Dongxian He
email: he_dongxian@hotmail.com

Daoliang Li

Jie Bao

Hu Juanxiu

Shaokun Lu

A Water-Quality Dynamic Monitoring System Based on Web-server-embedded Technology for Aquaculture

Keywords: Dissolved oxygen, Electrical conductivity, Infrastructure, Oxidation reduction potential

Water-quality monitoring technology has been taken a great attention in aquaculture because of increasing aquatic products and impact of food safety vicious incidents. In order to meet the technology requirements of water-quality monitoring in multi-parameter, dynamic, and networked monitoring, a water-quality dynamic monitoring system was developed to monitor multi-parameter water-quality variables such as water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, oxidation reduction potential dynamically, and communicate with remote information servers in a high security. As result of a two-years testing experiment in a seawater aquiculture company, relative errors of each water-quality parameter measured by the instrument were less than 5%, data lost percentage of remote communication was less than 3%, and power energy consumption was less than 13W. Therefore, the water-quality dynamic monitoring system as a node infrastructure of wireless sensor networks can be used to achieve a distributed water-quality network monitoring system in a large-scale aquaculture farm, or to construct a distributed water-quality monitoring network system in multipoint of different cities for aquaculture farm and administration section.

Introduction

Aquatic products play an important role in agricultural products. Farmed aquatic products reached the proportion of the total output of aquatic products 66.5% in China [START_REF]China National Bureau of Statics[END_REF]. Aquaculture has becoming to an important industry in agriculture and the monitoring of water quality is an important issue for improving the aquatic production and quality. Effective water-quality monitoring systems are required to apply in aquaculture to measure and control water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and other important water quality parameters in abroad [START_REF] Charef | Water quality monitoring using a smart sensing system[END_REF][START_REF] Park | Design of a water quality monitoring network in a large river system using the genetic algorithm[END_REF][START_REF] Strobl | Network design for water quality monitoring of surface freshwaters: A review[END_REF][START_REF] Subasinghe | Epidemiological approach to aquatic animal health management: opportunities and challenges for developing countries to increase aquatic production through aquaculture[END_REF][START_REF] Telci | Optimal water quality monitoring network design for river systems[END_REF]. Water quality was regulated by physical, chemical and biological methods to organize the aquaculture production by utilizing hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) operating rules in Europe [START_REF] Qi | Probiotics in aquaculture of China --Current state, problems and prospect[END_REF]. The computer-based process control technology proposed by United States for intensive aquaculture system can be used in marine fish's growth environment control [START_REF] Glasgow | Real-time remote monitoring of water quality: a review of current applications, and advancements in sensor, telemetry, and computing technologies[END_REF]. Water-quality monitoring instruments and systems are trended to be smaller, more automatic and intelligent, and multi-functional automation [START_REF] Telci | Optimal water quality monitoring network design for river systems[END_REF][START_REF] Chilundo | Design of a water quality monitoring network for the Limpopo River Basin in Mozambique[END_REF][START_REF] Chen | Improvement of remote monitoring on water quality in a subtropical reservoir by incorporating grammatical evolution with parallel genetic algorithms into satellite imagery[END_REF]. Although water-quality monitoring technology has been researched in China at this decade, there are still many problems such as the unstable sensor performance, less real-time monitoring parameters of water quality, low level of networked monitoring, and single system network monitoring [START_REF] Zhu | Monitor and control the parameter of the industrial aquaculture[END_REF][START_REF] Li | Design of digital water quality parameters online monitoring system[END_REF][START_REF] Liu | Research on intelligent supervising and control system about factors of aquiculture[END_REF]. In recent years, many researches utilize new technology such as GPRS and neural networks to improve water quality monitoring level in China [START_REF] Cui | Research of distributed water-quality monitoring system based on network[END_REF][START_REF] Liu | Research on integration of water quality automatic monitoring system with GPRS technology[END_REF]. The pollution of aquaculture water, aquatic production and quality issues, and the establishment of food-safety traceability system make constructing effective dynamic monitoring network to obtain multi-parameters of water quality become an important issue in aquaculture. Distributed networking, real-time remote monitoring, the dynamic controlling of water quality using web-server-embedded technology and the sensor node technology are future trend development for intensive aquaculture [START_REF] Graveline | An operational perspective on potential uses and constraints of emerging tools for monitoring water quality[END_REF]. In this study, a water-quality remote dynamic monitoring system was developed based on web-server-embedded technology. The information of water quality was transported safely using wireless communications technology based on CDMA services, WiFi and virtual private network (VPN) technology.

Materials and Method

System Configuration

The water-quality dynamic monitoring system is composed of water quality dynamic monitoring devices and a remote information server. The water quality dynamic monitoring device consists of sensor module, data monitoring module, communication module, and power module. The sensor module is composed of a water flow cell and sensors. The sensors include pH (ED201, Suzhou Han-star CO., China), electric conductivity (EC) (DJS-1T, Suzhou Han-star CO., China), dissolved oxygen (DO) (ED012, Suzhou Han-star CO., China), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) (PC312, Suzhou Han-star CO., China), and temperature (STWB-1000, Beijing Saiyiling CO., China). The water flow cell was made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with diameter of Φ55 mm. The data monitoring module utilizes a web-server-embedded chip (PICNIC2.0, TriState Co., Japan) to obtain water-quality information and environment from different sensors. The communication module is composed of a Wi-Fi module (AirStation-J54, Buffalo Co., Japan), and a CDMA module with IPSec-based VPN function (InRouter210C, Beijing Inhand Co., China), for establishing wireless local area network and achieving remote communications and data transmission. The power module consists of a power control device, and a power division device for 12V DC power supply and 220V AC power supply. The remote information server consists of an ADSL modem (DSL-300, D-Link Co., China), a VPN router (BV-601, NESCO Co., China), and an information server (Fig. 1). The VPN router and information server connect to the Internet via ADSL service. After the VPN router and the CDMA of the water-quality dynamic monitoring device are connected to the Internet, VPN connection is established via IPSec authentication. The information server is the terminal equipment which could be a personal computer, portable computer, or a large/medium size server to achieve the real-time remote capture of the water-quality parameter and environmental parameter of the aquiculture.

Fig. 1 The water-quality dynamic monitoring system.

Topological Architecture

The water-quality dynamic monitoring system is an isolated local area network. As a sensing network node, it is connected to Internet via CDMA service of China Unicom. That means the system can be constructed to a large-scale wireless sensing network under CDMA signal covered areas. In this system, the two monitoring devices establish communication via Wi-Fi technology because of the short distance between them. The system is easy to increase by 255 monitoring devices at most, and the monitoring device is also easy to increase sensor channels. Water-quality data and environmental data are transported by TCP/IP protocol and identified and stored by the remote information server. The CDMA module will be dynamically connected to the remote information servers via IPSec-based VPN security technology. In order to identify the specified remote information servers, the remote VPN router have to use a dynamic domain or a fixed global IP to support the remote VPN calling. The monitoring systems deployed anywhere will become a local network connection if the IPsec-based VPN tunnels were connected. Within the network, the information captured by all devices could be used as a local information network to conduct secure access. Therefore, authorized users could visit or manage the remote sensing devices anywhere and anytime under Internet environment. In this testing, the Beijing information server is using a dynamic domain.

Testing Environment

Two water-quality dynamic monitoring systems were installed respectively in inlet and outlet of a workshop in Fengzeyuan aquafarm, Dongying Shandong Province, which adopts seawater and semi-circle mode for intensive aquiculture. Wi-Fi module was used in one of the devices, while Wi-Fi module and CDMA module with IPsec-based VPN function were used in another. In this testing, one remote information server with an IPsec-based VPN router is deployed in the China Agricultural University located in Beijing city. The testing experiments were conducted for two years.

Fig. 2 The water-quality dynamic monitoring systems installed in a practical aquaculture.

Results and Discussion

Water-quality Data Monitoring

The water-quality data including pH, DO, EC, and water temperature throughout a week were dynamically storied or issued in webpage or Extensible Markup Language (XML) file by a special JAVA applet program in the remote information server (Fig. 3). The 10-bit analog signals of the sensors were obtained by the web-server-embedded chip without storage device. Fig. 3 Water-quality data measured by the water-quality dynamic monitoring system. These figures demonstrate the pH, EC, DO and water temperature data recorded within 6 days.

