Yin Su

David Liu

Xiaomeng Yuan
email: xiyuan@microsoft.com

Justin Ting

Jingguo Jiang

Li Wang

Lin Gao
email: lingao@microsoft.com

Webpage Designs for Diverse Cultures: An Exploratory Study of User Preferences in China

Keywords: webpage design, cross-culture, diversity, Chinese users 1

A wealth of studies has revealed a cross-cultural difference in the user preference on webpage designs. Users from other cultures often criticize a widely accepted webpage design in one culture. Designs for diverse cultures are thus expected to be specific to address diverse user preferences. This study investigated the preferences of Chinese users on four essential design elements related to the readability of texts of the result pages of search engines. The results suggested that the search result pages of the Bing search engine designed for typical "US users" did not satisfy Chinese users. Chinese users, in general, preferred huge-sized texts for titles, a more compact layout of the search result pages, and keywords to be highlighted in red. The findings of the study contributed to webpage design guidelines for Chinese users, and may serve as a catalyst in exploring user preferences in designing for diverse cultures.

INTRODUCTION

As the number of Internet users in China increases (up from 11,100 (8.5% of the population of China) to 56,400 (42.1%) in the last 7 years), some international companies that offer online services have realized the potentially huge business opportunities and rushed into the Chinese market. Designs of websites of these companies usually follow the ones that have been accepted in the respective homeland of the company, with language the only difference. Chinese users are sometimes not satisfied with a mere translation of the content. The question may be asked as to why a websites with good "pedigree" may not be successful in China.

Cross-cultural Difference in Preferences of Webpage Design

A wealth of studies has revealed a cross-cultural difference in user preferences and judgments on the webpage design [START_REF] Badre | The effects of cross cultural interface design orientation on World Wide Web user performance[END_REF][START_REF] Chau | Cultural differences in the online behavior of consumers[END_REF][START_REF] Faiola | Cultural cognitive style and web design: Beyond a behavioral inquiry into computer-mediated communication[END_REF][START_REF] Kamppuri | The expanding focus of HCI: Case culture[END_REF][START_REF] Shen | Towards culture-centred design[END_REF][START_REF] Simon | A cross cultural analysis of Web site design: An empirical study of global Web users[END_REF]. For instance, Simon [START_REF] Simon | A cross cultural analysis of Web site design: An empirical study of global Web users[END_REF] found that Asians disliked triangles and squares on webpages, whereas North Americans and Europeans preferred combinations of those shapes. Faiola, Ho, Tarrant, and MacDorman [START_REF] Faiola | The Aesthetic Dimensions of U.S. and South Korean Responses to Web Home Pages: A Cross-Cultural Comparison[END_REF] suggested that the U.S. and South Korean people perceived the aesthetics of home pages differently. These findings suggest that designs that are blindly copied or slightly modified from other cultures may actually not be satisfying.

Attempts have been made to provide explanations for the cross-cultural difference in preferences on the webpage design. Many studies suggested that the cognition and communication styles in diverse cultures influence how people learn and interact with online information [START_REF] Simon | A cross cultural analysis of Web site design: An empirical study of global Web users[END_REF][START_REF] Marcus | Crosscurrents cultural dimensions and global web user interface design[END_REF][START_REF] Nisbett | The geography of thought. The Free[END_REF][START_REF] Norman | Emotional design: Why we love (or hate) everyday things[END_REF][START_REF] Picard | Affective learning: A manifesto[END_REF][START_REF] Tractinsky | Towards the study of aesthetics in information technology[END_REF]. This learning process, in turn, influences how users interpret a website"s aesthetics [START_REF] Karvonen | The beauty of simplicity[END_REF][START_REF] Lavie | Assessing dimensions of perceived visual aesthetics of Web sites[END_REF][START_REF] Plocher | Cross-cultural design[END_REF]. For instance, in low-context cultures (e.g., Germans and Swiss), communication occurs predominantly through explicit statements in text and speech. In high-context cultures (e.g., Japanese and Chinese), messages include other communicative cues such as body language and the use of silence [START_REF] Würtz | Intercultural communication on web sites: A cross-cultural analysis of web sites from high-context cultures and low-context cultures[END_REF]. Previous studies showed that the high-context people browse information faster and prefer fewer links to find information than the low-context users [START_REF] Plocher | Cross-cultural design[END_REF]. The highcontext users appreciate the webpages with a compact layout more, while the lowcontext ones prefer the pages that looked more open. These studies provide theoretical evidence for the cross-cultural differences in the judgments and preferences of webpage designs.

Motivations for the Present Study

Considering the cross-cultural differences in the judgment and preference of webpage designs, it may be advantages for the international companies to provide specific designs to cater to the preferences and requirements of the users from diverse cultures. However, there are only a few theoretical or empirical studies that provide detailed guidelines for designers. Accordingly, some webpages, which were specifically designed for Chinese users, were found not to be satisfying due to the limitation of the degree to which the designers understood the preferences of Chinese users.

Our study was performed to investigate the specific preferences of Chinese users, aiming to make attempts to enrich the guidelines of the webpage design for Chinese users and to act as a catalyst for future studies that explore the specific preferences of users from diverse cultures on the designs (i.e., not limited to the webpage design alone).

Design Elements Tested in the Present Study

Numerous studies have been conducted to explore impact factors of readability of texts on computer screens, indicating that many essential design elements do have an effect on the readability of computer-displayed texts [START_REF] Garcia | The effect of color and typeface on the readability of on-line text[END_REF][START_REF] Dyson | The effects of line length and method of movement on patterns of reading from screens[END_REF][START_REF] Bernard | Comparing the effects of text size and format on the readability of computer-displayed Times New Roman and Arial text[END_REF][START_REF] Chan | Effect of display factors on Chinese reading times, comprehension scores and preferences[END_REF][START_REF] Zahedi | A conceptual framework for international web design[END_REF][START_REF] Ling | The influence of line spacing and text alignment on visual search of web pages[END_REF]. For instance, the fontsize and font-color were indicated as having effects on both of the readability of English and Chinese texts, which reflected in accuracy and reading speed [START_REF] Garcia | The effect of color and typeface on the readability of on-line text[END_REF][START_REF] Dyson | The effects of line length and method of movement on patterns of reading from screens[END_REF]. Chan and Lee [START_REF] Chan | Effect of display factors on Chinese reading times, comprehension scores and preferences[END_REF] suggested that the line-spacing also influence an individual"s reading speed, as well as the comprehension of offered information. A similar finding regarding to the impact of line-spacing on readability indicated that texts with wider line spacing lead to better accuracy and faster reaction times [START_REF] Ling | The influence of line spacing and text alignment on visual search of web pages[END_REF]. Researchers also found the line-length of text on websites to influence its clarity and comprehension [START_REF] Zahedi | A conceptual framework for international web design[END_REF].

Based on these observations, our study examined whether and how four design elements that have been suggested to relate to the readability of texts (i.e., the font size, style of keyword-highlighting, line height, and search result margin (SR-margin)), influenced Chinese user preferences on the webpage design. Specifically, a search result was composed of a title, an attribution, and a snippet. The SR-margin referred to the space between search results, while the line-height was a combination of the space between the title and attribution, the space between the attribution and the snippet, and the space between lines within the snippet. The terms of the line height, the SR-margin, and the title, attribution, and the snippet of search results are illustrated in Fig. 1.

