Weihua Gan
email: ganweihua8421@yahoo.com.cn

Yuwei Zhu
email: zhuyuwei3113@163.com

Tingting Zhang

O O O On n n n RFID RFID RFID RFID Application Application Application Application in in in in the the the the Tracking Tracking Tracking Tracking and and and and Tracing Tracing Tracing Tracing System System System System of of of of Agricultural Agricultural Agricultural Agricultural Product Product Product Product Logistics Logistics Logistics Logistics

Keywords: Agricultural products, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Tracking and Tracing System (TTS)

Nowadays the low quality of agricultural products has resulted in some accidents in China. People are waiting for the arrival of the safe and high quality agricultural products than before. This paper takes the agricultural products' safety as an example to analyze the RFID application. Firstly, this paper describes the characteristics of logistics activities about the agricultural products. Then it introduces RFID technique in tracking and tracing system. Next this paper discusses the RFID application along the agricultural product supply chain step by step. Finally, it presents the prospect of RFID technique in tracking and tracing system of agricultural products by a case study of 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing.

Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction

Owing the chemical abusing and environment worsening, the quality of agricultural products is becoming a hot topic in China during the recent decades.

Although developed countries have attached importance to the tracking and tracing system in agricultural product logistics since the mad cow disease appeared, some developing countries are just beginning to realize the importance of agricultural products logistics [START_REF] Yuan | Research on Constructing Retrospecting System of Agricultural Product Supply Chain[END_REF] . Chinese government has established some corresponding laws and regulations, such as The Special Provision about Strengthening Safety Supervision and Management on Foods proposed by the State Council, Law on Agricultural Product's Quality Safety of The People's Republic of China [START_REF] Tang | The Key Technology Research of the System of Track and Trace in the Supply Chain of Agricultural Logistics of Sichuan Province[END_REF] . It can be seen that the research on tracking and tracing in agricultural product logistics has been a priority of the agenda. Agricultural product refers to the primary product in agriculture, including vegetation, animal, microorganism, etc. Agricultural product safety is an important component of food sanitation quality, which means that the agricultural product must have no negative effects on human healthy directly or potentially. Safe agricultural product refers to the agricultural product should neither contain the elements which harm or threaten health nor acute or chronic diseases to consumers and their offspring [START_REF] Song | The Characteristic of Agricultural Product Logistics and the Related Problems Research[END_REF] .

2....Influencing Influencing Influencing Influencing F F F Factors actors actors actors of of of of A A A Agricultural gricultural gricultural gricultural P P P Product roduct roduct roducts s s s' ' ' ' S S S Safety afety afety afety

Generally there are four factors influencing agricultural products' safety, they are [START_REF] Wang | Research on Agriculture Logistics System Evaluation and Optimization[END_REF] :

(1) Growing environment: soil, water and air are the top three significant factors for agricultural products in their growing environment.

(2) Production condition: some pesticides, fertilizers , etc. are applied inevitably during the production of agricultural products. The biggest threats to public health are those high-poisonous and high-persistent pesticides, which are prohibited or restricted.

(3) Pest factor: all kinds of agricultural plants would suffer from pests along the processing. Accordingly it would influence the quality and appearance of those plants themselves.

(4) Management factor: the management activities related to growth and production are the key factors for agricultural products' safety, too. Moreover, the service quality and efficiency of agricultural product logistics would influence safety. It is defined agricultural product logistics is the economic activity from agricultural product producer to the consumer s in order to satisfy customers' demands, includ ing the lin ks such as agricultural product production, purchasing, transportation, storage, loading and unloading, handling, package, processing, distribution and informat ion processing [START_REF] Hou | Applied Research on RFID Technology in China's Agricultural J. Products Quality and Safety Traceability System[END_REF] , it is shown in Figure 1. Contrary to the industrial product, agricultural product has its own characteristics embodied in its life [START_REF] Zen | Study on a EPC Code-based Traceability System for Pork Quality and Safety[END_REF] :

(1) Restricted by natural conditions, the growth of agricultural product is obviously seasonal, and the output is unstable. However, the requiremen t of agricultural product is lasting and stable.

(2) The planting regions are usually centralized within some areas, but the consumers are distributed all over the nation.

(3) Agricultural product almost grows depending on the nature, so it is not standardized.

(4) Agricultural product has short life cycle. Owing to these characteristics, agricultural product logistics is different from industrial product logistics. Emphasis should be put on the package and processing of agricultural products.

According to the different classifying criterion, the categories of agricultural product logistics can be diversified. The classification of agricultural product logistics as shown in the Table 1: Table Table 1 1 1 1

Table Table

Definition Definition Definition Definition of of of of T T T Tracking racking racking racking and and and and T T T Tracing racing racing racing System System System System of of of of A A A Agricultural gricultural gricultural gricultural P P P Product roduct roduct roducts s s s

Tracking system refers to the ability of tracking the path of a particular unit or a batch of products from upstream to downstream along supply chain. Tracing system means the ability to distinguish the particular unit or a batch of products' source from downstream to upstream along supply chain [START_REF] Moe | Perspectives on Traceability in Food Manufacture[END_REF] . In other word s tracing is mainly used to discover quality problem. The process of tracking and tracing is shown in Figure 2: Tracking and tracing system (TTS) of agricultural product logistics is an informat ion management system lin king each sector such as manufacture, inspection, supervision, consumpt ion, etc. in order to display the health and safety-from farm to table. In addition, it helps establishing agricultural product safety informat ion database, once food accidents occur, effective measures can be taken to control and recall along the food supply chain.

4.2 .2 .2 .2 Task Task Task Task of of of of T T T Tracking racking racking racking and and and and T T T Tracing racing racing racing System System System System of of of of A A A Agricultural gricultural gricultural gricultural P P P Product roduct roduct roducts s s s

The informat ion system plays an important role in the tracking and tracing logistics system of agricultural products. Such informat ion at least should include, e.g. phase informat ion, geography informat ion and object informat ion. In detail, phase informat ion means the data over the whole life cycle, geography informat ion tells the geographical position of agricultural product's origin and its arrival, object informat ion records all the enterprises engaged in the agricultural product supply chain.

The five tasks of the informat ion system are informat ion input, informat ion transfer, informat ion storage, informat ion process and informat ion output. Gathering and recording the informat ion throughout the agricultural product chain, unifying and standardizing the above informat ion is the primary task of informat ion system. The memo ry function is also essential since the obtained informat ion would not be lost and distorted. The value of the tracking and tracing logistics informat ion system is eventually embodied for those enterprises or individuals along the whole agricultural product supply chain.

Application Application Application Application of of of of RFID RFID RFID RFID in in in in TTS TTS TTS TTS 5. . . .1 1 1 1 Functi on Functi on Functi on Functi on of of of of RFID RFID RFID RFID

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is commonly known as electronic tag, it is actually a target recognition technology for data interchange in a non-contact duplex communicat ion based on the space coupling of signals such as electromagnetic induction, radio waves and micro waves and so on.

Compared with the traditional ticket, label and tracing card, RFID tags have more advantages. It can not only collect and analyze the data from source to destination but also can keep long distance, quick speed, high data security and excel lent capability.

The operation principle of RFID system is shown in Fig. 3: the effective magnetic space is the basic premise of RFID system. The electronic tag with informat ion enters into the magnetic space while the antenna of the reader emit s radio signals at a certain frequency. Meanwhile the electronic tag is activated by the power derived from the faradic current, sends messages stored in the chip through the built-in antenna after decoding. The receiving antenna conveys these signals to the reader. The reader decodes the signals, all the decoded signals are conveyed to the informat ion management platform through the application system software for processing and controlling [START_REF] Chang | RFID Application in Vegetable Supply Chain at Home and Abroad[END_REF] . Each RFID tag can be set for each plantation, cultivation, crops and livestock in order to match with the requiremen ts of RFID system. RFID tag records not only the informat ion during plantation and cultivation, such as humidity, light, wind speed, rainfall, but also nutriment or fodder variety and order time. What is more, the different agricultural product and healthy condition can also be added. RFID tags could be placed into collar, card, injection, pill or just on agricultural products' packages [START_REF] Li | Application Research of RFID in Agriculture[END_REF] . Owing that all the essential informat ion of agricultural product has been stored to the RFID tag, the circulat ion speed would be faster, the error rate would be lower. In addition, RFID system provides the basic data such as point of sale system, electronic data interchange system and electronic commerce system for processing enterprises, logistics enterprises, sales agencies, and the initial data for the tracking and tracing system of agricultural products.

RFID RFID RFID RFID A A A Appl ied ppl ied ppl ied ppl ied in in in in P P P Processing rocessing rocessing rocessing

It is convenient for processing enterprises simu ltaneously add informat ion on the tag, such as enterprises' code, processing date, processing batch, and package weight , etc. used in processing [START_REF] Ling | Application of RFID Technology in Safety Control on Agriculture[END_REF] . Therefore, the continuity of agricultural product informat ion can be successfully kept along supply chain. After enriching processing corporations' informat ion, the end consumers could obtain a panoramic view of relevant informat ion even in wholesale market and retail market.

