② ❢❡✇ ❝♦r❡s ❛r❡ ❛❝❝❡s✲ s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ❢❡✇❡r r❡❛❝❤ t❤❡ ❜❡❞r♦❝❦✳ ❲❤✐•❡ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r② ✐♥♣✉t ❛r❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❡❞ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✱ ♦t❤❡r ❢❛❝t♦rs✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛t ♣•❛②✳ ❆ss❡ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❤♦rt✲t❡r♠ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r② ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ✐s ♥♦t t❤❡ ❛✐♠ ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞②✱ ❜✉t ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✐ts •♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ✐s ❡ss❡♥t✐❛• t♦ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ t❤❡ r❛t✐♦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ s✉❜s✐❞❡♥❝❡ r❛t❡s ❝♦♥tr♦••✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡♥❞♦r❤❡✐s♠✳ ❍♦✇ ✈❛r✐❛❜•❡ ❛r❡ t❤❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s ❄ ❲❤❛t ✐s ❝❛✉s✐♥❣ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❛t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡s ❄ ❍♦✇ ❞♦❡s ❡r♦s✐♦♥✴s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♠♣❛❝t t❤❡ ♣r✐♥t ♦❢ t❡❝✲ t♦♥✐❝ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ •❛♥❞s❝❛♣❡ ❄ ❆•t❤♦✉❣❤ ✐t ✐s ♥♦t t❤❡ ❛✐♠ ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞② t♦ ❛♥s✇❡r ❛•• t❤❡s❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥s✱ t❤❡② ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛• ❝♦♥t❡①t ✇❤✐•❡ tr②✐♥❣ t♦ ❞✐s❡♥t❛♥❣•❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr♦•s ♦♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✷✶ ✕ ❙❛♥❞② ❝•✐✛ ❢♦r♠❡❞ ❜② ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❡r♦s✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛♥ ✐s•❛♥❞✱ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡✳ ✷✳✺✳ ❆ P|■❙❚■◆❊ ❆◆❉ ■◆❚❊|❆❈❚■❱❊ ❊❈❖❙(❙❚❊▼ ✻✸ ✷✳✺ ❆ ♣r✐st✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ ❡❝♦s②st❡♠ ❆ ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛ ✐s t❤❛t ✐t ✐s ❛ ✈❡❣❡t❛t❡❞ ❛••✉✈✐❛• ❢❛♥ ✭❍❛rt•❡② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮ ❤♦st✐♥❣ ❛ ✢♦✉r✐s❤✐♥❣ ❜✐♦t❛✳ ❚❤❡ ❜✐♦t✐❝ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❝♦s②st❡♠ ❡①❡rts ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ s♠❛•• s❝❛•❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤②✱ ♠❛✐♥•② ✐♥ t❤r❡❡ ✇❛②s ✿ ✶✮ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤•② ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐✈❡ ❛q✉❛t✐❝ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥✱ ✷✮ t❤❡ ❢♦r❛❣✐♥❣ t❡r♠✐t❡s ❛♥❞ ✸✮ t❤❡ ❜✐❣ ❤❡r❜✐✈♦r❡s✳ ❆♣❛rt ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ tr❡❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ ✭s❡❡ ❞❡t❛✐•s ✐♥ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✷✳✶✳✹✮✱ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ str♦♥❣•② ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡s ✇❛t❡r ✢♦✇ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s✳ ■t ✐s ♠♦st•② ❝♦♠♣r✐s❡❞ ♦❢ ❈②♣❡r✉s ♣❛♣②r✉s ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✷✷❆✮ ❛♥❞ ▼✐s❝❛♥t❤✉s✱ P❤r❛❣♠✐t❡s s♣♣ ✐♥ ♣❡r❡♥♥✐❛••② ✐♥✉♥❞❛t❡❞ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s✱ ✇❤✐•❡ s❡❛s♦♥❛• ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ❛r❡ ❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ❜② s♠❛••❡r ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t ❣r❛ss❡s ❛♥❞ s❡❞❣❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r✐♠❛r② ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ✐s ✐♥t❡♥s❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞❡♥s❡ r♦♦ts✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛❝❝✉♠✉•❛t✐♥❣ ♣❡❛t ❛♥❞ tr❛♣♣❡❞ s❛♥❞s ❢♦r♠ t❤❡ ♣❡r♠❡❛❜•❡ •❡✈❡❡s ❝♦♥✜♥✐♥❣ r❛♣✐❞ ✢♦✇✳ P❡❛t ❛❝❝✉♠✉•❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡❞❣❡s ♦❢ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ❛•s♦ ❢♦r❝❡s ✇❛t❡r t♦ ✢♦✇ ♦♥ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❤✐❣❤s ✐♥ s♦♠❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ✭▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✶❀ ❚♦♦t❤ ❛♥❞ ▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❚❤✐s ❤✐❣❤ ♣r✐♠❛r② ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ♠♦❞❡r❛t❡❞ ♦✈❡r ❞❡❝❛❞❡s ❜② t❤❡ ♦❝❝✉rr❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✜r❡s✳ ❲❤✐•❡ ♣❡❛t ❝❛♥ ❛❝❝✉♠✉•❛t❡ t♦ t❤✐❝❦♥❡ss❡s ♦❢ ✸ t♦ ✹ ♠✱ t❤❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t ✜r❡s ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ •❡✈❡• ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ♦r❣❛♥✐❝ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❜② r❡♠♦✈✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t ✾✵✪ ♦❢ ❛❝❝✉♠✉•❛t❡❞ ♣❡❛t ✭❊••❡r② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✸❀ ❍❡✐♥• ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r✐♠❛r② ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ r❡♠♦✈❛• ✐s t❤❡ t❡r♠✐t❡s✱ ♠❛✐♥•② r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t❡❞ ❜② ▼❛❝r♦t❡r♠❡s ♠✐❝❤❛❡•s❡♥✐ ✭❉❛♥❣❡r✜❡•❞ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❚❡r♠✐t❡ ♠♦✉♥❞s ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✷✷❈✮ ❛r❡ ✉❜✐q✉✐t♦✉s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✳ ❚❤❡② ❝❛♥ r❡❛❝❤ ✹ ♠ ❤✐❣❤✱ ✷ ♠ ❞❡❡♣✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✺✵ ♠ 2 ❜❛s❡✳ ❚❡r♠✐t❡ ♠♦✉♥❞s ♥♦t ♦♥•② ❝r❡❛t❡ •♦❝❛• t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❤✐❣❤s ❛••♦✲ ✇✐♥❣ ✐s•❛♥❞ ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐♦♥ ✭▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✱ ❜✉t ❛•s♦ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉t❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s t♦ t❤❡ ✐s•❛♥❞s t♦ ❢♦r♠ t❤❡✐r ♠♦✉♥❞s✳ ▼♦✉♥❞s ❛r❡ ❜✉✐•t ❜② ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♥❣ ❝•❛②s✳ ◆❡✇ ❛♥❞ ♦•❞ ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥❡❞ ♠♦✉♥❞s ❛r❡ ♠✉❝❤ ♠♦r❡ r❡s✐st❛♥t t♦ ✢♦✇✲❞r✐✈❡♥ ❡r♦s✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❝•❛② ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r② ♣✐•❡ ❛r❡ ♦❢t❡♥ ✐♥✈♦•✈❡❞ ✐♥ ✢♦✇ ♣❛t❤ ❝♦♥tr♦•✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ t❡r♠✐t❡s ♣•❛② ❛ ❝r✉❝✐❛• r♦•❡ ❛s ❛ s✐♥❦ ❢♦r ♥✉tr✐❡♥ts✱ ❛s t❤❡② ❢♦r❛❣❡ ❣r❛ss ❛♥❞ ✇♦♦❞② •✐tt❡r s♦ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t•② t❤❛t t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t♦rs ✇✐t❤ ✇✐•❞ ❛♥❞ ❞♦♠❡st✐❝ ❤❡r❜✐✈♦r❡s ✭❉❛♥❣❡r✜❡•❞ ❛♥❞ ❙❝❤✉✉r♠❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❚❡r♠✐t❡s ❛r❡ •❛♥❞s❝❛♣❡ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✷✷ ✕ ■♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✢♦✉r✐s❤✐♥❣ ❡❝♦s②st❡♠✳ ❆ ✿ P❛♣②r✉s ❤♦st t❤❡ ❡❞❣❡s ♦❢ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s✳ ❇ ✿ ❍✐♣♣♦♣♦t❛♠✉s ♣❛t❤ ✉♥❞❡r ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥✳ ❈ ✿ ❚❡r♠✐t❡ ♠♦✉♥❞✳ ✭❙♦✉r❝❡ ✿ ✇✇✇✳ ❡❛rt❤✲t♦✉❝❤✳❝♦♠ ✐♥ ▼❡♥❞❡•s♦❤♥ ❡t ❛•✳ ✷✵✶✵ ❢♦r ❇ ❛♥❞ ❈✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦✈❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❜✐❣ ❤❡r❜✐✈♦r❡s✱ ♠❛✐♥•② ❡•❡♣❤❛♥t ♣❛t❤s ❛♥❞ ❤✐♣♣♦♣♦t❛♠✉s t✉♥♥❡•s ✭❋✐✲ ❣✉r❡ ✷✳✷✷❇✮✱ ❞✐st✉r❜ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s✳ |❡♣❡❛t❡❞ ♠♦✈❡♠❡♥t t♦ ❢❡❡❞✐♥❣ ❣r♦✉♥❞s ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥ ♣❛t❤✲ ✇❛②s ❞❡✈♦✐❞ ♦❢ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ♣❛t❤s ♦❢ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥t✐❛• ✢♦✇ ❝❛♥ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❛✈✉•s✐♦♥ ❜② ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐♥❣ ♥❡✇ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s✱ ❛❝t ❛s ♥♦❞❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❞✐st✐♥❝t ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ♦r ❡✈❡♥ •❡❛❞ t♦ •❛❦❡ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s ✭▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❯♥•✐❦❡ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✱ t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❝♦s②st❡♠ ✐s ♦♥•② s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❛t ❛ ❞❡❝❛❞❛• t♦ ♠✉•t✐✲❝❡♥t❡♥♥✐❛• t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡✱ ❜✉t ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ r❡♣❡❛t❡❞ ♣❡❛t ✜r❡s r❡♠♦✈✐♥❣ ❛•• tr❛❝❡s ♦❢ ♦r❣❛✲ ♥✐❝ ♠❛tt❡r st♦r❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♥❞✱ ♥♦t ♠✉❝❤ ♦r❣❛♥✐❝ ♠❛tt❡r ✐s ❝♦♥s❡r✈❡❞✳ ❖❜✈✐♦✉s•②✱ ✇❤✐•❡ t❤❡ ❡❝♦s②st❡♠ ❡①❡rts ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✱ ✐t ✐s ❝♦♠♣•❡t❡•② ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐✲ ❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r•②✱ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❡①t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ✭▲✐♥❞❤♦•♠ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❈❤❛♣✐tr❡ ✸ ❖r✐❣✐♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛• ♦❢ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♥❞ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✸✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❆str✐❞❡ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛✱ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♥❞ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✐s ❝✉rr❡♥t•② ❞❡❢♦r♠❡❞ ❜② t✇♦ ♠❛✐♥ ♣r♦✲ ❝❡ss❡s ✿ s❡❛s♦♥❛• ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♠♣❛❝t t❤❡ •P❙ s✐❣♥❛• ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t•② ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✶✮✳ ❚♦ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ♣r♦❝❡ss✱ ✐t ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛♥♥❡r t❤❡② ✐♠♣❛❝t t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• s❡❛s♦♥❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ✐♥❞✉❝❡s ❛ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝ ❛♥♥✉❛• s✐❣♥❛•✱ ❛s t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤✬s ❝r✉st ✢❡①✉r❡s ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥ ✉♥✲ ❞❡r t❤❡ ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛ss ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ♣♦✉r✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ✈❛♥ ❉❛♠ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ❈❤❛♥❛r❞ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❲❤❡♥ ✇❛t❡r •❡❛✈❡s t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞r② s❡❛s♦♥✱ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❡✈❛♣♦✲ tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥✱ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ r❡•❛①❡s ❛♥❞ r✐s❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝ s✐❣♥❛• ✐s ♥♦t ♦♥•② ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ✐ts ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ❝❛♥ r❡❛❝❤ s❡✈❡r❛• ❝❡♥t✐♠❡t❡rs✱ ❜✉t ❛•s♦ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ♦♥❡s ❛s t❤❡ ✢❡①✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡s t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥s t♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡ ❝❡♥t❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ •♦❛❞✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t t❤✉s ❞✐✛❡rs ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥ r❡•❛t✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ •♦❛❞✐♥❣✳ ❚❤✐s ❤♦✲ r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ✐s ♥❡✈❡rt❤❡•❡ss ♠✉❝❤ •♦✇❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ♦♥❡✳ ❲✐t❤ ✈❛r✐❛❜•❡ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❛♥❞ ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ②❡❛rs✱ t❤❡ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦r ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ✐♠♣•✐❡s ✐♥t❡r✲ ❛♥♥✉❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❤❡♥❝❡ ❛ ♣•✉r✐✲❛♥♥✉❛• tr❡♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ •P❙ s✐❣♥❛•✳ ❚❡❝t♦♥✐❝s ✐♠♣❛❝t t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ •P❙ s✐❣♥❛• ✐♥ t✇♦ ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ ✇❛②s ✿ ❛ •✐♥❡❛r tr❡♥❞ r❡✈❡❛•✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛•• ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛••② s✉❞❞❡♥ ♦✛s❡ts ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② s❡✐s♠✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t②✳ ❚♦ ❞✐s❡♥t❛♥❣•❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ♣r♦❝❡ss✱ ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ t♦ ♠♦❞❡• t❤❡ ❝r✉st❛• ✢❡①✉r❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t ♦♥ s❡❛s♦♥❛• ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❚r❡❣♦♥✐♥❣ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ❋✉ ❛♥❞ ❋r❡②♠✉❡••❡r✱ ✷✵✶✷❀ ❲❛♥❣ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✼✮✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ •|❆❈❊ s❛t❡••✐t❡s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝ ❞❛t❛ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤✬s ❣r❛✈✐t② ✜❡•❞✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s r❡✈❡❛• ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛ss ❛t ❛•• s♣❛t✐❛• s❝❛•❡s✳ ❱❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♠❛ss ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❡❞ ❛s ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ st♦r❛❣❡ ♦❢ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ✭❚❛♣•❡② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ s✉r♣r✐s✐♥❣•② ❤✐❣❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲)❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥✱ ❜♦t❤ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ❛♥❞ •♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ ❛❝❝✉♠✉•❛t✐♦♥ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ♣❛st ✶✺ ②❡❛rs ✭|❛♠✐••✐❡♥ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✱ ✷✵✶✹❀ ❍❛ss❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❏✐♥✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✳ ■❢ t❤✐s ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ✈❛•✐❞✱ t❤❡♥ t❤❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ♠❛ss ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❛••♦✇ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡••✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝r✉st❛• ✢❡①✉r❡ ✐♥❞✉❝✐♥❣ ❣r♦✉♥❞ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✻✺ N E U Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 N E U Year 1 Year 2 N E U N E U Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 N E U Year 1 Year 2 N E U Loaded state

Seasonal loading Tectonics

Initial state Water level (m)

