Jean-Luc Babigeon

Mohamed Elkhaldi

Nicolas Holtzer

FIELD-ASSISTED DC-PULSED CATHODES For next generation light sources and accelerators

 for good performances, the normalized beam emittance is given by ǫ = β L g λγ

4π , whith λ the optical wavelength, γ the energy of the beam, β the β function and L g the gain length. It is then possible to reduce the energy of the beam and the length of the Linac, (β parameter), provided ǫ is sufficiently low. For colliders, [START_REF] Eric | An introduction to particle accelerators[END_REF] let's take Higgs cross section 50fbarn, so with a luminosity of 10 34 we can hope N event/s = 510 -4 . As we have L ∼ I 1 I 2 ǫ 1 ǫ 2 , we see here that goals of luminosity and emittance do not always coincide ; the extraction charge may distinguish the two. Our project ABRICo 231 -ie Acceleration BRIllante et Compacte-is devoted to a medium to low electronic beam charges, in the range 1 to 50 pC, with hope to investigate ultra low charges for some other researches a . Clearly we favor beam emittance ǫ < 1mmmrad.

We intend to make an experiment, based on DC-pulsed sub nanosecond nanostructured (photo)-cathode b , in field assisted emission regime ; for the moment we are implied in the development of a nanosecond HV pulsed source which will be used in the system. These objectives necessitate a careful design. Particularly, even if the transverse dimension of the emitters is tiny (some 50nm) their transverse momentum is not. The radiated defocusing electromagnetic field and space charge are responsible of the degradation of the emittance due to transverse momentum.

In order to better understand the electromagnetic effects on nanostrutures, we discuss the pertinence of a modelling based on curvilinear coordinates Maxwell solving (C-method) [START_REF] Granet | Grating theory and numeric applications[END_REF].

a. high charges however, could be reached by high repetition frequencies b. the photoemission technique is not mandatory, but for the moment it is the only way to generate short bunches I Low emittance keV source

The keV source

Field effet is a drawback for good emittance of electron guns. But if we use the field effect as an emission technique, specially in very short pulses, the advantages are the followings :

1. high quality polishing cathodic surface is no longer necessary,

2. for short pulses, the breakdown level is raised above Kilpatrick limits. In fact, for nanosecond pulses, the augmentation is targeted to 40%. That level is probably higher for subnanosecond pulses.

We have defined our source as the following diagram : Schema of the system Output of the 20kV generator (on 10Ω)

The generator is a 20kV peak High Pulsed Power, HPP, adapted to 100Ω. The planned waveform is represented above and is applied between a cathode fixed on a cathode holder, and an anode. The whole chamber is immersed in a medium vacuum (10 -6 to 10 -8 T orr).

Immediately after the iris, the keV bunch is to be accelerated to MeV range by a compact design, for example a Dielectric accelerator. The source is made in state of art techniques, but her realization and tuning are not trivial. We designed the wave former according a description given in [START_REF] Benoit | Etude et conception d'un étage de mise en forme d'impulsions ultra large-bande de forte puissance[END_REF], but numerous improvments have been added. Several electromagnetic simulations were made and permitted us to accurately define the internal details of the waveformer. All the drawings have been reported into software mechanical @Catia project. The entire HPP source should be construct inside that trimester.

Nanostructured cathodes,PSI experiments

The Paul Sherrer Institute, PSI,( [START_REF] Tsujino | Subnanosecond switching and acceleration to relativistic energies of field emission electron bunches from metallic nanotips[END_REF]) has explored since several years the possibility of field emission for electron sources. The strength of their work lays upon designing new nanostructured Field Emission Array, FEA's. We find for instance, a schematic of their power source in the figure hereafter :

We notice the RF Cavity, driving the beam to MeV range. With an exclusively electric trigger, they obtained a 400ps FWHM bunch, but the emittance raised from the value of 0.1mmmrad to 1mmmrad at MeV range, the performances of a good RF gun with polished cathode. The major issues in field emission domain stay inside :

1. the nature and electromagnetic coupling of nanostructured cathodes,

2. the emittance degradation of transport from keV to MeV. a a. In addition, we report ( [START_REF] Al | Nanosecond pulses overtake the vacuum dc-breakdown voltage and current[END_REF]) that heating of tips -when we use them-may be a nanosecond process.