RFID RFID RFID RFID A A A Appl ied ppl ied ppl ied ppl ied in in in in T T T Transpor tation ranspor tation ranspor tation ranspor tation

RFID combined with GPS, real-time supervision and tracking service can be available for agricultural product logistics system. For the owners, they can find out the track of their goods via the computer network. For the check officers, goods can be examined only through tag so as to speed up the inspection. Meanwhile, whether temperature-shift will do harm to fresh agricultural product or not could be decided by reading the informat ion stored in RFID tag.

RFID RFID RFID RFID A A A Appl ied ppl ied ppl ied ppl ied in in in in S S S Storage torage torage torage

It is obvious the inventory cycle time can be shorter because the data stored in RFID tag is very useful for warehousing management, e.g. before agricultural products entering warehouse, the data stored in RFID tag can directly be transmitted to computer. The computer will emit the warehousing instruction to the suitable rack and slots. Furthermore, the correct inventory pattern can be chosen depending on the product specification and requiremen t . The logistics informat ion system of agricultural product will generate the picking and slotting task as soon as it receives the customer's order. The operator could pick out the right product immed iately according to the informat ion on the RFID tag scanned by hand-reader. Especially some ext ra informat ion has been enriched during the distribution process in the RFID tag such as distribution vehicle, distribution route, schedule, etc.

RFID RFID RFID RFID A A A Appl ied ppl ied ppl ied ppl ied in in in in S S S Sales ales ales ales

Not only the vendors but also the consumers can benefit from RFID application in sales. The vendors can supervise the validity of commodit ies with the help of RFID tag especially for those perishable products. On the other hand, consumers could gain the basic informat ion along the supply chain from the origin to the destination. RFID can help consumers to ensure the agriculture products' safety. On account of the quality granted, the commodit ies often are recalled. For after-sales, the disabled sectors can be found out immed iately through RFID tag. Then some relevant measures can be taken by tracking the whole logistics process of agriculture products. Therefore, the use of RFID in the whole agricultural products logistics system will help to promote the development of seamless exchanging, reading, writing for agricultural products informat ion. Beijing Oly mpic Ga mes was held in the burning summer, the quality of all kinds of foods is safe and convinced. It is reported that RFID application to the food logistics during the Oly mpic Ga mes help to monitor those foods and ensure the food security. There are no less than 3900 species in 65 categories supervised, and all the crucial foods are labeled with RFID, for instance, rice, flour, oil, meat, fruit , vegetable and dairy product. In addition, a professional database is established for the guarantee on safety. Approximately 17 million sets of foods are provided during the whole Oly mpic Ga mes. Oly mpic foods distribution center is established and some measures such as closed transport, entire monitor, and special cars are taken exclusively [11] . RFID label is added on foods from their cultivation to production and processing, i.e. from cultivated land to dining table. Thank for the RFID application , safe and high quality foods can be provided by the Chinese government during 2008 Beijing Oly mpic Ga mes.

Applicat ion of RFID will boom in the coming years on account of the advantages of goods identity and logistics tracing. With the costs reducing, RFID will surely bring out a revolution in agricultural products logistics and turn to be a new-born economic growth.

2 2 2 2

 2 Agricultural Agricultural Agricultural Agricultural P P P Product roduct roduct roducts s s s' ' ' ' S S S Safety afety afety oncept oncept oncept of of of of A A A Agricultural gricultural gricultural gricultural P P P Product roduct roduct roducts s s s' ' ' ' S S S Safety afety afety afety

3 3 3 3

 3 Agricultural Agricultural Agricultural Agricultural P P P Product roduct roduct roduct L L L Logistics ogistics ogistics ogistics 3 Definition of of of of A A A Agricultural gricultural gricultural gricultural P P P Product roduct roduct roduct L L L Logistics ogistics ogistics ogistics

Fig 2

 2 Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 1 1 1 1. . . . Agricultural Product Logistics

4 4 4 4

 4 Tracking Tracking Tracking Tracking and and and and T T T Tracing racing racing racing S S S System ystem ystem ystem of of of of A A A Agricultural gricultural gricultural gricultural P P P Product roduct roduct roducts s s s 4 4 4 4.1 .1 .1 .

  Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 2 2 2 2. . . . Process of Tracking and Tracing

  Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig.3 3 3 3. . . . Operation principle of RFID system

  in in in A A A After-sales fter-sales fter-sales fter-sales

6 6 6 6

 6 Case Case Case Case Study-RFID Study-RFID Study-RFID Study-RFID Applied Applied Applied Applied in in in in 2008 2008 2008 2008 Olympic Olympic Olympic Olympic Games Games Games Games 2008 Beijing Oly mpic Ga mes is a successful event in the world. Although 2008

  . . . . Classification of agricultural product logistics.

	No.	Criterion	Contents of categories
	1	logistics phase	production logistics, distribution logistics, waste logistics
	2	logistics object	grain logistics, crops logistics, animals logistics, aquatic
			products logistics, forest products logistics
	3	logistics subject	producer-logistics-suppliers,	buyer-logistics-suppliers ,
			third-party-logistics-suppliers

Acknowledgments Acknowledgments Acknowledgments Acknowledgments

Thanks for the support from national science fund: On Relation Between Mode of Pig Green Supply Chain and Performance around the Poyang Lake(70962002 )


E Xample Xample Xample Xiaoxia Shi

Yongchang Wu

Analysis Analysis Analysis of of of the the the Poverty Poverty Poverty ---Stricken Stricken Stricken Rural Rural Rural Areas Areas Areas ' ' ' Demand Demand Demand for for for Rapid Rapid Rapid Dissemination Dissemination Dissemination of of of Agricultural Agricultural Agricultural Information Information Information ------Taking Taking Taking Wanquan Wanquan Wanquan County County County in in in Hebei Hebei Hebei Province Province Province as as as an an an E E

The majority of rural population in China has limited access to agricultural information at present. Wanquan County was chosen as the studied area, in where the research used questionnaire to survey the current situation of peasants' demands for agricultural information, as well as the information delivery approaches. A questionnaire was developed and data were collected from 200 peasant households. The major content is focused on the demands for the information service of peasant households, as well as the supply mode of agricultural information acquisition.

The survey shows the information dissemination is irregular and the channels of information acquisition are serious in povertystricken rural areas. Although there are different types of peasants' demands for agricultural information, the utilization rate is low. Bridging the digital divide between urban and rural areas will be a major challenge for government in Wanquan County. On the basis of analysis, the research designs a local characteristic industry platform for the characteristic agriculture.

Keywords: Keywords: Keywords: Questionnaire to survey, Agricultural information resources, Information demand, Information delivery approach, Development and utilization

Introduction Introduction Introduction

During the rapid development of information technology, the information is not just a kind of instrumentality but a kind of resource. At present, information technology (IT) has become the most advanced and the most active element of production [START_REF] Jamal | Policies Affent the Application of Information and Communication Technologies by Agricultural Extension Service[END_REF] . The quick development of IT, especially the wide use of communications media has made agricultural normalization to be the most important field of IT. Information and communication technologies play a major role in improving the quality of life in rural areas, imagining a world where information is the medium of exchange. The significant progress in information construction of China agriculture has been made, but there still exists problems--the literacy level of rural village is still low, which is the block of the information development in rural areas.

In different rural areas of China, peasants in poor areas have more dire need for agricultural information, but the lack of information resources have caused the gap between that of developing areas, and led to the efficiency of information service in developing rural areas much lower than developed rural areas [START_REF] Cui | Studies on Agricultural Scientific and Technical Information Core Metadata Register System[END_REF] .

Wanquan County in Hebei Province as the typical poverty-stricken county in China., in where the majority of the peasants live in the lower stand of living and have little or no access to agricultural information.

The author had in-depth studied about the peasant households in Wanquan County through questionnaire, intensive investigation, and site visits [START_REF] Jian | Analysis on the Features of Information Needs from Different Farmers in the Poor Chinese Rural Communi ty[END_REF] . Data were collected both at village and peasant households levels.

Basic Basic Basic research research research

To achieve the objectives of this study, statistical analysis was employed. The questionnaire was pre-tested and revised, including both open-ended and fixed choice questions, and the open-ended questions were used to gather information to encourage peasants to provide feedback.

This text was from analyzing the peasant households' information demands, including the characteristics of demands on information service, affordability and willingness to pay, on the basis of analyzing information demands of peasant households and the level of information construction of Wanquan County, as well as the peasants themselves, such as the social status, education level, family status and so on.

This research aimed at putting forward the supplydemand equilibrium mechanism of information service oriented by demand and the construction of multiple service system, such as the way through which the communication of information can be conveyed to them promptly and effectively [START_REF] Gai | Analysison Agricultural Information Research[END_REF] . Table1: Table1: Table1: Personal characteristics of peasants

Basic Basic Basic condition condition condition of of of survey survey survey area area area

Situated at northeast of Hebei

The The The status status status of of of peasant peasant peasant households households households

Results showed that as a family generally, it had an average of five members. To view the situation as the number of communications media, as one of the most popular and effectual propagation medium at present, the television played an important role, as well as the mobile phone. And almost every family had a TV set, mobile phone averaged out at 1 per head. However, this survey found a small proportion owned computer, followed by telephone and radio.