NE SW GPS antenna A B A B A B A B A B A B ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✶ ✕ ❙❝❤❡♠❛t✐❝ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣•❡ ♦❢ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✉♥❞❡r ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❜♦t❤ r❡❣✐♦♥❛• s❡❛s♦♥❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝s✱ ❛s s❡❡♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ •P❙ s✐❣♥❛• ♦❢ t✇♦ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛• st❛t✐♦♥s✳ ▲❡❢t ✿ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥ ✭❜•✉❡ ❜❛rs✮✱ t❤❡ ❡①❝❡ss ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ✢❡①✉r❡s t❤❡ ❝r✉st✱ ✐♥❞✉❝✐♥❣ ❛ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❛♥❞ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡② s✉❜s✐❞❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦✈❡ t♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡ ❝❡♥t❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ •♦❛❞✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❞r② s❡❛s♦♥ ❛••♦✇s t❤❡ r❡•❛①❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝r✉st ❞✉❡ t♦ ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ■♥ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣•❡t❡ r❡•❛①❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥s ♠♦✈❡ ❜❛❝❦✇❛r❞s t♦ t❤❡✐r ✐♥✐t✐❛• ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✳ |✐❣❤t ✿ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝s ❝❛♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ st❡❛❞② ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❢❛✉•t ❝r❡❡♣ ♦r ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t✳ ❊❛rt❤q✉❛❦❡s ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ❝❛♥ ✐♥❞✉❝❡ s✉❞❞❡♥ ♦✛s❡t✳ ❇♦tt♦♠ ❣r❛♣❤s ✿ r❡s✉•t✐♥❣ s✐❣♥❛• ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥s✳ ◆ ✿ ◆♦rt❤✱ ❊ ✿ ❊❛st✱ ❯ ✿ ❯♣ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• s❡❛s♦♥❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣✳ ❆s ♥♦ ♦t❤❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐s ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ✐♥❞✉❝❡ ❛ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛✱ t❤❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛• s✐❣♥❛• ❛❢t❡r r❡♠♦✈❛• ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝r✉st❛• ✢❡①✉r❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t•② ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛••② r❡✈❡❛•s t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s✳ ❚♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❊q✉✐✈❛•❡♥t ❲❛t❡r ❍❡✐❣❤t ✭❊❲❍✮ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♦❢ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ✐s s✉❜•❡❝t❡❞ t♦ s❡✈❡r❛• ♠♦❞❡•s ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥s✱ t❤✉s ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s✳ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ✻✼ r❡q✉✐r❡ ❜❡tt❡r ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts t♦ ✈❛•✐❞❛t❡ t❤❡ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ❛♥❞ ♦r✐❣✐♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜♥❛• ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ❛r❡ ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s✳ ✸✳✷ ❉❛t❛ ❛♥❞ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ✸✳✷✳✶ ❙✉r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ✿ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❚❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✐s ♠♦♥✐t♦r❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ❜② t❤r❡❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t •P❙ st❛✲ t✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❯◆❆❱❈❖✴❆❢r✐❝❛❆rr❛② ✭❞❛t❛ ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❯◆❆❱❈❖✬s s❡r✈❡r ♦r ♦♥ t❤❡ ❆❢r✐❝❛❆rr❛②✬s s❡r✈❡r ✿ ❛❢r❡❢❞❛t❛✳♦r❣✮✱ •♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ▼❛✉♥✱ ❇♦ts✇❛♥❛ ✭▼❆❯❆✮✱ |✉♥❞✉✱ ◆❛✲ ♠✐❜✐❛ ✭|❯◆❉✮ ❛♥❞ ▼♦♥❣✉✱ )❛♠❜✐❛ ✭▼❖◆•✱ s❡❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✵✮✳ ❆•• st❛t✐♦♥s ✇❡r❡ s❡t ✉♣ ✐♥ ❆✉❣✉st ✷✵✶✵ ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ st✐•• ❛❝t✐✈❡✱ ❜✉t |❯◆❉ ❛♥❞ ▼❖◆• ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❛♥❞ ❞♦✇♥•♦❛❞s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✐♥t❡r♠✐tt❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ▼❆❯❆ st❛t✐♦♥ ✐s •♦❝❛t❡❞ s•✐❣❤t•② ❙❊ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ ❢❛✉•t✱ t❤✉s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡❞❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✉♣t❤r♦✇♥ ❜•♦❝❦ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥✳ ❚❤❡ |❯◆❉ ❛♥❞ ▼❖◆• st❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ •♦❝❛t❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❜•♦❝❦✱ ❛s ♥♦ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛• ♠❛•♦r ❢❛✉•t ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ •✉♠❛r❡ ❢❛✉•t ❛♥❞ t❤❡s❡ t✇♦ •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❲❤✐•❡ t❤❡ ▼❆❯❆ ❛♥❞ |❯◆❉ st❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ •♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥✱ t❤❡ ▼❖◆• st❛t✐♦♥ •✐❡s ❛•♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❯♣♣❡r )❛♠❜❡③✐✳ ✷✻ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t st❛t✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛• •◆❙❙ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s ✭■•❙✮ ♦r ❯◆❆❱❈❖✴❆❢r✐❝❛❆rr❛② ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠♣•❡t❡ t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ✭s❡❡ ❝♦♠♣•❡t❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ P❛st✐❡r ❡t ❛•✳ ✷✵✶✼ ✐♥ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✺✳✶✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❣❛♠✐t✴❣•♦❜❦ ✶✵✳✻✶ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭❍❡rr✐♥❣ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✺✮ ✇❛s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ❞❛✐•② s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ■❚|❋✶✹ ✭❆•t❛♠✐♠✐ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✻✮ ❢♦r t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❛❞•✉st✐♥❣ ■•❙ ✜♥❛• ♦r❜✐ts ❛♥❞ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♥❣ tr♦♣♦s♣❤❡r✐❝ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ✭✶ tr♦♣♦s♣❤❡r✐❝ ③❡♥✐t❤ ❞❡•❛②✴✷ ❤✱ ✷ ❝♦✉♣•❡s ♦❢ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❣r❛❞✐❡♥ts✴❞❛②✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❱▼❋✶ ▼❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✭❇♦❡❤♠ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✱ t❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥ •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡• ❋❊❙✷✵✵✹ ✭▲②❛r❞ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✱ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r✐❝ •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❚r❡❣♦♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✈❛♥ ❉❛♠ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❜s♦•✉t❡ ❛♥t❡♥♥❛ ♣❤❛s❡ ❝❡♥t❡r ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡• ■•❙✵✽ ✇❡r❡ ✉s❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❑❛•♠❛♥ ✜•t❡r •▲❖❇❑ ✇❛s ✉s❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✏r❡❛•✲s✐❣♠❛✑ str❛t❡❣② ✭|❡✐•✐♥❣❡r ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮ t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ ✜♥❛• ✈❡•♦❝✐t✐❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ✜rst ♦r❞❡r ✈❡•♦❝✐t✐❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• r❛t❡s✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❢r❛♠❡ ✐s s❡t ✉♣ ❜② ❝♦♥str❛✐♥✐♥❣ ✶✾ ■•❙ st❛t✐♦♥s t♦ t❤❡✐r ■❚|❋✶✹ ✈❡•♦❝✐t✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② •P❙ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ❛r❡ ✉♥✐q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❛♥❞ q✉❛♥t✐✜❡❞ ✐♥s✐❣❤ts t♦ t❤❡ ❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t✐♠❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ❤❡♥❝❡❢♦rt❤ ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ r❡✈❡❛•s s♠❛•• s❝❛•❡ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts✱ ♦❢ ♦♥•② ❛ ❢❡✇ ♠✐••✐♠❡t❡rs✳ ❇✉t ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❢❛❝❡ts ♦❢ t❤✐s ♠❡t❤♦❞ r❡q✉✐r❡ ❝❛r❡❢✉• ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛• ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r ♦❢ •P❙ ✐s t❤❡ tr❛✈❡• t✐♠❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ s❛t❡••✐t❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ •P❙ ❛♥t❡♥♥❛✳ ❆s ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❛❜♦✈❡✱ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ s✐❣♥❛• ✐s ♥♦t str❛✐❣❤t❢♦r✇❛r❞✳ |✐❣♦r♦✉s ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ✐s ❡①tr❡♠❡•② ♠♦❞❡•✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t•②✱ ❛•t❤♦✉❣❤ s✐♠✐•❛r ❛t ✜rst ♦r❞❡r✱ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ♠❛② ✈❛r② ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✉s❡❞✱ t❤❡ s❡t✲✉♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✱ ♠♦❞❡•s ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r tr♦♣♦s♣❤❡r✐❝ ❞❡•❛②✱ ♦❝❡❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r✐❝ •♦❛❞✐♥❣✱ ❡t❝✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♦❢ ❣r❡❛t s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❛r❡❛s ♦❢ t❡♥✉♦✉s ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ✜♥❛• s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛•s♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ♦♥ t❤❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② ♦❢ t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥ ♥❡t✇♦r❦✳ ✷✾ st❛t✐♦♥s ✐s ♥♦t ❛ ✈❡r② ❞❡♥s❡ ❣❡♦❞❡t✐❝ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ❢♦r •P❙ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✱ ❜✉t ❆❢r✐❝❛ ✐s ♥♦t ❛s ❞❡♥s❡•② ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❡❞ ❛s ❊✉r♦♣❡ ♦r ◆♦rt❤ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛✳ ❆s ❙♦✉t❤ ❆❢r✐❝❛ ✐s ♠✉❝❤ ♠♦r❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❡❞ t❤❛♥ JPL GFZ CSR CNES ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✷ ✕ ▼❛♣s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❢♦✉r •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ st✉❞②✱ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥ ♦❢ ✷✵✶✵✲✷✵✶✶✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✶✶✳ ❆•• s♦•✉t✐♦♥s s❤♦✇ ❛ ♠❛•♦r ❛❝❝✉♠✉•❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ❢♦r t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲)❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ◆♦t❡ t❤❡ str✐♣❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ ✉♥❝♦♥str❛✐♥❡❞ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ✭❈❙|✱ ❏P▲✱ •❋)✮ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥❡❞ s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ✭❈◆❊❙✴•|•❙✮✳ ▼❛♣s ✇❡r❡ ♠❛❞❡ ✇✐t❤ ✇✇✇✳ t❤❡❣r❛❝❡♣•♦tt❡r✳❝♦♠✱ ❝♦✉rt❡s② ♦❢ ❈◆❊❙✴•|•❙✳ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ♥♦✐s❡ ✇✐t❤ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❙❛✈❡ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ P♦st✲♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ✐s t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ r❡q✉✐r❡❞✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞✉❛• ❣♦❛• ♦❢ ♥♦✐s❡ s✉♣♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♣❛t✐❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ✭▲♦♥❣✉❡✈❡r❣♥❡ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❚✇♦ ♣❛✐rs ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ♦❢ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞② t♦ ❡✈❛•✉❛t❡ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣♦st✲♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ str❛t❡❣✐❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ✿ ✖ ❈❙| ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ♦❢ ❙❍ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ✻✵✱ ♦♥ ❛ ♠♦♥t❤•② ❜❛s✐s✱ ✇✐t❤ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✜•t❡r✐♥❣ str❛t❡❣✐❡s t♦ r❡♠♦✈❡ t❤❡ str✐♣❡s ✿ ✖ t❤❡ ✇✐❞❡•② ✉s❡❞ •❛✉ss✐❛♥ ✐s♦tr♦♣✐❝ ✜•t❡r ✭❏❡❦❡•✐✱ ✶✾✽✶✮ ✐♥ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❞❛t❛✲ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈❡ ❞❡❝♦rr❡•❛t✐♦♥ ✜•t❡r ❛s ✐♥ ❉✉❛♥ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ✭❈❙|✺✲✻✵✲❣❛✉ss✐❛♥✮ ✖ t❤❡ ❉❉❑✲✹ ❛♥✐s♦tr♦♣✐❝ ✜•t❡r✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❑✉s❝❤❡ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ✭❈❙|✺✲✻✵✲❞❞✹✮ ✖ •|•❙ r❡•❡❛s❡ ✸ ✭|▲✸✈✸✮ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❣r❛✈✐t② ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❛t ✶✵✲❞❛② t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡ ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤ s♣❛t✐❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ♣r♦❞✉❝t✱ ❛ st❛❜✐•✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✐s ❛♣♣•✐❡❞ t♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ t❤❡ ❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♣✉r✐♦✉s str✐♣❡s ✭❇r✉✐♥s♠❛ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❚✇♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❙❍ ❞❡❣r❡❡s ❛r❡ t❡st❡❞ ✿ ✖ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ✽✵✱ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❢♦r t❤✐s s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ✭•|•❙✲✽✵✮ ✖ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ✻✵✱ ❛ s♠♦♦t❤❡r ✈❡rs✐♦♥ t♦ ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜❡st s✐❣♥❛• t♦ ♥♦✐s❡ r❛t✐♦ ✭•|•❙✲✻✵✮ ❚❤❡ ❏P▲ ❛♥❞ •❋) s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛ss❡ss❡❞ ❛s t♦♦ str♦♥❣•② str✐♣❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ t❤❡ ♠♦st ♣❡rt✐♥❡♥t ✐♥ s✉❝❤ ❛ r❡❣✐♦♥❛• st✉❞②✳ ▲♦✇ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡•② ❜② •|❆❈❊✳ ❉❡❣r❡❡ ✶ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts✱ ❞❡s❝r✐❜✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡•❛t✐✈❡ ♠♦t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤✬s ❝❡♥t❡r ♦❢ ♠❛ss ❛♥❞ ❛ ❝r✉st✲✜①❡❞ t❡rr❡s✲ tr✐❛• r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❢r❛♠❡✱ ❛r❡ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ s✉❜st✐t✉t❡❞ ❢♦••♦✇✐♥❣ |✐❡t❜r♦❡❦ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❉❡❣r❡❡ ✷ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts✱ •✐♥❦❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤✬s ♦❜•❛t❡♥❡ss ❛r❡ ❛•s♦ ✉♣❞❛t❡❞ ❢♦••♦✇✐♥❣ ❈❤❡♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❚❛♣•❡② ✭✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❛r❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ••❛❝✐❛• ■s♦st❛t✐❝ ❆❞•✉st♠❡♥t ✭•■❆✮ t♦ ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ♠❛ss r❡❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥✳ •■❆ ✐s t❤❡ ♦♥❣♦✐♥❣ ✈✐s❝♦❡•❛st✐❝ r❡•❛①❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤ ✐♥ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ •❛r❣❡ ✐❝❡ ♠❛ss❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❛st✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡• ■❈❊✲✺• ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❤❡r❡✐♥ ✭•❡r✉♦ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✱ ❛•t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ •■❆ ✐s ♥❡❣•✐❣✐❜•❡ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❛♥❞ )❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥s✱ ❜❡•♦✇ ∼✶ ♠♠✴②r ❊❲❍ ♦r ✵✳✵✺ ♠♠✴②r ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ✉♥♣r❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥s✐❣❤t •|❆❈❊ ❜r✐♥❣s t♦ •❛r❣❡ s❝❛•❡ st✉❞✐❡s ♦❢ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• s②st❡♠s ♠✉st✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❜❡ ✈❛•✐❞❛t❡❞✳ ❚✇♦ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦•♦❣✐❝❛••② ❞❡♠❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❝♦♥s❡❝✉t✐✈❡ ✐♥✈❡rs✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❛t ♣•❛② ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡tr✐❡✈❛• ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❊❲❍✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ s❡✈❡r❛• ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s✳ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛• s♦✉r❝❡ ♦❢ ❡rr♦r •✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✉•t✐♣•❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛• s♦✉r❝❡s ♦❢ ❣r❛✈✐t② ✜❡•❞✱ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝♦r❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡✳ ❖t❤❡r ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡s ❝❛♥ ❝♦♠❡ ❢r♦♠ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t ❛❝❝✉♠✉•❛t✐♦♥✱ ♦r ❝r✉st❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t r❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ str♦♥❣ ❡❛rt❤q✉❛❦❡s ✭▼✐❦❤❛✐•♦✈ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ▲✐❦❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s✱ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❛r❡ str♦♥❣•② ♠♦❞❡•✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ✇❛t❡r ❤❡✐❣❤t ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ s❤♦✉•❞ ♥♦t ❜❡ str❛✐❣❤t❢♦r✇❛r❞✳ ❆s •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❛r❡ ❣•♦❜❛• •❛r❣❡✲s❝❛•❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts✱ q✉✐t❡ r❡❝❡♥t•② ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡✱ t❤❡② ❛r❡ st✐•• ♥♦t str♦♥❣•② ❝♦♥str❛✐♥❡❞ ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r•② ❛t t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥❛• s❝❛•❡✳ •r❛❞✉❛••②✱ st✉❞✐❡s ♦✈❡r ♣r❡❝✐s❡•② ❞❡•✐♥❡❛t❡❞✱ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❡❞ ❜❛s✐♥s ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈❡•② ✈❛•✐❞❛t❡ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ❛♥❞ str❡♥❣t❤❡♥ •|❆❈❊ ✐♥✈❡rs✐♦♥s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲)❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥✱ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❤❛✈❡ ②❡t t♦ ❜❡ ✈❛•✐❞❛t❡❞✳ ✸✳✷✳✸ ❱❡rt✐❝❛• ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡••✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❚❤❡ •♦❛❞✐♥❣ t❤❡♦r② ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡s ❤♦✇ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ♠❛ss ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✐♠♣❛❝ts ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❣❡♦✲ ❞❡t✐❝ ✈❛r✐❛❜•❡s ✭❋❛rr❡••✱ ✶✾✼✷✮✱ ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ t❤❡s❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜•❡s ❛r❡ •✐♥❦❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t u ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤✬s s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❜② s✉♠♠✐♥❣ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ ❙t♦❦❡s ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts C nm ❛♥❞ S nm ✿ u(θ, λ, t) = a nmax n=0 n m=0 h ′ n 1 + k ′ n P nm (cosθ)(C nm (t)cosmλ + S nm (t)sinmλ) ✭✸✳✶✮ ✇❤❡r❡ a ✐s t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ r❛❞✐✉s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤✱ P nm ❛r❡ t❤❡ ❢✉••② ♥♦r♠❛•✐③❡❞ ▲❡❣❡♥❞r❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s✱ n ❛♥❞ m ❛r❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ❛♥❞ ♦r❞❡r✱ θ ❛♥❞ λ ❜❡✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦•❛t✐t✉❞❡ ❛♥❞ •♦♥❣✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st✱ n max ✐s t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ▲♦✈❡ ♥✉♠❜❡rs h ′ n ❛♥❞ k ′ n ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ t❤❡ ❡•❛st✐❝ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤✬s t♦ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ •♦❛❞ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❞❡❣r❡❡ n✳ ❚❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ P|❊▼ ♠♦❞❡• ❜② •✉♦ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✳ ✸✳✸ |❡s✉•ts ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ✸✳✸✳✶ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✸ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❢♦r ❞❛✐•② s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼❆❯❆✱ ▼❖◆• ❛♥❞ |❯◆❉ st❛t✐♦♥s s✉rr♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❣r❛❜❡♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❛r❡ ♣•♦tt❡❞ ❞❡tr❡♥❞❡❞ r❡•❛t✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡ ▼❆❯❆ st❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❤✐❣❤•✐❣❤t t❤❡ ✐♥tr❛✲❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ❛❝r♦ss
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✸ ✕ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ❆❢r✐❝❛❆rr❛② st❛t✐♦♥s s✉rr♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❣r❛❜❡♥✱ ✇✐t❤ ✈❡•♦❝✐t✐❡s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ❣❛♠✐t✴❣•♦❜❦ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✳ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❢♦r |❯◆❉ ❛♥❞ ▼❖◆• ❛r❡ ❞❡tr❡♥❞❡❞ r❡•❛t✐✈❡ t♦ ▼❆❯❆✳ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥✳ ❆s ❛♥t✐❝✐♣❛t❡❞✱ ❛•• t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s s❤♦✇ ❜♦t❤ ❛ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝ ❛♥♥✉❛• s✐❣♥❛•✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛••② ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ •♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ tr❡♥❞✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✱ t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s ♥❡❣•✐❣✐❜•❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ •✐♥❡❛r tr❡♥❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t r❛t❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ❣•♦❜❦ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤ ❛♥❞ ❡❛st ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❝❛♥ t❤✉s ❞✐r❡❝t•② ❜❡ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✐♥ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✺✳✶✳ ■♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st✱ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ✐s ❤✐❣❤•② ✐♠♣❛❝t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝✐t②✱ t❤❡ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❢❛r ❣r❡❛t❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ •♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ tr❡♥❞✳ ❚❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• •♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ tr❡♥❞ ✐s t❤✉s ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝ •♦❛❞✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❡❛❦✲t♦✲♣❡❛❦ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ s✐❣♥❛• ✐s ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡•② ✷ t♦ ✸ ❝♠✱ s•✐❣❤t•② ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r t♦ t❤❡ s❡❛s♦♥❛• ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ✐♥ ◆❡♣❛• ✭❋✉ ❛♥❞ ❋r❡②♠✉❡••❡r✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ ♦r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❆♠❛③♦♥ ❜❛s✐♥ ✭❉❛✈✐s ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❚❤✐s ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ✈❛r✐❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❜♦t❤ st❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ②❡❛rs✳ ▼❆❯❆ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ •❡❛st ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ♦❝❝✉rr❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ✷✵✶✸✲✷✵✶✹✱ ❛ ②❡❛r ♦❢ ♠❛ss✐✈❡ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥✱ r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ✷ ❝♠✳ |❯◆❉✬s s✐❣♥❛• ✐s •❡ss s♠♦♦t❤ ❛s ✐ts ♣❡❛❦s ❛r❡ ♠♦r❡ ✈✐s✐❜•❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ✐s ❛•s♦ r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ✐♥ ✷✵✶✸✲✷✵✶✹✱ ✇✐t❤ ✷✳✺ ❝♠✳ ▼❖◆• s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡✱ r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ✸✳✸ ❝♠ ✐♥ ✷✵✶✵✲✷✵✶✶✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ t✇♦ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❜❛s✐♥s r❡✈❡❛•s t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡r ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ✐♥ t❤❡ )❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✳ ❚❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ✐s r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ❢♦r ❛•• t❤r❡❡ st❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❖❝t♦❜❡r✲◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r✱ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t❤❡♥ s✉❜s✐❞❡s ❜② ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡•② ✷✵ t♦ ✸✵ ♠♠ ✐♥ ✹ t♦ ✺ ♠♦♥t❤s✳ ❆t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥ ✭∼❆♣r✐•✮✱ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ r✐s❡s ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ r❡•❛①❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝r✉st ❢r♦♠ ✉♥•♦❛❞✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ✇❛t❡r ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❛s♦♥❛• r✐s❡ ✐s s•♦✇❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ s✉❜s✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♣❤❛s❡ ❛♥❞ •❡ss st❡❛❞②✱ ❛s ❛•• t❤r❡❡ st❛t✐♦♥s s•♦✇ ❞♦✇♥ ❛r♦✉♥❞ ❏✉•②✱ ♦r ❡✈❡♥ s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s st❛❜✐•✐③❡ ♦r s✉❜s✐❞❡ ✭❛s ▼❆❯❆ ✐♥ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❚❤✐s s•♦✇✐♥❣ ❞♦✇♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❛t❡ ♦❢ r✐s❡ ✐s ✐♥ ♣❤❛s❡ ✐♥ ❛•• t❤r❡❡ st❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❜✉t ✐s ♠♦r❡ ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ ▼❖◆• t❤❛♥ ✐♥ |❯◆❉✳ ❙✉❝❤ s•♦✇❞♦✇♥s ❝❛♥ ❛•s♦ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❤❛s❡ ♦❢ s✉❜s✐❞❡♥❝❡✱ ❛s ✐♥ ✷✵✶✸✲✷✵✶✹✱ ❜✉t ❛r❡ •❡ss ❢r❡q✉❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s♣✐❝✉♦✉s✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❤❛s❡ ♦❢ ✉♣•✐❢t ❡♥❞s ✇✐t❤ ❛ s✉❞❞❡♥ r✐s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❛ ❢❡✇ ♠✐••✐♠❡t❡rs✱ ❛•♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥♦✐s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ s✐❣♥❛•✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ✐s ♥♦t ❛•✇❛②s ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✳ ❚❤❡✐r ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡s ♦♥•② r❡❛❝❤ ❛ ❢❡✇ ♠✐••✐♠❡t❡rs ✭s❡❡ ❡♥•❛r❣❡❞ ❣r❛♣❤ ❢♦r ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ✐♥ ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❆✳✶✮✳ ❚❤❡✐r s❡♠✐✲❛♥♥✉❛• s❤✐❢ts ❛r❡ ♥♦t ✐♥ ♣❤❛s❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✐♥✈❡rs✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts✱ ❜✉t ❡①❤✐❜✐t ❛ r❡❣✉•❛r ❞❡•❛② ♦❢ t❤r❡❡ ♠♦♥t❤s✳ ❚❤✐s ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ✐s ✉♥❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ❛s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡✲ ♠❡♥ts ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❝r✉st❛• ✢❡①✉r❡ ❛r❡ ❝♦♥✈❡♥t✐♦♥❛••② t❤♦✉❣❤t t♦ ♦❝❝✉r s✐♠✉•t❛♥❡♦✉s•② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ♦♥❡s ✭❈❤❛♥❛r❞ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ❛•♠♦st s②st❡♠❛t✐❝ s•♦✇❞♦✇♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ r✐s❡ ✐s ♣❤❛s❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❛♥♥✉❛• ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ✐♥✈❡rs✐♦♥✳ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❱❛•✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ •|❆❈❊ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✹ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❙t♦❦❡s ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts r❡✈❡❛•✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛• ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝ •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ |▼❙ ❣✐✈❡s ❛ r❡•❛t✐✈❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ s✐❣♥❛•s✱ ✇❤✐•❡ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡•❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✭❈❈✮ ❡✈❛•✉❛t❡s t❤❡ ❝♦✲❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛•s t❤r♦✉❣❤ t✐♠❡✳ ❆ ❜✐❛s❡❞ s✐❣♥❛• ❝❛♥ t❤✉s ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ❝♦rr❡•❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t✱ ❜✉t ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t |▼❙✳ |▼❙ ❛♥❞ ❈❈ ❛r❡ ❝❛•❝✉•❛t❡❞ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ •♦♥❣❡st t✐♠❡ s♣❛♥ ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ r❡❝♦✈❡r②✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t•② ♦❢ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ②❡❛rs✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦rr❡•❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❤✐❣❤ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇✐t❤ ❝♦rr❡•❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ✉♣ t♦ ✵✳✾✹
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✹ ✕ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ •P❙ s✐❣♥❛•✱ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❢r♦♠ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• r❡❣✐♠❡✳ ❇♦tt♦♠ ♣•♦ts s❤♦✇ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛t t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ •P❙ s✐t❡s ❛•♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❢r♦♠ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❢♦r t❤❡ ❢♦✉r t❡st❡❞ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❚♦♣ ♣•♦t s❤♦✇s ♠♦♥t❤•② ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛ ✭♠♦❞❡r❛t❡❞ ❈❍■|P❙✱ s❡❡ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✹ ❢♦r ❞❡t❛✐•s ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❞❛t❛✱ •✐❣❤t ❜•✉❡ ❜❛rs✮ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ ✐♥ ▼♦❤❡♠❜♦ ✭❉❲❆✱ ❜•✉❡ •✐♥❡✮✳ ✼✹ ❈❍❆P■❚|❊ ✸✳ ❖|■•■◆ ❖❋ ❚❍❊ ❙■•◆❆▲ ❖❋ ❉❊❋❖|▼❆❚■❖◆ ✭|♦♦t ▼❡❛♥ ❙q✉❛r❡s ❛♥❞ ❈♦rr❡•❛t✐♦♥ ❈♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❛r❡ s✉♠♠❛r✐③❡❞ ✐♥ ❚❛❜•❡ ❆✳✶ ✐♥ ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❆✳✷✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦rr❡•❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ✈❡r② ❤✐❣❤ ❢♦r t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥ ✭✵✳✼✵ t♦ ✵✳✽✹✮ ❛♥❞ s❛t✐s❢❛❝t♦r② ✐♥ t❤❡ )❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥ ✭✵✳✻✶ t♦ ✵✳✼✵✮✳ ❙t❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❙♦✉t❤ ❆❢r✐❝❛ ❡①❤✐❜✐t ♠✉❝❤ •♦✇❡r✱ t♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡✱ ❝♦rr❡•❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts✱ ❜✉t t❤❡s❡ st❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❛•s♦ ❢❛r •❡ss ❛✛❡❝t❡❞ ❜② s❡❛s♦♥❛• ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ❞✉❡ t♦ •♦✇❡r ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦rr❡•❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛•s♦ ❤✐❣❤ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛•s ♦❢ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• r❡❣✐♠❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• s✉❜s✐❞❡♥❝❡ s②st❡♠❛t✐❝❛••② ♦❝❝✉rs ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ s✉❜s✐❞❡♥❝❡ ✉s✉❛••② st❛rts ♦♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♦r t❤✐r❞ ♠♦♥t❤ ♦❢ r❛✐♥✱ ♦♥❝❡ ♠♦r❡ r❡❣✉•❛r ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛✈② r❛✐♥s ♦❝❝✉r✱ ❢♦r ▼❖◆• ❛♥❞ |❯◆❉✳ ❚❤❡ s✐❣♥❛• ✐s ♠♦r❡ ♥♦✐s② ❢♦r t❤❡ ▼❆❯❆ st❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✉s✉❛••② st❛rts s✉❜s✐❞✐♥❣ ❛❢t❡r t❤r❡❡ t♦ ❢♦✉r ♠♦♥t❤s ♦❢ r❛✐♥✱ ❛t t❤❡ ♣❡❛❦ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ s✉❜s✐❞❡♥❝❡ st♦♣s ♣r❡❝✐s❡•② ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥ ❢♦r ❛•• t❤r❡❡ st❛t✐♦♥s✳ |❯◆❉ ❛♥❞ ▼❖◆• t❤❡♥ ❛❜r✉♣t•② r✐s❡✱ r❡✈❡❛•✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡t✉r♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞♦♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ✢✉① ♦♥ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r ❜❛•❛♥❝❡✱ ✇❤✐•❡ ▼❆❯❆ ❝❛♥ ❡✈❡♥ st❛❜✐•✐③❡ ❢♦r ❛ ❢❡✇ ♠♦♥t❤✳ ❚❲❙ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤✬s ❝r✉st r❡•❛①❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ •P❙ s✐❣♥❛• t❤✉s ❝♦rr♦❜♦r❛t❡s t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ♦❢ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛q✉✐❢❡r ✇✐t❤ ❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦rr❡•❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ✐♥ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• r❡❣✐♠❡ ✐s ✜♥❛••② s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s✉❜t•❡ ✐♥✈❡rs❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❍◆❯❙ st❛t✐♦♥✳ ❍◆❯❙ ✐s •♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ ❛r❡❛✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ♦❢ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✭◆✐❝❤♦•s♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ✐s r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ▼❛r❝❤✲❆♣r✐•✱ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡ t♦ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r✲❉❡❝❡♠❜❡r ❢♦r t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r st❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ •♦✇❡st ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ✐s r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ②❡❛r✱ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ♠♦st ❤✉♠✐❞ ♠♦♥t❤ ♦❢ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✭s❡❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❛♥❞ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❆✳✶✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦✉r s✐❣♥❛•s ♦❢ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts s❤♦✇ ✈❡r② s✐♠✐•❛r tr❡♥❞s✳ ❊✐t❤❡r t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❙❍ ❞❡❣r❡❡s ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ •|•❙ s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦r t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✜•t❡r✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❈❙| s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ❞♦ ♥♦t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ |▼❙ ❛♥❞ ❝♦rr❡•❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts✳ ■♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st✱ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐s ♠♦r❡ ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❈❙| ❛♥❞ •|•❙ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s✱ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐❣❤❡st ❝♦rr❡•❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ✭r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡•② ✵✳✺✹ ❛♥❞ ✵✳✹✸✮ ❛♥❞ •♦✇❡r |▼❙ ✭r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡•② ✷✳✾✸ ❛♥❞ ✸✳✸✹✮ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❈❙| t❤❛♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ •|•❙ s♦•✉t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ♠❛② ❛❝t✉❛••② ❜❡ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t t✐♠❡ st❡♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ t✇♦ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ✶✵ ❞❛②s ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ •|•❙ s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ❛•s♦ ✐♥❞✉❝❡s ♠♦r❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛•✳ ■♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st✱ t❤❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ •|•❙ s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ❛••♦✇s ❛ ❜❡tt❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❛t❡ ♦❢ r❡•❛①❛t✐♦♥ t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ♠♦♥t❤•② r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❙| s♦•✉t✐♦♥✱ ♣❛rt•② r❡♣r♦❞✉❝✐♥❣ s♦♠❡ ②❡❛rs t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• s•♦✇❞♦✇♥s ✐♠♣❛❝t t❤❡ ♣❤❛s❡ ♦❢ ✉♣•✐❢t✳ ❆•• s✐❣♥❛•s ❛r❡ ♣❤❛s❡❞✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ✐♥ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r✲❉❡❝❡♠❜❡r✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ •♦✇❡st ♦♥❡ ✐♥ ▼❛r❝❤✲❆♣r✐•✳ ◆❡✈❡rt❤❡•❡ss✱ ❛•• t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s✐❣♥❛•s ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❢♦✉r •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞② ❣•♦❜❛••② ✉♥❞❡r❡st✐♠❛t❡ t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ s✐❣♥❛•✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✺ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s✐❣♥❛•s✱ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ♦✈❡r ❝♦♠♣•❡t❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ②❡❛rs✳ ❉❡s♣✐t❡ •♦✇❡r ❝♦rr❡•❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts✱ •|•❙ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❜❡tt❡r r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ ❛♠✲ ♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ s❡❛s♦♥❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣✳ ❋♦✉r ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s s❤♦✉•❞ ❜❡ ❡①♣•♦r❡❞ t♦ ❡①♣•❛✐♥ t❤✐s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ✿ ✖ ❚❤❡ •P❙ s✐❣♥❛• ♣♦ss✐❜•② ♦✈❡r❡st✐♠❛t❡s t❤❡ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡✲ ♠❡♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ s✉❞❞❡♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✹✮ ❝♦✉•❞ ❜❡ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❛rr✐✈❛• ♦❢ t❤❡ ■❚❈)✳ ▼❛ss❡s ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ✈❛♣♦r ❛r❡ ❝❛r✲ r✐❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ tr♦♣♦s♣❤❡r❡✱ ❛♥❞ ♣♦ss✐❜•② ❞❡•❛② t❤❡ •P❙ s✐❣♥❛• ✭❍❡•❡♥♦ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✺ ✕ ▼❛♣ ♦❢ ♠❡❛♥ ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡s ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ❢♦r t❤❡ •P❙ s✐❣♥❛• ✭❜•❛❝❦✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❈❙|✲✻✵✲❞❞❦✹ ✭❣r❡❡♥✮ ❛♥❞ •|•❙✲✻✵ ✭❜•✉❡✮ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❈♦rr❡•❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ •P❙ s✐❣♥❛• ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❈❙| s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❜•❛❝❦ ❛❜♦✈❡ ❡❛❝❤ st❛t✐♦♥✬s ♥❛♠❡✳ ❆♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡s ❛r❡ ❣•♦❜❛••② ✇❡•• r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞✱ ❜✉t ❣❡♥❡r❛••② ✉♥❞❡r❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s✳ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ ✇❛t❡r ✈❛♣♦r ✐s ❛•s♦ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ ♥♦✐s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ •P❙ s✐❣♥❛•✳ ✖ •|❆❈❊ ♠❛② ✉♥❞❡r❡st✐♠❛t❡ t❤❡ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ✜♥❛• s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ s❡✈❡r❛• ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s ♦r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✱ st✐•• r❡q✉✐r✐♥❣ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❞❡✈❡•♦♣♠❡♥t ✿ ♠♦❞❡•s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤✬s ❣❡♦✐❞✱ t❤❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛t❡••✐t❡s✬ ♦r❜✐ts✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ •P❙✱ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥s ❢♦r r❛♥❣✐♥❣ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✉♥r❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤✬s ❣r❛✈✐t② ✜❡•❞✱ •✐❦❡ t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙✉♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ▼♦♦♥ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❉❛❤•❡ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✱ ♦r s♣❛t✐❛• s♠♦♦t❤✐♥❣✳ ✖ ■♠♣r❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡••✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛♥♦t❤❡r ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ s♦✉r❝❡ ♦❢ ♠✐♥✐♠✐✲ ③✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝r✉st ✢❡①✉r❡ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❢r♦♠ •|❆❈❊ ❙t♦❦❡s ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts✱ ♥♦t❛❜•② t❤❡ ❡st✐♠❛✲ t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤✬s ❡•❛st✐❝ ♠♦❞✉•✉s✳ ❚❤❡ P|❊▼ str✉❝t✉r❡ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡••✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢❡①✉r❡ ❢r♦♠ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ♠❛② ♥♦t ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛• •♦❝❛••② t❤✐❝❦❡r ❛♥❞ ❝♦•❞❡r ❝r✉st ❛♥❞ •✐t❤♦s♣❤❡r❡✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ P|❊▼ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ •❛t❡r❛• ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤✬s str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ st✉❞② ❛r❡❛ ✭s❡❡ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✺✮✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ♣♦♦r s♣❛t✐❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ •|❆❈❊ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛••♦✇ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ♠❛ss❡s ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s•② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ❚❤❡ ✢❡①✉r❡ ♠♦❞❡•❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❤♦♠♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛ss ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥ ✐s t❤✉s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ❞✉❡ t♦ ❤❡t❡r♦✲ ❣❡♥❡♦✉s ♠❛ss❡s✱ ♣♦ss✐❜•② ♠♦❜✐•❡✳ ❚❤✐s ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ❝♦✉•❞ ❜❡ t❡st❡❞ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝r✉st❛• ♠♦❞❡•s✱ •✐❦❡ ❈|❯❙❚✶✳✵ ✐♥ ❈❤❛♥❛r❞ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✳ ✖ ❉✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♥❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉❜str❛t❡✱ ♣♦r♦✲❡•❛st✐❝ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ ❚❲❙✱ ❡✐t❤❡r s♦✐• ♠♦✐st✉r❡ ♦r ❛q✉✐❢❡r✱ ✐s ✉♥•✐❦❡•②✳ ▲❡♥s❡s ♦❢ ❝•❛② ❝♦✉•❞ •♦❝❛••② ♣r♦✲ ✈✐❞❡ ❛ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡ t♦ t❤❡ •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ✢❡①✉r❡✱ ❜✉t ❛•• t❤r❡❡ st❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t❡❞✱ r❡✈❡❛•✐♥❣ ❛ •❛r❣❡ s❝❛•❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✺ s❤♦✇s ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ✈❛•✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s✐❣♥❛• ❢♦r ❛•• t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥s t❡st❡❞ ✐♥ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛✱ ❛s ✇❡❛❦ ❝♦rr❡•❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❛r❡ r❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ •♦✇ ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡✱ t❤✉s t♦ ❛♥ ❛❜s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ s❡❛s♦♥❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣✳ ❆ ❢❡✇ st❛t✐♦♥s ❞♦ ♥♦t s❤♦✇ ❣♦♦❞ ❛❣r❡❡♠❡♥t ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ •P❙ ❛♥❞ •|❆❈❊ s✐❣♥❛•s✳ ❆♣❛rt ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✈❡r② ❞✐s❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞♦ ♥♦t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ r❡•✐❛❜•❡ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t t♦ ❝♦rr❡•❛t❡ t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s ✭❲■◆❉✱ ❯▲❯❇✮✱ t✇♦ st❛t✐♦♥s ❝•❡❛r•② ❡①❤✐❜✐t s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ♣❡r✐♦❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ s✐❣♥❛•s ✿ ❯▲❉■ ❛♥❞ ❉❊❆| ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✻✮✳
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✻ ✕ ❚✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ❢♦r t✇♦ st❛t✐♦♥s s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ❞✐✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• s✐❣♥❛• ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✭•P❙✮ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ✭•|❆❈❊✮ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts✳ ▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥s ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ✐♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✸✳✺✳ ❚❤❡s❡ st❛t✐♦♥s ❡①❤✐❜✐t ❛ ✈❡r② t❡♥✉♦✉s ❛♥♥✉❛• s✐❣♥❛• ✐♥ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s✳ |❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ ❯▲❉■✱ •♦❝❛t❡❞ ♥❡❛r t❤❡ ❙♦✉t❤ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ ❡❛st❡r♥ ❝♦❛st✱ •|❆❈❊ ♣r❡❞✐❝ts ❛ s❡❛s♦♥❛• ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ∼✷✵ ♠♠ ❢♦r ❜♦t❤ ❈❙| ❛♥❞ •|•❙ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛♥ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ✐s ♥♦t ♣r❡❞✐❝t❡❞ ❢♦r st❛t✐♦♥s •♦❝❛t❡❞ ❝•♦s❡r t♦ t❤❡ )❛♠❜❡③✐✲❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥ ✭❍|❆❖✱ ❚❉❖❯✱ ▼❋❑•✮✳ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s t❡♥❞ t♦ ❡①t❡♥❞ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❯▲❉■✳ ❚❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❢r♦♠ ❯▲❉■ ✐♥✜r♠ t❤✐s ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s✳ ■♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st✱ t❤❡ ❉❊❆| st❛t✐♦♥ s❤♦✇s ❛ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❛♥♥✉❛• s✐❣♥❛•✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♥♦t ♣r❡❞✐❝t❡❞ ❜② •|❆❈❊✳ ❚✇♦ ❞❛♠s ❛r❡ •♦❝❛t❡❞ ❛t ✶✵✵ ❦♠ ◆❊ ❛♥❞ ✶✺✵ ❦♠ ❊ ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜•② r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r •♦❝❛• s❡❛s♦♥❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ❛t ❛ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛• s❝❛•❡ t♦♦ s♠❛•• ❢♦r •|❆❈❊ r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❛s♦♥❛• ✢❡①✉r❡ ✐s ♥♦t ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ •P❙ s✐❣♥❛• ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ✐♥ ♣❤❛s❡✳ ❚❤❡✐r ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝✐t② ✐s ❞✐r❡❝t•② r❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• r❡❣✐♠❡✳ ❚❤✐s ❝♦rr❡•❛t✐♦♥ ✈❛•✐✲ ❞❛t❡s t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ s❡❡♥ ❜② •|❆❈❊ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲)❛♠❜❡③✐✱ ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❤❛s❡✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ ✐t ✐s t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ t♦ r❡tr❡✐✈❡ t❤❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ❞✉❡ t♦ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛• t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t②✳ ✸✳✸✳✸ |❡s✐❞✉❛• ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❡s✐❞✉❛• ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ❚❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❢r♦♠ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ s✉❜tr❛❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ r❡♠♦✈❡ t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❛s♦♥❛• ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦♥ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛• ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♥❞ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣♦ss✐❜•② r❡tr❡✐✈❡ t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t t❡♠♣♦r❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s r❡q✉✐r❡ t❤❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♦♥❡ s❡r✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ str❛t❡❣② ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞② ✐s t♦ ❞❡❣r❛❞❡ t❤❡ •P❙ s✐❣♥❛• t♦ ♠❛t❝❤ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ t❡♠♣♦r❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ✐♥t❡r♣♦•❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s t♦ s✉❜tr❛❝t ❞❛✐•② ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ •P❙ s✐❣♥❛• ♥♦t ♦♥•② ♣r❡s❡r✈❡s ♥♦✐s❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ •P❙✱ ❜✉t ❛•s♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ ❣r❡❛t❡r r❡s✐❞✉❛• ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡✳ ❚❤❡ •P❙ s✐❣♥❛• ✐s ✜rst s♠♦♦t❤❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♦♥❡ ♠♦♥t❤ s•✐❞✐♥❣ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡✱ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ✇✐t❤ •|❆❈❊ r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ r❡s❛♠♣•❡❞ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❞❛t❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐s✐♥❣ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s✐❣♥❛•✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✼ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛• s✐❣♥❛• ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥ •♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛✳ ❉✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ str♦♥❣ s✐♠✐•❛r✐t② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛• str❛t❡❣✐❡s ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ •❛❜♦r❛t♦r②✱ ♦♥•② t✇♦ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r t❡st❡❞ ✿ ❈❙|✲✻✵✲❞❞❦✹ ❛♥❞ •|•❙✲✻✵✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❛s♦♥❛•✐t② ✐s st✐•• ♦❜✈✐♦✉s ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡♠❛✐♥✐♥❣ s✐❣♥❛•✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♠❛✐♥•② ❞✉❡ t♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❡❛❦✲t♦✲♣❡❛❦ ❛♠✲ ♣•✐t✉❞❡s ✇✐t❤ •|❆❈❊ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❤♦✇✐♥❣ •♦✇❡r ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡✱ ❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡❝❡❞✐♥❣ s❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❋♦r ❛•• t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ✭•P❙✱ •|❆❈❊ ❛♥❞ r❡s✐❞✉❛•✮✱ ✜♥❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t r❛t❡s ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❜② •✐♥❡❛r •❡❛st sq✉❛r❡ r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥✳ ❚✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❛r❡ r❡s❛♠♣•❡❞ t♦ ❝♦✈❡r ❡①❝•✉s✐✈❡•② ❝♦♠♣•❡t❡ ②❡❛rs✱ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❛❞❞r❡ss t❤❡ s❡❛s♦♥❛• ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t②✳ ■♥t❡r♣♦•❛t✐♦♥ ✐s r❡q✉✐r❡❞ t♦ ♦✈❡r❝♦♠❡ t❤❡ ✉♥❡✈❡♥ t❡♠♣♦r❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ ❞✐s❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❜✐❛s ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r♣♦•❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ✐s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛❝❝❡♣t❛❜•❡ ❛s •♦♥❣ ❛s t❤❡ ❞✐s❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐t② ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❝♦✈❡r ❛♥ ♦✈❡r•② •♦♥❣ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ✐♥❝•✉❞✐♥❣ ❛ ❜r❡❛❦ ✐♥ t❤❡ s•♦♣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss ✭✐♥t❡r♣♦•❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ r❡s❛♠♣•✐♥❣ ♦✈❡r ❝♦♠♣•❡t❡ ②❡❛rs✮ ✐s ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t r❛t❡s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❜② ❣❛♠✐t✴❣•♦❜❦ ♦✈❡r r❛✇ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ♦r ❜② •✐♥❡❛r r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥s ♦✈❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss❡❞ s❡r✐❡s ✭❚❛❜•❡ ✸✳✶ ❛♥❞ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✽✮✳ ❯♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t✐❡s |❡tr❡✐✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛• ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s✐❣♥❛• ❞❡s♣✐t❡ t❤❡ s❡❛s♦♥❛• ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉❡ t♦ ❤②❞r♦✲ •♦❣✐❝❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ✐s ❛ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✈❛•✐❞❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❝♦♥t❡①ts s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• r❛t❡s ♦❢ s❡✈❡r❛• ♠♠✴②r ✭❋✉ ❛♥❞ ❋r❡②♠✉❡••❡r✱ ✷✵✶✷❀ ❲❛♥❣ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✼✮✳ ■♥ ❛ ♠♦r❡ st❛❜•❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ ◆✉❜✐❛♥ ♣•❛t❡✱ r❛t❡s ♦❢ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ •♦✇❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t② ✐s ❝r✉❝✐❛• ❢♦r ❢✉rt❤❡r ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✜♥❛• r❡s✐❞✉❛• ✈❡rt✐❝❛• r❛t❡s ❝•♦s❡ t♦ ✵ ♠♠✴②r✳ ▲♦✇ ❡rr♦rs ❝❛♥ t❤❡♥ •❡❛❞ t♦ ♠✐s✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s✉❜s✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦r ✉♣•✐❢t✱ ❛♥❞ ❤❡♥❝❡ t♦ ❣r❡❛t ❡rr♦rs ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❣❡♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ✜♥❛• ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t✐❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛• ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ✈❡•♦❝✐t✐❡s ✭s❡❡ •❛st ❝♦•✉♠♥ ♦❢ t❛❜•❡ ✸✳✶✮ r❡s✉•t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t✐❡s r❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s✱ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ❣❛♠✐t✴❣•♦❜❦✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥ t❤✐s st✉❞②✱ t❤❡ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t② ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ t✇♦ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t✐❡s ❛r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠♦st ♣❛rt ❣r❡❛t❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛• ✈❡rt✐❝❛• r❛t❡s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛••② ❢♦r t❤❡ ❈❙| s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s •♦✇❡r ✜♥❛• r❛t❡s✳ ❖t❤❡r ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ s♦✉r❝❡s ♦❢ ❡rr♦rs✱ ♥♦t ❛•✇❛②s q✉❛♥t✐✜❛❜•❡✱ ♠✉st ❜❡ t❛❦❡♥ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❛•♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡s❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ q✉❛♥t✐✜❛❜•❡ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡② ❝❛♥ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛t❡ ❢r♦♠ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ ✿ ✶✮ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s✱ ✷✮ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡••✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ♦r ✸✮ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ s♣❛♥ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✈❡•♦❝✐t✐❡s✳
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✼ ✕ |❡s✐❞✉❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ❛❢t❡r r❡♠♦✈❛• ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❢r♦♠ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts t♦ t❤❡ •P❙ s✐❣♥❛•✳ ❚r❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t •✐♥❡s ❛r❡ ❢♦r •P❙ ✭❜•❛❝❦ ❞♦ts ❛♥❞ r❡❞ ❝✉r✈❡✮✱ •|❆❈❊✲❈❙| ✭❣r❡❡♥✮ ❛♥❞ •|❆❈❊✲•|•❙ ✭❜•✉❡✮ ✐♥✐t✐❛• s✐❣♥❛•s✳ ❙♦•✐❞ ❜r♦❦❡♥ •✐♥❡s s❤♦✇ t❤❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛• t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥✱ str❛✐❣❤t •✐♥❡s s❤♦✇ •✐♥❡❛r r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡s❡ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s✳ ❙t❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♣•♦tt❡❞ ❢r♦♠ s♦✉t❤ ✭❜♦tt♦♠ ❣r❛♣❤ t❤✐s ♣❛❣❡✮ t♦ ♥♦rt❤ ✭t♦♣ ❣r❛♣❤✱ •❛st ♣❛❣❡✮✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉❡ t♦ s❡❛s♦♥❛• ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣✳
♥❣ t❤❡ •P❙ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✱ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ✈❡•♦❝✐t✐❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❙❯❚❍ ❛♥❞ ❙❯❚▼ st❛t✐♦♥s ❤✐❣❤•✐❣❤ts t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t② ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ❣•♦❜❦✳ ❚❤❡ t✇♦ st❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ •♦❝❛t❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ s✐t❡✱ ✶✸✺ ♠ ❛✇❛② ❢r♦♠ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ✭s❡❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❢♦r ❛•• •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❆✳✶✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t r❛t❡s✱ ♦✈❡r ❝♦♠♣•❡t❡ ②❡❛rs✱ ✐s ❣r❡❛t❡r ✭✵✳✶✾ ♠♠✴②r✮ t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t② ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ❣•♦❜❦ ✭✵✳✶✸ ♠♠✴②r✮✳ ❆s t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ •♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r•② st❛❜•❡ ❛r❡❛✱ ❜♦t❤ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝❛••② ❛♥❞ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛••②✱ t❤✐s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ ♠♦r❡ r❡❛•✐st✐❝ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t② ❢♦r t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t r❛t❡s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t s♦✉r❝❡ ♦❢ ❡rr♦r ✐♥✐t✐❛••② •✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❢r❛♠❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ t❤❡ •P❙ ❞❛✐•② s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ st❛t✐♦♥s ✈❡•♦❝✐t✐❡s✳ ❆ ♥❡✇ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ■❚|❋✱ ■❚|❋✷✵✶✹ ✭❆•t❛♠✐♠✐ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✱ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ r❡•❡❛s❡❞ r❡❝❡♥t•②✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❆•t❛♠✐♠✐ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✱ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• r❛t❡s r❡•❛t✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡❝❡❞❡♥t r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❢r❛♠❡✱ ■❚|❋✷✵✵✽ ✭❆•t❛♠✐♠✐ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✱ ❝❛♥ r❡❛❝❤ ✶ ♠♠✴②r✳ ❚❤✐s ✈❛•✉❡ s❤♦✉•❞ t❤✉s ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s ❛ r❡❛•✐st✐❝ ❡rr♦r ♦♥ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• r❛t❡s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ■❚|❋✷✵✶✹✳ ■♥ t❤❡ st✉❞② ❛r❡❛✱ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ■❚|❋ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• r❛t❡s ✐s ❤✐❣❤•✐❣❤t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• r❛t❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ st❛t✐♦♥s✱ ▼❆❯❆✱ |❯◆❉ ❛♥❞ ▼❖◆•✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• r❛t❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡❞ ❜② r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡•② ✶ ♠♠✴②r✱ ✵✳✺✷ ♠♠✴②r ❛♥❞ ✵✳✶✹ ♠♠✴②r ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ■❚|❋✷✵✵✽ t♦ t❤❡ ■❚|❋✷✵✶✹ ✭s❡❡ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ■❚|❋✵✽ ✐♥ P❛st✐❡r ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✼ ✐♥ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✺✳✶✮✳ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♥♦t ♦♥•② s✉❜•❡❝t t♦ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t②✱ ❜✉t ♠❛② ❛•s♦ ♥♦t ❜❡ r❡❛•✐st✐❝✱ ❛s t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❯▲❉■ st❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s✱ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ str♦♥❣ ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t❡❞ ❜② •|❆❈❊ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✈❡r② •♦✇ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ s✐❣♥❛• ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❜② •P❙✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s✳ ❆♥♦t❤❡r s♦✉r❝❡ ♦❢ ❡rr♦r ✐♥ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s r❡•❛t❡s t♦ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥s✱ ♣♦♦r•② ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s❛t❡••✐t❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s r❡✈❡❛•❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ r❡•❛t✐✈❡•② ❤♦♠♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ♦✈❡r t❤❡ )❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥✱ ✇❤✐•❡ t❤❡ •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥s ❝•❡❛r•② s❤♦✇ ❤✐❣❤❡r ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇❡st❡r♥ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥ ✭▼❖◆•✮✱ r❡•❛t✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❡❛st❡r♥ ♣❛rt ✭❚❊❚❊✱ )❖▼❇✮✳ ❚❤✐s •❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥ ♠❛② ❛•s♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t t❤❡ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• tr❡♥❞✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ t❤❡ •♦✇ s♣❛t✐❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s❛t❡••✐t❡s ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛••♦✇ t❤❡ r❡❝♦r❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ •♦❝❛• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ♠❛ss❡s✱ ❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❊❆| st❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t❤❡♥ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛t❡ t❤❡s❡ •♦❝❛• ❡✛❡❝ts✳ ❉✉❡ t♦ t❤✐s ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t②✱ ✐t ✐s ♥♦t ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ ❢♦r st❛t✐♦♥s ✐♠♣❛❝t❡❞ ❜② •♦❝❛• ❡✛❡❝ts t♦ ❝♦♥✜r♠ t❤❛t t❤❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t r❛t❡ ✐s ❢r❡❡ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❢✉rt❤❡r ♠♦❞❡••✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ •♦❝❛• ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❞❛t❛✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ s♣❛♥ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❡•♦❝✐t✐❡s ❛•s♦ ✐♠♣❛❝ts t❤❡ ✜♥❛• r❡s✐❞✉❛• r❛t❡s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛••② ❢♦r t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥s s❤♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ str♦♥❣❡st ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡✳ ▼❖◆• s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• r❛t❡ ✉♣ t♦ ✶✳✺✹ ♠♠✴②r ✐❢ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ •❛t❡st ♣❡r✐♦❞ ✭✶✷✴✷✵✶✵ t♦ ✶✷✴✷✵✶✺✱ s❡❡ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✼✮✳ ❚❤✐s ✐ss✉❡ ✐s ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r•② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❢♦r t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❝♦✈❡r✐♥❣ ♦♥•② ❛ ❢❡✇ ②❡❛rs✳ ■♥ t❤✐s st✉❞②✱ t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛• ❞❛t❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ •✐♥❡❛r r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥s ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥•② ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛✈❛✐•❛❜✐•✐t② ❛♥❞ r❡•✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❛♥❞ ✈❛r② ❛♠♦♥❣ st❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❞❛t❡s s❤♦✉•❞ ✐❞❡❛••② ❜❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ✇✐t❤✐♥ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s✱ ❜✉t ✐t ✇❛s ❢♦✉♥❞ ♣r❡❢❡r❛❜•❡ t♦ ♣r❡s❡r✈❡ ❛s ♠❛♥② ②❡❛rs ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ r❡•❛t✐✈❡ s❤♦rt♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s✳ ❙t❛t✐♦♥ •P❙ ❣•♦❜❦ ❊rr♦r ❣•♦❜❦ Pr♦❝❡ss❡❞ •P❙ ❈❙| |❡s✐❞✉❛• ✭❈❙|✮ •|•❙ |❡s✐❞✉❛• ✭•|•❙✮ ❊rr♦r •|❆❈❊ ❋✐♥❛• ❡rr♦
•❡ ✸✳✶ ✕ ❱❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t r❛t❡s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ❣❛♠✐t✴❣•♦❜❦ ❢♦r t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s✱ ❛♥❞ r❡❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ♦✈❡r ❝♦♠♣•❡t❡ ②❡❛rs ❢♦r t❤❡ •P❙ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t st❛t✐♦♥s✱ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❢r♦♠ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛• s✐❣♥❛• ❛❢t❡r r❡♠♦✈❛• ♦❢ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ ❜❛s❡❞ s✐❣♥❛•✱ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥ ♠♠✴②r✳ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ •✐♥❡❛r r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♣•♦tt❡❞ ✐♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✸✳✼✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✽ ✕ ❱❡rt✐❝❛• ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t r❛t❡s ✐♥ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛✳ ❚♦♣ ♠❛♣s s❤♦✇ t❤❡ r❛t❡s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ❣❛♠✐t✴❣•♦❜❦ ✭❣r❡②✮✱ ❛♥❞ r❡❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ♦✈❡r ❝♦♠♣•❡t❡ ②❡❛rs ❢♦r t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ✭❜•❛❝❦✮✱ t❤❡ r❛t❡s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❢r♦♠ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ✭❣r❡❡♥ ❢♦r ❈❙| ❛♥❞ ❜•✉❡ ❢♦r •|•❙✮✳ ❇♦tt♦♠ ♠❛♣ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t r❛t❡s ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t② ✐s ❢♦r ❜♦t❤ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❜✉t ✐s ♦♥•② ♣•♦tt❡❞ r❡•❛t✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡ •|•❙ s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❛ ❜❡tt❡r r❡❛❞❛❜✐•✐t②✳ ❉✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡s ✸✳✼ ❛♥❞ ✸✳✽ s❤♦✇ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ✜t ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ •P❙ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❢r♦♠ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❆•• •♦✇ ❝♦rr❡•❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❛✛❡❝t st❛t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✈❡r② •♦✇ ❛♥♥✉❛• s✐❣♥❛•✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❝♦rr♦❜♦r❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❛t t❤❡ •♦✇❡st |▼❙ ✐s ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡s❡ st❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ ❝♦rr❡•❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❛s ✇❡•• ❛s t❤❡ ✈❛•✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ s✉♣♣♦rt t❤❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡••✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♥❞ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s t♦ r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r✲ ❛♥♥✉❛• ❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚❲❙✳ (❡t s♦♠❡ ❞✐✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ t✇♦ s✐❣♥❛•s ❛♣♣❡❛r✳ ❉✉❡ t♦ ✐ts •♦✇ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② t♦ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛ss ❛♥♦♠❛•②✱ •|❆❈❊ ♣r❡❞✐❝ts s✐♠✐•❛r ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ✈❡r✲ t✐❝❛• ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❛•• t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ )❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ■♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st✱ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❡①❤✐❜✐t ♠♦r❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜•❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ✐s ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❛t t❤❡ ✇❡st❡r♥♠♦st ▼❖◆• st❛t✐♦♥ ✭✷✹ ♠♠✮✱ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡s ❡❛st✇❛r❞ t♦ r❡❛❝❤ ❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ❛t t❤❡ ❝❡♥tr❛• )❆▼❇ st❛t✐♦♥ ✭✶✷✳✺ ♠♠✮ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ❛❣❛✐♥ t♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡ ■♥❞✐❛♥ ❖❝❡❛♥ ❝♦❛st ✭✶✹✳✾ ♠♠ ❛t )❖▼❇✮✳ ▼❛♥② st❛t✐♦♥s✱ ♥♦t❛❜•② ✐♥ t❤❡ )❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥✱ ❛r❡ ❛•s♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t❡❞ ❜② •♦❝❛• ❡✛❡❝ts✳ ❚❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ ❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❚❊)■ st❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛② ♣❛rt•② r❡s✉•t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❡❛s♦♥❛• r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦✉r ■t❡③❤✐✲❚❡③❤✐ ❞❛♠ ✭s❡❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❆✳✶✮✳ ■♥ ❛ s✐♠✐•❛r ✇❛②✱ ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❡①♣•❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ❢r♦♠ )❆▼❇ t♦ ❚❊❚❊ ❛♥❞ )❖▼❇ •✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❛s♦♥❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ •❛❦❡ ▼❛•❛✇✐✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r ❡①❛♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s✱ ✐♥❝•✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ❝❛♥ ❤❡•♣ t♦ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t❡ t❤❡s❡ •♦❝❛• ❡✛❡❝ts✳ ■t ✐s t❤❡♥ ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ t♦ ❜❡tt❡r ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ✭s❡❡ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✹✳✷✮✳ ❱❡rt✐❝❛• ✈❡•♦❝✐t✐❡s ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s s❤♦✇ ❛ ❣•♦❜❛• ✉♣•✐❢t ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲ )❛♠❜❡③✐✱ ❡①t❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❛s s♦✉t❤ ❛s t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤ ♦❢ ❙♦✉t❤ ❆❢r✐❝❛✳ ❱❡•♦❝✐t✐❡s ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts r❡✈❡❛• t❤❛t t❤✐s ✉♣•✐❢t ✐s ❛t •❡❛st ♣❛rt•② ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ♣❛st s✐① ②❡❛rs✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛••② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❛st❡r♥ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ )❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ❚❤❡ t✇♦ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ♦✈❡r❛•• s✐♠✐•❛r ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• tr❡♥❞s✱ ❜✉t ❞✐✛❡r ♦♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r st❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛••② ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡❞❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥✱ ✇✐t❤ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❢♦r )❖▼❇ ❛♥❞ ❯▲❉■ ✇✐t❤ ∼✶ ♠♠✴②r ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡✳ •|•❙ s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ❛•s♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛••② ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ♠♦r❡ s✉❜s✐❞✐♥❣ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• r❛t❡s✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛• ✈❡rt✐❝❛• r❛t❡s ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✸✳✽ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t•② ❞✐✛❡r✳ ■♥ ❛❣r❡❡♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡r ❝♦rr❡•❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts✱ t❤❡ ❈❙| s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t r❛t❡s ❝•♦s❡r t♦ t❤❡ •P❙ ♦♥❡s t❤❛♥ t❤❡ •|•❙ s♦•✉t✐♦♥✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t•②✱ ♠♦❞❡••✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡❛s♦♥❛• ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤✐s s♦•✉t✐♦♥ t❡♥❞s t♦ s♠♦♦t❤ r❡s✐❞✉❛• ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❡①❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t✇♦ ❉|❈ st❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❯❑❆▼ ❛♥❞ ❯▲❯❇✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ •♦❝❛••② ✐♠♣❛❝t❡❞ ❉❊❆| st❛t✐♦♥✳ |❡s✐❞✉❛• r❛t❡s t❤❡♥ s❤♦✇ ❛ ❣•♦❜❛••② st❛❜•❡ s✉❜✲❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t✱ r❡•❛t✐✈❡•② t♦ t❤❡ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t② ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙✱ ❜✉t ✇✐t❤ ✉♣•✐❢t ❛t ♠♦st st❛t✐♦♥s •♦❝❛t❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ▲❛❦❡ ❚❛♥❣❛♥②✐❦❛ ❛♥❞ ▼❆❯❆✱ ✉♣ t♦ ∼✷ ♠♠✴②r ❛t ❯▲❯❇✳ ■♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st✱ t❤❡ •|•❙ s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❣•♦❜❛••② ❤✐❣❤❡r r❡s✐❞✉❛• ✈❡rt✐❝❛• r❛t❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐s ♠♦st•② ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤❡❛st❡r♥ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t✱ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡s ❛♥ ♦✈❡r❛•• ✉♣•✐❢t ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉❜✲❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t ❡①❝❡❡❞✐♥❣ ✵✳✺ ♠♠✴②r✳ ■♠♣•✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ❛r❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✐♥ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✺✳✷✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❤♦rt t✐♠❡ s♣❛♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ✜♥❛• ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t✐❡s ❣❡♥❡r❛••② ❣r❡❛t❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛• ✈❡rt✐❝❛• r❛t❡s✳ (❡t t❤✐s st✉❞② ❤✐❣❤•✐❣❤ts t❤❡ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ s❡❛s♦♥❛• ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✐♥ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛✳ ❆•t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✜♥❛• r❡s✐❞✉❛• r❛t❡s ❡①❤✐❜✐t ❣r❡❛t ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t②✱ t❤✐s st✉❞② ✈❛•✐❞❛t❡❞ t❤❛t ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ✐s ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ♣r❡r❡q✉✐s✐t❡ t♦ ❢✉rt❤❡r ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥s r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✐♥ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✐s ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ st✉❞② ❛r❡❛✱ ❞❡s♣✐t❡ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t✐❡s✱ ♥♦t❛❜•② ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤✬s r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❢r❛♠❡✳ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡✲ ♠❡♥t •✐❡s ✐♥ ❛ ❜❡tt❡r ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t ♦❢ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ♠♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐•❡❞ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛s ✇❡•• ❛s t❤❡ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❤❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• s✐❣♥❛• ✐♠♣❛❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✱ ❛••♦✇s ❛ ❜❡tt❡r ❞❡t❡r✲ ♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥s ✭s❡❡ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✹✳✷✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉•❞ ❛••♦✇ ✐♥ t✉r♥ ❛ ❜❡tt❡r ♠♦❞❡••✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ✸✳✸✳✹ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ♣❡❝✉•✐❛r✐t✐❡s ❚❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥s •♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲)❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥ s❤♦✇ t✇♦ s②st❡♠❛t✐❝ ♣❡❝✉•✐❛r✐t✐❡s✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r•② ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✸✳✾ ❢♦r t❤❡ ▼❖◆• st❛t✐♦♥✳ ❋✐rst✱ t❤❡ ✐♥✢❡①✐♦♥s ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❛r❡ ♦✉t✲♦❢✲♣❤❛s❡ r❡•❛t✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥✢❡①✐♦♥s ♦♥ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❜② ∼✸ ♠♦♥t❤s✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ❡①❤✐❜✐t ❛ s②st❡♠❛t✐❝ s•♦✇❞♦✇♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ r✐s❡✱ ♣♦ss✐❜•② •❡❛❞✐♥❣ t♦ tr❛♥s✐t♦r② s✉❜s✐❞❡♥❝❡✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛ s•♦✇❞♦✇♥ ✐s ❛•s♦ ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ s✉❜s✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ ❜✉t ✐s •❡ss ♣r♦♥♦✉♥❝❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♦❝❝✉r ✐♥ ❛ s②st❡♠❛t✐❝ ♠❛♥♥❡r✳ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s ❝❛♥ ❡①♣•❛✐♥ ♦♥❡ ♦r ❜♦t❤ t❤❡s❡ ♣❡❝✉•✐❛r✐t✐❡s✳ ❈•✐♠❛t✐❝ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r ♥♦♥✲•✐♥❡❛r ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② ❛♥❞ ❞r② s❡❛s♦♥s✱ ✇✐t❤ ❜✐♠♦❞❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✐♥ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❡♠♣♦r❛r② ❞r❛st✐❝ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ ❊❚ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞r② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ✶✵ ❞❛② r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ •|•❙ s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ❢♦r •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❛••♦✇s t❤❡ r❡❝♦r❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✷✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛•s♦ ❛♣♣❡❛r ✐♥ s♦♠❡ ②❡❛rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✹✮✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛••② ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞r② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ❇✉t t❡♠♣♦r❛• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ r❛t❡s ♦❢ ❛❝❝✉♠✉•❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ✇♦✉•❞ ♥♦t ❛✛❡❝t t❤❡ ♣❤❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❛♥♥✉❛• ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s✐❣♥❛•✳ ❚❤✉s✱ ✇❤✐•❡ t❤✐s ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ❛•♦♥❡ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❡①♣•❛✐♥ ❛•• t❤❡ ♣❡❝✉•✐❛r✐t✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s✱ ✐t ✐s ❛t •❡❛st ♣❛rt•② r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♥♦♥✲•✐♥❡❛r r❛t❡s ♦❢ s✉❜s✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✉♣•✐❢t ♦♥ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✳ ❚✇♦ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s ❝❛♥ ❛•s♦ ❜❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠♣•❡t❡ t❤❡ ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ ♦♥❡✳ ❋✐rst✱ ❝✐r❝✉•❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥s ❝♦✉•❞ ❜❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❡♠♣♦r❛•