Network Communication and Electronic Consumption

The water-quality dynamic monitoring systems were communicated with the remote information server in Beijing by a 20-30Kbps access speed with over 26-30 signal quality level of CDMA services. One can access the CDMA device via LAN to inspect VPN status and network signal values. Also, other one can obtain real-time information of the system, including DNS and Public Network IP by viewing the logs. It is easy to fulfill local PC access to Internet by outside hanging a PC, setting IP address in the Subnet and DNS as the server detected by CDMA. Under normal processing of Internet, randomly select 6 days data to make research, we found that when setting the testing frequency for 1 min each time, that is 1440 sets per day, the average packet loss rate is between 1.7% to 2.3%. Thus, this system has fulfilled real-time dynamic data acquisition and meets the needs in trust worthiness and safety of automatic network transmission. The power controller of the water-quality dynamic monitoring system used 12V DC power supply with 2A electric current. The nominal voltage of pH, dissolved oxygen, electric conductivity, temperature and oxidation-reduction potential transmitters used 12V DC power supply with 0.11A measured electric current. The PICNIC and Wi-Fi need low consumption, the power of CDMA device is 4W and the nominal voltage of fan is 12V. According to actual measurement of voltage and current on field devices, the average power is 12.9W.

Conclusion

Information server of the water-quality dynamic monitoring system utilizes the value-added services of mobile telecommunication and the database management system based on web-server technology to conduct remote data transportation.

The authorized users can obtain the monitoring water-quality data of the sensing network under any Internet environment. The results of two-year testing experiment shown that the water-quality dynamic monitoring system can remotely and dynamically monitor multi-parameter of water-quality such as temperature, pH, EC, DO, and ORP. The system is operated well with 13W power energy consumption. Therefore, this water-quality dynamic monitoring system can be used to construct a distributed water-quality monitoring network in multipoint of different cities for aquaculture farm and administration section in high reliability and security.

Acknowledgments

Thanks Mr. Po Yang and Mr. Chong Liu of Beijing Lighting Valley Company for their work and suggestions. Thanks Dongying Fengzeyuan aquafarm in Shandong province for supplying test site and their help. This research is supported by National advanced R&D Program (2006BAD10A02 and 2006AA10A302).


Dong Wang
email: wangd@nercita.org.cnminsg@cau.edu.cn

Zhihong Ma

Shengfeng Ye

professor, doctoral Shungeng Min

Study Study Study Study on on on on the the the the Near Near Near Near Infrared Infrared Infrared Infrared Model Model Model Model Development Development Development Development of of of of Mixed Mixed Mixed Mixed Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Samples Samples Samples Samples by by by by the the the the Algorithm Algorithm Algorithm Algorithm of of of of OSC-PLS OSC-PLS OSC-PLS OSC-PLS

Keywords: Orthogonal Signal Correction, Partial Least Square, Calibration Model, Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Liquid Samples

The orthogonal signal correction of Wold algorithm was introduced in this thesis, which was combined with the partial least square algorithm.

Calibration model of five components of benzene, methylbenzene, chlorobenzene, benzaldehyde and acetophenone in the mixed liquid samples were developed and validated by the method of independent . The result indicated that the calibration models of the components of benzene, methylbenzene, chlorobenzene and benzaldehyde will be developed well after the 1-dimension OSC filter; while a good calibration model of the component of acetophenone will be acquired after the 2-dimension OSC filter.

Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a kind of non-destructive [START_REF] Wu | Nondestructive Determination of MDMA and MA in Ecstasy by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (近红外光谱技术应用于摇头丸 中 MDMA、MA 无损定量分析的研究)[END_REF], rapid [START_REF] Ye | Simultaneous Determination of Glucose, Fructose and Sucrose in Aqueous Solution by Near-infrared Spectroscopy (同时测定水溶液中葡萄糖、果糖和 蔗糖的近红外光谱法)[END_REF] and environmental friendly analysis method, with the characteristics of easy-acquirement optical source, abundant spectral information and strong penetrability. NIR spectroscopy analysis has been applied in the fields of quality analysis of agricultural products [START_REF] Yang | Analyses of Oil Content and Erucic Acid in Small Sample of Rapeseed by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (近红外(NIRS)技术分析小样品 油菜籽芥酸和含油量的应用研究)[END_REF][START_REF] Xiao | Determination of Protein in Milled Rice by Near Infrared Transmittance Spectroscopy (用 近红外透射光谱技术测定精米蛋白质含量研究)[END_REF][START_REF] Li | Analysis of Ash, Total Volatile Acids and Total Volatile Bases in Tobacco with Near Infrared Spectroscopy (烟草灰分、总挥发酸和总挥发碱的近红外光谱分析)[END_REF], petrochemical industry [START_REF] Qian | A Novel Fuzzy Neural Network Method for Diesel Quantitative Analysis with Near Infrared Spectroscopy (基于 近红外光谱技术的石油组分定量分析新方法 )[END_REF], pharmaceutical analysis [START_REF] Liu | Nondestructive Quantitative Analysis of Cofrel Medicines by Improved Partial Least Squares -NIR Spectroscopy (改进的偏最小二乘--近红外光谱法非破坏定量分析 Cofrel 药品)[END_REF][START_REF] Fang | 林 敏 ): Prediction of Active Substance Contents in Pharmaceutical Tablet Using ICA and NIR (ICA 方法与 NIR 技术用于药片中活性成分 含量的测定)[END_REF][START_REF] Zhao | 真 , 刘 福 强, 刘 名 扬 , 王 友 兵 , 任 玉 林 ): Determination of cimetidine in tablets by near-infrared spectroscopy and PLS (偏最小二乘--近红外漫反射 光 谱 法 测 定 米 西 替 丁 药 片 )[END_REF] and so forth.

However, the high-strength and complicative background exists in NIR spectroscopy analysis. With the characteristics of serious overlapping band, there are non-correlative information with the target component and the information of the instruments in NIR spectra, which will influence the precision of thecalibration model.

The common multi-signal calibration methods have the risk of eliminating the information correlated with the specified values from spectra, which may decrease the precision of the calibration model.

The Algorithm of Orthogonal Signal Correction (OSC) was raised by Wold [START_REF] Wold | Orthogonal signal correction of near-infrared spectra[END_REF] in 1998 firstly, which is a method of signal processing. The basic idea of OSC is that the non-correlative part of the spectral matrix (X) to the specified values matrix (Y) was eliminated by the mathematical method of orthogonality, after which, a new matrix Xnew was acquired. The calibration model will developed by the matrix Xnew, in order to acquire robust calibration model. Since OSC algorithm eliminated the orthogonal part of the specified values, the valuable information will be kept in spectra matrix, in addition, it may simplify the calibration model for the complicative system.

After Wold raising OSC algorithm, many scholars raised the improvement to OSC.

Tom Fearn [START_REF] Fearn | On orthogonal signal correction[END_REF] improved the OSC algorithm in 2000. Johan A. Westerhuis [START_REF] Westerhuis | Smilde: Direct orthogonal signal correction[END_REF] et. al.

raised the Direct-OSC algorithm. Robert N. Feudale [START_REF] Feudale | Piecewise Orthogonal Signal Correction[END_REF] et. al. raised the Piecewise OSC algorithm. OSC algorithm has been applied in the calibration of NIR data successfully at present [START_REF] Blanco | Orthogonal signal correction in near infrared calibration[END_REF][START_REF] Bertran | Effect of orthogonal signal correction on the determination of compounds with very similar near infrared spectra[END_REF].

In this thesis, OSC-PLS algorithm will be applied in the calibration model of the NIR spectra of 30 mixed liquid samples. The filtering effect of different dimension of OSC was compared. The range of NIR spectra collected was 10000 cm -1 -4000 cm -1 . The air was regarded as reference in order to collect the background spectrum. Calibration method: Independent validation, of which, 6 spectra selected according to the concentration gradient were regarded as the validation set for each component;

smooth by Savitzki-Golay (with the width of 5); data normalization method: SNV; OSC-PLS regression.

Take the specified values of benzene for example, Fig. 1A is the raw spectra of the 30 mixed liquid samples in the range of 6200 cm -1 -5800 cm -1 , which is the 1 st overtone of C-H group. Centralization of the spectra was done, as is shown in Fig. 1B. It can be seen from Tab. 2 that there is no remarkable difference among the results of 1-, 2-and 3-dimension OSC filter. The calibration after 1-dimension OSC filter had the enough precision. It can be seen from Fig. 3 that a high precision can be acquired for benzene after 1-dimension OSC filter and PLS regression.

The calibration result of the other 4 components after 1-, 2-and 3-dimension OSC filter and PLS regression were shown as Tab. 3. It can be seen from Tab. 2 and Tab. 3 that 1-dimension OSC filter is good for the components of benzene, methylbenzene, chlorobenzene and benzaldehyde since RMSEV is minimum among 1-, 2-and 3-dimension of OSC filter; while 2-dimension OSC filter is good for the component of acetophenone since RMSEV is minimum among the three dimensions of OSC filter but will not decrease when 3-dimension OSC filter being applied.

Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion

OSC-PLS algorithm was applied to benzene, methylbenzene, chlorobenzene, benzaldehyde and acetophenone in the mixed liquid samples in this thesis. The result indicated that OSC is a good filter for PLS, which can extract the useful information efficiently and acquire precise calibration model.