Judging from the number of means of transport, bicycles and battery cars took the largest proportion, followed by motorcycles and mopeds, with the smallest proportion of cars, as well as some cattle carts. Used for the transport in agricultural production, mostly cattle carts and motorcycles were popular. Looking at from the family financial circumstances, most farmers, including the poorest, were in the outside business not only to feed and clothe themselves and their families, but also to make money or at least barter their food. Except the essential payment amount over each individual year, each family remained 10,000 Yuan average.

Peasant households' information needs depended largely on their activities in production and livelihood levels, by which there were some differences among subsistence peasants, livestock peasants and part-time peasants. Those part-time peasants concentrated on information of non-farming opportunities. Peasant households in the survey were not engaged in the textile and transportation business.

Investigation Investigation Investigation of of of peasants peasants peasants ' ' ' information information information demands demands demands

The The The way way way of of of acquiring acquiring acquiring information information information

The questionnaire defined information channels as all technologies that are electrical appliances, including telephone, video, radio, mobile phone and computer. The major channels to gain information for peasants were the popular media such as television and mobile phone. Broadcasting was no longer the main channel of information communication in people's lives.

Illustration1 shows that television and mobile phone had become the important channels for users to acquire knowledge and information, which were the most basic household electrical appliances. Mobile phone as the most frequently communications satellite, was essential to users. The mobile phone had high percentage in the effective dissemination of information, but was not as good as the television. Since it can be seen clearly, television played the important role in information dissemination. Among other communications media, TV possesses the following features: low price, popular quality and good ratings. According to the data, the rate of peasants who subscribed to the newspapers and magazines was 0%. There was only a small part of the villagers used to borrow the newspapers from the village committee.

From our data, the computer's rate at the city level is an astounding 76.56 percent, compared with only 9 percent at the bottom end of Wanquan County. Most of the peasants did not even come into contacting with the internet, and had little or no knowledge of the internet. The effect of computer in rural area's science and technology information communication is limited. Computer mostly was used for entertainment by the peasants who owned a userfriendly computer model, while acquiring information from computer was not quite universal.

Illustration Illustration Illustration 1: 1: 1: The rate of information media

The The The information information information for for for public public public awareness awareness awareness

The growth in income and the marketization in the Chinese economy create new demands on information service. According to the survey on information demands, in our questionnaire, four options were put out for the information for public awareness, including (1) Actively seek it, (2)Do not actively seek it, (3) Not interested, and (4) No need. This paper briefly found the existence structures and discernment of potential information demands in the information services, and the strong will of peasants. The descriptive statistics of these variables are presented in Illustration2. They tend to seek life and production information, however, little information was being made available . Because of the influence on ability in the schooling , knowledge structure , search and receive message, but no matter peasant households were regarded as the purchasers or the suppliers of agricultural products , the information occupied was often insufficient, often suffered losses because of inferior position of the market information.

In view of the increasing concern about agricultural information and awareness of peasants, the peasants hoped to accept practical information by any way.

Illustration Illustration Illustration 2: 2: 2:

The Information for public awareness.

The The The characteristic characteristic characteristic of of of the the the information information information demands demands demands of of of peasants peasants peasants

Demands difference for information service was gradually obvious. Generally, peasants demanded for many kinds of information in their production and live, however, they paid more attention to science, technology information and market information related to improving agricultural production and raising their income. The three top information types most needed in this research were: agricultural production service, the price of agricultural products and weather forecast. The information of social welfare, healthcare and education were also being regularly used by most of people who were in the pursuit of better quality livelihoods, which were the New Peasants' initial performance.

A kind of required information about off-farm income opportunities are scarce and agricultural products, mainly summer maize and potato, are the major sources of income.

Each of these components plays a role in agricultural information acquisition, a role that depends on the strengths of the types of information resources and element of the agricultural economy that it serves [START_REF] Wu | Information Economics[END_REF] .

Peasants' diversified demands for information were increasing.

As a multiple choice testing in the questionnaire, the question was described as "which kind of information means provided will you choose?", and the four options were (1)Completely free, (2)Exchange with other people, (3)Cost price,(4)Market-pricing. Compared with the three options, most peasants (94.0%) hoped to get information resources completely free (table2 shows). Ability-to-pay was inconsistent with the willing to pay to a certain degree. However, peasants still could not get a lot of cheap agricultural information, but did not know where and how to have the liberty to free information resource access. Peasant households were lack of the effective mechanism to appeal to information service demand.

Table2: Acceptable of information supply (Multiple choice test)

The The The state state state of of of technical technical technical training training training

The number of technological knowledge training to peasants was just 3 last year, which was only aimed at the training of Plastic Green House. While the results were not optimistic, and the rate of training peasants was only 5%, since only a minority of peasant households were growing greenhouse. However, through visiting these households, greenhouse cultivation was performed without the guidance of professional, so the peasants could only use their own production experiences to manage the greenhouses, leaving the disastrous consequences.

The economic structure of this county is single, and it is hard to dig out new economic growth points. Summer maize had been the main grain crops for many years, which made crop diversity poor. Corn stalk was burned in the local traditional incineration method, but the maize straw was not employed. With the short of the new production equipment and technological processes under the pressure of low information consciousness and restriction on local people's access to information age, so improving information technological equipment in many places has become a social and economical problem .

Facilitative change in the economic structure asks for strengthening information service consciousness and upgrading service levels.

The The The causes causes causes and and and analysis analysis analysis

The The The information information information literacy literacy literacy is is is low low low

Because of the lower levels of literacy and information literacy awareness of opportunities and benefits that information service can provide, the effective rate of utilization of information was low. In poverty-stricken area, it is lack of culture living and peasant's culture diathesis should be improved. Based on the phenomenon of above, although facing the unprecedented changes of knowledge economy and information society, experiencing no benefits, peasants hardly ever got the vast quantities of information.

Financial Financial Financial resources resources resources are are are inadequate inadequate inadequate

Getting the essential knowledge to those who need the agricultural information most remains difficult and expensive, but much optimism has been generated as a result of the increased growth of new

Lack Lack Lack of of of high-quality high-quality high-quality IT IT IT talents talents talents

This survey showed the lack of information technology resources was extreme in this county. So it urgently needs to train and promote large numbers of IT professionals for the country's information acquisition development.

The government should speed up the agricultural extension and technological achievements in agriculture into productive forces and spread the use of agricultural information [START_REF] Liu | Development Status, Problems and Countermeasures of Agricultural Information in China[END_REF] [START_REF] Hu | Agricultural Information Resources Development and Utilization for Needy Mountainous Area[END_REF] . It gets that a lack of reliable information at all stages along the supply chain is a severe limitation on the development of agriculture, in spite of the existence of modern information service [START_REF] Niederhauser | Information and its Management for Differentiation of Agricultural Products: The example of Specialty Coffee[END_REF] .

Survey results showed that, this county will need further strengthening rural village concept of technical training, which cannot be just accomplished by simple input-output all kinds of information that obscure the key consciousness in the public on the ultimate development goal. Convincing arguments are needed that address public academic quality concerns [START_REF] Eiard | Impact Assessment and Evaluation in Agricultural Research for Development[END_REF] . The ability of organizations and individuals to introduce new methods and processes of agricultural information that are socially or economically relevant, particularly with respect to smallholder peasants who represent the majority of agricultural producers in the county.

The The The development development development of of of agricultural agricultural agricultural market market market and and and industrialization industrialization industrialization is is is backward backward backward

In the context of small scale farming and without building an agricultural industrialization system, leading the backward development of the agricultural market.

On further examination, it found that the production model-the scattered peasant organize production, which hindered the rapid dissemination of information.

5 5 5 . . . Legislative, Legislative, Legislative, policy policy policy and and and regulatory regulatory regulatory hurdles hurdles hurdles

The policies that provide affordable access to information need was not perfect, which needs to be carefully indentified and examined by government.

According to the statistical result of the data provided by the 200 questionnaires, the fraction of referring to agricultural information common principles is as high as 93%. It is now clear that people's desire for information policy is strong. Peasants are the direct beneficiaries of the agricultural information, as well as the subjects of advanced new agricultural information. However, the overall qualities and information literacy were low in the rural areas. As the backward rural economy and culture of China, the low educational level directly limits the ability to learn information technology and the capacity to use the information analysis [START_REF] Zhang | Thinking on the Integration of Information Resources in Agricultural Information[END_REF] . The state of consciousness was enclosing, as a trial or as a means of entering the information age. New things on the network, such as unconfirmed message and effective information, the peasants were unable to recognize the significant role of information and were lack of enthusiasm for using information effectively. At the same time, information literacy should be greatly improved, so that the peasants will be able to collect, use, feedback and identify the information. In order to help peasants in this poor area Effective measures should be taken to expedite the construction of agricultural information. For one thing, the shortage of managerial and technical specialists was the major constraint. To set up and improve the system of agricultural information specialists, so there is a need to balance channels of supply and demand for the information service of peasants. Many countries as successful cases linked their research programs in agriculture to information research and extension organizations, a structure reflecting the influence of the agricultural information.

Based on the above phenomenon, the current investigation discovered that the countryside information extended to the households by network lays was completely not realistic [START_REF] Xia | Thoughts on Informationalized Reporting System of Depressed Areas[END_REF] . Compared with internet, using some mature ways, such as the broadcast television, telephone, technology books as well as kinds of training can provide affordable cost information, which can disseminate the agricultural information knowledge for the county. 100% peasant households had the television, and mobile phone's rate achieved 90%, therefore using these good communications media is reality.