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✾ ✕ P❡❝✉•✐❛r✐t✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ▼❖◆• st❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠♦♥t❤•② ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❈❍■|P❙ ❢♦r t❤❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥✳ P✉r♣•❡ ❛r❡❛s ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞s ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• s•♦✇❞♦✇♥s✱ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ t♦ s❡♠✐✲✐♥✢❡①✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❞ ❛rr♦✇s ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r s❡♠✐✲❛♥♥✉❛• ✐♥✢❡①✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✳ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚❲❙✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❝✐r❝✉•❛t✐♦♥ ✇♦✉•❞ ♥♦t ♦♥•② ❞✐st✉r❜ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• r❛t❡s ❜✉t ❛•s♦ t❤❡ ♣❤❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ❛ ✇❛t❡r ❜♦❞② ♣❛ss✐♥❣ ❜② ❛ •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞r② s❡❛s♦♥ ✇♦✉•❞ ✶✮ s•♦✇ ❞♦✇♥ t❤❡ r❡•❛①❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝r✉st ✐♥ ✐ts ✈✐❝✐♥✐t② ✇❤✐•❡ ❣❡tt✐♥❣ ❝•♦s❡r ❛♥❞ ✷✮ s❤✐❢t t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛rr✐✈❛• ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r ❜♦❞② t♦ t❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❡♠♦✈❛•✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s ❛r❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✐♥ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✹✳✷✳ ❚❡♠♣♦r❛• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ❝♦✉•❞ ❛•s♦ ♦❝❝✉r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥s ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛♥② ❝✐r❝✉•❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r✱ ❜✉t ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❛✐♥❢❛••✳ ❚❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥s ❝♦✉•❞ ❜❡ ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t✇♦ ❛r❡❛s ♦❢ ♠❛✐♥ ❚❲❙ ❛❝❝✉♠✉•❛t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣✐♥❣ ❛t s•✐❣❤t•② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣❛❝❡s ♦✈❡r t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ❲❤✐•❡ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛s ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ❛❝❝✉♠✉•❛t✐♦♥ ✇♦✉•❞ •♦✐♥t•② ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡② ✇♦✉•❞ ❝♦♠♣❡t❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✳ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t r❛t❡s ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ ❝♦✉•❞ s❤✐❢t t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ❢r♦♠ ♦♥❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ♠❛✐♥ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s t♦ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ ❛ r❤❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞✱ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r•② •♦♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣•❡① t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❤✐st♦r② ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉❜❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❜❡•t ♦❢ ②♦✉♥❣❡r ❝r✉st ❛♥❞ •✐t❤♦s♣❤❡r❡ ♦❢ ❉❛♠❛r❛♥ ❛❣❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ❆r❝❤❡❛♥ t❤✐❝❦ ❝r❛t♦♥s ✭s❡❡ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✺✳✶✮ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ str♦♥❣ r❤❡♦✲ •♦❣✐❝❛• ❝♦♥tr❛st✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r✐t✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❲■◆❉ st❛t✐♦♥✱ s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝r✉st❛• ✢❡①✉r❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r t❤❛♥ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❝♦✉•❞ ♣♦ss✐❜•② ❜❡ ❡①♣•❛✐♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t r❤❡♦•♦✲ ❣✐❝❛• ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❈❤❛♥❛r❞ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✱ t❤❡ ♣❤❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❛r❡ str♦♥❣•② r❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ r❤❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s s✉❣❣❡sts t❤❛t t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♠✉❝❤ t♦ ❜❡ •❡❛r♥❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ♠♦❞❡••✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ s❡❛s♦♥❛• ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛s ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ r❡❛•✐s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞②✳ ✸✳✹ ❈♦♥❝•✉s✐♦♥ ❚❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ✐♥ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛ ❛r❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t❡❞ ❜② ❜♦t❤ s❡❛s♦♥❛• ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• •♦❛✲ ❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ •♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝s✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• tr❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞✐r❡❝t•② ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❡❞ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝s ✭s❡❡ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✺✳✶✮✳ ❇✉t t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ❡①✲ ❤✐❜✐t ❛ str♦♥❣ ❛♥♥✉❛• s✐❣♥❛• r❡✈❡❛•✐♥❣ t❤❡ str♦♥❣ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❣r❛✈✐t② ✜❡•❞ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② •|❆❈❊ s❛t❡••✐t❡s ❛••♦✇ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡••✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝r✉st❛• ✢❡①✉r❡ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤✐s •♦❛❞✐♥❣✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ s❤♦✇s ❛ ✈❡r② ❣♦♦❞ ✜t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥s✐s✲ t❡♥❝② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ •P❙ ❛♥❞ •|❆❈❊✲❞❡r✐✈❡❞ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ✈❛•✐❞❛t❡s t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❚❲❙ ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲)❛♠❜❡③✐ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐❣❤ ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡s ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥✳ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts t❤✉s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ♥❡✇ ♣r♦①② ❢♦r ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• s②st❡♠s✱ ❚❲❙✳ ■ts ♣♦♦r s♣❛t✐❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦♥•② ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛♥ ♦✈❡r❛•• ♦✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ st♦r❛❣❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✱ s♠♦♦t❤❡❞ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ t✇♦ ❜❛s✐♥s✱ ❜✉t t❤✐s ♦✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ✐s t❤❡ ✜rst ♦❢ ✐ts ❦✐♥❞✳ ❚❤✐s ♥❡✇ ♣r♦①② ✐s ♥♦t ♦♥•② ❝r✉❝✐❛• t♦ ❛ ❜❡tt❡r ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✱ ❜✉t ❛•s♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ ♥❡✇ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t ❢♦r ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♠♦❞❡•s ✭s❡❡ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✹✳✶✮✳ ▼♦❞❡••✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ •|❆❈❊✬s ❣r❛✈✐t② ✜❡•❞ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s s❤♦✇s t❤❛t t❤❡ s❡❛s♦♥❛• ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛✱ ❛♣❛rt ❢r♦♠ ♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥s •♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤ ♦❢ ❙♦✉t❤ ❆❢r✐❝❛✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♠✉❝❤ •♦✇❡r✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ t❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ✐❣♥♦r❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• •P❙ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ✐♥ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛ r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ ♦t❤❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ✭t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ♠♦✈❡♠❡♥ts✱ •■❆✮✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛••② s✐♥❝❡ ✐t ✐♠♣❛❝ts ❛ ✈❡r② •❛r❣❡ ❛r❡❛ ❝♦♠♣r✐s✐♥❣ ❛•♠♦st t❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ ✇✐❞t❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts t♦ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ❈❙| s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ❞❡•✐✈❡rs t❤❡ ❜❡st ✜t ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ t❤❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ •|•❙ s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ❛••♦✇s ✐♠♣r♦✈❡❞ r❡❝♦r❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ s❤♦rt t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤✐s •❛tt❡r s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ❛•s♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ s•✐❣❤t•② ❜❡tt❡r ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡✳ ❆s ❛ ❝♦♥❝•✉s✐♦♥✱ ✐♥ ❛❣r❡❡♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ❙❛❦✉♠✉r❛ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮ r❡✈❡❛•✐♥❣ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❡♥s❡♠❜•❡ ♦❢ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ✐s str♦♥❣❡r t❤❛♥ ❛ s✐♥❣•❡ s♦•✉t✐♦♥✱ ❜♦t❤ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❦❡♣t ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞②✳ ❇✉t✱ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡ t♦ ❙❛❦✉♠✉r❛ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✱ t❤❡ t✇♦ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t•② ❛♥❞ ♥♦t ❛✈❡r❛❣❡❞ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♣r❡s❡r✈❡ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ ♠♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐•❡❞ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❝❛♥ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❜② ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ♠❛ss❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ♣♦t❡♥✲ t✐❛• t❡♠♣♦r❛• ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t②✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♥♦♠❛•✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ ♣❤❛s❡ s❤✐❢t ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❛♥❞ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• s•♦✇❞♦✇♥s ♠❛② t✉r♥ ♦✉t t♦ ❜❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛• ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ t♦ ❜❡tt❡r ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❝②❝•❡ ✭s❡❡ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥s ✹✳✷ ❛♥❞ ✹✳✸✮✳ ❈❤❛♣✐tr❡ ✹ ❍②❞r♦•♦❣② ❖♥❝❡ ✈❛•✐❞❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥s✱ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ✈❡r② ✉s❡❢✉• ♣r♦①② t♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❚❡rr❡str✐❛• ❲❛t❡r ❙t♦r❛❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♣r♦♣❡r•② ✉s❡ t❤❡♠ ❛s ❛ t♦♦• ❢♦r ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥✱ ✐t ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❢♦r❝✐♥❣s ♦♥ t❤❡s❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❛♥ ✉s✉❛••② ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ ✇❛t❡r ❜❛•❛♥❝❡✱ ❜② ❡st✐♠❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥♣✉ts ✭♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥✮ ❛♥❞ ♦✉t♣✉ts ✭❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♦✉t✢♦✇✮✳ ❚❤❡ •❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜r♦❛❞ r❡♠♦t❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛ ❤❛s ♥♦t ❛••♦✇❡❞ ❛ s❛t✐s❢❛❝t♦r② ❣r♦✉♥❞✲❜❛s❡❞ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥❡❞ ✇❛t❡r ❜❛•❛♥❝❡ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥ s♦ ❢❛r✳ ▼♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ✐s ❛•• t❤❡ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♠♣•✐❝❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• s②st❡♠ ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ s♣❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ t✐♠❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛••♦✇ s❝❛r❝❡ s✐♥❣•❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts✱ ❛s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❛s t❤❡② ♠✐❣❤t ❜❡✱ t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❢♦r ❛♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ✈❛•✉❡ ♦✈❡r ❛ •❛r❣❡ ❛r❡❛✳ ❆•♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦r ❛ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♠♦❞❡• ❛❜•❡ t♦ r❡•✐❛❜•② ♣r❡❞✐❝t ❡✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ❝•✐♠❛t❡ ♦r •❛♥❞ ✉s❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡✱ ❛s ✐♥ ❆♥❞❡rss♦♥ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❢♦r❡❝❛st t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡❞✐❝t t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ ❢✉t✉r❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s✱ ♥✉✲ ♠❡r✐❝❛• ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♠♦❞❡•s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡✈❡•♦♣❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛✱ ❛s ❡❛r•② ❛s ❉✐♥❝❡r ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✶✾✽✼✮✳ •✐❡s❦❡ ✭✶✾✾✼✮ ✇❛s t❤❡ ✜rst t♦ t❛❦❡ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦✲ ❣✐❝❛• s②st❡♠✱ r❡s✉•t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ♠✉❝❤ ❜❡tt❡r r❡s✉•ts✱ ❜② ❛••♦✇✐♥❣ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs t❤r♦✉❣❤ t✐♠❡✳ |❡❝❡♥t•②✱ ❲♦•s❦✐ ❛♥❞ ▼✉rr❛②✲❍✉❞s♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✽✮ ❞❡✈❡•♦♣❡❞ ❛ ❝♦✉♣•❡❞ •■❙✲r❡s❡r✈♦✐r ♠♦❞❡• ❢♦r t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ♦❜t❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ r❡♣r♦❞✉❝✐❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦✉t✢♦✇ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♦✉t•❡ts✳ ■♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st✱ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛ r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ ✉♥✲♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❢♦r ❛ •♦♥❣ t✐♠❡✱ ♠❛✐♥•② ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ •❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❞❛t❛✳ ❍✉❣❤❡s ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ✇❡r❡ t❤❡ ✜rst ♦♥❡s t♦ ❛♣♣•② ❛ r❛✐♥❢❛••✲r✉♥♦✛ ♠♦❞❡• t♦ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥✱ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ②❡❛r ❛s ❋♦•✇❡•• ❛♥❞ ❋❛rq❤✉❛rs♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✳ ▼♦r❡ r❡❝❡♥t•②✱ ▼✐•③♦✇ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮ ❞❡✈❡•♦✲ ♣❡❞ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♠♦❞❡• ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❝❛♣t✉r❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ s♠❛•• s❝❛•❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ •❛♥❞ ✉s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ❇✉t ♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❛tt❡♠♣ts r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ ♣♦♦r•② ❝♦♥str❛✐♥❡❞✱ ♦♥•② ✈❛•✐❞❛✲ t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♦✉t✢♦✇ ✭❲✐•s♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❉✐♥❝❡r✱ ✶✾✼✻❀ •✐❡s❦❡✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❍✉❣❤❡s ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❲♦•s❦✐ ❛♥❞ ▼✉rr❛②✲❍✉❞s♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♥♦✇ r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ s✉♣♣•❡♠❡♥t❛r② ❛♥❞ r❡•✐❛❜•❡ ❞❛t❛ s❡t ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ t♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r ✇❛t❡r st♦r❛❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇❤♦•❡ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ❚❤✐s ♥❡✇ ♣r♦①② ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ✈❛•✐❞❛t❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♠♦❞❡•s ✇✐t❤ ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞ st❛t❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜•❡✱ ❚❲❙✱ ❛s ✐♥ ▼✐•③♦✇ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✳ ■♥ t❤✐s st✉❞②✱ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ✈❛•✐❞❛t❡ t❤❡ ❝❛•✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ❢♦r t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥ ♦❢ ❍✉❣❤❡s ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛ ✐ts❡•❢ ♠❛② ❜❡ t♦♦ s♠❛•• ❢♦r •|❆❈❊ s♣❛t✐❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ✭∼ ✸✵✵ ❦♠✮✳ ❯♥•✐❦❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛✱ ❛ ❢❡✇ ♣✐❡③♦♠❡tr✐❝ r❡❝♦r❞s ❛r❡ ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts✳ ❚✇♦ s✐t❡s ✇❡r❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t❡•② ♠♦♥✐t♦r❡❞ ❜② ❖|■ ✽✾ ✾✵ ❈❍❆P■❚|❊ ✹✳ ❍(❉|❖▲❖•( ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✶✾✾✼ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✶✹✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ r❡❝♦r❞s ♣❡r♠✐t t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ✇✐t❤ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts✳ ❋♦r t❤✐s st✉❞②✱ ✹ ♣✐❡③♦♠❡t❡rs ✇❡r❡ ✐♥st❛••❡❞ ✐♥ s❡•❡❝t❡❞ s✐t❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❛♥❞ ❡q✉✐♣❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ♣r♦❜❡s t♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s•② r❡❝♦r❞ t❤❡ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t♦ ❛ ❜❡tt❡r ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ✐s ♥♦t •✐♠✐t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ✈❛•✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❛♥❞ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ ♠♦r❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡•② t❤❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ♠❛✐♥ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✇❤✐•❡ •|❆❈❊ s♠♦♦t❤❡s t❤❡s❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦✈❡r ❛ •❛r❣❡ ❛r❡❛✳ ❈❛r❡❢✉• ❡①❛♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❝❛♥ ❛•s♦ ❜❡tt❡r ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ t❤❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛• ❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❲❙ s♣❛t✐❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ ❜② ❜❡tt❡r ❝♦♥str❛✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ❛♥❞ t❡♠♣♦r❛• ❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲)❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥✱ ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ t♦ ❜❡tt❡r ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❡t❡♦r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ✇❛t❡r ❜❛•❛♥❝❡s✳ ✹✳✶ ❱❛•✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ❢♦r t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛✲ s✐♥ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❚❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• Pr✐♥❝✐♣•❡ ❚❤❡ ♠♦♥t❤•② ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♠♦❞❡• ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞② ✭❤❡r❡ r❡❢❡r❡❞ t♦ ❛s t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦✲ ❞❡•✮ ✐s ❛❝t✉❛••② ❛ ❝♦✉♣•✐♥❣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛ r❛✐♥❢❛••✲r✉♥♦✛ ♠♦❞❡• ❛♥❞ ❛ r❡s❡r✈♦✐r ♠♦❞❡•✱ r❡•❛t❡❞ ❜② ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ r❡•❡✈❛♥t ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ✿ ✐♥✜•tr❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥✱ ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥✱ ❡t❝✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛• P✐t♠❛♥ ✭✶✾✼✸✮ ♠♦❞❡• ✐s t❤❡ r❛✐♥❢❛••✲r✉♥♦✛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✱ ❞❡✈❡•♦♣❡❞ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛••② ❢♦r s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛s✳ ■t ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡s ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ❢❛••❡♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❛ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❡✈❡♥t ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♣r❡❞✐❝t t❤❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❤②❞r♦•♦✲ ❣✐❝❛• r❡s❡r✈♦✐rs ✿ r✉♥♦✛✱ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡✱ s♦✐• ♠♦✐st✉r❡✴❛q✉✐❢❡r✳ ❉❡t❛✐•s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❛r❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✐♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✹✳✶✳ ❚❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛• P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ✇❛s ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥ ❜② ❍✉❣❤❡s ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ✇✐t❤ ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ ❣r♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇❛t❡r ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ✭❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r r❡❝❤❛r❣❡✴❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡✱ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ •♦ss❡s✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥ ✐s s✉❜❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ✷✹ s✉❜✲❜❛s✐♥s✱ t♦ ❛❞❞r❡ss t❤❡ s♣❛✲ t✐❛• ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❚❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡• ✇❡r❡ ❝❛•✐❜r❛t❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ |✐✈❡r ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦✉t✢♦✇ ♦❢ ✶✽ ❣❛✉❣❡❞ s✉❜✲❜❛s✐♥s ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ✶✾✻✵✲✶✾✼✷✱ ✇❤❡♥ r❛✐♥✲❣❛✉❣❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛♥❞ ✇❛t❡r •❡✈❡• ✇❡r❡ ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❆♥❣♦•❛♥ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❝♦♠♣r✐s❡ s✉♠♠❡r ❛♥❞ ✇✐♥t❡r s♦✐• ❛❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s ✭♠✐♥✐♠✉♠✱ ♠❡❛♥ ❛♥❞ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠✮✱ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ st♦r❛❣❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t②✱ t❤❡ st♦r❛❣❡✲r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ❝✉r✈❡✱ t❤❡ st♦r❛❣❡✲r✉♥♦✛ ❝✉r✈❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r r❡❝❤❛r❣❡✱ ❛♠♦♥❣ ♦t❤❡rs✳ ❆s ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ ✐♥ ▼♦❤❡♠❜♦ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❡❞ s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✸✸✱ t❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠♦st t✐❣❤t•② ❝♦♥str❛✐♥❡❞ ♣❡r✲ ✐♦❞ ✇❡r❡ ✈❡r✐✜❡❞ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ •❛st t❤r❡❡ ❞❡❝❛❞❡s✱ t♦ ✈❛•✐❞❛t❡ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ s❛t❡••✐t❡✲❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❞❛t❛✳ ❚❤❡ ✈❛•✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡• ❝❛•✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s •✐♠✐t❡❞ ✐♥ t✇♦ ❛s♣❡❝ts✳ ❋✐rst✱ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ s♣❛♥ ♦❢ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❛♥❞ ♦✉t✢♦✇ ❝❤r♦♥✐❝•❡s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ✈❛•✐❞❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r✐s❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♥♦t •♦♥❣ ❡♥♦✉❣❤✳ ❚❤❡ ✶✷ ②❡❛r •♦♥❣ ❝❤r♦♥✐❝•❡✱ ❢r♦♠ ✶✾✻✵ t♦ ✶✾✼✷✱ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❡✈❡♥ ❝♦✈❡r t❤❡ ✶✽ ②❡❛rs ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉♣♣♦s❡❞ ❝②❝•❡ ❝♦♥tr♦••✐♥❣ r❡❣✐♦♥❛• r❛✐♥❢❛••✳ ❙❡❝♦♥❞✱ t❤❡ ❝❛•✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ♦♥•② ♦♥❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ st❛t❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜•❡✱ t❤❡ ♦✉t✢♦✇✳ ❚❤❡ s✉♣♣•❡♠❡♥t❛r② st❛t❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜•❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② •|❆❈❊ ✭❚❲❙✮ ❛••♦✇s ❛ ♠♦r❡ r♦❜✉st ✈❛•✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❛•✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡•❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ ❛♥❞ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♠♦❞❡•✳
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✶ ✕ ❋•♦✇ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ❛s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② ❍✉❣❤❡s ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ s✉❜✲❜❛s✐♥✳ ▼♦❞❡• ✐♥♣✉ts ■t ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡• ✇✐t❤ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✐♥♣✉ts✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✷✹ s✉❜✲❜❛s✐♥s ❢♦r♠✐♥❣ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛✳ ❱❛•✉❡s ❢♦r ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❜② ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ❛♥❞ ❏✉•② ❛♥❞ ❡①tr❛♣♦•❛t❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t t❤❡ ②❡❛r✳ ❚❤❡ s♦✐• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✐s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ❋❆❖✱ t❤❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤② ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦•♦❣② ❜② t❤❡ ❯❙•❙ ✭P❡rs✐ts ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ •▲❈✷✵✵✵ •❛♥❞ ❝♦✈❡r ♠❛♣ ✐s ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ t♦ r❡tr❡✐✈❡ ❢♦r❡st ❝♦✈❡r✳ ❉r❛✐♥❛❣❡ ❞❡♥s✐t②✱ ❣r♦✉♥❞ ✇❛t❡r tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐✈✐t② ❛♥❞ ❣r♦✉♥❞ ✇❛t❡r st♦r❛t✐✈✐t② ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❝❛•✐❜r❛t❡❞✱ ❜✉t ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❞✉❡ t♦ ❛ •❛❝❦ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s✱ s♦♠❡ ❝❛•✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②✳ ❚❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ❛•s♦ ♥❡❡❞s ♠♦♥t❤•② t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❢♦r t✇♦ ♦❢ ✐ts ❜♦✉♥❞❛r② ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ✿ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❛♥❞ ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥✳ ❇♦t❤ ❛r❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛• ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r ❜❛•❛♥❝❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❡①❤✐❜✐t ❛ ❣r❡❛t ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝❤♦s❡♥ ❞❛t❛ s❡t✳ ❆•• ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ❢♦r t❤❡ t✇♦ ✈❛r✐❛❜•❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② ❞✐✛❡r ❛♠♦♥❣ ❜❛s✐♥s✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❛s♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ❢♦
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✷ ✕ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥♥✉❛• r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ r❛✐♥✲❣❛✉❣❡ r❡❝♦r❞s ❛t t❤❡ ❙❤❛❦❛✇❡ st❛✲ t✐♦♥ ✭•♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✸✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❞❛t❛ s❡ts✳ ❇♦tt♦♠ ♣•♦t s❤♦✇s ❛♥♥✉❛• r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❞❛t❛ s❡t ✭❣r♦✉♥❞✲❜❛s❡❞ st❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❜•❛❝❦✮✱ t♦♣ ♣•♦t s❤♦✇s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❞❛t❛ s❡t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥ r❡❝♦r❞s✳ ❚❤❡ •♦✇ ✈❛•✉❡ ♦❢ ✷✵✶✸ ✐s ❞✉❡ t♦ ❛ ❞✐s❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❡❛t❤❡r st❛t✐♦♥✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t•② s✉❜tr❛❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❞❛t❛ s❡t✳ |❛✐♥❢❛•• ▼❛♥② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ❛r❡ ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ ❢♦r ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ r❡♠♦t❡ s❡♥s✐♥❣ ✭P❊|❙■❆◆◆✮✱ r❛✐♥✲❣❛✉❣❡❞ st❛t✐♦♥s ✭•P❈❈✱ ❈|❯✮ ♦r ❜♦t❤ ✭❈❍■|P❙✱ ❚|▼▼✱ |❋❊✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♦♥•② t❤r❡❡ ✇❡❛t❤❡r st❛t✐♦♥s ❝✉rr❡♥t•② ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❆♥❣♦•❛♥ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛✱ ✇✐t❤ ♦♥•② ❢❡✇ ♠♦♥t❤s ♦❢ ❞✐s❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s r❡❝♦r❞s✱ ♠❛❦❡ ✐t ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜•❡ t♦ ❝❤♦♦s❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐s ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♥❞✲❜❛s❡❞ ❞❛t❛ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✇❤♦•❡ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ✐s ♠♦r❡ ❡❛s✐•② ❢❡❛s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ▼❡t❡♦r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s ✭❉▼❙✮ ❛♥❞ ❉❲❆ r❡❝♦r❞s r❛✐♥❢❛••✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✷ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ❡①❛♠♣•❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❤❛❦❛✇❡ st❛t✐♦♥ ✭❞❛t❛ ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ ❛t ❤tt♣✿✴✴•❡✉tr❛✳ ❣❡♦❣r✳✉♥✐✲•❡♥❛✳❞❡✴♦❜✐s✴♠❡t❛❞❛t❛✴st❛rt✳♣❤♣✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤✐❣❤•✐❣❤ts t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ❛♠♦♥❣ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❞❛t❛ s❡ts✳ ❆•• t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛••② ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ♦✈❡r❡st✐♠❛t❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❛t t❤✐s st❛t✐♦♥✱ ✉♣ t♦ ✶✵✵ ✪✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s r❡✈❡❛•✐♥❣ ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛• tr❡♥❞ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ❣❡♥❡r❛• ♦✈❡r❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t•② ❝♦♥✈❡❝t✐✈❡ r❛✐♥❢❛••✳ ❲✐•❦ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❝❛•❝✉•❛t❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❚|▼▼ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ♦✈❡r❡st✐♠❛t❡ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥ ❜② ✷✵✪✳ ❚❤✐s ♦✈❡r❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐s t❤❡ r❡s✉•t ♦❢ ❛ ❞♦✉❜•❡ ❜✐❛s✳ ❲❤✐•❡ s❛t❡••✐t❡s t❡♥❞ t♦ ✉♥❞❡r❡st✐♠❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ❢❛••✐♥❣ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♠❛ss✐✈❡ st♦r♠s✱ t❤❡② ❛•s♦ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ ♦❝❝✉rr❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ •♦✇❡r r❛✐♥❢❛•• t♦♦ ♦❢t❡♥✳ ❚❤✐s s❡❝♦♥❞ ❜✐❛s ✐s ❣r❡❛t❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♦♥❡✱ ❛♥❞ r❡s✉•ts ✐♥ ♠♦♥t❤•② ♦✈❡r❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❛✐♥❢❛••✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ ❛•• t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts r❡❣✉•❛r•② ❡①❤✐❜✐t s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❛✐♥❢❛•• t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❤❛s ❛ str♦♥❣ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• s②st❡♠✱ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜•❡ ♥❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉❜s✉r❢❛❝❡✳ ❚♦ ❣❡t ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤✐s ♣r♦❜•❡♠✱ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ t❡st t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞❛t❛ s❡ts✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ✈❡r② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t r✉♥♦✛ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥✳ ❲✐•❦ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❝♦♥❝•✉❞❡❞ t❤❛t r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❞❛t❛ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ♠♦❞❡r❛t❡❞ ❜② r❛✐♥✲❣❛✉❣❡❞ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts t♦ ❜❡ ♠♦r❡ r❡❛•✐st✐❝✳ ▼♦r❡ r❡❝❡♥t•②✱ t❤❡ ❈•✐♠❛t❡ ❍❛③❛r❞s ■♥❢r❛|❡❞ Pr❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❙t❛t✐♦♥s ✭❈❍■|P❙✮✱ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❈•✐♠❛t❡ ❍❛③❛r❞s •r♦✉♣✱ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❢♦✉♥❞ t♦ ❜❡ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ s❡t ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜❡st ✜t ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ♦✉t✢♦✇ ✭❲♦•s❦✐ ✶ ✱ ♣❡rs✳ ❝♦♠♠✳✮✳ ❈❍■|P❙✱ ♠♦❞❡r❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥✱ ✐s t❤✉s t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ s❡t ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞② ❢♦r ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❊✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ❆ss❡ss♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ❞❡❜❛t❛❜•❡✳ ❖♣♣♦s✐t❡ t♦ r❛✐♥❢❛••✱ ✐t ✐s ✜rst ❝♦♠♣•✐❝❛t❡❞ t♦ ❛❝t✉❛••② q✉❛♥t✐❢② ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✇❡❛t❤❡r st❛t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥t❡❣r❛• ✇❡❛t❤❡r st❛t✐♦♥s ✭❙❆❙❙❈❆▲ ❲❡❛t❤❡r ◆❡t✮✱ r❡❝♦r❞✐♥❣ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ✭t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡✱ ✇✐♥❞ s♣❡❡❞✱ ❤✉♠✐❞✐t②✱ ❡t❝✳✮ ❛r❡ st✐•• r❛r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❤❛✈❡ ♦♥•② ❜❡❡♥ r❡❝♦r❞✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❛ ❢❡✇ ②❡❛rs ❛t ❜❡st✳ ❆✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ❛r❡ ❢❡✇❡r t❤❛♥ ❢♦r r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✭▼❖❉■❙✶✻✱ •▲❊❆▼✱ ▼P■✮✱ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ s❤♦✇ ❛ ❤✐❣❤❡r ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t②✳ ❚❤❡ str❛t❡❣② ❝❤♦s❡♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ✐s t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ♠♦♥t❤ ❛♥❞ s✉❜✲❜❛s✐♥✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❊❞❞② ❝♦✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❆✉❜✐♥❡t ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❊❞❞② ❝♦✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡ ✐s ❛ ♠❡t❤♦❞ t♦ ❛ss❡ss ✈❡rt✐❝❛• t✉r❜✉•❡♥t ✢✉①❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r② •❛②❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ r❡q✉✐r❡s ♠❡t❡♦r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ✭t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡✱ ✇✐♥❞ s♣❡❡❞✱ ❡t❝✳✮ ❛♥❞ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❢♦r ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛• ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ✭P❊❚✮✱ ❤❡r❡✐♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② •▲❊❆▼✈✸ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ✭▼❛rt❡♥s ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✼✮✳ •▲❊❆▼ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❡st✐♠❛t❡s ♦❢ P❊❚ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ Pr✐❡st•❡② ❛♥❞ ❚❛②•♦r ✭✶✾✼✷✮ ❛♥❞ ✉s✐♥❣ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ♥❡t r❛❞✐❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♥❡❛r✲s✉r❢❛❝❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② s❛t❡••✐t❡ ❞❛t❛✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✹✳✸✳ ✹✳✶✳✷ ❱❛•✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❚❤❡ ♥❡✇ ♣r♦①② ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② •|❆❈❊ ♦♥ ❚❲❙ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥ ❛••♦✇s ❢✉rt❤❡r t❡s✲ t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♠♦❞❡• ♦❢ ❍✉❣❤❡s ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t ♦♥ ❛♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛• st❛t❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜•❡ t♦ ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐s✐♥❣ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❚♦ ❞♦ s♦✱ ♠♦♥t❤•② ♠❛ss ❜❛•❛♥❝❡ ❢♦r ❚❲❙ ✐s ❛ss❡ss❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❜♦t❤ •|❆❈❊ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡•✱ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✸✮✳ ❚❲❙ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ✐s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ t♦t❛• ♦❢ t❤r❡❡ r❡s❡r✈♦✐rs✱ r✉♥♦✛✱ s♦✐• ♠♦✐st✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r✱ ♠♦♥t❤•② ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ✇❤♦•❡ ❜❛s✐♥ ✉♣str❡❛♠ ♦❢ ▼♦❤❡♠❜♦✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ♠❛♥♥❡r✱ t❤❡ ♦✉t♣✉t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ✐s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❜•❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❊❲❍ ❡st✐✲ ♠❛t✐♦♥s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② •|❆❈❊✳ •✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ s❛t❡••✐t❡s✬ s♣❛t✐❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥✱ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ❢r♦♠ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ✐s ❤❡r❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝❡♥tr❛• ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥ ✭✶✽➦❊✱ ✶✺✳✺➦❙✮ ♦♥ t❤❡❣r❛❝❡♣•♦tt❡r✳❝♦♠✳ ❱❛•✉❡s ♦❢ ❊❲❍ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ t❤❡♥ ❡①tr❛✲ ♣♦•❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❤♦•❡ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ❚❲❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❛r❡ ✜♥❛••② r❡s❛♠♣•❡❞ ✇✐t❤ •✐♥❡❛r ✐♥t❡r♣♦•❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ♠♦♥t❤•② ❜❛•❛♥❝❡s✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❜•❡ t♦ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ st❡♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡•✳ ❚❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛•• ♠❛ss ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ✇❡•• ❝♦rr❡•❛t❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ❛♥❞ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s✐❣♥❛•s✱ ❛•• t❤r❡❡ ❡①❤✐❜✐t✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❛♥♥✉❛••② ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝ s✐❣♥❛• ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❡• tr❡♥❞✳ ❚❲❙ ❢r♦♠ ✶✳ P✳ ❲♦•s❦✐ ✐s ❛ r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡r ❛t t❤❡ ❈•✐♠❛t❡ ❙②st❡♠s ❆♥❛•②s✐s •r♦✉♣ ✭❈❙❆•✮✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❈❛♣❡ ❚♦✇♥
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✸ ✕ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♦✉t♣✉t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ❢♦r ❚❲❙ ✭❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ❛♥❞ r✉♥♦✛✮ ❛♥❞ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❢♦r •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ▲❡✈❡• ✸✳ ❚♦♣ ❣r❛♣❤ ✿ ❜•❛❝❦ •✐♥❡ s❤♦✇s ♠♦♥t❤•② ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❚❲❙ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡•✱ ❝♦•♦r❡❞ •✐♥❡s s❤♦✇ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s✱ ❜•✉❡ ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠ s❤♦✇s ♠♦♥t❤•② r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✭❈❍■|P❙ ♠♦❞❡r❛t❡❞ ❜② P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡•✮ ❛♥❞ ❞❛r❦❡r ❜•✉❡ •✐♥❡✱ t❤❡ ♠♦♥t❤•② ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞ ❛t ▼♦❤❡♠❜♦ ✭❉❲❆✮✳ ❚♦♣ ❣r❛♣❤ s❤♦✇s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♦✉t♣✉t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ✭❚❲❙✮✱ ❛•♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥♥✉❛• r❛✐♥❢❛••✳ ❆•• ✈❛•✉❡s✱ ❡①❝❡♣t r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡✱ ❛r❡ s❤♦✇♥ r❡•❛t✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡✐r ♠❡❛♥ ✈❛•✉❡✳ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• s❤♦✇ ❝♦rr❡•❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ♦❢ ✵✳✾✶ ❛♥❞ ✵✳✾✹ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡•② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❈❙| ❛♥❞ •|•❙ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❆•• t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s✐❣♥❛• ❛r❡ ✇❡•• r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ ✿ t❤❡ ♣❤❛s❡ ❛♥❞ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• tr❡♥❞✳ ❆♥♥✉❛••②✱ ❜♦t❤ •|❆❈❊ s✐❣♥❛•s ❛♥❞ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ✐♥ ♣❤❛s❡✱ s❤♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛ ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✱ ❜✉t st❛rt✐♥❣ ❛❢t❡r ♦♥❡ ♠♦♥t❤ ✭✷✵✵✺✲✷✵✵✻✮ t♦ t❤r❡❡ ♠♦♥t❤s ♦❢ r❛✐♥ ✭✷✵✶✷✲✷✵✶✸✮✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐t② ♦❢ r❛✐♥❢❛••✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❛s♦♥❛• r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ ❚❲❙✱ ❜♦t❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♦✉t♣✉t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s✐❣♥❛•s✱ ✐s ❛•♠♦st •✐♥❡❛r ✉♥t✐• t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ❚❲❙ t❤❡♥ s✉❞❞❡♥•② ❞❡❝•✐♥❡s ❛s s♦♦♥ ❛s r❛✐♥❢❛•• st♦♣s✳ ❚❤✐s ❞❡❝•✐♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❡✈❡♥ ❜❡❣✐♥ s♦♦♥❡r✱ ✐♥ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡r❛t❡ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✐♥ t❤❡ •❛st ♠♦♥t❤✭s✮ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ❲❤✐•❡ ♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡ ②❡❛rs s❤♦✇ ❛♥ ❛❜r✉♣t ❝❤❛♥❣❡✱ s♦♠❡ ②❡❛rs ❡①❤✐❜✐t ❛ st❡♣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r ❜❛•❛♥❝❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ r❛t❡ ♦❢ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✭✷✵✵✸✱ ✷✵✵✹✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❚❤❡ •❛r❣❡ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s s❡❡♥ ❜② •|❆❈❊ s❛t❡••✐t❡s ✐s ❛•♠♦st r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡•✱ ❛•t❤♦✉❣❤ •|❆❈❊ s❤♦✇s s•✐❣❤t•② ❤✐❣❤❡r ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ✉♥❞❡r❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❜② •|❆❈❊✱ ❛s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡❝❡❞✐♥❣ ❝❤❛♣t❡r✱ t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ❜② t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ✇♦✉•❞ t❤❡♥ ❜❡ ❣r❡❛t❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡• ❛•s♦ r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❡s ✇❡•• t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ s♠❛••❡st ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞ ✐♥ ✷✵✵✹✲✷✵✵✺ ✭∼✺✵ ❦♠ 3 ✮✱ ✇❤✐•❡ ✷✵✶✵✲✷✵✶✶ ❡①❤✐❜✐ts t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ✭∼ ✼✺ ❦♠ 3 ❢♦r t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ❛♥❞ ❛•♠♦st ✶✷✺ ❦♠ 3 ❢♦r •|❆❈❊✮✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❡s t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• tr❡♥❞ ✈❡r② ✇❡••✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ❚❲❙ ❢r♦♠ ✷✵✵✷ t♦ r❡❛❝❤ ❛ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ✐♥ ✷✵✶✶✲✷✵✶✷✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ♦❢ ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ②❡❛rs ✷✵✵✻ t♦ ✷✵✵✽ ♠❛② ♥♦t ❜❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❛s ✐t ♦♥•② r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts ✷✵✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r r❡❝❤❛r❣❡✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ •|❆❈❊ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ✐♥ t❤❡ ✷✵✶✶✲✷✵✶✷ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❝•❡❛r•② s❤♦✇s ❛♥ ✉♥❞❡rst✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡•✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♠❡❛♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛❜♦✉t ✺✵ ❦♠ 3 ✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ✐s ❛ •✐tt•❡ t♦♦ ❡❛r•②✱ ❛r♦✉♥❞ ✷✵✵✻✲✷✵✵✼✱ r❡s✉•t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡✳ ❆❢t❡r ✷✵✵✾✱ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ t✉r♥s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❛s t❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ s❡❡♥ ❜② •|❆❈❊ ✐s ❢❛st❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡•✳ ❚❤✐s ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t r❡❣✐♠❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡• ❛•s♦ r❡s✉•ts ✐♥ ❛ st❛❜✐•✐s❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ❚❲❙ s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✶✶✱ ✇❤✐•❡ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❛ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ ❚❲❙✳ ❚❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♠❛♥❛❣❡ t♦ r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• s•♦✇❞♦✇♥s ✐♥ ❚❲❙ ❞✐✲ s❝❤❛r❣❡ ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ •|•❙ s♦•✉t✐♦♥ s✐❣♥❛•✳ ❆s t❤❡ ♠♦♥t❤•② r❡s❛♠♣•✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✵ ❞❛②s s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ •|•❙ s♦•✉t✐♦♥ st✐•• ❛••♦✇s t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s•♦✇❞♦✇♥✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♥s♣✐❝✉♦✉s•② •✐♥❡❛r r❛t❡ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡• ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡❞ t♦ ✐ts •♦✇ t❡♠♣♦r❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥✳ ■t ♠❛② ✐♥st❡❛❞ r❡✈❡❛• ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② ❜✐❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡•✳ ❚❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ❢r♦♠ ❍✉❣❤❡s ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ s❤♦✇s ❛ ❜❡tt❡r ✜t t♦ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ t❤❛♥ t❤❡ r❛✐♥❢❛••✲r✉♥♦✛ ♠♦❞❡• ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ▼✐•③♦✇ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛r❞•② ♠❛♥❛❣❡s t♦ r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ❤❛•❢ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❲❙ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛✳ ❆s ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦rs✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡•s ♠❛② r❡✈❡❛• ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ✉s❡❞ ❛s ✐♥♣✉ts ❢♦r r❛✐♥❢❛•• r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✳ ❇✉t t❤❡ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❝❛♥♥♦t r❡•② ❡①❝•✉s✐✈❡•② ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❞❛t❛ s❡ts✱ ✇❤✐❝❤✱ ❛•t❤♦✉❣❤ ❤✐❣❤•② ✈❛r✐❛❜•❡✱ ❞♦ ♥♦t ❡①❤✐❜✐t s✉❝❤ str♦♥❣ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ❛s ❝❛•✐❜r❛t❡❞ ❜② ❍✉❣❤❡s ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ t❤✉s ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡•② ❛♥t✐❝✐♣❛t❡❞ t❤❡ ✈❡r② •❛r❣❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥✱ ✐ts ❤✐❣❤ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❛s ✇❡•• ❛s t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ♣❤❛s❡ ♦❢ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ ✐t ✐s r❡•❡✈❛♥t t♦ ✉s❡ ✐t ❛s ❛ t♦♦• t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ♥♦t ♦♥•② t❤❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• s②st❡♠✱ ❜✉t ❛•s♦ t♦ ♣r❡❞✐❝t ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ❞✉❡ t♦ ❝•✐♠❛t❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦r ❛♥t❤r♦♣✐❝ ❞❡✈❡•♦♣♠❡♥t✳ |✉♥♦✛ ✐s t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t r❡s❡r✈♦✐r ❢♦r ❤✉♠❛♥ ❛❝t✐✈✐t②✱ ❜✉t ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❜♦t❤ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ❛♥❞ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s✱ ✐t r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts •❡ss t❤❛♥ ✶✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛ss ❜✉❞❣❡t ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✷✮✳ ❚❲❙ ✐s ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t•② ❤✐❣❤•② ❝♦♥tr♦••❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ s❛t✉r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r r❡s❡r✈♦✐r✳ ✹✳✷ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r ❜♦❞✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲ )❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♥♦t s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ✇✐t❤✐♥ ♠❛•♦r ❣r❛✈✐t② ❛♥♦♠❛✲ •✐❡s s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲)❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❤✐❣❤•✐❣❤t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❤♦♠♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s✐❣♥❛• ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ )❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥✱ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❜✲ s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✺✮✳ ❆ ❝❛r❡❢✉• ❡①❛♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❝❛♥ ❤❡•♣ t♦ r❡tr❡✐✈❡ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛ss ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r✱ ❜② ✈✐rt✉❡ ♦❢ ✶✮ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t✱ ✷✮ t❤❡ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❤❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ✸✮ t❤❡ r❛t✐♦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❛♥❞ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ♦❝❝✉r ❛t t❤❡ ❝❡♥tr❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢❡①✉r❡✱ t❤✉s ❛t t❤❡ •♦❝❛✲ t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✳✶✮✳ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❝❡♥tr✐♣❡t❛• t♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❆s t❤✐s ❛r❡❛ ✐s ❛•s♦ t❤❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ •♦✇❡st ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts✱ t❤❡ r❛t✐♦ ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♦✈❡r ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣r♦①✐♠✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ♠❛✐♥ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥✳ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ ❚❲❙ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❝②❝•❡ ❚❤❡ ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t②✱ ❡♥❝❛♣s✉•❛t✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❛t❡ ♦❢ ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✱ t❤❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ t♦t❛• ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ❛♥❞ t❡♠♣♦r❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡❝✐✲ ♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐t② ♦❢ ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐♥❞✉❝❡s ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s✐❣♥❛•✳ ❉❡s♣✐t❡ t❤❡s❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥❞ t❤❡ r❡•❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✱ t❤❡ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ❛♥❞ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐s♣•❛✲ ❝❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s✉♠♠❛r✐③❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ❡✐❣❤t st❛❣❡s ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✹✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡s ❛r❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ♠❡❛s✉r❛❜•❡ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡s✳ ❆s t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❡①❤✐❜✐t s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ♥♦✐s❡✱ t❤❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♠♣•✐✲ t✉❞❡s ❛r❡ t♦ ❜❡ t❛❦❡♥ ✇✐t❤ ❝❛r❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❤❛s❡ s❤✐❢t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts r❡•❛t✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ♦♥❡s ✐s ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ ❛•• t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲)❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ❚❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ s✐❣♥❛•s✱ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ❛♥❞ t❡♠♣♦r❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ❛s ✇❡•• ❛s t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛•✴❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• r❛t✐♦ ❛•• ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ ❛ s✐♠✐•❛r ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ♠❛•♦r ❛♥♥✉❛• ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ❛r❡❛ ✐s •♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❯♣♣❡r )❛♠❜❡③✐✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ✈✐❝✐♥✐t② ♦❢ ▼❖◆•✱ ♣♦ss✐❜•② str❛❞❞•✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❛♥❞ )❛♠❜❡③✐ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛s✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ▼❖◆• s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡st ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❤✐❣❤❡st ✈❡rt✐❝❛•✴❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• r❛t✐♦✳ ❚❊)■ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ✈❡rt✐✲ ❝❛•✴❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t✱ ❜✉t ✐ts s✐❣♥❛• ✐s ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜•② ✐♠♣❛❝t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r •❡✈❡• ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❡❛r❜② ❞❛♠ ✭s❡❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❆✳✶✮✳ ❚❤✐s ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ✐s s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s♦✉t❤✇❡st✲ ✇❛r❞s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼❖◆• st❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❏❛♥✉❛r② t♦ ❆✉❣✉st✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ♠❛✐♥ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼❆❯❆ st❛t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ t❤❡ ♦♥•② ♦♥❡s ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤✐s ♣❛tt❡r♥✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♥♦rt❡❛st✇❛r❞ ❞✐s✲ ♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ •♦❛❞✐♥❣✳ ■♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st t♦ t❤❡ ❡❛st❡r♥ ♦♥❡✱ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼❆❯❆ st❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ✈❡r② ♥♦✐s②✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❡❞ s✐❣♥❛• ♠❛② ♥♦t ❜❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t✳ ✾✽ ❈❍❆P■❚|❊ ✹✳ ❍(❉|❖▲❖•( ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✹ ✕ ▼❛♣s ♦❢ t❤❡ s❝❤❡♠❛t✐❝ ❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ✭❜•❛❝❦✮ ❛♥❞ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ✭❜•✉❡✮ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ②❡❛r✳ ❆rr♦✇ •❡♥❣t❤ r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ ❤❛•❢✲❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ❛♥♥✉❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ❀ ❛❜s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛rr♦✇s r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts ✐♥✢❡①✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❝✐r❝•❡❞ ✐♥ ❜•❛❝❦ ✭✵✶✴✶✶ ❛♥❞ ✵✶✴✵✹✮✳ ❈♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ✭✵✶✴✶✶✮ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❡ r❛t✐♦ ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦✈❡r ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡✳ ▲♦❛❞✐♥❣ ✢❡①✉r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲)❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥ ✐s ✐♥✐t✐❛t❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥ ✭✵✶✴✶✶✮ ❛♥❞ ✐s ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥❡❞ ✉♥t✐• t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✭✵✶✴✵✹✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts r❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤✐s ✢❡①✉r❡ ❛r❡ ❞❡•❛②❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♦♥•② ❜❡❣✐♥ ✐♥ ♠✐❞✲❋❡❜r✉❛r②✳ ❆s s♦♦♥ ❛s t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥ st♦♣s✱ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ✐♥✈❡rt ❛♥❞ r❡•❛①❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡❣✐♥s ✭✵✶✴✵✹✮✳ ❚❤❡ s♦✉t❤❡r♥♠♦st st❛t✐♦♥ ✭❍◆❯❙✮ s❤♦✇s ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ✐♥✈❡rs❡•② ❝♦rr❡•❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲)❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ❚❤✐s r❡✈❡❛•s t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❛s ❍◆❯❙ ✐s •♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇✐♥t❡r r❛✐♥❢❛•• ③♦♥❡✱ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❛ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ✐♥ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❆✉❣✉st✲❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✭◆✐❝❤♦•s♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t ♦❢ s❡❛s♦♥❛• ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ❞✐✛❡rs ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✇❡st❡r♥ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡❛st❡r♥ ▼✐❞❞•❡ ❛♥❞ ▲♦✇❡r )❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ✇❡st❡r♥ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t ✐s ❤✐❣❤❡r✱ ✇✐t❤ ✈❡rt✐❝❛•✴❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• r❛t✐♦ ❞❡❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t♦ ∼✸✳✺ ❛t |❯◆❉ ❛♥❞ ▼❆❯❆ st❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✶✳✾ ❛t t❤❡ ❲■◆❉ st❛t✐♦♥✳ ❉❡s♣✐t❡ t❤✐s ❤✐❣❤ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t✱ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ s❡❛s♦♥❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲)❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥ ❝♦✉•❞ ❡①t❡♥❞ ❛s ❢❛r ❛s t❤❡ ❲■◆❉ st❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ✐s •♦✇❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s •P❙ s✐❣♥❛• ❢♦r t❤✐s •❛st st❛t✐♦♥ ✭❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❆✳✶✮✱ •✐❦❡ ♠❛♥② st❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ s✉❜✲❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t✳ ▲♦❝❛• ❡✛❡❝ts✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ •♦❝❛• ❛q✉✐❢❡r✱ ❝♦✉•❞ ❡①♣•❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡✳ ❇✉t t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥ r❡•❡❝t t❤✐s ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s✳ ❚❤❡ ❲✐♥❞❤♦❡❦ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ✐s ♠❛✐♥•② •♦❝❛t❡❞ s♦✉t❤ ❛♥❞ s♦✉t❤ ✇❡st ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥ ✭❚r❡❞♦✉① ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ •P❙ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ♠❛✐♥•② s❤♦✇ ❛♥ ❛♥♥✉❛• ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝✐t② ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡❛st❡r♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✱ ✉♣ t♦ ✼ ♠♠ ♦❢ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡✱ ✇❤✐•❡ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦♥•② ❡①❤✐❜✐ts ✶ t♦ ✷ ♠♠ ♦❢ ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡✳ ❆•t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❝♦✉•❞ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ ❛ ❜❛•❛♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ t✇♦ •♦❛❞✐♥❣ s♦✉r❝❡s✱ t❤❡ ❡❛st❡r♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❝•❡❛r•② ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s ❛ r❡♠♦t❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲)❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❡❛st❡r♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s s❤♦✇s ❛♥ ❡①❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✷✵✶✵✲✷✵✶✶ ♠❛ss✐✈❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛••② s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲✐♥❞❤♦❡❦✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❛st❡r♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t •♦❝❛• ❡✈❡♥t ♦❢ ❛q✉✐❢❡r r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ s✉♣♣♦rts t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ r❡♠♦t❡ •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❞r②❡r ②❡❛rs✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ s❤♦✇♥ ❜② t❤❡ •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥ ✭✶✵ ♠♠✮ ✐s ❛•♠♦st s✐♠✐•❛r t♦ ▼❆❯❆✬s ✭✶✷ ♠♠✮ ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤❡r t❤❛♥ ❍|❆❖✬s ✭✼✳✻ ♠♠✮✱ ♠♦r❡ ❞✐st❛♥t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ♠❛✐♥ ❚❲❙✱ ❜✉t r❡❝❡✐✈✐♥❣ ♠♦r❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• r❛✐♥❢❛••✳ 10˚15˚20˚25˚30˚35˚40-
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✺ ✕ ▼❛♣s ♦❢ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❢♦✉r ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞❛t❛ s❡ts✳ ❚✐♠❡ s♣❛♥ ❢♦r ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ❞✐✛❡rs r❡•❛t✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❛✈❛✐•❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ •P❙ r❡❝♦r❞ ✿ ❈❍■|P❙✱ ✷✵✶✵✲✷✵✶✻✱ ❚|▼▼ ✿ ✷✵✶✶✲✷✵✶✹✱ •P❈❈ ✿ ✷✵✵✾✲✷✵✶✷✳ ❚❤❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ♠❛✐♥ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❞❛s❤❡❞ •✐♥❡✳ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❞❡♣♦s✐ts ❛r❡ ❞❡•✐♥❡❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤✐♥ ❜•❛❝❦ •✐♥❡ ❀ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❜❡❞s ❡①❝❡❡❞✐♥❣ ✶✷✵ ♠ t❤✐❝❦ ❛r❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❣r❡② ❛r❡❛s✱ ✇✐t❤ ❞❛r❦❡r s❤❛❞❡s ✉♣ t♦ ✹✷✵ ♠ t❤✐❝❦✳ ❈❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛s ❛r❡ ❞❡•✐♥❡❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ✇❤✐t❡✳ ❊❛st✇❛r❞✱ t❤❡ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t ♦❢ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♠✉❝❤ •♦✇❡r✱ ✇✐t❤ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠✲ ♣•✐t✉❞❡ r❡❛♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❤✐❣❤❡r t❤❛♥ ✶✷✳✺ ✉♥t✐• t❤❡ ♠♦st r❡♠♦t❡ )❖▼❇ st❛t✐♦♥✳ ❙✐♠✐•❛r•②✱ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛•✴❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• r❛t✐♦ r❡♠❛✐♥s ❤✐❣❤❡r t❤❛♥ ✸✳ ❚❤✐s •♦✇❡r ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t ✐s ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥♥✉❛• r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✾✮✳ ❙❡✈❡r❛• •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♥❡✈❡rt❤❡•❡ss ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡❞ ❜② t❤❡✐r ❞✐r❡❝t ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ❚❊)■ ❛♥❞ )❖▼❇✳ ❚❤✉s ❞✐r❡❝t ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥ s❤♦✉•❞ ♥♦t ❜❡ str❛✐❣❤t❢♦r✇❛r❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥s ❛❝r♦ss t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥ ✐s ♥❡✈❡rt❤❡•❡ss ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❞❡❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t ✐♥ ❚❲❙ ✐s st✐•• ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ❞♦✇♥str❡❛♠✳ ❆s t❤❡ ❜r♦❛❞ )❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥ ✐s ♥♦t t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞②✱ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ❛r❡ ♦♥•② ❞❡✈❡•♦♣❡❞ ❢♦r t❤✐s ❜❛s✐♥ ✭❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✻✳✷✮✳ ✹✳✷✳✷ ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ❚❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤❡st s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ✐♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✹✳✹✱ t❤✉s r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤❡st ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❚❲❙✳ ❆❝❝✉♠✉•❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ♦❝❝✉rs ✇✐t❤ ✶✮ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥✱ ✷✮ •♦✇❡r ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ✸✮ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♦❢ st♦r❛❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s✉❜s✉r❢❛❝❡✳ ❆s ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❊❚✱ t❡♠♣♦r❛••② ❛♥❞ s♣❛t✐❛••②✱ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ r❡•✐❛❜•② ❝♦♥str❛✐♥❡❞✱ t❤✐s ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r ✐s ♥♦t ❡①❛♠✐♥❡❞ ❤❡r❡❛❢t❡r✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✺ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲)❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❢♦✉r ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ✿ ❈❍■|P❙✱ ❚|▼▼✱ |❋❊ ❛♥❞ •P❈❈✳ ❆•• ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ❛❣r❡❡ ♦♥ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✉♣♣❡r ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛s✱ ♥♦rt❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ♠❛✐♥ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥✳ ◆♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts s❤♦✇s ❛ ❝♦♥tr❛st ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ r❡✈❡❛•✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥✳ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ •P❈❈ ✐s t❤❡ ♠♦st ❣❡♥❡r♦✉s ✐♥ t❤✐s ❛r❡❛✳ ❈❍■|P❙ ❡①❤✐❜✐ts ❛ r❡str✐❝t❡❞ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ r❡♣❡❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ♠❛♥② ②❡❛rs✱ ❜✉t ♥♦t ♦❢ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t s♣❛t✐❛• ❡①t❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ♦❢ ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r•② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✐s t❤✉s r❡•❡❝t❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①♣•❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛② •✐❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉❜s✉r❢❛❝❡✱ ❢♦r♠✐♥❣ t❤❡ s✉❜str❛t❡ ♦❢ ♣♦✲ t❡♥t✐❛• ❛q✉✐❢❡rs✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❢❡✇ ♣♦r♦✉s s✉❜s✉r❢❛❝❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ ♠✐❞❞•❡ ❛♥❞ •♦✇❡r )❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥ ✭❈•▼❲✲❇|•▼✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉•❞ ❤♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞r② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✇❡st❡r♥ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥✱ t❤❡ ❞❡❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t ♦❢ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛② ♥♦t ❛••♦✇ ❛♥ ❛❝❝✉♠✉•❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊t♦s❤❛ ❞❡♣♦❝❡♥t❡r ❛s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈✐❝✐♥✐t② ♦❢ ▼❖◆•✳ ▼♦r❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛••②✱ t❤❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r② •❛②❡r ❢♦r♠✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❛❞❡q✉❛t❡ s✉❜str❛t❡ ❢♦r ✇❛t❡r st♦r❛❣❡ ✐s t❤❡ ♠♦st r❡❝❡♥t ✉♥❝♦♥s♦•✐❞❛t❡❞ s❛♥❞s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡✐r ♣♦r♦s✐t② ♦❢ ✸✸✪ ✭❖❜❛❦❡♥❣ ❛♥❞ •✐❡s❦❡✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳ ❆ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ✈♦•✉♠❡ ♦❢ s✉❝❤ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ♠❛② •✐❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ✐t ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡s ✇✐t❤ ❛ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ✇❡t•❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ ♣❛♥s ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✻✮✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✈✐❝✐✲ ♥✐t② ♦❢ ▼♦♥❣✉✱ t❤❡ )❛♠❜❡③✐ r✐✈❡r ✐s ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❝♦♠♣r✐s❡❞ ♦❢ ❛ ✇✐❞❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥ ♥❛♠❡❞ t❤❡ ❇❛r♦ts❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥✱ ❡①t❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦✈❡r ✶✽✵ ❦♠ •♦♥❣ ❛♥❞ t♦ ❛ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ♦❢ ∼✺✵ ❦♠ ✇✐❞❡✳ ❉♦✇♥str❡❛♠ t❤✐s ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥ ♥❛rr♦✇s ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈❡•② ✉♥t✐• t❤❡ ◆❣②♦♥❡ ❋❛••s✱ ❞❡•✐♥❡❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✉♣♣❡r ❛♥❞ ♠✐❞❞•❡ )❛♠❜❡③✐✳ ❚❤✐s ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥ ❡①❤✐❜✐ts ❛ ✈❡r② •♦✇ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t ❛♥❞ s❤❛••♦✇ s•♦✇•② ✢♦✇✐♥❣ ✇❛t❡r✳ ■t ✐s ✢♦♦❞❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ❛♥❞ ❏✉♥❡✱ ❛•♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❛•• •♦✇❡r s❡❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ )❛♠❜❡③✐ tr✐❜✉t❛r✐❡s ✭▼♦♦r❡ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ✐s ♠❛✐♥•② ❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ s❛♥❞s✱ ✇❤✐•❡ t❤❡s❡ ❛r❡ r❡❣✉•❛r•② ❜r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ❞♦✇♥s✲ tr❡❛♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ◆❣♦♥②❡ ❋❛••s✱ ✇❤❡r❡ r♦❝❦s ♦❢ t❤❡ •♦✇❡r ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐✱ s❛♥❞st♦♥❡s ❛♥❞ q✉❛rt③✐t❡s✱ ♦✉t❝r♦♣ ✭▼♦♥❡② ✶✾✼✷✱ ✐♥ ❚❤♦♠❛s ❛♥❞ ❙❤❛✇ ✶✾✾✶✮✳ ❚❤✐s ✉♣♣❡r s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r② ✉♥✐t✱ ♥❛♠❡❞ t❤❡ ▼♦♥❣✉ s❛♥❞ ♠❡♠❜❡r✱ ❝❛♥ r❡❛❝❤ ✷✵✵ ♠ t❤✐❝❦✱ ❜✉t ❛•s♦ s❤♦✇s ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t s♣❛t✐❛• ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ •♦❣s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ▼♦♥❡② ✭✶✾✼✷✮ ✭✐♥ ❚❤♦♠❛s ❛♥❞ ❙❤❛✇ ✶✾✾✶✮✳ •✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ •❛r❣❡ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛✱ ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ t❤❛t t❤✐s ✉♣♣❡r ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ s❛♥❞ ✉♥✐t ✐s ♠♦r❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t t❤❛♥ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s•② t❤♦✉❣❤t✳ ❖t❤❡r ❣❡♦♠♦r♣❤♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❢❡❛t✉r❡s r❡✈❡❛• ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛✳ ❚❤❡ ✢❛♥❦s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✉♣♣❡r )❛♠❜❡③✐ ❛r❡ ❞♦tt❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ♥✉♠❡r♦✉s ♣❛♥s✱ s♦♠❡ ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ♣❡r❡♥♥✐❛• ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✻✮✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ♣❛♥s ❛r❡ ❢❡❞ ❜② ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ♦r ♠❛r❣✐♥ s♣r✐♥❣s ✭❚❤♦♠❛s ❛♥❞ ❙❤❛✇✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳ ▼♦st ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ♣❛♥s ❡①t❡♥❞ ♦♥ ❛ ❜❡•t ❝r♦ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ )❛♠❜❡③✐ ❛t ❛ •❛t✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ✲✶✺✳✷➦✳ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ♠♦r❡ ♦r •❡ss ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ❛♥❞ t♦ t❤❡ )❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜② ❣r❛ss② ♥❛rr♦✇ ✈❛••❡②s ♥❛♠❡❞ ❞❛♠❜♦s ✭▼♦♦r❡ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❉❛♠❜♦s ❛r❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ❛•• t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ②❡❛r✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞❡❝•✐♥❡s ♦♥•② ✐♥ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ s❡✈❡r❡ ❞r♦✉❣❤t✳ ❚❤✐s ♣❡rs✐st❡♥t ❡•❡✈❛t❡❞ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ♣r♦❤✐❜✐ts tr❡❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t ❛♥❛❡r♦❜✐❝ s♦✐•s✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❲♦•s❦✐ ✭✶✾✾✽✮✱ t❤❡s❡ ♣❛♥s✲❞❛♠❜♦s ♣•❛② ❛ ❝r✐t✐❝❛• r♦•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• s②st❡♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✉♣♣❡r )❛♠❜❡③✐✳ P❡❝✉•✐❛r✐t✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❚❤❡ ❡①♣•❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥♦♥✲•✐♥❡❛r✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r•② ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❤❛s❡ ♦❢ ❝r✉st❛• r❡•❛①❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛t •❡❛st ♣❛rt•② r❡•✐❡s ♦♥ ♥♦♥✲•✐♥❡❛r ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❚❲❙✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ •|•❙ ✶✵ ❞❛②s s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ❢♦r •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❡①❤✐❜✐ts s✐♠✐•❛r ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❊❲❍✳ ❚❤❡ •♦♥❣❡r t❡♠♣♦r❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❙| s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❡①❤✐❜✐t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ •♦❛❞✐♥❣✱ t❤❡ ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥❛• ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉❜s✐❞❡♥❝❡ r❛t❡ ✐s r❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❞♦✉❜•❡ ♣❡❛❦ ♦❢ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♦❝❝✉r ❞✉r✐♥❣ s♦♠❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥✱ ✐t ✐s ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r•② ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ ✷✵✶✸✲✷✵✶✹✱ ✇✐t❤ r❡•❛①❛t✐♦♥ ❡✈❡♥ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ❛t |❯◆❉✳ ❚❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❝❝✉rs ✐♥ t❤❡ )❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ■❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤✐❝❦ ❜❡❞s ♦❢ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ✐s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥t✐❛• ❚❲❙✱ t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❞❡♣♦❝❡♥t❡r •♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❆♥❣♦•❛✱ ❛str✐❞❡ t❤❡ ❈✉✐t♦ ❛♥❞ ❯♣♣❡r )❛♠❜❡③✐ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥ts✱ ❛♥❞ r❡❝❡✐✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥✱ ❝♦✉•❞ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ ♠❛•♦r ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ t♦♦✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ✐t ✐s t❤♦✉❣❤t t♦ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈❡•② ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ t❤❡ s♠♦♦t❤ ❈✉✐t♦ ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ ✭❆♥❞❡rss♦♥ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❇✉t s✉❝❤ ❛♥ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ✐s ♥♦t ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥s✱ ❛•• ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣♦✐♥t s♦✉t❤ ✐♥ ♣❡r✐♦❞s ♦❢ •♦❛❞✐♥❣✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥♠♦st ❞❡♣♦❝❡♥t❡r✱ t❤❡♥ ✐t ♣r♦❜❛❜•② ✐s t♦♦ ❢❛r ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥s t♦ ❜❡ ❞♦♠✐♥❛t✐♥❣✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛♥ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ❝♦✉•❞ ♥❡✈❡rt❤❡•❡ss ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣❤❛s❡ s❤✐❢t
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✻ ✕ ❙❛t❡••✐t❡ ✈✐❡✇s ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ▼♦♥❣✉ ✭)❛♠❜✐❛✮✳ ❇♦tt♦♠ ✐♠❛❣❡ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ♥✉♠❡r♦✉s ❣❡♦♠♦r♣❤♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r st♦r❛❣❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❇❛r♦ts❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥ ❤♦st✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❯♣♣❡r )❛♠❜❡③✐ s✉rr♦✉♥❞❡❞ ❜② s❡❛s♦♥❛• t♦ ♣❡r❡♥♥✐❛• ♣❛♥s ❛♥❞ ❢❡❞ ❜② s❡✈❡r❛• ❞❛♠❜♦s✳ ❚♦♣ ✐♠❛❣❡ s❤♦✇s ❛ ❞❡t❛✐•❡❞ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ♣❛♥s ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠❜♦s ✭❙♦✉r❝❡ ✿ ▲❛♥❞s❛t✴❈♦♣❡r♥✐❝✉s ❜② •♦♦❣•❡ ❊❛rt❤✮✳ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❛♥❞ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✳ ❆s t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥ ❜❡❣✐♥s ❡❛r•✐❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ✉♣♣❡r ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥ts✱ •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡r♠♦st ❆♥❣♦•❛♥ ❞❡♣♦❝❡♥t❡r ❝♦✉•❞ ✐♥✐t✐❛t❡ s✉❜s✐❞❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r✱ ✇❤✐•❡ ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ♥♦rt❤✇❛r❞ ❛t |❯◆❉ st❛t✐♦♥✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ❝♦✉•❞ ❛•s♦ ❡①♣•❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ♣❤❛s❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ t✇♦ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❛t ▼❖◆• st❛t✐♦♥✳ ▲❛t❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥ ✭∼❏❛♥✉❛r②✲❋❡❜r✉❛r②✮✱ t❤❡ ❝•♦s❡r ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲❈❤♦❜❡ ❞❡♣♦❝❡♥t❡r ♣r❡✈❛✐•s✱ ❛♥❞ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❛•• ♣♦✐♥t t♦✇❛r❞s t❤✐s ❛r❡❛✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❤❛s❡ ♦❢ r❡•❛①❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t✐♥❣ t❤❡ s②st❡♠❛t✐❝ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛✲ ❝❡♠❡♥t r❛t❡ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t②✱ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞r② s❡❛s♦♥✱ •❡❛❞s t♦ t❤❡ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❊❚✳ P❡r✐♦❞s ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• s•♦✇✐♥❣ ❞♦✇♥ s❡❡♠ t♦ ❜❡ ❝♦rr❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ♦❢ ❊❚ ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❊❞❞② ❝♦✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡✳ ❲❤✐•❡ t❤❡ ♣❤❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊❚ ❝②❝•❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ✐s ✈❛•✐❞❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♣❤❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ ❛♥❞ •P❙ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• s✐❣♥❛•s✱ ✐ts ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♠❛② ❜❡ r❡✈❡❛✲ •❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ t♦♦ •♦✇✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♣r❡❞✐❝t t❤❡ s②st❡♠❛t✐❝ s•♦✇❞♦✇♥ ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ •❡❛❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ st❛❣♥❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐t ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t❤❛t ❊❚ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡s ♠✉❝❤ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ♣r❡❞✐❝t❡❞✱ t♦ r❡❛❝❤ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜•② ♥✉•• ✈❛•✉❡✳ ❚♦ ❞♦ s♦✱ t❤❡ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ♦r❞❡r ♦❢ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ❊❚ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✐s ♠♦r❡ s✐♠✐•❛r t♦ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ▼❖❉■❙✶✻ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛ ❤✐❣❤❡r ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ❊❚ ❝♦✉•❞ ❛•s♦ ♣❛••✐❛t❡ t❤❡ •❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ♣r❡❞✐❝t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡•✳ ▼♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐•❡❞ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ❢♦r ❊❚ ✐s t♦ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✹✳✸✳ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s t♦ ❡①♣•❛✐♥ ❜♦t❤ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• s•♦✇❞♦✇♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❤❛s❡ s❤✐❢t ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❛♥❞ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ✐s t❤❡ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ♠❛ss ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ❝♦✉•❞ ♦❝❝✉r ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ✐❢ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ❝✐r❝✉•❛t✐♦♥ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡❞ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ✢♦♦❞✳ ■t ✇♦✉•❞ ❡①♣•❛✐♥ ❜♦t❤ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• s•♦✇✐♥❣ ❞♦✇♥ ❛♥❞ s❤✐❢t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❝♦♠♣♦✲ ♥❡♥ts ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ❇✉t ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦r❛• ♦✛s❡t ✐s ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ |❯◆❉ ❛♥❞ ▼❆❯❆✱ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ❆•• t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ✐♥✈❡rs✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ✐♥ ♣❤❛s❡✱ ❛s ✇❡•• ❛s t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• s•♦✲ ✇✐♥❣ ❞♦✇♥s✳ ❙✐♠✐•❛r ♣❤❛s✐♥❣ ✐s ❛•s♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❛❝r♦ss t❤❡ ❜r♦❛❞ )❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ❙✉❝❤ ♣❤❛s✐♥❣ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s t❤❡ r❡•❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ♦❢ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ♠❛ss❡s ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ♥♦♥✲•✐♥❡❛r ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❡①♣•❛✐♥s s❛t✐s❢❛❝t♦r✐•② t❤❡ s•♦✇✐♥❣ ❞♦✇♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❜♦t❤ ♣❡r✐♦❞s ♦❢ •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ r❡•❛①❛t✐♦♥✳ ■t ✐s ❛•s♦ t❤❡ ♦♥•② ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❣r❛✈✐t② ✜❡•❞ r❡✈❡❛•❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ •|•❙ s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ❢♦r •|❆❈❊✳ ❆•t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ✇❛t❡r ❜♦❞✐❡s ✐s s❤♦✇♥ t♦ ❜❡ ✉♥•✐❦❡•②✱ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛r❡❛s ♦❢ ♠❛•♦r ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡♣♦❝❡♥t❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❜❡❞s s❤♦✉•❞ ❜❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❡①❛♠✐♥❡❞✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ ❛s t❤❡s❡ t✇♦ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s ♠❛② ♥♦t ❢✉••② ❡①♣•❛✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❤❛s❡ s❤✐❢t ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❛♥❞ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✱ t❤❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ♦❢ ❛ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t r❤❡♦•♦❣② t❤❛♥ t❤❡ P|❊▼ ♠♦❞❡• s❤♦✉•❞ ❛•s♦ ❜❡ t❛❦❡♥ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ ❛ ❝r✉st❛• ✢❡①✉r❡ ❡①t❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❛s ❢❛r ❛s ❲■◆❉ ❛•s♦ ❝❛••s ✐♥t♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ t❤❡ r❤❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r t❤✐s st✉❞②✳ ✹✳✸ ■♠♣r♦✈❡❞ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t ♦❢ ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ❡st✐♠❛t❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥ ❊✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ❡①❡rts ❛ ❣r❡❛t ❢♦r❝✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❞❡♣t❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞r② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ◆♦✇ t❤❛t t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ✐s r♦❜✉st•② ✈❛•✐❞❛t❡❞✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♠✲ Volume (km 3 ) Water storage (km 3 ) Water Balance from GLEAM GRACE -GRGS GRACE -CSR Pitman model Water Balance from MODIS GLEAMv3 Moderated CHIRPS Eddy Covariance MODIS16 ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✼ ✕ ❇♦tt♦♠ ❣r❛♣❤ s❤♦✇s ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ ❊❚ ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ ❜② •▲❊❆▼✈✸✱ ▼❖✲ ❉■❙✶✻ ❛♥❞ ❊❞❞② ❈♦✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡•✱ ❛•♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ♠♦❞❡r❛t❡❞ ❈❍■|P❙✳ ❚♦♣ ❣r❛♣❤ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ❢r♦♠ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❛•♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ✇❛t❡r ❜❛•❛♥❝❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ✭❜•❛❝❦✮✱ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❢r♦♠ ♠♦❞❡r❛t❡❞ ❈❍■|P❙ ❛♥❞ ▼❖❉■❙✶✻ ✭r❡❞✮ ❛♥❞ •▲❊❆▼✈✸ ✭♠❛❣❡♥t❛✮✳ ❯♥•✐❦❡ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❜❛•❛♥❝❡s✱ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r ❜❛•❛♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ▼❖❉■❙✶✻ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❡①❤✐❜✐t ❛ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ❛❢t❡r ✷✵✶✵✳ ♣❛r✐s♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✐ts ❊❚ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❊❞❞② ❝♦✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❝•❛ss✐❝❛• ✇❛t❡r ❜❛•❛♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ❣r✐❞❞❡❞ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ❝❛♥ ❤❡•♣ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✼ s❤♦✇s ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ ❢♦r ❊❚ ✿ ▼❖❉■❙✶✻ ✭▼✉ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✱ •▲❊❆▼✈✸✳✶✭▼❛rt❡♥s ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✼✮✱ t❤❡ ❊❚ ❢r♦♠ ❊❞❞② ❈♦✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡•✳ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥ ❛r❡ ❛ss❡ss❡❞✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ s❡t ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ❊❚✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❢r♦♠ ❈❍■|P❙ ♠♦❞❡r❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡•✳ •▲❊❆▼ ❛♥❞ ▼❖❉■❙ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts s❤♦✇ ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛••② s✐♠✐•❛r tr❡♥❞ ❛♥❞ ♣❤❛s❡✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♠❛•♦r ❞✐❢✲ ❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝✐t②✱ ✇✐t❤ •▲❊❆▼ r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❛•♠♦st t✇✐❝❡ t❤❡ ✈❛•✉❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ▼❖❉■❙✶✻ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts✳ ❚❤❡✐r ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❊❚ ✐s ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❛r♦✉♥❞ ▼❛r❝❤✱ ✉♣ t♦ ∼✾✵ ♠♠✴♠♦♥t❤ ❢♦r ▼❖❉■❙✶✻ ❛♥❞ ∼✶✷✵ ♠♠✴♠♦♥t❤ ❢♦r •▲❊❆▼✱ ❛♥❞ r❡❛❝❤❡s ❛ ✈❡r② •♦✇ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ✈❛•✉❡✱ ♣♦ss✐❜•② •❡ss t❤❛♥ ✺ ♠♠✴♠♦♥t❤ ❢♦r ▼❖❉■❙✶✻ ❛♥❞ ✶✵ ♠♠✴♠♦♥t❤ ❢♦r •▲❊❆▼✱ ✐♥ ❖❝t♦❜❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ❊❚ ❛ss❡ss❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❊❞❞② ❝♦✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡ s❤♦✇s ❛ s•✐❣❤t•② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ •|❆❈❊ s❛t❡••✐t❡s✱ ♦❢ ❛❜♦✉t ✸✵✵ ❦♠✱ ✐s ❛ str♦♥❣ •✐♠✐t❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❛ s✐♠✐•❛r ❛♣♣•✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✳ ■♥ s✉❝❤ ❛ s♣❛t✐❛••② ✈❛r✐❛❜•❡ ❛r❡❛✱ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s✐❣♥❛• ❝♦✉•❞ ❜❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡❞ ❡✐t❤❡r ❜② t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡❛r❜② ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ♠❛✐♥ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥✱ ♦r ❜② t❤❡ ❞r②♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤✇❡st❡r♥ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐✳ ❱❡r② ❢❡✇ ♣✐❡③♦♠❡tr✐❝ r❡❝♦r❞s ❛r❡ ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✳ ❖|■ r❡❣✉•❛r•② ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞ t❤❡ ❞❡♣t❤ t♦ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ❛t t✇♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ s✐t❡s✱ ❲❡✐r ❛♥❞ ❖❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ✐s•❛♥❞✱ s♦✉t❤ ✇❡st ♦❢ ❈❤✐❡❢✬s ✐s•❛♥❞ ✭s❡❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✸✮✳ ❆•t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡s❡ r❡❝♦r❞s ❛r❡ ❞✐s❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❛♥❞ •♦❝❛•✱ t❤✉s ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡❞ ❜② t❤❡✐r ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✱ t❤❡② ❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❝♦♠♣•❡t❡ r❡❝♦r❞s ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ st✉❞② ❛r❡❛ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ❛ ❞❡❝❛❞❡✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✽ s❤♦✇s ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡s❡ r❡❝♦r❞s ❛♥❞ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❢♦r ❊❲❍✳ ❆ ♣♦r♦s✐t② ♦❢ ✸✸✪ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ s❛♥❞ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ❜② ❖❜❛❦❡♥❣ ❛♥❞ •✐❡s❦❡ ✭✶✾✾✼✮ ❛♥❞ ✐s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♥✈❡rt ❊❲❍ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ •|❆❈❊ t♦ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡✳ ❆s t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦rt✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♦✐• ♠♦✐st✉r❡ r❡•❛t✐✈❡ t♦ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ✐s ♥♦t ❦♥♦✇♥✱ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤✐s •❛st r❡s❡r✈♦✐r ❛r❡ t❤✉s ❝♦♠♣r✐s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❢r♦♠ •|❆❈❊✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ ♣✐❡③♦♠❡t❡rs ❡q✉✐♣♣❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ♣r♦❜❡s ✇❡r❡ ✐♥st❛••❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❢r♦♠ s♣r✐♥❣ ✷✵✶✻ t♦ ❢❛•• ♦r ✇✐♥t❡r ✷✵✶✼ ✭•♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✸✱ r❡❝♦r❞s ♦♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✾✮✳ ✹✳✹✳✶ ❊✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r •❡✈❡• t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❝②❝•❡ P✐❡③♦♠❡tr✐❝ r❡❝♦r❞s ❢♦r t❤❡ ♦•❞❡st t✇♦ s✐t❡s ❛r❡ ✈❡r② s✐♠✐•❛r ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✽✮✳ ❆•t❤♦✉❣❤ ♥♦t ❢❛r ❛✇❛② ❢r♦♠ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r t❤❡② ❛r❡ •♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ ♣✐❡③♦♠❡t❡r ❛t ❖❜s❡r✈❛✲ t✐♦♥ ✐s•❛♥❞ ✐s •♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛♥ ✐s•❛♥❞✱ ✇❤✐•❡ t❤❡ ❲❡✐r ♣✐❡③♦♠❡t❡r ✐s •♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥✳ ❚❤❡✐r s✐♠✐•❛r✐t② t❤✉s s✉♣♣♦rts ❛t ✜rst ♦r❞❡r t❤❡ ♥♦♥✲s♣❡❝✐✜❝✐t② ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ s✐t❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛• tr❡♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇❤♦•❡ ❉❡•t❛✳ ❚❤❡✐r ❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ✐♥ ♣❤❛s❡ ❛♥❞ ❡①❤✐❜✐t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡s✱ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✶ t♦ ✸ ♠✳ ❚❤❡② s❤♦✇ ❛ s②st❡♠❛t✐❝ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ✐♥ ❏✉•②✲❆✉❣✉st✱ ♠♦st ❣❡♥❡r❛••② ❛❢t❡r ❛ ✈❡r② ❢❛st ❡♣✐s♦❞❡ ♦❢ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ♣✉•s❡✳ ❇✉t t❤❡ ♣✐❡③♦♠❡tr✐❝ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢t❡♥ s❤♦✇ ❛♥ ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ■❢ s♦✱ t❤❡ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ st❛rts ❛t ❜❡st ❛t t❤❡ ♣❡❛❦ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✵✲✷✵✵✶✱ ✷✵✵✽✲✷✵✵✾✱ ✷✵✶✶✲✷✵✶✷✮✱ ❜✉t ❝❛♥ ❛•s♦ ♦♥•② ❜❡❣✐♥ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✱ ✇❤❡♥ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ✐s •♦✇❡r ✭✷✵✵✻✲✷✵✵✼✱ ✷✵✶✸✲✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♦♥•② ②❡❛rs ♥♦t s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ❛♥② ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✷✲✷✵✵✸✱ ✷✵✵✹✲✷✵✵✺✱ ✷✵✶✷✲✷✵✶✸✮ ✇❡r❡ ②❡❛rs ♦❢ ✈❡r② •♦✇ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✳ ❚❤❡ ✇✐♥t❡r r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✱ ✐s ♠♦st ❣❡♥❡r❛••② t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❡♣✐s♦❞❡ ♦❢ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r✳ ❊①❝❡♣t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♠❛❞❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ②❡❛rs ♦❢ ♣❡❝✉•✐❛r•② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✭✷✵✵✺✲✷✵✵✻✱ ✷✵✵✼✲✷✵✵✽✮✱ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ✐s ❛•♠♦st r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ ♣❡❛❦ ♦❢ •♦❝❛• r❛✐♥❢❛••✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥ ✐s ❛•s♦ ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠♦r❡ r❡❝❡♥t ♣✐❡③♦✲ ♠❡tr✐❝ r❡❝♦r❞s ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✾✮✳ ❚❤❡s❡ •❛t❡st r❡❝♦r❞s ❛•s♦ ❞❡♣✐❝t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts ✭✐s•❛♥❞s✱ s❡❛s♦♥❛• ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥✱ ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥❛• ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥✮✳ ❆•• t❤❡ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s s❤♦✇ ❛ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢

GRGS CSR

Observation island Weir

❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✽ ✕ P✐❡③♦♠❡tr✐❝ r❡❝♦r❞s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✭•♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s✐t❡s ♦♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✸✱ ❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ ❖|■✮ ❛•♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ✿ •|•❙ ❛♥❞ ❈❙| s♦•✉t✐♦♥s✳ |❛✐♥❢❛•• ✐s ♣•♦tt❡❞ ❢♦r t❡♠♣♦r❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥✱ ❢r♦♠ ❝❤✐r♣s ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ s❛♠❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛s ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✷✳ ②❡❛r ♦❢ ❡①❝❡♣t✐♦♥❛••② ❤✐❣❤ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❢♦r ♥♦✇ ♦♥•② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ s❤♦✉•❞ ❜❡ ❝♦✉♣•❡❞ t♦ ❞❡t❛✐•❡❞ s♠❛•• s❝❛•❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♠♦❞❡••✐♥❣ t♦ ❝❛♣t✉r❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ s✐t❡✳ ◆❡✈❡rt❤❡•❡ss✱ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r •❡✈❡• ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥✲ ♥❡•s r♦s❡ ♦♥•② ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ •♦❝❛• r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛•♠♦st ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✱ ❞✉❡ t♦ ✐♥t❡♥s❡ r❛✐♥❢❛•• t❤❡ ♣r❡❝❡❞✐♥❣ s✉♠♠❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✳ ❇✉t t❤❡s❡ r❡s✉•ts ❛r❡ s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ♣✐❡③♦♠❡tr✐❝ r❡❝♦r❞s s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ❆•• t❤❡ s✐t❡s s❤♦✇ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡s ♦❢ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ❢r♦♠ ∼ ✺✵ ❝♠ ❛t ❑❯◆( t♦ ✶✼✺ ❝♠ ❛t ❏❆❖■ ❛♥❞ ❋▼▼❍✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♠❛✐♥•② ♦❝❝✉rs ✇✐t❤ s✉❞❞❡♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ❞✉❡ t♦ •❛r❣❡ r❛✐♥ st♦r♠s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛••② ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❏❆❖■ ❛♥❞ ♠✐❞❞•❡ ❳❯❉❯ st❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤✐s ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ✐s •❡ss ❢r❡q✉❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ st❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❑❯◆( ♦♥•② ❡①❤✐❜✐ts ♦♥❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❡♣✐s♦❞❡ ♦❢ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡✳ ❋▼▼❍ s❤♦✇s ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ♦❢ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ✇✐t❤ •❛r❣❡ r❛✐♥ ❡✈❡♥ts✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❝❝✉rs ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈❡•② t❤r♦✉❣❤ •❛t❡r❛• •♦ss ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s❡❡♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r •❡✈❡• ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❡❛r❜② ❝❤❛♥♥❡•✱ t❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ r✐✈❡r✱ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❢❛st❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡✳ ❚❤r❡❡ ♠♦♥t❤s ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ •❛st r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❡✈❡♥t ❛t t❤✐s s✐t❡✱ ❡q✉✐•✐❜r✐✉♠ ✐s r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r✳ ❚❤❡ r❡•❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ r❛✐♥ ❡✈❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❛q✉✐❢❡r r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ✐s ♥♦t s②st❡♠❛t✐❝✳ ❚❤❡ ❳❯❉❯ ♣✐❡③♦♠❡t❡r ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s s✉❞❞❡♥ r✐s❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ✇❤✐•❡ ♥♦ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ ♦♥ s✐t❡✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❛r❡ ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜•② ❞✉❡ t♦ r❛✐♥ ❡✈❡♥ts ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈✐❝✐♥✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❛❝t✐♥❣ ❛ ❜r♦❛❞❡r ❛r❡❛✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ ♠❛♥② r❛✐♥ ❡✈❡♥ts ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ✐♥❞✉❝❡ ❛ s❤✐❢t ✐♥ t❤❡ ✶✵✽ ❈❍❆P■❚|❊ ✹✳ ❍(❉|❖▲❖•( ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s❡❡♥ ❛t ❑❯◆(✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❈❍■|P❙ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s t✇♦ ❡♣✐s♦❞❡s ♦❢ r❛✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞♦ ♥♦t ❛♣♣❡❛r t♦ ❛✛❡❝t t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡✳ ■t ❝❛♥ ❛•s♦ ❜❡ s❡❡♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❋▼▼❍ st❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ •❛t❡ ❋❡❜r✉❛r②✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t r❛✐♥s ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❞✐st✉r❜ t❤❡ s•♦✇ ❛♥❞ st❡❛❞② r✐s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❜s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♠❛ss✐✈❡ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ✐s ♠❛✐♥•② ♦❜✈✐♦✉s ❛t t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✳ |❡❝♦r❞s ❛t ❏❆❖■ s❤♦✇s ♥♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ♠♦❞❡r❛t❡ r❛✐♥s✱ ✉♥t✐• s❡✈❡r❛• ❝♦♥s❡❝✉t✐✈❡ ❞❛②s ♦❢ ♠♦r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t r❛✐♥s ✐♥ ❏❛♥✉❛r②✳ ❚❤❡ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ t❤❡♥ s✉❞❞❡♥•② r♦s❡ ♦❢ ∼✺✵ ❝♠ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❛ ❢❡✇ ❞❛②s✳ ❋▼▼❍ ❛•s♦ s❤♦✇s ❛•♠♦st ♥♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ •♦❝❛• r❛✐♥❢❛•• ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ✉♥t✐• ❋❡❜r✉❛r②✱ ✇❤❡♥ t❤✐s ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ✐s ❛•s♦ ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r •❡✈❡• ♦♥ t❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ r✐✈❡r✳
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✾ ✕ ❈♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ♣✐❡③♦♠❡tr✐❝ r❡❝♦r❞s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✭❜•❛❝❦ •✐♥❡✮✱ ❛•♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ •♦❝❛• ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ r❛✐♥✲❣❛✉❣❡ ❛r❡ ✐♥ ❞❛r❦❡r ❜•✉❡✱ •✐❣❤t❡r ❜•✉❡ s❤♦✇s t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❡①tr❛❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❈❍■|P❙✮✳ ❖♥•② t❤❡ s♦✉t❤❡❛st❡r♥ ❋▼▼❍ st❛t✐♦♥ ❤❛s r❡❝♦r❞s ❢♦r ✇❛t❡r •❡✈❡• ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦✉r ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ r✐✈❡r ✭❜•✉❡ •✐♥❡✮✳ ❙❡❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✐❡③♦♠❡t❡rs ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✸✳ ✹✳✹✳✷ ❚❡st✐♥❣ •|❆❈❊ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛ ❚✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❢♦r ❊❲❍ ✇❡r❡ ❡①tr❛❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✇✇✇✳t❤❡❣r❛❝❡♣•♦tt❡r✳❝♦♠ ❛t ✶✾✳✺➦❙✱ ✷✸➦❊✱ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡•② •♦❝❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝❡♥tr❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ❢♦r t❤❡ t✇♦ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞②✳ ❚❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ♣r❡❞✐❝t❡❞ ❜② •|❆❈❊ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✽✮ s❤♦✇ ❛ •❡ss❡r ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐✲ t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ t❤❛♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛✱ ❛s ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞✱ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❛ •♦✇❡r s✐❣♥❛•✲t♦✲♥♦✐s❡ r❛t✐♦✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ♣r❡❞✐❝t❡❞ ❜② •|❆❈❊ ✭∼✺✵ t♦ ✶✵✵ ❝♠✮ ✐s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❜•❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣✐❡③♦♠❡t❡rs ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✷✵✵✻ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✶✷ ✭∼ ✼✺ t♦ ✶✷✺ ❝♠✮✳ ❇✉t t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ ❣❡✲ ♥❡r❛••② ♦❝❝✉rs ❛r♦✉♥❞ ▼❛r❝❤✲❆♣r✐•✱ s❤✐❢t✲♣❤❛s❡❞ r❡•❛t✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣✐❡③♦♠❡t❡rs ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❏✉•②✲❆✉❣✉st✳ ❚❤✐s ♣❤❛s❡✲s❤✐❢t r❡✈❡❛•s t❤❛t •|❆❈❊ ✐s t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ st✐•• ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛q✉✐❢❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲)❛♠❜❡③✐ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✐❞❞•❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ❛•t❤♦✉❣❤ ♠♦❞❡r❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❞r② ❛♥❞ ❝•♦s❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❞❡s❡rt✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t✇♦ ❛♥♦♠❛•✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s✐❣♥❛• ❡①tr❛❝t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s✐❣♥❛• ❡①tr❛❝t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛✱ r❡✈❡❛• t❤❛t t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ♠❛② ❡①❡rt ❛ ♠✐♥♦r ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s✐❣♥❛•✳ ❋✐rst✱ ✐♥ ✷✵✵✺ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✵✼✱ ✇❤✐•❡ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ ❛♥♥✉❛• s✐❣♥❛• ❡①❤✐❜✐ts ✐ts ✉s✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✸✮✱ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s✐❣♥❛• ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ❢♦r ❜♦t❤ •|•❙ ❛♥❞ ❈❙| s♦•✉t✐♦♥s✱ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t s❤♦✇ ❛♥② ❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥✳ ❆s t❤❡s❡ ②❡❛rs ❜r♦✉❣❤t ♣❡❝✉•✐❛r•② •♦✇ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ t❤❡✐r ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ r❡•❛t✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛• ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛ ♠❛② r❡✈❡❛• ❛♥ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✬s ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ♦♥ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❣r❛✈✐t② ✜❡•❞ r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ ❜② •|❆❈❊✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✾ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✶✵ s❤♦✇✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r•② ✐♥ t❤❡ •|•❙ s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜❡tt❡r s♣❛t✐❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥✱ ❛ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ✐♥ ❚❲❙ ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❏✉•②✳ ❚❤✐s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❤❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛• ✐s t②♣✐❝❛••② ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐♥❣ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ str♦♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✐♥ t❤❡ •|•❙ s♦•✉t✐♦♥✱ ❛s t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✐s t❤❡ ♦♥•② ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• s②st❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜r♦❛❞ ❜❛s✐♥ ❡①❤✐❜✐t✐♥❣ s✉❝❤ ❛ ♣❤❛s❡✳ ❚❤✉s✱ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❛s ❛ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ♣r♦①② ❢♦r ❚❲❙ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛ ❢♦r ♥♦✇✱ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡st ❡①t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✭∼ ✶✺✵ ❦♠ ✇✐❞❡✮ r❡•❛t✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♣♦♦r s♣❛t✐❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ •|❆❈❊ s❛t❡••✐t❡s ✭∼ ✸✵✵ ❦♠✮✳ ❇✉t t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ s✐❣♥❛•s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ r❡✈❡❛•✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❛• ❜✉t ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ ✐♥✲ ✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡s t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ❝♦✉•❞ ❜❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r ✐♠♣r♦✈❡❞ ❜② ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜❡tt❡r ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲)❛♠❜❡③✐ ❞❡t❡r✲ ♠✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞②✳ ✹✳✹✳✸ ❉✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ❙❡✈❡r❛• st✉❞✐❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❝❛rr✐❡❞ ♦✉t t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ❛rr✐✈❛• ♦♥ t❤❡ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r✱ ❜✉t ❢❛r •❡ss st✉❞✐❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❝❛rr✐❡❞ ♦✉t ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ❆♣❛rt ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♣✐❡③♦♠❡tr✐❝ r❡❝♦r❞s ❢r♦♠ ❖|■ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡s ✹✳✽ ❛♥❞ ✹✳✾✮✱ ♥♦ r❡❝♦r❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ♦✈❡r s❡✈❡r❛• ❝♦♠♣•❡t❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❝②❝•❡s ✐s ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ •✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✳ ❖♥•② ❛ ❢❡✇ r❡❝♦r❞s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥ ❛r❡ ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ✶✾✾✻✲✶✾✾✼ ✭▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ ✷✵✵✻✮ ❛♥❞ ✶✾✾✼✲✶✾✾✽ ✭|❛♠❜❡r❣ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥s✳ |❛♠❜❡r❣ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ♥♦t✐❝❡ ❛♥② ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ •♦❝❛• r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❝•✉❞❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ✈❡r② •✐tt•❡ ♦r ♥♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ •♦❝❛• r❛✐♥❢❛•• ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡✳ ❙t✉❞✐❡s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ❜❛•❛♥❝❡✱ •❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝•✉s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ❡①❝•✉s✐✈❡•② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✭❉✐♥❝❡r ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✼✻❀ ▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❇✉t ▼❝❈❛rt❤② ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❛•s♦ ♥♦t✐❝❡❞ t❤❡ r✐s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ❛❢t❡r ❡✈❡♥ts ♦❢ ♠❛ss✐✈❡ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❝•✉❞❡❞ t❤❛t •♦❝❛• r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❝❛♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ❜② ❞♦✐♥❣ s♦✳ ❚❤❡ ❖|■ ♣✐❡③♦♠❡tr✐❝ r❡❝♦r❞s✱ ❝♦✈❡r✐♥❣ s❡✈❡r❛• ②❡❛rs ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡✱ s❤♦✇ t❤❡ r❡❣✉•❛r ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ •♦❝❛• r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡✱ ♣♦ss✐❜•② r✐s✐♥❣ ♦❢ s❡✈❡r❛• ❞❡❝✐♠❡t❡rs ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ❇✉t t❤❡ r❡•❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♦❝❝✉rr❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❛♥❞ ✐♥✜•tr❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♥♦t st❡❛❞②✱ ♥❡✐t❤❡r ✐♥ t✐♠❡ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✱ ♥♦r ✐♥ s♣❛❝❡✱ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t st❛t✐♦♥s ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✾✮✳ ❆ t❤r❡s❤♦•❞ s❡❡♠s t♦ ❝♦♥tr♦• t❤❡ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r✱ r❡q✉✐r✐♥❣ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ✐♥✐t✐❛• ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ✐♥✐t✐❛t❡ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r r❡❝❤❛r❣❡✳ ❚❤✐s t❤r❡s❤♦•❞ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ✐s s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❏❆❖■ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s✱ ✇❤❡r❡ s❡✈❡r❛• ❞❛②s ♦❢ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✜♥❛••② tr✐❣❣❡r❡❞ t❤❡ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦••♦✇✐♥❣ r❛✐♥ ❡✈❡♥ts✱ ❛•t❤♦✉❣❤ •❡ss ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t✱ ❛r❡ t❤❡♥ r❡❣✉•❛r•② ✐♠♣❛❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥✳ ❖♥ t❤❡s❡ ❞❡t❛✐•❡❞ r❡❝♦r❞s✱ t❤❡ t❤r❡s❤♦•❞ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst r❛✐♥s ❜❡❢♦r❡ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♥❞✲ ✇❛t❡r ✐s ♠♦r❡ ✈✐s✐❜•❡✳ ❏❆❖■✱ ❳❯❉❯ ❛♥❞ ❋▼▼❍ st❛t✐♦♥s s❤♦✇ ❛ s•♦✇ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ✉♥t✐• t❤❡ ❛rr✐✈❛• ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst r❛✐♥s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ st♦♣ t❤❡ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ ❛♥❞ ❛t •❡❛st ♠❛✐♥✲ t❛✐♥ ❛ st❛❜•❡ •❡✈❡• ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r✳ ❚❤❡ t❤r❡s❤♦•❞ ✐s r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ❢♦r ❏❆❖■ ❛♥❞ ❳❯❉❯ ✭♠✐❞✲❏❛♥✉❛r②✮✱ ✇❤✐•❡ ✐t ❤❛♣♣❡♥s •❛t❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❋▼▼❍ st❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♦❝❝✉rr❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s t❤r❡s❤♦•❞ r❡✈❡❛•s t❤❡ s❛t✉r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦✐• ♠♦✐st✉r❡ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❛q✉✐❢❡r r❡❝❤❛r❣❡✱ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ❢♦r t❤❡ •♦❝❛• r❛✐♥❢❛•• t♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇❛t❡r •❡✈❡•✳ ❋▼▼❍ s❤♦✇s ❛♥ ❡①❝•✉s✐✈❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ r✐s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐♥❣ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❝❝✉rs ♥♦✇ t❤r♦✉❣❤ •❛t❡r❛• ✢♦✇ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦✉r ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s r❡✈❡❛•❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❛•♠♦st ♣❡r❢❡❝t ❝♦rr❡•❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ❛♥❞ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇❛t❡r ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❯♥❢♦rt✉♥❛t❡•②✱ ❋▼▼❍ ✐s t❤❡ ♦♥•② st❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤❡r❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇❛t❡r •❡✈❡• ✐s ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦✉r ❝❤❛♥♥❡•✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛ t❤r❡s❤♦•❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ✇♦✉•❞ ❡①♣•❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❛❜s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ •♦❝❛• ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ②❡❛rs ♦❢ •♦✇ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✭✷✵✵✷✲✷✵✵✸✱ ✷✵✵✹✲✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❚❤✐s t❤r❡s❤♦•❞ s❡❡♠s t♦ ❜❡ ♠♦r❡ r❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ ❛ r❛t❡ ♦❢ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ❛ ❣•♦❜❛• ❛♠♦✉♥t✳ ▼❛ss✐✈❡ r❛✐♥ st♦r♠s s❡❡♠ t♦ ❜❡ ❣♦♦❞ tr✐❣❣❡rs ❢♦r t❤❡ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡✱ ❛s ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❋▼▼❍ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✇✐♥t❡r r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛••② ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❡ ♣❡❛❦ ♦❢ r❛✐♥❢❛••✳ ■❢ ♥♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t r❛✐♥❢❛•• ♦❝❝✉rs✱ t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ st✐•• ❜❡ tr✐❣❣❡r❡❞ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ♣❡❛❦ ♦❢ r❛✐♥❢❛••✱ ❜✉t ✇♦✉•❞ t❤❡♥ r❡q✉✐r❡ ♠♦r❡ ♠♦♥t❤s ♦❢ r❛✐♥ ✭✷✵✵✻✲✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛ t❤r❡s❤♦•❞ ❝♦✉•❞ ❜❡ ❡①♣•❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s❛t✉r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♦✐• ♠♦✐st✉r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✉♥s❛t✉r❛t❡❞ ③♦♥❡✳ ❆t t❤❡ ❛rr✐✈❛• ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✱ t❤✐s r❡s❡r✈♦✐r ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❡♠♣t✐❡❞ ✇❤✐•❡ ✐t r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r✳ ■t ✐s t❤✉s r❡q✉✐r❡❞ t❤❛t r❛✐♥ r❡❣❡♥❡r❛t❡s s♦✐• ♠♦✐st✉r❡ ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ❝❛♥ r✐s❡✳ ▼❛ss✐✈❡ r❛✐♥ st♦r♠s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ♠♦r❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✐♥✜•tr❛t✐♦♥✳ ❆s t❤❡ r❡❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♦✐• ♠♦✐st✉r❡ ✐s ❝❤❛••❡♥❣❡❞ ❜② ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥✱ t♦♦ •♦✇ r❛✐♥ ❡✈❡♥ts ✇✐•• ♥♦t ❡①❡rt ❛ s✉✣❝✐❡♥t ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ s✉❝❤ ❛ t❤r❡s❤♦•❞ ✇♦✉•❞ ❛•s♦ ❡①♣•❛✐♥ ✇❤② ❛•♠♦st ♥♦ ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ •❛t❡ ✶✾✾✵✬s✱ ✇❤❡♥ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✇❛s •♦✇❡r✳ ✹✳✺ ❈♦♥❝•✉s✐♦♥ ❚❤❡ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥✱ ❝♦✉♣•❡❞ ✇✐t❤ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts✱ ✈❛•✐❞❛t❡❞ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛q✉✐❢❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛✱ s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ❛♥♥✉❛• ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥✳ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝t ❢♦r ❊❲❍ ❝❛♥ ❤❡♥❝❡ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❛s ❛ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ♣r♦①② ❢♦r ❣•♦❜❛• ❚❲❙ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲)❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ❚❤✐s ♥❡✇ ♣r♦①② ❛••♦✇❡❞ t❤❡ ✈❛•✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ❝❛•✐❜r❛t❡❞ ❜② ❍✉❣❤❡s ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥✱ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❛ r❡•✐❛❜•❡ t♦♦• t♦ ❛ss✐st ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ♠❛❦❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡•♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡t❛✐•❡❞ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛•• t❤❡ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❛♥❞ )❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥s ♣❡r♠✐tt❡❞ t❤❡ ✜rst ♦r❞❡r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❚❲❙ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥s✱ ❝♦rr❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤✐❝❦ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐✐ ❜❡❞s✱ ❛•t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛• ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♥❞ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s✉❣❣❡sts t❤❛t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛r❡❛s ❝♦✉•❞ ❜❡ ❛t ♣•❛②✳ ■t ❛•s♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r ❜♦❞② r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤✐s ♠❛•♦r ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♥♦t ♠✐❣r❛t✐♥❣ ❛•♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❝②❝•❡✱ ♦r ✐♥ ♣r♦♣♦rt✐♦♥s ♥♦t s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t t♦ ❜❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❜② s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❚❤✉s✱ t❤❡ ♠✐❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ✇❛✈❡✱ ❛•t❤♦✉❣❤ ❝r✉❝✐❛• ❢♦r •✐❢❡ s✉♣♣♦rt ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡•② r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛♥ ✉♥s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ♣r♦♣♦rt✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• s②st❡♠✱ ❛s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ❍✉❣❤❡s ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♥♦♠❛•✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ •P❙ s✐❣♥❛• r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛• s♠♦♦t❤ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ❝r✉st❛• ✢❡①✉r❡✱ ✐✳❡✳ t❤❡ s•♦✇❞♦✇♥s ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❤❛s❡ ♦❢ ❝r✉st r❡•❛①❛t✐♦♥✱ ♣❡r♠✐tt❡❞ ❛ ♠✉❝❤ ❜❡tt❡r ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❤❛r❞•② q✉❛♥t✐✜❛❜•❡ ❢♦r❝✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ✿ ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛✲ t✐♦♥✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ ❢♦r❝✐♥❣s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❤❛✈❡ ❛•s♦ ❜❡❡♥ ❜❡tt❡r ❞❡✜♥❡❞✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❣✉•❛r ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ •♦❝❛• r❛✐♥❢❛•• ♦♥ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ✐♥ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ s✉✣❝✐❡♥t r❛✐♥✳ ❚❤✐s st✉❞② t❤✉s ♣❡r♠✐ts ❛ ❜❡tt❡r ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• s②st❡♠✱ ♥♦t❛❜•② ❜② ❝♦♥✜r♠✐♥❣ t❤❡ r♦•❡ ♦❢ ❜✉✛❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛✱ ♠♦❞✉✲ •❛t✐♥❣ ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ❍✉❣❤❡s ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛♥ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♠❛② ❜❡ ❛t ♣•❛② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ❛s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ❲♦•s❦✐ ❛♥❞ ▼✉rr❛②✲❍✉❞s♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❚❤✐s ❜✉✛❡r ❡✛❡❝t ✐s t❤♦✉❣❤t t♦ ❜❡ ♣❛rt•② r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♥♦♥✲•✐♥❡❛r r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t t♦ ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❛s ✇❡•• ❛s ❢♦r t❤❡ ♥♦♥✲•✐♥❡❛r ♦❢ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✐♥✢♦✇ ❛t ▼♦❤❡♠❜♦✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ s❡❡♠s t♦ ♦❝❝✉r ❛❢t❡r ❛ ✐♥✐t✐❛• t❤r❡s❤♦•❞ ♦❢ r❛✐♥❢❛••✳ ❚❤❡s❡ t✇♦ ❡✛❡❝ts ❝♦✉•❞ ✐♥❞✉❝❡ ❛ str♦♥❣ ♥♦♥✲•✐♥❡❛r ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ t♦ ✐♥✢♦✇ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✭s❡❡ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✻✳✶✳✶✮✳ ❚❤✐s st✉❞② ♦♣❡♥❡❞ ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s t♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲ )❛♠❜❡③✐✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡♣•♦②♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♥❡✇ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t •P❙ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ✇♦✉•❞ ♥♦t ♦♥•② ❜r✐♥❣ ❛ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ✐♥s✐❣❤t ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛✱ ❜✉t ✇♦✉•❞ ❛•s♦ ❞❡♥s✐❢② t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦✱ ❤❡♥❝❡ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛••② ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ t❤❡ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t✐❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② •|❆❈❊ ✐♥ t❤❡ •❛r❣❡•② ♣♦♦r•② ♠♦♥✐t♦r❡❞ ❜❛s✐♥s✱ t❤❡ ❢✉t✉r❡ •❛✉♥❝❤ ♦❢ •|❆❈❊✲❋♦••♦✇ ❖♥ ✐s ♦❢ ❣r❡❛t ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ t♦ ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❞✉r❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝♦r❞s✳ ❈❤❛♣✐tr❡ ✺ ❚❡❝t♦♥✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ◗✉❛♥t✐❢②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•t ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ r❛t❡ ♦❢ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❝r♦ss t❤❡ ❖• ✐s ❛ ❝r✐t✐❝❛• ♣♦✐♥t t♦ ❛ss❡ss t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❡t♦♥✐❝s ♦♥ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✳ ■t ✐s ❛•s♦ ✉s❡❢✉• t♦ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ t❤❡ r❛t❡ ♦❢ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛t t❤❡ ❣❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡✳ ❆s t❤❡ ❛❣❡s ❝♦♠♠♦♥•② ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡♥❞♦r❤❡✐s♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥ ❛r❡ ✈❡r② ②♦✉♥❣✱ t❤❡② ✐♠♣♦s❡ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ r❛t❡ ♦❢ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s♦ ❤✐❣❤✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛ s✉❜s✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ∼✶ ❝♠✱ t❤❛t ❝✉rr❡♥t t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐•② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t✳ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ❛•s♦ ❛••♦✇s t♦ ❜❡tt❡r ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❛t ♣•❛② ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t②✳ ❚❤❡ ❖• ✐s ❝♦♥✈❡♥t✐♥❛••② ❛ss✉♠❡❞ t♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t ❛♥ ❡❛r•② st❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t❛• r✐❢t✐♥❣✱ ❜✉t t❤✐s ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ❤❛s ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ r❡✈✐s✐t❡❞ s✐♥❝❡ ❙❝❤♦•③ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✶✾✼✻✮✳ ◆❡✇ ❞❛t❛ ❛r❡ ♥♦✇ ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ t❤✐❝❦♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝r✉st ❛♥❞ •✐t❤♦s♣❤❡r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ st✉❞② ❛r❡❛✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♠♣•❡t❡ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❣❡♦❞❡t✐❝ ❞❛t❛ s❡t✳ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✺✳✶ r❡❡①❛♠✐♥❡s t❤❡ ❣❡♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖• r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ ❛•• t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ♥♦✇ ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡✳ ❲❤✐•❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦✈❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ r❡•✐❛❜•❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ❛t t❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t❛• s❝❛•❡ t♦ ❛ss❡ss t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦r ♣•❛t❡ ♠♦t✐♦♥ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❙❛r✐❛ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✱ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ t♦♦ str♦♥❣•② ✐♠♣❛❝t❡❞ ❜② s❡❛s♦♥❛• ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ❞❡t❛✐•❡❞ ✐♥ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✸✳ ❚❤❡ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❢♦r ❊❲❍ ✈❛r✐❛✲ t✐♦♥s ❛••♦✇ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡••✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❛s♦♥❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t✐❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤✐s ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ ✇✐❞❡ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ✈❛•✉❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ t✇♦ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞② ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t r❡s✐❞✉❛• ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t r❛t❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ❣❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ✭❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✺✳✷✮✳ ✺✳✶ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ❚❤❡ •P❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t st❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆❢r✐❝❛❆rr❛②✴❯◆❆❱❈❖ ✜♥❛••② q✉❛♥t✐✜❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♦r✐❡♥t❛t❡❞ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ r❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖• ❢❛✉•ts✳ ❚❤✐s ♥❡✇ ❞❛t❛ s❡t ❝❛♥ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ❤❡•♣ t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•t ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ♦♥ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛✳ ❚❤✐s q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✐s ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✐♥ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✻✳✶✳✶✳ ■t ❝❛♥ ❛•s♦ ❤❡•♣ t♦ ❜❡tt❡r ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❤✐st♦r② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖• ❛t t❤❡ ❣❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡✱ ❛t •❡❛st ❜② ❝♦♥str❛✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ str✉❝t✉r❡✳ ❆s t❤❡ r❛t❡ ♦❢ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♠✉❝❤ •♦✇❡r t❤❛♥ ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞✱ t❤❡ ❛❣❡ ♦❢ ✹✶ ❦②r ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢❛✉•t ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✐s ❝❛••❡❞ ✐♥t♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ •♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ ✶✶✸ ✶✶✹ ❈❍❆P■❚|❊ ✺✳ ❚❊❈❚❖◆■❈❙ ❆◆❉ •❊❖❉(◆❆▼■❈❙ ❢❛✉•t ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖• ❛♥❞ ✐ts ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡♥❞♦r❤❡✐s♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✐s ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✐♥ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✻✳✶✳✷✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ ❙❝❤♦•③ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✶✾✼✻✮✱ ✐t ✐s ❣❡♥❡r❛••② st❛t❡❞ t❤❡ ❖• ✐s ❛♥ ✐♥❝✐♣✐❡♥t r✐❢t✐♥❣ ③♦♥❡✱ s✐♠✐•❛r t♦ t❤❡ ✜rst st❛❣❡ ♦❢ ♠❛t✉r❡ r✐❢ts s✉❝❤ ❛s ▲❛❦❡ ❆•❜❡rt ✭▼♦❞✐s✐ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❇✉✛♦r❞ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❢♦••♦✇✐♥❣ s❡❝t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ •♦✇ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ❛❝r♦ss t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥ ✐s ❡①❛♠✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❣❡♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡✳ ❆•• t❤❡ ❝r✐t❡r✐❛ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❣ ❛ r✐❢t✐♥❣ ③♦♥❡ ❛r❡ s✉❜♠✐tt❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ r❡❝❡♥t•② ♣✉❜•✐s❤❡❞ ❣❡♦♣❤②s✐❝❛• s✉r✈❡②s ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ♥❡✇ ❞❛t❛ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝r✉st ❛♥❞ •✐t❤♦s♣❤❡r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛✳ ❚❤❡ s❡✐s♠✐❝✐t② ✐s r❡✲❛ss❡ss❡❞ ❛♥❞ r❡✈❡❛•❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥❛••② ❜✐❛s❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✐♥❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t s❡✐s♠♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♦♣❡♥ t❤❡ ❞❡❜❛t❡ ❛❣❛✐♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖•✳ 1. Introduction
The East African Rift System (EARS) is a major geodynamic feature which has been splitting the African continent since the late Eocene-Oligocene (e.g., [START_REF] Macgregor | History of the development of the East African Rift System: a series of interpreted maps through time[END_REF]. It propagates from the northern Afar Depression and Main Ethiopian Rift to the southern diverging branches (Fig. 1): the eastern branch from the Kenyan rifts to central Tanzania and the western branch from Lake Albert to Lake Malawi. The tectonic functioning of the termini, and thus the initiation stages for continental rifting are poorly understood. Some authors (e.g., [START_REF] Scholz | Evidence for incipient rifting in Southern Africa[END_REF][START_REF] Modisi | Rift kinematics during the incipient stages of continental extension: evidence from the nascent Okavango rift basin, northwest Botswana[END_REF][START_REF] Bufford | Geometry and faults tectonic activity of the Okavango Rift Zone, Botswana: evidence from magnetotelluric and electrical resistivity tomography imaging[END_REF] propose that a third branch of the EARS extends southwestwards from Lake Tanganyika (named the southwestern branch) and postulate that the most remote feature is the Okavango Graben (OG).

