Esteban Cabanillas
email: esteban.cabanillas@cea.fr

Christophe Layer
email: christophe.layer@cea.fr

Moussa Kafal
email: moussa.kafal@cea.fr

On the Phase Analysis of Multi-Carrier Signals for High-Precision Fault Detection by Reflectometry

Keywords: Reflectometry, phase analysis, Fourier transform, multi-carrier, defect diagnosis, high precision sensing

Electronic systems are becoming always more complex and consequently more subject to defect. For safety, security and integrity reasons, wire diagnosis is crucial. The emerging of sensor networks and connected objects has created the need for embedded and non invasive fault diagnosis solutions. Actual systems rely on multi-carrier reflectometry to locate upcoming defects on wires, though their precision stays within the physical limits of their components, especially the sampling frequency of their analog parts. We propose a new approach combining multicarrier reflectometry and phase analysis to overcome this limit, in order to improve the precision of the localization of the defects on electrical wires. Based on an FPGA implementation, our novel method and the resulting system has proven a five-times better accuracy than state-of-the-art methods on the same platform.

I. INTRODUCTION

Due to their reliability, even in the wireless era, wiring cables are everywhere possible and still constitute the backbone of every electronic system, vehicle, aircraft or even larger structures. As various reflectometry methods have long been studied to estimate the wealth of electrical wires, they have reached a limit in terms of precision due to the physical capacities of their constituting components. However, not knowing the exact location of a fault causes larger non-recurring reparation costs and yields longer immobilization time of the failing object. Nowadays, the challenge has moved towards detecting faults at a higher precision without expensively improving almost every single item of the system, when even possible. In fact, embedded systems and distributed sensor networks aim at being cost-efficient while energy efficient and sufficiently performing. Embedded and distributed wire diagnosis systems rely basically on the analysis of the electrical waves echoed on impedance mismatches along the cable under test (CUT), as seen in Fig. 1. The principle of Time-Domain Reflectometry (TDR) is to inject a test signal x(t) on the CUT, analyze the electrical behavior y(t) and detect the potential reflections through a correlation Γ xy (t) with

Γ xy (t) = ∞ -∞ y(t + τ ) • s * (t) dτ (1)
To this aim, analog-to-digital converters are in charge of sampling the signal injections and reflections, but their accuracy is physically limited, and so is the spatial resolution δ l with

δ l = v g 2f s = v g • T s 2 with f s = T -1 s (2) ADC y(n) y(t) FFT conj. FFT l ADC Γ xy (n) DAC x(n) x(t) IFFT X(f ) generator OFDM l DAC fault Γxy t fault coupler l d correlator X * (f ) Y (f )
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of a standard wire diagnosis system using a correlator between the injected signal x(n) and the received signal y(n) to detect the location of the fault.

where f s is the sampling frequency of the converters and v g the propagation speed on the wire. Existing methods use the periodicity of the injected signal to emulate a fake oversampling by periodically time-shifting the sampling point, but this method is costly, very slow, and totally jitter intolerant. Moreover, intermittent faults cannot be detected due to the too long acquisition time.

On the one hand, Frequency-Domain Reflectometry (FDR) relies on measuring the complex response of a network for separated frequencies in the desired bandwidth. Similar methods such as Phase Detection FDR (PDFDR) [START_REF] Furse | Frequency-Domain Reflectometry for On-Board Testing of Aging Aircraft Wiring[END_REF] and Mixed-Signal Reflectometry (MSR) [START_REF] Tsai | Mixed-Signal Reflectometer for Location of Faults on Aging Wiring[END_REF] have also been studied [START_REF] Naik | Multicarrier Reflectometry[END_REF], [START_REF] Smith | Analysis of Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry for Wire Fault Location[END_REF]. In practice, they yield similar performance as TDR. On the other hand, standard TDR [START_REF] Pan | Time-Domain Reflectometry using Arbitrary Incident Waveforms[END_REF] is based on a Dirac-pulse to recognize impedance discontinuities. The frequency spectrum of the injected signal is hence infinitely large, preventing this method from being suitable for embedded systems and distributed sensors networks. In order not to impact the functionality of a system during live-diagnosis, specific methods based on OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) such as MCTDR (Multi-Carrier TDR) [START_REF] Lelong | Online Wire Diagnosis using Multi-Carrier Time Domain Reflectometry for Fault Location[END_REF], OMTDR (Orthogonal Multi-tone TDR) [START_REF] Ben Hassen | OMTDR using BER Estimation for Ambiguities Cancellation in Ramified Networks Diagnosis[END_REF] and modulated variants [START_REF] Layer | Using Quadrature Modulation for Precise Fault Location over Wired Communication Channels[END_REF] shall be preferred, as they provide a complete control of the spectrum of the injected signal which shall not interfere with the system under test. This technique basically divides the channel bandwidth into many sub-carriers independently modulated, hence providing a better spectral efficiency.

In this paper, an approach to fusion the multi-carrier signals used by OFDM techniques with frequency domain analysis will be presented. Fortunately, this will produce a low complexity system architecture along with high precision fault measurements. Besides, an innovative solution based on frequency analysis from multi-carrier signals will also be described. The implementation of this method is treated in section III. Measurement results using an FPGA platform and external analog converters are presented in section IV.

II. PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNALS AND ITS PRINCIPLE FOR FAULT DETECTION

The propagation of an electromagnetic signal through a cable of length l is defined in the frequency domain as

Y (f ) = X(f )H(f )e -jφ(l,f ) with φ(l, f ) = 2πf l v g (3)
where X(f ) and Y (f ) are the frequency-domain incident and reflected signals respectively, and H(f ) the attenuation function, and φ(l, f ) is the phase function, as defined in [START_REF] Layer | Using Quadrature Modulation for Precise Fault Location over Wired Communication Channels[END_REF].

In the case of a system detecting and locating faults in a CUT by reflectometry, l is twice the distance to fault. This distance can be then obtained by controlling the frequency f of the injected signal with an a-priori knowledge of v g .

As the arctangent function returns a value in [-π, π], the phase of the reflected signal Y (f ) propagating over a CUT of length l for a given frequency f i can be equal or greater than that of a frequency f j , even if f i < f j . Consequently, the sought-after length l ′ is not the same for f i and f j with a potentially wrong estimation for both cases. Getting a reliable estimation of the fault location on the CUT is possible by using multi-carrier signals. The multi-carrier signal spectrum X(f ) can be defined as a group of carriers with different frequencies f n given by the following amplitude and phase functions:

|X(f n )| = 1 ∀ f n and φ(f n ) = φ n (4)
Accordingly, the fault's location is relatively obtained from the difference of the phases of two adjacent carriers:

φ(l, f n+1 ) -φ(l, f n ) = 2πf n+1 l v g -2πf n l v g , (5)
where the length l ′ we are looking for becomes:

l ′ = v g 2π φ(l, f n+1 ) -φ(l, f n ) f n+1 -f n = v g 2π ∆ φ ∆ f (6)
It is noteworthy that choosing the right frequency spacing between carriers ∆ f is fundamental to avoid getting a phase difference ∆ φ > 2π. The maximum value of ∆ f can be obtained by fixing a maximum fault distance:

∆ φ = 2π∆ f l max v g < 2π =⇒ ∆ f < v g l max (7)

III. NOVEL WIRE FAULT DETECTION SYSTEM BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF THE PHASE OF THE REFLECTION

The system model describing the elements performing fault detection from multi-carrier phase analysis is presented in Fig. 2. As for OFDM, the time-domain multi-carrier signal is generated by a multi-carrier generator which sets the amplitude and phase of every single carrier. An IFFT block then transforms the multi-carrier spectrum from the frequency domain into the time domain. Besides, a DAC is coupled to an ADC, hence traveling towards the CUT. In our case, the novel system is simplified by using a sole FFT block that feeds a phase computing block Atan(•), relying on standard computing

∆ φ ∆ f f ADC y(n) y(t) Y (f ) FFT l ADC φ ′ d φ 0 Atan(•) DAC x(n) x(t) IFFT X(f ) generator OFDM l DAC coupler controled fault l d φ ′ d φ d init.
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the novel wire diagnosis system using only an FFT to analyze the phase of the reflected reflectometry signal and locate a fault using the variation of the phase versus the variation of the frequency.

methods for trigonometric functions such as described in [START_REF] Andraka | A Survey of CORDIC Algorithms for FPGA based Computers[END_REF]. Note that integer arithmetic is precise enough in the area of fault detection and diagnosis. The maximal value of ∆ f , defined in [START_REF] Ben Hassen | OMTDR using BER Estimation for Ambiguities Cancellation in Ramified Networks Diagnosis[END_REF], can be set by choosing the right number of carriers N and the DAC sampling frequency f s .