1

 1 Instrument Instrument Instrument Instrument and and and and R R R Reagent eagent eagent eagentInstrument: FT-NIR spectrometer (Spectrum One NTS, Perkin Elmer, U.S.); Reagents: Benzene (A.R.), methylbenzene (A.R.), chlorobenzene (A.R.), benzaldehyde (A.R.), acetophenone (A.R.). 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 Procedure Procedure Procedure Procedure 30 mixed liquid samples, including benzene, methylbenzene, chorobenzene, benzaldehyde and acetophenone, were made up. The information of the samples was shown in Tab. 1.

  Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 1 1 1 1. . . . The raw spectra (A) and the spectra after centralization processing (B)

Fig. 3

 3 Fig. 3 is the correlation of the estimated values and specified values of the calibration set (A) and the validation set (B) of benzene after 1-dimension OSC filter.

Tab. Tab. Tab. Tab. 1 1 1 1. . . .

  The information of the components in the liquid mixed samples

		Benzene	Methylbenzene	Chlorobenzene	Benzaldehyde	Acetophenone
	Max (%)	50.0	30.0	10.0	10.0	5.0
	Min (%)	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.5	0.1
	Mean (%)	9.9	19.4	5.3	4.3	2.0
	Std	12.3	8.6	3.0	3.0	1.7
	2

.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 Data Data Data Data P P P Processing rocessing rocessing rocessing Software

: Matlab v6.5, preprocessing and OSC-PLS program written by self.

  In Tab. 3, NOSC represents the dimension of OSC filter, NC represents the dimension of calibration model.

		Tab. Tab. Tab. Tab. 3 3 3 3. . . . The calibration result after each OSC filter
		Methylbenzene	Chlorobenzene		Benzaldehyde			Acetophenone
	NOSC	1	2	3	1	2	3	1	2	3	1	2	3
	R 2 c (%)	99.75	92.89	92.89	99.45	94.23	94.23	99.94	95.55	95.55	99.78	99.78	99.78
	R 2 v (%)	99.42	97.10	97.10	96.34	91.45	91.45	84.94	78.15	78.15	97.47	97.97	97.97
	RMSEC	0.52	2.65	2.65	0.23	0.74	0.74	0.09	0.66	0.66	0.09	0.09	0.09
	RMSEV	0.77	1.71	1.71	0.55	0.84	0.84	1.17	1.41	1.41	0.3	0.27	0.27
	NC	4	2	2	5	4	4	8	3	3	5	5	5

Acknowledgment. Acknowledgment. Acknowledgment. Acknowledgment. This thesis is supported by National Science Foundation of China, No. 20575076.

, No. 20575076.


Haiyan Jiang
email: jianghy@njau.edu.cn

Bing Fu

, Mei Zhang

Yan Zhu

Weixin Cao
email: caow@njau.edu.cn

The Study on the Organization Approach of Agricultural Model Component Library Based on Topic Map

Keywords: :Topic map, model component, topic maps merging, development model, agriculture model

The definition and representation on the model base's descriptions are the basis of reuse, integration and management of heterogeneous model resources. The study proposed the organization method of the agriculture model component based on topic maps. On the basis of the meta-modeling techniques and the topic map techniques, the study comprehensively analyzed the agricultural model characteristics, extracted the model component facets and its associated descriptions, and established the agricultural model component library's description model (DM-AMCL). Then, it hierarchically mapped and annotated the model component semantic and syntactic information by using the topic map. We designed the organization framework of the agriculture model component library on topic maps (TM-AMCL). For example of wheat development model, the XTM document instance is build. The result shows that, converting the agriculture models base to TM-AMCL can provide a unified descriptions and access to data for the intelligent decision support system developers, the managers of agriculture model and the computer system.

Introductions

The agriculture model is a mathematical model or computer model to describe the characteristics, the status and the variety law of agro-ecosystems [START_REF] Gao | Foundation of Agricultural Modeling Science[END_REF]. The Agricultural Decision Support System based on the agriculture models plays an important role in the field of precision agriculture, crop production management, plant pest forecasting, agriculture economic analysis and forecasting [START_REF] Gao | Foundation of Agricultural Modeling Science[END_REF], [START_REF] Jouven | Simulating grassland utilization in beef suckler systems to investigate the trade-offs between production and floristic diversity[END_REF], [START_REF] Jonesa | Approaches to modular model development[END_REF]. With the maturation and development of component-based software development approach (CBD), more and more simulation models are encapsulated as model components or web services, the decision support system development efficiency and quality are improved with the component reuse and assembly [START_REF] Argent | An overview of model integration for environmental applications-components, frameworks and semantics[END_REF].

The APSIM research group [START_REF] Smith | Linking icon-based models to code-based models: a case study with the agricultural production systems simulator.Agricultural Systems[END_REF] use the component assembly method to integrate the grass seed models built with the StallaTM tool into the APSIM system. van Ittersum [START_REF] Van Ittersum | A component-based framework for the European Union (SEAMLESS)[END_REF] etc., established the component-based seamless integration framework (SEAMLESS-IF), the Agricultural model in different spatial and temporal scales such as land use planning, crop productivity forecasting, economic and social benefit analysis, can be integrated in this framework, and the reusable level between model components is promoted. ZHAO Chun-jiang [START_REF] Zhao | Development platform for agricultural intelligent system based on techno-componentware model[END_REF] etc., applied the software component technology to agricultural intelligent system platform, raised the platform development efficiency. CAO Wei-xing [START_REF] Zhu | Application of soft component technology to design of intelligent decision-making system for crop management[END_REF][START_REF] Cao | J.Research progress and prospect of digital farming techniques[END_REF] etc., developed crop growth simulation system by using the component-based method to encapsulate the model components of wheat, rice, cotton and rape and other major field crops for the objects, efficiently improved the development efficiency of the agricultural decision support system.

However, in the agriculture information research field, although many different research institutions have large amounts of different types of model component resources, but they are present in their development of independent system. These research institutions adopted different modeling approaches and component model, used different development platforms and technologies, and it's difficult to integrate, share and reuse the models. At the same time, agricultural models involve many aspects, and are high complexity, highly professional, the dependency and relationship between the sub-models are close. All of these made intelligent decision support system developers, agricultural science researchers and computer system to have a different semantics and syntax understanding for the model's input / output parameters. Therefore, to research the unified description and representation method of the agricultural model base distributed environment, can helps all kinds of users to unify the various modes of information access to heterogeneous model base. It's the basis for realizing the agriculture model integration and reuse. Topic Maps technology [START_REF]Topic Maps-Information Technology, Document Description and Processing Languages[END_REF] is a metadata model for expressing and exchanging the structured information, and has now become the ISO / IEC 13250 standard published. Topic Maps technology played an important role in the fields of heterogeneous databases sharing and integration of subject knowledge [START_REF] Ma | Digital Resources integration:theory,method and application[END_REF]. Ellouze N [START_REF] Ellouze | Usage-Oriented Topic Maps Building Approach[END_REF] raised a global sharing method of topic maps in different languages through continuous collaboration and fusion between topic maps. WU Xiao-fan [START_REF] Wu | Knowledge warehouse based on XML topic maps[END_REF] raised a method to construct the topic map-based knowledge repository warehouse, to promote information integration to knowledge integration. Although, there have many applied research of topic maps technology in fields of information resource integration and information retrieval, there have less study on the representation of agriculture model base resources, especially on the content representation and build process. This study intended to apply the topic maps technology to the information organization of agricultural model base. By analyzing the features of agriculture model and combining the business component model, the study constructed the layered description model of the agriculture model component library, confirmed the construction process and content on the topic maps of the agriculture model component library. The goal is to convert agricultural models to the topic maps, and provide a unified reuse access to agriculture models in the network environment.

Topic map elements and the mapping of agricultural model base resources

Topic maps (TM) are usually used to represent knowledge and to locate data structure of information resources. The TM is composed of three elements, which are topic, association and occurrence, and represents the complex relationship between knowledge concept and information resource through the meta-data XML (XML Topic Maps) [START_REF]Topic Maps-Information Technology, Document Description and Processing Languages[END_REF]. The topic describes the abstract concept of things, and the topic type represents type of classified topic. The association describes the relationship between the topics. The association type depicts the interrelated nature of topic concept.

Since there is no direction or order about the association, the association role is used to define the participated role in the association. The occurrence, also called event, describes the topic's link to physical resource, the occurrence type indicates the resource type linked by the topic. One topic can correspond to multiple occurrences. From the overall structure view, TM domain is divided into topic domain and resource domain. The topic domain is a collection of topics, and it contains the association.