Located in northern Botswana, the Okavango Delta is an extensive wetland (12,000 km 2 ) confined in the OG. Its NE-SW trending faults, which match the orientation of the Lake Kariba valley, and the localized seismic activity led many authors since the late 1960s to consider it to be the final extension of this southwestern branch of the EARS and therefore an incipient rifting zone [START_REF] Scholz | Evidence for incipient rifting in Southern Africa[END_REF][START_REF] Modisi | Rift kinematics during the incipient stages of continental extension: evidence from the nascent Okavango rift basin, northwest Botswana[END_REF][START_REF] Bufford | Geometry and faults tectonic activity of the Okavango Rift Zone, Botswana: evidence from magnetotelluric and electrical resistivity tomography imaging[END_REF]. [START_REF] Scholz | Evidence for incipient rifting in Southern Africa[END_REF] first postulated this OG EARS extension hypothesis in the current terms from their seismic study in the area. Apart from fault orientation and morphology, proponents of this hypothesis use the first geophysical studies to infer that rifting is at play in the OG in a similar way to that observed in the EARS [START_REF] Fairhead | How far does the rift system extend through Africa?[END_REF][START_REF] Scholz | Evidence for incipient rifting in Southern Africa[END_REF][START_REF] Wilson | An introduction to the hydrology and hydrography of the Okavango Delta[END_REF][START_REF] Girdler | The great negative Bouguer gravity anomaly over Africa[END_REF][START_REF] Ballard | Terrestrial heat flow in Botswana and Namibia[END_REF]. Few geological data are available due to the extensive cover of Kalahari sands of varying thickness [START_REF] Haddon | The Sub-Kalahari Geology and Tectonic Evolution of the Kalahari Basin[END_REF] but several recent geophysical studies bring new insights into the crustal and lithospheric structure, and mantle activity of the area (e.g., [START_REF] Forte | Joint seismic-geodynamic-mineral physical modelling of African geodynamics: a reconciliation of deep-mantle convection with surface geophysical constraints[END_REF][START_REF] Khoza | Lithospheric structure of an Archean craton and adjacent mobile belt revealed from 2-D and 3-D inversion of magnetotelluric data: example from southern Congo craton in northern Namibia[END_REF]Yu et al., 2015a)

✶✶✺

rifting hypothesis for the OG. Other deformation models have been proposed [START_REF] Mccarthy | The Okavango Delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa[END_REF]Yu et al., 2015a) and are supported by newly available data.

In order to interrogate this problem, it is important to define criteria for a rifting zone, and to gather geophysical and geological data and points of view. In the framework of continental breakup, a rifting zone can be defined by thinning lithosphere and crust which is revealed by shallow depth to the Moho [START_REF] Sengör | Relative timing of rifting and volcanism on Earth and its tectonic implications[END_REF][START_REF] Allen | Basin Analysis: Principles and Application to Petroleum Play Assessment[END_REF]. The upwelling asthenosphere may be manifested by a strong negative Bouguer anomaly and an increased surface heat flow. The consequent surface deformation is characterized by significant seismic activity with predominantly extensional focal mechanism solutions and bounding faults which can exhibit important scarps. This morphology is mainly valid for active rifts initiated by mantle upwelling, and is rarely observed in passive rifting due to crustal stretching. Volcanic activity is also expected but may only happen at an evolved stage. Kinematically, rifting zones are defined by crustal extension, marginal uplift and inner subsidence, but may appear with strike-slip displacements in accommodation zones. The order of appearance of these displacements (horizontal before vertical or vice versa) can help to characterize the process initiating the rifting. Indeed, active rifting due to mantle upwelling will induce early uplift leading to secondary crustal extension whereas passive rifting due to crust stretching will primarily show horizontal extension followed by uplift due to the consequent mantle upwelling [START_REF] Allen | Basin Analysis: Principles and Application to Petroleum Play Assessment[END_REF].

This study brings new results from a geodetical study based on 5 years of records from permanent GPS stations to monitor slow displacements on the tectonic structure. Since rifting kinematics are associated with extension, the kinematics of the area then help to discriminate the processes at play in the graben deformation. We also reexamine available geophysical data in the area in order to construct an alternative model of the OG and compare it with the EARS characteristics. We propose a new kinematic model based on farfield accommodation of the deformation due to both EARS opening and differential movements between the Kalahari and Congo cratons impacting a wide region from Lake Upemba in the north to the central Kalahari in Botswana. We thus propose to re-open the debate on the OG EARS extension hypothesis.

Geological setting 1.EARS

South of the Main Ethiopian Rift, the EARS separates into two distinct branches extending from north to south through a series of Fig. 1. Location of the Okavango Graben and the three studied permanent AfricaArray GPS stations (MA: MAUA, MO: MONG, RU: RUND). 26 GPS stations complete the network. The EARS and SWEA (South Western Extension Area) main faults are compiled from [START_REF] Lepersonne | Carte géologique du Zaïre[END_REF], Reeve et al. (1981), [START_REF] Pinna | Carta Geológica[END_REF], [START_REF] Stagman | Provisional geological map of Zimbabwe. Original map from[END_REF], [START_REF] Haddon | The Sub-Kalahari Geology and Tectonic Evolution of the Kalahari Basin[END_REF], [START_REF] Kinabo | Early structural development of the Okavango rift zone, NW Botswana[END_REF]),a n dMilesi et al. (2010). The SWEA extent is filled with light grey. Af: Afar Depression, Al: Lake Albert, Ba: Lake Bangweulu, Ct: Chicoa trough, CK: central Kalahari, Ka: Lake Kariba, Ki: Lake Kivu, Kr: Kenyan rifts, Lu: Luangwa Valley, Ma: Lake Malawi, MER: Main Ethiopian Rift, Mk: Makgadikgadi Pans, Mw: Lake Mweru, Ta: Lake Tanganyika, Td: Tanzanian divergence, Up: Upemba trough, Zf: Zoetfontein fault.

✶✶✻

rift basins (Fig. 1). The older (>25 My) eastern branch extends continuously from the Afar Depression to Kenya and central Tanzania. It is characterized by signifcant volcanism but shallow (5-15 km), low-magnitude earthquakes. The younger (>15 My) western branch extends from Lake Albert to Lake Malawi in a discontinuous series of rift basins related by transform zones in varying orientations. It is nearly amagmatic, characterized by high-magnitude (>6.5), deep (30-40 km) earthquakes and deeper rifts, and is considered as less evolved (e.g., [START_REF] Chorowicz | The East African Rift System[END_REF][START_REF] Macgregor | History of the development of the East African Rift System: a series of interpreted maps through time[END_REF]. Overall, the EARS has propagated southwards at the rate of between 2.5 and 5 cm/year [START_REF] Chorowicz | The East African Rift System[END_REF]. Extension rates in those rifts vary from 5.2 mm/year in the northern Afar Depression to less than 1 mm/year in the south [START_REF] Saria | Present-day kinematics of the East African Rift[END_REF].

The EARS termini, and the characteristics of its propagation in the continental crust, are poorly known. The eastern branch bifurcates and dissipates in the Tanzanian divergence, an area of numerous faults oriented from NE-SW to WNW-ESE. The western branch ends in central Mozambique. Authors agree on a southwestern extension of the western branch but several grabens seem to diverge from this branch in a NE-SW orientation, from north to south: the Upemba trough, Lake Mweru, Lake Bangweulu, Luangwa Valley and the Chicoa trough (Fig. 1). While most of these tectonic structures show no evident extension, the Luangwa Valley and Chicoa trough converge towards Lake Kariba. Some authors add the OG as the terminus of the southwestern extension branch (e.g. [START_REF] Scholz | Evidence for incipient rifting in Southern Africa[END_REF][START_REF] Modisi | Rift kinematics during the incipient stages of continental extension: evidence from the nascent Okavango rift basin, northwest Botswana[END_REF][START_REF] Leseane | Thermal perturbations beneath the incipient Okavango Rift Zone, northwest Botswana[END_REF]. As this southwestern extension branch is poorly defined, we name the region from the EARS in the east, Lake Upemba in the north and the OG in the southwest, the South-Western Extension Area (SWEA). This area exhibits a gradient in fault density from north to south (Lake Upemba to the Chicoa trough) and from east to west (OG to Chicoa trough).

Du [START_REF] Du Toit | The Kalahari and some of its problems[END_REF] first proposed a relationship between the OG and the EARS, followed by [START_REF] Fairhead | How far does the rift system extend through Africa?[END_REF] who proposed an EARS extension in Botswana, but oriented N-S. Then Reeves (1972a) proposed an extension of the EARS along a NE-SW axis but in the central Kalahari, 250 km south from the OG. It seems to be finally [START_REF] Scholz | Evidence for incipient rifting in Southern Africa[END_REF] who postulated the OG EARS extension hypothesis in its current form. This hypothesis has consensually led to the name of "Okavango Rift Zone" for the area, thus implying a genetic connotation for the deformation of the area.

Study area

The OG is located between two cratons joined by a series of Paleo to Neoproterozoic belts (Fig. 2). Bedrock outcrops are scarce in the area as it is almost entirely covered with tens to hundreds of meters of Kalahari sands, occasionally directly overlying the Karoo basalts [START_REF] Haddon | The Sub-Kalahari Geology and Tectonic Evolution of the Kalahari Basin[END_REF]. But recent geophysical studies bring new insights on the distribution and importance of the main units in the area.

To the north lies the Archean Congo craton. Its southern limit was originally thought to lie in central Angola, but has subsequently been redefined further south underneath the Damara Belt in northern Botswana [START_REF] Singletary | Geochronology of basement rocks in the Kalahari Desert, Botswana, and implications for regional Proterozoic tectonics[END_REF][START_REF] Begg | The lithospheric architecture of Africa: seismic tomography, mantle petrology, and tectonic evolution[END_REF][START_REF] Khoza | Lithospheric structure of an Archean craton and adjacent mobile belt revealed from 2-D and 3-D inversion of magnetotelluric data: example from southern Congo craton in northern Namibia[END_REF]. Its associated lithosphere is estimated to reach a thickness of up to 250 km. To the south lies the Kalahari craton, comprised of the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons joined by the Archean Limpopo belt. This craton may extend further north beneath the Okwa block and its associated lithosphere may reach up to 220 km [START_REF] Muller | Lithospheric structure, evolution and diamond prospectivity of the Rehoboth Terrane and western Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa: constraints from broadband magnetotellurics[END_REF][START_REF] Miensopust | Lithospheric structures and Precambrian terrane boundaries in northeastern Botswana revealed through magnetotelluric profiling as part of the Southern African Magnetotelluric Experiment[END_REF]. These cratons are joined together along the Neoproterozoic Pan-African Damara belt. This last orogeny led to the deformation of the Ghanzi formation sediments into the Ghanzi-Chobe fold belt. This Precambrian assemblage leads to belts of different lithospheric rheology with a central younger (thus thinner and weaker) lithosphere zone surrounded by older thus thicker and more rigid belts and cratons. The Karoo period (∼300 My-∼178 My) was characterized by intense rifting, which resulted in intensive sedimentation and concluded with expansive basalt flows (∼180 My), in particular in central and northern Botswana, and the emplacement of the ENE-WSW Okavango Dyke Swarm dated at ∼178 My (Le [START_REF] Gall | 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronology and structural data from the giant Okavango and related mafic dyke swarms, Karoo igneous province, northern Botswana[END_REF]. In northern Botswana, the Karoo deposition was controlled by NE-SW syn-sedimentary tectonic and paleotopographic structures. In the southwestern part of the OG, the remaining basalts and dolerites are clearly delimited by the Sekaka Shear Zone (SSZ) and the current Lecha, Kunyere and Thamalakane faults (cf. Fig. 3 for faults location). During the Permian, a major shear zone, the Southern Trans-Africa Shear System (STASS) is thought to have developed between the Congo and Kalahari blocks to accommodate differential displacements of plates astride the current African continent, and thus controlled sedimentary deposition [START_REF] De Wit | Gondwana reconstruction of the East Africa-Madagascar-India-Sri Lanka-Antarctica fragments revised[END_REF].

During the Cretaceous, continental break-up on both sides of the African continent (South America at ca. 129-121 My, and Madagascar between 150 and 112 My.) was responsible for transform faults, which formed a series of grabens across southern Africa [START_REF] Haddon | The Sub-Kalahari Geology and Tectonic Evolution of the Kalahari Basin[END_REF] and possibly reactivated the STASS. Karoo Supergroup rocks may have subsided into NE-SW grabens preserving them from erosion. Southeast of the OG, rifting reactivated the Passarge basin structures as far south as the Zoetfontein fault (up to 300 m downthrow). Generalized uplift affected the whole of southern Africa at ✶✶✼ that time, leading to an extensive period of erosion in the Cretaceous, locally forming red sandstone beds like those near Etosha pan [START_REF] Miller | The geology, palaeontology and evolution of the Etosha pan, Namibia: implications for terminal Kalahari deposition[END_REF]orintheOG [START_REF] Linol | Sedimentology and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Congo and Kalahari Basins of South-central Africa and Their Evolution During the Formation and Break-up of West Gondwana[END_REF].

In the OG, Kalahari sediments overlie these red beds unconformably. The erosion surface between the two periods is marked by pedogenesis and is constrained between 80 and 40 My [START_REF] Linol | Sedimentology and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Congo and Kalahari Basins of South-central Africa and Their Evolution During the Formation and Break-up of West Gondwana[END_REF]. According to [START_REF] Haddon | The Sub-Kalahari Geology and Tectonic Evolution of the Kalahari Basin[END_REF], Kalahari sedimentation may have been initiated mainly by Late Cretaceous inner southern Africa downwarping, as well as relative uplift of the edges as a minor contribution. This would have led to the rivers back-tilting into the basin and the appearance of inner basin lakes. This hypothesis is supported in the northern part of the OG by stratigraphy showing a southward tilting between the possibly Jurassic-Cretaceous red beds and the Kalahari sediments [START_REF] Linol | Sedimentology and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Congo and Kalahari Basins of South-central Africa and Their Evolution During the Formation and Break-up of West Gondwana[END_REF]. Vertical movements within the Kalahari basin occurred throughout the Cenozoic and shaped the Kalahari basin, notably along the Kalahari-Zimbabwe axis. The continuous or episodic nature of these uplifts is still in debate.

The Okavango Graben

The OG is a tectonic structure consisted of a series of normal to dextral strike-slip faults (Fig. 3) forming a hemi-graben with the most active faults concentrated in the southeastern part [START_REF] Modisi | Fault system at the southeastern boundary of the Okavango Rift, Botswana[END_REF][START_REF] Campbell | Airborne geophysical mapping of aquifer water quality and structural controls in the Lower Okavango Delta, Botswana[END_REF][START_REF] Bufford | Geometry and faults tectonic activity of the Okavango Rift Zone, Botswana: evidence from magnetotelluric and electrical resistivity tomography imaging[END_REF]. They are distributed along a NE-SW zone from the SSZ and the Gumare fault in the SW to the Linyanti and Chobe faults in the NE.

The OG can be divided into three domains [START_REF] Gumbricht | The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications[END_REF]: (1) the northern block containing the Panhandle, (2) the central block which hosts the Delta and (3) the southern block where the Ghanzi ridge isolates the Makgadikgadi pans. Focal mechanisms identified by [START_REF] Scholz | Evidence for incipient rifting in Southern Africa[END_REF] showed normal mechanisms, and many studies based on borehole logs [START_REF] Haddon | The Sub-Kalahari Geology and Tectonic Evolution of the Kalahari Basin[END_REF][START_REF] Linol | Sedimentology and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Congo and Kalahari Basins of South-central Africa and Their Evolution During the Formation and Break-up of West Gondwana[END_REF], aeromagnetic data [START_REF] Modisi | Fault system at the southeastern boundary of the Okavango Rift, Botswana[END_REF][START_REF] Campbell | Airborne geophysical mapping of aquifer water quality and structural controls in the Lower Okavango Delta, Botswana[END_REF] and electromagnetic data [START_REF] Podgorski | Integrated interpretation of helicopter and ground-based geophysical data recorded within the Okavango Delta, Botswana[END_REF]haveshown downthrow on the main faults (Tsau, Lecha, Kunyere, Thamalakane) and, depending on interpretation, up to 600 m of sediments in the OG inner part (Lake Ngami, [START_REF] Bufford | Geometry and faults tectonic activity of the Okavango Rift Zone, Botswana: evidence from magnetotelluric and electrical resistivity tomography imaging[END_REF]. A slight dextral strike-slip component is revealed by an offset in the dykes [START_REF] Modisi | Rift kinematics during the incipient stages of continental extension: evidence from the nascent Okavango rift basin, northwest Botswana[END_REF][START_REF] Campbell | Airborne geophysical mapping of aquifer water quality and structural controls in the Lower Okavango Delta, Botswana[END_REF]. Both studies revealed complex fault zones (branching and en-echelon faulting) for the Kunyere and Thamalakane faults rather than single faults, which could form smaller grabens and hemi-grabens within the OG. These faults are structures inherited from the underlying Proterozoic basement, occurring along the same NE-SW orientation as the Ghanzi-Damara belt, and could have been initiated during the Pan-African orogenesis. They have possibly been reactivated several times: during the STASS accommodation, the Karoo rifting and post-Karoo faulting, and the Cenozoic uplifts. [START_REF] Campbell | Airborne geophysical mapping of aquifer water quality and structural controls in the Lower Okavango Delta, Botswana[END_REF] proposed a secondary normal fault set, as indicated in Fig. 3, highlighted by lateral offset in the dykes. According to [START_REF] Modisi | Rift kinematics during the incipient stages of continental extension: evidence from the nascent Okavango rift basin, northwest Botswana[END_REF], these faults could be responsible for lineaments at the surface of the Okavango Delta.

Thus, the OG lies upon a zone of lithospheric weakness relative to the adjacent thick and cold cratons, affected by ancient tectonic structures, which have been reactivated several times. Vertical and sometimes strike-slip displacements have a long and complex history and a great influence on the area.

Geophysical settings 1.2.1. Seismicity

The seismicity associated with the OG is a major argument for the rifting hypothesis. Plate boundaries and continental rifting such as the EARS are associated with regular seismicity revealing the deformation consequent to crustal extension. Knowledge of the OG seismicity mostly relies on studies carried out in the 1970s that revealed a local concentration of seismic activity. Seismic data are here reexamined with regard to the more recent data available on the International Seismological Center (ISC) website.

The OG seismicity was first officially described by [START_REF] Gane | South African earthquakes-1949 to December 1952[END_REF] who recorded a series of earthquakes in 1951-1953 thanks to the four first South African seismographs. From May 1952 to May 1953, 33 events were recorded, mostly exceeding magnitude 5, with a maximum of 6.7 clustering in the Okavango Delta. Until the mid-1960s, seismicity in Africa was poorly documented, mostly based on anecdotal evidence. From 1959 to 1965, the Rhodesia Meteorological Services deployed the first network of seismographs in Zimbabwe revealing the seismic activity of the OG. The closest seismic station was at Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, 400 km away from the OG. This equipment led to the founding works of Reeves (1972a) and [START_REF] Scholz | Evidence for incipient rifting in Southern Africa[END_REF], who both identified elevated earthquake activity in the OG and proposed a relation between the seismicity in Botswana and the EARS. But their data differ slightly: although the article of [START_REF] Scholz | Evidence for incipient rifting in Southern Africa[END_REF] is later, it shows fewer earthquakes in the central Kalahari than Reeves (1972a). This seems to be mostly due to the different time-spans they studied [START_REF] Fairhead | How far does the rift system extend through Africa?[END_REF]-1973and Sept. 1965-Aug. 1971 respectively). Consequently their conclusions differ. While Reeves (1972a) proposed the Kalahari axis, a line 250 km south of the OG, for the EARS extension and proposed no solution for the OG seismicity, [START_REF] Scholz | Evidence for incipient rifting in Southern Africa[END_REF] suggested that the OG is an extension of the EARS and did not mention the seismic activity in the central Kalahari. More recently, [START_REF] Haddon | The Sub-Kalahari Geology and Tectonic Evolution of the Kalahari Basin[END_REF] used the data available from the ISC from 1071 to 1996 and suggested three distinct parallel NE-SW earthquake alignments in the SWEA, with the southern one ending in the OG. Between 2005 and 2008, at least 26 seismic stations were deployed through the EARS and southern Africa by the AfricaArray [START_REF] Nyblade | AfricaArray Newsletter[END_REF], leading to a very large increase in the number of recorded seismic events available from the ISC database (Fig. 4). No reexamination of the seismicity in the SWEA has been made since then.

In this study, we use the unreviewed data set from the ISC (downloaded in February 2016), which gathers records from many different ✶✶✽ seismological networks in Africa. The deployment of seismic instrumentation in the EARS took place in four stages (Fig. 4). Prior to the mid-1950s, records are scarce and mostly based on anecdotes. Then the first network of seismometers arrived, which brought the initial insights into African seismicity. The third phase began in 1993. The increase in the number of recorded events seems to be mostly due to the addition of minor earthquakes (magnitude < 3), with the number of powerful events remaining constant. The current phase with a denser network began in 2004, and has led to at least double the number of recorded events for both high and low magnitudes.

These new data highlight an instrumental bias in the previous seismic studies due to the paucity of seismometers on the continent. This bias is corroborated by the historical seismicity (1952)(1953) seismic series and prior) recovered from anecdotal evidence in a country mostly comprised of desert, and thus sparsely inhabited. Reeves (1972b) introduced his study with these biases. The overall larger number of seismic events with magnitude over 3 recorded since 2004 compared to the 1966-2003 period indicates that this instrumental bias had an impact not only on microseismic records. Some earthquakes greater than magnitude 3 may well have remained invisible to the previous network. Due to the low density of seismic stations, some earthquakes may be recorded by only one seismological network. The ISC review procedure requires each earthquake to be recorded by at least two networks. This procedure cannot readily be applied in Africa, justifying our usage of the unreviewed data set, although it prevents any quantitative approach. In order to get rid of this instrumental bias, data before 2004 were excluded in this study at the scale of the central and southern Africa.

In Botswana, this instrumental bias seems to have hidden or obscured major areas of seismic activity. While the OG represented a major proportion of the seismicity in Botswana before the 2004 instrumentation, it now appears to represent a minor part of it (Fig. 5). This change is due to both a decrease in the Delta seismic activity and an increase of the records in remote parts of the country because of the improved coverage of the seismic network. Seismic data since 2004 show many more earthquakes with magnitude over 3 which suggest that some areas remained invisible to the previous network, one of which is the central Kalahari.

North and west Botswana experienced a dense series of more than 400 earthquakes from August 2013 to December 2014 with a majority of magnitudes ranging from 3 to 5.6. About half of these events were located in the central Kalahari, south of the Ghanzi ridge. This area corresponds to a ENE striking Karoo failed rift filled with Karoo sediments from Permian to Jurassic, capped by Karoo basalts [START_REF] Haddon | Isopach Map of the Kalahari Group[END_REF]. No particular earthquake concentration can be identified on the Zoetfontein fault. Furthermore, the seismic ✶✶✾ Fig. 6. Recorded earthquakes from 2004 to 2016, with magnitude over 3 (International Seismological Centre, 2016). The black star indicates the location of the recent M6.5 earthquake. Plate boundaries are from [START_REF] Saria | Present-day kinematics of the East African Rift[END_REF].

province shows a NW-SE orientation superimposed on a topographic ridge. During this 2013-2014 seismic series in Botswana, only 26 events were recorded in the OG, one magnitude of 4.4 occurring in the Mababe Depression.

In Fig. 6, only events after 2004 were plotted. Moreover, only events with a magnitude exceeding 3 have been retained, to prevent any earthquake induced by human activity such as mining. In this data set, the SWEA is seismically less defined, as the earthquakes in the central Kalahari induce a spatial continuity between the seismicity of the SWEA and South Africa. Most of the seismic stations deployed in 2004/2005 were installed in South Africa. This heterogeneity leads to a better detection of earthquakes in southern Africa, relative to the SWEA, and thus an apparent higher seismic activity.

Within the SWEA, three striking spatial features appear. (1) Whereas former data showed three distinct potential extension branches with a NE-SW orientation through the SWEA, data from between 2004 and 2016 reveal a much more dispersed seismicity in the whole SWEA. While seismic events with magnitude over 3 are indeed more dense on the three NE-SW branches described by [START_REF] Haddon | The Sub-Kalahari Geology and Tectonic Evolution of the Kalahari Basin[END_REF], axes of earthquake clusters are also visible on the NW-SE orientation (from mid-Congo to northern Malawi, from eastern Angola through Zambia and Zimbabwe and from eastern Namibia through central Kalahari to northeastern South Africa). Microseismicity is present throughout the grid pattern defined by these axes.

(2) The Luangwa/Kariba axis shows the longest and most continuous alignment, and extends across the entire African continent as far as the Namibian atlantic coast, in continuity with the Damara belt. (3) Some areas reveal particular seismic activity, like the Loma river in eastern Congo, the previously assumed aseismic Ghanzi Ridge and the central Kalahari.

Given that the OG has been quite well-monitored since the late 1960s, we considered all recorded events for our analysis of local seismicity (Fig. 3). Within the graben, seismic activity is concentrated on the SW faults between the Tsau and Thamalakane faults on a NW-SE axis ending at MAUA in alignment with the Panhandle. To the northeast the Mababe depression shows significant seismicity whereas the southwestern Lake Ngami seems to be relatively aseismic. No activity has been recorded on the Gumare fault, where it is clearly defined, but some appears on its presumptive extension northeast of the Delta up to the northern part of the Linyanti swamps. Most of the earthquakes are confined to the central distal part of the Delta, close to the current outlets. The northern block of the graben is ✶✷✵ stable relative to the activity in the central block. Unlike the central block, the southern block shows greater seismic activity in its southwestern part than in its northeastern part between the Delta and the Makgadikgadi pans.

This seismologic reexamination reveals an historic instrumental bias in the seismic records in southern Africa. The seismicity of the SWEA area is more homogeneously distributed over the numerous tectonic structures than previously thought and extends to the southwestern African coast. This may reveal a wider distribution of the deformation in the SWEA. Some seismically active areas were invisible to the previous network, especially the southern Karoo failed rift, reducing the significance of the seismicity in the OG relative to the rest of Botswana. This hypothesis was very recently supported by the occurrence of one of the most powerful recent earthquakes in Southern Africa, south of the Makgadikgadi pans (M>6, https://earthquake.usgs.gov). Thus the OG does not seismologically conform to the strict definition of a rifting zone. There appear to be discrepancies between the distributions of events in previous studies and those derived from the current ISC database, which call for further investigation.

From the crust to the mantle

Crust models for the OG area are proposed by two local studies based on seismic receiver functions (Yu et al., 2015b) and aeromagnetic and gravity data [START_REF] Leseane | Thermal perturbations beneath the incipient Okavango Rift Zone, northwest Botswana[END_REF]. Both studies indicated a thinned crust beneath the OG relative to the adjacent crust although they suggest different magnitudes for the thinning (4 to 5 km and 10 to 12 km respectively). Within the same seismic study, the estimate of crust thickness at Maun varies from 37.5 and 38 km to 43.6 and 44.2 km (respectively for the station B06OR of the temporary SAFARI Network, Yu et al. (2015b), and the station MAUN of the temporary Congo Craton Network, [START_REF] Kachingwe | Crustal structure of Precambrian terranes in the southern African subcontinent with implications for secular variation in crustal genesis[END_REF]), depending on the seismic rays sampled. The wide range of values highlights the uncertainty intrinsic to the interpreted thickness, and in fact this range exceeds the proposed thinning.

Various values for the OG Moho depth are found in continental scale studies; they lie between 37 km as reported by [START_REF] Tugume | Precambrian crustal structure in Africa and Arabia: evidence lacking for secular variation[END_REF] to 43 to 45 km in the Earth crustal model CRUST1.0 [START_REF] Laske | Update on CRUST1.0 -A 1-degree global model of Earth's crust[END_REF]. Both studies show a crustal thinning in the OG relative to the thick adjacent Congo (45 km and 46 km respectively) and Kalahari (45 km and 48 km respectively) cratons. 38 km is a thickness commonly found in the (globally relatively thick) African crust. Such a value is found at Rundu [START_REF] Kachingwe | Crustal structure of Precambrian terranes in the southern African subcontinent with implications for secular variation in crustal genesis[END_REF] and even in the Congo craton, areas in which rifting is commonly assumed to be absent. This latter study found an average crustal thickness of 39 +/ -2 km for southern Africa.

In the EARS, crustal thickness varies from north to south, from 25 ± 3 km in the Afar Depression, to 30 to 35 km beneath the Kenyan rift [START_REF] Dugda | Crustal structure in Ethiopia and Kenya from receiver function analysis: implications for rift development in eastern Africa[END_REF] and 35 to 40 km for the eastern branch end in Tanzania. In the western branch, the Moho is at a depth of 30-35 km [START_REF] Bram | Structure of crust and upper mantle beneath the Western Rift of East Africa, derived from investigations of near earthquakes. Afar between continental and oceanic rifting[END_REF], 38 to 42 km beneath Lake Tanganyika [START_REF] Dugda | Crustal structure in Ethiopia and Kenya from receiver function analysis: implications for rift development in eastern Africa[END_REF][START_REF] Kachingwe | Crustal structure of Precambrian terranes in the southern African subcontinent with implications for secular variation in crustal genesis[END_REF], but differences of up to 4 km are found within the same rifts (southern Kenyan rifts for instance) showing strong lateral variability. [START_REF] Gummert | Crustal structure and high-resolution Moho topography across the Rwenzori region (Albertine rift) from P-receiver functions[END_REF] developed a high-resolution Moho topography across the Albertine rift and showed that the crustal depth varies from up to 39 km at the rift shoulders to a minimum of 22 km within the rift shoulders. The wide range of values and the associated uncertainties for depth to Moho in southern Africa make it difficult to infer a direct relationship between rifting and crustal thinning in the OG.

The lithosphere thickness in the area was determined by local magnetotelluric studies at about 160 km for the Damara belt, 180 km for the Ghanzi-Chobe belt, at least 250 km for the Congo craton, and 220 km for the Kalahari craton [START_REF] Muller | Lithospheric structure, evolution and diamond prospectivity of the Rehoboth Terrane and western Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa: constraints from broadband magnetotellurics[END_REF][START_REF] Begg | The lithospheric architecture of Africa: seismic tomography, mantle petrology, and tectonic evolution[END_REF][START_REF] Miensopust | Lithospheric structures and Precambrian terrane boundaries in northeastern Botswana revealed through magnetotelluric profiling as part of the Southern African Magnetotelluric Experiment[END_REF][START_REF] Khoza | Lithospheric structure of an Archean craton and adjacent mobile belt revealed from 2-D and 3-D inversion of magnetotelluric data: example from southern Congo craton in northern Namibia[END_REF]. The proposed Kalahari craton lithospheric thickness is supported by kimberlite pipe studies, which show a thickness of at least 200 km south of the Makgadikgadi pans [START_REF] Griffin | The evolution of lithospheric mantle beneath the Kalahari Craton and its margins[END_REF]. It is worthwhile to note that 160 km does not represent thin lithosphere. According to [START_REF] Begg | The lithospheric architecture of Africa: seismic tomography, mantle petrology, and tectonic evolution[END_REF], these lateral variations in lithosphere indicate the different tectonothermal ages for the three different units in the area (Congo craton, Damara/Ghanzi-Chobe belt, Kalahari craton). Moreover, this relative thinning of the lithosphere falls short of values given for more evolved features in the EARS: from 50 km thick in the western branch (Lake Edward, Lake Kivu) to less than 40 km in the more evolved Kenyan rift [START_REF] Simiyu | An integrated analysis of lithospheric structure across the East African plateau based on gravity anomalies and recent seismic studies[END_REF].

At greater depth, Yu et al. (2015a) found no perturbations in the d410 and d660 discontinuities between the deeper Congo craton (ca. 410 km) and the shallower Kalahari craton (ca. 390 km). The Mantle Transition Zone shows no significant thinning and thus no evidence for thermal perturbation beneath the OG. These observations are corroborated by seismic tomography revealing the African plume at much greater depth [START_REF] Forte | Joint seismic-geodynamic-mineral physical modelling of African geodynamics: a reconciliation of deep-mantle convection with surface geophysical constraints[END_REF][START_REF] Steinberger | The mantle under Africa: an overview of global and regional tomography models, lithosphere thickness models and their effect on present-day and past dynamic topography[END_REF]. All these models conclude on null to positive anomalies for S-waves velocity, revealing relatively colder material, down to at least 800 km in the mantle, thus precluding any mantle influence on the OG activity.

The EARS extension hypothesis for the OG was supported by the first gravity anomaly surveys [START_REF] Girdler | The great negative Bouguer gravity anomaly over Africa[END_REF]. The currently available Bouguer anomaly data (The International Gravimetric Bureau, 2012) show a great negative Bouguer anomaly tightly correlated with the EARS (from ∼-260 to <∼-90 mGal). The strongest is located on the northern part of the EARS, the Afar Depression, and corresponds to the well-established section of the EARS. This negative anomaly is due to the shallow asthenosphere beneath the rift. It extends along the eastern branch. The western branch is characterized by weaker but still significant negative anomalies. An extensive area of discontinuous moderate negative anomaly extends southwestwards from Lake Tanganyika through the southern Congo, Zambia, northwestern Botswana, Angola and as far as Namibia. The strongest anomaly is found beneath lakes Mweru and Bangweulu. Beneath the OG, the average Bouguer anomaly (-112 mGal) is not significant enough to support the hypothesis of uplifted lithosphere.

Direct measurements of heat flow in the study area are scattered and inhomogeneous. [START_REF] Ballard | Terrestrial heat flow in Botswana and Namibia[END_REF] found greater heat flow values for sites on the Damara belt (from 50 and 80 mW/m 2 towards the inner belt) than on the Kalahari craton (60 to 30 mW/m 2 towards the inner craton). But they explain this distribution in terms of fundamental difference in thermal structure between the craton and the belt thus indicating the difference of lithospheric history and this does not necessarily imply a rift system in the area. Recently, [START_REF] Davies | Global map of solid Earth surface heat flow[END_REF] provided a global Earth surface heat flow by combining direct measurements and geology and showed no significant heat flow beneath the OG. This conclusion is supported by the absence of significant delays in teleseismic P-and S-wave traveltime residuals (Yu et al., 2015a), which are commonly found beneath rifting zones. This lack of pronounced heat flow further supports the absence of rifting in the area.

Thus, we can not conclude that crustal and lithospheric thinning can be attributed to recent rifting from seismic and magnotelluric tomographies, gravity anomalies and heat flow measurements. The observed thinning in the Damara belt relative to its surrounding cratons is as likely to be inherited from long tectonic history, as to be acquired by recent continental rifting. Mantle activity cannot have caused the OG tectonic activity as it has beneath the EARS.

Geodetic study

In the framework of the fault morphology and normal focal mechanisms proposed by [START_REF] Scholz | Evidence for incipient rifting in Southern Africa[END_REF], the displacement field across the OG would be expected to be extensional, as proposed ✶✷✶ in the World stress map [START_REF] Heidbach | Global crustal stress pattern based on the world stress map database release[END_REF]. In order to constrain the OG model better, we generated three time series of precise positioning from permanent GPS stations.

Data and methods

We used Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data from three permanent stations (MAUA, MONG and RUND, Fig. 1)b e l o n ging to the AfricaArray (data downloadable at http://afref-data.org) available on the UNAVCO website (https://www.unavco.org/data/ gps-gnss/gps-gnss.html). They were set up in August 2010. MAUA is still active whereas MONG and RUND were interrupted in 2015 and 2014 respectively. MAUA is located on the edge of the graben southern block, southeast of the Thamalakane fault. RUND and MONG are located on the northern block, on the Cubango and upper Zambezi rivers respectively. 26 International GNSS Service (IGS) or AfricaArray permanent GNSS stations completed the network.

Daily solutions for station positions in ITRF08 were computed with the GAMIT/GLOBK 10.6 processing software [START_REF] Herring | Introduction to GAMIT/GLOBK[END_REF], adjusting IGS final orbits and estimating tropospheric parameters (1 tropospheric zenith delay/2 h, 2 couples of horizontal gradients/day). The VMF1 Mapping function [START_REF] Boehm | Troposphere mapping functions for GPS and very long baseline interferometry from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts operational analysis data[END_REF], the ocean loading model FES2004 [START_REF] Lyard | Modelling the global ocean tides: modern insights from fes2004[END_REF], atmospheric loading according to [START_REF] Tregoning | Effects of atmospheric pressure loading and sevenparameter transformations on estimates of geocenter motion and station heights from space geodetic observations[END_REF], and the absolute antenna phase center variation model IGS08 were used. Velocities were computed by the Kalman filter GLOBK with the "real-sigma" strategy. The reference frame is set up by constraining 19 IGS stations to their ITRF08 velocities [START_REF] Altamimi | Itrf2008 plate motion model[END_REF].

The horizontal velocities of the stations MONG and RUND were then computed relative to MAUA to generate relative velocities for both sides of the graben.

Results

Time series of daily solutions for the three stations (Fig. 7)show linear tendencies modulated by a strong annual frequency. In this study we focus on the long-term linear trends and particularly on the horizontal components which reflect displacement within the Nubian plate. The annual signal is related to seasonally pulsed surface and groundwater levels, which reflect surface response to the periodic hydrological loading as modeled in areas subject to similar variations [START_REF] Tregoning | Detecting hydrologic deformation using GRACE and GPS[END_REF][START_REF] Chanard | Modeling deformation induced by seasonal variations of continental water in the Himalaya region: sensitivity to Earth elastic structure[END_REF]. The vertical component is particularly impacted; the observed long-term trend is thus under the influence of both tectonics and hydrology and is therefore not used in this study as it will be discussed in another article (Pastier et al., in preparation).

All three stations move northeastwards but their rates differ slightly. The northern block on which RUND and MONG are located shows a very slow and steady NE to ENE displacement relative to the southern one, i.e. to MAUA (respectively 1.16 ± 0.09 mm/year and 1.33 ± 0.1 mm/year, Fig. 8). Within the northern block, MONG moves slightly faster and in a more northerly direction than RUND. In the vertical component, the elevations of all stations are increasing but the Okavango stations (RUND and MAUA) show a higher rate than the Zambezi station (MONG). Within the Okavango system, the rate of MAUA is higher than that of RUND.

The horizontal inner-plate displacements between the OG northern (RUND and MONG) and southern blocks (MAUA) show no extension perpendicular to the main trend of the graben during the past 5 years (Fig. 8), but do show a low dextral strike-slip displacement. These displacements are in the ranges of standard error reported by [START_REF] Saria | Present-day kinematics of the East African Rift[END_REF], which used GAMIT/GLOBK with another wider network centered on the EARS. Our velocities correspond still better with the MIDAS automatic computation using GIPSY OASIS II software [START_REF] Blewitt | MIDAS robust trend estimator for accurate GPS station velocities without step detection[END_REF]. These results are also consistent with the predictions of Reeves (1972b) and [START_REF] Mccarthy | The Okavango Delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa[END_REF] for a very low deformation rate in the structure.

Movement within the northern block (between RUND and MONG) appears to be a very slow (≈0.4 mm/year) sinistral strikeslip displacement. This slight deformation could be accommodated on the supposed faults controlling the Panhandle, the Kwando and/or the Upper Zambezi.

The observed deformation rate is very low (1 mm/year) and restricted to a dextral strike-slip displacement in agreement with the dyke offset observed by [START_REF] Campbell | Airborne geophysical mapping of aquifer water quality and structural controls in the Lower Okavango Delta, Botswana[END_REF]. Surprisingly, no extensional component perpendicular to the OG main trend is observed. This may be a result of the relatively short period of record of the GPS time series, but the fact that it includes in its entirety one of the major seismic episodes in the area gives strength to our results. No significant displacement can be associated with the 2013-2014 high seismic activity for the MAUA GPS station located on the Thamalakane fault (supposedly one of the most active). The only earthquake inducing a very slight shift on the GPS time series happened on the 4th June, 2015, in the Mababe Depression. This low deformation rate is supported by the apparently very stable surface morphology of the Delta [START_REF] Mccarthy | The Okavango Delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa[END_REF]. The long-term strike-slip displacement observed on the GPS time series confirms the findings of [START_REF] Modisi | Fault system at the southeastern boundary of the Okavango Rift, Botswana[END_REF] and [START_REF] Campbell | Airborne geophysical mapping of aquifer water quality and structural controls in the Lower Okavango Delta, Botswana[END_REF] in their tectonic model for the OG. The strike-slip dominated deformation is in contrast with the extensional EARS rifts, which exhibit higher rates of extension (from 1.2 to 2.8 mm/year in the Western Branch).

Discussion

Okavango Graben structural model

This geodetic study brings new constraints on the OG showing only strike-slip displacement on the tectonic structure. This movement is supported by the dextral displacement of the Karoo dykes from 1 km on the Thamalakane fault to 5 km on the Kunyere fault [START_REF] Campbell | Airborne geophysical mapping of aquifer water quality and structural controls in the Lower Okavango Delta, Botswana[END_REF]. The strike-slip displacement could also be accommodated by the arcuate central strike-slip fault (Fig. 3). Seismic activity in the OG shows the major deformation currently occurs mostly between the Thamalakane and the Tsau faults in the vicinity of MAUA. Amongst the three depocenters described by [START_REF] Kinabo | Early structural development of the Okavango rift zone, NW Botswana[END_REF], the Mababe Depression and the Linyanti swamps show significant seismic activity, but Lake Ngami (i. e., the southern part of the Kunyere fault) shows no earthquake activity in the ISC data set. Thus deformation is mainly accommodated in the OG northeastern part. The very steady deformation rate, even during the 2013-2014 period of high seismic activity, supports the hypothesis that water may act as a lubricant in the upper part of the faults [START_REF] Bufford | Geometry and faults tectonic activity of the Okavango Rift Zone, Botswana: evidence from magnetotelluric and electrical resistivity tomography imaging[END_REF]. Extension within the basin could be responsible for the NW-SE geomorphologic features described by [START_REF] Modisi | Rift kinematics during the incipient stages of continental extension: evidence from the nascent Okavango rift basin, northwest Botswana[END_REF].

Based on its kinematics and geometry, it is still challenging to determine which model of a strike-slip basin the OG fit best: pullapart or transtensional basin, as allowed by the uncertainty associated with horizontal displacement rates (cf. Fig. 9). Indeed, the structural heritage is so influential that it controls the fault orientation and potential activity. The SSZ can act as a lock, which can explain the lack of seismic activity SW of the OG and constrain the geometry of the current structure. Thus no direct relationship between fault orientation and activity and the regional stress can be precisely established. Based on the basin morphology, the width of the OG (≈150 km), its sediment thickness (600 m at its very maximum) and the number of depocenters (3) foster the transtensional type [START_REF] Wu | 4d analogue modelling of transtensional pull-apart basins[END_REF]. The low observed deformation rate strengthens the assumption of low subsidence based on the morphology of the surface of the Okavango Delta [START_REF] Mccarthy | The Okavango Delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa[END_REF], which also supports the transtensional basin model. This observation, as well as the ✶✷✷ NW-SE extension visible in the moment tensor of the recent M6.5 earthquake in central Kalahari, is in contradiction with the stress regime defined in the World Stress Map [START_REF] Heidbach | Global crustal stress pattern based on the world stress map database release[END_REF].

As a strike-slip initiation is not precluded in a rift system, the insights brought by this review allow us to re-open the debate on the rifting nature of the OG in the context of the criteria defining a rifting ✶✷✸ zone. The lithosphere and possibly the crust show a thinning relative to the adjacent blocks. This may be explained by the relative younger age of the Damara and Ghanzi-Chobe belts [START_REF] Begg | The lithospheric architecture of Africa: seismic tomography, mantle petrology, and tectonic evolution[END_REF]. Thus there is no substantive evidence to determine if this thinning was acquired recently through rifting or is inherited from the long and complex tectonic history of the area. No significant heat flow seems to rise to the surface and there is no strong Bouguer gravity anomaly to indicate an upwelling asthenosphere. Once the observational bias is removed from the record, the OG is not the most prominent center of seismic activity in the area, contrary to earlier observations, which led to the EARS hypothesis. Further, the lack of an anomaly in seismic waves observed beneath the graben suggests no influence from the mantle on the observed deformation. This re-examination of the evidence shows that the OG does not conform to the current definition of a rift system, although the possibility that it may develop into a rift system in the future cannot be ruled out. Consequently, we propose to re-name the system the Okavango Graben instead of the Okavango Rift Zone, to avoid any unfounded implications about genesis.

Regional contextualization

Our conclusion that the OG is not a rifting zone and hence cannot be considered as an analogue of the EARS rifts is in agreement with [START_REF] Khoza | Lithospheric structure of an Archean craton and adjacent mobile belt revealed from 2-D and 3-D inversion of magnetotelluric data: example from southern Congo craton in northern Namibia[END_REF][START_REF] Mccarthy | The Okavango Delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa[END_REF] and Yu et al. (2015a) who questioned the dynamics of the tectonic activity. Both latter studies proposed new deformation models based on accommodation of differential far-field plate movements, consequent to the EARS dynamics according to [START_REF] Mccarthy | The Okavango Delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa[END_REF] or to Kalahari craton displacement relatively to the central to northern Nubian plate in the case of Yu et al. (2015a). We propose to reconcile these two models to explain the strike-slip displacement in the OG and more generally the deformation observed in the whole SWEA (Fig. 10). Rather than rifting features, we suggest that the numerous horsts and grabens present in the SWEA compose an extensive area accommodating two distinct plate or block displacements. (1) The differential displacements between the diverging Victorian and Rovuma plates and the Nubian plate exhibit a gradient in extension rates, with higher rates at Lake Tanganyika decreasing northwards and southwards [START_REF] Saria | Present-day kinematics of the East African Rift[END_REF]. The differences in seismic activity on each side of the EARS western branch show that the consequent deformation is mainly accommodated in the Nubian plate. Differential displacements leading to differential deformation could cause an extensive shear zone in the far-field. (2) The displacement between the Kalahari craton and the relatively stable central and northern Nubian plate was found to be clockwise relative to the Nubian plate and to reach 0.5 to 2 mm/year [START_REF] Malservisi | How rigid is a rigid plate? Geodetic constraint from the TrigNet CGPS network, South Africa[END_REF]. NW-SE secondary fault sets are found in many SWEA grabens. These observations support the hypothesis for at least partial strike-slip displacements in the SWEA.

The distribution of SWEA faults appears to be strongly controlled by preexisting structures. Ancient faults are reactivated in Pan-African belts, and thus most of them exhibit the Proterozoic NE-SW strike. In the northern SWEA, faults appear not to propagate far from the EARS, which may reveal the influence of the Congo craton, the crust being too old to be broken-up. On the other hand, in the southern SWEA, Pan-African belts traverse the whole continent and offer a pathway of lithospheric weakness to accommodate farfield deformation. The distribution of faults exhibits two gradients with fault density increasing from north to south and from ESE to WNW. These gradients may reveal the differential stress distribution due to the two distinct sources of displacement. In the northern SWEA, the accommodated deformation only corresponds to the EARS differential opening rates. Southwards the influence of the Kalahari craton displacement increases to reach a maximum fault density in the Luangwa Valley and Chicoa trough. In the same way, the SWEA southwestern part is under the influence of only the Kalahari craton displacement, while the influence of the EARS opening increases northeastwards. These kinematics could then induce a transtensional stress regime in the whole SWEA. Such a distributed deformation model would also better fit the diffusion observed in the geophysical parameters (seismicity and Bouguer anomaly) than a model based on localized EARS extension branches. ✶✷✹ Fig. 10. EARS block limits and velocities (in mm/year, relative to adjacent blocks) from [START_REF] Saria | Present-day kinematics of the East African Rift[END_REF], South Africa velocity relative to the Nubian plate from [START_REF] Malservisi | How rigid is a rigid plate? Geodetic constraint from the TrigNet CGPS network, South Africa[END_REF]. In the SWEA, increasing saturation represents observed fault density and hence probably increased deformation, revealing the distribution of the lithospheric weakness and conjugated influences of the southern Africa displacement and the EARS opening. RP: Rovuma plate, VP: Victoria plate.

Conclusion

The present geodetic study shows a very low strike-slip displacement on the entire OG at a rate about 1 mm/year. This deformation, as well as recent geophysical data, does not support the OG EARS extension hypothesis. The processes at play regarding the activity of the OG faults are called into question, as the tectonic structure better fits a transtensional basin model. The OG does not conform well with the classical definition of a rift system. Neither horizontal extension nor lithosphere thinning is found in the area, nor is there evidence of pronounced seismicity. Therefore, the OG should not be regarded as an incipient rifting zone. Several other tectonic structures diverge from the EARS western branch. These horsts and grabens are distributed in the extensive SWEA. We propose that this area is a deformation zone accommodating differential movements between the Nubian and Somalian, Victoria and Rovuma plates on one side and between the rigid Congo and Kalahari cratons within the somewhat less stable Nubian plate on the other side. Coupling these two deformations leads to a maximum deformation on the Chicoa-Luangwa-Kariba branch, which decreases and disperses west of the Botswana border to disappear through Namibia. In Botswana, the OG may not be the most active area as the seismicity in the central Kalahari has been obscured by instrumental bias in the African seismic network until 2004. We thus propose to change the commonly used but genetically loaded name "Okavango Rift Zone" to a more geologically neutral, descriptive, "Okavango Graben". These data include the Google map of the most important areas described in this article.