Locating a fault using the system presented in Fig. 2 is accomplished in three steps. The first step consists of injecting the multi-carrier signal when the cable is not coupled to the reflectometry device. Coupling and decoupling the cable can be done in an autonomous mode by implementing a switch. The phase φ 0 (l, f n ) for the carrier of frequency f n with no wire coupled is defined as:

φ 0 (l, f n ) = φ n + φ(l DAC + l ADC , f n ) (8) = φ n + 2πf n l DAC + l ADC v g (9)
where φ n is the initial phase of the carrier of frequency f n as given by ( 4), l DAC is the path length between the DAC and the coupler, and l ADC is the path length between the coupler and the ADC. Each value φ 0 (l, f n ) is stored as a reference measurement in the register in front of the subtracter. In the second step, the CUT is bounded to the coupler. The phase of the carrier with frequency f n for a cable with a fault at a distance l d can be expressed as:

φ d (l, f n ) = φ n + φ(l DAC + l ADC , f n ) + φ(2l d , f n ) = φ n + 2πf n l DAC + l ADC v g + 2πf n 2l d v g ( 10
)
The last steps consists in subtracting from φ d (l, f n ) the phases stored on the registering block in front of the subtracter:

φ ′ d (l, f n ) = φ 0 (l, f n ) -φ d (l, f n ) = 2πf n 2l d v g (11)
It is noteworthy that the part of the phase induced by the distances l DAC and l ADC has been avoided by applying a baselining approach where the a reference measure is subtracted from the CUT measure. Accordingly, the only unknown parameter is l d which can be estimated from ( 6) by considering two adjacent frequencies. Furthermore, taking several adjacent carriers permits a linear regression which yields a better precision in estimating the location of the fault. As a result, the phase value must be a continuous function, not bounded within [-π, π]. Such a function is obtained by cumulating the almost perfect matching (y = x) for the proposed method proving a great accuracy of the FPGA measurement measurement = 20cm±δ l with δ l ≃ 3cm

❆ ❆ ❆ ❆ ❑ ❇ ❇ ❇ ❇ ▼ ✻ ✂ ✂ ✂ ✂ ✍
no discrimination possible between these points using state-of-the-art methods

δ l ≃ 92cm ✻ ❄ experimental incremental length= 20cm
Fig. 3. Measurement of the distance to the fault on a hardware platform versus the actual fault distance for a system performing state-of-the-art correlationbased reflectometry (blue) and another system performing our new localization method relying directly on the phase of the reflected signal (red).

phases values of previous frequencies. Thus, the phase value for a given frequency f n+M and a given fault location l is

φ ′ c (l, f n+M ) = M i=0 φ ′ d (l, f n+i ) (12)
The presented method has several advantages in an embedded system scenario when compared to traditional reflectometry based on OFDM signals. As a matter of fact, it is capable of cutting some frequency bands without any degradation in the diagnosis of the CUT. The autocorrelation function of an OFDM signal is strongly degraded when one or several carriers are attenuated, and so is the sensitivity and the precision in MCTDR or OMTDR. This is not an issue for the phase analysis since the user chooses the first and last frequencies used to estimate the location of the fault.

IV. MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSIS

The system presented on Fig. 2 has been implemented on an FPGA board driving a 10-bits DAC and a 10-bit ADC. Both converters are tightly coupled and connected to the CUT. The DAC and ADC sampling frequency is 100MHz. The multi-carrier signal is made from an OFDM modulator which generates 128 carriers. As specified by the OFDM method, these carriers are equally distributed in the interval from 0 to 100MHz. The frequency spacing between carriers is around 787kHz, which permits to test a cable whose length is shorter than 250m with propagation speed v g of 1.85 • 10 8 m/s. It is important to note that this propagation speed was used in the experimental validation.

The goal of the measurements in this section is to locate a defect in the CUT by using two reflectometry methods, both injecting the same multi-carrier signal. The first method is the well known correlation method, which performs (1) between the reference and the acquisition to detect and locate a fault in the wire. The second method is the one introduced in Sec. II, in which the location of the fault is accomplished by analyzing the phase of each carrier of the received signal. Several acquisitions have been made for different open-circuit distances in the CUT with respect to coupling point. The results of the measurements are illustrated in Fig. 3 where each point represents an acquisition on the FPGA. Effectively, the length of the CUT has been reduced by steps of 20cm at each acquisition. As seen on Fig. 3, the resolution of the estimation obtained by traditional correlation-based techniques, i.e., the blue line, is of δ l = 92cm. The resolution described in ( 2) is now greatly improved with the novel technique proposed in this paper in Sec. III, represented by the red line. As noted on Fig. 3, there is no actual discontinuity between two adjacent points using our novel method. The granularity reveals the repetition steps during our test-bench, where the faults have been produced with a spacing of 20cm. The maximum measured error at each point was δ l = 3cm. The actual spacial resolution of our new method is finally a function of the digital quantification of the DAC and the ADC, and of the experimentally coupled noise.

V. CONCLUSION

As the characteristics of a defect in a wire are specified in the phase information, we have proposed a novel method of wire fault diagnosis based on the analysis of the evolution of the phase of multi-carrier signals. The needed material necessary to implement this method is similar to state-of-theart methods, which allows its integration into low cost and embedded hardware systems. The presented system permits to localize and characterize defects with a precision not reachable through standard reflectometry techniques, limited by DAC and ADC performances. In effect, a faulty cable has been tested with both traditional correlation method and our new phasedetection method. While the error of the traditional method has a the spacial resolution of 92cm in our test-bench, our proposed technique presents an error of around only 3cm to the actual measurements of the location of the fault.


Leila R Mingabudinova

Anastasiia S Zalogina

Andrei A Krasilin

Margarita I Petrova

Pavel Trofimov

Yuri A Mezenov

Evgeniy V Ubyivovk

Peter Lönnecke

Alexandre Nominé

Jaafar Ghanbaja

Thierry Belmonte

Valentin A Milichko

Laser printing of optically resonant hollow crystalline carbon nanostructures from 1D and 2D metal-organic frameworks

Using a hybrid approach involving a slow diffusion method to synthesize 1D and 2D MOFs followed by their treatment with femtosecond infrared laser radiation, we generated 100-600 nm welldefined hollow spheres and hemispheres of graphite. This ultrafast technique extends the library of shapes of crystalline MOF derivatives appropriate for all-dielectric nanophotonics.

