Enea Silvio Piccolomini

Michael Von Cotta-Schönberg

Silvio Enea

; Piccolomini

Sylvius Aeneas

Aeneas Piccolomini

Piccolomini ; Silvius

Pope

Michael V Cotta-Schönberg

Octavian Augustus

In autumn 1445,

Foreword

In 2007, I undertook a project of publishing the Latin texts with English translations of the orations of Enea Silvio Piccolomini / Pope Pius II. Altogether 801 orations (including papal responses to ambassadorial addresses) are extant today, though more may still be held, unrecognized, in libraries and archives.

At a later stage the project was expanded to include ambassadors' orations to the pope, of which about 40 are presently known.

I do not, actually, plan to publish further versions of the present volume, but I do reserve the option in case I -during my future studies -come across other manuscripts containing interesting versions of the oration or if important new research data on the subject matter are published, making it appropriate to modify or expand the present text. It will therefore always be useful to check if a later version than the one the reader may have previously found via the Internet is available.

I shall much appreciate to be notified by readers who discover errors and problems in the text and translation or unrecognized quotations. On 27 July 1442, Emperor 2 Friedrich III crowned Enea Silvio Piccolomini as poet. 3 The emperor had not known Piccolomini before, and he was little interested in poetry, but he was solicitous to perform the traditional ceremonials of emperorship, and the coronation of poets was one such. Piccolomini, at the time secretary of antipope Felix V, had been recommended to the emperor by influential courtiers like Bishop Silvester of Chiemsee, and some months afterwards Piccolomini joined the imperial chancery as a secretary. He was to have a meteoric career as counsellor and diplomat at the imperial court, 4 and later a career in the Church leading him to the papal throne in 1458.

September 2019 MCS

By autumn 1445, Piccolomini had been member of the imperial chancery for almost three years, and he had already been on his first, very important, mission on behalf of the emperor to Pope Eugenius IV in Rome, from where he returned to the imperial court in early summer 1445. 5 In the autumn of 1445, Piccolomini was twice invited to give at lecture at the University of Vienna.

Apparently, he had not finished his university studies in Siena (1423-1430) with an academic degree, 6 but his diploma of poet laureate conferred on him the right of "legendi, disputandi, interpretandi et componendi poemata liberam ubique locorum facultatem." 7 The circumstances of the university's invitation are somewhat obscure and various interpretations have been given. 8 The university may have been interested in a fresh humanist input from Italy, but at any rate the invitation to a member of the imperial chancery would have been a gesture of politeness to the court, and it was appreciated to the extent that the emperor was personally present when Piccolomini was presented with the topics for his second lecture. 9

The first lecture was probably given at the beginning of the winter semester of the university, see below. 1 Kisch,Lhotsky: Aeneas,Lhotsky: Wiener,p. 138;Strnad,Wagendorfer,51 2 Or more precisely, King of the Romans and Emperor-elect until his imperial coronation which took place in Rome in 1452 3 Kisch,p. 41;Lhotsky: Wiener,p. 138 4 Helmrath, p. 108 5 Voigt, II, p. 343 6 Lhotsky: Wiener, p. 33; Wagendorfer, p. 22 7 Kisch,p. 41;Lhotsky: Wiener,p. 138;Strnad,p. 80;Wagendorfer,p. 22 8 Kisch, Participation in solemn academic functions might already in that age have been part of the extended ceremonial "system" of royalty. During his coronation travel in 1452, Emperor Friedrich III also assisted at the doctoral promotion at the University of Padua of another of his officials, Johannes Hinderbach, see Strnad, p. 134 The lecture consisted in a praise (laudatio) of all the arts and sciences practiced at a contemporary university.

This type of oration was well-known from Italy, 1 where laudatory lectures initiated both academic years, semesters, and even individual courses. 2 Indeed, they had become so common and wellrehearsed that the great Argyropoulos 3 dismissed them scornfully. 4 Piccolomini himself would presumably have heard a number of such lectures, and maybe not only at the University of Siena, but also at other universities in Italian cities visited by him during his Wanderjahren in the late 1420s. He may even have heard the lecture given by the Milanese scholar and historian, Andrea Biglia, whom he greatly respected, 5 at the University of Siena in 1430.

The reactions of the professors and masters to Piccolomini's lecture are not known, but they were sufficiently favourable for him to have been invited back to the university, the following month, to give a quod-libet 6 lecture at the annual celebration of the Feast of Saint Catherine of Alexandria. 7

1 Müllner, pp. iv ff.; also Kisch, p. 54 2 Four examples of lectures in initio studorum may be mentioned: (

Themes

Liberal arts

It is sometimes said -and stated even in the colophon to the text of the oration in ms. Basel Univ.bibl. F IV 14 -that the "Nisi satis exploratum" is an oration in praise of the liberal arts.

The liberal arts (the artes liberales) comprise the trivium (grammar, logic, and rhetoric1 ) and the quadrivium (astronomy, arithmetic, geometry, and music), and these are included in Piccolomini's oration. However, they only take up a third of the section on the benefits of the arts and sciences, whereas two thirds deal with the other arts and sciences, i.e. philosophy, medicine, law, and theology. Indeed Piccolomini barely mention the four arts in the quadrivium, he gives very scant attention to grammar2 and logic, and the starting point of the oration is not the liberal arts at all, but law:

This is the time that our forefathers decided upon for the beginning of studies, and they also established [the custom] that even the smallest course of lectures should begin with a praise of the subject matter. ... Not [wishing] to be considered the only one to have neglected this ancient custom, I have decided to perform the task as appropriate to the venue3 chosen [for the occasion], and thus to praise the science of law. But, so as not to appear to enter [this subject]4 with completely dry feet (as they say), I have decided to add and append something in praise of the other arts. [Sect. 2-3] So, it is not correct to consider the "Nisi satis exploratum" as belonging to the rhetorical genre of an oration in praise of the liberal arts.

Rather, the oration is in praise of all the arts and sciences taught at a complete university in the middle of the 15th century, even including a discipline not taught in Vienna at that time, i.e. Civil Law, since the Faculty of Law at that time only taught Canon Law.5

As mentioned, Piccolomini may have heard just such an inaugural lecture by one of his teachers at the University of Siena in 1430. In the lecture, Biglia said: De disciplinarum atque artium laudibus sermo expetitur, and the text of the lecture makes it evident that it was not only about the liberal arts, but about the whole spectrum of arts and sciences known at that time,1 corresponding closely to the those arts and sciences which Piccolomini covered in his lecture in Vienna, 15 years later.

It may be noted, that in this oration Piccolomini does not speak about poetry as one of the arts, though other humanists were by now including it among the liberal arts. Some months later he would be speaking extensively on poetry in his second lecture at the University of Vienna, the "Nuper aderat" [9].

History

Piccolomini's treatment of history in the oration merits special attention.

Firstly, he considers it as an art growing out of the liberal art of rhetoric, but having a separate status vis-a-vis this discipline:

And under the guidance of rhetoric we are led to the knowledge of history which our forefathers -excellently -called mother of virtue and teacher of life. These arts concern morals and excellent precepts and they have been handed down in order make the lives and deeds of noble men better known. [Sect. 7] This concept of history as growing out of or especially related to rhetorics Piccolomini may have had from Cicero, e.g. the Orator, where Cicero says that the orator should also be acquainted with the history of the events of past ages, particularly, of course, of our state, but also of imperial nations and famous kings.2

Secondly, it is remarkable that in this early period of Piccolomini's literary activity, before he had begun to write his historical works, he seems to have considered history as a pedagogical instrument, a device for inspiring people with examples from the lives of great men from old days.

Who doubts that the deeds of other men which we have learnt to be admirable are easier for us to imitate and more readily stimulate us to be honourable than such things which are taught in cumbersome lectures? I declare that knowledge of history makes us want to eagerly imitate the best of men whom we greatly admire and esteem. [Sect. 7] Piccolomini would eventually develop a much richer concept of history, but in the "Nisi satis exploratum" from 1445 he apparently considered it mainly as a discipline closely related to rhetorics, aiming at inspiration and edification -and rhetorical embellishment. 1 In 1445, history was not yet established as a proper scholarly discipline, and it is tempting to see the passages on history in Piccolomini's oration as a testimony to its gradual emergence as an academic discipline.

Law 2

During his studies at the University of Siena Piccolomini had acquired some grounding in law, among others from the law professor, Antonio Rosselli, whose teachings influenced Piccolomini's view of imperial power. Seven years later, in the -probably never held -oration "Sentio" [20], he developed a comprehensive legal argumentation concerning the papal monitorium to the Austrian rebels against the emperor and concerning inappropriate use of appeals in the legal system.

Nonetheless, in the scholarly literature, Piccolomini has some reputation for having a strong prejudice against law and lawmen. This view is gainsaid by Kisch, partly on the basis of Piccolomini's statements on law in the "Nisi satis exploratum." 3

And indeed these statements, on the two branches of law, civil law and canon law, are very positive:

I should have to say more about this, but since I have not yet turned to praising civil and pontifical law, I have been called to order by the task I have undertaken. To praise them adequately is so difficult that it surpasses and excels the eloquence of even the most learned of men. ... For who is so eminently eloquent that he can praise these disciplines as they merit? Through them the life of all men is being constantly developed and improved through salutary and divine precepts, and through them cities, peoples and nations are being ruled, protected and multiplied, united by law. ... Lactantius Firmianus, that most learned man, is author [of the statement that] even primitive and uncultured men desire wisdom, since -by immortal God -our nature wants and craves nothing more than wisdom and religion. To the first of these [two] we are brought by civil law, and the second we are taught by pontifical or canon law. In this human life, no other discipline may be considered more noble, eminent and admirable than these two disciplines, and no other discipline should be better able to attract young men and enflame the souls of men than this discipline [whose subject] is the government of cities and the rule and government of the clergy. [Sect. 12 and 14] However, given the circumstances in which Piccolomini delivered his academic lecture, it is uncertain to what extent these positive statements really reflect a personal, positive view of law as an academic discipline and of the law profession.

Enjoyment of scholarship

The arts and sciences are not only useful, they are also enjoyable, highly enjoyable:

By immortal God, what pleasure or delight can be greater than to ponder the reason for something … ? No food is sweeter to the mind, which nature has given us, and no fare more pleasant than acquiring knowledge of things, and the more often we have this food, the greater is the pleasure. Therefore, all we who have associate with the Muses1 lead a life of pleasure. [Sect. 17]

Piccolomini's statements on the joy of arts and sciences do not appear to be part of the standard praise of the arts.2 They reveal, in a glimpse, a character which is open to life's joys and enjoyments, and a view of life and the world which is far remote from the negative view of the middle ages and its fear of the world and its flight from the world. It was the same positive attitude which formed the oration, or rather the sermon, "Non est apud me dubium" [6], to the parishioners of Aspach, from the same period. That oration is really a moral treatise, and one of its main teachings is that men must not only seek paradise in Haven and in afterlife, but create a paradise on Earth and in their present life.

Teaching as sharing

Inaugural academic lectures then, as now, are replete with exhortations to students to study hard. However, Piccolomini also had words for the teachers: it is not enough for oneself to acquire knowledge, this knowledge must also be shared -here he was directly addressing the doctors and masters seated in front of him:

What is more delightful than to transmit and communicate to others what you have found through your own studies? It was nature herself who taught and formed us for this, so that we should with the greatest eagerness and alacrity share with others what is fruitful to all. [Sect. 17]

Piccolomini's writings reveal a clear pedagogical interest which already came to the fore in his academic lecture of 1445, and his insistence on the close interrelationship between academic research and academic teaching prefigures public policy of much later ages with its insistence that academic teaching should be based on research.