Methods

A total of 1009 participants (roughly 50% female; 90% white collared workers and 10% students; 59% aged from 25 to 30, 12% aged from 18 to 24, and 29% aged from 31 to 35) were recruited by iResearch, a professional consulting company (www.iresearch.com), from cities of Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. All participants randomly completed no more than 3 prepared tasks. Participants in each task ranged in number from 318 to 361.

Four kinds of font-size, six kinds of keyword-highlight, six kinds of line-height, and six kinds of SR-margin were separately tested using four tasks. Detailed parameters of all designs of these elements are summarized in Table 1, including the parameters of the designs of the Bing search engine (www.bing.com) for typical "US users" (the so-called US designs). A set of search result pages (SERPs) that contained exactly the same contents with the only difference in only one of the four design elements was prepared in each task. In each task, participants were side-by-side presented with two random SERPs from the SERP set and were required to indicate their preferences. After that, the "loser" SERP disappeared and a new "competitor" from the SERP set showed up. The participants were required to indicate their preferences again. Then another new "competitor" replaced the "loser", and so on. After all SERPs in the set have shown up, the final winner was recorded as the page with the most preferred design.

Results

We separately calculated the percentages of total participants that preferred each kind of design for each of the four design elements. We aimed to find out which kind(s) of design(s) were most preferred by participants. Further, with respect to each design element, we separately analyzed whether and how participant preferences were influenced by the individual gender, age, and occupation. We did not analyze the interactions between gender, age, and occupation on participant preference due to the limitation of the sample size.

Font-size

Four kinds of font-size combinations, as listed in Table 1, were tested in this study. A chi-square test revealed a significant font-size effect on the percentage of participants that preferred each kind of combination most ( 2 (3) = 29.70, p < .01). The popularity of these designs increased with the increasing size of the font of titles. That is, overall, a significant majority of participants (34.77%) preferred the design with the largest font-size (20px) of titles most (ps < .001), while the design with the smallest font-size (13px) of titles was the least preferred one (13.54%). The results indicated that the percentage of Chinese users that most preferred the font-size combination (16px/13px) in the so-called US design (25.51%) was significantly less than the percentage of users that preferred the "largest one" (20px/13px) (p < .01). Further analyses revealed no significant effects of gender ( 2 (3) = .52, n.s.), age ( 2 (6) = 7.04, n.s.) and occupation ( 2 (3) = 2.34, n.s.) on the distribution of participants that favored each kind of font-size.

Keyword-highlight

Six kinds of keyword-highlight design were prepared for testing in this study. A chisquare test revealed a significant difference between individual preferences on SERPs with these designs ( 2 (5) = 52.23, p < .01). Most participants preferred the rednormal design (25.79%) or the red-bold design (22.64%) of keyword-highlight most. No significant difference was observed in the individual preference between these two kinds of design, n.s. Participants most dislike the blue-normal and the blue-bold designs. Specifically, only 5.66% of participants indicated that they preferred the bluebold design most, which serves as the so-called US design of the Bing search engine. The percentages of participants that favored the orange-normal design (19.50%) and that favored the red-N/A design (19.18%) were in the middle of these two extremes. Further, neither individual gender ( 2 (5) = 3.61, n.s.), age ( 2 (5) = 14.44, n.s.), nor occupation ( 2 (5) = 3.24, n.s.) was observed to have a significant impact on the distribution of participant preferences on kinds of keyword-height design.

Line-height and SR-margin

We compared the participant preferences on six kinds of line-height combinations. A chi-square test revealed a significant difference between individual preferences on SERPs with these combinations of line-height ( 2 (5) = 14.68, p < .01). The combination preferred by the most participants (21.88%) was as follows: 3px wide between the title and the attribution, 1px wide between the attribution and snippet, and 18px wide between lines in snippet. The popularity of the combination roughly increases as the layout of search results was designed to be more compact. In particular, only 16.41% of participants preferred the line-height combination of 5px wide between the title and the attribution, 3px wide between the attribution and snippet, and 21px wide between lines in snippet, which serves as the so-called US design of the Bing search engine (p < .05). Further chi-square tests revealed that there were no gender ( 2 (5) = 7.52, n.s.), age ( 2 (10) = 8.22, n.s.), and occupation ( 2 (5) = 7.82, n.s.) effects on participant preferences on each kind of the line-height combination. We prepared six kinds of SR-margin, which ranged from 17px to 27px with intervals of 2px for testing in this study. A chi-square test revealed that there was a significant difference in participant preferences on the six kinds of the SR-margin design ( 2 (5) = 15.57, p < .01). Take a closer look at the preference data, we found that a significant majority of participants (22.56%) favored SERPs with 19px SR-margin, ps < .01. Specifically, among the four SERPs with the SR-margin that was wider than 19px, the popularity roughly decreased with the increasing of the width of the SRmargin. A total of 19.51% of participants preferred the design for typical "US users" with 21px SR-margin, which was significantly less than the percentage of participants that preferred the design with 19px (p < .01). No significant effects of individual gender ( 2 (5) = 7.99, n.s.), age ( 2 (10) = 7.09, n.s.), and occupation ( 2 (5) = 4.68, n.s.) were observed on the distribution of the participant preferences on SR-margin designs. These findings were generally consistent with those of the line-height design, suggesting that participants more appreciate SERPs with a relatively compact layout.

General Discussion

Our study tested Chinese user preferences on four essential design elements of the search result pages. Overall, the results revealed that most of the search result pages that were designed for "US users" actually did not satisfy Chinese users. The four main findings are summarized below. First, Chinese users consistently preferred the huge-sized texts for titles to the medium-sized ones used in the designs for typical "US users". Previous studies have suggested that enlarging the font-size can improve the readability of texts [START_REF] Huang | Effects of font size, display resolution and task type on reading Chinese fonts from mobile devices[END_REF][START_REF] Bernard | Comparing the effects of text size and format on the readability of computer-displayed Times New Roman and Arial text[END_REF][START_REF] Chan | Effect of display factors on Chinese reading times, comprehension scores and preferences[END_REF]. When viewing search results, Chinese users were used to fixating on the titles of search results and almost ignored the attributions and snippets. Chinese users mainly focus on the good readability of search result titles, but pay less attention to the aesthetics of the whole pages.

Second, Chinese users consistently preferred keywords to be highlighted in red. We reasoned that Chinese users might be used to first fixating the texts around keywords when judging the value of a search result. They desired one way of highlighting that could help them distinguish keywords among texts immediately. Therefore, the reason why Chinese users preferred keywords to be highlighted in red is probably because the keywords in a more distinguishing color were more legible than those in bold.