.3. .3. .3. Calls Calls Calls for for for the the the government government government ' ' ' s s s reform reform reform and and and new new new responses responses responses

The government is still the most important organization institution. Transfer the role of government and to encourage peasants to actively take part in information service construction. It is thus not surprising that there is a constant call for government reforms in sub-Wanquan County-reforms that are meant to improve government's contribution to the creation of more innovative, agricultural information across the county. In response to such calls, several methods of reform should be set up by government. The challenge for agricultural information policymakers and planners, particularly in the context of this poverty rural, is how to enable people to adopt more attractive agricultural information that do not have adverse impacts. Furthermore, in line with the basic principles of dissemination of information, agricultural information policy measures further promotes the use of agricultural information and help to preserve the development of the rural economy [START_REF] Liu | Research on Internet Communication of Agricultural Information in China[END_REF] . There is a real need to provide rural people with the best information in a timely fashion so they could develop sustainable communities, and reverse urbanization.

The information consciousness of cadres and masses should be strengthened constantly, leaving peasant household's information demand strengthened constantly.

And ultimately, recognition is needed of the fact that information service designed to strengthen the speed of dissemination of agricultural information is a long-term undertaking-only through a long-term change can information service contributes to the development that peasants in a wider system of information service. Building up a characteristic of industry platform must be carried on promoting the demonstration and expanding the influence. The agricultural production holds an important position in Wanquan, summer maize is the main grain crop. Agricultural restructure will be further strengthened, with the stable growth of production in this county, in order to accelerate the economic development of the county. Exert great efforts in developing New Waxy Corn Variety, and the mass result will be with the form of "company +base +peasants", and "market +information +peasants", developing Fresh-food Maize's planting base and industrialization processing. County and township governments need to control through planning, guidance and resources of industry consolidation, and make the "baby corn" into a large industry, "small workshop" into Industrial Park. The industrial restructuring and resource integration of this county must be accelerated by government, which needs to exploit its advantages in geography and resources and create points of economic growth.

In order to change cereal-based subsistence agriculture to fully market oriented commercial agriculture, with intensive use of putting platform. Eventually, the project can drive a rapid rural economic development in the region Furthermore, in line with the basic principles of good agricultural information, agricultural policy measures further promote the use of this local characteristic industry platform and help to improve the life of the rural village.

4. 5 . 4 . 5 . 4 . 5 .

 54545 The The The economic economic economic structure structure structure is is is single single single

1 .

 1 Bring Bring Bring up up up the the the high-quality high-quality high-quality peasants peasants peasants

6 6 6 . 4 . . 4 . . 4 .

 6444 Build Build Build up up up a a a local local local characteristic characteristic characteristic industry industry industry platform platform platform

3. 3. 3. The The The status status status of of of survey survey survey subjects subjects subjects 3.1. 3.1. 3.1. Personal Personal Personal characteristics characteristics characteristics of of of peasants peasants peasants

	Statistical analysis method was used to analyze the data
	of the basic status of the peasants themselves. Under
	investigation, table 1 shows the ages range from 14 years
	to 79 years, and the average age was 49.56 years, but the
	rate of females (6.0%) was lower than that of males
	(94.0%). The educational level of the peasants was
	collected through a household survey, and was calculated
	by adding total number of years of schooling completed by
	each survey subject, getting the mainly levels were
	junior middle school or below. Its scope of business
	covered fields such as agricultural production (69.5%)
	and others (30.9%).
		Province, Wanquan County,
	is located northeast by North China plain, the east is
	near Zhangjiakou city, the west and north is next to the
	Great Wall. By a series of mountain range, the county
	covers an area of approximately 1161 square kilometers.
	It governs 172 administrative villages and has a
	population of 220,000 plus, which is a typical poverty-
	stricken county in Hebei.
	The peasants in Wanquan County are still practising an
	extensive traditional	corn-based agricultural system
	dominated by non-shifting cultivation, which requires
	large investment of labour but provides little return.
	Wanquan stands for the general situation of poverty and
	features in rural areas, which will be exploited as
	backward area.

.2. .2. .2. Using Using Using effective effective effective measures measures measures to to to disseminate disseminate disseminate agricultural agricultural agricultural information information information

	improve	their	scientific	and	cultural	level,	the
	effective methods can be used in the process of
	transmitting	information,	the	methods	can	play	a
	complementary role and the role of high-level development
	of information technology.	Different levels of peasants
	left behind different educational approaches, especially
	with respect to agricultural information education and
	research. Evidence shows that even small efforts to put
	rural dissemination of information policy on the national
	agenda can have significant results.
	6 6 6


Liang Zhang
email: zhangliang@ncwu.edu.cn

Daoxi Li

Xiaoyu An

Study tudy tudy tudy on on on on Water Water Water Water Resources Resources Resources Resources Optimal Optimal Optimal Optimal Allocation Allocation Allocation Allocation of of of of Irrigation Irrigation Irrigation Irrigation District District District District and and and and Irrigation Irrigation Irrigation Irrigation Decision Decision Decision Decision Support Support Support Support System System System System

Keywords: optimal allocation of water resources, irrigation district, watersaving irrigation, decision support system

This paper develops the system of optimal allocation of water resources in irrigation district and irrigation decision support which integrates technologies of decision support, information management, information search and so on. It has the multi-function of water production function calculation, crop water requirement calculation, water resources optimal allocation and realtime amending the decision of irrigation. This system integrates the experience of experts with computer technology to guide farmers to irrigate in a proper way, for which the limited water resources can produce a marked effect on irrigation, so irrigation district management and efficiency are improved.

Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction

As we all know, agriculture is the main consumer of water. At present, agriculture of China faces water shortage, for agricultural water has been diverted by industrial water and domestic water, meanwhile, serious waste of agricultural water, lack of corollary irrigation facilities, sever defacement of trenches and long-term flooding irrigation lower the effective availability of irrigation water, as a result, valuable water can't work in due course, therefore, we must vigorously advocate water-saving irrigation to construct a water-saving agriculture [START_REF] Shi | Chinese agricultural water demand and wate-saving and efficient agriculture[END_REF]. The key of water saving in agricultural irrigation is management [START_REF] Xu | Modern technology in the field of application of water-saving irrigation[END_REF], so management is meaningful in this area. There have been many studies about water-saving irrigation in China, but most of them are about hardware of facilities of water-saving irrigation, few about software such as water resources and optimal allocation [START_REF] Xu | Expert System of Water Resources Evaluation and High-effective Irrigation in the Irrigation Area. 灌 区 水 资 源 评 价 及 节 水 高 效 灌 溉 专 家 系 统[END_REF]. To apply computer technology to irrigation district management will make full use of the valuable experience of experts in water conservancy with the help of modern technology to make a significant contribution to the improvement of irrigation district management, for which study on Foundation item: National Science and Technology Supporting Project of China, (No: 2007BAD88B02) Corresponding author: Liang Zhang E-mail:zhangliang@ncwu.edu.cn optimal allocation of water resources in irrigation district and irrigation decision supporting system is significant.

A A A A Brief Brief Brief Brief Review Review Review Review of of of of DSS DSS DSS DSS Applied Applied Applied Applied in in in in Water Water Water Water Resource Resource Resource Resource Management Management Management Management

Decision support system (DSS) is a form of information system development, which is firstly pointed out by Scott Norton in 1971. It is an information system based on computer to support decision-making action, and a kind of interactive software aiming at assistant decision-making of application problems such as planning, management, scheduling, combat command and scheme optimization. With the developing of computer technology and the introducing of expert system and artificial intelligent technology, DSS technology is combined with other various technologies and has been developed into expert system and intelligent decision support system.

DSS has been applied to water resource management since 1980s. Raboh.R.Reiter, J.and Gaschnig. J(1982) [START_REF] Reboh | Development of a knowledge Based Interface to Hydrological Simulation Program[END_REF] presented HYDRO system to supply a similar parameter to watershed feature parameter which is selected by hydrological experts with great efforts and be applied to estimating the effect of different hydrological factors. Palmer. R. N and Tull, R. M(1987) [START_REF] Palmer | An Expert System for Drought Management planning[END_REF], Palmer, P.N and Holmesk. J(1988) [START_REF] Palmer | holmesk, j: Operational Guidance During Drought: Expert System Approach[END_REF] have successively invented SID and WMS related to expert system of drought management plan, these two systems are similar in function and can be used for predicting and displaying the information related to drought management plan. Based on discrimination of the similar degrees of present drought and past drought, according to their experience, users can make decision of water quantity optimal distribution with linear programming model. Based on drought degree, Raman.H [START_REF] Raman | An Expert System for Drought Management Planning[END_REF] has built up expert system with linear programming model to conduct crop optimization to guide drought scheduling decision that irrigation system will face in the future. CADSM [START_REF] Clarkson | Expert System Approach to Water Management Decisions[END_REF] model is an expert system functioning as decision support, which can simulate crop yield and crop water-needing process to predict the effect of soil salinity and moisture on yield to supply users with water distribution plan of different canal systems.