Owing to the synergistic combination of organic and inorganic building blocks providing chemically active nanoporous structures with exceptional mechanics, [START_REF] Horike | [END_REF] metal-organic frameworks are establishing their position as an important class of highly versatile and tuneable crystalline materials for diverse applications. [2][3][4] Their unconventional property of softness provides provides the structural changes under different stimuli such as pressure, temperature, electric and magnetic fields and light. [4][5][6] Utilizing these stimuli at an extreme regime (high temperatures, strong electric fields, etc.) yields the MOF structure transformation to the amorphous phase 7 and then to the derivative compound:8-10 amorphous carbon nanostructures, nanocrystalline graphite, metal oxides, chalcogenides, phosphides, carbides and pure metallic nanoclusters. Utilizing MOFs as precursors for the fabrication of nanoparticles with a regular structure (e.g., graphite) and complex shape (hollow spheres, cubes, yolk-shell, etc.) is essential due to key reasons: the MOF crystal itself represents the template for its derivatives with well-defined shapes; [8][9][10] the relatively high temperature stability of MOFs allows their transformation to derivatives avoiding the thermal decomposition of pure organic components prior to completion of the transformation process; 8 and finally, the regular structure of MOFs yields a uniform distribution and ordering of carbon which is not possible by simple mixing of the carbon precursors. 10 However, the existing techniques for fabrication of the MOF derivatives are slow (from tens of minutes to hours) and energy expensive, as well as the limited number of derivative types and shapes constrain the fields of their application by energy storage [9][10][11] and catalysis. 12 On the other hand, the wide variety of complex topologies and mesoscale architectures available among the several hundreds of chained (1D) and layered (2D) MOFs reported so far (see the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre) renders these materials unique starting points for fabricating previously implausible nanostructures for nanophotonics and light manipulation.

Here we report a general top-down strategy that enables the fabrication of a new type of MOF derivatives for all-dielectric nanophotonics, 13 -nanometer-scale well-defined hollow spheres and hemispheres, whose shells are crystalline carbon (graphite). We utilize MOFs synthesized via reticular chemistry 14 as the template material. We then investigate for the first time the use of infrared femtosecond laser pulses as the means for providing the external stimulus necessary for reassembling the complex structure of MOF single crystals into three-dimensional (3D) crystalline hollow carbon structures (c-HCS). The structures obtained have diameters ranging from 100 to 600 nm and demonstrate the resonant light-matter interaction -the polarization-dependent scattering of light due to the generation of specific Mie-type modes.

At first, the bulk 1D MOF crystalline precursors were synthesized by a slow diffusion method following a modified procedure 15 (for details, see ESI) that allows controlled growth of the coordination polymer from a bidentate 1,2-di(4-pyridyl) ethylene (BPE) ligand and Cu(NO 3 ) 2 •6(H 2 O) metal precursor. In a typical experiment, the solutions of the copper salt and the BPE ligand in dimethylformamide (DMF) were brought together under the slow diffusion conditions at room temperature in the course of one week. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis on the obtained material with the brutto formula of [Cu(C 12 H 10 N 2 )(NO 3 ) 2 ]•DMF•i-PrOH (1) revealed a triclinic crystal system with P1ˉ symmetry (Fig. 1A, and ESI, Fig. S1, S2, Table S1) featuring dimeric threads composed of the octahedral copper dimers held together by μ-O bridges from the nitrate ligands occupying the equatorial position of the Cu sites. The axial sites are occupied by the BPE ligands establishing two parallel threads of aromatic moieties. These threads are stacked together into van der Waals layers (Fig. 1A) with DMF and i-PrOH molecules confined between them.

Secondly, we synthesized alternative 2D MOF (2) with a more rigid tetradentate BPY ligand having the brutto formula of [Cu(bipy)2(DMF)(NO 3 )][NO 3 ]•3DMF, a monoclinic crystal system with the P 21 /n space group and layered van der Waals structure (ESI, Tables S2-S6 and Fig. S13).

We then generated c-HCSs from the single crystals of 1 and 2 (Fig. 1B) by adopting a laser method (see the scheme in ESI, Fig. S3) previously used to synthesize the crystalline bulk 16 and, in some case, hollow 17 pure inorganic nanostructures (silicon or metal oxides). Here, individual MOF crystals placed on a fused silica substrate in air were exposed to 150 femtosecond 1050 nm laser pulses with 80 MHz repetition rate and 5 W maximal power focused by a 10× 0.28NA objective (Fig. 1C). By varying the power from 60 to 160 mW using an interference filter, we were able to burst single crystals (Fig. 1D). The nanostructures produced were visualized using dark field microscopy (Fig. 1E). The irradiation at a low power (<100 mW) resulted in the simple cutting of MOFs, whereas the higher power (100 to 120 mW) allowed to the full conversion of MOF to nanostructures (Fig. 2A andB). Increasing the power to hundreds of milliwatts yielded the transformation of MOFs to a "carpet" of fused organic-inorganic compounds without any intriguing structures. It should also be noted that the light-induced conversion of MOF single crystals into nanostructures was extremely fast. The characteristic times for the process in our case was of the order of microseconds or faster (up to nanoseconds) similar to the timescales of the related transformations of inorganic nanocrystallites. 16 The generated nanostructures were then transferred onto a fused silica substrate, gold film or carbon grid for a detailed characterization using electron and optical microscopy. At first, scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Carl Zeiss, Neon 40) was used to analyse the impact of the varying laser intensity on the average shape and size of nanostructures obtained. For compound 1, our procedure mainly led to the formation of spheres (Fig. 2C andD) and, to a lesser extent, to shapeless structures with diameters ranging from 20 to 600 nm (Fig. 2A). The smallest structures with diameters of 20-80 nm were formed at laser powers from 60 to 160 mW, whereas the larger ones were only obtained under irradiation with 100-120 mW (Fig. 2A). For compound 2, we observed mostly the hemispheres (ESI, Fig. S14) with the diameter ranging from 200 to 600 nm and, to a lesser extent, shapeless structures of 20-100 nm in diameter.

Inspired by the recent findings [18][19][20] that specific information about the structure of complex materials such as MOFs could be directly extracted from the results of Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), we used this to provide insights into the structural and composition properties of the nanostructures obtained. TEM (JEOL ARM 200F Cold FEG TEM/STEM operating at 200 kV) reveals that they have different shapes, from hollow spheres to hemispheres (Fig. 2F-I, and ESI, Fig. S4,5, 14) depending on the initial MOF structure. The shell thickness is inversely proportional to the total diameter and varies from 1/12 and 1/3 of the total diameter (ESI, Fig. S5). High-resolution TEM micrographs (Fig. 2K,L,3A,B, and ESI, Fig. S10) reveal a thin amorphous layer on the outer side and a thicker perfectly crystallized shell. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis of the crystalline shell (Fig. 3C, ESI, S10) shows a 2-fold symmetry pattern with typical interplanar distance dhkl equal to 3.3 ± 0.1 Å being in a good agreement with previous results on hollow carbon spheres (graphite). [21][22][23][24][25][26][27] This measurement is supported by the direct intensity histogram that reveals a period of 3.39 ± 0.10 Å (ESI, Fig. S10). The energy dispersive X-ray analysis, EDX, (Fig. 3D-F) also demonstrates the carbon nature of c-HCS since oxygen and nitrogen are detected only on the surface in small amounts. One can conclude that c-HCSs obtained are actually composed of graphite that presents a structure of pure carbon layers with theoretical interplanar distances of 3.35 Å for the (002) plane. It should be noted that during the laser treatment the copper ions should also undergo the transformation into oxides, carbides, etc. [8][9][10] Using TEM we also observed a small amount of amorphous metal-organic nanoparticles7 with nanometer scale inclusions (ESI, Fig. S11), which were characterized by high electron density. 12 This is explained by the presence of copper in the composition (see the EDX map in the ESI, Fig. S12). Moreover, depending on the time elapsed between the MOF synthesis and its laser treatment, the number of copper-based nanostructures increases, while the number of c-HCSs dramatically decreases indicating the negative effect of the degradation of MOF structure on the c-HCS fabrication.