Third, Chinese users consistently favored a relatively compact layout of the search result pages. For the pages that were designed on the basis of the favorite combination of SR-margin and line-height of Chinese users, the amount of information displayed on one screen was approximately twice as much as that offered by the pages that were designed for "US users". We proposed that Chinese users were sometime prone also to view some of other information that seemed to be irrelevant to their original target search. For example, consumers with the aim of purchasing clothes would also like to view promotion information concerning other goods. Therefore, they would not reject pages containing a great deal of information.

These findings indicate that when designing webpages for Chinese users, the following general guidelines should be followed: (1) try to use a relatively large font; (2) highlight the keywords in red; and (3) make the layout of the webpage compact with a relatively great deal of information.

This study added to the wealth of evidence that users from different cultures can perceive webpages differently and often prefer different designs [START_REF] Badre | The effects of cross cultural interface design orientation on World Wide Web user performance[END_REF][START_REF] Chau | Cultural differences in the online behavior of consumers[END_REF][START_REF] Faiola | Cultural cognitive style and web design: Beyond a behavioral inquiry into computer-mediated communication[END_REF][START_REF] Kamppuri | The expanding focus of HCI: Case culture[END_REF][START_REF] Shen | Towards culture-centred design[END_REF][START_REF] Simon | A cross cultural analysis of Web site design: An empirical study of global Web users[END_REF][START_REF] Zahedi | A conceptual framework for international web design[END_REF][START_REF] Ling | The influence of line spacing and text alignment on visual search of web pages[END_REF]. We suggested that designers should understand the preferences of users from diverse cultures and provide specific designs to address their preferences. The findings of this study may assist to enrich the guidelines of the webpage design for Chinese users, and are expected to act as a catalyst for future studies that explore the specific preferences of users from diverse cultures on the designs.

Two limitations of this study should be acknowledged. Firstly, the experimental design should be more rigorous. We examined the main effects of the four design elements on user preferences, but we did not take the interactions between these elements into account due to the limitation of the sample size. Secondly, using the paradigm of the current study, we can measure the user preferences on the design of webpages, but we cannot determine the exact reasons behind their judgments and the actual influences of the webpage design on user information search and processing. Considering both aspects, we suggest that a larger participant pool, a more rigorous experimental design and various methodologies to measure individuals" unconscious information search and processing (e.g., think aloud and eye-tracking) to be used in future studies.

Fig. 1 .

 1 Fig. 1. An illustration of the terms of the line height, the SR-margin, and the title, attribution, and the snippet of search results

Table 1 .

 1 The detailed parameters of all designs of the four elements tested in this study. T, A, S denoted the title, attribution, and snippet. Underlined parameters indicate the design of the Bing search engine for typical "US users".

		Font-size (T/A&S)	Keyword-highlight (T/S)	Line-height (T/A/S)	SR-margin
	A	13px/13px	Red/Red	1px/1px/16px	17px
	B	16px/12px	Red/Red	3px/1px/18px	19px
	C	16px/13px	Blue/Blue	4px/1px/19px	21px
	D	20px/13px	Blue/Blue	5px/3px/21px	23px
	E	-	Orange/Orange	7px/5px/23px	25px
	F	-	Red/N/A	9px/7px/25px	27px
	Note.


Jonathan Donner
email: 1.jdonner@microsoft.com

Marion Walton
email: marion.walton@uct.ac.za

Your Phone has Internet -why are you at a library PC? Re-imagining public access in the mobile internet era

Keywords: Libraries, ICT4D, Shared Access, South Africa, Developing Regions, Human Factors, Mobile Phones

This study focuses on teenage users of public internet access venues (PAVs) in low-income neighborhoods of Cape Town. It documents their cultivation of detailed ICT repertoires to make the most of available ICTs. It highlights the continuing importance of PAVs as supplements for poorly equipped schools and reveals the incompleteness of any supposed transition to mobileonly internet use. While the mobile internet is opening up opportunities for young people, its current form still conflicts with the easy (global) rhetoric of a closing digital divide and the end of the PAV. We recommend policy and design actions (effecting rules, training, messaging, functionality, and Wi-Fi) to reconfigure PAVs to be more useful "in the age of the mobile internet". Though some actions require support from policymakers, this is fruitful ground for designers and technologists. We identify steps that can be undertaken immediately, rather than waiting for future device convergence or lower tariffs.

Introduction

This paper revolves around a question: "If you have the internet in your pocket, why do you still visit a public access venue?" Mobile Internet access is growing worldwide, propelled by lower cost smart phones and data enabled "feature phones" costing as little as USD$50. Though mobile handsets may not provide the same functionality as a PC, the mobile internet promises to bring a billion or more people online [START_REF] Stanley | The Mobile Internet Report: Ramping Faster Than Desktop Internet, the Mobile Internet Will Be Bigger Than Most Think[END_REF]. The arrival of this private, accessible, but perhaps not optimal mobile internet has implications for 'traditional' public access venues (PAVs), such as libraries, telecenters and cybercafés serving low-resource communities. We suggest that recent assertions in the practitioner literature (e.g., [START_REF] Ajao | Are Mobile Phones Pushing Cyber Cafes Out of Business?[END_REF][START_REF] Samii | Mobile Phones: The Silver Bullet to Bridge the Digital Divide? Participatory Learning and Action[END_REF]) about the irrelevance of public access in the age of the mobile deserve further scrutiny. Only a handful of studies have systematically addressed the interplay amongst these forms of access [START_REF] Chigona | Uses, Benefits and Challenges of Public Access Points in the Face of Growth of Mobile Technology[END_REF][START_REF] Mcewen | Orality in the Library: How Mobile Phones Challenge Our Understandings of Collaboration in Hybridized Information Centers[END_REF][START_REF] Prasad | Rupamanjari Sinha Ray: Telecentres Go Where Mobile Phones Fear to Tread: Evidence from India[END_REF], and no one has examined the effect of mobile internet use on particular groups engaging in specific activities or the strategic choices made by users confronted with a potential repertoire [START_REF] Licoppe | Connected" Presence: The Emergence of a New Repertoire for Managing Social Relationships in a Changing Communication Technoscape[END_REF][START_REF] Nardi | Information Ecologies: Using Technology with Heart[END_REF] of access choices. This paper describes a study in Cape Town, South Africa, emphasizing an ongoing role for public access venues even among some mobile internet users, and suggesting ways to redesign and reconfigure public access venues to be more useful in the era of the mobile internet.

This study focuses on older teenage PAV users in low-income neighborhoods of Cape Town, identifying the roles of PAV and mobile phones in their educational, cultural, civic, and health-related involvement. The consequences of PAV use are important for young people who confront various information-related challenges associated with transitions between school, tertiary studies, and a forbidding job market where only one in eight adults under 25 years of age find formal employment.

The mixed-design deployed four activities: (1) Semi-structured initial interviews with operators of 36 PAVs in the Western Cape Province; (2) Detailed interviews, activity/drawing probes, and task analyses with 53 teenage PAV users in 6 sites, including neighborhood libraries, larger 'central' libraries, and some cybercafés; (3) a closed-end questionnaire administered to 280 PAV users in Cape Town, and (4) an extensive debriefing session with leaders of three PAV organizations in Cape Town.