II Design of the accelerating cell 1.Capacitive against pseudo resonant injection

We have noticed that nanosecond pulses should yet be too long to permit a convenient transport from cathode to anode. There are two scenarios :

1. injection in a non resonant space, so the gap cathode anode is seen as prominently capacitive, 2. injection in a pseudo-resonant space, with low quality coefficient, so high bandwidth.

In the first cas, our simulations show that above C cathodeanode 10pF , which is difficult to reach with low distances, the rise times will be distorted. In the second cas, we noticed that the transition times of the waveform are of the same range that the plateau. Hence, the real output will be constitued in major part by its fundamental frequency. If we design the cathode-anode gap as being pseudo-resonant, we can take in account the first Bessel TM01 mode with the well-known frequency f T M 01 = c * 2.4 2 * π * a where a is the radius of the cell, c the speed of light. With such a bipolar waveform, we excite that first mode for a = 68cm, which is far too large. We see two directions to solve that issue : next generation or evolution of our pulsed source could be in the range 100ps or less. It opens the way to ultra-fast HPP sources. In other side, the field-assisted photoemission technique permits to free us from acceleration of the entire bunch.

2.Simulations of simple systems 2 cases to investigate :

1. field emission without photoemission,

transport of the bunch with photoemission.

The configuration 'tip-plane' is elementary. If the beam is not focused, all the electric lines are orthogonal to the apex of the tips, so their divergence is high. Several setups are conceivable to remedy to it. We try here, with CST studio, the triode configuration as [START_REF] Tsujino | Subnanosecond switching and acceleration to relativistic energies of field emission electron bunches from metallic nanotips[END_REF]. It is represented by the figure hereafter triode configuration bipolar signal

The waveform is also reported, normalized to 1Volt. The dimensions are for the cathode, 2 × 2 × 1, for the anode, 20 × 20 × 0.5, for the gate 2 × 2 × 0.5, for the tip a cylinder of radius 0.1 and length 3, and for the apex, an hemisphere at the end of the tube. There is no unity : I firstly tried µm realistic units, regarding [START_REF] Tsujino | Subnanosecond switching and acceleration to relativistic energies of field emission electron bunches from metallic nanotips[END_REF]. But the computation time was excessive, so I raised progressively the dimensions to non realistic ones. The computation time became accessible when dimensions reached mm. the pulser signal is -intentionallytaken sinusoidal at 166MHz, then the corresponding wavelength is 1.8m Whatever any time electromagnetic method, TLM, FDTD,... The Current condition imposes the mesh dimensions to be such that ∆L > c∆t. For a nanometric range, say 50nm, the mesh is probably a under multiple of that, say 5nm. Hence ∆t = 510 -9

III Electromagnetic coupling on FEA's

We shall use 2D periodic arrays. However, there are infinite degrees of Freedom in the shape of emitters a : prominent cones, holes, truncated cones, tips, spheres,...And on their disposition. The principal objective is to enhance the quantum yield invoking a possible plasmon polariton coupling in order to reduce the necessary laser power in one photon mode. Techniques used in solar cell, essentially grooves instead of tips, are to investigate. the semi-analytical C-method is one of the theories which fits optimally to the problem. All the Maxwell equations are treated in the coordinate system which conforms the nanostructural surface. To summarize, C-method is said to be 'a curvilinear coordinate modal method by Fourier expansion'.

More precisely if we consider an orthonormal triedra as on the figure ,the 2D-corrugations may be described ( [START_REF] Granet | Grating theory and numeric applications[END_REF]) by a 2 variables function, and one have z ′ = a(x, y), x ′ = x, y ′ = y in the new curvilinear coordinate system. With a covariant form, and expressed in frequency domain, the Maxwell equations are explicited under the system :

ξ αβγ ∂ ∂α F γ = k √ gg αβ G α ξ αβγ ∂ ∂α G γ = k √ gg αβ F α F α = E α G α = -jZH α k = ω √ µǫ Z = ( µ ǫ ) j 2 = -1
where E and H are electromagnetic fields, Z the wave impedance of the medium, g the metric of the curvilinear system. We see that Maxwell equations may be established on a corrugated surface, with the help of metric g, whatever the surface. For us it may constitute a great advantage, especially due to the tiny dimensions of gratings represented by our FEA's. We have seen precedently that most of solvers generate very long computation times. The next step is to derive the solutions of Helmotz equation (δ 2 x + δ 2 y + k 2 )F = γ 2 F for the propagation of one of the precedent components, ie these modal solutions, invariant by the coordinate change, are in first in Flocquet form, regarding the 1D or 2D periodicity, and the components obtained, are finally expanded in Rayleigh serie. In a change of coordinates, the developpements are similar, but with introduction of the generalized Rayleigh wave expansion. The coefficients of that expansion take account of the surface profile, which is periodic, then developable in Fourier serie.