The resource domain is a collection of all physical resources. Therefore, to organize agriculture model base resource using the topic map technology, it is needed to extract the concept term, interface specification and the relationship from the model component library, and further maps to the topic and association, maps the database document and component entity etc., to the resource domain. In the application process at the regional scale, crop production and management knowledge model needs to interpolate and process the daily temperature data of simulation regional meteorological stations to be used as driven variable of field scale model, this reflects the spatial characteristics of model input variables. On the whole, agriculture model is often a complex model, and it involves multiple sub-model, the input / output variables is complex and is of significant spatial and temporal characteristics. Therefore, the component size level is associated with the model size level. The sectional capacity of model can be mapped to a combination of ability of model components.

             (2) } { AADM CR CE MR ME CI MP CE ME             (3) n ,..., 2 , 1 , model atomic i CADM ) i ( AADM        (4)

Topic map framework oriented Agriculture Model Component Library

The construction of topic maps includes extraction, annotation and merging of topic map elements, and saves it using XTM file storage.

Topic map formation

By using the information of DM-AMCL Faceted description domain and association description domain as metadata, combined with the specific model types and component models, and entity file, this study formed themes, associations and events of agriculture model component library, and established the Topic Maps of Agricultural Model Component Library (TM-AMCL) by using XTM representation. It consists of model's meta topic maps (MTM), atomic topic maps (ATM) and complex topic maps (CTM) together, and followed by a meta-data -instances of relations, and a total share of model information is realized by using topic map fusion algorithm. MTM is the basic mode for generating other thematic maps, and come directly from DM-AMCL . It is composed of meta-attributes for topic maps (AMTM) and meta-framework for topic maps (FMTM), reflects the hierarchical

XTM Annotation Of Topic Maps

The study used the XTM elements such as <topic>, <association>, <mergeMap>, <topicRef>, <scope>, <instanceOf>, <topic> and <baseName> etc., to notate the faceted and the associated term in the DM-AMC, notated the model component metadata according to level name mode [START_REF] Jiang | Development of crop model resource construction platform[END_REF], notated the ATM by using classified and instantiated method, and formed the agriculture model XTM file. The figure 3

Conclusion

This study proposed a new approach for agriculture model description and representation with coordination of software components and topic maps. initially converted the agriculture model-base to topic map library, formed the data document by using XTM semantic notation.

(1) Combined with Jade Bird Component Model, the study formed DM-AMCL that is metadata of TM-AMCL. The faceted description is four domains. Associated description includes five kinds of association types. The unified description of agriculture model base information is initially realized.

(2)The organization framework and build process of TM-AMCL are raised. The DM-AMCL information is mapped to MTM, the LATM is created through the instances of DM-AMCL, the GATM and CTM are formed by using emerging algorithms. The study supply reference mode to different agricultural models developed by using different technologies in the network environment.

(3) The agriculture model is converted to the XTM document data, and provided the network information exchange means and the uniform access to data for developers of intelligent decision support system, managers of agriculture models, agricultural research organizations, and the computing system.

2 The representation method of agriculture model component Library based on the topic maps 2 . 1

 21 The composition and structure of agriculture model base Software component is a completely defined self-contained software unit of one or a group interface, has syntax formula, time and deployment of content, can be independently delivered and installed at a point of time of component development life cycle, and represents its effectiveness by assembling with other components [14].The effective use of the component-based development (CBD) methods depends on the large number of component library with an effective organization. Currently, the most agriculture models are encapsulated to model components. Agricultural model library resources are commonly composed of agricultural model library, model component library and model database. Agricultural model base is a collection of agriculture model concepts and its relationship, model component library is specifically represented as the model algorithm, and is composed of the agriculture model's information of the concept terms, component properties, interface specifications and component entities. Model metadata, model parameters and model-driven run-time data is stored in the model database. Therefore, to unified organize and represent the agriculture model base, needs a totally characterization and description of the model component's semantic and syntactic information.

Figure 1 mappingFig. 1 . 3 . 1

 1131 Fig.1. The mapping of agricultural model-base resources and topic maps

  relationship between the generic concepts of domain model, component domain and resource domain in the model component library, and the association relationship between the domains. MTM is the abstract representation of concept and relationship of meta-model of component library, composed of local atom topic maps (LATM) and global atomic topic maps (GATM), and can reflect the different model component entity concept and association information in same type of model. Each model component corresponds to an LATM, the same type of model has more than LATM, and GATM is formed by using the topic maps merging technology, the global component level share of similar model is realized. CTM is the abstract representation of concept and relationship of composite model components, and can fully reflect sub-models involved in the composite model, and combination rule of sub-models etc., the global model-based system level share is realized.

Fig. 2 .

 2 Fig.2. The structure and the merging process of TM-AMCL Figure 2 show that TM-AMCL in turn are divided into three steps: ①MTM reflects "meta-data relationship", maps the faceted classification, terminology and association types of DM-AMCL to AMTM topic type, association type and event type separately, all represented by the topics without the relation of specific model types. The term value in the Model Framework domain is mapped to the topic type of FMTM, is related to specific model types. One type model has a set of reference standard of common model framework. ②AMTM reflects "abstract -concrete -merging relations". Based on the meta-property topic map mode, all instances of the topic are extracted from the model component database, these instances are seen as new topic and are added to the MTM structure to form newLATM. Further, under the guidance of model components term dictionary, the LATM is merged to GATM by using topic map merging algorithm, and the different crop model algorithm components of the same agriculture model type is shared. ③CTM reflects "model composable relationship". Based on the meta-framework topic map mode, the GATM is classified and merged to form CTM, and the system-level model information is shared. In figure2, model components term dictionary defines the related field terms and their synonyms in agriculture model component library, including number, the

Fig. 4 .Fig. 5 .Fig. 6 .

 456 Fig.4. The topic of wheat development model class for the M001 <association id="M001_C001_association"> <instanceOf> <topicRef xmlns:xlink="#100_Model-Component Explain Associate" /> </instanceOf> <member> <roleSpec> <topicRef xmlns:xlink="#Model_Role"/> </roleSpec> <topicRef xmlns:xlink="#M001/ModelID"> </member> <member> <roleSpec> <topicRef xmlns:xlink="#Com_Role"/> </roleSpec> <topicRef xmlns:xlink="#C001/ComID"> </member> </association>

Component-based description of the agricultural model

  JavaBean or web Service and other component entities. Atomic model component is a model algorithm component to complete single-function, and its internal is composed of class, conditions and equations. For example, crop growth model component has only one single-function for calculating the crop growth phenology, belongs to business components. Composite model component can guide the assembly, calls and combinations of sub-model component , realize the specific functions of application, belongs to application or service component. For example, field scale crop growth model is composed of a number of sub-model components, can complete the different levels of field scale crop systems simulation, it belongs to system-level model components. Model framework components can guide atomic model components to form composite model components. The semantic and grammar information of agricultural model can be expressed by the description model of the agriculture model component library (DM-AMCL). DM-AMCL is composed of Facet Description Model (FDM) and Associate Description Model (ADM).FDM describes the model components concept space faceted terms, and is composed of model property, model parameters, the model framework and the resource files of four domains (Formula 1). Each domain contains a number of key term nodes, the key term node is divided into many groups according to the model and component, "domain + model group" and "Domain + component group" are seen as an abstract object, the characteristic facet terms of these abstract objects are property terms, which form 8 facet term trees in domain unit. Table 1 lists the FDM classification domain and property term contents. Among them, ModelExplain.ME and ModelExplain.CE are separately the descriptive property information of model and component. ModelParameter.MF describes input and output

	3.2 3.2.1 Facet Description
	FDM 	 Model	Explain	,	ModelFrame	work	,	, eter ModelParam	Re	sourceFile	 s	(1)

According to the characteristic analysis of component and agriculture model size level, it is known that agriculture model components are composed of atomic model components, composite model components and model framework component, the specific algorithm can be. Net components, parameter's semantic information of a single atomic model. ModelParameter.CI describes syntax specification of atom model component interface. ModelFramework domain specifies a set of portfolio reference standards of composite model, and sub-model components interface adapter standard, and can guide the assembly of sub-model components. Among this, ModelFramework. δ describes composite model component hierarchy, and the combination or collaboration rules among components. ModelFramework.λ describes the interactive processes, rules and interface specification among model components composed by composite model. For example, crop growth model is a composite model, contains sub-calculation models of growth period, biomass, dry matter allocation, organ built, quality formation, soil -crop water, soil -crop nutrition etc. in its ModelFramework.δ . Wheat, rice and other crop growth model has similar simulation framework, and can simulate different levels of cereal crop systems through a combination of sub-models. Further use of component interface and component portfolio reference standard in the ModelFramework.λ, can complete the assembly of sub-model components and construct the system-level model components.

Table1. The Facet Description Model Details Of Agriculture Model Component Library.