The results of the three main activities are detailed in [START_REF] Walton | Public Access, Private Phone: The Interplay of Shared Access and the Mobile Internet for Teenagers in Cape Town (Global Impact Study Research Report Series)[END_REF], prepared as part of a broader multi-country study on public access to computing. This paper condenses the report [START_REF] Walton | Public Access, Private Phone: The Interplay of Shared Access and the Mobile Internet for Teenagers in Cape Town (Global Impact Study Research Report Series)[END_REF], and adds the results of the consultation to find:

1. Teenage users have developed practices, which help them negotiate the respective strengths and weaknesses of public access and private mobiles. 2. The PAV ecology supports a valued and non-substitutable repertoire of practices for resource-constrained users, even those with 'the internet in their pocket'.

Teens can use a combination of mobile and public access internet resources to

participate in media production (though not all of them do so). 4. PAV operator policies influence the chances for simultaneous, complementary use of the mobile internet in the venue.

We discuss specific implications for design and policy, implementable in the short term, to increase the utility of PAVs in the mobile age. In essence, the PAV can 'welcome the mobile' into the venue through rule changes (to allow file transfers), staff training, Wi-Fi, and spatial reconfiguration to support sociality and play.

The South African Context

South Africa remains a society with extreme differences between rich and poor [START_REF] Higgs | Measuring and Understanding the Well-being of South Africans: Everyday Quality of Life in South Africa[END_REF].

Its distinctive patterns of ICT use [START_REF] Skuse | Getting Connected: The Social Dynamics of Urban Telecommunications Access and Use in Khayelitsha[END_REF][START_REF] Skuse | Managing Distance: Rural Poverty and the Promise of Communication in Post-apartheid South Africa[END_REF] make it an important case in policy initiatives around digital inclusion [START_REF] Oyedemi | Social Inequalities and the South African ICT Access Policy Agendas[END_REF]. Hardware is expensive due to import duties and lack of domestic manufacturing. Cell coverage is good but data, whether via terrestrial DSL or wireless GPRS/3G connections, remains relatively expensive. DSL lines are frequently capped with monthly limits as low as 1GB. Wireless data is purchased by bundles (similar to prepay airtime minutes), encouraging careful attention to a "running meter" [START_REF] Chetty | While the Meter Is Running: Computing in a Capped World[END_REF]. Public access [START_REF] Sey | Loose Strands: Searching for Evidence of Public Access ICT Impact on Development[END_REF] to the internet in South Africa is available in libraries, NGO-run telecenters, schools, and cybercafés [START_REF] James | Public Access ICT in South Africa[END_REF][START_REF] Pather | Public Access ICT: A South-South Comparative Analysis of Libraries, Telecentres and Cybercafés in South Africa and Brazil[END_REF].

By 2010, South Africa had over 100% mobile penetration (50 million subscriptions) but only 743,000 fixed broadband subscribers [START_REF]ITU: Mobile-cellular Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants[END_REF]. Market research suggests that 9 million unique users subscribe to the GPRS data channel [START_REF]World Wide Worx: Mobility 2011: The Mobile Internet in South Africa 2011 (executive Summary)[END_REF]. Meanwhile MXit, a Java-based GPRS "internet-lite" chat application, has become popular enough, as a first-time mobile internet experience, to spawn moral panics, new phrases, and political sagas [START_REF] Bosch | Wots Ur ASLR? Adolescent Girls' Use of Cellphones in Cape Town[END_REF][START_REF] Chigona | MXit up in the Media: Media Discourse Analysis on a Mobile Instant Messaging System[END_REF][START_REF] Schoon | Raw Phones: The Domestication of Mobile Phones Amongst Young Adults in Hooggenoeg[END_REF][START_REF] Walton | Read-Write-Erase: Mobile-mediated Publics in South Africa's 2009 Elections[END_REF][START_REF] Walton | Grand Theft South Africa": Games, Literacy and Inequality in Consumer Childhoods[END_REF]. Thus "mobile centric" [START_REF] Gitau | After Access -Challenges Facing Mobile-only Internet Users in the Developing World[END_REF] internet use is increasingly prevalent, particularly in urban areas and among youth [START_REF] Brown | Debunking the "Digital Native": Beyond Digital Apartheid, Towards Digital Democracy[END_REF][START_REF] Chigona | Can Mobile Internet Help Alleviate Social Exclusion in Developing Countries?[END_REF]. Germane to our study population, most grade-11 teens in low-income township schools in Cape Town used their mobiles to access the internet as early as 2008 [START_REF] Kreutzer | Generation Mobile: Online and Digital Media Usage on Mobile Phones Among Low-income Urban Youth in South Africa[END_REF].

Books, libraries, and computers are scarce in most South African schools [START_REF] Bloch | The Toxic Mix: What's Wrong with South Africa's Schools and How to Fix It[END_REF]. Unequal access to good teaching and facilities testify to contemporary class inequalities and to racial discrimination in past provisioned under apartheid [START_REF] Fleisch | Primary Education in Crisis: Why South African Schoolchildren Underachieve in Reading and Mathematics[END_REF]. Since 2002/3, public schools in the Western Cape Province, where Cape Town is located, have benefited from a rollout of computer labs and at around the same time, the SmartCape project began providing internet access to libraries in disadvantaged areas of Cape Town. With simply not enough PCs or internet access points at school or at home, teens turn to libraries, cybercafés, and other PAVs to augment their access. We had no difficulty finding teens in Cape Town libraries every afternoon and on weekends, waiting for their allotted periods of free internet access on the SmartCape computers.

The participants in this study have been growing up in post-democracy in an era of dramatic social change. Opportunities increased for Black households, just as growing unemployment plunged many into poverty. Unemployment is particularly serious for young people who leave school facing national unemployment rates of 25% [START_REF]Statistics South Africa: Quarterly Labour Force Survey: Quarter 3[END_REF].

If young people are unsuccessful in their exams or cannot afford to study further, contacts in their social networks may be their major source of opportunities for employment or income. Ideally, they need to find a way to develop interests or networks that connect them with the worlds of work and higher education. Many are skilled users of the ICT and their practices suggest a continuing role of PAVs in supplementing for poorly equipped schools, highlighting shortcomings of the mobile internet as currently experienced.

3

Framing/Perspective

The literature on the roles of mobiles in the theory and practice of "Information and Communication Technologies for Development" (ICT4D) is too voluminous [START_REF] Donner | Research Approaches to Mobile Use in the Developing World: A Review of the Literature[END_REF] to cover here. Our interest is not voice calls or even text messaging but mobile internet use in relation to shared PC and internet access. We do not presume that mobile internet use is a substitute for public access or that it is irrelevant to those who use PAVs. Indeed, it may often not be the same "internet" on the mobile, as access modes range from accessing WAP sites to running enclosed applications, such as a chat clients, to downloading premium content or games from operator websites [START_REF] Goldstuck | The Mobile Internet Pinned Down[END_REF].