The dependence of the shape of c-HCS obtained (sphere or hemisphere) directly correlates with the topology of initial MOFs (chained or layered). The fast transformation of the dimeric MOF threads (1) into crystal carbon spheres can be governed by the high mobility of the van der Waals layers and substantial elasticity of their hybrid covalent-ionic structural domains that allows them to arrange into an energetically favourable spherical shape (ESI, Fig. S6). Indeed, the similar 2D MOF (2) with a more rigid tetradentate BPY ligand having a layered van der Waals structure yielded well-defined crystalline hemispheres under the same stimuli. This supports that 1D and 2D MOFs with flexible and/or quite rigid layered structure are suitable for ultra-fast transformation to complete 3D nanostructures with a regular topology. To confirm this we also applied the developed laser-assisted technique for other MOFs as template materials: we utilized rigid 3D microcrystals based on zinc and cadmium ions. 28 Surprisingly, the yield of c-HCS was dramatically small (less than 1% of all fabricated nanostructures) arguing that flexible 1D and 2D crystalline metal-organic frameworks with weak inter-layer and inter-chain interactions are more suitable for the assembly of graphite nanostructures with unique well-defined shapes such as hollow spheres and hemispheres.

In contrast to existing MOF derivatives, [8][9][10] our study extends their library of shapes.

Moreover, compared to previously reported 20-300 nm and micrometre-size hollow graphite spheres, 24 our laser-assisted technique provides the fastest and non-equilibrium strategy to create c-HCSs in air with extended diameters ranging from 100 to 600 nm. In addition, this technique allows us to achieve a relatively high yield of the product (Fig. 2A andB). Statistical data obtained from the complex of SEM and TEM analyses proves that up to 40% of all the nanostructured produced are c-HCSs, and the remaining 60% are amorphous nanoparticles and nanometre to micrometre shards of MOFs. Besides the conventional application of carbon structures in energy storage, 9,10 the current 3D structures hold a great potential for all-dielectric nanophotonics, 13,29 where the functional elements should strictly fulfill the following requirements: (i) a high refractive index necessary for a sufficient optical contrast with an ambient medium (air), (ii) specific shape to enable the generation of different optical modes as well as (iii) perfect crystallinity to suppress non-radiative decay of light energy at optical resonances. Indeed, crystalline carbon (graphite) has a relatively high refractive index of 2.6-3.0 within the whole visible range. 30 The optical characterization of single c-HCSs in dark field geometry with polarization resolution was performed with a commercial confocal spectrometer, Horiba LabRam (Fig. 3G, H andESI, S3). The measurements revealed the colour selectivity in scattering from the blue to red regions of the visible range, depending on the light polarization. This can be explained by the generation of different optical modes (Mie-type) inside the spheres (ESI, Fig. S16). Intriguingly, due to the hollow shape of c-HCSs, the electric field of the magnetic Mie-type modes should be localized inside the shell, 13 while the magnetic part of light is concentrated in a cavity. Such a behaviour can only be manifested in hollow nanostructures and may find optical and even medical application. Previously such an effect has only been observed for all-dielectric silicon cylinders 31 rendering the current c-HCSs as the first example of a magnetic resonant structure being easy to be fabricated. This provides a unique opportunity for the enhancement and efficient interaction of the magnetic component of light with matter inside the cavity.

In summary, we demonstrate an ultra-fast laser-assisted technique to fabricate new types of MOF derivatives -100-600 nm well-defined hollow spheres and hemispheres, whose shells are crystalline carbon (graphite). This technique overcomes the requirements of specific gas atmosphere, additional precursors and high-energy consumption to heat the compound; this significantly simplifies the synthesis which is important for real-world application. Intriguingly, the technique also allows us to extend the library of shapes and size of crystalline MOF derivatives. The nanostructures obtained possess unique shapes and crystallinities, and consequently demonstrate polarizationdependent light scattering due to the generation of different optical modes inside important for alldielectric nanophotonics and light manipulation.

Fig. 1 :

 1 Fig. 1: Laser-assisted synthesis of c-HCS. (A) Crystal structure of Cubased MOF (1) along different axes. The crystal has a triclinic structure with P1¯ symmetry featuring dimeric chains stacked together into a van der Waals layered structure with DMF and i-PrOH molecules confined between the layers (not shown here). (B) Dark field optical image of single crystals of 1. Scale bar, 5 μm. (C) Exposure of the MOF single crystal to 150 fs infrared laser pulses in air produces nanostructures (c-HCSs). (D) Optical image of the single crystal of 1 (B) after laser irradiation. (E) Dark field image of c-HCSs placed onto fused silica. Scale bar, 3 μm.

Fig. 2 :

 2 Fig. 2: The morphology of c-HCSs. (A and B) Statistical analysis of the products of the laser post treatment of MOF single crystals as a function of the laser power. The main products are amorphous 20-100 nm nanoparticles, small shards of MOFs and 100-600 nm crystalline hollow spheres and hemispheres with corresponding probability in (B) at a fixed laser power of 120 mW. (C and D) SEM micrographs of spherical c-HCSs onto a gold substrate. Scale bar, 0.5 μm. (E) Scanning TEM micrograph of spherical c-HCS demonstrating its hollow structure. Scale bar, 0.3 μm. (F and G) TEM micrographs of crystalline hollow spheres. Scale bar, 0.1 μm. (H and I) TEM micrographs of crystalline hollow hemispheres. Scale bar, 0.1 μm. (J to L) TEM micrographs of the crystalline shell of the spheres (F and G, respectively). Scale bar, 10 nm (J, K) and 2.5 nm (L).

Fig. 3 :

 3 Fig. 3: The nature of c-HCS. (A) TEM micrograph of the spherical c-HCSs. Scale bar, 0.2 μm. (B, C) TEM micrograph of the shell of the c-HCS from (A) and its FFT spectrum providing the information about the interplanar distance dhkl (3.3 ± 0.1 Å). Scale bar, 10 nm. (D to F) EDX map of the corresponding c-HCSs. Red represents carbon, Blue represents oxygen, green represents nitrogen. (G) Schematic illustration of the scattering of light with S and P polarization by spherical c-HCS in dark field geometry. Red colour inside the shell illustrates the distribution of the electric field of magnetic Mietype modes (ESI, Fig. S16), while the cyan cloud inside the cavity of c-HCS illustrates the localization of the magnetic part of light. (H) Dark field images of spherical c-HCS with different diameters (290 to 310 nm). The frequency of scattered light is determined by the polarization and c-HCS diameter.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Prof. E. A. Pidko (TU Delft) for fruitful discussions, Dr S. A.

Sapchenko (Nikolaev

Institute of Inorganic Chemistry) for kindly providing rigid 3D MOFs, Dr A. V. Vinogradov (ITMO University) for support in reticular synthesis, Prof. Kristof Van Hecke (Ghent University) for crystallographic support, Dr D. A. Zuev (ITMO University) for assistance in laser ablation, Dr S. V. Makarov (ITMO University) for discussion on optical scattering, and F. E. Komissarenko (ITMO University) for preliminary SEM analysis. This work is a part of a joint Russian-French project "Hybrid photonics nanodevices" and is supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (project No 14.587.21.0050 with unique identification


Nicole Revel

An Insight on Philippine Digital Humanities Legacy and Research in the Realm of Literature of the Voice and Music

Thanks to a very peculiar sensitivity, an exceptional talent as a composer and as a thinker, thanks to a deeply lived experience, Dr. José Maceda is celebrated all along this year. Although as a child, an adolescent and an adult he was molded by Western classical and modern Music first in the Philippines, then in France and later on in the United States, he opened a new world of Music expression and composition.

As he returned to his homeland he contemplated and projected in sounds the intertwined beauty of tropical nature, the knowledge, wisdom, know-how and aesthetics of the many minorities cultures not only from the Philippines, but also from various regions in Southeast Asia: Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar and Yunnan, as well as from ancient courts music of China, Korea, Japan, Indonesia and farther other music from Africa and Brazil.