Discussion :

1. the theory is probably easily generalizable to 2D periodicity. As a cut and try, let's inject the following expression deduced from 1D formulas :

F + (x 1 , x 2 , x 3 = z -a(x, y)) = u A q exp(jγ u x 3 )
vw exp(jγ u (b(x 1 )x 1 +c(x 2 )x 2 ))exp(j(α v * x 1 +β w * x 2 )

a(M ) = a(M 0 + ue 1 + ve 2 ) (1)
a(M) has 2D periodicity along vector basis e 1 &e 2 . Here F + is the forward component of F in Raleigh decomposition, and we postulate that a(x, y) = b(x) × c(y) which is presumptuous, even if suggested by Helmotz equation.

2. apart the precedent issue, the finite dimensions of the cathode induce some precautions regarding application of Fourier series. We must test a windowing procedure or apply a Fourier transform with complexity consequences, and verify that the results are not distorted. It seems to have the same importance than the Fourier troncature of infinite serie.

3. the central problem is to find the optimal individual structure and collective arrangement of nano emitters, such that their contributions in all of the finite surface will be resonant. It is analog to an optimization problem in filtering technique for instance, ie ' to find the best filter topology which realizes a given tranfer function' [START_REF] Babigeon | Particle accelerators, control and optimization problem for power sources[END_REF] 4. 2D arrays could lead to laser depolarization problems in some configurations, as only the 1D case leads to a clear situation ( [START_REF] Granet | Grating theory and numeric applications[END_REF]) 3 The ability to generate-but above all to measure it-ultra low charge ≪ 1F emtoCoulomb, should opens the door to some fundamental physics experiments ( [START_REF] Pozzi | An experiment on electron interference[END_REF], [START_REF] Roger | Double slit controled diffraction[END_REF]) and also tries to catalogue the engineering consequences in possible accelerator optics. Also Attosecond bunches are to be considered, if we can solve some RF issue, like time propagation on the surface of the cathode

Currently PhD work under the collaborations of Laboratoire du Génie Electrique de Paris (LGEP, Orsay, France), Laboratoire of Accélérateur linéaire (Lal, Orsay), Laboratoire de Physique des Gaz et Plasmas (LPGP Orsay)

a. inside the fabrication constraints IV Prospective 1

 1 Regarding technology point, a challenge of ABRICo 231 is to realize compacity together with performances and low costs. We also intend to use a travelling wave acceleration and to lay on further THz techniques or dielectric accelerators. These directions make the whole engineering new. For example, beam dynamics are only recently studied inside a dieclectric accelerator.[START_REF] Yu-Juian | Beam transport in a dielectric wall accelerator for intensity modulated proton therapy[END_REF] 2 we have examined the possibilities of coding the electromagnetic coupling on FEA's, in the two scenarios of field emission alone, and field-assisted photoemission. It depends critically of the geometry of emitters, and the fabrication constraints, and is -one of next-steps of our work.

8 then ∆t ∼ 1.510 -17 s, so the number of iterations are approximately N max = 610 -9 1510 -17 ∼ 410 7 ; but at each step, there are also matrix recalculation for instance... The frequency range has an influence on the time taken for matrix calculations, but far less important. In the figure above, we represent the absolute value of electric field for 1V signal at a 100µm of the apex surface. The high peak value could be a numerical artifact, but the waveform is realistic.


Jérôme Petit

Jean-Paul Bignon

It seems to me that there are two points of view when we make the history of a collection. The first one is a look back on the different entries that constitute de collection: gifts, acquisitions, givers, owners, sellers, geographical provenances. It is certainly the more common way to build efficiently the history of a collection. The second one is to make the history of the catalogues available in the history: who were able to catalogue Indian manuscripts, to whom such a catalogue should be published, etc., are important questions for us, librarians, archivists, gathered together for this symposium. If you allow me to do so, I would like to make the history of the Indian manuscripts collection at the National Library of France through these two points of view.