We join other recent HCI papers to explore communicative ecologies and repertoires in resource constrained settings [START_REF] Wyche | Deliberate Interactions: Characterizing Technology Use in Nairobi, Kenya[END_REF][START_REF] Wang | Ethnography of the Telephone : Changing Uses of Communication Technology in Village Life[END_REF]. Communicative ecologies involve interactions among technologies, sociality, and discourse [START_REF] Foth | Networked Individualism of Urban Residents: Discovering the Communicative Ecology in Inner-city Apartment Buildings[END_REF][START_REF] Chiumbu | Exploring Mobile Phone Practices in Social Movements in South Africathe Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign[END_REF]. Information or cultural ecologies are characterized by 'hybrid' interactions of physical and digital [START_REF] Nardi | Information Ecologies: Using Technology with Heart[END_REF][START_REF] Lindtner | A Hybrid Cultural Ecology: World of Warcraft in China[END_REF]. We adopt ecological metaphors to explain the roles of mobile internet, other ICTs, social networks, and PAV spaces in the repertoires of young people. This approach allows us to acknowledge young people's agency and supplement it with an awareness of power, first, the long, powerful shadows cast by institutionalized schooling centered around adult institutional authority and second, the overall contours of participation, as sculpted and truncated by economic forces.

Methods

Our project was intended to explore the leading edge of a non-equally-distributed phenomenon (complementary use of mobile internet and PAVs). The theoretical target population was urban teens from historically disadvantaged populations in South Africa who lack access to resources. Due to cost constraints, we pursued nonrepresentative, purposive sampling during all phases of data gathering. Our sample is urban, restricted to Cape Town. Our informants were all PAV users. Thus our results are exploratory in nature, and should be interpreted to identify patterns and issues relevant to design and to policy, rather than to fix specific estimates of behavioral frequencies in the broader population. All questionnaires and recruiting procedures were prepared in accordance with the University of Cape Town regulations for research with human subjects, including written parental consent for participants under the age of 18.

In phase one, we conducted semi-structured qualitative phone or in-person interviews with 36 PAV operators in the Western Cape (11 cybercafés, 5 telecenters/NGO facilities, and 21 libraries). We selected sites at random from a list of Cape Town libraries located in low-resource neighborhoods and included the city's two central libraries. Telecenters and Cybercafés were selected using a convenience sampling method, focused on the same low-resource neighborhoods in Cape Town.

The interviews were the same in the phone and face-to-face conditions. The questions were formulated to consider the use mobile internet. Interviews were conducted in the language of the respondents (English, isiXhosa, or Afrikaans). These brief 15-20 minute interviews were recorded, transcribed, translated, and then entered into Excel for analysis. Face-to-face interviewees were provided a prepay airtime voucher worth 40 Rand ($4.48) as an honorarium.

In phase two, we recruited 53 teenage participants from public access venues around Cape Town, primarily the public libraries in Delft (14%) and Langa (14%), Cape Town's Central Library (13%), and the African Axess Internet Cafe in Langa (11%). Selected venues provide insight into a mix of government and commercial operators in diverse neighborhoods. We interviewed both Afrikaans and isiXhosa speaking participants (who were mostly multi-lingual). The group included 24 young women (45%) and 29 young men (55%) who ranged in age from 13 to 19 years old, with an average age of 17 years.

The interaction with participants varied depending on availability of PCs, safety of bringing a mobile to the venue, time, and the evolving needs of the project. An inter-action consisted of some or all of the following components. (a) A semi-structured interview on PAV and mobile internet behaviors inquired about the task that had led the participant to come to the venue. (b) Assisted drawing of a project network diagram detailed the socio-technical resources (including PCs and mobiles) recruited for the participant's most recent school project [START_REF] Pearson | Concept-mapping as a Research Tool: A Study of Primary Children's Representations of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)[END_REF]. Finally, (c) a videotaped facilitated task analysis on a PC or mobile using the "think aloud" method [START_REF] Mavers | Interpreting the Externalised Images of Pupils' Conceptions of ICT: Methods for the Analysis of Concept Maps[END_REF]. Participants received a R15 ($1.68) airtime honorarium.

In phase three, we distributed a questionnaire that focused on validating and quantifying issues and patterns found in earlier phases. We used leave-behind or selfadministered questionnaires, with a R10 ($1.12) incentive for completing the 15 minute task. The questionnaire was available in English-only, Afrikaans + English, and isiXhosa + English versions.

In June and July 2011, we distributed questionnaires at seven PAVs. Overall, 294 users, 171 users at 4 libraries and 141 users at 3 cybercafés (missing value on ven-ue=3), responded to the survey. Overall, 67% of respondents were male and 33% were female. Respondents ranged in age from 12 to 55 years of age. The highest completed education among the adults ranged from high school and "matric" (passed final high school exams) up through some university training.

The questionnaire captured a diverse set of Cape Town residents, not strictly the poorest of the urban poor. Overall, 56% of respondents spoke isiXhosa as their first language, followed by English (27%), Afrikaans (24%), and Zulu (1%). English was listed as a second language by 52% of respondents. Furthermore, 62% of respondents said they were unemployed, 17% were employed, 10% were part-time employees, and 8% were self-employed. Concerning their living arrangements, 92% had electricity in their homes and 81% of respondents could get to the PAV in 20 min. or less.

Finally, in phase four, we held a three-hour workshop to discuss findings with representatives of African Access (a cybercafé chain), The Cape Town Libraries SmartCape initiative, and the manager of the Cape Access project of the Provincial Government of the Western Cape. During the workshop, we tested and refined initial findings and developed recommendations with these key stakeholders.

FINDINGS

Teenage users have developed practices which help them to negotiate the respective strengths and weaknesses of public access and private mobiles.

In this section, we describe how teens navigate the interrelated affordances and constraints made available via mobiles and PAVs. Free use (as in a library) supports more resource-intensive goals (requiring storage space, time, and bandwidth) and stable media production. Paid use (such as a phone) supports time-sensitive goals, interpersonal communication, and low bandwidth media use.

In phase three, we asked the respondents about locations, beyond the shared access venue, where they could get Internet access. Figure 1 shows that nearly half of respondents had access at home. In our target group of teens, 42% of survey respondents had home access to a PC while 30% of in-depth interviewees owned a PC. These estimates are higher than national averages but are consistent with independent estimates for urban areas 1 . The South African census reported that 38% of Cape Town residents have PCs at home [START_REF]StatsSA: Community Profiles (SuperWeb Interactive Format[END_REF]. Another study found PCs in 34% of homes in Cape Town and 38% of homes in Johannesburg [42]. Additionally, 86% reported access via phone, at least once in the past. As expected, teens were more likely to report accessing the Internet via school PCs and less likely to report access via work PCs. More adults than teens reported visiting cybercafés. In terms of activities, browsing/searching was the number one activity, with over 80% of both teens and adults planning to do so that day. About 40% of teens and adults planned to seek help on the Internet while at the PAV.

Additional analysis revealed that 90% of teens and 95% of adults reported owning a cell phone. More interesting is that 82% of adults reported bringing their phone to the PAV while only 56% of teens did so. The significant difference (x2 p<.001) is probably due to school regulations, which prohibit students from having and using cell phones during the day because of concerns about safety and theft.