Further studies are necessary to assess to which degree Piccolomini, in the present oration, expresses original viewpoints on enjoyment of scholarship and the interrelationship between research and teaching, but at any rate they are remarkable -and remarkably modern -elements of a 1445 view of the arts and sciences.

Date, place, format and audience

As an inaugural (initium studiorum) lecture at the University of Vienna in 14451 , the "Nisi satis exploratum" was either held either at the opening of the Summer Semester on 14 April or of the Winter Semester on 13 October.2

Piccolomini was in Rome from January to March, on an important diplomatic mission for Emperor Friedrich III, and according to Voigt he left Rome on 1 April. 1 He could not possibly have returned to Vienna, agreed to address the university, and prepare an inaugural lecture before 13 April.

According to Heinig's itinerary of Friedrich III, the emperor, whose court Piccolomini followed as an increasingly important imperial secretary, was in Wiener Neustadt on 1 March and 8 May with no recorded stay in Vienna in between. On the other hand, the emperor was present in Vienna on 11 August and 13 December with no recorded stay in any other place between those two dates.2

In conclusion, Piccolomini most likely delivered the "Nisi satis exploratum" in connection with the opening of the Winter Semester of the University of Vienna on 13 October 1445, and this is the date retained in the present edition.

Since it took place in the building of the Faculty of Law, as Piccolomini himself states,3 and not in the aula of the university,4 some have assumed that the lecture was given to teachers and students at that faculty.5 On the other hand, the colophon only states that the oration was delivered to the doctors and magisters of the University of Vienna without special mention of the Faculty of Law,6 and Piccolomini speaks not just about law, but about all the disciplines of the university, though he does this as if taking a liberty.

The statutes of the Faculty of Law of 1389 stated as follows: "De modis, locis et horis legendi, statuimus, ut in crastino sancti Colomanni7 legens Decretum principium facere tenetatur, ad quod omnes doctores, nobiles, licentiati, baccalarii et scolares convenire tenetur. Die vero sequenti incipient omnes alii legentes seu regentes. 8 This confirms that the winter semester at the Faculty of Law began on 14 October, with a lecture by the professor who taught the Decree (of Gratian, presumably), whereas the other teachers began their lectures on the following day. It does not say anything about a general academic lecture which might even be given by an outsider, but such practice could have developed in the period since 1389.

On the basis of present evidence it may be concluded that: a) either the university had decided that the inaugural lecture for the whole university should -for some reason or other -be held in the building of the Faculty of Law, the audience consisting of doctors and magisters from the whole university 1 b) or the event at which Piccolomini spoke was not the opening of the university semester, but the opening of the Faculty of Law semester, the audience consisting of doctors and magisters of that faculty.

The format was an academic lecture at the inauguration of an academic semester.

Text 2

For unknown reasons, the "Nisi satis exploratum" is not mentioned in Pius´ Commentarii, and it was not included in the Collected Orations of Pope Pius II, compiled under his direct supervision in 1462.

Possibly, the text had disappeared from his personal files at some point during his many travels as imperial secretary and diplomat.

It is only known to be extant in two manuscripts, both from Basel Universitätsbibliotek. The two manuscripts are rather difficult to read and the text is corrupt in several places. 3

Manuscripts

Basel / Universitätsbibliothek F IV 14, ff. 312r-313r (dig. pp. 269-271) (L)

Editions 1 2

Probably due to the difficulties of the extant texts, the oration has not as yet been published in its entirety, 3 though excerpts, particularly the sections on law, were published by Kisch:

• Kisch, Guido: Enea Silvio Piccolomini und die Jurisprudenz. Basel, 1967 / pp. 55, 61-63

Present edition

For principles of edition (incl. orthography) and translation, see Collected Orations of Pope Pius II, vol. 1, ch. 9-10.

Text:

The present edition is based on both the Basel manuscripts.

Pagination:

Pagination is from the digitized version of the F IX 5. Line numbers (5, 10, 15 …) are given in italics. The classical quotations dominate heavily, and there is only one quotation from the bible. This distribution is probably due to the character of the oration as an academic lecture.

Biblical sources: 1

Old Testament: 0 New Testament: 1

• 2. Corinthians: 1

Classical sources: 23

Subject of oration

[2] This is the time that our forefathers decided upon for the beginning of studies, 1 and they also established [the custom] that even the smallest course of lectures should begin with a praise of the subject matter. This was excellently done -as everything [they did] -for they believed that the more we hope to gain praise from our studies, the more fervently we shall apply ourselves to them. Not [wishing] to be considered the only one to have neglected this ancient custom, I have decided to perform the task as appropriate 2 to the present venue, chosen [for the occasion], and thus to praise of the science 3 of law. 4

1 In this instance, 13 October 1445 2 "iure suo" 3 "sapientia" 4 The lecture took place in the building housing the Faculty of Law

[3] Sed ne omnino sicco -ut ajunt -pede videar incessisse, statui adjicere 1 atque appendicere quandam aliorum quoque artium laudationem. Qua in re ita diverso orationis genere mihi video esse utendum 2 , ut ferme a quo potissimum (25) incipiam prorsus ignorem. In hoc vero convenire videntur, quod non voluptatem 3 , sed immensam etiam utilitatem parturiunt. Quare si placet, ipsarum artium simul et 4 juris 5 utilitatem conspiciamus. Deinde quanta ex ipsis voluptas et ornamentum percipi possit, considerabimus.

[4] Grammaticam ergo primum qui parum bene calleat, ea se moderatrice carere sciat, ut sibi ad ceteras disciplinas aditus sit clausus, quod enim in coeptis 6 fundamento et regula claudices.

[5] Logicae vero sive dialecticae si non fueris 7 nescius, quod verum in primis, quod falsum, quod antecedens, quod 8 consequens, quod 9 syllogismus, quod enthymema ubi libet facile cognosces, ut 10 nullo fallaciarum laqueo implicari, {238v} nullo 11 errore labi, nulla falsitate arripi possis, quae usque adeo necessaria est, ut omnium paene scientiarum sit adminiculum et multorum judicio scientia scientiarum judicatur 12 . [3] But, so as not to appear to enter [this subject] 1 with completely dry feet 2 -as they say -I have decided to add and append something in praise of the other arts. As here I must use a different oratorical genre, I almost do not know where to begin at all. However, they [all] have this in common that they do not give pleasure only, but also immense benefit. Therefore, we shall -with your permission -[first] look at the benefit of the [liberal] arts and law together, and thereafter we shall consider the great pleasure and ornament to be gained from them.

Benefits of arts and sciences

2.1. Trivium

Grammar

[4] Firstly, anyone who is not sufficiently grounded in grammar should know that he lacks the guidance necessary for access to the other disciplines 3 , because he stumbles [already in the beginning of] his undertaking, both with regard to the basics and with regard to the rules to follow.

Logic

[5] And if you know logic (or dialectic), you will easily recognize first of all what is true and what is false, and what is an antecedent 4 , a consequent 5 , a syllogism, and an enthymeme, whenever they occur, so that you will not be ensnared by fallacies, misled by error, and caught by false statements. Logic is so necessary that it is the support of almost all sciences, and many consider it as the science of sciences.

Rhetoric

[6] Now follows rhetoric which is the splendour and elegance combined with gravity of both single words and sentences. Why rhetoric should be sought -so that [someone] will not express himself or write or speak ineptly (like eloquence itself teaches even the most eloquent writers of the arts), but know and understand how much it should be treasured -may be understood from [the fact] that, as Tullius1 says, men differ from animals in that they are able to speak.2 So, how greatly should we not praise him who excels others in that very area where we men excel animals.3 2.1.3.1. History

[7] And under the guidance of rhetoric we are led to the knowledge of history which our forefathers -excellently -called mother of virtue and teacher of life.4 These arts concern morals and excellent precepts and they have been handed down in order make the lives and deeds of noble men better known. Who doubts that the deeds of other men which we have learnt to be admirable are easier for us to imitate and more readily stimulate us to be honourable than such things which are taught in cumbersome lectures?5 I declare that knowledge of history makes us want to eagerly imitate the best of men whom we greatly admire and esteem. Thus Caesar6 [imitated] Alexander,7 8 thus Marcus Brutus 9 [imitated] his [distant] relative Junius, 10 thus Tullius 11 [imitated] Demosthenes, 12 and thus many others, inspired by true history, enthusiastically performed great and honourable deeds in imitation of admirable and eminent men.

[8] Sed ad rhetoricam 1 revertamur, quae si ita frivola res esset, ut eam multi aestimant, non usque adeo apud veteres culta et celebrata et in summo honore habita esset, (30) nec eloquentissimis 2 solum ferme viris regendarum urbium et moderandarum rerum publicarum cura fuisset demandata.

[9] {239r} Verum ut etiam de astrarum, numerorum 3 , et mensurarum ac etiam melodiae 4 scientia 5 a 6 proportione dicam, reliquum 7 est quae sane omnia ex quattuor aliis 8 artibus habentur: astronomia verum, arithmetica 9 , geometria, et musica. Ea profecto (5) in his sit artibus utilitas, (40) ut sine his ducibus atque magistris nihil divinum sive humanum, nullus 10 perfectus nec imperfectus, nihil superius, nihil inferius, nihil rectum nec obliquum, nihil denique 11 suave 12 nec 13 absonum 14 perfici aut cognosci paene queat, quo fit, ut optimo sane jure majoribus (10) nostris liberales appellatae sunt artes, sive quod ab omni ignorantiae nubilo studiosorum mentes immersas 15 liberare consueverunt, sive quod eas utpote 16 dignissimas ac nil 17 servile redolentes nulli nisi libero liberaliterque [START_REF]Inde est Homerus ille, primus et summus poetarum, non prius se ad scribendum (20) contulit, quam ad majorem orbis partem 1 videndam ivisset, quod plus se voluptatis inde capturum putavit, si haec oculis vidisset, de quibus sibi 2 scribendum constituit. Hinc etiam est, quod Gallus ille, Scipionis familiaris, tanta geometricarum ac astronomicarum descriptionum voluptate tenebatur, (25) ut cum noctu ad aliquid scribendum ingressum lux saepe deprehendetur 3 , vel cum mane coepisset nox eum (27) opprimet 4 potissimum cum mirum 5 in modum eum delectaret {241v} solis et lunae defectiones aequalibus suis multo ante praedicere. 1 orbis partem : partem orbis L 2 omit. K 3 deprehendentur K 4 opprimeret K 5 miris K[END_REF] enutrito homini ediscere [START_REF] Hinc | est quod Archimedes, summus ille mathematicus, captis a Claudio Marcello Syracusis ac 1 hostili concessis, tanta cupiditate formis in pulvere (5) scriptis intentus quod supervenientis militis, a quo interfectus est, impetum et diruptionem non senserit. Inde est, quod Solon, unus ex Graeciae septem sapientibus, gloriari solebat se addiscendo senem 2 fieri. Hinc etiam factum fuit, quod Carneades tantam voluptatem ex crebra lectione aucupabatur, ut etiam inter (10) comedendum, quemadmodum ait Valerius Maximus 3 , se comedere debere fuisset oblitus. Quae haec, patres amplissimi, existimanda est voluptas, ut 4 etiam nos illius muneris immemores 5 facit, quod natura potissimum in nobis produxit? 1 hostili directe[END_REF] licebat. [8] But let us return to rhetoric. If it was so frivolous as many believe, it would not have been so greatly cultivated, celebrated and honoured as it was in Antiquity, and the charge of governing cities and ruling states would not have been entrusted almost exclusively to very eloquent men.