The National Library keeps one thousand eight hundred seventy eight manuscripts in the "Sanscrit" collection and one thousand sixty four manuscripts in the "Indien" collection.

Through the term "Indien", taken as a language or a group of languages, we find manuscripts in Tamil, Telugu, Bengali, Punjabi, Hindoustani, etc., that had been gathered under a single collection at the beginning of the twentieth century. I hope to make clear this point during my presentation as I will talk about catalogues and their implications.

the fifteen, asked Etienne Fourmont, the figure of the orientalist at that time, to form a collection of Chinese and Indian books. Fourmont decided to take profit of the network of missionaries that stayed in this part of the world. He wrote letters to ask Jesuits fathers to send to the Royal Library manuscripts of important texts that could be representative of the literary production of China and India. Father Jean-François Pons, established in Chandernagore (Chandannagar), sent among one hundred seventy manuscripts from Bengal that formed the historical core of the collection. He sent also a list of the manuscripts sent that could be shown as the first catalogue of the collection! This list is very impressive for the time at which it has been written, in January seventeen thirty three. The manuscripts are classified in seven categories. We find thirty one books classified as 'Philological Books' that are tools for the learning of the Sanskrit language. Among these tools is the famous "Grammar of Father Pons" on which Antoine Léonard Chézy learned Sanskrit. Chézy will be the first 'official' teacher of Sanskrit in Europe. We have celebrated last June the two hundred years anniversary of the creation of the Sanskrit Course in Collège de France, as you probably know. In Pons list we also find twenty two 'mythological poems', a quite large category under which is classified the Śākuntala of Kālidāsa for example. The category 'Pouranam', with the Sanskrit term kept by Pons, contains forty two numbers. We find in it the Great Purāṇa (Śiva-, Viṣṇu-, Bhagavata-, Brahmavaivārta-, Markandeya-, Matsia-, etc.) but also the seventeen volumes of a Bengali recession of the Mahābhārata. Then we find eight manuscripts of important texts in Astronomy/astrology field like the Siddhāntamañjarī. Nine texts are classified in the vague category of "diverse poesy" in which we find for example a copy of the Amaruśataka with this mention: "moral verses". Certainly those erotic verses had been sold as 'moral' by the Bengali Pandits. Still Antoine Leonard de Chézy gave a translation of this text under a pseudonymous (Apudy)… Then we find twenty five texts classified under the category "Books of Laws, Usages, and Practices of the Cult of Gods" that form a solid ensemble with the Mānavadharmaśāstra (Laws of Manu) and some devotional or ritual texts. The case of the "Philosophical Books" is certainly the more interesting. It seems that they particularly took the attention of Father Pons. He gave before the list in itself a brief introduction on the different philosophical schools that are to be found in India. Among those schools, the Nyāya is the more represented with thirty eight manuscripts. We can explain this peculiarity by the strong presence of the Navya-nyāya school in Bengal, especially in Navadvipa, with the great master Gāṅgeśa Upādhyāya and his illustrious pupil Raghunātha Śiromaṇi, both perfectly pointed by Father Pons.

To this first ensemble, we have to add the seventy manuscripts sent from South India by the Fathers of the "Carnate Mission", particularly by Father Etienne Le Gac in Pondicherry, and Father Calmette in Mysore. Those manuscripts had been subject to sending lists but they were not classified as Bengali manuscripts were. All the fields are still well represented: Veda, Purāṇa, Logics, Poetics, Grammar, and Dictionaries of Tamil and Telugu languages for whom could be interesting in reading this 'palm-leaves' literature.