The phase two interviews provided additional insight into the interplay of platforms, venues, and uses. Google search (98%) and word processors (92%) were used by most teens: the mobile chat program MXit was popular (88%) while the more recently adopted social network Facebook was also used by many teens in this group (69%).

Fig. 1. Phase III Survey "Before today, where else have you accessed the internet?"

1 PC ownership does not imply home internet access; according to the 2011 census [START_REF]StatsSA: Community Profiles (SuperWeb Interactive Format[END_REF] around 18-19% of urban PC owners report no home internet access Some tasks were clustered to take advantage of the functions and affordances of a specific platform (PC or mobile). No one used word processors on their phones. Similarly, no one preferred to use MXit on a computer. The inability to multitask on, print from, download, or display large images on a mobile phone were seen as disadvantages, and writing down information from a mobile screen was viewed as a highly inconvenient way of transferring information.

Hybrid or cross-platform practices characterized the use of Google Search and Facebook. PCs were the preferred platform for Google search, with users able to transfer their skills to mobile. Cross-platform use seemed to be the preferred way of using Facebook, with participants electing to use the accessibility and privacy of mobiles together with the convenience and economy of computers. This allowed them a less expensive mode of access, better ergonomics as well as an expanded set of features, particularly instant messaging (not available on mobile Facebook at the time).

Costs were a persistent factor. L explains: "Sometimes I don't have money to go to the Internet cafe and don't have money to use my sister's phone, so I do come here", and A. concurs: "I use a computer when I do not have airtime and I use cell phone when I have airtime". Phones were a way of accessing the mobile web 'kancinci', just a tiny bit costly but cheaper than hourly fees in an Internet café.

Many web pages download painfully slow on phones. Some networks bill for data by time rather than by megabyte, and our observations of mobile internet use showed that young people avoided certain actions on the mobile web to avoid costly downloads.

Time constraints were also a factor in free PAVs, where restrictions on PC use times as short as fifteen minutes prompted quick-turnaround 'match and grab' searchcopy-paste-print routines adapted to the pressurized library environment. In other cases, longer periods at the computer (as in the internet cafes) or regular visits to the library allowed more sustained involvement in editing and visual design as well as integration with handwritten and photocopied material.

Those with airtime and data resources took delight in contacting peers on Facebook via mobiles. MXit allowed a more economical, less interrupted mode of interaction: ─ N: If I don't have airtime, I have like one Rand, I go on MXit, chat with my friend the whole night. (f 15)

Since MXit costs were so low, interactions proliferated, shifting freely into popular games. The low costs of MXit also allowed evasion of parental surveillance and regulation. This freedom and abundance of communication allowed for a multitude of interactions via MXit, which we did not observe with the more expensive channels. Some interviewees framed their interactions on MXit as a separate space, cut off from institutional ecologies. They were adamant that their use of MXit, games, or other mobile applications was entirely for pleasure, and bore absolutely no relation to schoolwork or other institutionally approved 'instrumental' uses. While the mobile internet was well established in the informational ecosystem, both project network diagrams in Phase II interviews and the Phase III survey indicated that it was not often utilized for schoolwork.

5.2

The PAV ecology supports a valued and non-substitutable repertoire of practices for resource-constrained users, even those with 'the internet in their pocket' Clearly, phones support elements like social networking, media sharing (SD cards, photo sharing, and music playback) [START_REF] Walton | Degrees of Sharing: Proximate Media Sharing and Messaging by Young People in Khayelitsha[END_REF] and chat through teens' friendship-based ecologies and peer practices. Do teens still require PAVs? We highlight three assertions in the affirmative below.

First, we asked PAV operators: "In your community, has it made a big difference to have public access to the internet in your venue?" Overall, 33 of 36 respondents answered yes. The most common theme, mentioned by 15 respondents, was the way the PAV helped people search for employment. Other responses, less common, included confidence (11 mentions) and the provisioning of a safe space (7 mentions).

As predicted [START_REF] Gomez | Public Access Computing in South Africa: Old Lessons and New Challenges[END_REF], the biggest difference between free and paid venues was in the issue of cost: 10 of 25 of the free venues mentioned their primary effect in terms of the subsidy of free access. Contrast these quotes from venue operators: ─ Cybercafé: We have very good parking facilities and are located in a mall, so people feel very safe to come here, or to drop their children off here ─ Library: It's free of charge. And it's a central safe place. Sometimes if we're offline, people will go look for other libraries. It's helped so much for development.

People can keep an eye on tenders, or look for jobs online, create CVsat no cost. ─ Library: For school children it helps to get the most recent information we cannot provide with books. That makes their life more easy. And also from our side, information is not on books yet. So we go onto the internet… PAV operators were asked if there were other options for getting internet in their communities. Generally, the libraries mentioned the cybercafés and vice-versa. The differentiator is price. Consider these responses:

─ Cybercafé: The library is around the corner, where people have free internet for 45 minutes. We often get the people who do not have patience to wait at the library. Even though they have to pay, the rates are good and they would rather pay than have to wait…in a queue. ─ Library: People come to the library cause the internet is free, even phones are too expensive. We've even had clients saying that they do have internet at home, but they prefer to work at the library cause they don't have to pay for the data Overall, Cybercafés framed their effect as transactional based on convenience and access. Libraries stressed transformational elements of confidence and training, but also the financial subsidy. Second, in 39 of the 53 Phase II interviews, we asked teens why they were in the PAV that day. The majority (69%) of respondents in this group had come to the venue for reasons, which they presented as primarily serious, such as working on a school project or studying. Two had come to assist a younger sibling with schoolwork, and three had come for other reasons (sending faxes for a parent's business, attending a training course, or creating publicity posters for a non-profit concert to raise funds).

Many had come to the venue with more than one purpose, one related to schoolwork and another related to socializing, either online (18 %) or at the venue (5%), or pursuing an interest or hobby.

The South African school curriculum envisages an ecology, which simply does not exist, requiring project-based learning despite the limited availability of resources, such as computers, books, and libraries in public schools. As a result, both schools and young people rely on public libraries. As A. (age 19, library) explained, she would be 'prevented from learning' if she did not have access to the public library: 'all the schoolwork requires you to get information here at the library'. Public access venues also extended to home ecologies, which often did not provide computers or appropriate spaces for homework.

Several participants claimed that the availability of the libraries and internet cafes had helped them achieve higher grades at school. For example, M (m, 17) attributed success of passing the school year to web searches: 'one can say [Google] helped me pass!'

Fig. 2. Phase III Survey Stated Preferences for Tasks

Interviewees had a number of theories about what had helped increase their grades, including whether the venue had helped them to find and edit information, improved their visual presentation and neatness, and assisted them in meeting tight deadlines. They mentioned both the convenience of digital writing and the dividends paid when a 'neat' and 'professional' appearance of their projects translated into higher grades.

Third, we asked survey respondents whether they preferred to complete a series of tasks exclusively on the PC in the PAV, exclusively on their mobile, or using a mix of the two devices (for parsimony, we were unable to separate out mobile internet from the mobile in general). There were no significant differences between the preferences of teen vs. adults, although the results showed plenty of variance amongst the tasks. There are two key patterns here. First, participants preferred completing instrumental items (research, health, job search, learning new things) on PC only than on mobileonly. Second, the most common answers were often "a mix" of PC and phonerespondents did not want to choose between the devices. This is evidence for emerging complementary rather than competitive roles of PCs and phones.