He lifted boundaries among cultures and disciplines. He foresaw the expanding scale of relationships and networking we are the witnesses of today and imagined music compositions on a parallel conceptual level more than 40 years ago (Cassette 100, 1971; Ugnayan, 1974).

He was following the constant development of analytical theories and incipient multimedia technologies (recording, collecting, safeguarding) and projected these new concepts to music and safeguarded many forms of oral tradition. Along his numerous field-works and constant discoveries living with the cultural minorities he experienced musical pleasure unheard of in the West and they became a source of inspiration. Today ethno-musicologists, composers, linguists and anthropologists present in this symposium dedicated to his memory are following the way he opened for us.

In order to give an insight on the evolution of the architectures that progressively emerged since the beginning of the 20 c. in the field of conservation and the implicit ethics of the online diffusion, we propose to briefly present some trends in organizing and saving the memory of such ephemeral artistic expressions, the various data and metadata, two in the Philippines, and three in Europe, we have been and still are contributing to, namely: -José Maceda Collection at the UP Center for Ethno-musicology, part of Memory of the World at Unesco, the web server monitored by the University of the Philippines (UP). Charles Macdonald and Nicole Revel-Macdonald deposited their recordings and books in the 70ties and 80ties:

-The Philippine Epics and Ballads Archive, housed at the Pardo de Tavera Collection as well as the website we conceived and built from 1991 to 2017, launched in January 2011 monitored by the Rizal Library, on the campus of Ateneo de Manila University: <http://epics.ateneo.edu/epics> -La Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF): where the epics and ballads of 69 singers of tales from the national communities of the Philippines we collected in collaboration with 29 scholars and knowledgeable persons (recorded and video-recorded, transcribed, translated and analyzed), have been also deposited to be safeguarded by successive transfers since 1995: <http://data.bnf.fr> Thanks to this multimedia technology, I will refer to two research programs, I contributed to and two others conducted in our unit at Musée de l'Homme:

LEXICO 3: Textometric Analytical Method: <http://www.lexi-co.com> NATIV: New Trans & Interdisciplinary Approach of the Voice http://www.iremus.cnrs.fr /fr/projets-de-recherche/nativ DIADEMS : Description, Indexation, Accès aux Documents Ethnomusicologiques et Sonores (2013Sonores ( -2015) ) :

Seven institutions( CNRS, LAM, IRIT,LABRI, LIMSI, MNHN-CNRS) and pluridisciplinarity bringing together the collections of CREM on Telemeta, ethnomusicologits, linguists and acousticians & Société Parisson.

The sound recorded can be visualized as a wave or a spectrogram. An indexation brings out the salient features of the sound and mark them on the recording made by the respective scholars. Interesting segments are automatically extracted thanks to temporal analysis of the sound signal ; successive analysis then follow to bring out the structuration of the recording, a description of its organisation.

GeAcMus : Gesture-Acoustics-Music of Sorbonne-Universités (2015-2017):

A Program on the use of modern technologies to capture, then to analyze the interaction musician-instrument in 3D, thanks to a biomechanic approach and the collaboration of Université de Technologie of Compiègne (Cahiers d'Ethnomusicologie, 30/2017 : www.adem.ch/ce30 (for multimedia datas) Finally We will be presented briefly our new published multimedia work: Pala'wan Highlanders Verbal Art. A Living Memory in Southeast Asia Geuthner, (Pal/Fr/Engl), 320p. 10 DVDRoms compressed in 5 (4, 70 GO). .

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Preamble

Music and Literature of the voice are an Intangible Heritage need to be both protected and made available. I have formulated 30 years ago the phrase literature of the voice to designate artistic expressions by way of long sung narratives, namely epics and ballads without a written support.

Technology however, was starting and keeps on developing at an ever increasing pace, forcing us to continuously adjust to new tools and programs in order to improve our methods of safeguarding, presenting and analyzing the compositions of the cultures with a long lasting oral tradition.

As we worked on collecting and safeguarding Epics and ballads in the Philippines we l kept on following the development of Multimedia Technologies and we were able to set in motion new analytical methods.

This endeavor is relevant y to Documentary Linguistics and Digital Humanities.

In this country, the quality of the database has been ensured since the inception of the Unesco Program on Epics by setting in motion and coordinating a complex complementary and necessary set of disciplines in the field and later in Paris, namely: linguistics (phonology, semantics, ethno-poetics, pragmatics, textometric analysis), ethno-musicology and acoustics, ethnology of course and beyond cognitive anthropology. This becomes a new discipline and is the very core of Documentary Linguistics, a trans-discipline.

Nowadays and since several decades already, we are able to capture the fusion of intangible artistic expressions through various lenses including those of interactive media inventors, computer engineers, museum curators, librarians, in order to build multimedia archives accessible on the Web.

In today global world, information is to be treated as a network of information via the inter-connection by the Link Data. We do have to adjust to new trends of structuring catalogs in libraries, following international codes.

This new era of Digital Humanities (DH) transforming relationship to knowledge, are emerging as archives of songs, texts, photos and videos of the performances are becoming a reality on the cyberspace, detached from the physical space, but related to it.

A new Memory develops and offers itself to our conceptual exploration, creativity and appropriation. The conception of a design, revealing interactivity between the various components, is then required.

- In the 1930ties, it was meant to collect, organize and archive published and unpublished audio recordings since the 1900's up to today, by scholars attached to government-sponsored institutions.

-In 1932, André Schaeffner, French historian and musicologist, created la Phonothèque, a sound library, Department of Musical Ethnology at the Ethnography Museum of the Trocadéro, in Paris (A book on this historical period will be published soon in Paris) -In 1937, the Ethnography Museum turned into the newly build Musée de l'Homme .

-The next big ethnographic expedition crossed the central part of the African continent, and brought musical archives recorded by Gilbert Rouget (Gérard, 2012). The Publication of edited 78rpm records i started "Musée de l'Homme"collection later renamed the CNRS -Musée de l'Homme archives, from1988 to 2001, 37 CDs were published under the label "CNRS -le Chant du Monde".

-In 1968, the Department became the Laboratory of Ethnomusicology of CNRS, which 40 years later moved with a part of its associated audio archives to the Université de Paris X -Nanterre (now Université de Paris-Ouest Nanterre), where it was renamed Centre de recherche en Ethnomusicologie" (CREM).

-In 1995, The collection of Epics started to be digitized in 1995 by CNRS Audio-visual department -In 1999, Digitization starts at CREM. -In 2009, the audiotapes were progressively transferred to the National Library of France (BnF) and they continue to be digitized.

-Since 2011, the sound archives of this institution, one of the largest in Europe, are available through a Web-based platform, a model for audio recordings online collaborative database, one among the few providing online access to the audio documents as well as detailed metadata. 48.000 audio items from 5.800 collections of the Research Center for Ethnomusicology (CREM), attached to the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) are catalogued on line. In the ecosystem of the Web It is a collaborative computer platform for the production of knowledge and its dissemination.

-As of September 2017, more than 40.300 sound files have been uploaded, among which about 24.000 are open to the public access free, with a registration and a password; CREM, has adopted the Europeana Sounds model: http://www.europeanasounds.eu (Coordination: Richard Ranft, Dept. of Sound and Image at the British Library, <http://sounds.bl.uk> a project of the European Commission and a consortium of digital libraries: 24 partners in 12 countries, the "Jukebox of Europe" 2.200 libraries museums archives and audiovisual European collections 1 Million sound recordings, and more than 30 Millions, books, films and archives are accessible and data interface in 29 languages) which aims to provide access to Europe's sound and musical Heritage ranging from classical and folk music to environmental sounds of the natural world, as well as oral stories. These collections reflect the numerous cultures, histories, languages and creativity of the peoples of Europe over the past 130 years (classical, contemporary and traditional music, varieties, tales and narratives from oral tradition, soundscapes, languages and inquiries conducted in the field by anthropologists and social scientists, together with 130.000 scores and thousands of images will contextualize these sounds.