Quadrivium: Astronomy, arithmetic, geometry and music

[9] But to speak fittingly 1 also about the science of stars, numbers, measures and melody, almost all the rest comes from the four other arts: astronomy, arithmetic, geometry and music. 2 Indeed the benefit of these arts is so great that without them as guides and teachers almost nothing can be done or known that is divine or human, perfect or imperfect, above or below, straight or crooked, pleasant or unpleasant. Therefore it was completely justified when our forefathers called these arts the liberal arts, 3 whether it was because they used to free the minds of students from the whole cloud of ignorance in which they were immersed, or because it was only allowed to teach these noble arts, having nothing servile about them, to someone who was a free man and raised as such.

1 "a proportione" 2 I.e. the four arts of the quadrivium 3 Artes liberales: the common of studies in Antiquity. The classification of the liberal arts has varied over the centuries.

The one established by Martianus Capella (5th c. AD), comprising the three "human" arts of the trivium and the four "natural arts" of the quadrivium, lasted until the renaissance when the humanists began to use the term "studia humanitatis" about the disciplines of the trivium, adding history, Greek, ethics, and poetry

Philosophy

[10] And now, who can adequately praise philosophy, mother,1 creator, and queen of all the arts. In the Tusculanae, Cicero, prince of orators, named her the guide to virtue 2 as well as its explorer, gift of the gods, 3 and teacher of morals. 4 All agree to proclaim and accept her as the reason and explanation of all causes. And in the second book of the Georgica, the poet 5 justly said in her praise:

Blessed is he who has succeeded in learning the laws of nature's working, has cast beneath his feet all fear and fate's implacable decree, and the howl of insatiable Death. 6 Through her, the causes, reasons and effects of all created and corruptible, vegetal, sensible, rational and superrational bodies are expressed and distributed to us -to the fingernail, as they say. 7

[11] Deinde 1 philosophiae effectum 2 , medicinam ipsam, mirae utilitatis esse quis 3 dubitet, quandoquidem (30) ea est ars, qua nobis 4 corpus humanum bene affectum reddatur 5 , sanetur 6 et incolume praeservetur? Quemadmodum enim philosophia animorum, {239v} quos sanat, morbos tollat, ita et ea corporibus ipsis, quorum servationem 7 proficit, 8 medeatur quadruplici utilitate. Nihil 9 sane ad vitam salutemque 10 homini praestantius inveniri possit et profecto nullo 11 dubio aliquo affici puto medicum (5) ipsum Dei ministrum esse, ut, quos omnium conditor Deus creavit hac arte divina divinitusque exhibita 12 conservet incolumes, lapsus curet, et paene a mortuis mortales 13 saepe ad vitam reducat 14 , ut verum comprobetur, quod Aesculapio ipsi prognosticatum 15 :

Tibi se mortalia (10) saepe corpora debebunt animas tibi reddere ademptas fas erit.

Quo ex merito 16 et prisci illi medici ob suam admirandam utilitatem in deorum numerum sunt 17 collocati. Sic Apollinem 18 , sic Aesculapium vetustas divinis honoribus est prosecuta.

Medicine

[11] Next, who doubts the marvellous benefits of medicine, an outcome of philosophy? She is the art through which our human body is cared for, healed and preserved undamaged. For just as philosophy removes and heals illnesses of the souls, medicine heals the bodies whose care it assures, with quadruple benefit. Indeed nothing can be found that is more beneficial to a man's life and health, and I believe that there can be no doubt whatsoever that the physician is God's servant since with his divine and divinely revealed art he preserves those whom God, the creator of all, has created, he cures illnesses and often restores people who are almost dead to life. Thus it may be seen to be true what was foretold about Aesculapius 1 :

Often shall mortal bodies owe their lives to thee, and to thee shall it be counted right to restore the spirits of the departed. 2

Therefore it was quite justified that the physicians of old were counted among the gods because of their admirable usefulness. And thus Antiquity gave Apollo 3 and Aesculapius divine honours.

1 Hero and god of medicine, representing the healing aspect of the medical arts 2 Ovidius: Metamorphoses, 2.644 3 Apollo (Gk. Myth.): and one of the deities of the Greek and Roman pantheon, recognized as a god of healing, but also as god of music, truth prophecy, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more

[12] Plura de hac re mihi (15) superessent dicenda, nisi me suscepti muneris officium ad civilis pontificiique juris commendationem non omnino convertentem 1 provocaret. Quorum utrumque tam 2 explicandum difficile est, ut disertissimi cujusque hominis facundiam exuperet atque excellet 3 . Quare illud Virgilianum cogor erumpere:

Major rerum mihi nascitur ordo, majus opus moneo.

Quis enim tam insignite eloquens, ut harum disciplinarum debitas laudes efferre possit, quippe per eas omnium mortalium vita salutiferis ac divinis praeceptis (25) excolitur, per eas civitates, populi, nationes sanctissimo inter se jure sociati reguntur, proteguntur 4 , amplificantur 5 .

[13] Soleo equidem, viri ornatissimi, saepenumero mecum 6 cogitare 7 atque animo mecum repetere, quibus rebus civitates ab initio constitutae sint 8 aut postea (30) conservatae et in hanc ipsam, quam videmus 9 , fabricam erectae. {240r} Nulla mihi alia videtur ratio hoc effecisse quam ipsa vis justitiae aut nostri juris timor quidam vel reverentia. Quae enim alia virtus vel quae artes quivissent homines locis silvestribus dissipatos vitamque ferarum agentes conducere (5) unum in locum et eos imbuere, ut 10 his, qui 11 12 virtute et sapientia praestarent 13 , oboedire atque temperare mallent 14 quam passim ferarum et ita vitam trahere, ni ratio ipsa et sapientia juri consentanea eos 15 a consuetudine sua revocasset et ad cultum quendam normamque vivendi incendere potuisset.

Law

[12] I should have to say more about this, but since I have not yet turned to praising civil and pontifical law, I have been called to order by the task I have undertaken. To praise them adequately is so difficult that it surpasses and excels the eloquence of even the most learned men. Therefore I am forced to say, with Virgil 1 :

Greater is the story that opens before me; greater is the task that I attempt. 2

For who is so eminently eloquent that he can praise these disciplines as they merit? Through them, indeed, the life of all men is being constantly developed and improved through salutary and divine precepts, and through them cities, peoples and nations are being ruled, protected and multiplied, united by law.

[13] Indeed, distinguished men, I often consider and ponder how cities were formed in the beginning, how they were preserved afterwards, and how they developed the structure 3 we see today. I can see no other reason why this happened than the force of justice itself or fear of justice or respect for it. For what other virtues or what other arts could make men scattered in forests and living like wild animals come together in one place and make them prefer to obey and submit to those who excelled in virtue and wisdom rather than to live like animals? 4 Indeed, this could only happen because reason itself and wisdom consistent with justice could bring them away from their customs and incite them to live a cultured life based on rules.

Theology

[15] But as I am rushing forward, theology, queen of all sciences, forces me to stop and will no longer be ignored. However, I am aware that in this matter I am lacking the power of speaking adequately in praise of its splendour and majesty. Indeed, no one is so gifted with the best of arts that he may adequately praise theology, by far the most important of all sciences, or even its smallest ornament.

It is considered to be so illustrious and eminent because it reaches the true and authentic nature of man. As Ovid says:

And, though all other animals are prone, and fix their gaze upon the earth, he gave to man an uplifted face and bade him stand erect and turn his eyes to heaven. 1 [16] For no one may doubt that, as Lactantius says, we were taught by nature to turn the mind in the same direction to which the countenance is raised, 2 and to which the nature of the body calls us. 3 The science we are talking about now is the only one which leads us to the Heavenly Kingdom. It teaches us to view the high throne of omnipotent God and all the ranks of the celestial hierarchy. It propels us to contemplate that which, as Paul 4 says, it is not granted to man to utter. 5 It promises immortality to its adherents and followers. But those who stray from her commandments, she makes go straight to punishment and torture in Hell's horrible abyss.

Enjoyment and distinction 1 of arts and sciences

[17] Now that we have spoken of the individual benefits of the liberal arts, philosophy, medicine, and theology, our oration must move along with all speed so that we do not pass over, in silence, their enjoyment and distinction. According to Lactantius," it is the office of the soul to perceive those things more clearly which the eye of the body cannot behold." 2 So now mind must be brought forward and raised to the knowledge of those things which are hidden.

By immortal God, what pleasure or delight can be greater than to ponder the reason for something or share it with others? No food is sweeter to the mind, which nature has us, and no fare more pleasant than acquiring knowledge of things, and the more often we have this food, the greater is the pleasure. Therefore, all we who have associate with the Muses 3 lead a life of pleasure. And let us consider that nothing can be more pleasant than that we and others drink from the fountain of wisdom itself. What is more delightful than to transmit and communicate to others what you have found through your own studies? It was nature herself who taught and formed us for this, so that we should with the greatest eagerness and alacrity share with others what is fruitful to all.

1 "ornamentum" 2 Lactantius: Divinae institutiones, 2, 3. Translation quoted after the Advent edition 3 Cicero: Tusculanae disputationes, 5.23.66: Who in all the world, who enjoys merely some degree of communion with the Muses (Quis est omnium, qui modo cum Musis, id est cum humanitate et cum doctrina, habeat aliquod commercium)

[20] Quantum vero ornamenti afferant haec artes se colentibus [20] How excellent these arts are to us who cultivate them and how much they transform their students from lowly men to noble men, or from noble men to very noble and famous ... that you do not know whether the arts adorn their possessors more than they are adorned by them. Thus very many writers of the arts may be listed whose names would have been destroyed by age together with their bodies unless these arts had granted them immortality. 1 This was understood by Alexander the Great 2 who valued the knowledge of the good arts as highly as his great empire, occupying most of the world. For on his expeditions he alwas had as his companions and comrades in war famous philosophers as well as books of the most eminent writers 3 on whom he spent all the time he was not fighting.

[21] This is why I have always considered the precept of Demetrius of Phalerum 4 as magnificent and noble. That wise man admonished King Ptolemy 5 of Egypt to read books as often as possible and never to leave them out of his hands. In Alexandria, Caesar 6 was praised by a certain officer for treating historians he met as learned counsellors, so that if something had been well done in a former age he would consider it either to be proven by use or to be [otherwise] better and wiser.