Taking away the "mix" option, we asked: "if you had to choose between using only your phone for a month or only the computer in the center, which would you pick?" Teens were slightly more likely than adults to say the phone (61% vs. 52%), although the difference was not statistically significant. We also asked "if Internet access was free on your cell phone network, would you still use the PAV?" Overall, 54% of teens and 63% of adults said they still would, although again the difference was not significant.

Teens can use a combination of mobile and public access internet resources to participate in media production

Some examples from studies on social support and media production illustrate different ways in which fixed and mobile internet are complementary, and hint at ways PAVs could be more welcoming of the mobile internet. Almost all of the interviewees used MXit as an academic backchannel to update one another about schoolwork or to assist one another with homework and projects. For example, A (f, 18) was able to use MXit to catch up on missed homework ('I would ask my friend through MXit'), or in the case of an accounting project, to co-ordinate. Mobile phones are powerful enablers of photography and audio and video recording, but publishing and downloading audio-visual media via mobile networks is expensive and can be slow, thus phones were used for media production and (to a lesser extent) editing media, while computers and PAVs were used to produce CDs and DVDs or browse visually intensive sites. One member of a singing group used a computer to produce a CD of their songs, while another participant used the library to administer an amateur drama group and Facebook to sell a DVD of their production. These examples reveal how bandwidth and airtime constraints limit networked sharing of audio and video.

Most of the networked media production we encountered involved simple photo editing on feature phones, L. (f, 16) explained that she had edited her Facebook profile image using software on her feature phone, annotating it with the following message using a green typeface [ee….]* Hahahaah …. preettyy … * . The distinctive orthography, imitation of speech, and use of symbols suggest that such images are an extension of her mobile messaging practices. For her, annotated and tinted shots held a certain distinction: A picture is just a boring picture. Everything must be edited, it looks so stylish…..

5.4

PAV operator policies strongly affect the chances for simultaneous, complementary use of the mobile internet in the venue.

Phase one discovered differences between cybercafés and free venues in mobile internet use. Among the 11 cybercafés, 8 said that users printed files from their phones, and 8 had seen other examples of 'simultaneous use' of mobiles and PCs. Among the free venues, these observations were less frequent. Ten out of 25 reported that phone users printed files from their phones. Twelve out of 25 had seen instances of simultaneous use. Some of this gap was likely due to differences in clientele, with older, more affluent users visiting the cybercafés. Beyond this, different venues offered different services and enforced different rules. Contrast these operator responses: ─ Cybercafé: We help with everything. Whatever question. We don't mind. If it has anything to do with internet. On the phone or on the computer. We help. That is our service. ─ Cybercafé: Sometimes people ask how to set up email on the phone. We help them, but charge for it. 15 min help = 10 Rand. ─ Library: The system always gives us problems with USB connection, when they use the phone on the computers. No one was allowed to log in. We had to shut down the server and then switch on again. ─ Library: When we see them on MXit or Facebook we are lenient. But we tell them that it is very dangerous to have the phone with them.

Thus a venue's rules and policies are a major influence on complementary, simultaneous use of mobile internet and PAVs. Nine of the eleven cybercafés had no rules about cell phone use. By contrast, six of the libraries had total bans, eight said phones should be silent, and another four specified phones should not be connected to PCs. Five cybercafé operators reported having helped users register for phone-based services or configure their phone; four specifically allowed users to upload photos. Four free venues blocked USB ports for phone uploads/downloads. Only three helped configure phones, and another three said their users knew more than they did about phones. Cybercafés charged the equivalent of a dollar or two to help a user set up a phone, and they were more than happy to allow uploads and downloads from the phone.

Discussion

The discussion builds on these findings by questioning the declaration of a closed "digital divide" and identifying steps designers, policymakers, and venues can make to allow PAVs to be more effective in the coming age of mobile internet. Though we are not the first to critique oversimplifications of how mobile internet promises to 'close the digital divide' [START_REF] Gurumurthy | From Social Enterprises to Mobiles -Seeking a Peg to Hang a Premeditated ICTD Theory in an Ecology of Unequal Actors[END_REF], our work shows the continuing importance of safe, well-equipped venues such as these. Computers in particular play a key role in ecologies of resource-constrained feature phone users. Young people who could, in theory, be "mobile-only" internet users have instead constructed a "mobile-centric" repertoire, relying on the PAV to complete certain tasks required by school and work as well as to save money. Mobiles played a central role in participation in networkbased peer interactions but the PAV was central to other kinds of participation. Public access continues to offer (at this time and in this population) critical value in certain activities. Mobile internet is making great strides, but does not yet substitute for public access, considering hardware, network, cost, space, printing, and guidance. Following [START_REF] Bar | Assessing the Impact of Public Access to ICTs[END_REF], public access via the PC and private mobile access may be different enough to complement rather than substitute each other. Our findings echo those of [START_REF] Czerniewicz | Born into the Digital Age in the South of Africa: The Reconfiguration of the "digital Citizen[END_REF] in the context of higher education, suggesting that while phones are used extensively in educational contexts, computer users enjoy a wider range of choices and greater convenience.

Policy and design changes

Phase III respondents rated their interest in PAVs' mobile phone allowances (Figure 3). There was relatively more interest in allowing Wi-Fi connections, printing directly from phones, and booking places at PCs by SMS or phone than in rule changes or booths to allow voice. Our results suggest changes in policies and design in five domains, detailed below. Our Phase IV consultations with the PAV stakeholders influenced discussion and interpretation of these results. The design and policy recommendations are intended to inform not only to the South African context, but also for public access points in other resource-constrained settings where users are increasingly likely to have data-enabled phones.

Fig. 3. Actions PAVs Could Take to Improve Phone Use

Rules. At a basic level, the "rules" prohibiting cell phone use in libraries are simply about noise management, but blanket bans could be replaced with rules to limit noise. All of the phase IV consultees were amenable to this rule change.

Affordances. If connected in some way, phones could be better storage devices, increasing the coherency of short PAV sessions and cutting down on costly intersession printing. Since viruses are a major concern and a drag on scarce support resources [START_REF] Bhattacharya | Computer Viruses in Urban Indian Telecenters : Characterizing an Unsolved Problem[END_REF], phase-IV consultees preferred web-based and wireless solutions to physical connections. With the assistance of design, PAVs could support the more costeffective methods of transferring text or images to mobile-friendly cloud-based storage, and free transfer to phones via Bluetooth or USB cable. Equally important, designs allowing phones to interface better with paper in school ecologies might include mobile interfaces for PC-less printing or mini design apps for creating printable display text or diagrams on feature phones. Phone cameras or scanning apps could help shorten queues for copiers.

Skills.