The software of water resource management decision support system in China is developed and applied relatively late. Wenbing [START_REF] Weng | A Study on the Decision Support System of the Water Resources Planning in the Jing-Jin-Tang Economic District.京津塘水资源决策支持系统研 究[END_REF] [START_REF] Weng | A Study on the Decision Support System of the Water Resources Planning in the Jing-Jin-Tang Economic District.京津塘水资源决策支持系统研 究[END_REF] develope decision support system of water resource planning of JIng-Jin-Tang area (Beijing, Tianjin and Tanggu), this system has the function of expert knowledge and consultation. Jianxin [START_REF] Xu | Modern technology in the field of application of water-saving irrigation[END_REF] [START_REF] Xu | Expert System of Water Resources Evaluation and High-effective Irrigation in the Irrigation Area. 灌 区 水 资 源 评 价 及 节 水 高 效 灌 溉 专 家 系 统[END_REF] develops regional water resource planning and irrigation water-saving irrigation development of expert system through analyzing main factors of irrigation technology choice in irrigation area and introducing semistructured and multi-objected optimum technique. Based on Penman's formula, Zhouping [START_REF] Shangguan | Decision Support System of Water Requirement Forecast for Dryland Crop[END_REF] [START_REF] Shangguan | Decision Support System of Water Requirement Forecast for Dryland Crop[END_REF] combines with present agronomy knowledge of northwest arid area, model and experience to conduct system integration to build up intelligent decision support system by using artificial intelligent technology. Hujun [START_REF] Shang | Ping Chai: Research and Development of Water-saving Irrigation Database and Its Management System. 节水灌溉管理数据库及其管理系统的研 究与开发[END_REF] [START_REF] Shang | Ping Chai: Research and Development of Water-saving Irrigation Database and Its Management System. 节水灌溉管理数据库及其管理系统的研 究与开发[END_REF] points out developing model combined with data-based system , expert system and computer simulation through researching water-saving irrigation prediction and decision management database system.

However, the studies mentioned above are mainly theoretical, exploratory or expert consulting; most results of them haven't been perfect or practical yet. So far the study on water resource management and agricultural irrigation decision support system in China still exists in the exploring stage.

Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction of of of of the the the the System System System System

The developing and operating of water resources optimal allocation of irrigation district and irrigation decision support system in this study are based on Chinese Windows platform, main framework of this system software is compiled with Borland Delphi 7.0, using Delphi, some numerical computation modules are developed by data interface with the method of Matlab, the program of assistant decision database of water-saving irrigation is designed by Paradox 7.0 formula. This system is a system which has a database, a data management system and model calculation program library. It has a brief human-computer interface and a capability of reasoning and outputting the result of words and charts. Fig. 1 indicates the system structure. The general function of the management system of database is to memorize, search, collate, collect, and survey all sorts of data. Meanwhile, this system can also supply necessary data for related results; this system can be divided into three parts in general, as follow:① Database of fundamental data, which deposits all the basic data of irrigation districts including the proportion of them, crop planting, social economy condition of them, population information of them and so on. ② Text database, which deposits the data in form of text, mainly including calculation result memorized in form of text which calculated by working model. ③ Chart database, which mainly deposits all sorts of charts of system, and can output the calculation result in form of charts according to the requests of the customers, by the way, the output information will be made more intuitionistic.

The reasoning system of model calculation contains three parts: ① Crop water production function calculation. ② Water resources optimal allocation of irrigation districts. ③ Design of optimal irrigation system under the condition of insufficient irrigation. These subparts not only can work independently but also can work together as a whole. In order to conduct water resources optimal allocation to achieve the highest efficiency, we must set up the function of irrigation amount and yield of all sorts of crops in different hydrological years and make use of indirect relationship between irrigation amount and yield to get the function of irrigation amount and net benefit.

In real course of solving, the function formula of irrigation amount-crop yield in different hydrological years is constituted firstly as usual, and then irrigation amount-irrigation benefit function as follow is constituted by using the relationship between input and output. By derivation of it, the change rate of benefit of crop in every unit of irrigation amount can be achieved, that is marginal benefit. According to marginal benefit, efficient irrigation method of limited water resources for crop can be inferred.

The formula of water production function usually has the linear relationship, quadratic parabola relationship, power exponential function and so on. Based on a great amount of research results, and analysis of the experiment data of past irrigation experiments, the author thinks that as for the plain areas of the Yellow River, the Huaihe River and the Haihe River in China, water production function had usually better appear to be a quadratic parabola.

c bx x a Y + + = 2 (1 1 1 1)
In the formula above, Y stands for yield per unit area (kg/hm 2 ); X stands for water consumption per unit area (m 3 /hm 2 ); a, b and c are regression analysis coefficient which can be achieved with the least square method.

The function relationship between irrigation amount and crop yield increase can be educed by deducting the yield without irrigation from the crop yield in all. According to the formula below [START_REF] Zhang | PengLou irrigation area Optimal Allocation of Water Resources and Irrigation Management Model[END_REF], the increasing production benefit and irrigation benefit of all sorts of crops corresponding to different irrigation amount in different hydrological years can be educed.

C ) Y Y Κ( Β i i - - = 0 (2 2 2 2)
In the formula, Bi represents increasing production benefit (Yuan/hm 2 ); K represents the price of crops (Yuan/kg); Yi stands for crop yields of different irrigation amount in unit area ; Yo stands for crop yield without irrigation in unit area; C represents related water charge for different irrigation amount.

Irrigation benefit can be educed by the formula as follow:

i i B B ε ε = (3 3 3 3)
In the formula above, B ε i stands for irrigation benefit (Yuan/hm 2 ); ε represents the sharing coefficient of irrigation factor. As usual, winter wheat takesε=0.45, other crops takeε=0.4.

Calculation Calculation Calculation Calculation of of of of Water Water Water Water Resources Resources Resources Resources Optimal Optimal Optimal Optimal Allocation Allocation Allocation Allocation of of of of Irrigation Irrigation Irrigation Irrigation District District District District

This paper mainly studies how to distribute limited water resources in a proper way to achieve the maximum total benefit of an irrigation district without changing the agricultural planting structure. Dynamic programming method is adopted here to study water resources optimal allocation [START_REF] Cui | Optimal Allocation of Irrigation Water Supply under Crop Water Stress Conditions. 作 物缺 水条 件下 灌溉 供水 量最 优分 配[END_REF], mathematic model should be constituted firstly, and the model includes five parts as follow:

① Phase variant, as usual each crop is regarded as a water consumer , that's a phase. As for an irrigation district with N sorts of crops, it has N phase variants, that's to say phase variant n =1, 2, …, N.

② Condition variant and decision-making variant, condition variant is water quantity can be distributed in each phase, which is qn for short; decision-making variant is the water quantity supplied for every crop in each phase, which is xn for short.

③ System equation, according to the relationship between condition variant and decision-making variant, system equation can be reckoned, as follow: qn+1=qn-xn (4 4 4 4)

④ Objective function, supposing F(w) is maximum net benefit achieved by contributing total water W to N sorts of crops, then:

{ } ) ( ) ( max ) ( 1 1 0 0 + + ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ = n n n n W q q x n n q f x r q f n n n ) 1 ,..., 2 , 1 ( - = N n { } ) ( max ) ( N N N x r q f = N N q x N n ≤ ≤ = 0 , ⎪ ⎭ ⎪ ⎬ ⎫ ⎪ ⎩ ⎪ ⎨ ⎧ ∑ = = N i n x n r F 1 ) ( max w ) ( ( 5
5 5 5)
⑤Constraint condition a. the sum of water quantities for every crop can't exceed total water resources. b. the water quantity xn for crop of n can't exceed the minimum among the largest passing water capacity of trench, available water of water source and total water resource, and it can't be negative.

c. qn (n=1,2,…,N) can't exceed the water quantity which is possibly supplied for n sorts of crops at the same time by every phase.

⑥Initial condition :q1=W Making use of the constrain conditions, and initial condition above, we can constitute dynamic programme model of water resources optimal allocation, and solve the mathematic model above by the way of inverted sequence recurrence, the recursive equation as follow:

(6 6 6 6) (7 7 7 7)

The The The The Design Design Design Design of of of of Optimal Optimal Optimal Optimal Irrigation Irrigation Irrigation Irrigation System System System System

Under the condition of limited water and water in short supplying, it's impossible to completely meet the need of water for crops in each stage and the whole course of their growing, in this way, proper irrigation should be insufficient irrigation which is to realize water optimal allocation among different crops and different growing phases of them to make sure water supply of every crop in its water requirement critical period and reduce water supply in water requirement uncritical period, by this way, what we seek for is the highest total yield in the whole irrigation district under the condition of limited water resources.

Under the condition of limited water supply, for water supply of each crop usually exists in the left hand of the point in which water supply can realize the maximum benefit, the optimal irrigation course design of a single crop this paper aims at the highest yield. With Jensen's model, we can design irrigation course, the model as follow:

∏ = = = n i mi i m i ET ET Y Y F 1 ) ( max ) max( λ (8 8 8 8)
There are several rules we should obey to conduct system design of optimal irrigation: ① Real quantity of water supply should be based on the quantity of optimal allocation water supply.