Online availability through the scientifically managed non-profit database of the CNRS -Musée de l'Homme sound archives is a form of return to communities of their own cultural heritage.

This database has been adapted both: to enhance archive-based research and to make music available to a broader audience.

Organizing the digitalized archives into a standardized database fulfill a request from the French Ministry of Culture and the CNRS, (attached to the French Ministry of Research and Higher Education). These institutions provoded financial assistance under the condition that they be made available to the public the recordings. They work together with Europeana sound that for the last 3 years provided the financial support for the digitization of the audio documents and related research projects.

All these institutions have had to embrace the concept of open sharing, in a noncommercial environment.

The concerns linked to such audio files shaped the method implemented to process the sounds and the contextual metadata. In this respect, Archives in ethnomusicology with the musical artifacts of many populations and their respective cultural heritage as well as the ethical management and the communities' access to their own Intangible Music Heritage are a fundamental issue.

Intellectual property rights and the implicit ethics of the online diffusion of music archives are taken into consideration.

The online distribution of digital archives is framed by a variety of ethical standards, namely:

the legal terms of intellectual property rights and related rights but also a more abstract sense of moral sensibilities brought by individual researchers and others depositing music. -The archive is offering its own sense of free access, in a way that refers to a different set of priorities and needs.

Regarding collaborative research, the CNRS-Musée de l'Homme sound archives are embedded into an interactive platform system that allows the implementation of a collaborative database.

However It is not wide open to outside contributions, only individually authorized people can edit the metadata contents. These are researchers, archivists and people with specified knowledge. -Archive Series, -Corpus, -Collections, -Items. The sound is available for listening in a compressed format, but also to be visualized via a dynamic audio player using TimeSide audio analysis and a visualization framework.

This provides a signal processing tool for the display and streaming of audio sound on the Web.

Various graphical representations can be chosen, for instance:

-the waveform -the spectral analysis (spectrograms logarithmic and analogical) -the pitch level These are commonly used to spot speech or music sections and to navigate inside the recording.

Long-term preservation of the archives is on a server backed up on a weekly basis on the CNRS Great Research Infrastructure for Digital Humanities, TGIR Huma-Num. Most of the documents were taped originally in analog form, but with the collaboration of the audio-visual departments of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF), and Ateneo de Manila University, all data (representing about 1,500GB) have now been digitized and preserved on CD-ROMs, DVD-ROMs, and hard disks. As of May 2016, the physical collection itself consists of 7,820 pages, bound in 36 volumes, located at the Pardo de Tavera Collections section of the Rizal Library, Ateneo de Manila University, where a part is kept for strict conservation, while a set of the printed texts and related articles can be consulted in situ, by students, scholars and external visitors.

On line collection on the

All epics in the database were recorded via audio in their entirety, with portions of them filmed on video during performance. The narratives have then been orthographically transcribed as accurately as possible with respect to the particular phonemic systems of the given vernacular languages involved, and manuscripts were edited and formatted for typographic consistency aimed at generating an eCollection.

These manuscripts were in turn translated into either English or French (and sometimes both) and in some instances into Tagalog as well. Final contributions were then placed into PDF format so as to protect the relevant copyrights held by all contributors: singers, researchers, and technicians alike (See Copyrights front page of the website).

We have sought to reflect the poetics of each song through the layout on the page itself. The question of layout is fundamental, for within the linear constraints of a white page, it must reflect somehow the main poetic features of the sung narrative in the totality of the composition. An ethno-poetic approach is required in order to successfully confront the et ephemeral projection of time upon the physical space of the page: Accordingly, when the meter is short, the translation mirrors the text on the same page; however, when the composition rules are different and demand more space per line, the translation will appear on an adjacent page while still matching the format of the original transcribed song. Such metrical patterns of course vary greatly according to the particular singing tradition, and one must work diligently to identify by ear the relevant features of the song as it was performed and recorded, so that it might be reconfigured primarily for the eyes in this new context.

Since January 2011 a special server at the Rizal Library is providing free access to most of this multimedia e-Collection of the Archive. The website was elaborated according to my design and with the competent collaboration of several technicians of the Department of Electronics, Computer, and Communications Engineering (School of Science Engineering Management and Information), Ateneo de Manila University.

As of today this website comprises 16 boxes representing part of the oral heritage of 16 linguistic and cultural groups of the collection (15 in the Philippines + 1 in Botel Tobago) , no hierarchy is being intended within the overall design and numbering.

Within each linguistic group's section, a constant arborescence of 8 tabs is present, namely allows easy navigation on the database.

Clicking the MAP tab will show the user the geographical location of the specific group, while the OVERVIEW tab leads to a 5 to 8 minutes video, contextualizing the epic within the given culture.

The ARCHIVE LISTING tab provides a list of the archive's registered epics and ballads for the linguistic group along with further information concerning the performance and collection of each sung narrative. Actual audio recordings along with the transcriptions in the vernacular language and integral translations in English and/or French and/or Tagalog are found under the EPIC tab.

Other tabs provide important complementary materials: under the ARTICLES tab, articles written through the years by the collectors in connection with a given epic or ballad. All texts are in PDF and can be printed by the users.

Clicking on PHOTOS tab, reveals miscellaneous personal collections of related photographs with captions, depicting landscapes, habitats, crafts, performances and rituals.

For most of the epics and ballads, the VIDEOS tab, leads to any videos filmed during the sung performances, while via the OVERALL ARCHIVE tab, a complete archive listing of the epics and ballads collected among 15 linguistic groups is accessible.

ILLUSTRATIONS IN PPT

4-Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) <http://data.bnf.fr>

Historical development:

1/-At the turn of the XX c.: Files follow the protocol of the Libraries of Berlin and Vienna.

2/-In 1920: According to the new humanistic ideal of the Society of Nations (SDN), normalization becomes a must for sharing information.

It is an era of new Utopia : The integrality of knowledge can be put on files.

5/-Around 2000 :

The new trends structuring the catalog are : to conceptualize and to provide models for data. The new model is : Entities -Relationships.

For ex : an application of Functional Requirement for Bibliography Records (FRBR) is represented by a Graph in order to fit the codes (a set of rules) of the Semantic Web and to be present in the Linked Data, turning data comprehensible to the computers. This is a way to treat information as a network of informations. In relation to a specific research, the Link Data is going to interconnect the information and the superposition of levels will facilitate the retrieval of the relevant level. 3

SYNTHESIS :

In order to be visible on the WEB, it is necessary: to be indexable by search engines to be linked to existing data to be easily accessible by the user

In this respect the Website < http://data.bnf.fr > has received many prizes.

For instance, on this site, one can type Nicole REVEL and the whole set of my deposits becomes accessible.

The audio sound collections at the BnF are at a cross-road. Today's challenge is to reconcile the traditional missions of the BnF, namely : enriching the collections, documentary treatment, conservation and communication with : 1/ the priority of a cultural policy of mass diffusion. 2/ the pressing needs of scientific research on sound recordings. What is then necessary:

-A strong structural organization of data following international codes based on Resource Description Framework (RDF): a conceptual framework, a graph to describe the resources on the Web and their metadata is the basic grammar of the Semantic Web. -Link Data will then be possible.

-Interoperability of Data demands the use of formats, technologies and languages allowing sites to communicate. -Then, researches in association between libraries become possible. -Open access.

GALLICA is a Digital Library of the BnF (30.000 consultations /day) One can pinpoint to an extraction in the Library. For instance: The Colonial exhibition of 1931 Sound Recordings, as previously mentioned. Various deposits are being edited following a tree structure and the access is highly facilitated. The Philippine Epics and Ballads Multimedia Archive is also safeguarded at the Audiovisual Department of BnF. In the proximate future, a selection of items in the collection shall be edited to be accessible as a brief presentation of the Collection, on GALLICA.