1 A favourite theme of the humanists for whom an important source of patronage was the praise of princes

Table of volumes in Collected Orations of Pope Pius II. 12 vols. Edited and translated by Michael von Cotta-Schönberg Table of contents

	I. Context I. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 1. 1. Context 1

  Epistolae de laude poetica, de differentia inter scientiam et prudentiam et de poetis, de laude litterarum, cur libri cumulentur. Köln, Dictys / Arnold ter Hoernen, 1470-1471: the de laude poetica is Piccolomini's letter to Wilhlem Stein of 1 June 1444, and the de laude litterarum is his letter to his nephew Antonio Piccolomini Todeschini of November 1442

	5. Sources 1
	In this oration, altogether 30 direct and indirect quotations from various sources have been
	identified:
	Biblical	1
	Classical	23
	Patristic and medieval	5
	Contemporary	1
	All	30

1

Pius II: 2 Johannes Presbyter: De ritu et moribus Indorum. Add.: Pius II: Commendatio Ladislai Regis Hungariae; De laude litterarum. Deventer: Richardus Pafraet, between 29 June 1490 and 25 Jan. 1492. The de laude litterarum is his letter to his nephew Antonio Piccolomini Todeschini of November 1442 3 Helmrath, p. 110;

Kisch, p. 49; Wagendorfer, p. 23

TEXT AND TRANSLATION Eneae Silvii poetae ad universitatem Wiennensem de commen- datione artium oratio incipit 1

  [1] {238r / dig. p. 472} Nisi satis exploratum haberem, patres amplissimi, ea, quae a me dici oportere video, non modo patienter sed benigne (5) vos audituros, suscepti profecto muneris magnitudo me prorsus attonitum efficeret stupentemque 2 exaninaret. Ea enim mihi dicenda forent, quae eloquentissimo cuique 3 haud parvam, sed uberem dicendi materiam suppeditarent. Humanitate tamen vestra fretus in bonam spem venio facillime a vobis me veniam posse (10) impetrare, si minus accurate quam rei dignitas postulet a me fuerit peroratum, cum non sim unus ex his, qui 4 vitam in eloquentiae 5 exercitatione continent 6 .[2] Et quoniam hoc est tempus, quo majores 7 nostri instituerunt esse studiorum initium, ita eorum institutis introductum est, ut non ante vel ad minimum quodque 8 legendum (15) descendatur quam in ipsius rei, de qua fuerit agendum, laudatio anteiret. Praeclare profecto haec 9 , ut omnia, statuerunt 10 . Futurum enim esse putabant 11 eo ardentius studiis nostris intentos12 [nos] 13 esse, quo 14 majorem laudem ex ipsis nos consequi speramus. A quo pervetusto more ne unicus deseruisse 15 puter, faciendum mihi esse sum ratus, ut illius muneris perfungar, quod (20) susceptus hic locus jure suo videtur postulare, hoc est sapientiae juris commendationem.

	• Vergilius: 2 1 7. Sigla and abbreviations
	K = Basel / Universitätsbibliothek / F IX 5 Patristic and medieval sources: 5 L = Basel / Universitätsbibliothek / F IV 14
	• Burley: 1
	• Lactantius: 4 2 Abbreviations
	CO = Pius II: Commentarii rerum memorabilium quae suis temporibus contigerunt [1464]
	Contemporary sources: 1
	HA = Eneas Silvius Piccolomini: Historia Austrialis. Teil 1: Einleitung von Martin Wagendorfer. 1.
	• Francesco Barbaro: 1 3 Redaktion ed. von Julia Knödler. Teil 2: 2./3, ed. Martin Wagendorfer. 2 vols. Hannover, 2009.
	6. Bibliography
	• Cicero: 14 2
	• Ovidius: 2 3 • Plutarch: 2 4 1 Eneae … incipit omit. L vols. Leipzig, 1879 2 stupentem L • Terentius: 1 5 • Valerius Maximus: 2 1 For an analysis of Piccolomini's use of sources, see Collected Orations of Pope Pius II, ch. 8 3 illeg. add. K 4 per L Epistolarium = Enee Silvii Piccolominei Epistolarium Secvlare. Ed. A. van Heck. Città del Vaticano, Friedberg. 2 158-201 5 admodum add. in marg. K 2007. (Studi e testi; 439) 6 em.; continere K, L Heinig, Paul-Joachim: Cronologisches Itinerar Friedrichs III. In: Kaiser Friedrich III (1440-1493) -Hof, 7 quo majores omit. L Regierung und Politik. Köln, 1997. (Forschungen zur Kaiser-und Papstgeschichte des Mittelalters; 17) / T. III, K. V, pp. 1347-139 8 quodcumque Kisch Rainaldus = Annales ecclesiastici ab anno MCXCVIII ubi Card. Baronius desinit. Auct. Odoricus 9 omit. K Raynaldus. Tom. XVIII-XIX. Roma: Varesius, 1659-1663 10 fuerunt add. L
	2 De finibus bonorum et malorum 1; De inventione 1; De officiis 1; De oratore 3; De senectute 2; Pro Archia 1; Tusculanae 11 ut add. L
	disputationes 5 12 mutemur L
	3 Metamorphoses 1 Aeneid 1; Georgica 1 13 intentos nos em.; illeg. L
	4 Parallel lives 2 Divinae institutiones 14 putabant … quo omit. K
	5 Adelphoe 3 Introduction to Plutarch's Life of Aristides 15 descivisse K

Agricola, Rudolph: Epistolae • Agricola, Rudolph: Letters. Ed. and transl. by A. van der Laan & Fokke Akkerman.

Assen, 2002

Burley, Walter: Liber de vita et moribus philosophorum. • Gualteri Burlaei Liber de Vita et Moribus Philosophorum mit einer altspanischen Übersetzung der Eskorialbibliothek. Hrsg. von Hermann Knust. Stuttgart, 1886. (Bibliothek des Litterarischen Vereins in Stuttgart; 177) Campano, Gianantonio: Oratio de scientiarum laudibus Perusiae initio studii habita, Anno M.CCCC.LV. • Ioannis Anthonii Campani: De ingratitudine fugienda ... Moguntiae, 1532 / pp. (Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum. Nova Series; 24) HB = Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini: Historia Bohemica. Herausg. J. Hejnic & H. Rothe. 2 vols. Köln, 2005. (Bausteine zur slavischen Philologie und Kulturgeschichte. Neue Folge. Reihe B; 20) MA = Pius II: Orationes politicae et ecclesiasticae. Ed. Giovanni Domenico Mansi. 3 vols. Lucca: Benedini, 1755-1759 MPL = Migne, Jacques-Paul: Patrologia latina. 217 vols. 1841-1865 RTA = Deutsche Reichstagsakten WO = Der Briefwechsel des Eneas Silvius Piccolomini. Hrsg. von Rudolf Wolkan. 3 vols. Wien, 1909-1918. (Fontes rerum Austriacarum, 2 / 61, 62, 67, 68) Decretum = Decretum magistri Gratiani. Ed. Lipsiensis secunda. Eds. A.L. Richter & A. Reject = Reject Aeneas, accept Pius : Selected letters of Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini (Pope Pius II). Intr. and transl. by T.M. Izbicki et al. Washington, D.C., 2006 II.

Here begins an oration in praise of the arts by Enea Silvio, Poet, to the University of Vienna 1. Introduction 1.1. Captatio benevolentiae [

  1] Honourable Fathers, I know quite well that you will listen not only patiently, but even kindly to what I should say. If I did not know it, the greatness of the task I have undertaken would completely overwhelm and baffle me. For I shall be talking on a subject which gives even the most eloquent [speaker] not little, but abundant matter for speech. But trusting in your kindness, I have good hope that I shall easily obtain you forgiveness if I speak less stringently than the importance of the matter requires, as I am not one of those who spend their life in the exercise of eloquence.

  Jam rhetorica 1 subsequitur 2 , id est tam verborum, tam sententiarum et nitor et ornatus (5) cum gravitate commixtus. Cur haec vero sit appetenda, ut 3 nihil ineptum ex se proferat 4 , scribat, aut enuntiat, vel ut eloquentissimos quaeque 5 artium scriptores 6 ipsa eloquentia 7 discat, cognoscat, intelligatque quanti sit facienda, ex hoc intelligi potest: nam si idcirco homines a bestiis differamus, (10) ut ait Tullius, quod loqui possumus, qua laude dignus est, qui 8 in ea re ceteros superat, in qua nos 9 homines bestias antecellunt 10 .(7) Qua etiam duce ad historiae cognitionem perducimur, quae optimo jure a majoribus nostris virtutis parens vitaeque magistra 11 est vocitata. Quaevis 12 enim artes, (15) quae de moribus13 et prestantissimis institutis traditae sunt, quo plus vita et facta 14 clarissimorum virorum illustrantur. Quis 15 enim ambigat ea, quae ab aliis gesta didicimus (30) quam 16 admirabilia sunt, faciliora nobis imitatu videri 17 et promptius ad honestatem incitare quam si praeceptione (20) solum lentius disputentur. Hoc, inquam, historiae notitia facit, ut summos homines, quos tantopere et admiramur et probamus magno studio imitari velimus. Sic Alexandrum Caesar, sic Marcus Brutus Junium illum, gentilem suum, sic Tullius Demosthenem, sic denique multi incredibili (25) ardore admirandos praestantissimos viros historiae veritate 18 incensi magnas et honestissimas res gesserunt.

	1 rethorica K, L
	2 subsequetur L
	3 vel add. K 4 profereat L	6
	5 quosque K
	6 scripturos K
	7 cernite add. K; carnute add. L
	8 em.; quod K; que L
	9 omit. L
	10 antecellant L 1 I.e. the praise of law 11 moram K 2 I.e. abruptly and without any lead-up 12 illeg. L 3 Note Piccolomini's use of the the terms arts, disciplines, and sciences 13 de moribus omit. L 4 I.e. a premise 14 em.; factis K, L 5 I.e. a conclusion 15 quomodo K
	16 quamquam K
	17 omit. L
	18 vitatu K

6

The notion of logic as the science of sciences derives from Petrus Hispanus (fl. 13 th c.), author of a treaty on logic, later called Summulae Logicales, cf. Rijk, p. 1

[6]

  [10] Jam vero harum omnium (15) artium matrem et procreatorem quandam et omnium reginam philosophiam quis satis pro dignitate laudare valeat, quando ipsam Cicero, oratorum 1 princeps, in Tusculanis virtutis ducem et indagatorem, donum deorum, morum magistram appellarit 2 ; quando denique ipsa 3 causarum omnium ratio et explicatio unaque (20) omnium voce atque sententia praedicetur, asseratur atque comprobetur 4 . Et non immerito 5 in ejus laudem poeta protulerit in secundo Georgicarum 6 : Per ipsam (25) namque omnium generabilium et 11 corruptibilium, vegetalium, sensibilium, rationabilium superrationaliumque corporum, nobis 12 , ut dici solet, ad unguem causae, rationes et effectus exprimuntur atque distribuuntur.