The notices given by the Jesuit Fathers will help in the redaction of the Catalogus Codicum Manuscriptorum Bibliothecae regiae. The first volume of this Catalogue published in seventeen thirty nine is dedicated to the oriental collections. It is a master piece in our field of library science, believe me! Etienne Fourmont had translated the brief notices into Latin and gave some others bibliographical elements such as the material, paper or palm-leaves, "chartaceus" or "corticeus", should I say. Fourmont adopted the classification system given by Father Pons. In trying to make a concordance between the Jesuit lists and the Catalogus Codicum, it appears to me that the larger part of the catalogue, namely the "Books on Theology" which contains one hundred eleven numbers on the two hundred eighty seven of the "Indian Codex" described, gather mostly all the manuscripts from South India, even the topics is far from 'Thelogy', as if the lack of classification had a direct impact on the cataloguing process. Despite these hesitations, very comprehensible due to the early date of publication, the Catalogus is very solid. Some notices, as the one we see on the screen, contains elements on the nature of God, the great principles of Indian Philosophy, famous stories of Hindu mythology, etc. We see here a nice tentative to locate Hastinapura, the city in the heart of the Mahabharata, close to Cashmere. We notice also the use of Greek fonts. The Sanskrit terms indeed are seen as indeclinable so the Greek characters are here to read the term in the right cases (mostly the genitive). Another peculiarity that we can see is the transcription of the Sanskrit titles. In reading them we can determinate the geographical provenances of the manuscript, like this "Bagarat Guitalou" from Telugu country, or a very Bengali "Mohabhorot".

In seventeen thirty nine, we can say that the "Indian" Manuscripts, the "Codices indici" of the Royal Library are very well described: they have a call number, a title, a name when it is possible, the mention of the material used, and they are classified. The Catalogus is a keystone on which we should build the Indian collection… but we had not, unfortunately… Indeed, during the late eighteenth century, some French travelers bring, sent, or sold Indian manuscripts to the Library. The first of them is Anquetil-Duperron, an important figure of orientalism in the late eighteenth century. He made a deposit in the Royal Library in seventeenth seventy two of one hundred eighty Indian manuscripts in different languages, mostly in the Pahlavi, Persian, Arabic and Sanskrit languages. At the time of his death in eighteen o five, his scientific papers and around twenty Indian manuscripts had been given by Sylvestre de Sacy to the Imperial Library. In seventeen seventy seven, Gentil, who had a position of a diplomat at the court of the nawab of the Lucknow/Faizabad area, sent to the Library one hundred and thirty manuscripts, ninety in Persian and Hindoustani/Urdu, mostly historical literature, and forty books in Sanskrit, mostly classical and ritualistic literature.

Among them are several illustrated manuscripts that constitute among the most precious Indian manuscripts that we keep. Another important figure among the French travelers is Aussant who served the French Company of East Indies as interpret. This position allowed him to work with Bengali munshi and to get copies of Persian, Hindoustani and Bengali manuscripts which take place in the royal collection around seventeen eighty five. The last travelers of the eighteenth century that interesting us is Polier whose collection had been examined in seventeen ninety by Louis Langlès, curator in charge of the oriental manuscripts at the Library. Among Persian manuscripts are fifteen manuscripts in Sanskrit dealing with philosophical or religious topics like the Kalpadruma or the Bhāmatī by Vācaspati Miśra.

In eighteen o seven, there is an important event for us librarians: a Scottish learned man, Alexander Hamilton, was forced to stay in France after the break of the Traité d'Amiens which had ensured the peace between France and England. The "prisoner" used perfectly his time in describing the Sanskrit collection of the Imperial Library. If the collections, as we have seen, had been enriched by the "travelers collections", the catalogue of Hamilton described less manuscripts than the Catalogus codicum published seventy years before. The reason is that Hamilton described only the Sanskrit manuscripts in Devanagari and Bengali scripts. He did not treat the manuscripts from South India, in Tamil, Grantha, or Telugu scripts. Hamilton had dime to see all the manuscripts that he wanted to describe, but he gave a detailed description only for the texts he was interested in like Purāṇa or poetry. We can read this terrible information after the manuscript number 23: "the others manuscripts, we did not adopt any classification"… As we can see, the catalogue of Hamilton posed more than it resolved problems. He gave up also the fundamental notion of material support so that we cannot know in reading this catalogue if manuscripts are written on paper or on palm-leaves.

This catalogue is often seen as the first printed catalogue of Sanskrit manuscripts. It is indeed the first catalogue which is entirely dedicated to the Sanskrit manuscripts but we have seen how the Catalogus, which is the very first printed catalogue for Indian manuscripts, is stronger from the point of view of the library science. One of the principal consequences of Hamilton catalogue is a new system of shelf-marks. In treating only the Sanskrit manuscripts on Devanagari and Bengali scripts, he obliged to classify the manuscripts by language and by script. This is the birth of the system Language-Script like "Sanscrit Bengali", "Sanscrit Devanagari", "Sanscrit Grantha", "Sanscrit Telinga", etc. The modern languages are classified more simply by languages, "Tamoul", "Telinga" (for Telugu), "Singhalais", and a large group named "Indien" which gathered manuscripts from North-West India in Hindustani, Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi, Marathi, or Gujarati.