Illustration in PPT

A Program for Textometric Analysis Lexico 3 http://www.tal.univ-paris3.fr/lexico/ http://www.lexi-co.com/ A tultul, a long sung narrative unfolds as a very elaborate vocal gesture. The epic sets in motion a mental capacity of concentration and memorization of the singer of tales as well as the capacity to build, out of a succession, a configuration for a "mental text" composed of narrative elements and generic rules for reproduction and creation. This verbal art affects the sensitivity and stimulates multiple emotions among each member of the audience for the art of listening is at the same time pleasure and affirmation of a real presence. Hence we are, somehow, blind witnesses of many cognitive and multimodal motor activities, extremely elaborated and coordinated.

We shall try to focus successively upon some of these various mental processes and their mastery by way of performance and textual analysis.

It offers the analyst a tridimensional way to draw graphs, integrating motions following sequences and by doing so, the macro-structure of the plot of an epic is revealed in a single image. This graph is a heuristic map. It helps the analyst to capture a complex mechanism of the singer of tales' mind mapping. Then the navigation of one's mind is manifested and simultaneously reflected on paper).

The main functionalities are:

: • segmentation • concordances • partitions • repeated segments • analysis of specificities • analysis of correspondances
It was set in motion on the "Mämiminbin" epic and the results are partly published in the book 4 (2000). The fillers of the voice, have been analyzed as repeated segments.

The vocal gesture is not a given one, it has to be acquired by observing the breathing techniques of other singers of tales, by selecting the interpretative style that is most appropriate at the level of register, breathing capacity as well as the syllabic delivery of oneself.

For instance, a Pala'wan mänunultul, has to experience in his body various breathing capacities, as the basic unit of the composition is a "breathing group of words" (N. Revel 1983Revel , 2000) ) heptasyllabic stanzas as found in a kata-kata among the Sama di Laut. He also has to adjust his own breathing and vibrating capacities to the 'mental text' that he simultaneously internalizes5 (N. Revel , 1993). He conducts this work alone, most often in silence -the epic sings within himself -and usually sets himself aside from the glances and ears of others. He goes to the forest to be inspired by the aural perception of the sounds of wind in the canopy of trees as a gift, of a Good-Doer-of-the-Forest, bingäy ät Mänungang Taw ät Gäbaq or in rainy season retires to the field house in order to develop his mastery, in solitude. He gives himself fully to this act of imitationappropriation, this mimèsis, as his memory has captured a story and the melodic cells, lyäg 'voice', of the various characters as sung by another before him in a recent past. However, he will introduce his own individual style, his 'signature' in many ways. The necessary adjustment between melodic cells, breathing capacity and mental text invites variations to take place and this way to compose generates variants in text and melody as Usuy exemplified it with "Kudaman" (N. Revel, 1983Revel, , 1992) ) 6 . It will reveal the very style of each singer of tales. In this sense, we can speak of living memory, 'la mémoire vive.' (N. Revel, 2013) 7 .

In 2015, another type of analysis has been set in motion with several programs for Sound Perception and Acoustics of the Voice as the following example to which we contributed: We started to make an audio-visual catalog of various types of vocal productions, aiming at a thesaurus that could be a reference for future analytical and comparative studies.

NATIV (New

In the past, sound documents and analytical tools were missing. Nowadays, digitization of former audio recordings and audio-visual recordings saveguard the memory of performances among cultures with an oral tradition as well as comtemporary music performances, and allow new m analytical methods.

The descriptors of spectrograms used according to a Music Information Retrieval (MIR) approach8 are : (Lerch (2012), Peeters et al. ( 2011)) :

-The intensity -The spectral centre of gravity-The roll-off, with a limit at 85 -The spectral flatness -The flow.

Phonetograms representing on a plane the relationship between fundamentale frequency and intensity, have been made on the respective recordings.

The main features we were focusing on during the analysis of voice -distinct from instruments-are :

• spoken / sung (with distribution of durations)

• breathing presence • fundamental frequency (f0) • spectral analysis : center of gravity, variance, spectral energy, etc. • voiced / unvoiced (f0, inharmonicity) • jitter, shimmer • tension ( amplitude variations between h1 et h2) -> passage en M2

In collaboration with Deidre Bolger (now Research engineer at Brain and Language Research Institute, Marseille) we worked at the Langues-Musique-Sociétés (LMS , a unit of CNRS, 2000-2010, Villejuif). We analyzed the acoustics of the voice of the main characters of « Silungan Baltapa » a Sama Dilaut epic. 9 In 2015, we contributed this program by an acoustic analysis of the motives in epic performances among palawan singers of tales. We selected three voices : two men, si Mäsinu Intaräy and si Usuy & one woman, si Karit.

Here is the description of the melodic motives linked to the six characters of « Durus Mata » 'Oblique Eye' sung by si Karit in 1971: the differences between them at the level of the melodic curve, average frequency and range of frequency was determined, As the plot unfolds, we have studied the shifts of the woman singer's timbre of the voice and their links with the characters and the story, our main focus was on spectral centroid and a measure of the relationship signal-noise as roughness ( jitter) or non harmonicity. 10 A strictly musicological perspective focuses on the definition of "vocal styles" in a given repertoire : pitch holding, ornaments, vibratto uses, to transform or to synthetize the vocal sequences in a piece of electro-acoustic music. This perspective is close to the studies on musical gesture conducted at LAM.

PPT

Interdisciplinary Approach to Musical Gesture

A New attempt analysis of the relationship between Musician -intrument Experiments have focused on long neck lutes in Central Asia, harps in Gabon, drums in Occidental music and xylophones in Cameroun, flutes and back-pipe were also tested. New protocols of collecting and analyzing the musical gesture in a laboratory, but also on the field, have been developed.

In this research, a caption of the gestures in 3D is set by camera électronique OPTI TRACK and 'VICON motion systems' emitting infra red light that captures the reflectors placed on the instrument and on the musician's body. The experiment is conducted by biomecanicians of the University of Compiègne in the collaboration with the musicians playing the musical instrument.

Here a harp from Gabon : Various reflectors are fixed on the harpist body and optoelectronic cameras of 'Vicon motion Systems' are set around his body. The system is resting on the reflection of captors of the infra red light emitted by the cameras. The tridimensional orientation of the musician and his motions in space are identified and reconstructed by a program.

(

  See. Simonot & S.Khoury, Applications and Implications of Digital Audio Database for the Field of Ethnomusicology, a Discussion on the CNRS-Musée de l'Homme Sound Archives, ANR12-CORD-0022) Joséphine Simonnot "The CNRS Musée de l'Homme Sound Archives from 1900 to the Present: a Long Way between Heritage, knowledge and Technologies."DIADEMS, ANR-12-CORD-0022. pp. 103-116. 1 http://archives.crem-cnrs.fr/archives/corpus/CNRSMH_Editions_001 TELEMETA : a Philosophy of Sharing Knowledge is a new open source software platform which facilitates the management and indexing sound files in the audio base.-It is also a collaborative web audio platform with a on line server and a streaming of a part of the sound recordings in this data base.

  Trans & Interdisciplinary Approach of the Voice, 2015-16), Institut de Recherche en Musicologie (Iremus), Paris-Sorbonne http://collegium.musicae.sorbonne-universites.fr/projets/nativ.html http://www.iremus.cnrs.fr/fr/projets-de-recherche/nativ Caracterization and analysis of various types of vocal production. The aim of this research project was to identify indices of perception, of classification and visual representations of the acoustic components of natural vocal production in particular, or sounds on instruments and synthetic sounds imitating the voice. Based on several digitized examples from various cultural areas at different epochs, the perception and production of vocal phenomena was analysed by bringing together various disciplines : acoustics on one hand and musicology, ethno-musicology, and ethno-poetic on the other hand. Western music and other world music cultures were analysed in order to capture the common feature in the extraordinary color range of vocal production. This research was also an attempt to suppress the boundaries between Sciences & Technics of Information & Communication and Social Sciences & Humanities. What are the constituents of a vocal sound ? What are the perceptive, acoustic and musicologic indices caracterizing the vocality of a sound ?