Librarians and other PAV operators outside of those in for-profit cybercafés may benefit from specific training and encouragement oriented towards the opportunities presented by the mobile internet. With the proper skills, PAV staff could help users save time waiting for shared resources and encourage them to get more out of the internet in their pocket. PAV operators need new skills to help mobile-centric users with things like configuring email on phones to searching, cloud storage, and local caching, and less technical (but critical) skills, such as managing time, contacts, online reputation, and use of mobile-accessible resources for leisure and school. In Phase IV, we discussed the development of posters, covering topics such as cloudbased storage and photo processing, which might augment and backstop training provided to PAV staff. Individual tips could also be saved as small graphics and distributed via Bluetooth.

Framing. These shifts in rules and skills are not simply a matter of technical changes. Our interviews highlighted the suspicion with which PAV operators (particularly librarians) viewed phones, emphasizing negative associations with time wasting, dangerous social networks, destructive viruses, and the like. Many missed the remarkable potential that some teens had identifiedthe value of linking their personal digital devices to a shared access resource. Phase IV participants suggested that libraries could curate and promote electronic sources designed specifically for mobile platforms to encourage people to explore to identify and take advantage of what their phones can do as a complement to PC internet access. Free public access venues can (continue to) support young people's mobile-centric activities beyond schoolwork, such as games, media production and distribution, and social networking, thus reframing PAVs to support participation in youth culture beyond the dominant ecologies of schooling.

Some librarians would be opposed to teens using media in the libraries, particularly noisy gaming; thus, they may oppose groups of young gamers were likely to disturb other patrons. "We do allow games but the librarian has the right to say that if they are too rowdy they must quiet down or cut the sessions". Another problem relates to the fact that parents might be using the libraries as a 'babysitting' facility. Although librarians object to becoming afterschool supervisors, there is recognition that kids have few other places to go, and at least the library is a safe. Hence, it is important to make the PAV an interesting and enjoyable place for kids pursuing various goals. Other PAVs in settings where security is less of an issue or where there are more alternatives may select different policies in this case.

Bits. Part of the appeal of the public PAVs remains free (subsidized) bits. In a country where internet data remains expensive, the long lines for PC access are understandable. On the one hand, this is a key observation regarding mobile design for resourceconstrained settings, including free community hotspots common in more prosperous contexts [START_REF] Forlano | Anytime? Anywhere?: Reframing Debates Around Municipal Wireless Networking[END_REF] remain rare in places where bits are relatively expensive. The Wi-Fi feature of a handset is of little use to those who cannot afford to turn it on.

A more complementary policy view of Wi-Fi-enabled handsets could reduce pressure on library PCs to provide enough time for everyone. Phase IV consultees described how two of the central libraries had instituted Wi-Fi options. However, they were adamant that provisions needed to be in place to refund PAV's for the cost of their bandwidth.

Nevertheless, disaggregating the access to the machine from subsidy of the bits and increasing the flexibility, utility, and accessibility of both could be an effective move. One study suggested that worldwide, 50% of mobile phone users access the internet via Wi-Fi rather than the cell network [START_REF] Daly | Wi-Fi Grows to over 50% of Mobile Web Connections[END_REF]. With the spread of lower-cost data enabled handsets, resource constrained people (without access to Wi-Fi at home, school, or work) would like free hotspots, too.

In summary, there is an opportunity for public PAVs to not simply follow the lead of cybercafés, but rather to go further in supporting their users' increasingly mobilecentric internet behaviors. Through a combination of staff training, updated rules, a Wi-Fi connection (cost permitting), and perhaps some cabling and charging stations, PAVs could provide valuable mobile-related services to users with a relatively modest investment in materials and time. Design could support specific shared-PC and ownmobile scenarios around printing, file management, and storage. Even PAV owners and frontline staff with low-resources could begin to treat the mobile internet less as an affliction (social networking) or threat (substitution) and more like the supplement to PC Internet access, as suggested by our analysis and interviews suggest it can be.

Limitations and Next Steps

The methodological limitations of a non-representative sample were discussed in the methods section. Here, we reflect on broader issues of generalizability. On the one hand, the purposive sample was appropriate for this research topic at this time. Young people in urban townships in this area are a leading case vis-à-vis mobile internet use, and the patterns we identify here will become prominent as more adopt data-enabled phones emerge in South Africa and elsewhere on the continent. Relatively good public facilities in Cape Town suggest possibilities of public access for state, schools, and businesses alike. Lower levels of PC use or of mobile internet adoption would not have allowed us to explore demand for coexistent, complementary, or competitive uses with any certainty. On the other hand, the uses observed in 2011 are a "snapshot" of an ongoing process. Conditions are changing as more mobiles become more internet-enabled, as smart phones and tablets become more affordable, as schools invest in ICTs, and as bandwidth tariffs come down. The progression towards lower cost and 'converged' devices may over time erode the current stark differences in affordances between public PCs and private mobiles. Thus, we are reluctant to make forecasts regarding how long the conditions (and repertoires) we observed will persist or to how long it might be before teens, as the ones we met will be able to do without public access internet. This is likely to happen before they will stop needing safe public spaces, which are conducive to learning, social networking, and cultural participation. Instead, we hew closer to current conditions to suggest some immediate steps that policymakers and PAV operators can take. Space constraints in the paper have prevented us from addressing how broader patters of social and economic constraints shape participation and available ecologies, but this will be addressed elsewhere in a later publication. In brief, South African inequalities show how starkly power and economic stratification shape ecologies and user repertoires. Simultaneously, school and work shape demand, requiring and rewarding the genres that index middle-class ecologies.

Conclusion

Ecological metaphors encourage us to see PAVs as places of agency, which support learning, growth, and adaptation. Nonetheless, PAVs also interface with broader markets of participation and access. Those who can pay enjoy relative freedom to communicate, while those who cannot, must conform to rules designed to serve institutional ecologies and the adult 'owners' of PAV spaces, who often, particularly in the case of free public services, stigmatize, misrecognize, and fail to support young people's mobile repertoires. The snapshot we offer is one of stark practical and conceptual splits between (public) PCs and (private) mobiles. We see little evidence in this context that demand for PAVs among resource constrained, mobile internet-using teens will decline in the near-term, but also identify opportunities associated with the increasing prevalence of data-enabled handsets among PAV users. Thus, we suggest improvements in rules, changing affordances, upgraded skills, revised framing, and a different provision of bits (Wi-Fi) in order to help "welcome the mobile internet into the public venue".

These steps require support and funding from policymakers, and they are also a fruitful ground for interaction designers and technologists. All can be undertaken immediately to help this generation of teens, rather than waiting for convergence or lower mobile tariffs to help the next one.

Acknowledgements

This research was part of the Global Impact Study of Public Access to Information & Communication Technologies (globalimpactstudy.org) implemented by the University of Washington's Technology & Social Change Group with support from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. We are also grateful for the contributions of the project team members, Silke Hassreiter, Anja Venter, Minah Radebe, Muya Koloko, Nombuyiselo Dziba, Juliette Manitshana, Baxolele Zono and Thabisa Xhalisa. Furthermore, we thank Amaal Davids and the support of Library and Information Services, City of Cape Town, Cape Access (Provincial Gov. of the Western Cape), African Axess and Silulo Internet Cafes, and the participants, without whom the research would not have been possible