❈❤❛♣✐tr❡ ✻ ❉✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ❆ ❦❡② q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛ ✐s t♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② ❛♥❞ q✉❛♥t✐❢② t❤❡ ❞r✐✈❡rs r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r ✶✮ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• t♦ ❝❡♥t❡♥♥✐❛• ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✷✮ t❤❡ ♠✐••❡♥♥✐❛• t♦ ♠❡❣❛✲❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡♥❞♦r❤❡✐❝ r❡❣✐♠❡✳ ❚❤✐s st✉❞② ❜r✐♥❣s ❝r✉❝✐❛• ♥❡✇ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t✇♦ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❢♦r❝✐♥❣s✳ ❋✐rst✱ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ✈❡r② ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s•② ♣r❡❞✐❝t❡❞ ❜② ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♠♦❞❡••✐♥❣ ✭❍✉❣❤❡s ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮ ❛♥❞ •|❆❈❊ r❡❝♦r❞s ✭|❛♠✐••✐❡♥ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮ ✐s ❝♦♥✜r♠❡❞✱ ❛s ✇❡•• ❛s ✐ts ❤✐❣❤ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ❛t t❤❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡✱ ❜♦t❤ s❡❛s♦♥❛••② ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛••②✳ ❙❡❝♦♥❞•②✱ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥ ✐s •♦✇❡r t❤❛♥ ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞✱ ❛s ❛r❡ t❤❡ •♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝s✱ ♣♦ss✐❜•② •♦✇❡r ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♠♣•❡① t❤❛♥ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s•② t❤♦✉❣❤t ❜② s♦♠❡ ❛✉t❤♦rs ✭▼♦❞✐s✐ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❋r♦♠ t❤❡s❡ ♥❡✇ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❛❞❞❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♠❛♥② ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s st✉❞✐❡s✱ ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ t♦ ❞r❛✇ s♦♠❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛• ❝♦♥❝•✉s✐♦♥s ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❞r✐✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ❛t ❜♦t❤ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡s✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♦♣❡♥s ♠❛♥② ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞♦♠❛✐♥s✱ ❢r♦♠ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣② t♦ ❣❡♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s✳ ✻✳✶ ❲❤♦✬s t❤❡ ❜♦ss ❄ ❆s ❞❡t❛✐•❡❞ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✷✱ t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞r✐✈❡rs ❝❛♥ ✈❛r② ✇✐t❤ t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡s✳ ❋♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ❡❝♦s②st❡♠ ♠❛② ❜❡ ✈❡r② ✐♥✢✉❡♥t✐❛• ❛t t❤❡ ❞❡❝❛❞❛• t♦ ❝❡♥t❡♥♥✐❛• t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡✱ ❜✉t ♣r♦❜❛❜•② ♥♦t ❛t t❤❡ ❣❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡✳ ■t ✐s t❤✉s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ❡①❛♠✐♥❡ ❡❛❝❤ t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡ s❡♣❛r❛t❡•②✳ ✻✳✶✳✶ ■♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• t♦ ❞❡❝❛❞❛• t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡ ❚❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❣r♦✉♥❞ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣② ❆•• s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❛♥❞ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ✈❡r② •❛r❣❡ ♣✉•s✐♥❣ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r r❡s❡r✈♦✐r ✭s♦✐• ♠♦✐st✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❛q✉✐❢❡r✮ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ✇❤♦•❡ ❜❛s✐♥✱ ❡✈❡♥ ♣♦ss✐❜•② ❜✐❣❣❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❣❡♥❡r♦✉s ♣r✐♦r ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥s ✭❍✉❣❤❡s ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❚❤❡ s❛t✉r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ✐s ❛ ♠❛•♦r ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦✇ ❛t ▼♦❤❡♠❜♦✱ ❛s ✐••✉str❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♠❛•♦r ✢♦♦❞s ♦❢ ✷✵✶✵ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✶✶ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✷ ❛♥❞ ✻✳✶✮✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥s❡ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ②❡❛rs ❛••♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈❡ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r✳ |❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❛t✐♦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ r✉♥♦✛ ❛♥❞ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r st♦r❛❣❡ ✭❁✶✪✮✱ r✉♥♦✛ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s ❛ ✈❡r② t❤✐♥ •❛②❡r ✢♦✇✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❛ ✈❡r② •❛r❣❡ ❜✉✛❡r✐♥❣ ❛q✉✐❢❡r✳ ✶✷✾ ✶✸✵ ❈❍❆P■❚|❊ ✻✳ ❉■❙❈❯❙❙■❖◆ ❚❤✐s st✉❞② ❛•s♦ ❝•❛r✐✜❡❞ t❤❡ str❡♥❣t❤s ❛♥❞ ✇❡❛❦♥❡ss❡s ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❞❛t❛ s❡t✱ ❛••♦✇✐♥❣ ❛ ♠♦r❡ r✐❣♦r♦✉s ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ ❢♦r ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ✐♥ ❛•• t❤❡ ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✈❛r✐❛❜•❡ ✭♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥✱ ❚❲❙✱ ❊❚✮✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ❛♥❞ r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✭s✉♠♠❛r✐③❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛ ✐♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✻✳✶✮✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❞✐r❡❝t ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡✱ t❤❡② s❤♦✉•❞ ❛•✇❛②s ❜❡ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞✱ ❜✉t ♦♥•② t❤❡ ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞ ❛t ▼♦❤❡♠❜♦ ♣♦ss❡s t❤❡s❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s✳ |❛✐♥❢❛•• ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛ s❡❡♠s t♦ ❜❡ ❜❡tt❡r ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❈❍■|P❙ ❞❛t❛ s❡t ♠♦❞❡r❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡•✱ ❛s ✇❡•• ❛s ❊❚ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❊❞❞② ❝♦✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞✳ ❚❲❙ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛✱ ✇❤✐•❡ ✇❡•• ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡•✱ ♠❛② ❜❡ ❜❡tt❡r ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ •❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛• ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛••♦✇ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❛t ♣r❡s❡♥t✳
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✻✳✶ ✕ ▼♦st r❡•✐❛❜•❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ❢♦r t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥✳ |❛✐♥❢❛•• ✐s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ❈❍■|P❙✱ ♠♦❞❡r❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ❀ ❊❚ ✐s ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❜② ❊❞❞② ❝♦✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ •▲❊❆▼ P❊❚ ❀ ❚❲❙ ❜② ❜♦t❤ ❈❙| ❛♥❞ •|•❙ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❛s t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣•❡♠❡♥t❛r②✱ ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ ✐s ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞ ❛t ▼♦❤❡♠❜♦ ❜② ❉❲❆ ❀ |✉♥♦✛ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛ ✐s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡•✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛✱ ❚❲❙ ✐s r❡❝❤❛r❣❡❞ ❡❛❝❤ ②❡❛r ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡❞ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈❡•② ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞r② s❡❛s♦♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣♦ss✐❜•② ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ t♦ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇❛t❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ❛❝ts ❛s ❛ ❜✉✛❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• s②st❡♠✱ ❞❡•❛②✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ s♠♦♦t❤✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ♦❢ r✉♥♦✛ t♦ ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✐♥ ❛❣r❡❡♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ▼❛③✈✐♠❛✈✐ ❛♥❞ ❲♦•s❦✐ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❚❤✐s ❡✛❡❝t ✐s ✐••✉str❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈✉✐t♦ ❛♥❞ ❈✉❜❛♥❣♦ ❤❡❛❞✇❛t❡rs✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤✐❝❦ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❜❡❞s ✭❍✉❣❤❡s ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❇✉t t❤❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ t♦ ✇❛t❡r ❜✉❞❣❡ts ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✐s ♥♦t •✐♥❡❛r ♥❡✐t❤❡r✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✻✳✶ s❤♦✇s t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣❡❛❦s ♦❢ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ❛♥❞ r✉♥♦✛ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ✐♥ ♣❤❛s❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛••② ♦❝❝✉r ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ■♥ ❛ s✐♠✐•❛r ✇❛②✱ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ❛♥❞ r✉♥♦✛ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❝❝✉r ❛❢t❡r ✶ t♦ ✸ ♠♦♥t❤s ♦❢ r❛✐♥✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst r❛✐♥st♦r♠s✳ ❚❤✐s ❞❡•❛② ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s ❛ t❤r❡s❤♦•❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r✱ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ✐ts r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ❛❢t❡r ❛ ❢❡✇ ♠♦♥t❤s ♦❢ r❛✐♥✱ ❛♥❞ ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣ t❤✐s r❛t❡ ❡✈❡♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ •❡ss ✐♥t❡♥s❡ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s t❤r❡s❤♦•❞ ✐s s✐♠✐•❛r t♦ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤✲r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♣✐❡③♦♠❡tr✐❝ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✳ ❚❤❡ ♥♦♥✲•✐♥❡❛r✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ✐s ❛•s♦ ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡•❛t✐✈❡ ❛♠♣•✐t✉❞❡s ♦❢ r✉♥♦✛ ❛♥❞ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ②❡❛r ✷✵✶✷✲✷✵✶✸ ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ s❤♦✇s ❛ ❣r❡❛t❡r ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ r✉♥♦✛ ❢♦r ❛ r❡•❛t✐✈❡•② •♦✇❡r r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ✇❤✐•❡ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❛♥❞ ✇❡tt❡r ②❡❛r ✷✵✶✶✲✷✵✶✷ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡❞ ❚❲❙ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦✈❡r r✉♥♦✛ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✻✳✶✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❜✉✛❡r✐♥❣ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r✱ ❛•♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r r❡✲ ❝❤❛r❣❡ t❤r❡s❤♦•❞ ♦♥ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡✱ t❤✉s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♥♦♥✲•✐♥❡❛r r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦✉t✢♦✇ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛ t♦ r❡❣✐♦♥❛• ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ t✇♦ ❡✛❡❝ts ❝♦✉•❞ ❛t •❡❛st ♣❛rt•② ❡①♣•❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✶✽ ②r ❝②❝•❡ ✐♥ r❡❣✐♦♥❛• r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✼✵✲✽✵ ②r ❝②❝•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦✉t✢♦✇ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✭▼❛③✈✐♠❛✈✐ ❛♥❞ ❲♦•s❦✐✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❆❝❝♦r✲ ❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❜♦t❤ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❛♥❞ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡•✱ ✐t t❛❦❡s s❡✈❡r❛• ②❡❛rs ♦❢ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ r❛✐♥❢❛•• t♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t•② ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ♦✉t✢♦✇✱ ♦♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ✐s r❡❝❤❛r❣❡❞ ❡♥♦✉❣❤✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t•②✱ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• tr❡♥❞ ✐♥ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ♥♦t ♦♥•② s✉♣✲ ♣♦rts t❤❡ ❝②❝•✐❝✐t② ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ▼❛③✈✐♠❛✈✐ ❛♥❞ ❲♦•s❦✐ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ❜✉t ❛•s♦ ❜r✐♥❣s ❡•❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ t♦ ❡①♣•❛✐♥ t❤✐s ❝②❝•✐❝✐t②✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ t❤❡ s❤❛••♦✇ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜•② ♣•❛②s ❛ ❝r✉❝✐❛• r♦•❡ ♦❢ ❜✉✛❡r t♦♦✱ t❤✉s ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ✇❛t❡r ✐♥✜•tr❛t❡s ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ❛♥❞ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡s t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦r❡ s❛t✉r❛t❡❞ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ✐s✱ t❤❡ •❡ss ✇❛t❡r ✐♥✜•tr❛t❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❢❛st❡r✱ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ✇✐•• s♣r❡❛❞✳ P✐❡③♦♠❡tr✐❝ r❡❝♦r❞s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡❝❛❞❡ ♣r❡❝❡❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛•♦r ✢♦♦❞ ♦❢ ✷✵✶✶ s❤♦✇ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r s②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛✱ ❛s r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ ❛•♦♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ t✇♦ ❛r❡❛s✳ •✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ♣♦r♦s✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ s❛♥❞s✱ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡•② ✹ ❦♠ 3 ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ❛r❡ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ t♦ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ t❤❡ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ♦❢ ✶ ♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✶✷ ✵✵✵ ❦♠ 2 ♦❢ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t t♦ ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥❛• ✇❡t•❛♥❞s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❛❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥s❡ ❊❚ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t✳ ❚❤✐s ✈♦•✉♠❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❤❛•❢ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ✐♥✢♦✇✱ ❛♥❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❤❛•❢ t♦ ✷✴✸ ♦❢ •♦❝❛• r❛✐♥❢❛••✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ♣r♦♣♦rt✐♦♥s r❡✈❡❛• ❤♦✇ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❛t✉r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ❝❛♥ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ✐♥✜•tr❛t❡❞ ✇❛t❡r✱ t❤✉s t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❛t •❡❛st ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦♥✲•✐♥❡❛r r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❛r② s②st❡♠s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ t♦ ✐♥✢♦✇ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❯♥❢♦rt✉♥❛t❡•②✱ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❛t✉r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ❛♥❞ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ✐♥✢♦✇ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❡①t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✱ ❜♦t❤ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ •❛r❣❡r ✢♦♦❞s ♠❛s❦ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♠♦❞❡••✐♥❣ ✐s r❡q✉✐r❡❞ t♦ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t❡ t❤❡s❡ ❡✛❡❝ts✱ ❜② t❡st✐♥❣ ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ✐❢ ❛ •♦✇❡r ❊❚✱ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❛ ♠♦r❡ ❡•❡✈❛t❡❞ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❛rr✐✈❛• ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✱ ♠❛♥❛❣❡s t♦ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛t❡ ❢♦r ❛ •♦✇❡r ✐♥✢♦✇ ❛t ▼♦❤❡♠❜♦✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡✱ ✐t ✇♦✉•❞ ❜❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ ❝•✐♠❛t❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ t♦ ♣r❡❞✐❝t ✐❢ ❤✐❣❤❡r ✐♥✢♦✇✱ ❝♦♥s❡❝✉t✐✈❡ t♦ ♠♦r❡ ✐♥t❡♥s❡ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❡✈❡♥ts✱ ❝♦✉•❞ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛t❡ ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❊❚✱ ❛s ✇✐•• ❤❛♣♣❡♥ ✇✐t❤ ❣•♦❜❛• ✇❛r♠✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ s♣❛t✐❛• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ❞❡♣t❤ r❛♥❣❡ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❛ ❢❡✇ ♠❡t❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✽ ❛♥❞ ✹✳✾✱ ▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ •✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐t ✐s •✐❦❡•② t❤❛t t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ♣r✐♦r t♦ t❤❡ ❛rr✐✈❛• ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡s t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ❛♠♦♥❣st t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❛r② ❝❤❛♥❡•s ✭❲♦•s❦✐ ❛♥❞ ▼✉rr❛②✲❍✉❞s♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ •r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ✇♦✉•❞ t❤❡♥ ❛❝t ❛s ❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛ r❡♣❡❛t❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❛r② ❝❤❛♥♥❡•✱ ❞✉❡ t♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t r❡❣✉•❛r r❡❝❤❛r❣❡s ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ✢♦♦❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥tr♦•s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❛r❡ ✶✮ t❤❡ ✐♥✜•tr❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✱ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r✐♠❛r② ✭♦❢t❡♥ s♦•❡✮ s♦✉r❝❡ ♦❢ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡✱ ✷✮ t❤❡ ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥✱ ❝♦♥tr♦••✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❡❝•✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞r②✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦✐• ❛♥❞ ✸✮ t❤❡ •♦❝❛• r❛✐♥❢❛••✱ r❡❝❤❛r❣✐♥❣ s♦✐• ♠♦✐st✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ♣♦ss✐❜•② t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ •❡✈❡• ✐s r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ t❤❡ r❛t✐♦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❊❚ ❛♥❞ ✐♥✜•tr❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤✉s •♦❝❛• r❛✐♥❢❛••✳ ❚❤❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛• ❛♥❞ s♣❛t✐❛• ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ✢♦♦❞✱ t❤❡ •♦❝❛• r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❊❚ ♠❛② ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ❣r❡❛t s♣❛t✐❛• ❛♥❞ t❡♠♣♦r❛• ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤✉s ❝♦✉•❞ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❢♦r ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ❡①t❡♥t ❛♥❞ s♣❛t✐❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❜② ❝♦♥tr♦••✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❤r❡❛t✐❝ ✇❛t❡r •❡✈❡•✳ ■♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st✱ s✉❝❤ ❛ s♣❛t✐❛• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ♠❛② ❜❡ s♠♦♦t❤❡❞ ❜② •❛t❡r❛• ✢♦✇ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤•② tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐✈❡ ✉♥❝♦♥s♦•✐❞❛t❡❞ s❛♥❞s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤r✐✱ ❛s ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ ❞❡t❛✐•❡❞ ♣✐❡③♦♠❡tr✐❝ r❡❝♦r❞s ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✳✾✮✳ ❍②❞r♦•♦❣②✱ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ s②st❡♠ r❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✱ t❤✉s str♦♥❣•② ❝♦♥str❛✐♥s t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ❛♥❞ t❡♠♣♦r❛• ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✱ ❜✉t ❛•• t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❛❜♦✈❡ ❛r❡ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t✳ ❍②❞r♦•♦❣② ❛•s♦ ❡①❡rts ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡✱ s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ♠❛•♦r ✢♦♦❞s ❝❛♣❛❜•❡ ♦❢ s❤✐❢t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ❛♠♦♥❣st t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❛r② ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ✭❲♦•s❦✐ ❛♥❞ ▼✉rr❛②✲❍✉❞s♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ (❡❛rs ♦❢ ❡①❝❡♣t✐♦♥❛• ✐♥✢♦✇ ❝❛♥ ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❛✈✉•✲ s✐♦♥ ❜② ♦♣❡♥✐♥❣ ♥❡✇ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s✳ ❍✐st♦r✐❝❛• ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ s❤♦✇s t❤❛t ♠❛•♦r s❤✐❢ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ❞✐str✐✲ ❜✉t✐♦♥ ❢♦••♦✇❡❞ ♠❛•♦r ✐♥✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ✭❲✐•s♦♥✱ ✶✾✼✸✮✳ ❙✉❝❤ s❤✐❢ts ❛r❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t ❝❤❛♥❣❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❜❛t❡ ✐s st✐•• ♦♣❡♥ r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥ ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝s✱ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣② ❛♥❞ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❍②❞r♦•♦❣② t❤✉s str♦♥❣•② ❞r✐✈❡s t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ s❛t✉✲ r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r✳ ❆•t❤♦✉❣❤ ✐t ♠❛② ❛❝t✉❛••② ❜❡ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t r❡s❡r✈♦✐rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• s②st❡♠✱ ✐t ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t•② ❛•♠♦st ✉♥♠♦♥✐t♦r❡❞✳ ❲❤✐•❡ ♣•❛♥s ❢♦r s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇❛t❡r ♠♦♥✐✲ t♦r✐♥❣ ❛r❡ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❞❡✈❡•♦♣❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t❛• ♦r❣❛♥✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❖❑❆❈❖▼✱ ✐t ✐s ❝r✉❝✐❛• t♦ ✐♥✐t✐❛t❡ ❛ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ❛•t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ❝❛♥ ♥♦✇ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❛s ❛ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐✈❡ t♦♦• ❢♦r ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✱ ♥❡✇ ❞❛t❛ ✇✐•• ❛•✇❛②s ❜❡ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ t♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✳ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❜r✐♥❣ ❛ ♥❡✇ ♣r♦①② ❢♦r ❚❲❙ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛✳ ❙✉❝❤ ✐♥❞✐r❡❝t ❞❛t❛ st✐•• ♥❡❡❞ ❣r♦✉♥❞✲❜❛s❡❞ ✈❛•✐❞❛t✐♦♥✱ ♣♦ss✐✲ ❜•② ✐♥ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❡❞ ❜② •P❙✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ❚❲❙ ♦❢ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❝❛♥♥♦t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❡✐t❤❡r ♦♥ t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉❜✲❜❛s✐♥s✱ ♦r ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t r❡s❡r✈♦✐rs ❝♦♠♣r✐s✐♥❣ ❚❲❙✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❝❛♥♥♦t ❛t ♣r❡s❡♥t ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❛s ❛ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ♣r♦①② ❢♦r ❚❲❙ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛✱ ❢♦r t❤❡ s❛♠❡ r❡❛s♦♥s ❛s ✐ts •✐♠✐t❡❞ ❛♣♣•✐❝❛❜✐•✐t② t♦ t❤❡ r✐✈❡r ❜❛s✐♥ ✭✐❡✱ ❝♦❛rs❡ s♣❛t✐❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥✮✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡•② ❝❛♣t✉r❡ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s t♦ ❝♦♠❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✈✐t❛• ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛✲ t❡r✱ ✐t ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ❞❡✈❡•♦♣ ❛ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ✇❤♦•❡ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ❲❤✐•❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛• ❝♦♥❝•✉s✐♦♥s ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ❞r❛✇♥ ❢r♦♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r ❝❛s❡s✱ ❛❣❣r❡❣❛t✐♥❣ s✐♥❣•❡ ❝❛s❡s ❝❛♥ ❢❛✲ ❝✐•✐t❛t❡ ❛❝❝♦♠♠♦❞❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•t② ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♥❞✲❜❛s❡❞ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s✳ •r♦✉♥❞✲❜❛s❡❞ ❞❛t❛ ❝❛♥ t❤❡♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ r❡♠♦t❡ s❡♥s✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts✱ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛••② r❡❛❝❤ ❛ ❣•♦❜❛• ❜✉t s❛t✐s❢❛t♦r② ♦✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• s②st❡♠✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ s✐t❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡❝♦r❞s t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✇❤♦•❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❝②❝•❡✱ ✇♦✉•❞ ❜r✐♥❣ ♥❡✇ ✐♥s✐❣❤ts ✐♥t♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ✭✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s✱ ✐s•❛♥❞s✮ ❛♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞r✐✈❡rs✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s •♦❝❛• r❛✐♥❢❛••✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ t❤❡ ❣•♦❜❛• ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❢♦r ❛•• ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② •|❆❈❊ s♦✲ •✉t✐♦♥s ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛••♦✇ ❛ ♣r♦♣❡r ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡•❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• r❡s❡r✈♦✐rs r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r ❚❲❙ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✳ ■t ✐s ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ❦♥♦✇ ✐❢ t❤❡ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ♦❝❝✉rs ♠❛✐♥•② ✈✐❛ s♦✐• ♠♦✐st✉r❡ ♦r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r✱ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❜❡tt❡r q✉❛♥t✐❢② t❤❡ t❤r❡s❤♦•❞ ✐♥ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❢♦r t❤❡ r✐s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡✱ ❛s t❤❡s❡ t✇♦ r❡s❡r✈♦✐rs ❞♦ ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❝②❝•❡ ❛♥❞ ♦♥ ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ ✇❛t❡r r❡s♦✉r❝❡s✳ ▼♦✲ ♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ t✇♦ r❡s❡r✈♦✐rs ✇♦✉•❞ ♣❡r♠✐t t❤❡ q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤r❡s❤♦•❞ ♦❢ ♣r❡•✐♠✐♥❛r② r❛✐♥❢❛•• ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r r❡❝❤❛r❣❡✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛♥ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣✱ ❛s ✇❡•• ❛s ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛✲ t✐♦♥s ❞✉❡ t♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ •❛♥❞ ✉s❡✱ ❛r❡ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❡①❛♠♣•❡s ♦❢ ❞r❛♠❛t✐❝ ♦❢ ❛❜✉s❡ ♦❢ ♠❛•♦r ❛q✉✐❢❡rs ❢♦r ❛❣r✐❝✉•t✉r❛• ❛♥❞✴♦r ✐♥❞✉str✐❛• ❞❡✈❡•♦♣♠❡♥t ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❙❝❛♥•♦♥ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✷❀ ❱♦ss ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❈❛♥ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝s st✐•• ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❞❡❝❛❞❛• ❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❛ •♦✇ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ❄ ❚❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝s ♦♥ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• ❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❤❛s s♦ ❢❛r ❜❡❡♥ ♠♦st•② s♣❡❝✉•❛t✐✈❡✱ ❛s ♥♦ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ❤❛❞ ❡✈❡r ❜❡❡♥ ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞✳ ❲❤✐•❡ ♠❛♥② ❛✉t❤♦rs ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ s❡✐s♠✐❝ ❡✈❡♥ts ❢♦r s✉❞❞❡♥ s❤✐❢ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✭P✐❦❡✱ ✶✾✼✵❀ ❇❛✉❡r ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮ ♦r ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❜•♦❝❦❛❣❡s ✭▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✱ ♥♦♥❡ ✇❛s ❡✈❡r ❛❜•❡ t♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t❡ ✐t✱ ❛s ❛r❣✉❡❞ ❜② ❲✐•s♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❉✐♥❝❡r ✭✶✾✼✻✮✳ ❆❢t❡r ❞❡❝❛❞❡s ♦❢ s♣❡❝✉•❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤✐s st✉❞② ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ q✉❛•✐t❛t✐✈❡ ✭♦r✐❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✮ ❞❛t❛ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✐s s❤♦✇♥ t♦ ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜•② •♦✇❡r t❤❛♥ ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❣❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖• ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❞❛t✐♥❣s ❢r♦♠ |✐♥❣r♦s❡ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✱ ✐♠♣•✐❡s ❛♥ ✐♥♥❡r s✉❜s✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥ ♦❢ ∼✶ ❝♠✴②r ✭∼✹✵✵ ♠ ✐♥ ∼✹✵ ❦❛✮✳ ❆•t❤♦✉❣❤ ♥♦ •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥ r❡❝♦r❞s t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥✱ s✉❝❤ ❛ s✉❜s✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ♦✈❡r❛•• str✐❦❡✲s•✐♣ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♦♥•② ✶ ♠♠✴②r✳ ❚❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛•s♦ ✈❡r② st❡❛❞②✳ ◆♦ s✉❞❞❡♥ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ •◆❙❙ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ ▼❆❯❆✱ •♦❝❛t❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✉♣t❤r♦✇♥ ❜•♦❝❦ ♦❢ s✉♣♣♦✲ s❡❞•② t❤❡ ♠♦st ❛❝t✐✈❡ ❢❛✉•t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥✱ ❡✈❡♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✷✵✶✸✲✷✵✶✹ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ r❡•❛t✐✈❡ ❤✐❣❤ s❡✐s♠✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t②✳ ❚❤✐s s✉♣♣♦rts t❤❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ♦❢ ♠♦r❡ ♦r •❡ss ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♦♥ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•ts ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ♥♦t ♦♥•② ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r•② s❡✐s♠✐❝ ♣❡r✐♦❞s✱ ❜✉t ❛•s♦ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ♠✐❝r♦s❡✐s♠✐❝✐t② ❛♥❞ ♣♦ss✐❜•② ❝r❡❡♣ ❞✉❡ t♦ r❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❤❡❛r str❡♥❣t❤ ❢r♦♠ ❢❛✉•t •✉❜r✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✭❙❤❡♠❛♥❣ ❛♥❞ ▼♦•✇❛•❡❢❤❡✱ ✷✵✶✶❀ ❇✉✛♦r❞ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ r❡❝♦r❞s ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡✐s♠✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t②✱ ❡①tr❛♣♦•❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ •❛st ❞❡❝❛❞❡s ✇✐t❤ q✉✐t❡ ❣♦♦❞ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✳ ❆ ♣•✉r✐❝❡♥t✐♠❡tr✐❝ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• s❤✐❢t ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❡❛rt❤q✉❛❦❡✱ ❛s t❡st❡❞ ✐♥ ❇❛✉❡r ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❛st ❞❡❝❛❞❡s ✐s ✉♥•✐❦❡•②✳ ❉✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦r❞❡r ♦❢ ♠❡t❡rs ❝♦✉•❞ ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ ❤❛♣♣❡♥❡❞✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t•②✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐•✐t② t❤❛t t❡❝t♦♥✐❝s ❛r❡ ✐♠♣•✐❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ♠❛•♦r r❛♣✐❞ s❤✐❢ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦r ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❜•♦❝❦❛❣❡✱ ❡✐t❤❡r ❜② •♦❝❛• r❡•✐❡❢ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦r ❣•♦❜❛• t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐s ✈❡r② •♦✇✳ ■❢ ❛♥② ❡①✐sts✱ t❤✐s ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ✐s ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜•② ✐♥s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ✐♥ r❡•❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ♦♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❛t t❤❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥❝•✉s✐♦♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛ ✐s ♥♦t r❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖• ✐s ✜♥❛••② s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② ✜❡•❞ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡✱ ♥❛♠❡•② t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ♠❛✐♥ ♦✉t•❡ts ✿ ▲❛❦❡ ◆❣❛♠✐ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ▼❛❜❛❜❡ ❉❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ •♦✇❡r ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ s❡✐s♠✐❝❛••② ❛❝t✐✈❡ ▼❛❜❛❜❡ ❉❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❤❛s ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t•② ✢♦♦❞❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❛st t✇♦ ❝❡♥t✉r✐❡s ✭❙❤❛✇✱ ✶✾✽✹✮✱ ✇❤✐•❡ t❤❡ ❛s❡✐s♠✐❝ ▲❛❦❡ ◆❣❛♠✐ ✐s r❡❣✉•❛r•② ❛♥❞ ❝✉rr❡♥t•② ✢♦♦❞❡❞✳ ■❢ ❛ r❡•❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❡①✐st❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ s❡✐s♠✐❝❛••②✲✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ s✉❜s✐❞❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖• ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r✱ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♦✉t•❡ts ✇♦✉•❞ ❜❡ r❡✈❡rs❡❞✳ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❡①❛♠♣•❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❤✐❢t ✐♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ r❡❣✐♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❇♦r♦ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ r✐✈❡r ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✶✾✺✶ ❛♥❞ ✶✾✺✸✳ ❚❤❡ ♦♥•② s❡✐s♠✐❝ ❡✈❡♥t ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉•❞ ❜❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r ❛♥ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❜•❡ s❤✐❢t ✐♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞ ✐♥ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✶✾✺✷✳ ❲❤✐•❡ P✐❦❡ ✭✶✾✼✵✮ ✭✐♥ ❲✐•s♦♥✱ ✶✾✼✸✮ ♣r♦♣♦s❡s t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ▼✻✳✺ ❡❛rt❤q✉❛❦❡✱ ❲✐•s♦♥ ✭✶✾✼✸✮ ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥s t❤❛t t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ t♦ s✉♣♣♦rt t❤✐s s❝❡♥❛r✐♦✳ ❍❡ ❛r❣✉❡s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❝♦✉•❞ ❛•s♦ r❡s✉•t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✶✾✺✶ ♠❛•♦r ✢♦♦❞s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛rr✐✈❡❞ ❛❢t❡r s❡✈❡r❛• ❞r② ②❡❛rs✳ ❚❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ♣✉•s❡ t❤✉s ❢♦✉♥❞ ❛ ❞r② r✐✈❡r ❜❡❞✱ ❞❡♣r✐✈❡❞ ♦❢ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤❡r❡ ✐t ❝♦✉•❞ ❡❛s✐•② ✢♦✇✳ ❚❤❡ ❛••✉✈✐❛• ❢❛♥ r✉•❡s ❆•t❤♦✉❣❤ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣② ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜•② ❡①❡rts t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡st ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r•② ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✱ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❛r② s②st❡♠s ✐s ❛•s♦ str♦♥❣•② ❝♦♥tr♦••❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❛t ♣•❛② ✐♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✱ ✐✳❡✳ t❤❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡❝♦s②st❡♠✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ❜•♦❝❦❛❣❡s ❜② ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ s❛♥❞✱ ♦♣❡♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♥❡✇ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ❜② ❜✐❣ ❤❡r❜✐✈♦r❡s ♦r t❤❡ r♦•❡ ♦❢ ❜✉✛❡r ❢♦r s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇❛t❡r ♣•❛②❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♣❡❛t ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♥❣ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❯♣♣❡r ❉❡•t❛ ♠♦❞✉•❛t❡✱ ❞✐st✉r❜✱ ♦r ❡✈❡♥ ❝♦✉♥t❡r ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❞r✐✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇❤♦•❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✐s ❛❝t✉❛••② r❡✈❡❛•❡❞ ❜② ✐ts ❝♦♥✐❝❛• s❤❛♣❡✱ ❛s ❝♦♥❝•✉❞❡❞ ❜② ❙t❛♥✐str❡❡t ❛♥❞ ▼❝❈❛rt❤② ✭✶✾✾✸✮ ❛♥❞ •✉♠❜r✐❝❤t ❛♥❞ ▼❝❈❛rt❤② ✭✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✐s ❛♥ ❛••✉✈✐❛• ❢❛♥✱ ❛♥❞ •✐❦❡ ❛•• ♦t❤❡r ❛••✉✈✐❛• ❢❛♥s✱ ❞❡♣♦❝❡♥t❡rs ♠✐❣r❛t❡✳ ❆s t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✐s ❛ ✈❡r② ✢❛t ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤•② ✈❡❣❡t❛t❡❞ ❢❛♥✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦t ❛ ✉♥✐q✉❡ ❞❡♣♦❝❡♥t❡r✱ ❜✉t ❞❡♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❜r♦❛❞ ✉♣♣❡r ❛♥❞ ♠✐❞❞•❡ ❉❡•t❛ ♠❛✐♥•②✳ (❡t t❤✐s ❜r♦❛❞ ✐♥✉♥❞❛t❡❞ ❛r❡❛ ✐s ♥♦t ❤♦♠♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ❛♥❞ ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♠❛•♦r ♣♦rt✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦s❝✐••❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ ♦♥❡ s✐❞❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r✱ ❛s ♣♦st✉•❛t❡❞ ❜② •✉♠❜r✐❝❤t ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❚❤✐s •❛tt❡r st✉❞② ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ t❤❛t ✶✺✵ ✵✵✵ ②r ✇❡r❡ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ❢♦r t❤❡ ✇❤♦•❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛♥ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ s✉❜•❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ❛❣❣r❛❞❛t✐♦♥✳ ❙❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ♥♦t ♦♥•② ❛✛❡❝t ✇❛t❡r ✢♦✇ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✉♣♣❡r ♣❛rts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ❜✉t ❛•s♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ •♦✇❡r ♣❛rts✳ ❲❤✐•❡ ♠♦r❡ ✇❛t❡r r❡❛❝❤❡s t❤❡ ♠✐❞❞•❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ r✐✈❡r✱ ◆❊ ♦❢ ▼❛✉♥✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❤✐•❡ t❤❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❣•♦❜❛• ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t s❤♦✉•❞ ❞✐r❡❝t ✇❛t❡r ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ▼❛❜❛❜❡ ❉❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ r✐✈❡r ❝♦✉♥t❡r✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❡•② ✢♦✇s t♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡ ❝❡♥t❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✱ ✇❤❡r❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ s✉♣♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❛❝❝✉♠✉•❛t❡❞✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ❛••✉✈✐❛• ❢❛♥✱ ✐ts ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t tr❛♥s♣♦rt ❛♠♦♥❣ ❞✐str✐✲ ❜✉t❛r② s②st❡♠s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛••② ✉♥❡✈❡♥ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ✢♦✇ ❛♥❞ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t •♦❛❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥✳ ■t ✐s ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r•② ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞❛❜•❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❡①❛♠♣•❡ ♦❢ ▲❛❦❡ ◆❣❛♠✐✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ❢❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✶✽✺✵✬s ❜② t❤❡ ❚❤❛♦❣❡ s②st❡♠ ❞✐r❡❝t•② ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✳ ❈✉rr❡♥t s✉♣♣•② ❜② t❤❡ ♣✉•s❡✲❢❡❞ ❳✉❞✉♠ ❛♥❞ ❇♦r♦ s②st❡♠s✱ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ r✐✈❡r✱ ❜r✐♥❣s ✇❛t❡r ✜•t❡r❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ •❛❦❡ ♥♦✇ r❡❝❡✐✈❡s ❢❛r •❡ss s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts✳ ✻✳✶✳✷ •❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡ ❖♥ ❛ •♦♥❣❡r t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡✱ ❡♥❞♦r❤❡✐s♠ ✐s ❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥❝❛✈❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t❛• t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ r❡s✉•ts ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜❛•❛♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ❝r❡❛t✐♥❣ r❡•✐❡❢ ❛♥❞ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✜••✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥✳ ◆❡✐t❤❡r t❤✐s r❛t✐♦✱ ♥♦r ✐ts t❡♠♣♦r❛• ❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥✱ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ q✉❛♥t✐✜❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ •r❛❜❡♥✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t•②✱ ✐t ✐s ♥♦t ❦♥♦✇♥ ✐❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ✐s ❝✉rr❡♥t•② ❜❛•❛♥❝❡❞✱ ✜••✐♥❣✱ ♦r r❡•✉✈❡♥❛t✐♥❣ ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ s♣❛❝❡ ❢♦r ❛ ❢✉t✉r❡ ♣❡r❡♥♥✐❛• ♠❡❣❛•❛❦❡ s✐♠✐•❛r t♦ •❛❦❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ |✐❢t ❱❛••❡②✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❡✇ ✐♥s✐❣❤ts ❜r♦✉❣❤t ❜② t❤✐s st✉❞② ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ❝❛♥ ❤❡•♣ t♦ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ t❤❡ •♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ ❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ❞✐r❡❝t•② r❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❣r❛❜❡♥✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ •♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ r❡♠❛✐♥s ✉♥❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞✳ ▲♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ ❡①tr❛♣♦•❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚♦ ❡①tr❛♣♦•❛t❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❤♦rt✲t❡r♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s t♦ t❤❡ ❣❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡ ✐s r✐s❦②✳ ❚❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖• ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐ts s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r② ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❝❛•• ✐♥t♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ ❛ •♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ str❛t✐❣r❛♣❤② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥ ✭♣r❡s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❑❛r♦♦ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts✱ ❡r♦s✐♦♥ s✉r❢❛❝❡✱ ♣❛•❡♦s♦✐•s✮ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s s❡✈❡r❛• ❛♥❝✐❡♥t r❡❛❝t✐✈❛t✐♦♥s r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ❛ s✐♥❣•❡ r❡❝❡♥t r✐❢t✐♥❣ ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ ▼♦❞✐s✐ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✵✮❀ ❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮❀ ❇✉✛♦r❞ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❚❤❡ s✉❞❞❡♥ ❞✐sr✉♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❞❛t❡❞ ❛t ✹✶❦② ✭|✐♥❣r♦s❡ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮ ✐s ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡s❡ ❛✉t❤♦rs t♦ r✐❢t✐♥❣ ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐♦♥✳ ❇✉t ✐t ❝♦✉•❞ ❛❝t✉❛••② r❡♣r❡s❡♥t ❡✐t❤❡r t❤❡ •❛t❡st r❡❛❝t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•ts ❛❢t❡r ❛ ♣r❡❝❡❞✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♣•❡① t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❤✐st♦r②✱ ♦r t❤❡ ✐♥✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❛t✐♦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❢❛✉•t ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ❛♥❞ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r② ✐♥♣✉t✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r•② ❛s t❤❡ ❞❛t✐♥❣s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❝❛rr✐❡❞ ♦✉t ♦♥ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts s❛♠♣•❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❳✉❞✉♠ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❛r② ❛t ❛ ❞❡♣t❤ ♦❢ ✷✳✻ ♠ ✭|✐♥❣r♦s❡ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❚❤❡s❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❝❛♥♥♦t r❡♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•t ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥✱ ❛s t❤❡② r❡♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ✈❡r② s✉❜✲s✉r❢❛❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r② r❡❝♦r❞ r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ s❡✈❡r❛• ❤✉♥❞r❡❞s ♦❢ ♠❡t❡rs t❤✐❝❦✳ (❡t t❤❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ •P❙ ✈❡•♦❝✐t✐❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞②❦❡s✱ ❡♥❝♦✉✲ r❛❣❡s t❤❡ tr✐❛• ♦❢ •♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ ❡①tr❛♣♦•❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ✇❤✐•❡ t❤❡ t♦♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞②❦❡s ♦♥•② ❡①❤✐❜✐ts ♦✛s❡t ♦❢ s❡✈❡r❛• ❤✉♥❞r❡❞s ♦❢ ♠❡t❡rs✱ t❤❡ •❛t❡r❛• ❞❡①tr❛• ♦✛s❡t ❝❛♥ s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s r❡❛❝❤ ✺ ❦♠ ✭❈❛♠♣❜❡•• ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❆ss✉♠✐♥❣ ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ✶ ♠♠✴②r str✐❦❡✲s•✐♣ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t✱ ✐t ✇♦✉•❞ t❛❦❡ ✺ ▼② t♦ r❡❛❝❤ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ♦✛s❡t ♦❢ ✺ ❦♠ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ ❢❛✉•t✳ •✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ✶✴✷ t♦ ✶✴✶✵ r❛t✐♦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❛♥❞ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞②❦❡s✱ t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r s✉❜✲ s✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥ ✇♦✉•❞ r❡❛❝❤ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✵✳✶ ♠♠✴②r t♦ ✵✳✺ ♠♠✴②r✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❆••❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❆••❡♥ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ s✉❝❤ r❛t❡s ❛❣r❡❡ ✇✐t❤ r✐❢ts✱ ❢❛✐•❡❞ r✐❢ts ♦r str✐❦❡✲s•✐♣ ❜❛s✐♥ ♠♦❞❡•s✳ ❚❤✐s r❛t❡ ✐s ❢❛r ♠♦r❡ ♠♦❞❡r❛t❡ t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ✶ ❝♠✴②r ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡①❝❡❡❞s ❡✈❡r② ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❡❞ s✉❜s✐❞❡♥❝❡ r❛t❡ ✐♥ ❜❛s✐♥s✱ t②♣✐❝❛••② r❛♥❣✐♥❣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✵✳✵✶ ❛♥❞ ✶ ♠♠✴②r✳ ❚❤✐s q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ •❡♥❞s ❝r❡❞✐❜✐•✐t② t♦ t❤❡ ♦•❞ ❛❣❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ❢♦r t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥✳ ❚❤❡ •✐♥❡❛r✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖• t❤r♦✉❣❤ t✐♠❡ ❤❛s ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ②❡t✳ Pr♦♣♦♥❡♥ts ♦❢ ❛ ②♦✉♥❣ r✐❢t✐♥❣ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ✐♠♣•② ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ✇❤♦•❡ str✉❝t✉r❡✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♠✐❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•t ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r✐♠❛r② ❢❛✉•t s❡t✱ ❢r♦♠ ❙❲ t♦ ◆❊ ✭❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❇✉t ♣•❛✉s✐❜•❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r s❡✈❡r❛• r❡❛❝t✐✈❛t✐♦♥s s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ P❛♥✲❆❢r✐❝❛♥ ♦r♦❣❡♥② ✭r❡✈✐❡✇❡❞ ✐♥ P❛st✐❡r ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✮ ❝❛•• ✐♥t♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ t❤✐s ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ♦❢ ❛ s✐♥❣•❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❡♣✐s♦❞❡ ♦❢ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ •❛st ✹✵ ❦②✳ |❡❛❝t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥❝✐❡♥t ❢❛✉•ts ♦❢ t❤❡ •❤❛♥③✐✲❈❤♦❜❡ ❢♦•❞ ❜❡•t ❝♦♠♣r✐s✐♥❣ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤❡❛st❡r♥ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖• ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞ s❡✈❡r❛• t✐♠❡s s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡✐r ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❖• ✐s •♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥❛• ②♦✉♥❣❡r •✐t❤♦s♣❤❡r❡✱ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ r✐❣✐❞ ❝r❛t♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ ❝♦✉•❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❝❝♦♠♠♦❞❛t✐♥❣ ❢❛r✲ ✜❡•❞ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜r❡❛❦✲✉♣ ♦❢ •♦♥❞✇❛♥❛✱ ❛s ✇❡•• ❛s ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❈r❡t❛❝❡♦✉s✳ ❚❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✐s t❤♦✉❣❤t t♦ r❡•❛t❡ t♦ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❣❡♥❡s✐s ❛s t❤❡ ❊❆|❙ ❢r♦♠ ❡❛r•② s❡✐s♠✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦♣❤②s✐❝❛• ❞❛t❛✳ ▲♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ r❛t✐♦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ❛♥❞ r❡•❛t✐✈❡ s✉❜s✐❞❡♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥✱ ✐t ✐s ❝r✐t✐❝❛• t♦ q✉❛♥t✐❢② t❤❡ •♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖•✳ ❆•t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥ ❤❛s ❡♥❝♦✉♥t❡r❡❞ ♠❛•♦r ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✱ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r② ✐♥♣✉ts✱ ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛♥ ♦r❞❡r ♦❢ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ •♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❜② ❡①tr❛♣♦•❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❡st✐♠❛t❡s ❢♦r ❛❡♦•✐❛♥ ❛♥❞ ✢✉✈✐❛t✐•❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡ ✈❛•✉❡s ✭▼✐•③♦✇ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✱ ❛ ❞❡♥s✐t② ♦❢ ✷✻✺✵ ❦❣✴♠ 3 ❢♦r q✉❛rt③ ❛♥❞ ❛ ♣♦r♦s✐t② ♦❢ ✸✸✪ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ s❛♥❞s ✭❖❜❛❦❡♥❣ ❛♥❞ •✐❡s❦❡✱ ✶✾✾✼✮ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ♦✈❡r ✷✵ ✵✵✵ ❦♠ 2 ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ ✈❡r② •♦✇ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ♦❢ ✶✷ ① ✶✵ -6 ♠✴②r✳ ❚❤✐s •♦✇ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ ❢♦r ❝✉rr❡♥t s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✐s •♦✇❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ r❛t❡s ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❞❛t✐♥❣s ✐♥ ▲❛❦❡ ◆❣❛♠✐✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡r❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✹×✶✵ -5 ❛♥❞ ✽✳✸×✶✵-4 ♠✴②r ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✷✵✮✳ ❇✉t t❤❡s❡ ❤✐❣❤❡r ✈❛•✉❡s ❛r❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ❛❣❣r❛❞✐♥❣ ❣❡♦♠♦r♣❤♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❢❡❛t✉r❡s✱ ♣❛•❡♦✲s❤♦r❡•✐♥❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ •♦❝❛••② ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t❡ ❞❡♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts✳ ◆❡❡❞ ❢♦r ❛ ❣•♦❜❛• ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣•✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ♣❛•❡♦✲r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ❊♥❞♦r❤❡✐❝ s②st❡♠s ❝❛♥ ♦s❝✐••❛t❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❣❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t r❡❣✐♠❡s ✿ •❛❦❡s✱ ✇❡t•❛♥❞s✱ ❞❡s❡rt ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ •♦♦s❡ t❤❡✐r ❡♥❞♦r❤❡✐❝ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝ ❛♥❞ t✉r♥ ✐♥t♦ ❛ r✐✈❡r ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ s❡❛✳ ❆s ❛ ♣r♦♣❡r ❡♥❞♦r❤❡✐❝ s②st❡♠✱ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛ ❛r❡❛ s❤♦✇s ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ♠❡❣❛•❛❦❡ r❡❣✐♠❡s✱ •♦✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ▲❛❦❡ ◆❣❛♠✐✱ t❤❡ ▼❛❜❛❜❡ ❉❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ❡✈❡♥ t❤❡ ▼❛❦❣❛❞✐❦❣❛❞✐ ♣❛♥s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❚❤♦♠❛s ❛♥❞ ❙❤❛✇✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ❇✉rr♦✉❣❤ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✱ ❛♥❞ ❡①♦r❤❡✐s♠ ✭❚❤♦♠❛s ❛♥❞ ❙❤❛✇✱ ✶✾✽✽✮✱ ♦r ❛t •❡❛st s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❛♥❞ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t ✢♦✇ ❛❝r♦ss t❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ ❢❛✉•t ✭|✐♥❣r♦s❡ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❣✐♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛ ✐s ❝♦♥tr♦••❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥ ❜② t❤r❡❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs✱ ✐••✉str❛t❡❞ ♦♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✻✳✷ ✿ ✶✮ t❤❡ ❞✐♣✲s•✐♣ r❛t❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❙❊ ♥♦r♠❛• ❢❛✉•ts s❤❛♣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❤❡♠✐✲❣r❛❜❡♥✬s ❞❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥✱ ✷✮ t❤❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ✜••✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥✬s ❞❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✸✮ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r ✐♥♣✉ts ♠♦r❡ ♦r •❡ss ✐♥✉♥❞❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛✳
✐♥ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡r❛t❡ ✉♣•✐❢t ❜❛•❛♥❝❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ✐♥❝✐s✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♣r❡✲❡①✐st❡♥t r✐✈❡r✱ ♦r ❞♦♠✐♥❛t✐♥❣ ✇❛t❡r ✐♥♣✉ts ✭♦♣❡♥ •❛❦❡s✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❡♥❞♦r❤❡✐❝ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✇❡t•❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ •❛❦❡s ✐s ♠❛✐♥•② ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② t❤❡ r❛t✐♦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ✇❛t❡r ❜✉❞❣❡t✳ ❖❜✈✐♦✉s•②✱ ✐♥s✉✣❝✐❡♥t ✇❛t❡r ✐♥♣✉t •❡❛❞s t♦ ❞❡s❡rt✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥t❡r✲ ♠❡❞✐❛r② st❛❣❡s ❛r❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡s❡ t❤r❡❡ ♠❛✐♥ r❡❣✐♠❡s✳ ❇•❛❝❦ ❞♦t s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ s❡tt✐♥❣s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛✳ |❛♥❣❡s ♦❢ ✈❛•✉❡ ❢♦r t❤❡s❡ t❤r❡❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❛r❡ q✉✐t❡ •♦✇ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ ♦t❤❡r s✐♠✐•❛r s②st❡♠s ❛♥❞ s❡❡♠ t♦ ❜❡ r❡•❛t✐✈❡•② ❜❛•❛♥❝❡❞✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❝✉♠✉•❛t✐✈❡ ∼✹✵✵ ♠ ♦❢ ❞♦✇♥t❤r♦✇ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ ❢❛✉•ts ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ ❜② ❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ♦♥•② ❛ ❢❡✇ ♠❡t❡rs t♦ ❛ ❢❡✇ t❡♥s ♦❢ ♠❡t❡rs s❡♣❛r❛t❡ t❤❡ ❣•♦❜❛• t❤✐❝❦♥❡ss ♦❢ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛•• ❢❛✉•t ❛❝t✐✲ ✈✐t②✱ r❡✈❡❛•❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❢❛✉•t s❝❛r♣s✳ ❉✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥s❡ ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛•• ✇❛t❡r ❜✉❞❣❡t✱ ❛•t❤♦✉❣❤ ✈❛r②✐♥❣ ❛•♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❡①❤✐❜✐t ❛ ❣•♦❜❛• ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ❛••♦✇✐♥❣ t♦ ♦♣❡♥ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• s②st❡♠✳ ❚❤✉s✱ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t s❡t ♦❢ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❝♦♥tr♦••✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡♥❞♦r❤❡✐s♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✻✳✷✮ s❡❡♠ t♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ ❝♦♥tr♦• ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❡♥❞♦r❤❡✐s♠ ❜② t❤❡ ❢❛✉•t ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖•✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ✭✵✳✶✷ ① ✶✵ -6 ♠✴②r✮ ✐s ❡①❝❡❡❞❡❞ ❜② ❢❛r ❜② t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ s✉❜s✐❞❡♥❝❡ r❛t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤❡❛st❡r♥ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r ❣r❛❜❡♥ ✭✵✳✷ t♦ ✵✳✺ ♠♠✴②r✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡s❡ r❛t❡s ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❝✉rr❡♥t•② r❡s✉•t ✐♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❢❛✉•t s❝❛r♣s ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ✶✮ t❤❡ •♦✇ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ✷✮ t❤❡ ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜•❡ ❞✐s❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❤✐st♦r② ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ t✇♦ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs✳ ❚❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t •♦✇ r❛t❡s ♦❢ ❜♦t❤ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✐♠♣•② t❤❛t t✐♥② ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡s❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❝❛♥ ❡❛s✐•② ✐♥❞✉❝❡ ❛ s❤✐❢t ✐♥ t❤❡✐r r❛t✐♦ ❛♥❞ ♥✉❞❣❡ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✐♥t♦ ❛♥♦t❤❡r r❡❣✐♠❡✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ❛ •❛❦❡✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ ✇❛t❡r ✐♥♣✉ts✱ ♦r ❛ r✐✈❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ t❡♠♣♦r❛r② ❝❡ss❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢❛✉•t ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ♦r ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡✳ ❆t t❤❡ ❣❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡✱ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ s❤♦✉•❞ t❤✉s ❜❡ ✈✐❡✇❡❞ ❛s ❛ ✇❤♦•❡✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❛s ❛ ❤②❞r♦✲ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦✲t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ s②st❡♠✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t•②✱ r❡❝♦r❞s ❢♦r st❛t❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜•❡s ❞❡✜♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ s❤♦✉•❞ ♥♦t ❜❡ ❞✐r❡❝t•② r❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♣❡❝✉•✐❛r ❞r✐✈❡r✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✐••✉str❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ •♦♥❣✲ t❡r♠ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡✱ s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r♠✐tt❡♥❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥ ✐s ❝♦♠♠♦♥•② ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❡❞ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❇✉rr♦✉❣❤ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♦♥•② ✐♠♣•② s✉✣❝✐❡♥t ✇❛t❡r t♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt s❡❞✐✲ ♠❡♥t t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡♣♦❝❡♥t❡r✳ ■t ❛•s♦ r❡q✉✐r❡s ❢❛✉•t ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ s✉✣❝✐❡♥t ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ t♦ ❜•♦❝❦ t❤❡ ✢♦✇ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ❛♥❞ ❛••♦✇ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈❡ ❞❡♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✳ |❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❛t ♣•❛② ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❖•✱ t❤❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ✐s ✜♥❛••② •♦❝❛••② ❝♦♥tr♦••❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ r❡•❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❢❡❡❞✐♥❣ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•✭s✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ r✐✈❡r✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ✐s t❤✉s •♦✇❡r ✐♥ ▲❛❦❡ ◆❣❛♠✐ ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐♥♣✉t ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥✱ ♠❛✐♥•② ❢❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ ❛♥❞ ◆❤❛❜❡ r✐✈❡rs✱ t❤❛♥ ✐t ✇❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ •❛t❡ ✶✽✵✵✬s ✇❤❡♥ ✐t ✇❛s ❢❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❚❤❛♦❣❡ s②st❡♠✱ ✈✐❛ ❛ ❞✐r❡❝t ❤②❞r❛✉•✐❝ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ♠❛✐♥str❡❛♠✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ❢♦r❝✐♥❣s ♦♥ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ❛r❡ ❛❝t✉❛••② ♠♦r❡ ❛❜✉♥❞❛♥t ❛t t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥❛• s❝❛•❡✳ ❋✐rst✱ ✇❛t❡r ✐♥♣✉ts ❛r❡ ♥♦t ♦♥•② ❝♦♥tr♦••❡❞ ❜② ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ ❢♦r❝✐♥❣s✱ ❜✉t ❛•s♦ ❜② t❡❝t♦♥✐❝s✱ s❤❛♣✐♥❣ ❞r❛✐♥❛❣❡ ❛r❡❛s✳ ❚❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss ❝♦✉•❞ ❜❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ ✇❛t❡r ✐♥♣✉ts ❛❜♦✉t ✹ ▼②✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈✉❜❛♥❣♦✱ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s•② ✢♦✇✐♥❣ t♦