	Felix qui 7 potuit rerum cognoscere causas
	atque metus omnis et 8 inexorabile fatum subiecit 9 pedibus
	strepitumque 10 Acherontis avari.
	1 aratorum L
	2 appellaret L
	3 ipsarum L
	4 comprobatur K
	5 in merito K, L
	6 Georgicorum K
	7 que K
	8 omit. K, L
	9 subiecerit L
	10 strepitum illeg. L
	11 omit. L
	12 ubi L

  Piccolomini also treated this theme in his treaty De ortu et auctoritate imperii Romani, finished half a year later on 1 March 1446, where he wrote i.a.: Cum ergo premeretur ab initio multitudo ab his, qui viribus erant editiores, ad unum aliquem confugere placuit, virtute praestantem, qui et injurias prohiberet inferri tenuioribus, et aequitater constituta summos cum infimis pari jure teneret(Wolkan, II, p. 8) [14] (10) Agrestes autem et incultos homines sapientiam quoque desiderare Lactantius Firmianus, vir doctissimus, auctor est, qui 1 -[per 2 ] immortalem Deum -nullius rei naturam nostram tam cupidam esse et 3 appetentem voluisse affirmavit quam sapientiae et religionis, ad quorum primum jus civile (15) nos perducit, secundum vero jus pontificium sive canonicum affatim docet, quibus duabus disciplinis nulla certe dignior, praestabilior aut admirabilior hac in vita humana censeri debet, nec est ulla, quae magis juventutem ad se allicere atque animos hominum flammare debeat (20) quam haec de gubernandis urbibus deque clero coercendo gubernandoque 4 est 5 . Haec enim civitates in perpetua pace continet. Illa 6 , quo pacto ecclesia ceremonias suas instituere debet 7 , edocet. Haec homines inter se mutuo societatis et amicitiae vinculo conciliat. Illa sacerdotes (25) praesulibus subjicit et observantia vult esse prosequendos 8 . Haec homicidia 9 , furta, adulteria et omne aliud genus scelerum prohibit. [Illa 10 ] simoniam, usuram voracem, clandestina matrimonia vetat. Haec denique aut metu poenae homines ab iniquitate deterret aut praemio (30) ad honorem virtutis et gloriae allicit. Illa demum {240v} aut anathemate in contumaces saevit aut suis professoribus uberem spem et aditum ad dignitates spondet, qua utilitate quid 11 sit praestabilius aut optatius nullus vel ingenio hebes ignorat. Longe plura quam attigi (5) de duabus his disciplinis dicenda mihi video superesse. Lactantius Firmianus, 1 that most learned man and author, stated that even primitive and uncultured men desire wisdom, since -by immortal God -our nature wants and craves nothing more than wisdom and religion.2 To the first of these[two] we are brought by civil law, and the second we are taught by pontifical or canon law.3 In this human life, no other discipline may be considered more noble 4 , eminent and admirable than these two disciplines, and no other discipline should be more able to attract young men and enflame the souls of men than this discipline [whose subject] is the government of cities and the rule and government of the clergy. Civil law keeps cities in permanent peace. Pontifical law teaches how the church should perform its ceremonies. Civil law unites men with bonds of society and friendship. Pontifical law subjects the priests to their bishops and prompts them to live according to [its rules]. Civil law forbids murder, theft, adultery and all other kinds of crime. Pontifical law forbids simony, voracious usury and clandestine marriages. And finally, civil law deters men from evil by fear of punishment and inspires them to the honour of virtue and glory by rewards, and pontifical law either severely punishes insubordinate men with excommunication or gives its adherents abundant hope and promises access to important offices. All, even the weakminded, know that nothing is more excellent and desirable than this benefit. I still have much more to say [today] about these two disciplines than I have managed to [so far]. At the time law. was divided into civil law, deriving from Roman law, and pontifical or canon law, consisting of the laws passed by the Church 4 "dignior"[15] Verum omnium scientiarum regina theologia me currentem subsistere cogit nec vult silentio praeteriri. Qua in re in quo animo fero mihi eam 1 vim dicendi deesse, ut eam pro ejus splendore et majestate dignis (10) praeconiis posse commendare. Quis autem est ita optimarum artium studio praeditus, ut hanc omnium scientiarum facile principem non modo meritis laudibus prosequi nequeat, sed ne minimum quidem ejus decorem attingere posse confidat, quae eo illustrior et 2 praestantior habeatur, quo magis (15) ad veram et 3 ingenuam naturam hominis 4 accedat. 5 Nam, ut ait Ovidius, Nempe quis 6 ambigat nos natura ad hoc 7 institutos esse, ut ait Lactantius, ut eo (20) mentem dirigamus, quo vultus est erectus et quo corporis natura nos provocat. Haec autem sola, de qua agimus, nos ad caelestem regnum 8 perducit 9 . Haec enim summum thronum omnipotentis dei et omnem ordinem 10 caelestis hierarchiae 11 docet intueri. Haec enim eo usque nos rapit, ut ea contemplemus 12 , quae non (25) licet homini, ut ait Paulus, loqui. Haec suis professoribus et sequentibus 13 immortalitatem promittit. Hos autem, [qui 14 ] a suis 15 institutis aberrant, ad 16 poenas et tartari voragine 17 horrenda tortos 18 iri planum facit.[START_REF] Hinc | est quod Archimedes, summus ille mathematicus, captis a Claudio Marcello Syracusis ac 1 hostili concessis, tanta cupiditate formis in pulvere (5) scriptis intentus quod supervenientis militis, a quo interfectus est, impetum et diruptionem non senserit. Inde est, quod Solon, unus ex Graeciae septem sapientibus, gloriari solebat se addiscendo senem 2 fieri. Hinc etiam factum fuit, quod Carneades tantam voluptatem ex crebra lectione aucupabatur, ut etiam inter (10) comedendum, quemadmodum ait Valerius Maximus 3 , se comedere debere fuisset oblitus. Quae haec, patres amplissimi, existimanda est voluptas, ut 4 etiam nos illius muneris immemores 5 facit, quod natura potissimum in nobis produxit? 1 hostili directe[END_REF]

	5 4 Cicero: De oratore, 1.8.33-34: To come, however, at length to the highest achievements of eloquence, what other power 1 Vergilius, Publius Vergilius Maro (70-19 BC): Roman poet 2 Vergilius: Aeneis, 7.44-45 3 "fabrica" could have been strong enough either to gather scattered humanity into one place, or to lead it out of its brutish existence in the wilderness up to our present condition of civilization as men and as citizens, or, after the establishment of social communities, to give shape to laws, tribunals, and civic rights? (Ut vero iam ad illa summa veniamus; quae vis alia potuit aut dispersos homines unum in locum congregare, aut a fera agrestique vita ad hunc humanum cultum civilemque deducere, aut, iam constitutis civitatibus, leges, iudicia, iura describere?). Note that Cicero is here speaking about the power of eloquence, not about justice! 5 1 quod K 2 em. Kisch 3 ad add. K 4 gubernando L 5 omit. K 6 ille K 7 debeat Kisch 8 prosequendas K 9 homicida L [14] 1 Lactantius Firmianus (ca. 240-ca. 320): early Christian author 2 Lactantius: Divinae institutiones, 3, 11, 2 os homini sublime dedit caelumque videre iussit et erectos ad sidera tollere vultus. [16] 1 omit. K 2 omit. L 3 omit. K 4 horum L 5 attendat K 6 que L 7 huc L 8 cognitionem L 9 producit L 10 omit. K 11 gerarchiae K, L 12 em.; contempleremus K; contemplens L 13 sequacibus K 14 em. 15 em.; suisque K, L 16 illeg. K, L 3 pronaque cum spectent animalia cetera terram, 17 illeg. add. in marg. K
	10 em. Kisch 18 tartaros L
	11 em. Kisch; quod K, L 19 Textus corruptus?

  Nunc postquam artium (29) liberalium, philosophiae, medicinae et una 1 cum theologia singulares {241r} praedixerimus utilitates, jam celeri passu properat oratio, ut earum voluptatem et ornamentum non silentio praetereamus. Officium animi esse, ait 2 Lactantius, ea subtilius cernere, quae acies corporalis nequit intueri. Afferenda 3 ergo 4 5 modo 6 (5) est mens 7 et ad cognitionem rerum occultarum 8 sublimanda. Quae autem -per deum immortalem -major voluptas aut delectatio esse potest, quam dum cujusque rei rationem 9 nobiscum consideremus aut cum aliis communicamus 10 ? Nam cum animo, quam 11 nobis 12 dedit natura, nullus sit cibus dulcior, nulla esca (10) jucundior, nullum suavius pabulum quam rerum cognitio, et quo frequentius eo utatur cibo, eo majore fruatur voluptate 13 , quo fit, ut omnes cum musis commercium habentes 14 voluptuariam vitam ducamus. Et existimemus, quod non 15 voluptuosius fieri possit 16 quam ex ipsa 17 sapientiae fonte (15) vel nos ipsos[START_REF]Inde est Homerus ille, primus et summus poetarum, non prius se ad scribendum (20) contulit, quam ad majorem orbis partem 1 videndam ivisset, quod plus se voluptatis inde capturum putavit, si haec oculis vidisset, de quibus sibi 2 scribendum constituit. Hinc etiam est, quod Gallus ille, Scipionis familiaris, tanta geometricarum ac astronomicarum descriptionum voluptate tenebatur, (25) ut cum noctu ad aliquid scribendum ingressum lux saepe deprehendetur 3 , vel cum mane coepisset nox eum (27) opprimet 4 potissimum cum mirum 5 in modum eum delectaret {241v} solis et lunae defectiones aequalibus suis multo ante praedicere. 1 orbis partem : partem orbis L 2 omit. K 3 deprehendentur K 4 opprimeret K 5 miris K[END_REF] potare[START_REF] Hinc | est quod Archimedes, summus ille mathematicus, captis a Claudio Marcello Syracusis ac 1 hostili concessis, tanta cupiditate formis in pulvere (5) scriptis intentus quod supervenientis militis, a quo interfectus est, impetum et diruptionem non senserit. Inde est, quod Solon, unus ex Graeciae septem sapientibus, gloriari solebat se addiscendo senem 2 fieri. Hinc etiam factum fuit, quod Carneades tantam voluptatem ex crebra lectione aucupabatur, ut etiam inter (10) comedendum, quemadmodum ait Valerius Maximus 3 , se comedere debere fuisset oblitus. Quae haec, patres amplissimi, existimanda est voluptas, ut 4 etiam nos illius muneris immemores 5 facit, quod natura potissimum in nobis produxit? 1 hostili directe[END_REF] vel alios potare 20 . Quid 21 dulcius quam, quod studio ipse tuo inveneris, id alteri impertire[START_REF]Dies me profecto deficiet, si hanc ipsam rem exemplis afferre conabor[END_REF] atque communicare. Ad quam quidem[START_REF] Qua Re | amplissimi 1 viri, cum tantam utilitatem, voluptatem, ornamentum (20) his praedictis 2 artibus inesse intelligatis, quis non 3 animari 4 , quis non mirari 5 , quis non 6 inflammari ad illas pro sua virili capescendas 7 debeat, quibus assiduis comitibus et tamquam ducibus nobis honores, emolumenta, gratiam et observantiam vendicare possumus? (25) Omnia vere haec pulchre assequamur, si omnia studio, cura, diligentia et 8 vigilantia atque {242v} omne 9 conatu, quae in has optimas artes et disciplinas incumbemus, talesque esse studebimus quales et haberi velimus et desideremus, nobisque 10 ante oculos doctissimos viros proponamus et in vitas (5) aliorum tamquam in speculum, quod vel ex usu fiet 11 inspiramus, ut idem Terentianus ille senex in Adelphis jussit filium facere, imitandumque 12 nobis esse putemus tum Pythagoram tum Platonem, qui cognoscendae veritatis gratiam (10) non solum Graeciam, sed Aegyptum et Asiae (10) magnam partem lustrare et summis laboribus atque sudoribus praeexcellentes evasere 13 , compluresque alios priscos philosophos, praesertim Cleanthem 14 illum, qui cum mirandae 15 philosophie sibi 16 ardet nec quemquam unum[END_REF] rem natura ipsa nos instituit et formavit, ut quod omnibus fructuosum[START_REF]Prius quos quidem si diligenti imitatione sequemur[END_REF] esset, id in medium summa cum ardore[et 25 ] alacritate profunderemus 26 .