  Although the FDM can describe the semantic and syntactic information of agricultural model faceted term space, but there is no associations between objects of the domain. By refining the association between model objects and component objects in the same domain, this study associated the model concept term space with the component concept term space and physical resource, and formed the association description model (ADM). ADM includes Atom Association Description Model

				representation forms, development languages, application fields, deployment
				environment, instructions, etc.
	ModelFramework.δ			model component sequence, combination or collaboration rules, reference
				input / output, etc
	ModelFramework.λ			composable interface sequence, call interface rules, reference Interface
				Specification, etc
	ResourceFiles.MR			model description file,etc
	ResourceFiles.CR			component description file, component entity file,etc
	3.2.2 Association Description
	ADM	(	ME	CE	,	MP	CI	,	,	ME	MR	,	CE	CR	)
	Faceted classification domain	Property glossary
	ModelExplain.ME			model number, model name, plant type, model class, model type, model scale,
				simulation level, functional description, application fields, modeling agencies,
				etc.
	ModelExplain.CE			model number, model name, plant type, model class, model type, model scale,
				simulation level, functional description, application fields, modeling agencies,
				etc.
	ModelParameter.MF			model number, model name, plant type, model class, model type, model scale,
				simulation level, functional description, application fields, modeling agencies,
				etc.
	ModelParameter.CI			component number, component name, component size, encapsulation forms,

(AADM) and Complex Association Description Model (CADM). AADM is composed of modelcomponent properties, the model parameters -component interface, model attribute -model description file, component attributes -component file, and composite model structure -component combinations statute, a total of five kinds of association types. Formula (2) reflects the mapping relationship set involved in atomic model, each mapping is of one-to-many relationship. Formula (3) reflects that the composite model has added the part of association on the basis of atomic component mapping relationship set, and the association of complex model structure -component combinations statute has a one-to-one relationship. Integrating FDM and ADM can describe semantic and grammatical information of agriculture model base totally.

  list the Model Explain domain, model-component attribute association domain and the XTM fragment for AMTM document. Other facet description domain can refer to the method to notate, because it is difficult to describe in here. If the current topics are in the ModelExplain domain, then its extension name is the current model number / base name. The other topic name definition is similar. Figure 4-6 separately lists the computer-generated model class topic, model number and component number of the wheat growing model components, and XTM description fragment of component entity file information, and among this, the wheat growing model number is M001, its corresponding software component number is C001, and its corresponding binary entity file name is CDeve-Wheat_1.1.3.dll.

	<topic id="M001/ModelClass">
	<instanceOf>
	<topicRef xmlns:xlink="#2_ME/ModelClass" />
	</instanceOf>
	<baseName> <baseNameString>Development Class</baseNameString> </baseName>
	<baseName> <baseNameString>M001/ Development Clsaal </baseNameString> </baseName>
	</topic>
	<?xml version="1.0" encoding="gb2312"?>
	<topicMap>
	<topic id=" 1_ModelExplain ">
	<baseName> <baseNameString> Model Description </baseNameString> </baseName>
	</topic>
	<topic id="2_ME. ModelID ">	<! Model Number >
	<instanceOf> <topicRef xlink:href="#1_ ModelExplain "/></instanceOf>
	<baseName> <baseNameString>2_ME/ModelID</baseNameString></baseName>
	<baseName> <baseNameString>ModelID</baseNameString></baseName>
	</topic>
	<topic id="2_ME. ModelType ">	<! Model Type >
	<instanceOf><topicRef xlink:href="#1_ ModelExplain "/></instanceOf>
	<baseName> <baseNameString>2_ME/ModelType</baseNameString></baseName>
	<baseName><baseNameString> ModelType </baseNameString> </baseName>
	<scope>
	Crop model, meteorological model, soil model, hydrological model, economic model, plant protection model
	</scope>
	</topic>
	Fig.3. The XTM fragment of AMTM
	4.3 A working example:The wheat development model component's LATM building
	The research team saved the descriptive information of the wheat growing model components in the
	agricultural model component database, wrote and used C # programs to access Microsoft SQL Server
	database, and according to the XTM standard format, converted the field data of database table to the
	XTM elements and property information, such as < topicMap>, < instanceOf>, < topicRef > and <

Scope>. Then, by using the leaf node faceted topics of MTM as the topic type of LATM, the appropriate topic instances are established. Each topic includes the base name and extension name.

Base name is the basic name of the current topic, and extension name records the topic path information in the MTM.

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the funding of this work by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No:30971697), Science and Technology Support Project Plan of Jiangsu-Agriculture section (No:BE2009342) and Social Science Foundation project of Nanjing Agricultural University in China (No:SK08017).


Baoying Ye
email: yebaoying@yahoo.cn

Nisha Bao

Zhongke Bai

The Study on Building of Virtual Reality System in Large Surface Coal Mine

Keywords:

The building of virtual reality system for the opencast mine is a complicated and systemic project. The building process of virtual system includes data collection, GIS geodatabase, model designing and raster textures making. GIS data is from field survey, maps, and remote sensing images. The import phase is the building of kinds of models in different environment. This paper introduced several methods for the modeling different entity, such as dumps, pits, building in Industrial sites, and reclaimed vegetation. The dump models includes real and designed entity in GIS .The building models are built by GIS data and 3DMAX.The vegetation models is buildup in other special software. Based on the ArcGlobe, the kinds of models are integrated into the virtual reality system .ArcGlobe allows efficient display and query of raster data and GIS data, and it is integrated to function with the ArcGIS geodatabase while providing support for analysis in the geoprocessing environment..

Introduction

Virtual Reality Geographic Information System (VRGIS) is a technology, which combine Virtual reality with geographic information system [START_REF] Batty | Visualizing the City:Communicating Urban Design to Planners and Decision -Makers[END_REF].It not only includes spatial analysis tools, but also can simulate landscape in the real world as well as in imaginary worlds with animation and audio function. A key part in VRGIS is considered as the acquire, display and processing of 3D data . There were a number of challenges in the study of environment virtualization through 3D space and time.( K. Morris,2000).One of challenges is how to integrate different temporal and spatial resolutions data. Additionally, In the study of VRGIS, Modeling digital landscape is very complex phenomena, focus is only on the dynamic of terrain and human perception.( MILAP P.,2006). [START_REF] Moore | Using JAVA to interact with geo-referenced VRML within a virtual field course[END_REF] developed a 3D terrain visualization system by using Java and VRML. The technology of aerial photography survey , laser scanning, field measurement and GPS improve the accuracy and speed in VRGIS. There is no doubt that it also provides great technical support for the study of mining VRGIS. Recently, there are many research on the study of VRGIS and 3D landscape visualization in mining environment. Shen Yanchun(2001) developed VRGIS system with MultiGen CreaterPro software based on the VEGA API program in large surface mine .Wu Yougen(2004) simulated land reclamation visualization in subsidence area of mining based on the VRML.3D virtualization technology still be applied in land reclamation engineering(Jiang Quan,2010 ).

The VRGIS technology for application mining land reclamation, referred to as landform models, industrial building models and rehabilitate vegetation models. Meanwhile, it is critical for the system on the data integration and 3D dynamic graphics. Therefore, this paper is aimed to analyze the process of mining 3D visualization, and describe VRGIS system developed to store, access and visualize diverse environmental data by 3D model based on ArcGlobe.

System Development

An important criterion for assessing the suitability of visualization systems for land reclamation is the capability of simulating different kinds of movement in the landscape, such as open-pit, dump, industrial sites, reclaimed vegetation, etc. Therefore, the modeling design which is composed of terrain, building and vegetation is one of most significant part for building system.

Field data collection

Field survey is to collect model information by taking pictures in dump, opencast, and industrial sites. All those data can provide the size, shape texture of object for building landscape model.

Land reclamation investigation

Because of large area and different types of land cover in surface coal mine, remote sensing is a useful tool for field collected observations, so the reclaimed vegetation data is extracted from high resolution image. In this study, the QUICKBIRD image(0.6m)of 2006 is used to investigate the reclamation information, including the vegetation type, time, location, and so on (Figure 1). All the data are prepared to compile into database.

Model design

The visualization system research is mainly focus on the 3d landscape modeling, which is considered as the challenge:(1)building up box model effectively with data of GIS or CAD, and topographic data; (2) generating real time animations of complex scenes represented as 3D planar polygons surface with remote sensing image or aero photograph. However, it is posed by the high prices and time-consuming, comparing other method;(3) establishing the geometric surface model with 3D mesh point using laser scanning and measurement of ground movement [START_REF] Tao | Data collection and 3D object reconstruction, Large -scale 3D data integration Problems and challenges[END_REF]. Recently, the commercial 3D software, such as 3D MAX,Maya, Blender, SketchUp released by Google, which are widely used in landscape modeling based on map and photograph. Some software, such as tree factory, Onyx Tree, Amap is mainly used in vegetation modeling. In this study, according to complex scene and various types of landscape, many modeling way are applied to meet the practical need.

Modeling of Dump

Dump refers to a place for disposal of waste in surface mining process. At the beginning of the exploration, the dump is designed, including location, area, step, slope and platform. Therefore, during the modeling of dump, one part is to build from previous design data which is ideal dump model, the other part is to build from practice topography data.