This system is the one adopted all along the nineteenth century. During this period the collections were enriched by many personal collections gathered by scholars. Indeed, the Indian studies entered in its philological age with the British in Bengal who gave the first editions and translations of Sanskrit texts. The Asiatic Society of Bengal is created at the end of the eighteenth century, the Société asiatique de Paris is created at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the generation of William Jones, Henry Thomas Colebrooke, Charles Wilkins is followed by a generation of strong philologists like Eugène Burnouf in France, Franz Bopp in Germany, Gorresio in Italia, Max Müller in Oxford.

In France, Burnouf made a strong link between the orientalist institutions like the Asiatic Society of Paris, the Collège de France where he was professor of Sanskrit studies, the Royal Library where he spent many hours (his daughter Laure will marry Leopold Delisle, one of the greatest administrator of the Library), the Royal Press (Imprimerie royale) in which I was named inspector for the oriental typography. These links were instrumentals to enrich the collections. In eighteen thirty four, Brian Hodgson proposed to order copies of Buddhist Sanskrit texts in Nepal, where he had an administrative position, at the expense of the Asiatic Society of Paris. He sent twenty four old manuscripts that he bought and sixty four new copies of manuscripts in Paris. The old manuscripts remain in the library of the Society but the copies had been given to the Royal Library in eighteen forty. Burnouf ordered also copies of Vedic manuscripts in Calcutta that he deposited at the Library which was seen at the best and natural place to preserve and communicate Indian manuscripts. The verb 'communicate' is important because at that time the Library allowed readers to borrow manuscripts and to take them at home. We can read in the archives some letters of the administration that ask for the return of the manuscripts… En eighteen forty four, a young scholar had a mission of the French government to collect manuscripts in North India. The unfortunate Charles d'Ochoa died before going back to France whenever he accomplished his mission by sending two hundred manuscripts in different languages, mostly in Marathi, Gujarati, Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi, and Sanskrit. He took notes to make a history of Marathi literature and take a very interesting journal. He was also in contact with Jain monks who indicate to him the important texts of the Jain Canon, at a very early age if we take into account the history of Jain studies.

The mid-nineteenth century see a sad event for Indian studies: the death of Eugène Burnouf at the age of fifty-two years old. Two years later, his widow sold the Library the two hundred and twenty manuscripts and printed books that constituted the "Burnouf collection" before it had been split into the different collections, mostly the "Sanscrit" collection. In eighteen eighty six, Burnouf widow make a deposit of the scientific papers of her husband that now form the collection of "Papiers Burnouf".

It would be somewhat dull to enumerate the different entries that enrich the collection, so we can just say that the second part of the nineteenth century saw many personal collections of Indian manuscripts entered into the royal, imperial or national library. This huge growth needed a huge catalogue of course. The Hamilton one was not sufficient enough. After the pioneers in this field in the beginning of the century like Auguste Loiseleur-Deslongchamps or Claude Fauriel, a name rose in the second half of the century, the discreet and learned librarian Léon Feer. He gave detailed notices for all the Sanscrit Bengali and the Sanscrit Devanagari collections but also for the manuscripts in Telinga, Nagra, Singhalese, and Cambodian scripts. The other name of this period is Julien Vinson who catalogues the Tamil manuscripts which is a very precious work and a rare quality as we have seen before. These huge efforts were not well rewarded. The notices remain mostly in a manuscript form themselves. The National Library engaged Antoine Cabaton in the very beginning of the twentieth century. Cabaton was a young scholar from the Ecole Française d'Extrême Orient, our host today, specialized in Cambodian studies. He was engaged in order to give the complete catalogues of the Indian and South-East Asian collections. He took all the material given by his predecessors and simplified the shelf-mark system. He divided the collections into two main collections, one "Sanscrit" collection that put an end to the Language-Script system of notation like "Sanscrit Bengali", etc., and one "Indien" collection that gathered together the Tamil, Telugu, Singhalese, and others Indian languages manuscripts. He began this conversion by the Tamil and Telugu manuscripts, then "Indien" manuscripts in the different languages of North Indian then the Singhalese manuscripts. The "Tamil 22" so became the "Indien 22", and the "Indien 45" became the "Indien 689 (six hundred eighty nine)", which is very easy now to communicate the manuscripts of this collection as you can imagine… The south-east Asian manuscripts have been gathered under the shelf-mark "Indochinois" that gathered together the Burmese, Cambodian, Cham, Laotian, Lolo, and Siamese manuscripts. The Batik, Madécasse, Malese, Javanese, and Polynesian manuscripts had been gathered under the banner "Malayo-Polynésien".