	1 una cum em.; virium K, L
	2 ut L
	3 offerenda L
	4 ab add. K
	5 est L
	6 illeg. add. L
	7 meus L
	8 perocultarum L
	9 em.; et nationem add. K, L
	10 commitamus K
	11 illeg. add. K
	12 ubi K
	13 illeg. ubi add. K; nostre est add. L
	14 em.; habentibus K, L
	15 enim L
	16 posset L
	17 em.; ipso K, L
	18 nos ipsos em.; opere K, L
	19 em.; portare K, L
	20 em.; portare K, L
	21 em.; quod K, L
	22 omit. L
	23 quedam K
	24 fructuosissimum L
	25 em.

1 Ovidius: Metamorphoses, 1.84 2 Lactantius: Divinae institutiones, 3, 10. Translation quoted after the Advent edition 3 Lactantius: Divinae Institutiones, 3, 10. Translation quoted after the Advent edition 4 The Apostle Paul 5 2. Corinthians, 12, 4: Quoniam raptus est in paradisum: et audivit arcana verba, quae non licet homini loqui [17] 26 esset id … profunderemus omit. K

  1 nobis 2 huic plus quam 3 (15) omnes sui studiosos aut ex ignobilibus claros aut ex claris clarissimos et celebratissimos viros reddant, ... 4 ut ignores plusne ornamenti possesoribus suis addiderint 5 , aut plus ipsae a suis possesoribus accipiant. Ex quo innumerabiles 6 artium scriptores recenseri possunt, (20) quorum nomina una cum corporibus delesset vetustas, nisi illos 7 artes ipsae immortalitati dicassent 8 . Quod intelligens Alexander ille magnus momenti non minus ponebat in bonarum 9 artium cognitione quam 10 in tanto suo imperio, quo maximam orbis partem occupavit. Verum etiam suarum (25) expeditionum comites et commilitones semper habuit cum praeclaros philosophos tum 11 et praeclarissimorum 12 auctorum 13 (242r) codices, quibus omne ab armis otiosum tempus impenderet.[21] Qua re illud Demetrii 14 Phalerii praeceptum semper magnificum 15 ac 16 praeclarum putavi, quo vir sapentissimus Ptolomaeum, regem Aegyptiarum, admonuit, ut quam creberrime 17 (5) libros legeret et nunquam, quoad posset[START_REF]Inde est Homerus ille, primus et summus poetarum, non prius se ad scribendum (20) contulit, quam ad majorem orbis partem 1 videndam ivisset, quod plus se voluptatis inde capturum putavit, si haec oculis vidisset, de quibus sibi 2 scribendum constituit. Hinc etiam est, quod Gallus ille, Scipionis familiaris, tanta geometricarum ac astronomicarum descriptionum voluptate tenebatur, (25) ut cum noctu ad aliquid scribendum ingressum lux saepe deprehendetur 3 , vel cum mane coepisset nox eum (27) opprimet 4 potissimum cum mirum 5 in modum eum delectaret {241v} solis et lunae defectiones aequalibus suis multo ante praedicere. 1 orbis partem : partem orbis L 2 omit. K 3 deprehendentur K 4 opprimeret K 5 miris K[END_REF] , ex manibus dimitteret[START_REF] Hinc | est quod Archimedes, summus ille mathematicus, captis a Claudio Marcello Syracusis ac 1 hostili concessis, tanta cupiditate formis in pulvere (5) scriptis intentus quod supervenientis militis, a quo interfectus est, impetum et diruptionem non senserit. Inde est, quod Solon, unus ex Graeciae septem sapientibus, gloriari solebat se addiscendo senem 2 fieri. Hinc etiam factum fuit, quod Carneades tantam voluptatem ex crebra lectione aucupabatur, ut etiam inter (10) comedendum, quemadmodum ait Valerius Maximus 3 , se comedere debere fuisset oblitus. Quae haec, patres amplissimi, existimanda est voluptas, ut 4 etiam nos illius muneris immemores 5 facit, quod natura potissimum in nobis produxit? 1 hostili directe[END_REF] . Laudatus etiam semper est 20 ab optione quoque Alexandriae Caesar, quod historicis obeundis 21 viris 22 tamquam sapientissimos 23 consiliarios consulebat, ut si quid[START_REF]Prius quos quidem si diligenti imitatione sequemur[END_REF] hujuscemodi superiori 25 aetate bene factum esse 26 id vel usu probatum 27 vel (10) melius ac prudentius decerneret.

	1 nolentibus L
	2 vel K
	3 quod L
	4 text missing K, L
	5 addiderunt K
	6 in naturalibus K
	7 illas K, L
	8 ditassent L
	9 bonorum K
	10 quod L
	11 omit. L
	12 em.; preclarissimum K, L
	13 auctorem L
	14 Themetrii L
	15 omit. K
	16 atque K
	17 ut quam crebre : creberiorem L
	18 passim L
	19 dimittet K
	20 esset L
	21 abeundis K
	22 viribus L
	23 sapientissimas K
	24 quam L
	25 omit. L
	26 vel add. K
	27 probans K

  2 Alexander III the Great (356-323 BC): King of the Greek kingdom of Macedon. Created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to Egypt and into present-day Pakistan 3 Possibly a garbled version of this passage from Cicero: Pro Archia, 10.24: Quam multos scriptores rerum suarum magnus ille Alexander secum habuisse dicitur 4 Demetrius of Phalerum (ca. 350-ca. 280 BC): Athenian orator originally from Phalerum, one of the first Peripatetics.Ruled Athens for ten years. Exiled by his enemies in 307 BC, he stayed, after 297 BC, at the court of Alexandria. Wrote on the subjects of history, rhetoric and literary criticism.

5

Ptolemy I Soter (ca. 367-283 BC): Macedonian general of Alexander the Great, Ptolemy became ruler of Egypt (323-283/2 BC) and founded a dynasty 6 Julius Caesar, Gaius (100-44 BC): Roman general and statesman

81 orations, if the "Cum animadverto" is counted is a Piccolomini-oration, see oration "Quam laetus"[START_REF]Inde est Homerus ille, primus et summus poetarum, non prius se ad scribendum (20) contulit, quam ad majorem orbis partem 1 videndam ivisset, quod plus se voluptatis inde capturum putavit, si haec oculis vidisset, de quibus sibi 2 scribendum constituit. Hinc etiam est, quod Gallus ille, Scipionis familiaris, tanta geometricarum ac astronomicarum descriptionum voluptate tenebatur, (25) ut cum noctu ad aliquid scribendum ingressum lux saepe deprehendetur 3 , vel cum mane coepisset nox eum (27) opprimet 4 potissimum cum mirum 5 in modum eum delectaret {241v} solis et lunae defectiones aequalibus suis multo ante praedicere. 1 orbis partem : partem orbis L 2 omit. K 3 deprehendentur K 4 opprimeret K 5 miris K[END_REF], Appendix

Lhotsky: Wiener, p. 143: Die ars artium war für ihn [Piccolomini] die "Rhetorik" -sein lebhaft leichter lateinischer Stil, den er sich ohne Zweifel schon durch seine ersten Übungen in Studentenzeiten angeeignet hatte, um ihn allmählich zum schmiegsamen Instrument seiner individuellen Ausdrucksmöglichkeiten zu machen, und eben dieser war unlernbar, wenn er nicht zur Selbstentäusserung führen sollte

Lhotsky: Wiener, p. 143: So kommt es dass er die Grammatik meist nur kurz, in jener Rede vor der Universität gar nur mit einem Satze von kaum zwei Zeilen abtat. Sie war nicht seine Stärke: das wusste er selbst und die anderen merkten es

I.e. the building housing the faculty of law

I.e. the praise of law

Kisch, p. 57

Müllner, p. 65

Cicero: Orator, 120

Cicero: Tusculanae disputationes, 5, 66: Who in all the world, who enjoys merely some degree of communion with the Muses (Quis est omnium, qui modo cum Musis, id est cum humanitate et cum doctrina, habeat aliquod commercium)

Cf. Lhotsky: Wiener, p. 144: Aeneas Sylvius ist vielleicht nicht der erste Entdecker, aber doch der erste folgerichtige Vertreter der … Genusskomponente in der geistigen Arbeit

Lhotsky, Kisch, Wagendorfer

"From 1384 until 1629, there was no academic year in a strict sense, since all holders of academic offices (rectors, deans, heads of the four academic nations) were elected at the beginning of each semester. Thus their respective terms lasted for one semester only. Summer semester started on April 14th (the day of the saints Tiburtius and Valerianus), winter semester on October 13th (the day of St. Coloman)." Personal communication of 24 May 2016 from Mag. Thomas Maisel, University of Vienna

Voigt, II, p. 343

Heinig: Chronologisches, p. 1357

See the passage in which Piccolomini says: A quo pro vetusto more ne unicus descivisse puter, faciendum mihi esse sum ratus, ut illius muneris perfungar, quod susceptus hic locus jure suo videtur postulare, hoc est sapientiae juris commendationem. [Sect. 2]. Cf.Kisch, p. 57

In the Nova Structura built 1423-1425

Strnad, Wagendorfer, p. 23

The text of the colophon is: Explicit recommendatio artium liberalium Enee Silvii facta Wienne coram doctoribus et magistris feliciter

14th October, the Feast of Saint Coloman being the 13th

Kink, II, p. 141

Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106-43 BC): Roman statesman and author

Cicero: De inventione, 1.4.5: Ac mihi quidem videntur homines, cum multis rebus humiliores et infirmiores sint, hac re maxime bestiis praestare, quod loqui possunt.

Cicero: De oratore,1.8.32-33: Hoc enim uno praestamus vel maxime feris, quod colloquimur inter nos, et quod exprimere dicendo sensa possumus. Quam ob rem quis hoc non iure miretur, summeque in eo elaborandum esse arbitretur, ut, quo uno homines maxime bestiis praestent, in hoc hominibus ipsis antecellat?

Cicero: De oratore, 2.9.36

Francesco Barbaro: Introduction to Plutarch's Life of Aristides,(Pade, II,: Artes enim optimae, quae de moribus et praestantissimis institutis traditae sunt, apud omnes longe plus possunt, si vita ac factis clarissimorum hominum illustrantur. Quis enim dubitat ea, quae ab aliis gesta didicimus, quamquam admirabilia sint, faciliora nobis videri et promtius ad honestatem incitare, quam si praeceptione solum lentius disputentur?

Julius Caesar, Gaius (100-44 BC): Roman general and statesman. Imitated Alexander in endeavouring the create a world empire

: King of the Greek kingdom of Macedon. Created one of the largest empires of

Cicero: Tusculanae disputationes,1.26.64

"commendatisque nostris"

This is why Homer, 1 first and greatest among poets, did not begin to write before he had gone to visit most of the world, for he thought that he would gain more pleasure [from writing] if he had seen with his own eyes what he had decided to write about.