  ♦r❤❡✐❝ s②st❡♠s ❛r❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t❛• ❝•♦s❡❞ ❞r❛✐♥❛❣❡ s②st❡♠s s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ♥♦ ♦✉t•❡t ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥✳ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❛•• ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ✇♦r•❞✱ ♠❛✐♥•② ✐♥ ✐♥tr❛♣•❛t❡ ❝♦♥t❡①ts ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✳✶❆✮✳ ■♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ •♦✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡❛✱ ✇❛t❡r ❣❛t❤❡rs t♦ ❢♦r♠ •❛❦❡s✱ ❛s •❛r❣❡ ❛s t❤❡ ❈❛s♣✐❛♥ s❡❛✱ ♦r ✇❡t•❛♥❞s✱ ❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❚❛r✐♠ ❜❛s✐♥✱ ❈❤✐♥❛✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t✱ •✐❦❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛✱ ♦r tr❛♥s✐❡♥t✱ ❛•t❡r♥❛t✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ s❡❛s♦♥❛• ❛r✐❞✐t②✱ ❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊t♦s❤❛ P❛♥✳ ❙♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ s②st❡♠s ❛r❡ ❡✈❡♥ ❞❡s❡rt✐❝✱ •✐❦❡ t❤❡ •♦❜✐ ❞❡s❡rt✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❣❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡✱ t❤❡② ❢♦r♠ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r② ❜❛s✐❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶ ✕ ❙❛t❡••✐t❡ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞② ❛r❡❛✳ ❉❛r❦ ❣r❡② •✐♥❡s ♠❛r❦ t❤❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❢❛✉•t s❝❛r♣s ❛♥❞ ❜•❛❝❦ str❛✐❣❤t •✐♥❡s t❤❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ♣r♦✜•❡s ✐♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✺ ✭❙♦✉r❝❡ ✿ ▲❛♥❞s❛t✴❈♦♣❡r♥✐❝✉s ✷✵✶✻✲✷✵✶✼ ❢r♦♠ •♦♦❣•✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✷ ✕ ❚♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤② ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞② ❛r❡❛ ✇✐t❤ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❢❛✉•ts ✭♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳ ✷✵✵✼ ❛♥❞ ❈❛♠♣❜❡•• ❡t ❛•✳ ✷✵✵✻✮✱ r✐✈❡rs ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s✱ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ❛♥❞ ❞✉♥❡ ✜❡•❞s✳ ❙❛t❡••✐t❡ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛✳ ◆♦t❡ t❤❡ ❙❡•✐♥❞❛ ❙♣✐••✇❛② ❝✉rr❡♥t•② r❡•❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ t♦ t❤❡ ❑✇❛♥❞♦✱ t❤✉s t❤❡ )❛♠❜❡③✐✱ s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ♠❛•♦r ✢♦♦❞ ♦❢ ✷✵✶✶✳ (❡••♦✇ •✐♥❡s ❞❡•✐♥❡❛t❡ t❤❡ ✉♣♣❡r✱ ♠✐❞❞•❡ ❛♥❞ •♦✇❡r ❉❡•t❛ ❛s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② ❙t❛♥✐str❡❡t ❛♥❞ ▼❝❈❛rt❤② ✭✶✾✾✸✮ ❛♥❞ ❞❡t❛✐•❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦••♦✇✐♥❣ s❡❝t✐♦♥✳✷✳✶✳ ❉❊❙❈|■P❚■❖◆ ❖❋ ❚❍❊ ❙❚❯❉( ❆|❊❆ ✷✼ ✷✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞② ❛r❡❛ ✷✳✶✳✶ ❖✈❡r❛•• t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤② ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤② ✐s r❡♠❛r❦❛❜•❡ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ✐ts ❞✐❝❤♦t♦♠② ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✹✮✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s♦✉✲ t❤❡r

  ✈❡r② s•✐❣❤t ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤② ❝❛♥ ✐♥❞✉❝❡ ♠❛•♦r ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦✲ ❣❡♦♠♦r♣❤♦•♦❣② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s✳ ▲♦❝❛• t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤② ✐s s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✷ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❞❡t❛✐•❡❞ ♣r♦✜•❡ ✐♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✺✳ ❚❤❡ •❛tt❡r r❡✈❡❛•s t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ♠❛•♦r ❜•♦❝❦s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖•✱ ❛•• ❞✐♣♣✐♥❣ s♦✉t❤❡❛st✇❛r❞✱ •✐❦❡ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡ ✭•✉♠❜r✐❝❤t ❛♥❞ ▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❇❡s✐❞❡ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡ ✭❣r❡② ♣r♦✜•❡ ♦♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✺✱ s❡❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✮✱ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❜•♦❝❦ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ st❡❡♣❡st s•♦♣❡ ♦❢ ✵✳✵✺✪✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s r❡❞✉❝❡❞ t♦ ✵✳✵✷✸✪ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ t✇♦ ♣r♦✜•❡s ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡s ❞♦✇♥str❡❛♠✳ ❚❤✐s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐s ♠❛✐♥

  ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤❡❛st❡r♥ r❡❣✐♦♥❛• tr❡♥❞✳ ❚❤❡ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❜•♦❝❦ ✐s ♥♦t ❛s r❡❣✉•❛r ❛s t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❛♥❞ ❝❡♥tr❛• ♦♥❡s✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥❛• s♦✉t❤❡❛st❡r♥ t✐•t✐♥❣ ✐s ♥♦t ♦❜✈✐♦✉s ❛s ✐t ✐s ❞✐st✉r❜❡❞ ❜② ❢❛✉•ts ❛♥❞ r✐❞❣❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦st r❡❣✉•❛r ❛r❡❛ ♥❡✈❡rt❤❡•❡ss s❤♦✇s t❤❡ •♦✇❡st ❙❊ s•♦♣❡ ♦❢ ♦♥•② ✵✳✶✽✪✳ ❚❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ✐s ♠❛✐♥•② ✐♠♣❛❝t❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❙❊ ❞❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✿ t❤❡ ▼❛❦❛•❛❜❡❞✐ ❉❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥✳ -6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -❚♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ♠❛♣ ♦❢ ❆❢r✐❝❛ ❛♥❞ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ ❙✉♣❡rs✇❡•• ❛s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② ◆②❜•❛❞❡ ❛♥❞ |♦❜✐♥s♦♥ ✭✶✾✾✹✮✱ ❝♦♠♣r✐s❡❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊❛st ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ P•❛t❡❛✉✱ t❤❡ ❙♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ P•❛t❡❛✉ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❙♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆t•❛♥t✐❝ ❇❛t❤②♠❡tr✐❝ ❙✇❡••✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❛✈❡ ❙♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ P•❛t❡❛✉ ❤♦sts t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❉❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥✳ ❖• ✿ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❣r❛❜❡♥✳ ✷✳✶✳✷ ❚❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡

  t❤❡ ❡❞❣❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡ ❛r❡ s❝❛••♦♣❡❞ ❜② ❡r♦s✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r✐✈❡r✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r♦❜❛❜•② ✇✐❞❡♥s t❤❡ ❡•♦♥❣❛t❡❞ ❞❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❛♥❛st♦♠♦s❡s ❛♥❞ ❢♦r♠s ♥✉♠❡r♦✉s •♦♦♣s ❛•• ❛•♦♥❣ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✺ ❇✮✳ ❋•♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥ ❛♥❞ ♠❡❛♥❞❡r✐♥❣✲r❡•❛t❡❞ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♠❛r❦ t❤❡ ✇❤♦•❡ •❛♥❞s❝❛♣❡ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ s❝❛r♣s✳ ❙❝r♦•• ❜❛rs ❛♥❞ ♦①❜♦✇s ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❝t✐✈❡ ❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r✐✈❡r✳ ❲❤✐•❡ t❤❡ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ s❝❛r♣s ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ❞♦✇♥str❡❛♠✱ t❤❡ ✇✐❞t❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ♥❛rr♦✇s ❢r♦♠ ✾✵ ♠ ✐♥ ▼♦❤❡♠❜♦ t♦ ✺✵ ♠ ❛t t❤❡ ❡①✐t ♦❢ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ❞❡♣t❤ ✭▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❚❤❡ •♦ss ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ❞✉❡ t♦ ✐♥✜•tr❛t✐♦♥ ♦r ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s t♦♦ •♦✇ t♦ ❡①♣•❛✐♥ t❤✐s ❤❛•✈✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✇✐❞t❤✳ ■♥st❡❛❞✱ ✐t ❤✐❣❤•✐❣❤ts t❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❛❝❝♦♠♠♦❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ✢♦✇ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ✇✐t❤ ✇✐❞❡♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ t❤❡ •✉♠❛r❡ ❢❛✉•t ♥♦t ♦♥•② ✐♥❞✉❝❡s ❛ ❜r❡❛❦ ✐♥ s•♦♣❡✱ ❜✉t ❛•s♦ r❡•❡❛s❡s t❤❡ r✐✈❡r ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✜♥❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡✳ ✷✳✶✳✸ ❚❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛ ❚❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛ ✐s ❛♥ ✐♥•❛♥❞ ❞❡•t❛✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❜❡tt❡r ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❛s ❛♥ ❛••✉✈✐❛• ❢❛♥ ✭❙t❛♥✐str❡❡t ❛♥❞ ▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ ✶✾✾✸❀ ❍❛rt•❡② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❣❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• t❡r♠ ❞❡•t❛ ✐s ♥♦t ❡①❛❝t•② ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ ❛s t❤❡ r✐✈❡r ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❞✐s❝❤❛r❣❡ ✐♥t♦ ❛ st❛♥❞✐♥❣ ✇❛t❡r ❜♦❞②✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ♣•❛❝❡ ✇❛s ♥❛♠❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❛rt♦❣r❛♣❤❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛✱ ♣♦ss✐❜•② ❙t✐❣❛♥❞ ✭✶✾✷✸✮✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♥❛♠❡ r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✉s❛❣❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✐s t❤❡ •❛r❣❡st s✉❜❛❡r✐❛• ❢❛♥ ♦♥ ❊❛rt❤ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♠❡❛♥ r❛❞✐✉s ♦❢ ✶✺✵ ❦♠✳ ❲❤✐•❡ ❞✐✈❡r❣✐♥❣ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ✇♦✉•❞ ✜♥❛••② ❛♥❛st♦♠♦s❡ ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr♦• ♦❢ t❤❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ s❝❛r♣s ✐♥ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡✱ t❤❡② ❝❛♥ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈❡•② ❞✐✈❡r❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ t♦ ❢♦r♠ ✐s♦•❛t❡❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❛r② s②st❡♠s✳ ❆ ✿ ❚♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ♣r♦✜•❡s ❛❝r♦ss t❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❢r♦♠ ▼♦❤❡♠❜♦ t♦ ▼❛✉♥ ✭❜•❛❝❦ •✐♥❡✮✱ ❛♥❞ ♣❛r❛••❡• ♣r♦✜•❡ ❙❲✱ ❝r♦ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❜•♦❝❦ ✭❣r❡② •✐♥❡✮ ✭❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ ❙|❚▼✮✳ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣♦rt✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❛r❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t ✭✐t❛•✐❝✐③❡❞✮ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r♣❤♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s✳ ▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦✜•❡s ✐s s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶ ❯♣♣❡r ♣✐❝t✉r❡s s❤♦✇ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝ •❛♥❞s❝❛♣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣❛rts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✳ ❇ ✿ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•✱ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥ ❛♥❞ s❝r♦•• ❜❛rs ✐♥ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡✱ ❈ ✿ ▼✐❞❞•❡ ❉❡•t❛✱ ❉ ✿ ▲♦✇❡r ❉❡•t❛✱ ❊ ✿ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❜•♦❝❦✱ ✇✐t❤ ❜✐❢✉r❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤❛♠❛•❛❦❛♥❡ r✐✈❡r ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ◆❛r❡ ❛♥❞ ❇♦t❡t✐ r✐✈❡rs ✭✐♠❛❣❡s ❢r♦♠ •♦♦❣•❡ ❊❛rt❤✮✳

  t❤❡ ❡❞❣❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛♥✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❞❡♥s✐t② ♦❢ ✐s•❛♥❞s ❢♦r♠s ❝❤❛✐♥s ♦❢ ✐s•❛♥❞s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥t♦ ♠♦r❡ ✐s♦•❛t❡❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❛r② s②st❡♠s ✭❲♦•s❦✐ ❛♥❞ ▼✉rr❛②✲ ❍✉❞s♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝❡♥tr❛• ❛r❡❛✱ ❈❤✐❡❢✬s ✐s•❛♥❞ ✈✐rt✉❛••② ❝✉ts t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✐♥ t✇♦ ♣❛rts✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s•❛♥❞ ✐s t❤❡ •❛r❣❡st •❛♥❞ ♠❛ss ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✳ ■ts s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✐s ♠❛r❦❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ♣❛•❡♦✲❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ❛♥❞ ♣❛•❡♦✲✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s✱ r❡✈❡❛•✐♥❣ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ✐♥✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❜✉t t❤❡s❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s s❡❡♠ •❡ss ✇❡•• ♣r❡s❡r✈❡❞ t❤❛♥ t❤♦s❡ ✐♥ r❡❝❡♥t•② ❞r② ❛r❡❛s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ ❚❤❛♦❣❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❚❤❡ ♠✐❞❞•❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❜❡✐♥❣ •❡ss

  ❞❛r✐❡s ❛r❡ ❤❛r❞ t♦ ❞❡•✐♥❡❛t❡✳ ❉✐str✐❜✉t❛r② s②st❡♠s ❡✈♦•✈❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t✐♠❡ ❞✉❡ t♦ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ✇❛t❡r ✐♥♣✉ts✱ •♦❝❛• t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤② ❛♥❞ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❣r♦✇t❤✳ ❙♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ❛r❡ ❞✐r❡❝t•② ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ✭❚❤❛♦❣❡✱ ◆q♦❣❛✱ s❡❡ ✜❣✉r❡ ✷✳✸✮✱ ❜✉t s♦♠❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ❛r✐s❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s s❛t✉r❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ✇❛t❡r ❛♥❞ s❤♦✇ ♥♦ ❞✐r❡❝t ❤②❞r❛✉•✐❝ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ |✐✈❡r ✭❏❛♦✴❇♦r♦✱ ❳✉❞✉♠✱ ❙❡•✐♥❞❛ s♣✐••✇❛②✮✳ ▼♦st ❞✐str✐❜✉t❛r② s②st❡♠s ❛❝q✉✐r❡ t❤❡✐r ✢♦✇ ❢r♦♠ s②st❡♠s ♦❢ ❝♦••❡❝t♦r •❛❣♦♦♥s ✇❤✐❝❤ s❡r✈❡ t♦ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t❡ ❜r♦❛❞ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥ ✢♦✇s ✐♥t♦ ✢♦✇s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛✈❡ ❤✐❣❤ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ ✈❡•♦❝✐t② t♦ ❜✉✐•❞ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ✭P♦rt❡r ❛♥❞ ▼✉③✐•❛✱ ✶✾✽✾✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ❞✐str✐❜✉t❛r② t♦ ❞✐✈❡r❣❡ s♦✉t❤✇❛r❞s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•✱ ❛t t❤❡ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❡①t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ P❛♥❤❛♥❞•❡✱ ✐s t❤❡ ❚❤❛♦❣❡ s②st❡♠✱ ❞✐r❡❝t•② r❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ r✐✈❡r✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✶✽✺✵✬s✱ t❤❡ ❚❤❛♦❣❡ ✇❛s ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❝❤❛♥♥❡•✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞✐r❡❝t•② ❢❡❡❞ ▲❛❦❡ ◆❣❛♠✐ ✭❙t✐❣❛♥❞✱ ✶✾✷✸❀ ❙❤❛✇✱ ✶✾✽✹✮ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•✳ ■♥ t❤❡ •❛t❡ ✶✽✽✵✬s✱ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ✇❛s r❡♣❡❛t❡❞•② ❜•♦❝❦❡❞ ❜② P❛♣②r✉s ❣r♦✇t❤✳ ❆tt❡♠♣ts ♦❢ ❞r❡❞❣✐♥❣ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♠❛❞❡ s❡✈❡r❛• t✐♠❡s ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛♥② s✉❝❝❡ss ✭❲✐•s♦♥✱ ✶✾✼✸✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❞♦✇♥str❡❛♠ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ❛♥❞ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ❛r❡ ♥♦✇ ❞r② ❜✉t r❡♠♥❛♥ts ♦❢ ❢♦r♠❡r ✐s•❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s st✐•• ✐♠♣❛❝t t❤❡ ♠♦r♣❤♦•♦❣② ♦❢ t❤❡ •❛♥❞s❝❛♣❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ◆q♦❣❛ s②st❡♠ ✐s ❛❝t✉❛••② t❤❡ r❡s✐❞✉❛• ✇❛t❡r ✭❜❛s❡ ✢♦✇✮ ❞✐r❡❝t•② ✢♦✇✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❛❢t❡r s♣✐••❛❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s✳ ■t ✢♦✇s ❡❛st✇❛r❞s ❛♥❞ ❞✐✈✐❞❡s ♥♦rt❤ ♦❢ ❈❤✐❡❢✬s ■s•❛♥❞ ✐♥t♦ t✇♦ ❉❙✱ t❤❡ ▼❜♦r♦❣❛ s②st❡♠✱ ✢♦✇✐♥❣ s♦✉t❤ ❛♥❞ ❢❡❡❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❙❛♥t❛♥t❛♥❞✐❜❡ ❛♥❞ •♦♠♦t✐ r✐✈❡rs✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ▼❛✉♥❛❝❤✐r❛ s②st❡♠ t❤❡♥ t✉r♥✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❑❤✇❛✐ s②st❡♠✳ ❚❤✐s ❞✐str✐❜✉t❛r② ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❢❛✐•✐♥❣ s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❡❛r•② ✶✾✷✵✬s ✭▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❛♥❞ ❊••❡r②✱ ✶✾✾✺❛✮ ❚❤❡ ❇♦r♦ s②st❡♠ ❛r✐s❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ❛♥❞t❤❡ ✢❛ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ✉♣♣❡r ❉❡•t❛✱ ❛s ♥♦ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❝♦♥♥❡❝ts ✐t ❞✐r❡❝t•② t♦ t❤❡ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ r✐✈❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❡r❡♥♥✐❛• ❛♥❛st♦♠♦s✐♥❣✱ ✈❛r✐❛❜•❡ ✇✐❞t❤ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❝r♦ss❡s t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ t♦ r❡❛❝❤ t❤❡ ❞✐st❛• ❚❤❛♠

  ✇s s♦✉t❤✇❡st✇❛r❞s✳ ■t ✐s ♥♦t✐❝❡❛❜•❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ r✐✈❡r ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❝r♦ss t❤❡ ❢❛✉•t s❝❛r♣ ❛t ✐ts •♦✇❡st ♣♦✐♥t✱ ❜✉t ❢✉rt❤❡r ❙❲✳ ■t ✐s ❛•s♦ ♥♦t✐❝❡❛❜•❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ r✐✈❡r ❞✐✈✐❞❡s ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ◆❤❛❜❡ r✐✈❡r✱ ✢♦✇✐♥❣ t♦✇❛r❞s ▲❛❦❡ ◆❣❛♠✐✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❇♦t❡t✐ r✐✈❡r✳❚❤❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ❣♦✐♥❣ ♦✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❇♦t❡t✐ ✐s ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ ❛s ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛✲ t❡•② ✷✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥✢♦✇ ✭❲✐•s♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❉✐♥❝❡r✱ ✶✾✼✻✮✳ ■t ❝❛rr✐❡s ✇❛t❡r t♦ t❤❡ ▼❛❦❣❛❞✐❦❣❛❞✐ ♣❛♥s ✇❤❡♥ ✐♥✢♦✇s ❛r❡ •❛r❣❡ ❡♥♦✉❣❤✳ ❚❤❡s❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛r② •❛❦❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ s✉♠♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❞❡✲ s❡rt✱ r❡❣✐♦♥❛• t❡r♠✐♥✉s ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ✢♦✇✱ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥s❡ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐♦♥ ❛❝❝✉♠✉•❛t❡s s❛•t✳ ❚❤❡✐r ❞❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✐s ❢❛✉•t✲❝♦♥tr♦••❡❞ ✭❍❛❞❞♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✺✮ ❛♥❞ ✐s t❤❡ •♦✇❡st ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❞❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ s♦✉t❤✇❡st❡r♥ t❡r♠✐♥✉s ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✱ ▲❛❦❡ ◆❣❛♠✐✱ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t•② ❞r② t❤❛♥ ✇❡t ♦✈❡r t❤❡ •❛st ✶✺✵ ②❡❛rs ✭❙❤❛✇✱ ✶✾✽✹✱ ✶✾✽✺❛✮✳ ■ts ❝✉rr❡♥t ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ ❜❡❣❛♥ ✐♥ ✷✵✵✹✱ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ r✐✈❡r ❢✉rt❤❡r r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ✇❛t❡r ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✳ ❇✉t ✐t ✇❛s ♣r♦♣❡r•② ✢♦♦❞❡❞✱ ❛s ❛ •❛❦❡✱ ♦♥•② t❤❛♥❦s t♦ t❤❡ ✷✵✶✶ ♠❛•♦r ✢♦♦❞✳ ❚❤❡ •❛❦❡ r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ❛ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❡①t❡♥t ✐♥ ✷✵✶✷ ❛♥❞ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ r❡❣r❡ss✐♥❣ s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡♥✳ ■ts ❜❡❞ ✐s t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ •♦✇❡st ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖•✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ❛•t✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ✾✶✾ ♠ ✭❙❤❛✇ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❚❤❡ •❛❦❡ ✐s ❝✉rr❡♥t•② ♣r✐♠❛r✐•② ❢❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❑✉♥②❡r❡ r✐✈❡r✱ •♦✐♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ◆❤❛❜❡ r✐✈❡r✳ ❚❤❡s❡ t✇♦ ♦✉t•❡ts ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❞✐r❡❝t•② r❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ |✐✈❡r ❜✉t t♦ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ❛r✐s✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r② ✐♥♣✉t ✐♥ t❤❡ ▲❛❦❡ ✐s t❤✉s ❞r❛st✐❝❛••② •♦✇❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ❜❡❞ •♦❛❞ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❚❤❛♦❣❡ s②st❡♠ t♦ t❤❡ •❛❦❡ ❞✐r❡❝t•② ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r✐✈❡r ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ❳■❳ th ❝❡♥t✉r② ❜•♦❝❦❛❣❡✳ P❛•❡♦✲s❤♦r❡•✐♥❡s ❛r❡ ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤② ♦♥ t❤❡ ✇❡st❡r♥ s✐❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲❛❦❡ ❛♥❞ t❡st✐❢② t♦ ❢♦r♠❡r ❤✐❣❤❡r ✇❛t❡r •❡✈❡•s ✐♥ t❤❡ ▲❛❦❡ ✭❙❤❛✇ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❇✉rr♦✉❣❤ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤ ❡❛st✱ t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡ t❡r♠✐♥✉s ✐s t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt✲s❤❛♣❡❞ ▼❛❜❛❜❡ ❉❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ❜❡❞ ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ r❡❛❝❤❡s t❤❡ •♦✇❡st ❛•t✐t✉❞❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖• ✭✾✶✼ ♠ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❙|❚▼✸✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❉❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❤❛s ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦♣❡r•② ✢♦♦❞❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ •❛st t✇♦ ❝❡♥t✉r✐❡s ✭❙❤❛✇✱ ✶✾✽✹✮ ❜✉t st✐•• r❡❝❡✐✈❡s ❡♥♦✉❣❤ ✇❛t❡r t♦ ❛ss✉r❡ •✐♠✐t❡❞ ❡①♣❛♥s❡s ♦❢ ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥❛• t♦ s❡❛s♦♥❛• s✇❛♠♣s✱ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ▼❛❜❛❜❡ r✐✈❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❛st✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❙❛✈✉t✐ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤✳ ❆•• t❤r❡❡ t❡r♠✐♥✐ s❤♦✇ ♠❛•♦r ♣❛•❡♦✲s❤♦r❡•✐♥❡s✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐♥❣ ♣❛st ✇❡tt❡r ♣❡r✐♦❞s ✐♥ t❤❡ •❛st ♠✐••❡♥✐❛✱ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥ ❤♦st❡❞ ❛ ♠❡❣❛•❛❦❡ ♣♦ss✐❜•② •♦✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ▼❛❜❛❜❡ ❉❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥✱ ▲❛❦❡ ◆❣❛♠✐✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ▼❛❦❣❛❞✐❦❣❛❞✐ ♣❛♥s ✭❙❤❛✇✱ ✶✾✽✺❛✱❜❀ •✉♠❜r✐❝❤t ❛♥❞▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ ✷✵✵✶❀ ❇✉r✲ r♦✉❣❤ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ❇✉rr♦✉❣❤ ❛♥❞ ❚❤♦♠❛s✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ ❇✉rr♦✉❣❤ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❛t✐♥❣s ❣❛t❤❡r❡❞ s♦ ❢❛r s❤♦✇ t❤❛t ▲❛❦❡ ◆❣❛♠✐ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ♠✉❝❤ ♠♦r❡ r❡❣✉•❛r•② ✢♦♦❞❡❞ t❤❛♥ t❤❡ t✇♦ ♦t❤❡r t❡r♠

  ❞s ♦♥ t❤❡ r❛t✐♦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✈❡•♦❝✐t② ♦❢ ✐ts ✢♦✇ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜❛♥❦s ✭❊••❡r② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳ ❚❤❡② ❢♦r♠ r❡•❛t✐✈❡•② st❛❜•❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ •♦♥❣ ✇❛✈❡•❡♥❣t❤ ✭t❡♥s ♦❢ ❦♠✮✱ ❜✉t ♣♦rt✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ❝❛♥ s✉❞❞❡♥•② s❤✐❢t✳ ❈❤❛♥♥❡• ❛✈✉•s✐♦♥ ✭▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✷❀ ❊••❡r② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✸✮ ✐s t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ s✉❝❤ s❤✐❢ts✱ ❛♥❞ ♠❛② ♦❝❝✉r ✐♥ ❛ ❢❡✇ ②❡❛rs ♦r ♦✈❡r ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ❛ ❝❡♥t✉r②✱ ❛s t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❢❛✐•✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ◆q♦❣❛ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ✭▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❛♥❞ ❊••❡r②✱ ✶✾✾✺❛✮✳ ❆✈✉•s✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ❛ttr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✐❢ ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ str❛t❡❣✐❝ ❛r❡❛✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ ✉♣♣❡r ❉❡•t❛✳ ❈❤❛♥

  ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✼ ✕ ❈♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛• ♠♦❞❡• ♦❢ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ✭r❡❞r❛✇♥ ❢r♦♠ ❊••❡r② ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✶✾✾✸✮✮ r❡✢❡❝t✐♥❣ str♦♥❣ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✇❛t❡r ✢♦✇✱ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✴❡r♦s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❙❡❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❡①t✳ ♦✛s❡ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦r❞❡r ♦❢ ❝❡♥t✐♠❡tr❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡ s♦♠❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❛✈✉•s✐♦♥s ✭P✐❦❡✱ ✶✾✼✵❀ ▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳ ❋•♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ❙✉rr♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ♦r ❝♦✈❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇❤♦•❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡✱ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ❛r❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ✢❛t ❛r❡❛s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t•② ♦r s❡❛s♦♥❛••② ✢♦♦❞❡❞✳ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ♠❛✐♥•② ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t ❛q✉❛t✐❝ ✈❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ s✉❝❤ ❛s s❡❞❣❡s ❛♥❞ ❣r❛ss❡s✱ ❜✉t ✇❤❡r❡ ❞❡❡♣ ✇❛t❡r ♣❡rs✐sts✱ ✢♦❛t✐♥❣✲•❡❛✈❡❞ ❛

  ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❲❛t❡r ✢♦✇s t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛t❡❞ ✇❛t❡r ❝♦•✉♠♥✱ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ st❡♠s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t ♣•❛♥ts✱ s•♦✇❡r t❤❛♥ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s ❜✉t ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ ❛r❡❛✳ ❆s r♦♦ts tr❛♣ s❡❞✐♠❡♥ts ❛•♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❡❞❣❡s ♦❢ ❝❤❛♥♥❡•s✱ ❛•♠♦st ♥♦ ❝•❛st✐❝ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t ✐s tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s✳ ❋•♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥s ♣•❛② ❛ ❣r❡❛t r♦•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❝♦s②st❡♠ ❛s t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛• ❞r② s❡❛s♦♥ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ❢♦r t❡rr❡str✐❛• ❤❡r❜✐✈♦r❡s ✭❋②♥♥ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳ ✸✻ ❈❍❆P■❚|❊ ✷✳ ❈❖◆❚❊❳❚ ❖❋ ❚❍❊ ❙❚❯❉( ❆|❊❆ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✽ ✕ •r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ❝✐r❝✉•❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡♥❡❛t❤ ✐s•❛♥❞s✱ ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞♣•❛✐♥ ❜② ❡✈❛♣♦✲ tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥✳ ❈❤❡♠✐❝❛• ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡♥❡❛t❤ t❤❡ ❢r✐♥❣❡s ♦❢ ✐s•❛♥❞s ❝♦✉♣•❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❡♥t❡r ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t❡s t❤❡ r❡♠♥❛♥t ✇❛t❡r ✐♥ s♦•✉t❡s ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞✉❝❡s ❛ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞❡♥s✐t②✲❞r✐✈❡♥ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❝❤❛r❣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❡❡♣ s❛•✐♥❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ✭|❛♠❜❡r❣ ❛♥❞ ❲♦•s❦✐✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳■s•❛♥❞s ■s•❛♥❞s ❛r❡ ♥✉♠❡r♦✉s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❛♥❞ ♣•❛② ❛ ❝r✉❝✐❛• r♦•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢r❡s❤♥❡ss ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ✭▼❝❈❛r✲ t❤②

  s❦✐✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ■s•❛♥❞s ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜•② r❡♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ str♦♥❣❡st ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✇❛t❡r ✢♦✇✱ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛✲ t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡❝♦s②st❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✭▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✸❀ ❲♦•s❦✐ ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ |❛♠❜❡r❣ ❛♥❞ ❲♦•s❦✐✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ ▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❚❤❡ •❛r❣❡ tr❡❡s ❜♦r❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐s•❛♥❞s✱ ❝♦✉♣•❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❝•❛②❡② ❝❡♥tr❡ s♦✐•s✱ ✐♥❞✉❝❡ ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ❡✈❛♣♦tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞❡✢❛t❡s t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ❛♥❞ ❝r❡❛t❡s ❛ ❝❡♥tr✐♣❡t❛• ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ✢♦✇ ✭▼❝❈❛rt❤② ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✶✾✾✶❀ ❇❛✉❡r ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❚❤✐s ❤②✲ ❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❝②❝•✐♥❣ ✐s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♦•✉t❡s✱ •❡❛❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❝❤❡♠✐❝❛• ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛❣♥❡s✐❛♥ ❝❛•❝✐t❡ ❛♥❞ s✐•✐❝❛ ❜❡♥❡❛t❤ t❤❡ ❡❞❣❡s ♦❢ ✐s•❛♥❞s ✭▼❝❈❛r✲ ✷✳✷✳✶ ▼✐❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ■♥t❡r✲❚r♦♣✐❝❛• ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡ )♦♥❡ ✭■❚❈)✮ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥❣♦ ❆✐r ❇♦✉♥❞❛r② ✭❈❆❇✮ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❛✉str❛• s✉♠♠❡r ✭❏❛♥✉❛r②✱ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥ ✐♥ st✉❞② ❛r❡❛✮ ❛♥❞t❤❡ ❛✉str❛• ✇✐♥t❡r ✭❏✉•②✱ ❞r② s❡❛s♦♥✮✳ Pr❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛t❛ s❤♦✇ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ ♠♦♥t❤•② r❛✐♥❢❛•• ♦✈❡r ✷✵✵✶✲✷✵✶✵ ❢r♦♠ ❈❍■|P❙✳ ▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ■❚❈) ❛♥❞ ❈❆❇ ✐s ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞✐st✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ◆✐❝❤♦•s♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✵✮✱ ❛s ✇❡•• ❛s t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛• ♣❛tt❡r♥s ♦❢ ✇✐♥❞s ✭❣r❡② ❛rr♦✇s✮✳ Pr❡❝✐

  Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr

  r ❡❛❝❤ ❞❛t❛ s❡t ❛r❡ ❞❡t❛✐•❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❡①t s❡❝t✐♦♥s✳

Fig. 2 .

 2 Fig. 2. Structural crust model compiled from[START_REF] Singletary | Geochronology of basement rocks in the Kalahari Desert, Botswana, and implications for regional Proterozoic tectonics[END_REF],[START_REF] Haddon | The Sub-Kalahari Geology and Tectonic Evolution of the Kalahari Basin[END_REF],[START_REF] Kinabo | Early structural development of the Okavango rift zone, NW Botswana[END_REF],[START_REF] Muller | Lithospheric structure, evolution and diamond prospectivity of the Rehoboth Terrane and western Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa: constraints from broadband magnetotellurics[END_REF],[START_REF] Begg | The lithospheric architecture of Africa: seismic tomography, mantle petrology, and tectonic evolution[END_REF],[START_REF] Miensopust | Lithospheric structures and Precambrian terrane boundaries in northeastern Botswana revealed through magnetotelluric profiling as part of the Southern African Magnetotelluric Experiment[END_REF],[START_REF] Khoza | Lithospheric structure of an Archean craton and adjacent mobile belt revealed from 2-D and 3-D inversion of magnetotelluric data: example from southern Congo craton in northern Namibia[END_REF]),andYoussof et al. (2013). Archean thick cratons surround younger weaker orogenic belts. CC: Congo Craton, Db: Damara belt, GCb: Ghanzi-Chobe belt, Kb: Kibarian belt, KC: Kalahari Craton, Kh: Kheis belt, Mb: Magondi belt, Ob: Okwa block, Rt: Rehoboth terrane.

Fig. 3 .

 3 Fig. 3. Topographical map (SRTM30) showing location of the main faults (modified from Campbell et al., 2006; Kinabo et al., 2007), seismic activity and inundated areas. C.: Chobe fault, G.: Gumare fault, K.: Kunyere fault, Le.: Lecha fault, Li: Linyanti fault, M.: Mababe fault, M.D.: Mababe Depression, N.L.: Lake Ngami, P.: Panhandle, SSZ: Sekaka Shear Zone, Th.: Thamalakane fault, Ts.: Tsau fault.

Fig. 4 .

 4 Fig. 4. Number of recorded earthquakes per year from ISC database (from 0 • E, 18.7 • N to 51.7 • E, 38 • S and from the 16/03/1901 to the 06/02/2016). Dotted lines mark the dates of significant improvements in seismic instrumentation in Africa.

Fig. 5 .

 5 Fig. 5. Seismicity in Botswana. A: Location of earthquakes from August 2013 to December 2014. The black star shows location of the recent M6.5 earthquake. B: Number of events per year in Botswana and the OG (International Seismological Centre, 2016). C: Zoom on previous graph, note the expanded scale.

Fig. 7 .

 7 Fig. 7. Time series from the AfricaArray permanent GNSS stations records. Raw rates calculated by GLOBK are indicated under station name for each component; linear trends are drawn with straight lines. North and east components are shown detrended with MAUA's rate, vertical positions are plotted without correction.

Fig. 8 .

 8 Fig. 8. Displacements of the three permanent GNSS stations. Horizontal rates are shown in black arrows, relatively to MAUA. Vertical rates are shown in white arrows. Background shows hillshade based on SRTM30.

Fig. 9 .

 9 Fig. 9. Synthetic structural model for the OG showing strike-slip displacement astride the graben and extension on the secondary fault set, in the interslip of the primary fault set. The grey area shows the extent of the Okavango Delta. M: Maun, P: Panhandle. The grey area represents the extent of the Okavango Delta.

  ❈♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛• ❞✐❛❣r❛♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ t❤❡ st❛t❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜•❡s ❝♦♥tr♦••✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❛r❡❛✳ ❊♥❞♦r❤❡✐s♠ ✐s r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ s✉❜s✐❞❡♥❝❡ r❛t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥ ❡①❝❡❡❞s s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡✱ ❜✉t ❡①♦r❤❡✐❝ r❡❣✐♠❡ ♠❛② ♣r❡✈❛✐•