② Under the condition of insufficient irrigation, moisture content of planned soil wetting zone of a single crop is controlled between field capacity and wilting coefficient.

③ The design of irrigation quota must accord with the reality of agricultural production and deep percolation mustn't occur.

④ The system design must make good use of rain water, and irrigation mustn't result in extra-runoff of rain water.

⑤ The design of irrigation course must meet the water supply constraint the constraint of water conveyance capacity [START_REF] Wang | Irrigation Area Optimization of Irrigation Mode and Decision Support System of Real-Time Irrigation[END_REF].

In the course of designing optimal plan, we take the way of simulation model with the basic principle of water balance equation to fulfill the irrigation decision-making course by compiling computer decision support system software. Firstly, the necessary basic material such as effective rainfall, field capacity, initial soil water content is input, in this way, computer can automatically calculate the real water requirement in every growing stage of crops in the background. Secondly, irrigating water time, quantity of irrigating water, surplus water and the yield ratio of crops under the condition of sufficient irrigation and their real yield can be forecasted after inputting limited irrigating water quota of crops in their growing stages and the bound of the lowest moisture rate by human-computer interface, and then based on the primary irrigation project, the highest rate of real yield of crops and their yield under the condition of sufficient irrigation can be achieved by making sure the modified indexes from the changing course chart of soil moisture rate of planning moisture layer and modifying designing project repeatedly. If there are some changes in the course of real rainfall, rainfall course, limited irrigating water quota of crops in their growing stages and the lower bound of the lowest moisture rate can be carried out real-time modification to achieve the highest yield crops. This method is applicable to all the irrigating course design of crops under different rainfall frequency.

Example Example Example Example for for for for Software Software Software Software Application Application Application Application

We take an irrigation district of Daming County Hebei Province as an example, control area of this irrigation district is 73km 2 , irrigation area of it is 4667hm 2 , the main crops and their growing rates are respectively winter wheat 65.5%, spring cotton 11%, spring corn 23.5%, summer cotton 10%, and summer corn 55%, multiple cropping index 1.655. Total water supply of surface water in this irrigation district is 1650×104m 3 in the year of P=75%. Firstly water production function of crops can be solved with local irrigation experiment material. Secondly the total water supply is dispersed as a calculation unit of 10 × 10 4 m 3 , and then based on irrigation benefits solved of different crops, by dynamic planning mathematic model which has already been built, with the method of inverted sequence recursive, water optimal allocation calculation is carried out step by step. At last, optimal allocation water quantity of every crop and total benefit of irrigation of the typical district in the year of P=75%. Fig. 2 shows the results of irrigation benefits of different crops and benefits of pre unit water. According to irrigation quota of each crop under the condition of total water optimal allocation, by using water balance equation at the time in which water content of planned moisture layer is less than 0.7 time of field water-holding ratio, under the condition of insufficient water supply for crops, the quantity of water consumption of the crops is modified. After three times trial calculation, irrigating water quota and irrigating time of irrigation district can be made out as fig. 3.

Result Result Result Result Analysis Analysis Analysis Analysis

From the optimal allocation of water quantity of each crop and the result of optimal irrigation system, we can find that among all the crops, the total water quantity distributed to winter wheat (冬小麦)and total irrigation quota (灌溉定额)of it are the largest for its benefit of per unit water (单方水效益)is the highest, while those of summer cotton(夏播棉) and summer corn(夏玉米) are smaller and lower for the water-needed course of these crops happens to meet raining course, the yields of these crops are relatively high without irrigation. All the crops can be irrigated in their critical water-needed phase, so this optimal irrigation decision-making course with the system design is reasonable.

C C C Conclusion onclusion onclusion onclusion

This paper applies DSS and technique to water resource optimization of irrigation district and irrigation decision and management to establish water resource optimization and irrigation decision support system that includes water production function calculation, water resources optimal allocation of irrigation districts and optimal irrigation decision model. In the course of programming, we take a method of mutually contacting with each other and relative independence from each other. Through our experimenting with example, this method of programming is proved to be right and this program is practical and effective. Meanwhile, it is proved that the technique of DSS has wide application prospect in water-saving agriculture, which can improve the scientific and technological content in the field of water-saving agriculture to make irrigation management take a new step.

Fig

  Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 1 1 1 1. . . . System structure

4 4 4 4

 4 Key Key Key Key Technology Technology Technology Technology of of of of Model Model Model Model 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 The The The The Constitution Constitution Constitution Constitution of of of of Water Water Water Water Production Production Production Production Function Function Function Function and and and and Parameters Parameters Parameters Parameters Calculation Calculation Calculation Calculation 4.1.1 4.1.1 4.1.1 4.1.1 Analysis Analysis Analysis Analysis of of of of water water water water production production production production function. function. function. function.

2

 2 The The The The solving solving solving solving principle principle principle principle of of of of water water water water production production production production function. function. function. function. Supposing the basic formula as follow:

5.1 5 .1 5 .1 5 . 1

 5551 Optimal Optimal Optimal Optimal Allocation Allocation Allocation Allocation of of of of Irrigation Irrigation Irrigation Irrigation Water Water Water Water Resources Resources Resources Resources

Fig.

  Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 2 2 2 2. . . . Result of optimal distribution of irrigation water resources

Fig

  Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 3 3 3 3. . . . Result of irrigation system


Guisheng Rao

Limeng Qi

Runqing Zhang

Li Deng

Research on Evaluation of Rural Highway Construction in Hebei Province

Keywords: Rural highway of Hebei Province, Evaluation system, AHP

 .

Introduction

As the important public welfare in rural infrastructure, rural highway plays a special role in facilitating the travelling needs of rural residents, advancing the rural logistics flow, speeding up rural economic and cultural development, and building a socialist new countryside. In the 30 years since the reform and opening up, Hebei Province has made brilliant achievements in using of the favorable opportunities of implementing the proactive fiscal policy, accelerating infrastructure construction, and concentrating on a large scale in rural roads construction.

The length of rural highway in Hebei Province was 30,300 km in 1978, and reached 128,200 km by 2008, by an increase of 323.52%. The length of rural highway in Hebei Province was the 9th longest in China. Rapid development of rural roads played a very important role in advancing the economic and social development of Hebei province, especially the construction of new countryside. With the accelerated pace of rural highway construction and the improved grade of the highway, how to build the rural highway to adapt to the rural economic development and make the achievements of rural road construction benefit the broad masses is urgent. This study is concerning the problem.

Evaluation Model of Rural Roads Construction in Hebei

Sample description

During July and August in 2009, 173 villages were selected and investigated in the 11 prefecture-level cities of Hebei province(Table 1), through the summer investigation of the Agricultural University of Hebei, and 687 effective questionnaires were received. The survey covered a wide scope, involved all household types, with strong representation [START_REF] Hong-Mei | The Provision of Infrastructure and Farmers Demand--Evidence from 5 Province[END_REF] .

Model of hierarchical structure

According to the issues of survey questionnaire, we divideed construction system of rural highway in Hebei into four major categories. They are the construction quality of rural highway, facilities construction of rural highway, management of rural highway and investment on rural highway. We put pavement width and sclerosis of roads as the secondary indexes of the construction quality of rural highway; put highway lighting, greening and trash

Build judgement matrix

As the effects of each index are different to rural roads satisfaction of Hebei, we interviewed different experts and relevant administrative departments through questionnaire form and got digital data which are effect factors of highway construction in rural areas of Hebei (The weight of each factor), and then constructed the first order judgment matrix (Table 2) and the second order judgment matrix (Table3), researching the cognition of farmers on rural roads.

Weight calculation of single hierarchy and consistency test

Eigenvalues and eigenvectors were calculated by AHP Software, the weight sorting results of each effect factor were listed in the table 2 and table3. The results of each matrix of the consistency test were listed in the bottom of each table. showed that the greatest impact on Hebei construction quality of rural roads is pavement width, which is much higher than the width of pavement. raising funds by one project among villagers with one discussion system and combining with the former two factors in rural roads investment in the investment on the rural highway, λ max =3.054, CI=0.027, RI=0.580, CR=0.047<0.1, so the test of consistency passed. Results showed that the greatest impact on the investment on rural highway is government investment combining with collecting money by villagers, and the weight sort is 0.691;the sum of the other two is 0.309.

2.5Weight calculation of overall hierarchy and consistency test

CI=0.021, RI=0.424, CR=0.050<0.1, so the test of consistency passed. From table 4, we can arrive at the conclusion that the top three indexes are government investment, combining with collecting money by villagers and sclerosis of roads and government investment. Results showed that the investment on rural highway construction in Hebei should be financed mainly by government and farmers concerned sclerosis of rural roads most, both of them have become the most important factors in the evaluation system. (1)The position of greatest importance is source of investment in evaluation of highway construction in rural areas of Hebei, government investment accounted for a dominant position, rural roads are consistent with the characteristics of public goods. Therefore various places should be mainly based on financial allocations, supplemented by a variety of channels to raise, and adjust the expenditure of the local governments in time, rural roads construction should increase the proportion of public expenditure, introduce the mechanism of multiple investments [START_REF] Zhang Su-Luo | Research on the Peasants Desire of Supplying Rural Public Goods in Constructing New Rural Areas--Based on a surrey of 644 farming households of Hebei[END_REF] .