The terrain data is usually captured by aerial survey or field measurement, which is the format of vector contour, and the TIN and GRID are also the models for presenting real terrain.

The original terrain data provided by mining company are used to be the AUTOCAD format, and without projection. So firstly, the data in CAD should be converted to that in GIS, and then transform it to the proper projection. In this study, the software of FME is used to complete the data conversion. The data of CAD format is converted into that of shape file format, and define the projection in the ArcGIS, After this previous data processing, terrain data in GIS is to build TIN model(Figure 2). According to the design of dump, we could get the data of the dump boundary, width, height, and slope, and then generate contour lines of dump automatically. Finally, the Tin model is generated from the contour lines. The dump volume is easily to be calculated from this 3D model (Figure 3).

Modeling of pit

During the waste dumping process, mine waste in-pit disposal will be transited from base to the peak of the pit; meanwhile, the excavated face will be pushed forward after the forming of the mining bench. The slope and width of waste dump is completely different from that of open-pit, The contours of stope-boundary,pit and waste dumping could be designed by ArcInfo AML program, and then to be overplayed to modify the related parameters. The tin model (Figure 4) was generated from contours.

Modeling of Industrial Sites

There are various buildings in industrial sites, it will cost much time when the model is built by 3DMAX or Maya software. The system of land reclamation and ecological restoration is interested in the visualization in pit, waste dump and reclaimed vegetation. Therefore, in this study, for some landmark buildings, we adopted conventional manual modeling method to build model. However, for most buildings, we used the 3d model by GIS software.

Modeling of Reclaimed Vegetation

In the vegetation modeling, the field survey photo is used to model the vegetation based on the Onyx Tree, map download from 3DMAX. Additionally, the texture from remote sensing image is also can be used to render plants and vegetation, and then to be located in each waste dump according to the reclamation.

System Integration

In virtual reality system technology, systems integration is the process of linking together different model physically or functionally based on uniform platform. System integration is also about development function. Due to the complex of the 3D engine, in this study, ArcGlobe software released by ESRI is used to integrate system, which is helpful for the virtual terrain model and accurate geographic location. Most types of raster and vector data that are spatially referenced can be loaded into a globe. ArcGlobe can display substantial amounts of data quickly and effectively. The data can be widespread or limited in extent with highly detailed or coarse resolution. It also has the function of overlay, viewshed and buffer analysis, and adding outside model through 3D label. We can get more details from Figure 5.

Conclusion

This study illustrates the issues of modeling in land reclamation and ecological restoration, as well as the optimal allocation of land use resource. In conclusion: (1) For the study of large landscape modeling, The problem which should be handled is the resource and processing of high resolution data. It is necessary to data conversion from AUTOCAD format to GIS format for making terrain model;(2) There are both raw and artificial landscape in study area. For better 3D visual perception , the high resolution remote sensing image are widely applied .However, it is difficult for most software to convert image to JPEG or TIFF format , and match the local landscape and landform. Because of mass of data, map division should be used during the data process to bypass the weakness.(3) The 3D modeling is the most significant part in the virtual reality system;(4) Model making by other software should be positioned according to given coordinate. Therefore, the virtual reality system should be building based on GIS.

  Fig.1The QUICKBIRD image and landuse map

  Fig.2 the 2D and 3D model of dump

Fig. 3

 3 Fig.3 the designed 2D and 3D model of dump

  Fig. 4 the models of inner dump and stope

Fig. 5

 5 Fig.5 the process diagram of integrating models into the VR system


Jianping Hu

Jing Wang

Yingsa Huang

Enzhu Wei

Virtual Prototype Modeling and Simulating Analysis of Lotus Root Slicing Machine Based on ADAMS

Keywords: Lotus root, Slicing machine, Virtual prototype, Simulating

Based on the lotus root slicing machine of crank-slider style designed by the authors, the virtual prototype model of slicing machine has been established by the software of PRO/E, and the kinematics and dynamics performances of the slicing machine were studied by utilizing ADAMS. At the same time, analyses were made on the changes of the cutting velocity and acceleration of blade, the force condition of cutting, the vibration condition of workbench based on the cutting force of sliced lotus root and inertia force of mechanism. The results show that the optimum period for the cutting was 0.15s~0.25s; The horizontal component with support reaction of crankshaft bearing was the major factor that affected the system vibration; The vertical component of the force acting on blade during the cutting was the main cause to lead the bevel edge in the piece of lotus root. The research results can provide a reference for the optimized parameters of the cutting mechanism of lotus root.

Introduction

The lotus root is a kind of vegetable with hollow inside, containing high rate of water and starch. At present, a large number of lotus food exported to Japan, Korea and other countries by the form of semi-finished lotus slice. The processing of the freshcut lotus slice mainly depends on manpower result in the high labor intensity, low efficiency and poor security. Therefore a crank-slider style lotus root cutting machine was designed to improve the efficiency and reduce labor intensity of Lotus root slicing [START_REF] Bi | Studies on slicing techniques and material characteristic of lotus root[END_REF], [START_REF] Wei | the Simulation and Optimization on the New Slicing Machine of Lotus Root Based on Virtual Prototype Technology[END_REF]. In this paper, in order to solve the problems in the designed lotus root slice machine, such as the large vibration, the unsatisfied cutting smoothness, effect hypotenuses and other problem, the virtual prototyping technology was used to establish the parametric model of the original physical prototype, Kinematic and dynamic simulation was carried on to identify the main factors that impact on the working performance, and then optimized the system design.

2

Virtual prototype modeling of the lotus root slicing machine

Structure and working principle of the cutting mechanism

The slicing machine of lotus root adopted crank-slider type cutting mechanism, which is shown in Figure 1. The slicer is installed on the slider. The lotus root is placed in the feeding guide. The horizontal cutting movement of the dicer is driven by the crank.

According to the diameter size of the Lotus root, the parameters of the cutting mechanism are designed as follows: the length of the Crank is 115mm, the length of the linkage is 335mm, the stroke of the slicer is 230mm; the total width of the slicer is 830mm, so that the lotus root in four feeding guides can be cut at one time.

Virtual prototype modeling of the slicing machine

The 3D solid model design and assembly of parts were completed by using of Pro/E4.0 wildfire version according to the design parameters of the slicing machine, then established the virtual prototyping parameterized model of the Lotus root slicer.

Completed the transformations of the 3D solid model by using of the Mechanism/Pro which is dedicated interface module of ADAMS and Pro/E. After the successful transformation of the model, added the constraints of the cutting mechanism and the whole machine in ADAMS, including kinematic pairs and constraints, driving force and the working load, as it is shown in Figure 1. The model contains 23 mobile bodies, 3 revolute joints, 1 translation joint, 19 fixed joints and 1 rotational driver. There are six degrees of freedom in the model.

Flexible Treatment of the bench

In Practical application, it is discovered that the bench vibrated when the slicing knife reciprocating, especially during the high speed cutting the vibration of the working bench is particularly significant. The main reason is that there exists imbalance inertia forces in the cutting mechanism, and the inertia forces effects on the working bench through the kinematic pairs and then to the ground.

As the model imported from Pro/E to ADAMS, all of the model components are defaulted as rigid body, while the bench structure virtually is stiffness and damping. Therefore, in order to improve the accuracy in analyzing the acceleration of the vibration, the working bench should be flexible treated before the vibration analyze. The flexible constraints was added by using of the dummy part in the AUTOFELX module in ADAMS [START_REF] Yang | Virtual Simulation Test of the Small Tillage Machine Vibration Damping Handle[END_REF], [START_REF] Wei | Flexible Multibody Dynamic Simulation[END_REF], then completed the flexible treatment of each angle iron, as shown in Figure 2. The cutting experiments show that the cutting quality and the breakage of the lotus root slices influenced by the cutting speed and the initial position of cutting point [START_REF] Wei | the Simulation and Optimization on the New Slicing Machine of Lotus Root Based on Virtual Prototype Technology[END_REF].