PPT 2017 ,

 2017 Fabrice Marandola, Marie-France Mifune et Farrokh Vahabzadeh, «Approche interdisciplinaire du geste musical. Nouvelles expérimentations en ethnomusicologie », Cahiers d'Ethnomusicologie, 30 /2017, pp.45-69. Logiciels : KINOVEA (en 2 D) and Mokka (en 3D).

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-CNRS-Musée de l'Homme Archives: an

  Audio Database in Ethnomusicology <http://archives.crem-cnrs.fr>

	On Pala'wan ethno-linguistic group it represents a collection of:
	-500 audio-recordings on 21p.listing.
	-216 photographs on 11p.listing.
	-13 instruments.
	-16 field notes.
	ILLUSTRATIONS ON PPT
	2Historical Background:

Illustration by the epic Mämiminbin analyzed with the program elaborated by André Salem, Lexico 3. http://www.lexi-co.com/ -Illustration on the Spectral Analysis of the Timbre of Voice of a Pala'wan singer of tales NATIV :New Trans & Interdisciplinary Approach of the Voice <http://www.iremus.cnrs.fr/fr/projets-de-recherche/nativ> Let us start by safeguarding the memory and archiving Intangible Heritage of instrumental and vocal music, I will present briefly four examples of archives related to the Philippines. As of now, only the catalogs and metadata are uploaded. However, not any content is uploaded, save for selected low quality images. The collective decision in the UP College of Music is one of consultation in situ, but it does not respond to a policy of wide diffusion nor the new trends of collaborative research. The link to this collection which has already been digitized is: http://upethnom.com/jmcollection/index.php/items/advancedsearch In relation to the Pala'wan ethno-linguistic group we worked on since 1970: We have deposited in the archives from 1970 up to 1978 a copy and sometimes the originals of our own collection (Macdonald C. and/or Revel-Macdonald N.) and contributed the collection that Dr. Maceda made when he came to the Highlands and Punang area to do field research with us in 1972 and 1976.

  plateforme collaborative Telemeta vise à rendre ces archives accessibles aux chercheurs et, dans la mesure du possible, au public, dans le respect des droits intellectuels et moraux des musiciens et des collecteurs. Mise au point grâce au soutien du programme du Très Grand Equipement Adonis du CNRS (INSHS), elle permet aux chercheurs d'échanger les données en ligne, notamment au moyen d'outils collaboratifs comme des marqueurs temporels pour l'annotation du document sonore, des espaces de commentaires, etc... La plateforme Telemeta a été mise en ligne en mai 2012. Sa gestion est assurée par le LAM. Les différentes campagnes de numérisation du fonds existant permettront, successivement, l'enrichissement de son contenu. This platform architecture organizes, catalogues & displays these archives on a Web monitored by LAM < http://www.lam.jussieu.fr> It is a collaborative platform for digitized sounds with the joint collaboration of:

-(J. Simonot " Telemeta", Le document sonore, 12 Janvier 2012).

La

-Engineers from the CREM, -The Lute making, Acoustics and Music (LAM), -Web-developers from the PARISSON Company, They worked together for 7 years on a Content Management System (CMS), to implement the Telemeta architecture in order to support the audio archives database. It is written in Python and Javascript languages, it is an open-source software that allows for the management of large audio databases and the easy indexing of sound files. The sound archives' metadata are structured on a MySQL database, which organizes the catalogue in 4 levels:

  Philippines http://archives.crem-cnrs.fr/archives/corpus/CNRSMH_Revel_001/ Over the past 26 years, the Philippine Epics and Ballads Archive has involved initially 69 singers and 11 technical assistants, in addition to many scholars and local knowledgeable persons.

	missions J. Macéda,	Négrito et Ifugao lors de missions de
	1974-1977		recherche entre 1974 et 1977.
	Indonésie. Revel-Macdonald, Nicole			CNRSMH_I_1978_013
	Philippines, Palawan: Kalimantan Timur (Bornéo Est) ; Revel, N. Enregistrements sonores inédits collectés par Charles Macdonald et Nicole Revel-Macdonald sur la musique vocale et instrumentale des Musiques vocales et instrumentales mission de 1970-Pala'wan des Hautes-Terres , lors d'une mission 1972 aux philippines de 1970-1972 Enregistrement sonores inédits de première ILLUSTRATIONS ON PPT	CNRSMH_I_2010_006 CNRSMH_I_1971_023
	mission ethnographique et linguistique ******* effectuée à Palawan, sous l'égide du exemples de littérature orale (narrée, chantée) CéDRASEMI (CNRS-EHESS). Enregistrements 3-The Philippine Epics and Ballads Multimedia Archive ethnie Pala'wan: Philippines, Ile de Palawan, mission 1970-1972 CNRSMH_I_1974_006 sur la musique (instrumentale et vocale), les arts de la parole illustrés par quelques <http://epics.ateneo.edu/epics>
		et de rhétorique.
	Philippines,
	Palawan: 3
	pièces de			CNRSMH_I_1986_013
	musique de
	gongs, 1984
	Philippines, Palawan: Kulilal. 1975-1976	Collection en cours d'identification avec Nicole Revel	CNRSMH_I_2014_040
		Musique instrumentale imitant les sons de la
	Philippines, Palawan : 1978 musique bägit.	nature : les oiseaux, les insectes, les animaux, les phénomènes naturels (vents, pluies, vagues, par Nicole Revel en 1978 dans les Philippines, humanité). Ces enregistrements ont été réalisés frictions des lianes, génies, feux, eau, air,	CNRSMH_I_2014_041
		dans l'île de Palawan (musique bägit).
	Philippines,
	Palawan: musique Bägit.	Musique Bägit pour luth interprété par Lapung et Mandun	CNRSMH_I_2014_049
	1983
	Philippines, Palawan; 1988	Musique vocale Palawan. A identifier avec le collecteur	CNRSMH_I_2014_050
	Philippines,	Musique Bägit Palawan et Kulintang
	Palawan; 1999	enregistrée en 1999
	Collections Kalimantan en ligne sur :
	http://archives.crem-cnrs.fr/archives/corpus/CNRSMH_Revel_003/
	Musiques de Luzon	Enregistrements sonores inédits de
	(populations Kalinga,	musiques collectés par José Maceda	CNRSMH_I_1977_011
	Bontoc, Negrito, Ifugao) ;	auprès des populations Kalinga, Bontoc,

  in contrast to a measured and alternatively unmeasured 4 2000, Nicole Revel & Mäsinu Intaräy, The Quest for a Wife. A Palawan Epic Sung by Mäsinu / La quête en épouse..Une Épopée palawan chantée par Mäsinu. Mämiminbin, Paris, Editions UNESCO/Langues & Mondes-L'Asiathèque, 440 p., [édition trilingue palawan-français-anglais], 1 CD, illustrations graphiques, 8 photos de Quincy Castillo.

1993, Nicole Revel, 1993, "Épopée" (N. Revel et al.) Encyclopaedia universalis, Nouvelle édition pour CDRom & édition imprimée, pp. 574-581. 2011, « Le chant de la mémoire », Les lieux de savoir 2. Les mains de l'intellect, Christian Jacob (éd.), Albin Michel, Paris, pp. 472-493.

1983, Nicole Revel-Macdonald. Kudaman. Une épopée Palawan chantée par Usuj, La Haye/Paris, Mouton, Les Cahiers de l'Homme, 385 p., 11 illustr. A. Fer, 1 disque 33t.

Music Information Retrieval (MIR) : Lerch (2012), Peeters et al. (2011))

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