  ◆❛♠✐❜✐❛ ✭▼✐••❡r ❡t ❛•✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t ✐♥♣✉ts ❛r❡ ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ str♦♥❣•② ❝♦♥tr♦••❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ r❡❣✐♠❡ ✉♣str❡❛♠✱ ❛s r❡•✐❡❢ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ❡r♦s✐♦♥✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛ ❣•♦❜❛• ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❛••♦✇s ❛♥♦t❤❡r ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞② ❛r❡❛ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t✐♠❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤✉s t❤❡ r❡✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t ❞❛t✐♥❣s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ t❤❡ ♦♥•② ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛✉•t✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ •♦✇ ✈❛•✉❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❝♦♥tr♦••✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛ ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✻✳✷✮ ♠❛❦❡ ✐t ❡❛s② t♦ s❤✐❢t ❢r♦♠ ♦♥❡ r❡❣✐♠❡ t♦ ❛♥♦t❤❡r✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ s✉❝❤ ❛ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ❛r❡❛✱ t❤❡ ❛❣❡ ♦❢ ✹✶ ❦② ❝♦✉•❞ ❛❝t✉❛••② r❡♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ •❛st ❡♣✐s♦❞❡ ♦❢ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛••✉✈✐❛• ❢❛♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ✐s t❤✉s ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛••② ❡✈♦•✈✐♥❣ ❛•♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥ s✐♥❝❡ ✐ts ✜rst ❛❝t✐✈❛t✐♦♥✱ ♣♦ss✐❜•② ❛ ❢❡✇ ♠✐••✐♦♥s ♦❢ ②❡❛rs ❛❣♦✳ ❚❤✐s ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ✐s ❝♦rr♦❜♦r❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ♣♦s✐t❡❞ ❜② P♦❞❣♦rs❦✐ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✺✮ ♦❢ ❛ ♣❛•❡♦❢❛♥ ❛t t❤❡ ❜♦tt♦♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ •♦❝❛t❡❞ ❡①❛❝t•② ❜❡♥❡❛t❤ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❉❡•t❛✳ ✻✳✶✳✸ ❈♦♥❝•✉s✐♦♥ ❋r♦♠ t❤✐s st✉❞②✱ ✐t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♥❝•✉❞❡❞ t❤❛t✱ ✐♥ ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛• ✇❛②✱ ❛♥❞ ❛t ❜♦t❤ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡s✱ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛ s❤♦✉•❞ ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❝♦♠♣•❡① s②st❡♠✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr♦•s ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ t♦♦ t✐❣❤t•② ❝♦rr❡•❛t❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ st✉❞✐❡❞ ❝♦♠♣•❡t❡•② s❡♣❛r❛t❡•②✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛• ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛••✉✈✐❛• ❢❛♥ ❛s ❛♥ ❡❝♦✲❤②❞r♦✲s❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦•♦❣✐❝❛• s②st❡♠ ❛t ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• t♦ ❝❡♥t❡♥♥✐❛• t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡ ❤❛s ❛•r❡❛❞② ❜❡❡♥ ♣❡r❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❛s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ✶✾✾✵✬s✳ ❇✉t ❛ s✐♠✐•❛r ❣•♦❜❛• ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛••✉✈✐❛• ❢❛♥ ❛s ❛ ❤②❞r♦✲s❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦✲t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ s②st❡♠ ❛t t❤❡ ❣❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ◆♦✇ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ♦❢ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥s ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ s❤♦✇♥ t♦ ❜❡ ✉s❡❢✉• ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ❛t t❤❡ s❝❛•❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦✲)❛♠❜❡③✐✱ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣❡r♠❛✲ ♥❡♥t •P❙ st❛✐♦♥s ✇♦✉•❞ ❛••♦✇ ❛♥ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ s♣❛t✐❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛✐t♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡✳ ■t ✇♦✉•❞ ❛•s♦ r❡✐♥❢♦r❝❡ t❤❡ r❡•✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛✐•② s♦•✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❉❛t❛ ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ ✐s ♥♦t t❤❡ ♦♥•② ✐ss✉❡✱ t❤❡✐r ❝✉r❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ s❤❛r✐♥❣ ✐s t♦♦✳ ❆s ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡•♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢✉t✉r❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇❛t❡r ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥✱ ✐t ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥ ❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡❞ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡✱ ❝✉r❛t✐♥❣ ❛•• ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣② ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ✇❛②✳ ❖|■✬s ✇❡❜s✐t❡ ✜••s t❤❡ ♠✐ss✐♦♥ r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r ✐♠♣•❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦✉•❞ ❜❡ ❜r♦✉❣❤t r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡♠♦t❡ s❡♥s❡❞ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞②✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ t❤❡s❡ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✈❡r② ❤❡•♣❢✉• t♦ ❝♦♠♣•❡t❡ r❡❝♦r❞s ♦♥ ❛ st❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡✐r str❡♥❣t❤s ❛♥❞ ✇❡❛❦♥❡ss❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦••❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❛♥②✐♥❣ s❝r✐♣ts ❝♦✉•❞ ❜❡ ✐♠♣•❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ♦♥ ❖|■✬s ✇❡❜s✐t❡ t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❢♦r ❚❲❙ ❢r♦♠ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛✱ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❢♦r r❡❝❡♥t ❞❛✐•② t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❜② |❋❊✱ ♦r ♠♦r❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ ❜✉t •❛t❡r ❛♥❞ ♦♥•② ♠♦♥t❤•② ❢r♦♠ ❈❍■|P❙✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛♥ ❡❛s❡ ❛♥❞ ❢r❡❡❞♦♠ ♦❢ ✉s❡ ✇♦✉•❞ ❣✐✈❡ ❛❝❝❡ss t♦ t❤❡s❡ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts t♦ r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡rs ✐♥ ♦t❤❡r ❞♦♠❛✐♥s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ❜✐♦•♦❣✐sts✱ ♦r t♦ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ♠❛❦❡rs✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• r❡s♦•✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ✐s ❛ ❝❤❛••❡♥❣❡ ❢❛❝❡❞ ❜② ❡✈❡r② •❛❜♦r❛t♦r② r❡•❡❛s✐♥❣ •|❆❈❊ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ str♦♥❣ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ❜r♦✉❣❤t t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❜② t❤✐s st✉❞② ♦♥ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ♦♣❡♥ ♥❡✇ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s t♦ s✐♠✉•t❛♥❡♦✉s•② ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ t❤❡ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s ❢♦r •|❆❈❊ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❢♦r s❡❛s♦♥❛• ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ s♣❛t✐❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ )❛♠❜❡③✐ ❜❛s✐♥ ❝♦✉•❞ ❛•s♦ ❛••♦✇ t♦ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♠♦❞❡•s ✐♥ t❤✐s ❜❛s✐♥✳ ✻✳✷✳✷ •❡♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s •❡♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ✐♥ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛ s✉✛❡rs t❤❡ s❛♠❡ •❛❝❦ ♦❢ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ❤②❞r♦•♦❣② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ▼♦r❡ t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ✷✵✶✸✲✷✵✶✹ s❡✐s♠✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t②✱ t❤❡ r❡❝❡♥t ▼✻✳✺ ❡❛rt❤q✉❛❦❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈❡♥tr❛• ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐✱ ❤✐t❤❡rt♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s ❛s❡✐s♠✐❝✱ ❤✐❣❤•✐❣❤ts t❤❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t② t♦ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❞❡✈❡•♦♣ t❤❡ s❡✐s♠✐❝ ♥❡t✇♦r❦✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ t❤❡ s❡✐s♠✐❝✐t② ♦❢ t❤✐s ❛r❡❛ •❡❛❞s t♦ t❤❡ r❡❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❡✐s♠✐❝ ❤❛③❛r❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇❤♦•❡ ♦❢ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛ ✭|✳ ❉✉r❤❡✐♠✱ ♣❡rs✳ ❝♦♠♠✳✮✳ ■♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇❛②✱ •P❙ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts✱ ❛s ✐♥s✐❣❤ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝r✉st❛• ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛r❡ t♦♦ s❝❛r❝❡✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ✐♥r❡❛s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❡♥s✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ✇♦✉•❞ ♥♦t ♦♥•② ❜r✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ ♦♥ ♥❡✇ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❜✉t ✇♦✉•❞ ❛•s♦ str❡♥❣t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❛✐•② s♦•✉t✐♦♥s✳ ▼♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ❛r❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t•② ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r•② s♣❛rs❡ t♦ ♥♦♥✲❡①✐st❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈❛st ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦✉r✐♥❣ ❆♥❣♦•❛ ❛♥❞ ❉|❈✳ ❚❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇❛t❡r ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❝✉rr❡♥t•② ❞❡✈❡•♦♣❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❖❑❆❈❖▼ ❝❛rr✐❡s ♣❛rt♥❡rs❤✐♣ ✇✐t❤ ❆♥❣♦•❛♥ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t✐❡s✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤✐s st✉❞②✱ ❝♦♥t❛❝ts ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♠❛❞❡ ✇✐t❤ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t •♦❞❣❡ ♦r ❝❛♠♣ ♠❛♥❛❣❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈❡♥tr❛• ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐✱ ✇✐••✐♥❣ t♦ ❤❡•♣ s❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ r❡s❡❛r❝❤✳ ❖♥❡ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞② ✐s t❤✉s t♦ ❞❡✈❡•♦♣ ❛ •♦✐♥t ♣r♦♣♦s❛• ❢♦r t❤❡ ❯◆❆❱❈❖ ❛♥❞ ❆❢r✐❝❛❆rr❛②✱ t♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t s✐t❡s ✐♥ t❤❡s❡ t✇♦ ❛r❡❛s✳ ❙✉❝❤ ♣❛rt♥❡rs❤✐♣s ✇♦✉•❞ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ s❛❢❡ ❛r❡❛s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡q✉✐♣♠❡♥t✱ ❛♥❞ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛••② ♣♦✇❡r s♦✉r❝❡s ❛♥❞ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❛❝❝❡ss✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r ❞❡t❛✐•❡❞ st✉❞② ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡✐s♠✐❝✐t② ✐♥ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛ r❡q✉✐r❡s ❛ ♣r♦♣❡r•② r❡✈✐❡✇❡❞ ❡❛rt❤q✉❛❦❡s ❝❛t❛•♦❣✉❡✱ ❛s ❜❡❣✉♥ ❜② ▼✉•❛❜✐s❛♥❛ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳ ❚❤✐s ❜❡❣✐♥s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ r❡✈✐❡✇ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ❢♦r ❡❛rt❤q✉❛❦❡s ❛❞❛♣t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝r✐✲ t❡r✐❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ■❙❈ t♦ r❡t❛✐♥ ❛ s❡✐s♠✐❝ ❡✈❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜♥❛• ❜✉••❡t✐♥ ✐s t♦ ❜❡ r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ ❜② ❛t •❡❛st t✇♦ s❡✐s♠✐❝ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ❇✉t t❤❡ ❞❡♥s✐t② ♦❢ s❡✐s♠✐❝ st❛t✐♦♥s s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ✐s ♥♦t ❞❡♥s❡ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t♦ r❡❝♦r❞ ❛ r❡♠♦t❡ ❡✈❡♥t ✐♥ t✇♦ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ❙♦♠❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t❛• s❡✐s♠✐❝ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ❞♦ ♥♦t ❛•✇❛②s ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t❡ t❤❡✐r r❡♣♦rts t♦ t❤❡ ■❙❈✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ ❇♦ts✇❛♥❛ ♦r ◆❛♠✐❜✐❛ •❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❙✉r✈❡②s✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ❡❛rt❤q✉❛❦❡s ♥♦t ✜tt✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐s❡❞ str✉❝t✉r❛• ♣❛tt❡r♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ❛r❡ s✉s❝❡♣✲ t✐❜•❡ t♦ ❜❡✐♥❣ r❡♠♦✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡✳ ❚❤❡ r❡✈✐❡✇ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ■❙❈ ✐s t❤❡ r❡❛s♦♥ ✇❤② t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❡✐s♠✐❝ ❡✈❡♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈❡♥tr❛• ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ✐♥ ✷✵✶✸✲✷✵✶✹ ♦♥•② ❛♣♣❡❛rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ✉♥r❡✈✐❡✇❡❞ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ ♠❛♥② st✉❞✐❡s ❤❛✈❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❝r✉❝✐❛• ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡• ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤✬s ❞❡❡♣ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❜❡♥❡❛t❤ ❆❢r✐❝❛ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❛st ②❡❛rs✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛••② r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ t❤✐❝❦♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ •✐t❤♦s♣❤❡r❡✳ ❚❤✐s ❝♦✉•❞ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❡•② r❡•♦❝❛t❡ ❡♣✐❝❡♥tr❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡s✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛ ❞❡t❛✐•❡❞ ❡❛rt❤q✉❛❦❡ ❝❛t❛•♦❣✉❡ ✐s ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ♣r❡r❡q✉✐s✐t❡ t♦ st✉❞② t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ r❡❣✐♠❡ ♠♦r❡ ❞❡❡♣•②✳ Pr❡❝✐s❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❡♣✐❝❡♥t❡rs ❝♦✉•❞ ❤❡•♣ t♦ ❞❡❝✐♣❤❡r ✐❢ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ✐s ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♦r s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② ❢❛✉•t s❡ts✳ ❚❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ❡✐t❤❡r ♦♥ t❤❡ ❚s❛✉ ♦r s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② ❝✉r✈✐•✐♥❡❛r ❢❛✉•t ✭✳✳✳✮ ✇♦✉•❞ ❜❡ s♦•✈❡❞✱ t❤✉s ❜r✐♥❣✐♥❣ ✐♥s✐❣❤ts ♦♥ str❡ss tr❛♥s❢❡r ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ❑✐♥❛❜♦ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮❀ ❇✉✛♦r❞ ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ s✉❝❤ ❛ ♣r❡❝✐s❡ ❝❛t❛•♦❣✉❡ ✇♦✉•❞ ❤❡•♣ t♦ ❛♥s✇❡r t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥s ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜•❡ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦s ♦❢ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣② ♦♥ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝s ✿ ■s s❡❛s♦♥❛• ✇❛t❡r •♦❛❞✐♥❣ tr✐❣❣❡r✐♥❣ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ❄ ❆t t❤❡ s❡❛s♦♥❛• s❝❛•❡✱ ✐s ✐t ✈✐s✐❜•❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✐❝r♦✲s❡✐s♠✐❝✐t② ❄ ❆t t❤❡ ❞❡❝❛❞❛• t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡✱ ✇✐t❤ ♣❡r✐♦❞s ♦❢ s❡✐s♠✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ♠♦r❡ ♦r •❡ss ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ t♦ ♣❡r✐♦❞s ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤❡r ✐♥✢♦✇ ✭✺✵✬s✱ ✼✵✬s✱ ✷✵✶✵✬s✮ ❄ ❋✐♥❛••②✱ t♦ ❢✉rt❤❡r ✈❛•✐❞❛t❡ ♦r r❡•❡❝t t❤❡ ❛•t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡ ❣❡♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞②✱ t✇♦ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ❝♦✉•❞ ❜❡ ❞❡✈❡•♦♣❡❞✳ ❋✐rst✱ t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ♦❢ •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥s ✐s q✉✐t❡ ❞❡♥s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙❲❊❆✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ ♦t❤❡r ❛r❡❛s ✐♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛✱ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r ❝♦✉♣•❡s ♦❢ •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥s str❛❞❞•❡ s❡✐s♠✐❝❛••② ❛❝t✐✈❡ ❣r❛❜❡♥s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ str✉❝t✉r❡s ❛r❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛• ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛• ❛❝t♦rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛r✲✜❡•❞ ❛❝❝♦♠♠♦❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥s❡❝✉t✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♦♣❡♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊❆|❙ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❝r❛t♦♥✳ ■❢ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡• ✐s ✈❛•✐❞✱ s♦♠❡ str✐❦❡✲s•✐♣ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t s❤♦✉•❞ ❝♦♠♣♦s❡ t❤❡✐r t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ r❡❣✐♠❡✳ ❆s ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞②✱ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❦✐♥❡♠❛t✐❝s s❤♦✉•❞ ❜❡ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡❞ ❜② ❛ r❡✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ❛•• ❛s♣❡❝ts ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐s t♦ ✉s❡ ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛• ❛♥❞✴♦r ❛♥❛•♦❣✉❡ ♠♦❞❡••✐♥❣ t♦ ✈❡r✐❢② t❤❡ ❝r✉s✲ t❛• ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ str❡ss r❡❣✐♠❡✳ ❈❛♥ ❢❛r✲✜❡•❞ ♣•❛t❡ ♦r s✉❜✲♣•❛t❡ ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ❛•♦♥❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡ t♦ r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛♥② ♠❛♥t❡••✐❝ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ❄ ❈❛♥ t❤❡② ♠❛♥❛❣❡ t♦ r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤✲s♦✉t❤ ❛♥❞ ❡❛st✲ ✇❡st ❣r❛❞✐❡♥ts ♦❢ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❣❡♦•♦❣② ❄ ▼❛♥② ❝❤❛••❡♥❣❡s ✇♦✉•❞ ❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❛•♦❣✉❡ ♠♦❞❡••✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛• ♦♣❡♥✐♥❣ r❛t❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊❆|❙ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ t♦ •❛t❡r❛• ❞✐s♣•❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑❛•❛❤❛r✐ ❝r❛t♦♥✱ ♣♦ss✐❜•② r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r str✐❦❡✲s•✐♣ r❡❣✐♠❡✱ r❡q✉✐r❡ ❞✐❢✲ ❢❡r❡♥t✐❛• ❝♦♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ r❛t❡s ♥♦t ♦♥•② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❜♦① ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s✱ ❜✉t ❛•s♦ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ str♦♥❣ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡①✐st❡♥t str✉❝t✉r❡s✱ ♥❛♠❡•② t❤❡ ❜❡•t ♦❢ ✇❡❛❦❡r •✐t❤♦s♣❤❡r❡ ❜❡♥❡❛t❤ t❤❡ ❙❲❊❆ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ r✐❣✐❞ ❝r❛t♦♥s✱ r❡q✉✐r❡s ❛♥ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ♠♦❞❡• ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝r✉st✳ ❈❤❛♣✐tr❡ ✼ ❈♦♥❝•✉s✐♦♥ ❚❤✐s st✉❞② ❜r♦✉❣❤t q✉❛♥t✐✜❡❞ ✐♥s✐❣❤ts ✐♥t♦ t✇♦ ❞r✐✈✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♥❞ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❡❞ ❜② ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t •P❙ st❛t✐♦♥s ✿ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣② ❛♥❞ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝s✳ ❚❤❡ ❤❡♥❝❡❢♦rt❤ ❝•❛ss✐❝❛• ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡••✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡❛s♦♥❛• ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ •|❆❈❊ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦✈❡❞ ✉s❡❢✉• t♦ ✈❛•✐✲ ❞❛t❡ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❤❡♥❝❡ ❛ss❡ss t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❡✇ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ♣r♦①② t❤✉s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❢♦r ❚❲❙ ❛••♦✇❡❞ t♦ r❡•✐❛❜•② ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ❢♦r t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ r✐✈❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❣❛✈❡ ❛♥ ♦✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r st♦r❛❣❡ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❝②❝•❡✱ ❛s ✇❡•• ❛s ✐ts ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• ❡✈♦•✉t✐♦♥✳ ❲❛t❡r st♦r❛❣❡✱ ✐♥❞✐✛❡r❡♥t•② ❝♦♠♣r✐s❡❞ ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r ❛♥❞ s♦✐• ♠♦✐st✉r❡✱ ✐s r❡✈❡❛•❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t r❡s❡r✈♦✐r✱ ❡①❝❡❡❞✐♥❣ ❜② ❢❛r t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇❛t❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ ❚❲❙ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥ ✐s ❝♦♥✜r♠❡❞ ❛s ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜•② r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♥♦♥✲•✐♥❡❛r r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦✉t✢♦✇ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❝❛t❝❤♠❡♥t ❛r❡❛ t♦ ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❛s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ❍✉❣❤❡s ❡t ❛•✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ♣❤❛s❡ ♦❢ ❛•• •P❙ s✐❣♥❛•✱ •|❆❈❊ s✐❣♥❛• ❛♥❞ ♦✉t♣✉t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ P✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ❛❣r❡❡ ♦♥ ❛ ❞❡•❛② ♦❢ ❚❲❙ r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s t❤r❡s❤♦•❞ ✐s ❛♥♦t❤❡r r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♥♦♥✲•✐♥❡❛r r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ■♥ ❛ s✐♠✐•❛r ✇❛②✱ t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡•t❛ ♠♦❞✉•❛t❡s t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r✲❛♥♥✉❛• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✐♥✢♦✇✳ ❚❤❡ ♣✐❡③♦♠❡t❡rs ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❡❞ ❢♦r t❤✐s st✉❞② ♣❡r♠✐tt❡❞ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡t❛✐•❡❞ r❡❝♦r❞s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s st✉❞② r❡✈❡❛•❡❞ t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ •♦❝❛• r❛✐♥❢❛•• ♦♥ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡✱ ❛♥❞ q✉❛♥t✐✜❡❞ t❤❡ str♦♥❣ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛t❡r t❛❜•❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛• ✢♦♦❞✳ ■t ❛•s♦ ❤✐❣❤•✐❣❤t❡❞ t❤❡ t❤r❡s❤♦•❞ ✐♥ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r r❡❝❤❛r❣❡✱ ❢♦r ✇❤✐❝❤ s❛t✉r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦✐• ♠♦✐st✉r❡ ❝♦✉•❞ ❜❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜•❡✳ ❍②❞r♦•♦❣② t❤✉s ❡①❡rts ❛ ❣r❡❛t ❝♦♥tr♦• ♦♥ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❛t t❤❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡✱ ❜② ♠♦❞✉•❛t✐♥❣ ❝•✐♠❛t✐❝ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❛t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t •❡✈❡•s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦✲ •♦❣✐❝❛• ❝②❝•❡✳ ■♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st✱ t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖• ✐s r❡✈❡❛•❡❞ t♦♦ •♦✇ t♦ ❜❡ •✐❦❡•② t♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r t❤r♦✉❣❤ t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ s❤✐❢ts✳ ❇❡②♦♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ♣r♦❝❡ss✱ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❉❡•t❛ ✐s t♦ ❜❡ ❛♣♣r❡❤❡♥❞ ❛s ❛ ✇❤♦•❡ ❝♦♠♣•❡① ❡❝♦✲❤②❞r♦✲s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r② s②st❡♠ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♣r❡❞✐❝t ❢✉t✉r❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢❛♥ ❞✉❡ t♦ ❝•✐♠❛t❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦r ❛♥t❤r♦♣♦❣❡♥✐❝ ✐♠♣❛❝ts✳ ❆t t❤❡ ❣❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• t✐♠❡ s❝❛•❡✱ t❤❡ ❖• s❤♦✉•❞ ♥♦t ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s ❛♥ ✐♥❝✐♣✐❡♥t str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛s t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t s✉r♣r✐s✐♥❣•② •♦✇ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ✐s ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ str❛t✐❣r❛♣❤②✱ ✐♠♣•②✐♥❣ ❛ •♦♥❣❡r ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♠♣•❡① t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❤✐st♦r② t❤❛♥ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s② t❤♦✉❣❤t✳ ❚❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ✶✹✸ ❈❛r♥❡②✱ ❏✳✱ ❉✳ ❆•❞✐ss✱ ❛♥❞ ◆✳ ▲♦❝❦ ✭✶✾✾✹✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❣❡♦•♦❣② ♦❢ ❜♦ts✇❛♥❛✳ ❈•▼❲✲❇|•▼ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳ •❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ▼❛♣ ♦❢ ❆❢r✐❝❛✱ ✶ ✿✶✵ ♠✐••✐♦♥ s❝❛•❡✳ ❈❤❛♥❛r❞✱ ❑✳✱ ❏✳ P✳ ❆✈♦✉❛❝✱ •✳ |❛♠✐••✐❡♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❏✳ •❡♥r✐❝❤ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✳ ▼♦❞❡•✐♥❣ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② s❡❛s♦♥❛• ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t❛• ✇❛t❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤✐♠❛•❛②❛ r❡❣✐♦♥ ✿ ❙❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② t♦ ❡❛rt❤ ❡•❛st✐❝ str✉❝t✉r❡✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛• ♦❢ •❡♦♣❤②s✐❝❛• |❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✿ ❙♦•✐❞ ❊❛rt❤ ✶✶✾ ✭✻✮✱ ✺✵✾✼✕✺✶✶✸✳ ❈❤❡♥❣✱ ▼✳ ❛♥❞ ❇✳ ❉✳ ❚❛♣•❡② ✭✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❱❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤✬s ♦❜•❛t❡♥❡ss ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❛st ✷✽ ②❡❛rs✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛• ♦❢ •❡♦♣❤②s✐❝❛• |❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✶✵✾ ✭❇✾✮✱ ❇✵✾✹✵✷✳ ❉❛❤•❡✱ ❈✳✱ ❋✳ ❋•❡❝❤t♥❡r✱ ❈✳ •r✉❜❡r✱ ❉✳ ❑ö♥✐❣✱ |✳ ❑ö♥✐❣✱ •✳ ▼✐❝❤❛•❛❦✱ ❛♥❞ ❑✳ ◆❡✉♠❛②❡r ✭✷✵✶✸✮✳ •❢③ ❣r❛❝❡ •❡✈❡•✲✷ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ st❛♥❞❛r❞s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ❢♦r •❡✈❡•✲✷ ♣r♦❞✉❝t r❡•❡❛s❡ ✵✵✵✺ ✿ r❡✈✐s❡❞ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛• r❡♣♦rt✱ •❡♦❋♦rs❝❤✉♥❣s)❡♥tr✉♠✱ P♦ts❞❛♠✳ ❉❛♥❣❡r✜❡•❞✱ ❏✳✱ ❚✳ ▼❝❝❛rt❤②✱ ❛♥❞ ❲✳ ❊••❡r② ✭✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦✉♥❞✲❜✉✐•❞✐♥❣ t❡r♠✐t❡ ♠❛❝r♦t❡r♠❡s ♠✐❝❤❛❡•s❡♥✐ ❛s ❛♥ ❡❝♦s②st❡♠ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛• ♦❢ ❚r♦♣✐❝❛• ❊❝♦•♦❣② ✶✹ ✭✹✮✱ ✺✵✼✕✺✷✵✳ ❉❛♥❣❡r✜❡•❞✱ ❏✳ ▼✳ ❛♥❞ •✳ ❙❝❤✉✉r♠❛♥ ✭✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❋♦r❛❣✐♥❣ ❜② ❢✉♥❣✉s✲❣r♦✇✐♥❣ t❡r♠✐t❡s ✭✐s♦♣✲ t❡r❛ ✿ ❚❡r♠✐t✐❞❛❡✱ ♠❛❝r♦t❡r♠✐t✐♥❛❡✮ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❞❡•t❛✱ ❜♦ts✇❛♥❛✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛• ♦❢ ❚r♦♣✐❝❛• ❊❝♦•♦❣② ✶✻ ✭✺✮✱ ✼✶✼✕✼✸✶✳ ❉❛✈✐s✱ ❏✳ ▲✳✱ P✳ ❊•ós❡❣✉✐✱ ❏✳ ❳✳ ▼✐tr♦✈✐❝❛✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❊✳ ❚❛♠✐s✐❡❛ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❈•✐♠❛t❡✲❞r✐✈❡♥ ❞❡✲ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦•✐❞ ❡❛rt❤ ❢r♦♠ ❣r❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❣♣s✳ •❡♦♣❤②s✐❝❛• |❡s❡❛r❝❤ ▲❡tt❡rs ✸✶ ✭✷✹✮✱ ♥✴❛✕♥✴❛✳ ▲✷✹✻✵✺✳ ❉✐❡♣♣♦✐s✱ ❇✳✱ ❇✳ P♦❤•✱ ▼✳ |♦✉❛✉•t✱ ▼✳ ◆❡✇✱ ❉✳ ▲❛✇•❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ◆✳ ❑❡❡♥•②s✐❞❡ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳ ■♥t❡r✲ ❛♥♥✉❛• t♦ ✐♥t❡r❞❡❝❛❞❛• ✈❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ♦❢ ✇✐♥t❡r ❛♥❞ s✉♠♠❡r s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ r❛✐♥❢❛••✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r t❡•❡❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛• ♦❢ •❡♦♣❤②s✐❝❛• |❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✿ ❆t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡s ✶✷✶ ✭✶✶✮✱ ✻✷✶✺✕✻✷✸✾✳ ✷✵✶✺❏❉✵✷✹✺✼✻✳ ❉✐❡♣♣♦✐s✱ ❇✳✱ ▼✳ |♦✉❛✉•t✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ◆❡✇ ✭✷✵✶✺✱ ◆♦✈✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ ❊◆❙❖ ♦♥ ❙♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ r❛✐♥❢❛•• ✐♥ ❈▼■P✺ ♦❝❡❛♥ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ ❝♦✉♣•❡❞ ❝•✐♠❛t❡ ♠♦❞❡•s✳ ❈•✐♠❛t❡ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝s ✹✺ ✭✾✮✱ ✷✹✷✺✕✷✹✹✷✳ ❉✐♥❝❡r✱ ❚✳✱ ❙✳ ❈❤✐•❞✱ ❛♥❞ ❇✳ ❑❤✉♣❡ ✭✶✾✽✼✮✳ ❆ s✐♠♣•❡ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛• ♠♦❞❡• ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♠♣•❡① ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝ s②st❡♠ ✖ ♦❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ s✇❛♠♣✱ ❜♦ts✇❛♥❛✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛• ♦❢ ❍②❞r♦•♦❣② ✾✸ ✭✶✮✱ ✹✶ ✕ ✻✺✳ ❉✐♥❝❡r✱ ❚✳✱ ❍✳ ❍❡❡♠♠sr❛✱ ❛♥❞ ❉✳ ❑r❛❛t③ ✭✶✾✼✻✮✳ ❚❤❡ st✉❞② ♦❢ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❛♥ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛• ❛r❡❛ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❛s♦♥❛• s✇❛♠♣✳ t❡❝❤✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛• |❡♣♦rt ✷✵✱ ❯♥✐t❡❞ ◆❛t✐♦♥s ❉❡✈❡•♦♣♠❡♥t Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❡✴❋♦♦❞ ❛♥❞ ❆❣r✐❝✉•t✉r❛• ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥✳ ❉✉❛♥✱ ❳✳✱ ❏✳ •✉♦✱ ❈✳ ❙❤✉♠✱ ❛♥❞ ❲✳ ❱✳ ❉✳ ❲❛• ✭✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♣♦st♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ r❡♠♦✈❛• ♦❢ ❝♦rr❡•❛t❡❞ ❡rr♦rs ✐♥ •|❆❈❊ t❡♠♣♦r❛• ❣r❛✈✐t② ✜❡•❞ s♦•✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛• ♦❢ •❡♦❞❡s② ✽✸ ✭✶✶✮✱ ✶✵✾✺✕✶✶✵✻✳ ❉✉♥❝❛♥✱ |✳ ❆✳✱ P✳ |✳ ❍♦♦♣❡r✱ ❏✳ |❡❤❛❝❡❦✱ ❏✳ ❙✳ ▼❛rs❤✱ ❛♥❞ ❆✳ |✳ ❉✉♥❝❛♥ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✳ ❚❤❡ t✐♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❞✉r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❦❛r♦♦ ✐❣♥❡♦✉s ❡✈❡♥t✱ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❣♦♥❞✇❛♥❛✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛• ♦❢ •❡♦♣❤②s✐❝❛• |❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✿ ❙♦•✐❞ ❊❛rt❤ ✶✵✷ ✭❇✽✮✱ ✶✽✶✷✼✕✶✽✶✸✽✳ ✶✹✽ ❇■❇▲■❖•|❆P❍■❊ ❊••❡r②✱ ❲✳✱ ❑✳ ❊••❡r②✱ ❑✳ ❍✳ |♦❣❡rs✱ ❛♥❞ ❚✳ ❙✳ ▼❝❈❛rt❤② ✭✶✾✾✺✮✳ ❚❤❡ r♦•❡ ♦❢ ❝②♣❡r✉s ♣❛♣②r✉s •✳ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❜•♦❝❦❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥♠❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡❛st❡r♥ ♦❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❞❡•t❛✱ ❜♦ts✇❛♥❛✳ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ ❏♦✉r♥❛• ♦❢ ❊❝♦•♦❣② ✸✸✭✶✮✱ ✷✺✕✹✾✳ ❊••❡r②✱ ❲✳ ◆✳✱ ❑✳ ❊••❡r②✱ ❑✳ ❍✳ |♦❣❡rs✱ ❚✳ ❙✳ ▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ ❛♥❞ ❇✳ ❍✳ ❲❛•❦❡r ✭✶✾✾✸✮✳ ❱❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥✱ ❤②❞r♦•♦❣② ❛♥❞ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❛s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥ts ♦❢ ❝❤❛♥♥❡• ❢♦r♠ ❛♥❞ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡❛st❡r♥ ♦❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❞❡•t❛✱ ❜♦ts✇❛♥❛✳ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ ❏♦✉r♥❛• ♦❢ ❊❝♦•♦❣② ✸✶✭✶✮✱ ✶✵✕✷✺✳ ❋❛r✐♥♦tt✐✱ ❉✳✱ ▲✳ ▲♦♥❣✉❡✈❡r❣♥❡✱ •✳ ▼♦❤♦•❞t✱ ❉✳ ❉✉❡t❤♠❛♥♥✱ ❚✳ ▼ö•❣✱ ❚✳ ❇♦•❝❤✱ ❙✳ ❱♦r♦❣✉✲ s❤②♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❆✳ •ü♥t♥❡r ✭✷✵✶✺✮✳ ❙✉❜st❛♥t✐❛• ❣•❛❝✐❡r ♠❛ss •♦ss ✐♥ t❤❡ ❚✐❡♥ ❙❤❛♥ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ♣❛st ✺✵ ②❡❛rs✳ ◆❛t✉r❡ •❡♦s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ✽✭✾✮✱ ✼✶✻✕✼✷✷✳ ❋❛rr❡••✱ ❲✳ ✭✶✾✼✷✮✳ ❉❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤ ❜② s✉r❢❛❝❡ •♦❛❞s✳ |❡✈✐❡✇s ♦❢ •❡♦♣❤②s✐❝s ✶✵✭✸✮✱ ✼✻✶✕✼✾✼✳ ❋♦•✇❡••✱ ❙✳ ❛♥❞ ❋✳ ❋❛rq❤✉❛rs♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝ts ♦❢ ❝•✐♠❛t❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦♥ ✇❛t❡r r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❜❛s✐♥✳ ■♥ ❈•✐♠❛t❡ ❱❛r✐❛❜✐•✐t② ❛♥❞ ❈❤❛♥❣❡✖❍②❞r♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ■♠♣❛❝ts✱ ❱♦•✉♠❡ ✸✵✽✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✽✷✳ ❋✉✱ (✳ ❛♥❞ ❏✳ ❚✳ ❋r❡②♠✉❡••❡r ✭✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❙❡❛s♦♥❛• ❛♥❞ •♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ ✈❡rt✐❝❛• ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❡♣❛• ❤✐♠❛•❛②❛ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② ❣♣s ❛♥❞ ❣r❛❝❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛• ♦❢ •❡♦♣❤②s✐❝❛• |❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✿ ❙♦•✐❞ ❊❛rt❤ ✶✶✼✭❇✸✮✱ ♥✴❛✕♥✴❛✳ ❇✵✸✹✵✼✳ ❋②♥♥✱ |✳ ❲✳ ❙✳✱ ▼✳ ▼✉rr❛②✲❍✉❞s♦♥✱ ▼✳ ❉❤•✐✇❛②♦✱ ❛♥❞ P✳ ❙❝❤♦•t❡ ✭✷✵✶✺✱ ❆✉❣✮✳ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ ✇❡t•❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r s❡❛s♦♥❛• ✉s❡ ❜② ✇✐•❞ ❛♥❞ ❞♦♠❡st✐❝ ❤❡r❜✐✈♦r❡s✳ ❲❡t•❛♥❞s ❊❝♦•♦❣② ❛♥❞ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✷✸✭✹✮✱ ✺✺✾✕✺✽✶✳ •❛••✱ ❇✳ ▲✳✱ •✳ ❚s❤♦s♦✱ ❋✳ ❏♦✉r❞❛♥✱ •✳ ❋ér❛✉❞✱ ❍✳ ❇❡rtr❛♥❞✱ ❏✳ ❚✐❡r❝❡•✐♥✱ ❆✳ ❑❛♠♣✉♥③✉✱ ▼✳ ▼♦❞✐s✐✱ ❏✳ ❉②♠❡♥t✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ▼❛✐❛ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✳ ✹✵❛r✴✸✾❛r ❣❡♦❝❤r♦♥♦•♦❣② ❛♥❞ str✉❝t✉r❛• ❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❣✐❛♥t ♦❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❛♥❞ r❡•❛t❡❞ ♠❛✜❝ ❞②❦❡ s✇❛r♠s✱ ❦❛r♦♦ ✐❣♥❡♦✉s ♣r♦✈✐♥❝❡✱ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❜♦ts✇❛♥❛✳ ❊❛rt❤ ❛♥❞ P•❛♥❡t❛r② ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ▲❡tt❡rs ✷✵✷✭✸✕✹✮✱ ✺✾✺ ✕ ✻✵✻✳ •❛♠r♦❞✱ ❏✳ ▲✳ ✭✷✵✵✾✮✳ P❛•❡♦•✐♠♥♦•♦❣✐❝❛• r❡❝♦r❞s ♦❢ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛• ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♣r❡s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ P❛•❡♦✲ •❛❦❡ ▼❛❜❛❜❡✱ ♥♦rt❤✇❡st ❇♦ts✇❛♥❛✳ P❤✳ ❉✳ t❤❡s✐s✱ ❖❦•❛❤♦♠❛ ❙t❛t❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✳ •❛rst❛♥❣✱ ▼✳✱ ❲✳ ❊••❡r②✱ ❚✳ ▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ ▼✳ ❙❝❤♦•❡s✱ |✳ ❙❝❤♦•❡s✱ |✳ ❙✇❛♣✱ ❛♥❞ P✳ ❚②s♦♥ ✭✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛❡r♦s♦•✲ ❛♥❞ ✇❛t❡r✲❜♦r♥❡ ♥✉tr✐❡♥ts t♦ t❤❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❞❡•t❛ ❡❝♦s②st❡♠✱ ❜♦ts✇❛♥❛✳ ❙♦✉t❤ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ ❏♦✉r♥❛• ♦❢ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ✾✹✭✺✮✱ ✷✷✸✕✷✷✾✳ •❡r✉♦✱ ❆✳✱ ❏✳ ❲❛❤r✱ ❛♥❞ ❙✳ )❤♦♥❣ ✭✷✵✶✷✱ ✶✶✮✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈✐s❝♦❡•❛st✐❝ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ♦❢ ❛ ✸✲❉ ❝♦♠♣r❡ss✐❜•❡ ❊❛rt❤ t♦ s✉r❢❛❝❡ •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ✿ ❛♥ ❛♣♣•✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ••❛❝✐❛• ■s♦st❛t✐❝ ❆❞•✉st♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❆♥t❛r❝t✐❝❛ ❛♥❞ ❈❛♥❛❞❛✳ •❡♦♣❤②s✐❝❛• ❏♦✉r♥❛• ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛• ✶✾✷✭✷✮✱ ✺✺✼✕✺✼✷✳ •✐❡s❦❡✱ ❆✳ ✭✶✾✾✻✮✳ ❱❡❣❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❣r♦✉♥❞✇❛t❡r r❡❝❤❛r❣❡ ❜❡•♦✇ t❤❡ ♦❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❞❡•t❛ ✭❜♦ts✲ ✇❛♥❛✮ ❛s ❛ s♦•✉t❡ s✐♥❦ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ ✲ ❛♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐✈❡ ♠♦❞❡•✳ ❇♦ts✇❛♥❛ ❏♦✉r♥❛• ♦❢ ❊❛rt❤ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s ✸✱ ✸✸✕✸✼✳ ■♥ ✿ ❇♦ts✇❛♥❛ ❏♦✉r♥❛• ♦❢ ❊❛rt❤ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s✱ ✸✭✶✾✾✻✮✶✷✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✸✲✸✼✳ •✐❡s❦❡✱ ❆✳ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✳ ▼♦❞❡••✐♥❣ ♦❢ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ♦✉t✢♦✇ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♦❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❞❡•t❛✳ ❇♦ts✇❛♥❛ ◆♦t❡s ✫❛♠♣❀ |❡❝♦r❞s ✷✽✭✶✮✱ ✶✻✺✕✶✾✷✳ ❍✉❣❤❡s✱ ❉✳ ❆✳✱ ▲✳ ❆♥❞❡rss♦♥✱ ❏✳ ❲✐•❦✱ ❛♥❞ ❍✳ ❍✳ ❙❛✈❡♥✐•❡ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✳ |❡❣✐♦♥❛• ❝❛•✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✐t♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡• ❢♦r t❤❡ ♦❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ r✐✈❡r✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛• ♦❢ ❍②❞r♦•♦❣② ✸✸✶ ✭✶✮✱ ✸✵ ✕ ✹✷✳ ❲❛t❡r |❡s♦✉r❝❡s ✐♥ |❡❣✐♦♥❛• ❉❡✈❡•♦♣♠❡♥t ✿ ❚❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ |✐✈❡r✳ ❍✉❣❤❡s✱ ❉✳ ❆✳✱ ❉✳ •✳ ❑✐♥❣st♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❈✳ ❚♦❞❞ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❯♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t② ✐♥ ✇❛t❡r r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ❛✈❛✐•❛❜✐•✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ r✐✈❡r ❜❛s✐♥ ❛s ❛ r❡s✉•t ♦❢ ❝•✐♠❛t❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡✳ ❍②❞r♦•♦❣② ❛♥❞ ❊❛rt❤ ❙②st❡♠ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s ✶✺ ✭✸✮✱ ✾✸✶✕✾✹✶✳ ❍✉♠♣❤r✐❡s✱ ▼✳✱ ❚✳ ▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ •✳ ❈♦♦♣❡r✱ |✳ ❙t❡✇❛rt✱ ❛♥❞ |✳ ❙t❡✇❛rt ✭✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❚❤❡ r♦•❡ ♦❢ ❛✐r❜♦r♥❡ ❞✉st ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ ♦❢ tr❡❡ ✐s•❛♥❞s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❞❡•t❛✱ ❜♦ts✇❛♥❛✳ •❡♦♠♦r♣❤♦✲ •♦❣② ✷✵✻ ✭✵✮✱ ✸✵✼ ✕ ✸✶✼✳ ❏❡❦❡•✐✱ ❈✳ ✭✶✾✽✶✮✳ ❆•t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s t♦ s♠♦♦t❤ t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤✬s ❣r❛✈✐t② ✜❡•❞✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛• |❡♣♦rt ✸✷✼✱ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❈✐✈✐• ❛♥❞ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛• ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ •❡♦❞❡t✐❝ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❖❤✐♦ ❙t❛t❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✳ ❏♦✉r❞❛♥✱ ❋✳✱ •✳ ❋ér❛✉❞✱ ❍✳ ❇❡rtr❛♥❞✱ ❆✳ ❑❛♠♣✉♥③✉✱ •✳ ❚s❤♦s♦✱ ❇✳ ▲✳ •❛••✱ ❏✳ ❚✐❡r❝❡•✐♥✱ ❛♥❞ P✳ ❈❛♣✐❡③ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❦❛r♦♦ tr✐♣•❡ •✉♥❝t✐♦♥ q✉❡st✐♦♥❡❞ ✿ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ •✉r❛ss✐❝ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦t❡r♦③♦✐❝ ✹✵❛r✴✸✾❛r ❛❣❡s ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❝❤❡♠✐str② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣✐❛♥t ♦❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❞②❦❡ s✇❛r♠ ✭❜♦ts✇❛♥❛✮✳ ❊❛rt❤ ❛♥❞ P•❛♥❡t❛r② ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡▲❡tt❡rs ✷✷✷ ✭✸✕✹✮✱ ✾✽✾ ✕ ✶✵✵✻✳ ❑❛♠♦✱ ❙✳ ▲✳✱ |✳ ▼✳ ❑❡②✱ ❛♥❞ ▲✳ |✳ ▼✳ ❉❛♥✐❡•s ✭✶✾✾✺✮✳ ◆❡✇ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r ♥❡♦❛r❝❤❛❡❛♥✱ ❤②❞r♦t❤❡r♠❛••② ❛•t❡r❡❞ ❣r❛♥✐t❡s ✐♥ s♦✉t❤✲❝❡♥tr❛• ❜♦ts✇❛♥❛✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛• ♦❢ t❤❡ •❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❙♦✲ ❝✐❡t② ✶✺✷ ✭✺✮✱ ✼✹✼✕✼✺✵✳ ❑❡②✱ |✳ ▼✳ ❛♥❞ ◆✳ ❆②r❡s ✭✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✶✾✾✽ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❛t✐♦♥❛• ❣❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ♠❛♣ ♦❢ ❜♦ts✇❛♥❛✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛• ♦❢ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ ❊❛rt❤ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s ✸✵ ✭✸✮✱ ✹✷✼ ✕ ✹✺✶✳ ✺✵t❤ ❆♥♥✐✈❡rs❛r② ♦❢ t❤❡ •❡♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❙✉r✈❡②✳ ❑❤♦③❛✱ ❚✳ ❉✳✱ ❆✳ •✳ ❏♦♥❡s✱ ▼✳ |✳ ▼✉••❡r✱ |✳ ▲✳ ❊✈❛♥s✱ ▼✳ P✳ ▼✐❡♥s♦♣✉st✱ ❛♥❞ ❙✳ ❏✳ ❲❡❜❜ ✭✷✵✶✸✱ ❆❯•✮✳ ▲✐t❤♦s♣❤❡r✐❝ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❆r❝❤❡❛♥ ❝r❛t♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❞•❛❝❡♥t ♠♦❜✐•❡ ❜❡•t r❡✈❡❛✲ •❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✷✲❉ ❛♥❞ ✸✲❉ ✐♥✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛❣♥❡t♦t❡••✉r✐❝ ❞❛t❛ ✿ ❊①❛♠♣•❡ ❢r♦♠ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ ❈♦♥❣♦ ❝r❛t♦♥ ✐♥ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ◆❛♠✐❜✐❛✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛• ♦❢ •❡♦♣❤②s✐❝❛• |❡s❡❛r❝❤✲❙♦•✐❞ ❊❛rt❤ ✶✶✽ ✭✽✮✱ ✹✸✼✽✕ ✹✸✾✼✳ ❑✐♥❛❜♦✱ ❇✳✱ ❊✳ ❆t❡❦✇❛♥❛✱ ❏✳ ❍♦❣❛♥✱ ▼✳ ▼♦❞✐s✐✱ ❉✳ ❲❤❡❛t♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❆✳ ❑❛♠♣✉♥③✉ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❊❛r•② str✉❝t✉r❛• ❞❡✈❡•♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ r✐❢t ③♦♥❡✱ ◆❲ ❇♦ts✇❛♥❛ ✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛• ♦❢ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ ❊❛rt❤ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s ✹✽ ✭✷✕✸✮✱ ✶✷✺ ✕ ✶✸✻✳ ❚❤❡ ❊❛st ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ |✐❢t ❙②st❡♠ ✿ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝s✱ ❊✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❚❤❡ ❊❛st ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ |✐❢t ❙②st❡♠ ✿ ❉❡✈❡•♦♣♠❡♥t✱ ❊✈♦•✉t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ |❡s♦✉r❝❡s✳ ❑✐♥❛❜♦✱ ❇✳ ❉✳✱ ❏✳ P✳ ❍♦❣❛♥✱ ❊✳ ❆✳ ❆t❡❦✇❛♥❛✱ ▼✳ •✳ ❆❜❞❡•s❛•❛♠✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ P✳ ▼♦❞✐s✐ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❋❛✉•t ❣r♦✇t❤ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ✐♥❝✐♣✐❡♥t ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t❛• r✐❢t✐♥❣ ✿ ■♥s✐❣❤ts ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐✲ ♥❡❞ ❛❡r♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ ❛♥❞ s❤✉tt•❡ r❛❞❛r t♦♣♦❣r❛♣❤② ♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❞✐❣✐t❛• ❡•❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡• ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛✲ t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ r✐❢t ③♦♥❡✱ ♥♦rt❤✇❡st ❜♦ts✇❛♥❛✳ ❚❡❝t♦♥✐❝s ✷✼ ✭✸✮✱ ♥✴❛✕♥✴❛✳ ❚❈✸✵✶✸✳ ❑r❛❤✱ ▼✳✱ ❚✳ ❙✳ ▼❝❈❛rt❤②✱ ❍✳ ❆♥♥❡❣❛r♥✱ ❛♥❞ ▲✳ |❛♠❜❡r❣ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❆✐r❜♦r♥❡ ❞✉st ❞❡♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦❦❛✈❛♥❣♦ ❞❡•t❛✱ ❜♦ts✇❛♥❛✱ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦♥ •❛♥❞❢♦r♠s✳ ❊❛rt❤ ❙✉r❢❛❝❡ Pr♦❝❡ss❡s ❛♥❞ ▲❛♥❞❢♦r♠s ✷✾ ✭✺✮✱ ✺✻✺✕✺✼✼✳ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥

  •❡✳

		1.2
	Discharge (km3/month)	0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0	Cuito at Dirico Cubango at Rundu
		0.0
			Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun	Jul Aug Sep Oct

  t❤❡ ❛q✉✐❢❡r ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❛✐♥② s❡❛s♦♥✳ ❚❤❡s❡ r❡s✉•ts ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❜❡ r❡❣❛r❞❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❝❛r❡ ❛s ✷✵✶✻✲✷✵✶✼ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❛

	Water table (cm)	-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0	-100 -50 0 50 100	Eq. Water table GRACE (cm)
		-300
		-350
		-400

  that call into question the

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.05.035 0040-1951/© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  ❆✳✶ ✕ |♦♦t ♠❡❛♥ sq✉❛r❡ ✭|▼❙✮ ❛♥❞ ❈♦rr❡•❛t✐♦♥ ❈♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✭❈❈✮ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ •P❙ s✐❣♥❛• ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡••❡❞ ❢r♦♠ •|❆❈❊ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts✱ ❛♥❞ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❜❛s✐♥s✳ ▲♦✇ ❈❈ ❛r❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛••② ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ t♦ ❛ •❛❝❦ ♦❢ s❡❛s♦♥❛• •♦❛❞✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ✭s❡❡ ✜❣✉r❡ ✸✳✺ ❛♥❞ ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❆✳✶✮

	•P❙ st❛t✐♦♥	❈❙|✲✻✵✲❞❞✹ ❈❙|✲✻✵✲❣❛✉ss✐❡♥ |▼❙ ❈❈ |▼❙ ❈❈	•|•❙✲✻✵ |▼❙ ❈❈	•|•❙✲✽✵ |▼❙ ❈❈
	❉❊❆|	✷✳✷✷✾ ✲✵✳✵✵✽ ✷✳✷✺✾✽ ✲✵✳✵✹✹ ✷✳✻✸✻ ✲✵✳✸✼✼ ✷✳✼✺✵ ✲✵✳✹✹✸
	❍◆❯❙	✷✳✵✹✼ ✵✳✷✸✻ ✷✳✵✻✷✹	✵✳✷✷✷	✷✳✷✽✼ ✵✳✶✹✻ ✷✳✷✻✷ ✵✳✶✹✸
	❍|❆❖	✷✳✷✶✶ ✵✳✻✻✺ ✷✳✶✾✷✵	✵✳✻✻✶	✷✳✸✹✹ ✵✳✺✾✼ ✷✳✹✸✹ ✵✳✺✼✺
	▼❆❯❆	✸✳✵✵✶ ✵✳✼✽✻ ✸✳✶✷✺✹	✵✳✼✺✽	✸✳✺✻✹ ✵✳✻✶✾ ✸✳✹✽✹ ✵✳✻✸✼
	▼❋❑•	✷✳✸✷✷ ✵✳✹✹✾ ✷✳✻✺✹✼	✵✳✸✷✶	✷✳✹✵✸ ✵✳✸✷✾ ✷✳✹✹✺ ✵✳✸✷✾
	▼❖◆•	✸✳✸✻✵ ✵✳✾✸✾ ✸✳✼✷✻✷	✵✳✾✷✺	✸✳✷✾✵ ✵✳✾✶✻ ✸✳✷✽✸ ✵✳✾✶✻
	|❯◆❉	✷✳✶✵✺ ✵✳✾✵✷ ✷✳✷✺✺✸	✵✳✽✽✺	✷✳✾✹✽ ✵✳✼✼✾ ✷✳✾✺✶ ✵✳✼✼✾
	❙❇❖❑	✶✳✼✶✶ ✵✳✶✻✶ ✶✳✼✹✻✼	✵✳✶✻✷	✷✳✵✵✻ ✲✵✳✵✷✹ ✷✳✵✷✹ ✲✵✳✵✷✼
	❙❯❚❍	✶✳✼✸✻ ✵✳✵✹✷ ✶✳✽✹✹✸	✵✳✶✷✷	✶✳✽✵✾ ✵✳✵✽✹ ✶✳✽✼✵ ✵✳✵✻✽
	❙❯❚▼	✶✳✻✼✼ ✵✳✷✼✹ ✶✳✼✻✼✶	✵✳✸✷✶	✷✳✵✸✺ ✵✳✶✵✷ ✷✳✵✺✵ ✵✳✶✷✹
	❚❉❖❯	✷✳✻✽✵ ✵✳✺✸✶ ✷✳✼✻✶✻	✵✳✹✽✺	✸✳✶✵✽ ✵✳✸✵✼ ✸✳✶✸✽ ✵✳✷✽✻
	❚❊❚❊	✷✳✶✹✷ ✵✳✽✹✽ ✷✳✷✾✼✶	✵✳✽✸✾	✷✳✽✹✺ ✵✳✼✺✸ ✷✳✽✹✷ ✵✳✼✺✽
	❚❊)■	✺✳✸✶✹ ✵✳✼✺✵ ✺✳✺✼✶✻	✵✳✼✷✵	✻✳✺✷✸ ✵✳✻✹✼ ✻✳✺✼✶ ✵✳✻✹✶
	❯❑❆▼	✸✳✸✷✻ ✵✳✽✹✻ ✸✳✻✹✽✸	✵✳✽✵✹	✸✳✻✸✹ ✵✳✼✼✸ ✸✳✻✸✼ ✵✳✼✼✸
	❯▲❯❇	✺✳✵✽✶ ✵✳✼✺✾ ✺✳✵✺✹✻	✵✳✼✹✼	✺✳✹✸✸ ✵✳✻✼✾ ✺✳✹✸✼ ✵✳✻✼✻
	❯▲❉■	✺✳✼✾✼ ✵✳✷✶✺ ✺✳✷✺✹✽	✵✳✷✼✷	✺✳✼✽✺ ✵✳✶✶✸ ✺✳✼✾✺ ✵✳✶✵✼
	❲■◆❉	✸✳✶✶✹ ✵✳✺✵✽ ✸✳✷✼✾✺	✵✳✹✹✽	✸✳✹✵✷ ✵✳✹✷✶ ✸✳✸✹✵ ✵✳✹✹✵
	)❆▼❇	✷✳✾✺✷ ✵✳✽✼✶ ✸✳✶✽✾✷	✵✳✽✸✷	✸✳✼✷✹ ✵✳✼✵✾ ✸✳✼✷✼ ✵✳✼✵✾
	)❖▼❇	✷✳✼✽✵ ✵✳✼✼✺ ✷✳✽✹✸✷	✵✳✼✸✽	✸✳✼✷✵ ✵✳✻✻✸ ✸✳✸✵✹ ✵✳✻✾✵
	❖❦❛✈❛♥❣♦	✷✳✼✸✸ ✵✳✽✹✹ ✷✳✻✾✵✸	✵✳✽✷✶	✸✳✷✺✻ ✵✳✻✾✾ ✸✳✷✶✽ ✵✳✼✵✽
	)❛♠❜❡③✐	✷✳✼✺✽ ✵✳✻✾✼ ✷✳✾✸✼✾	✵✳✻✼✻	✸✳✸✺✵ ✵✳✻✶✹ ✸✳✷✽✽ ✵✳✻✶✾
	❈♦♥❣♦	✹✳✷✵✹ ✵✳✽✵✸ ✹✳✸✺✶✹	✵✳✼✼✻	✹✳✺✸✸ ✵✳✼✷✻ ✹✳✺✸✼ ✵✳✼✷✺
	❚♦t❛•	✷✳✾✷✻ ✵✳✺✺✺ ✸✳✵✷✽✶	✵✳✺✸✽	✸✳✸✹✷ ✵✳✹✸✸ ✸✳✸✸✹ ✵✳✹✸✵
	❚❛❜•❡

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank the Okavango Research Institute and the Research Services Team for their precious support and warm hospitality. We thank the AfricaArray and UNAVCO for the availability of their data, as well as the critical view of its members. We also thank the reviewers for their constructive comments. Finally, we thank the INSU,CNRS and the University of Rennes 1 for the grants that funded our study.

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