The change of the displacement, the speed and the acceleration of the slicing knife under different working condition can be found out by kinematics simulation of the cutting mechanism. Provided the reference for optimizing the cutting velocity and the cutting initial point. In the kinematics simulation of the cutting mechanism, the bench was connected onto the ground by fixed joint, merely simulation analyzing the kinematic relation between crank disk, connecting rod and slicing knife of the lotus root slicer [START_REF] Lin | Research of Dummy Simulation on Kinematics and Dynamics of Engine with New Type of Multi-link Mechanism[END_REF], [START_REF] Hu | Dynamic Modeling and Simulation Analysis Based ADMAS of the Six-wheeled Lunar Rover[END_REF]. The curves of displacement, velocity and acceleration of the blade centroid under the condition of the crank in the 60~90r/min was shown in Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5. As can be seen from Figure 3, when crank speed in the 60~90r/min, the displacement of the blade cancroids has no change in the amplitude, while the movement stroke of the blade expressed that the distance from trough to crest, of which the value was 230mm, just was two times the length of the crank. It is coincided with the theoretical results. As can be seen from Figure 4, the velocity of the blade centroid increased with the crank rotational speed increased. Calculated by one cycle, compared the period of time 0.2s to 0.3s with others, the running rate of the blade centroid was faster. According to the cutting request of the lotus root slice, the blade should have the high speed when cutting, therefore this time section was advantageous to the cutting process. It can be seen from the acceleration curve, Figure 5 that compared the period of time 0.15s to 0.3s with others, the acceleration value of blade was relatively quite small in the four rotational speed of the crank. As the cutting mechanism was a crankslider, slider fixed with the blade, if the acceleration of the reciprocating components was large, the resulting inertial force was also large, so the period of time when the acceleration values relatively small should be chosen for the lotus root cutting section. In order to improve the cutting quality of lotus root, the period of time 0.15s to 0.3s was selected for the cutting.

Dynamics simulation of the cutting mechanism

Before the simulation, the average cutting resistance was measured by using of WDW30005 type micro-controlled electronic universal testing machine, and the result is 24.8N [START_REF] Bi | Studies on slicing techniques and material characteristic of lotus root[END_REF]. In the dynamic simulation, added the cutting force to the 3D model of the cutting mechanism by using the STEP function of ADAMS, the cutting force F = STEP (TIME, 0.25, 0, 0.3, 24.8) +STEP (TIME, 0.45, 0, 0.5, -24.8) [6~9].

The reaction analysis of bearing spider in crank place

According to the characteristics of slider-crank: when the slider for reciprocating motion, the imbalance inertia force of the bodies mainly supported by the crank bearings, so it was necessary to analysis the constraint reaction force at the crank bearings in the mechanism. The bearing spider reaction force including X, Y two directions, Figure 7, Figure 8 respectively shown the simulation result at the crank rotational speed in the 60~90r/min. As the reaction force curve of X, Y direction can be seen, the influence that the reaction force of X direction is much greater than Y direction to the system, that is, the reaction force of X direction will be one of the main causes which caused vibration of slicer bench.

The analysis of forces of links to cutting blade

The cutting blade and the slider of cutting mechanism was the same component, because there was a gap between the slider and guide, and a vertical direction force which would cause the blade slightly deformed in motion occurs existed in the forces of the linkage driving the slider movement, it caused the hypotenuse phenomenon of cutting lotus root. When the crank speed was 60~90r/min, the forces of connecting rod on the slice knife in X and y direction, obtained from dynamics simulation on the virtual prototype, as shown in Figure 8~9. Figure 8 reflected that the horizontal force of connecting rod on the slice knife increased with the speed of crank increased. The cutting of lotus root facilitated, for the change of the horizontal force was stability, during the time of 0s to 0.2s. Figure 9 reflected the changes of the vertical force. The conclusion obtained from figure 9 was that it was more detrimental to guarantee the cutting quality of lotus root, for the vertical force became bigger with the crank speed increased.

The dynamics simulation analysis of slicer machine

Due to the imbalance inertial force existed in the cutting mechanism, so there was a certain vibration at work in the slicing machine, and the vibration in horizontal and vertical at the work surface had a direct impaction on the quality of lotus root cutting, therefore, it was necessary to study the dynamic characteristics of the slicer machine.

The acceleration curve in X, Y direction of the work surface in the crank speed 70r/min shown in Figure 10, 11. The vibration in the X direction was much bigger than the Y direction from the chart, further descript that the imbalance inertial force in the x direction was the main reason caused the vibration of slicer surface.

Conclusion

1. The best cutting time of lotus root was 0.15s~0.25s obtained from the kinematics simulation of the cutting mechanism. During that time, the cutting blade reached the speed needed by cutting lotus root and the acceleration was relatively stable, it was in favor of lotus root cutting. The simulation results provided the basis for determine of the initial position of the blade cutting points.

2. For the reaction force in the horizontal direction of Crank bearing spider was much greater than the vertical in the respect of the influence of the system vibration, the reaction force in the X direction of the crank bearing spider was one of the major causes caused the vibration of slicing machine surface, which had been verified in the dynamics simulation.

3. The main reason caused the hypotenuse of lotus root was that the vertical force of connecting rod to the blade in the cutting process. The stress situation of the horizontal and vertical direction at the hinge point was obtained by the stress analysis at the hinge point attached connecting rod and blade, as provided a basis for optimized the vertical force at the hinge point next.

Fig. 1 .

 1 Fig. 1. Virtual prototyping of the lotus root slicing machine

Fig. 2 .

 2 Fig. 2. The flexible body of the bench

Fig. 3 .

 3 Fig. 3. The displacement curve of centroid of blade at 60~90r/min

Fig. 4 .

 4 Fig. 4. The velocity curve of centroid of blade at 60~90r/min

Fig. 5 .

 5 Fig. 5. The acceleration curve of the blade centroid at 60~90r/min

Fig. 6 .Fig. 7 .

 67 Fig. 6. The reaction of crankshaft bearing on X axis direction

Fig. 8 .

 8 Fig. 8. The curve of horizontal component force

Fig. 9 .

 9 Fig. 9. The curve of vertical component force

Fig. 10 .Fig. 11 .

 1011 Fig. 10. The acceleration curve of workbench on X axis direction

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by Agricultural Mechanization in three agricultu re projects, Jiangsu Province (NJ2007-17).


Gao Xiaoliang
email: gaoxiaoliangxin@163.com

A Study on Operation Strategies of Unclogging Container-Trailers Enterprises at Shenzhen Port

Keywords: Container transport, Shenzhen Port, SWOT Analysis, Gaming, Operation, Strategy

It is investigated that nearly 86% containers were transferred by roads connection transport at Shenzhen port with the high-speed developing steps of Chinese economy. For a long time, Shenzhen container-trailer enterprises have provided essential and efficient logistics service for every dock. However, problems as operated by many bodies, small scale, decentralized business and poor competitiveness, etc. was universally existed. Because the port, big international logistics enterprises, policies, environment, competitors, customers, insurance companies and maintenance companies have great affection on the cost and income of container-trailer enterprises, this paper conducts a comprehensive analysis on operating environment of these enterprises by using the dynamic game theory of incomplete information to study some useful running modes of high efficiency and low cost operation, and also some feasible measures have been proposed.

Overview of road container transport enterprises of Shenzhen City

Compared with other port cities in China, the road connection transport ratio of Shenzhen port is the highest and the road container-trailers in Shenzhen is also the most.

The road container transport industry in Shenzhen was started in 1994. It has increased rapidly since its market was released in 1999. From 2005 to 2008, the capacity of road container transport increased continuously along with the increment of port throughput. The biggest increase was in 2007 and the trend became slowly since 2008.

(1) Business model

The road container transport industry has numerous business models, it can be divided into enterprise owned vehicles and non-enterprise owned vehicles. The business model of enterprise owned vehicles is mainly operated as self-support and cooperative operation (contractual leasing, a kind of non-employment relationship). The business model of non-enterprise owned vehicles is usually a kind of affiliated operation. Concretely, it is mainly divided into simple affiliation and business affiliation. The simple affiliation is operated at owner's expense, owners will pay certain amount of management fee to the enterprise and enterprise will pay all of tax and insurance fee for them together.

The business affiliation is enterprise will manage business and financial affairs for owners and drivers. ⑵ Scope of business Three kinds of business are mainly conducted by logistics enterprises: General freight business, seaport subdividing business and airport subdividing business, including:

SWOT Analysis of road container transport enterprises of Shenzhen City

SWOT analysis is synthesizing and summarising all internal and external environmental conditions to analyse advantage factors (strengths), weaknesses, opportunities and threats for the enterprises. On the basis of this, matches all opportunities and risks resulted from internal resource factors and external factors reasonably and effectively, makes out excellent strategies to seize external opportunities and avoid threats. Take a road container transport enterprises for example, the matrix of SWOT analysis is showed as follows:

Gaming Analysis of unclogging trailer enterprises

Those involved in the operation gaming of unclogging trailer enterprises are mainly included served ports, maintenance enterprises and oil enterprises related with trailer enterprises, etc. An analysis of this kind of gaming is listed below:

The analysis of cooperative gaming between trailer enterprises

At present, the scale of most trailer enterprises in Shenzhen is generally small, all faces the situation of port monopoly, and the competition between trailer enterprises is very fierce. There will be gaming where competition exists. There are two kinds of competition strategies of those enterprises: cooperative strategy and non-cooperative strategy. This formed four strategic combinations of trailer enterprises such as ((cooperation, cooperation), (cooperation, noncooperation), (noncooperation cooperation), (noncooperation, noncooperation).