(2)Under the premise of ensuring the rural highway construction funds, the quality of rural roads construction becomes the focus of evaluation of highway construction in rural areas of Hebei, sclerosis of roads has become the center of the quality of rural roads construction. After years of construction there are many rural roads paving with cement or asphalt pavement, but paving gravel broken stone or other materials is still very much, it has affected the living of local farmers and economic development. Therefore, government should increase the budget of rural roads construction, try to raise multiple funds, meantime act according to circumstances, on the basis of taking full advantage of original rural roads, improve the hardness of rural roads.

(3)Rural roads maintenance policy is imperfect, management system is sick, so the phenomenon of deficient maintenance is very universal. We suggest that township government be the main responsibility of rural roads maintenance, highway departments guide the implementation of industry.Routine maintenance of rural roads may be managed by village committee, major repair of pavement and pothole repair of asphalt pavement may entrust professional maintenance organizing [START_REF] Li Zhiyuan | Research on Rural Infrastructure Investments--An Case Study from Hebei Province[END_REF] .

(4) With the raising of rural economy level, farmers pay more attention to the improvement of living environment. Therefore, greening of rural roads should manifest three features: leisure, culture and aesthetic, guide farmers through afforestation to improve their production and living conditions. Lighting facilities should be installed along rural roads to facilitate farmers travel at night. In addition to strengthening publicity, foster farmers the concept of protecting environment, enable farmers to designate dumping of solid waste in rural areas, and timely clean-up.

  clean-up facilities as the secondary indexes of facilities construction of rural highway; put villagers self-support, unified management by counties and towns and combining with the former two factors as the secondary indexes of management of rural highway; put government investment, raising funds by one project among villagers with one discussion system and combining with the former two factors as the secondary indexes of investment of rural highway. Considering the willingness of farmers totally, we invited 23 experts to rate each of the indices, and get final score of each indicator through summing of the average. Based on this formula, we established the AHP model which could evaluate the construction of rural highway in Hebei. Due to the different levels of economic development in rural areas of Hebei, the effects of these four indicators are different to the development of rural highway in Hebei. Based on this, we construct hierarchical structure of the development of rural highway in Hebei.

Table 1 Evaluation system of rural roads construction

 1

			Primary	Secondary
	Target layer
			index	index
			Construction	Pavement width (C 1 )
			quality of rural
			roads(B 1 )	Sclerosis of roads(C 2 )
				Highway lighting(C 3 )
			Facilities	greening of
			in rural roads(B 2 )	rural roads(C 4 )
	Evaluation	System of		Trash clean-up facilities(C 5 )
	Rural Roads Construction		Villagers self-support(C 6 )
	in Hebei provence	Management of rural	Unified management by
			roads(B 3 )	counties and towns(C 7 )
				Combining with the
				former two factors(C 8 )
				Government investment(C 9 )
				Villagers raise funds
			Rural roads	by one project
			investment(B 4 )	one discussion system(C 10 )
				Combining with the
				former two factors(C 11 )

Table 2 First order judgment matrix

 2 From table 2 we can determine the effect size of various indicators in evaluation of highway construction in rural areas of Hebei, the result of operation was λ max =4.181, CI=0.060, RI=0.900, CR=0.067<0.1, so the test of consistency passed. Results showed that the top one of weight sort was the investment on rural highway of Hebei, and it was 0.529, playing an important part in this group. The second one of weight sort was the quality of rural roads construction, and it was 0.269. The sum of two was 0.798, the sum of other two was only 0.202.

	A	B 1	B 2	B 3	B 4	Sort Weight
	B 1	1	4	3	1/3	0.269
	B 2	1/4	1	1/3	1/5	0.068
	B 3	1/3	1/3	1	1/4	0.134
	B 4	3	5	4	1	0.529

Table 3 Second Order Judgment Matrix

 3

	B 1	C 1	C 2	Sort Weight
	C 1	1	1/7	0.125
	C 2	7	1	0.875
	From table 3, we can determine the contribution size of pavement width and sclerosis of roads in Hebei
	construction quality of rural highway, λ max =2.000, CI=0, RI=0, CR=0<0.1, so the test of consistency passed. Results

Table 3 (Continuation Sheet 1)

 3

	B 2	C 3	C 4	C 5	Sort Weight
	C 3	1	1/3	3	0.258
	C 4	3	1	5	0.637
	C 5	1/3	1/5	1	0.105

From Table

3

(Continuation Sheet 1) ,we can determine the contribution size of highway lighting, greening of highway and trash clean-up facilities in Hebei facilities construction of rural highway, λ max =3.039, CI=0.019, RI=0.580, CR=0.033<0.1, so the test of consistency passed. Results showed that the greatest impact in Hebei facilities construction of rural roads is greening of highway roads, and the weight sort is 0.637; and the next is highway lighting, and the weight sort is 0.258;the sum of two is 0.895.

Table 3 (Continuation Sheet 2)

 3

	B 3	C 6	C 7	C 8	Sort Weight
	C 6	1	3	1/4	0.226
	C 7	1/3	1	1/5	0.101
	C 8	4	5	1	0.674
	From

Table 3

 3

(Continuation Sheet 2) ,we can determinehe the contribution size of villagers self-support, unified management by counties and towns and combining with the former two factors in management of rural highway, λ max =3.086, CI=0.043, RI=0.580, CR=0.074<0.1, so the test of consistency passed. Results showed that the greatest impact on management of rural roads is townships management combining with villages, and the weight sort is 0.674;the sum of the other two is 0.327.

Table 3 (Continuation Sheet 3)

 3

	B 4	C 9	C 10	C 11	Sort Weight
	C 9	1	3	1/4	0.218
	C 10	1/3	1	1/6	0.091
	C 11	4	6	1	0.691
	From

Table 3 (

 3 Continuation Sheet 3), we can determinehe the contribution size of government investment,

Table 4

 4

			overall hierarchy
	A	B1	B2	B3	B4	Sort Weight
		0.269 0.068 0.134 0.529
	C1	0.125				0.034
	C2	0.875				0.235
	C3		0.258			0.018
	C4		0.637			0.043
	C5		0.105			0.007
	C6			0.226		0.030
	C7			0.101		0.014
	C8			0.674		0.091
	C9				0.218	0.115
	C10				0.091	0.048
	C11				0.691	0.365
	3 Conclusions and recommendations

Acknowledgement

This paper is supported by The Social Science Fund of Hebei Province (HB10EYJ168), The Main Problems and Suggestions of Public Infrastructure Building in Hebei Natural Villages.


Weiwei Cui

Jiping Liu

{ Cui

Cui Weiwei

Study on the Differences of Village-level Spatial Variability of Agricultural Soil Available K in the Typical Black Soil Regions of Northeast China

Keywords: Available K, Spatial Variability, Village-level Differences, Black Soil Regions of Northeast China, Precision Agriculture

The spatial variability of soil nutrient is very important to the application of fertilizer, the sampling density of precision agriculture, and the sub-area of residence management of precision agriculture etc. With the examples of the agricultural soils of No.13 Village of Gongpeng Town and Xiguan Village of Enyu Town in Yushu City which are the typical black soil regions of Northeast China, applying semi-variance model and spatial autocorrelation model combined with GIS technology, a research on the differences of village-level spatial variability of agricultural soil available K is carried out in the thesis, which shows that the differences of averages and coefficients of variation in the same village are small, but large between different villages. The values of nugget and sill are close to the maximum ranges in No. 13 Village, but they are relatively different between different villages. The spatial autocorrelation of No. 3 and No. 7 lands in No. 13 Village are stronger than that of Xiguan Village.

spatial variability of soil nutrient has already become one of the hotspot concerning modern soil sciences [START_REF] Haneklaus | Studies on the Variability of Soil and Crop Fertility Parameters and Yields in DifferentLandscapes of Northern Germany.A. In 1stEuropean[END_REF][START_REF] Jin | Precision Agriculture and Its Application Prospects in China[END_REF] . The spatial variability of soil nutrient is very important to the application of fertilizer, the sampling density of precision agriculture, and the subarea of residence management of precision agriculture, which is the most primary and foremost issue for the research of precision agriculture and has a great scientific meaning and research value. There are fairly a number of researches on spatial variability of soil nutrient related to small-scale lands of plot-level and large-scale lands (e.g. county-level) [2, 4 -15] , but rather few related to the lands of village-level [START_REF] Bai | Characteristics and Management of Soil Nutrients Variability of Different Scales[END_REF] , and even fewer related to the lands under the same natural conditions both at home and abroad. Taking the spatial variability of soil available K as an example, by applying statistical analysis technique and geographic information system (GIS) technology, the differences of village-level spatial variability of agricultural soil nutrients are researched which supplies a scientific basis for the management and rational fertilizing of precision agriculture, meanwhile, the research on the spatialtemporal variability of soil available K lays a foundation for the scientific management of soil available K and rational fertilizing [START_REF] Gao | Research on the Characteristics of Spatial Variability of Village-level Agricultural Soil Nutrients in Yellow Soil Region[END_REF] .