And this is why Gallus, 2 an intimate friend of Scipio, 3 took such pleasure in describing geometrical [issues] and astronomical [phenomena] that often the morning sun surprised him working on some chart which he had begun at night, and often night surprised him at a task begun at the break of day, taking much joy in telling his companions, long in advance, of eclipses of the sun and moon! 4 1 Homer: In the Western classical tradition, Homer is the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Most modern researchers place Homer in the 7th or 8th centuries BC 2 Gallus, Gaius Sulpicius: general, statesman and orator of the Roman Republic. Studied astronomy and gained great reputation for having predicted a lunar eclipse on the night before the Battle of Pydna (168 BC) [19] And this is why Archimedes, 1 the greatest of mathematicians, [died]. For when Claudius Marcellus 2 conquered Syracuse 3 and treated it as a hostile city, Archimedes was so occupied in studying the figures he had written in the sand that he did not notice the enemy soldier who approached and killed him, after having tried [in vain] to interrupt and warn him. 4 This is why Solon, 5 one of the seven wise men of Greece, used to boast that he grew old learning. 6 And this is why Carneades 7 took such delight in frequent reading that when eating, as Valerius Maximus 8 tells, he forgot that he had to eat. 9 Honourable fathers, how greatly should would we not estimate a pleasure which makes us forget even the greatest gift that nature has bestowed on us? 10 1 Archimedes of Syracuse (ca. 287-ca. 212 BC): Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer Generally considered the greatest mathematician of Antiquity 2 Claudius Marcellus, Marcus (ca. 268-208 BC): Roman statesman and general. Conquered the fortified city of Syracuse in a protracted siege during which Archimedes was killed 3 212 BC 4 Plutarch: Parallel lives / Marcellus, 19.4: But what most of all afflicted Marcellus was the death of Archimedes. For it chanced that he was by himself, working out some problem with the aid of a diagram, and having fixed his thoughts and his eyes as well upon the matter of his study, he was not aware of the incursion of the Romans or of the capture of the city. Suddenly a soldier came upon him and ordered him to go with him to Marcellus. This Archimedes refused to do until he had worked out his problem and established his demonstration, whereupon the soldier flew into a passion, drew his sword, and dispatched him. Others, however, say that the Roman came upon him with drawn sword threatening to kill him at once, and that Archimedes, when he saw him, earnestly besought him to wait a little while, that he might not leave the result that he was seeking incomplete and without demonstration; but the soldier paid no heed to him and made an end of him Cicero: De finibus bonorum et malorum, 5.19.50: What an ardour for study, think you, possessed Archimedes, who was so absorbed in a diagram he was drawing in the dust that he was unaware even of the capture of his native city! (Quem enim ardorem studi censetis fuisse in Archimede, qui dum in pulvere quaedam describit attentius, ne patriam quidem captam esse senserit!) 5 Solon (638-558 BC): Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet 6 Cicero: De Senectute, 8.26: Quid, qui etiam addiscunt aliquid, ut et Solonem versibus gloriantem videmus, qui se cotidie aliquid addiscentem dicit senem fieri 7 Carneades (214/3-128/9 BC): Greek philosopher belonging to the Academic skeptic school 8 Valerius Maximus (flourished in the 1 st c. under Emperor Tiberius): Roman writer and author of a collection of historical anecdotes 9 Valerius Maximus: Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri, 8.7.ext. 5: So marvellously had he devoted himself to the operations of learning that when he had lain down to take a meal, wrapped in thought he would forget to stretch out his hand to the table. (Idem illi vivendi ac philosophandi finis fuit, ita se mirificum doctrinae operibus addixerat, ut cum cibi capiendi causa recubuisset, cogitationibus inhaerens manum ad mensam porrigere oblivisceretur) NB: Also Burley, (Carneades), p. 212 10 In his oration "Non est apud me dubium" [6] to the parishioners of Aspach, written in 1445-1446, Piccolomini said: Moreover, God and Nature have given men nothing more precious than the mind, for through the mind we know what is good and what is evil, and through the mind we are like God. But nothing is more harmful to this divine gift and present than bodily pleasures: when lust prevails there is no place for moderation, and virtue cannot survive in the realm of pleasure. Whoever is immersed in the pleasures of sex, food and drink cannot use his mind properly nor achieve anything through reason and thought. [Sect. 53] 4. Conclusion [23] Therefore, distinguished men, as you see the great benefit, pleasure and distinction deriving from these arts that we have spoken of, who ought not be impressed and enflamed by them and inspired to pursue them with all their might? With them as constant companions and guides we shall be able to claim honourable offices, emoluments, favour and respect. For all these we shall acquire successfully if we pursue these excellent arts and disciplines with energy, dedication, diligence and zeal. So let us endeavour to be such as we wish and desire to be perceived, and let us put before our eyes the most learned of men and look at their lives as in a mirror in order to be inspired by them, just as the old man from Terence's 1 The Brothers 2 bade his son to do. 3 And let us imitate both Pythagoras 4 and Plato 5 who in order to acquire knowledge of the beauty 6 of truth not only visited Greece and Egypt and most of Asia and reached eminence through much labour and sweat. And let us also imitate many other of the old philosophers, and especially Cleanthes 7 who so burnt for admirable philosophy that he, not having anybody who would provide him with food, earnt money by working at night drawing water, as Valerius Maximus tells, so that during the day he might be free to study the teachings of Chrysippus, the greatest philosopher at that time.


Huijun Song

Lionel Roucoules

Benoît Eynard
email: benoit.eynard@utt.fr

Pascal Lafon

Prof Benoît

Interoperability between Cooperative Design Modeller and a CAD System: Software Integration versus Data Exchange

Keywords: CAD, Interoperability, Data Exchange, STEP, API

The data exchange between Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems is a crucial issue in concurrent engineering and collaborative design. The paper presents research works and techniques dealing with the interoperability of a Cooperative Design Modeller (CoDeMo), aiming at the integration of product lifecycle knowledge, and a commercial CAD system (CATIA V5). Two kinds of approaches are implemented in the considered case of CAD interoperability for exchanging geometric data, respectively: one is based on a traditional static interface, in which STEP AP203 standard is used; the other is based on a dynamic interface, in which Application Programming Interfaces (API) of the targeted CAD system is adopted. Both approaches should enhance the communication, exchange and sharing of product data

Introduction

The performance evolution of CAD systems during the last decades has made industries more and more competitive. Traditional CAD systems dealing mainly with the information on geometric modeling and topological analysis /1,2/ have proven to be excellent tools for designers and production engineers /3/. In recent years, some research works have been carried out in various aspects of product development to reinforce and extend the ability of traditional CAD systems, such as some expert systems oriented to early product design phase /4/, CAE and CAM systems, and so on. However, the models of these Computer-Aided x (CAx) systems are heterogeneous because they have been developed independently /5/. Different CAx systems are often found using different formats to display their results, implying a result file developed by a system can hardly be processed by another system /3/. The problem of the format mismatch causes isolation of these systems. As concurrent engineering and collaborative design requires shorter lead-time and faster answer to the market demand, a close interoperability between systems supporting product development is needed, and an efficient product data exchange between these CAx systems becomes a crucial issue in order to implement this interoperability /6-8/.

Generally, there are two major approaches for information sharing among different CAx systems. One is the static interface based on standard data exchange such as STEP, IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specifications) and DXF (Drawing Exchange Format), which translate models through a neutral file. A snap shot of the model is exchanged. The other approach is to implement the dynamic interface by standardized API /9/. Whereas the static interface deals with the content and structure of data, the dynamic interface provides solid modelling and geometric operations /10/.

A Cooperative Design Modeler (CoDeMo) is a research prototype supporting co-operative and integrated design methodology /11,12/. It mainly allows every design actors to share a unique database owing to a formal exchange network. The modeler provides a graphic user interface to add, edit or modify data. Moreover the modeler manages the shared database in order to realize heavy design tasks as data propagation or data consistency management. In this research work, the interoperability of a Cooperative Design Modeler (CoDeMo) and a commercial CAD system (CATIA V5) is discussed. The objective is on the one hand to show the benefit of the interoperability of different CAx systems; on the other hand to evaluate the possible approaches for this aim.

The interoperability is carried out by translating the product geometric definition from CoDeMo toward CATIA V5. The two approaches of data exchange above mentioned have been implemented in this work. In detail, between the two considered CAx systems, STEP AP203 standard is used as the static interface and CAA-API (Component Application Architecture Application Programming Interface) is adopted to implement a dynamic interface, respectively. A case study is carried out to test, demonstrate and discuss the efficiency of the proposed methods. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 is an introduction to CoDeMo and its integration with CATIA V5. Section 3 briefly describes the STEP standard and Application Protocol 203, then the development of a STEP-based translator is detailed. An outline of CAA-API is presented and the translator based on it is described in Section 4. The two proposed approaches for data exchange are compared in Section 5. Finally, the conclusions and the future works are presented.

Interoperability between CoDeMo and CAD System

Introduction of CoDeMo

Product lifecycle knowledge integration is the kernel and core factor leading to success of concurrent engineering. Its objective is to increase the speed of product development process and to improve the quality of designed product by taking into account a maximum of knowledge and expertise during the engineering design phase /12/. This knowledge comes from all the experts involved in the product life cycle. Moreover, this design methodology allows the simultaneous progress of design tasks gathering all the experts to exchange and communicate on the design project /13/.

Multiple-view modelling is used to organize different aspects of product lifecycle knowledge in concurrent engineering /14-16/. CoDeMo is a research prototype aiming at multiple-view product modeling /17/. It supports designers to carry out a top-down product development process in different views (e.g. technology view, geometric view, manufacturing view, etc.) and build the relationships between those views. In CoDeMo, product data are formalized as features described by their characteristics and behaviors. Features define a knowledge model and each one is specific to a design point of view. The used modeling language in the multiple-view modeling is based on: Components, Links and Relations objects. These three objects structure the product data in order to manage the data consistency. Thus, a good structuring of the product data is obtained. The modeling language structures relationship between product lifecycle knowledge and the product data are formalized with features. Based on this approach, product lifecycle knowledge can be summarized in formalizing information with the modeling language. Indeed, product data are then well known as feature, and well structured as multiple-view breakdown. Figures 1 and2 respectively show the product model and an example product breakdown.

Interoperability Framework

In this work, the interoperability between CoDeMo and a commercial CAD system -CATIA V5 (in this work has been chosen regarding the research team know-how and some industrial requirements) is considered, and the data exchange about geometric definition between these two systems will be our concern in this paper.

Figure 3 shows the interoperability framework of CoDeMo and CATIA V5 /18/. The proposed framework aims at improving and simplifying the data exchange during the product development process requiring nowadays numerous CAD systems. Those improvements deal with the aid to designers for being more efficient by reducing the translation time, by improving the quality and re-usability of the translated data, and by minimizing the direct data processing by the designers.

Fig. 3: Interoperability Framework of CoDeMo and CAD system

There are two levels in this framework. The chosen modelling techniques are described on the modelling level: multiple-view modelling is used to embed product lifecycle knowledge and expertise (design, analysis, process planning, manufacturing, assembly, etc.) into the description of form features; traditional CAD modelling is adopted to describe the geometric and topological information and to enable the analysis. Correspondingly on the implementation level, the used modelers include

CoDeMo and a CAD system (CATIA V5 in the case study).

Two kinds of approaches are used for exchanging product data between these two systems (modeller). STEP AP203 standard, as a static interface, offers an efficient mechanism of product data exchange between heterogeneous systems /19/. CAA-API of CATIA V5, as a dynamic interface, provides a powerful and flexible way for the integration between Dassault Systèmes software and other systems. In the first way, the STEP neutral file format is used to communicate geometric data. In the second way, a file of CATIA V5 format is directly produced by CAA-API according to the corresponding CoDeMo file. ISO 10303 is an international standard for the computer-interpretable representation and exchange of product data /20/. The objective is to provide a neutral mechanism able to describe product data through the life cycle of a product, independent of any particular system /21,22/. The nature of this description makes it suitable for neutral file exchange, but also as a basis for implementing and sharing product database and archiving.