To maximize the profit, which kind of strategy will be adopted under some certain circumstance? The continuous analysis will make further analyse to above problems.

The gaming analysis between ports and trailer enterprises

Under the situation of repeating gaming, no matter who have the advantageous position, manufacturer or supermarket or even it is a fine match, the final result will be (cooperation, cooperation), an equilibrium solution because both parties can adopt a tooth for a tooth strategy to protect themselves.

First of all, we have made it clear that repeating gaming appears under what circumstance, it is very important. If the number of supermarkets that a manufacturer of certain product can choose is numerous, the gaming will be only for once, static and the equilibrium result will be (non-cooperation, cooperation) because the manufacturer can continuously change to some new supermarkets. For the same reason, if the number of supermarkets that a manufacturer of certain product can choose is much, and the number of supermarkets that can sell such kind of product is few, the gaming will be also only for once, and the equilibrium result will be (cooperation, non-cooperation) because the supermarket can continuously choose some new manufacturers. Only when the manufacturers of certain product are less while supermarket can be chosen is also less, in other words, the manufacturers and supermarkets have the same opportunities to threat the other party, and all have to choose the other party as its cooperative partner in future, then their cooperation will be for many times and the gaming between them is repeated gaming.

Study on operation strategy of unclogging container trailer enterprises 4.1 Cooperative competition strategy with their profession

Form a strategic alliance to promote its business position With global logistics chain becomes closer and closer gradually, the market economy is the model of gaming and win-win, competition exists in the same business. Not in this way, the business will be proved. However, the same business also has to depend on each other to exploit market together.

②Quicken the industrial upgrading and optimization

Relying on the supply chain manage, new technique application and information-based construction, carry out the function integration and service extending; to build a green logistics system, propose green transport construction. To develop product and package, waste recovery logistics to promote recycling and economizing the resources.

③Developing integrative logistics

The road container transport industry gained a scale benefit and logistics efficiency though cooperation with other transporting industries. Different enterprises can con-transport goods of different enterprises by adopting same method. When the logistics scope is close by and the logistics amount in a certain time is less, it is obviously uneconomical for some enterprises carry out logistics operation in the meantime. So, the phenomenon appears that an enterprise transporting its goods with some of other enterprises.

The union of road container transport enterprises shall specify the management system inside the industry and ask all the enterprises to sign labour contract with drivers, specify the employment relationship, explicit benefits relationship and salary distribution method; take labour protection measures for the driver, take insurance and social ensure for them to ensure drivers' personal safety; specify the relationship with affiliated ones, execute contract with them to reduce labour dispute. Transport enterprises are not allowed to transfer its risk to drivers. Strengthening communication to build up a bilateral and multilateral mechanism to solve dispute and ensure social stability.

Win-win strategy with the enterprises (the owners of the commodities)

With the integration of global economy, No any enterprise can be the most outstanding one in all business, all have to unite enterprises in the upper and down streams; form an industry supply chain connected economic benefits and close business relationship for complementary strengths, take the advantages of all available resource to get well with the competition environment of great socialization production, improve the competitiveness in the market. So, the internal supply chain must be extended and developed to the one for the whole industry and the resources of management from inner part to exterior part.

The road container transport enterprises have to strengthen the cooperation and communication with large-size manufacturers and makes them change their operation principles to get out from the mis-conceptions of "big and comprehensive" and "small and comprehensive", to farm out the logistics business, to establish a supply chain style management and service system of Industry segmentation, intensive resource and quick response. By cooperation to participate the competition with integrative advantages of the supply chain, to achieve mutual benefit; to look for strategic cooperation with core enterprises and become a long-term and stable strategic partner of core enterprises.

Coordinative strategy with the government

The road container transport enterprises have to strengthen the coordination and communication with government, deal with the relationship of government and enterprise, ask local government to supervise the market and specify market behavior positively, get the support of industrial supervisor on the policy of logistics planning, land, information construction etc. and give their support and favour in funds, bank load and tax ...etc.

The key task of the government is to establish and maintain an "information service platform". This "Information service platform " is basic, public, service and functionality, the government should coordinate and push the key logistics information project, devote their major efforts to integrate projects such as the public information platform of road container transport, maritime network, logistics customs information system of Qianhaiwan tariff-free area in Shenzhen, the customs clearance project of tariff-free logistics center (type B) at Shenzhen airport, international information center project of Yantian, aviation logistics information platform of Shenzhan City, the public information platform of Qianhaiwan logistics garden, the public information platform of Sungang logistics garden to a powerful information service platform of wide coverage, to make it have the function of port certificate, identity identify, information collection, auto toll and quick customs clearance...etc. and business as container reservation, to improve its level of modernized management.

Cooperative Strategies with International Container Wharf

How to cooperate the road container transport enterprises with wharf to improve efficiency of entire logistics system is a critic problem need to be solved immediately.

Container-trailers have to go through the lock gate to transport the containers, information have to be inputted, documents have to be checked by drivers according the application. Because driver and trailer are integrated, the phenomenon of a long queue for waiting in wharf is very usual. This has already become the bottleneck of the pass capacity of container ports. For the trailer enterprises, the longer they waits, the greater influence will be, this also lower the service level for their customer; deduced the throughput of unclogging port as while as lower the competition ability of wharf.

To solve this problem, the port should carry out cooperation with trailer enterprises and government to establish a "information service platform". All the information of import and export containers, trailer enterprises and trailer drivers should be put into this "information service platform (system)" to build a systematic reservation service system for container-trailers.

Figure 1 Diagram of Container-Trailer Reservation System

In other words, all the information of road container transport enterprises or container-trailer drivers have to be inputted into the service system by phonetic system or network by advance. The lock gate staff have to check all the data to make sure all are completed and in effect, and feedback to trailer drivers for the time and place information for connection transport the containers, then, drivers should transport the containers according to the reserved time and place. When enter the lock gate, they should check the waiting time, they can get the CMC directly to enter the stock yard after finish the checking, shown as figure 1.

The container trailer reservation system withdraw the customer's transport information in advance

○ 1

 1 Transporting sea-borne International containers from port to inland and related hand-over, storage, dismounting, clean and maintenance of containers, storage and distribution of cargo within inland transit station. ○ 2 Transporting local railway containers from station to consignor or consignee's warehouse, workshops and stock yards, cargo packing and unpacking agency. ○ 3 Transporting water transported containers along the coast or river to inland, transit transport and short distance door-to-door transport. ○ 4 Container direct transport through highway between cities. ○ 5 Container transport between Inland to Hong Kong, Macau and other frontier seaports, connection transport and mainland bridge transport.

  The organization and operation of the logistics enterprises was greatly changed by IT theories and its application. T1 Oversupply and low price T2 Continuously increased oil price and disordered markets. T3 Mixed maintenance factories T4 Lots of fake-licensed cars , unfair competition T5 Longer funds chain T6 Threaten of foreign large logistics enterprises T7 Intensifying service competition of cities around T8 Lacking and aging drivers.

Conclusion

  without a fixed time, this make trailer enterprises and drivers to arrange their time accordingly. It improves the cooperative abilities of related enterprises and reduces the waste, raises the mutual competition abilities of cooperative enterprises.Public Information Service Platform (Containers Trailer Enterprises Trailers Drivers)To manage the current operation problems of road container transport enterprise, the enterprise should actively develop cooperation with related enterprise and the government. Only by this way, the enterprises can get rid of current operation dilemma. And the cooperation can get away with strong information-based and network support. Without information-based technical means, the cooperation cannot go further. In the meanwhile, information construction need the support of government, only when above problem is solved, container transport enterprises then can be really get rid of current operation dilemma and support the development of local economy.

Table 1

 1 The matrix of SWOT analysis of a road container transport enterprise

	Advantage(S)	Weakness(W)
	S1 Regional Advantage:	W1 Weak position
	There are more than 70 international lines docked at this port	W2 obvious Low-end feature
	regularly, its service was over most main ports of counties and	W3 Bad resource structure
	regions of America, Europe, Mediterranean, Southeast Asia,	W4 Bad evacuation system, time for waiting if
	North Asia, Middle East, South Africa and Australia.	too long.
	S2 Inland economic advantage:	W5 Increasing insurance fee, insured claim is
	with adequate cargo resources as near the biggest export	very difficult to settle.
	machining base of Zhujiang Delta.	W6 Low informationization degree and high
	S3 Transportation advantage:	no-load ratio.
	Shenzhen has formed a multi-modal transport center as "one	W7 Many hit-and-run drivers and always hide a
	zone, three axes" connecting the home abroad, also linking	goose in ones sleeves.
	the Zhujiang Delta.	W8 Lack of professional talent person
	S4 Policy and system advantage:
	Logistics has already became the pillar industry of Shenzhen
	City
	Opportunities(O)	Threaten (T)
	O1 Political environment:

Policy supports of the nation and local government.