Through the spatial statistical analysis which takes sampling point as basic information resource, a theoretical optimized soil sampling density is put forward, and then, combined with an economic and rational consideration, a feasible soil sampling density will be made, which is one of the effective methods for designing a soil sampling plan [START_REF] Qi | Research on Soil Sampling Density of Precision Agriculture-Taking Test and Demonstration Base of Shanghai Precision Agriculture as an Example[END_REF] . Geo-statistics is a relatively good method to study the spatial variability characteristics of soil property, and has been widely applied in recent years [START_REF] Peng | The Characteristics of Spatial Variability of Agricultural Soil Available K of Karst Mountainous Areas under Village-scale[END_REF] . An analysis combined by applying GIS can further clarify the situation of soil available K of the land, reflect the law of spatial variability of soil available K, and offer necessary means to explain the spatial distribution characteristics of soil available K.

Research Regions and Methods

An Introduction to the Region

Yushu City is a typical black soil region of Northeast China, which, thus, is selected as the research region in the thesis. Yushu City lies in the North Central Jilin Province, which is the center of the triangle district formed by three big cities: Changchun, Jilin and Harbin, with 30 towns, 4 sub-district offices, 388 villages, a population of 122 ten thousand, a total area of 4722 km 2 , and an agricultural acreage of 290,700 hm 2 covering 68% of the area of the whole city, and is a typical black soil region.

Three agricultural plots in Gongpeng Town and Enyu Town of Yushu City are taken as research objects (Figure 1). Gongpeng and Enyu towns are two neighboring towns which have similar natural conditions. The research regions belong to the temperate zone which is sub-humid and mild, with clear four seasons, sufficient sunlight (percentage of sunlight amounts to 60%) and an average annual sunshine of 2800h, an effective accumulated temperature of 2800℃ , the annual lead wind direction of southwest with a maximum speed of 3m/s, and an average annual rainfall of 620mm, which offer preferable weather conditions to the growth of crops and cash crops.

Figure 1 Location Diagram of Research Regions

Research Methods

Sampling is carried out in No. 3 and No. 7 lands of No. 13 Village in Gongpeng Town and in No. 9 Land of Enyu Town in the thesis (Figure 1), and the sampling interval is 40m×40m, according to Quincunx Sampling Method, 72 samples are taken from each land (12 rows time 6 columns), and there are 216 samples taken in total. And then, extractions with the help of ammonium acetate-flame photometry will be applied to test the content of available K in these samples. A routine statistical analysis will be made on the data of soil available K of each plot through SPSS15.0, the semi-variance model of each plot will be worked out by applying GS+ software, and then a contrastive analysis will be carried out, with the help of GeoDa software, the overall Moran's I index of soil available K of all plots will be figured out and then be checked.

Results and Analyses

Analysis of the Characteristics of Descriptive Statistics

A descriptive statistical analysis is carried on towards the soil available K of each plot by applying SPSS15.0 in the thesis (Table 1). The average value of soil available K changes a lot between different plots, but the average value of No. 3 Land is not much different from that of No. 7 Land in No. 13 Village, but there is a great difference between these two averages and that of No. 9 Land of Xiguan Village. The variation coefficient reflects the relative degree of variation of the variable quantity, which is small between No. 3 Land and No. 7 Land in No. 13 Village, but there is a great difference between them and that of No. 9 Land of Xiguan Village. Soil belongs to a natural continuum, and spatial variability is a kind of natural attribute of it [START_REF] Shi | Research on Spatial Variability of Region-scale Soil Nutrients and Its Influencing Factors[END_REF] . The variation degree of soil depends on its forming process and its balance between time and space. Due to the influences of some factors like human activities, soil available K has the nature of spatial variability. For the reason that peasants still fertilize according to their experience, and the peasants in the same area, due to the influence of primary farming experience, fertilize the same quantity and type of fertilizer in the same land, which leads a relatively great difference between different villages.

Item

No

Selection and Analysis on Semi-variance Model

The semi-variance model of each plot is worked out by applying GS + software (Table 2, Figure 2). By adopting the semi-variance structure of soil available K calculated through GS + software, and analyzing on the residual errors of all models, we finally choose the optimal one to further launch an analysis on spatial variability. With respect to the determination coefficient (Table 2), those of the two mentioned lands in No. 13 Village are much larger than that of No. 9 Land of Xiguan Village. The ratio between nugget and sill indicates the degree of spatial variability, and if the ratio is high, the degree of spatial variability caused by the stochastic part is relatively great; otherwise, the degree of spatial variability caused by spatial autocorrelation part is relatively great [START_REF] Jiang | Research on the Law of Spatial Variability of Soil Available K and Its Management Technology under Different Operative Mechanism[END_REF] . The relatively high ratio between nugget and sill in Xiguan Village illustrates that the degree of spatial variability caused by the stochastic part is relatively great, which shows that human factors play a leading role in the influences on the spatial variability of soil available K; while, the relatively low ratios between nugget and sill of No. 3 Land and No. 7 Land in No. 13 Village illustrate that the degree of spatial variability caused by spatial autocorrelation part is relatively great, and natural factors have much greater effects on No. 13 Village. The maximum correlation, namely distance refers to the variable function; from which we can see that the models of No. 3 Land and No. 7 Land in No. 13 Village are relatively close to each other, while the range of Xiguan Village is relatively different from those of the two lands in No. 13 Village.

Spatial Autocorrelation

The spatial autocorrelation characteristics of each plot are figured out by applying GeoDa software (Table 3). It can be seen from Table 3 that the significant levels of spatial overall autocorrelations of the two mentioned lands in No. 13 Village are higher than that of Xiguan Village, which demonstrates that the constitutive property of No. 13 Village is relatively stronger, but the randomness of Xiguan Village is relatively stronger. It can be also seen that, the two mentioned lands of No. 13 Village takes high-high aggregations as the main, aggregate type, while those in Xiguan Village are comparatively well-distributed, which indicates that the differences within a same village are small, but large between villages.

Comparisons are made between spatial autocorrelation of various soil available K, the d uniformity degree of soil available K between regions and between plots is fairly different. The spatial distribution of soil available K is directly related to the peasants' fertilizing habits, types of crops and management level. When the sampling interval does not surpass the maximum range of spatial autocorrelation of available K, the sampling and analysis towards various available K are relatively reliable and can be taken as the foundation for precision fertilizing.

Conclusion

With the example of spatial variability of soil available K, through comparing the differences between averages, coefficients of variation, ratios of nugget and sill, maximum ranges, spatial autocorrelations and aggregate types of soil available K of the plots in the same village and between different villages, the differences of villagelevel spatial variability of agricultural soil nutrients are studied, which shows that, through the long-term human influences on farmland, the difference of available K between the two mentioned lands of No. 13 Village is small, while, the difference of soil available K between No. 13 Village and Xiguan Village is relatively larger, which illustrates that human activities have changed the natural differences of soil of No. 13 Village, but have not changed those of soil between different villages.

In the past researches, only changes of soil nutrients in the same plot or village have been considered, while, the differences of soil nutrients between different villages had not been taken into account. The research on spatial variability degree of soil available K in the thesis and the research on spatial variability of soil available K through collecting and analyzing soil samples can effectively supply practical assistance for the fertilizing of precision agriculture, and further ensure smooth agricultural production. Because the sample-taken areas are only selected plots in two villages, the number of sampling data is small; while only the character of data themselves is considered during the process of selecting models instead of the essential character of the matter, therefore, other software would be selected to solve similar problems in future researches.

Table 1

 1 Descriptive Statistical Analysis of Each Plot

(Std.D: Standard Difference; Skew:Measure of Skewness; C.V.: Coefficient of Variation)

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		. 9	No. 3	No. 7
	No.of Samples	72	72	72
	Max	295.3	167	171
	Min	215.8	136	137
	Mean	253.943	152.36	157.22
	Std.D	19.3104	6.488	6.059
	Skew.	0.29	-0.378	-1.147
	Kur.	-0.105	-0.45	1.899
	C.V.	0.076	0.043	0.039

Table 2

 2 Semi-variance Model and Its Fitted Parameters

	Plot	Model	Nug	Sill	Nug.	Max(m)	R 2	RSS
	No. 3	Glo.	13.7	46.98	0.29	199.3	0.984	10.25
	No. 7	Exp.	9.42	34.71	0.27	139.8	0.837	20.5
	No. 9	Lin.	299.8	430.22	0.70	396.13	0.558	8987

(Glo.: Globular; Exp.: Exponential; Lin.: Linearity; Nug.:Nugget ; Nug.S:Nugget/Sill) Figure 2 Diagram of Semi-variance Model

Table 3

 3 Spatial Autocorrelation and Its Aggregate Type

	Sap.	Sig.	Moran'I	H-H	L-H	L-L	H-L
	No. 9	0.02	0.1011	22	17	19	13
	No. 3	0.001	0.3830	32	11	20	7
	No. 7	0.005	0.1555	33	12	12	15
	(Sap.:Sampling Plot ;Sig.:Significant Level ;H-H: High-high Aggregation ;L-H :Low-
	high Aggregation ;L-L :Low-low Aggregation ;H-L: High-low Aggregation)

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With the putting forward and development of precision agriculture, the research on 1 Foundation Item: Jilin Province Science and Technology Support Program (20080207); Program of Production, Learning and Research Demonstration Base of Jilin Normal University (2008006). , female, born in Liaohe agricultural reclamation management area of Siping City in