Multiple-view modelling CAD modelling

CoDeMo

AP 203 of ISO 10303 -STEP specifies an application protocol (AP) for the use of product data within a defined context which satisfies an industrial need to exchange configuration-controlled 3D product design data of mechanical parts and assemblies /19/. According to the STEP standard, AP203 data may be exchanged as physical files which are a textual encoding of the product data (ASCII). The syntax and organisation of data in STEP physical files is described in /23/.

STEP-based translator

Figure 4 shows the STEP-based integration between CoDeMo and the CAD system. The concerned information generated by CoDeMo is translated into STEP file format by a translator, and then, this STEP file can directly be opened by any CAD system implementing STEP interface (in the case study CATIA V5). As the translator is developed with the objective of demonstrating feasibility, so it does not aimed to be exhaustive. Currently, its development focused upon the translation of some basic geometric objects and their assemblies.

STEP neutral file

Here, the benefit of encapsulating the syntax of STEP file into classes is that it is not necessary to care about the details of the STEP codes. The needed data are the specification some required parameters (e.g. diameter of circle, length of cylinder, etc.), the definition the object (e.g. circle, cylinder, etc.) and then the program calls the right member function. In addition, this class hierarchy is easy to extend. A new class, which may be about a part or an assembly, can be derived from some existing class so that it will have the unified accessing interface.



Writing module: This module writes the generated STEP codes as an ASCII physical file. This file can directly be read and edited by any CAD system implementing STEP standard interface. Currently, the exchange of parameterized STEP models is under processed /24/. These new developments of the STEP standard will provide much more reusable neutral CAD files. In this work, the CAA-API has been used for developing a closer interoperability of CoDeMo and CATIA in a CAD/CAM framework.

STEPbased

CAAAPIbased

CoDeMo

CAA-API based translator

The communication between CoDeMo and CATIA based on CAA-API is a kind of direct connection. No neutral file is created in this translation process. The required internal data format of CATIA V5R9 (e.g. CATPart file, .CATProduct file, etc.) is directly generated according to some necessary parameters included in the CoDeMo file.

The architecture of the CAA-API based translator is also shown in Figure 5 (CAAAPI-based part of the picture). The data reading module for this translator is the same than that of the counterpart of the STEP-based translator. In the translation module, the required parameters extracted from the source CoDeMo file are used to call the CAA-APIs to generate the corresponding CATIA file. In the writing module, a file with the internal data format of CATIA V5R9 is generated, which can only be read by the CATIA V5 system.

It should be underlined that all the CAA related developments in this work have been carried out without the support of CAA RADE. The environment of Windows 2000 Professional and Microsoft Visual Studio VC++ 6.0 are set manually according to the requirement of CAA development.

Case study

A design case study is detailed in this section in order to demonstrate the applicability of the both translators and to discuss their strength and weakness. During this case study, an assembly is considered which consists of two parts (Figure 5). The "shaft" part is defined in the file format of CoDeMo as shown on Figure 6. The values of each attribute is represented with an interval, which allows giving tolerance information in design activities, according to the constraints programming approach included in CoDeMo.

{ axe

At the beginning of the translation process, these CoDeMo codes are read line by line by the data reading module, and then, the required parameters are extracted during the parsing process. In this case, three parameters are obtained: center1(0,-20,0), center2(0,10,0), and radius 12.

STEP-based translation process

A cylinder object is defined with the extracted parameters and its unified interface is accessed in order to generate the required STEP codes: CCylindrical_surface_segment Css(center1,center2, radius),

Css.GetSTEPCode(…)

CCylindrical_surface_segment is the class name, which encapsulates the logics for generating a cylinder object. Css is an user defined instance of the class, and the member funtion GetSTEPCode() is the unified interface of the class. A part of the generated physical STEP file is shown on Figure 7.

#71=CARTESIAN_POINT('Axis2P3D Location',(-5.,0.,0.)); #72=DIRECTION('Axis2P3D Direction',(0.,1.,0.)); … #84=CYLINDRICAL_SURFACE('generated cylinder',#54,6.); … Fig. 7: Example of the Generated Physical STEP File These STEP codes are written into the objective file (.stp) by the writing module.

The objective file can be read by most of the commercial CAD software (CATIA, Pro/ENGINEER, SolidWorks, etc.).

CAA-API based translation process

There are two steps in this CAA-API based translation process. The first step is to generate the section 2D circle, and the second step is to create the extrusion from the circle as shown on Figure 8 in which CreateCircle and CreatePad are two CAAAPIs.

CatiaCircles[1]= sketchFactory2D->CreateCircle(centre1, radius), CATISpecObject_var spSpecObj = spPrtFactOnPrtCont->CreatePad(…), spPadOnSpecObj->ModifyStartOffset(…),

Fig. 8: Example of the CAAAPIs Implementation

The result of the CAAAPI-based translator is a file with the internal file format of CATIA. This file can be viewed and edited only throught the CATIA system.

The translation process of the second part in the assembly is similar to that of the first one, and it is not detailed here. Figure 9 shows the translation process of the assembly case in STEP-based and CAAAPI-based approach, respectively. The arrows between the modules of each translator detail the used treatments to read, extract or write data embedded in the various used file formats (CoDeMo, STEP, .CATProduct).

CATIA V5 screen shot CATIA V5 screen shot

Generality and functionality

In a static interface approach (e.g. STEP based), the data exchange between different CAD systems is implemented via a neutral file (e.g. STEP file) as a transition. The neutral file is generated according to a data exchange standard, and the neutral file format is not dependent on any CAD system. Nowadays, most of the commercial CAD systems can process the file compliance with a neutral format like STEP or IGES. So, the translator based on a static interface approach (data exchange standard) provides a robust "write-once, read everywhere" solution for the integration of different CAD systems. Current developments of STEP standard will allow the reuse of exchanged CAD including parameterization. During the data exchange process with a dynamic interface approach (e.g. CAAAPI based), the source file (e.g.

CoDeMo file

) is translated into the target file (e.g. CATIA file) directly by standardized APIs which are provided with the CAD system. As we know, different CAD systems are often found using different file formats, so the translator based on a dynamic interface approach varies with the related CAD systems. Then, considering the CAAAPI-based translator, it is oriented to the specific integration task, which is, of course, Dassault Systèmes-related. Theoretically, 2 n C translators are needed for the integration of n heterogeneous CAD systems.

Currently, a data exchange standard addresses an extraction of a large number of specific applications. It formalizes the common properties of all the relevant applications. This characteristic of a standard results in the ignorance of the details specific to the applications. This is the prerequisite for the "write-once, read everywhere" solution. Generally, the process for generating a CAD object strongly depends on the used CAD system. In order that the design issues of a CAD system can be shared with other CAD systems, the modeling process has to be ignored in the exchanged file. For example, the STEP file is neutral and it describes only the final result of the CAD modeling. All the modeling process in the design history (e.g. intermediate issues) can currently not be kept in a STEP file. Obviously, this limitation causes that some parts of the design issues can not be edited. It should be mentioned that the current developments of STEP aims at solving those matters including parameters, constraints or model history /25/.

In the dynamic interface approach, all the operations provided by a CAD system are encapsulated into APIs. All the procedures performed in the environment of a CAD system can recur by programming on APIs. This characteristic makes it possible that the design operations performed in the source CAD system can be translated (via API-based translator) into the counterpart in the target CAD system. So, the information on the design process can be kept between CAD systems. For example, the cylinder object is modeled with two steps in the case study: generate the sketch 2D circle, and create the extrusion of the circle. These two operations are reconstructed in the target CATIA file by CAA-API and the design history can be modified. Figure 10 shows the STEP file and CAA-API based target file opened in CATIA. Fig. 10: Target file in CATIA with STEP and CAAAPI Approaches

Developing Skills

In the specification and programming of a static interface, the developers works are mainly focused onto the redefinitions of the data structures specified in the considered data exchange standard (e.g. EXPRESS definitions of the entities described in the relevant STEP standard parts). So, being familiar with the data exchange standard (STEP, IGES, DXF, etc.) and a programming environment for developers are necessary for this kind of interoperability implementation. Currently, many commercial programming environments are fulfilling this task, such as Visual C++, Visual Basic, and Borland Delphi. Then, the developer has a large freedom to choose a developing tool.

In the development of a dynamic interface, most of the works are concentrated on the API calling process to generate required CAD objects in a development environment. Peoples in charge of software developments should be accomplished in some API architecture, and a programming environment. Generally, APIs provided by commercial CAD systems are difficult to read and understand, and the corresponding developing tools are specific (e.g. RADE). So the software developers will spend much time on the study of APIs and specific developing tool (e.g. setting the developing environment manually is also a difficult process like that in our work).

Debugging is the most time consuming activity in a program developing process.

When developing a static interface, the program debugging can be carried out completely in a developing tool (e.g. considering CATIA V5 case study VC++ and MSDN). When developing a dynamic interface, the program debugging is related to not only the developing tool but also the specific APIs, and the documents (e.g. VC++, MSDN, CAA APIs and CAA encyclopedia).

To summarize, both approaches have their advantages and disadvantages. The main advantage of STEP-based translator is that it provides a real open and generic format to any CAD system while the CAAAPI-based one only addresses the CATIA V5. Regarding the CAAAPI-based translator, it offers valuable possibilities to create many kind of 3D data directly in CATIA V5, and to access to whole the available modules in this system. Then, the approach choice depends on the end-user needs of the application and is specific to the nature of the targeted case study also. Of course, if the system is seen as a black box interfacing with any kind of CAD system, the static interface will be the only relevant choice to be implemented for application interoperability.

Conclusions

This paper has detailed the development of two kinds of translators based on a static interface and a dynamic interface for the data exchange for CAD systems interoperability. STEP AP203 standard is used as the static interface, and CAA-API is adopted to implement a dynamic interface between a multiple-view product modeler system -CoDeMo and a commercial CAD system (CATIA V5). Future research works may focus on the combination of static interface and dynamic interface. It includes two aspects: to implement a future STEP schema for recording parameterizations, constraints, and history information; to develop preprocessor and post-processor using API.

Fig. 1 :Fig. 2 :

 12 Fig. 1: Relationship between Data Model and Knowledge Model for Specifying Product Model

Fig. 4 :

 4 Fig. 4: STEP-based Exchange between CoDeMo and CAD system

Figure 5

 5 Figure 5 shows the architecture of the STEP-based translator (the second translator

Fig. 5 :

 5 Fig. 5: Architecture of translators (STEP based and CAA-API based)

Fig. 6 :

 6 Fig. 6: Example of CoDeMo File Format

Fig. 9 :

 9 Fig. 9: Translation Processes between CoDeMo and CATIA V5

  After the translator's development and application, their comparison has led to the following main conclusions:  Considering a static interface, only the final result of the 3D part modelling can be translated through a neutral file between CAD systems. Then, this kind of approach has strong generality and its implementation would greatly decrease the number of translators in the interoperability environment. The development of the translator is relatively easy, because many commercial programming environments are fulfilling with the encapsulation of data structures of a data exchange standard. It remains complicated to have a full understanding of STEP due to the volume of information and spread of concepts inherent of the standard.  Considering a dynamic interface, not only the design result but also the 3D part modelling can be shifted between CAD systems. This kind of translator is always for a specific application, because different CAD systems often use different file formats. The development of the translator is relatively difficult, because the development tool related to a dynamic interface (APIs) is fully specific and APIs architecture is often difficult to read and understand.