As we can see, the history of the National collections is rich of three hundred years. The first decision that had been taken were, in my opinion, the right one: to gather together the manuscripts under a unique banner "Indian" like what was done for the Persian and the

1861- 1898 •

 1898 Buying of various collections, among which is the Garcin de Tassy Lists of the Jesuit Fathers (shelf-mark NAF 5442), edited by Henri Omont, Missions archéologiques françaises en Orient aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, Paris, 1902. • Étienne Fourmont, Catalogus codicum manuscriptorum Bibliothecae regiae. Tomus primus. Pars prima complectens codices manuscriptos orientales, Paris, 1739. • Lists of Anquetil-Duperron, Polier, Aussant, Gentil, Ducler (NAF 5441). • A. Hamilton, L. Langlès, Catalogue des manuscrits samskrits de la bibliothèque impériale : avec des notices du contenu de la plupart des ouvrages, Paris, 1807. • Inventory of the Sanskrit manuscripts by Léon Feer (Sanscrit 1773, Sanscrit 1774) • Inventory of the Grantha manuscripts by Léon Rodet (Sanscrit 1775) • Inventory of the Telinga manuscripts by Léon Feer (Sanscrit 1776) • Inventory of the Nagra, Singhalese, and Cambodian manuscripts by Léon Feer (Sanscrit 1777) • Catalogue of the Tamil manuscripts by Julien Vinson, (Indien 1061, Indien 1062) Catalogues in use today • Antoine Cabaton, Catalogue sommaire des manuscrits sanscrits et pālis, fasc. 1 : Sanscrit 1-1102, Paris, 1907. o http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k255695t • Antoine Cabaton, Catalogue sommaire des manuscrits sanscrits et pālis, fasc. 2 : Pali 1-719, Papiers Burnouf 1-124, Papiers Feer 1-21, Paris, 1908.

o

  http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b103297627 • Antoine Cabaton, Catalogue sommaire des manuscrits indiens, indo-chinois & malayopolynésiens, Paris, 1912. o http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10329763p • Jean Filliozat, Catalogue du Fonds Sanscrit, fasc. 1 : Sanscrit 1-165, Paris, 1941. o http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k255707s • Jean Filliozat, Catalogue du Fonds Sanscrit, fasc. 2 : Sanscrit 166-452, Paris, 1970. o http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2557085 • Jean Filliozat, « Liste des manuscrits de la collection Palmyr Cordier », Paris, 1934. • Jean Filliozat, « Etat sommaire des manuscrits de la collection Cordier », Paris, 1936. • Jinadasa Liyanaratne, Catalogue des manuscrits singhalais, Paris, 1983. o http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k255710g • Gérard Colas, Usha Colas-Chauhan, Manuscrits telugu : catalogue raisonné, Paris, 1995. • BnF -Archives et manuscrits [on-line catalogue] o http://bnf.archivesetmanuscrits.fr Guides • Annie Berthier, Manuscrits, xylographes, estampages : les collections orientales du département des Manuscrits : guide, 2000. • Guide du lecteur du département des Manuscrits. o http://bnf.libguides.com/manuscrits

Arabic. The multiplicity of the shelf-marks invites to build a huge concordance that is a work I am currently engaged in. Another perspective is a complete on-line catalogue. A conversion of Cabaton catalogues is done for the Sanscrit collection. A conversion of the other catalogues by Cabaton is in progress. The rich collection of three hundred manuscripts on Indian medicine collected by Palmyr Cordier has to be also described. Prof. Nalini Balbir and I are making a catalogue of the Jain manuscripts, mostly present in the three hundred manuscripts collection collected by Emile Senart.