Tuan Anh Phan
email: anh-tuan.phan@uha.fr

Patrice Wira
email: patrice.wira@uha.fr

Gilles Hermann
email: gilles.hermann@uha.fr

Anh Tuan Phan

A dedicated

Keywords: State-Space Model, Power Systems, Power Quality, Parameter Estimation, Unbalance, Symmetrical Components, Fundamental Frequency Tracking, Extend Kalman Filter

HAL is

Introduction

In ideal power distribution systems, an electrical signal like a voltage or a current is a single, constant-frequency sinusoid. However and in practice, electrical signals are disturbed and distorted. Indeed, electrical signals are influenced by noise and composed of the sum of harmonically related sinusoids, i.e., the fundamental-frequency term and higher-order frequency terms called harmonics [START_REF] Arrillaga | Power System Harmonic Analysis[END_REF]. The frequency values of the harmonics are multiples of the fundamental frequency. The main frequency value rarely stays constant; some devices can generate reactive power and cause unbalanced voltage situations in the case of multiphase systems [START_REF] Gonen | Electric Power Distribution Engineering[END_REF]. The electric utilities are expected to provide continuous and quality power to the customers, i.e., with specified voltage and frequency limits. This is referred to as power quality [START_REF] Baggini | Handbook of Power Quality[END_REF], [START_REF] Dugan | Electrical Power Systems Quality[END_REF]. Mathematically, power quality can be defined with a set of several parameters and indicators, obviously, some of them have a physical interpretation [START_REF] De La Rosa | Harmonics, Power Systems, and Smart Grids[END_REF]. Estimating and monitoring these parameters in real-time allows to prevent against troubles and failures [START_REF] Huang | Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using robust extended complex kalman filter[END_REF] ; actions can thus be operated in an appropriate way [START_REF] Ould Abdeslam | A unified artificial neural network architecture for active power filters[END_REF], [START_REF] Shayeghi | Load frequency control strategies: A state-ofthe-art survey for the researcher[END_REF].

The fundamental frequency is a key parameters of a power system. In realworld applications, the frequency value varies according to the power demand. Indeed, the fundamental frequency rises if the power generation is higher than the power demand and falls otherwise. The power generation and demand vary continuously and lead to small fundamental frequency variations.

A three phase power system is balanced if its three phase currents (and three phase voltages) are equal in magnitudes and phase-shifted by 120 • from each other; if not, the system is unbalanced. Unbalance conditions come from the uneven distribution of single-phase loads, asymmetrical transformer winding impedances, asymmetrical transmission impedances, unbalanced and overloaded equipment [START_REF] Von Jouanne | Assessment of voltage unbalance[END_REF]. Sometimes, they can be the consequence of asymmetrical faults such as line to ground, two lines to ground, or line to line connections. The unbalance of a power system causes power loss, heating, bad performance of induction machines and power electronic converters and drives [START_REF] Von Jouanne | Assessment of voltage unbalance[END_REF]. Theory of symmetrical components is a powerful tool to analyze unbalance conditions [START_REF] Blackburn | Symmetrical Components for Power Systems Engineering[END_REF], therefore identifying the symmetrical components plays an important rule in improving the reliability and stability of power systems.

The objective of this work is to model the three phase signals of a power system even under unbalanced conditions with an original state-space representation. A new state-space is therefore developed and an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is associated for estimating the states in real-time. Therefore, the proposed model yields to estimate the fundamental frequency and to identify the symmetrical components of the power system, i.e., their amplitudes and phase angles. The method can be inserted in an Active Power Filtering (APF) scheme for real-time operations as represented by Fig. 1. This means that the estimated parameters can be used in power quality enhancement strategies.

The organization of this paper is as follows. In Sect. 2, important issues in power quality, frequency estimation and symmetrical components are highlighted. In Sect. power system is introduced. The proposed state-space associated to a Kalman filter implementation is proposed in Sect. 4 in order to estimate the fundamental frequency and the symmetrical components. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated for frequency estimation in Sect. 5 and for symmetrical components estimation in Sect. 6. Some concluding remarks are stated in Sect. 7.

2 Power quality parameters

System's parameters

Grid voltage conditions such as phase, amplitude and frequency determine the proper operation of a grid connected system. In such applications, a fast and accurate detection of the phase angle, frequency and amplitude of the grid voltage is essential. These factors, together with the implementation simplicity and the cost are all important when examining the credibility of monitoring and compensation strategy. Therefore an ideal parameter estimation scheme must be used to promptly and smoothly track the grid behavior through vari-ous short-term disturbances and long term disturbances and to set the energy transfer between the grid and the power converter. The energy must also be shared properly into the phases of multiphase systems. The power generation and demand vary continuously. A part of the energy generation is difficult to be controlled or even to be predicted, i.e., energy from renewable sources. On the other side, energy absorbed by loads depends on the users through domestic or industrial facilities. A power distribution system can thus be considered as a non-stationary process and Fourier's theory can therefore not be used.

The three voltages of a discrete three-phase power system can be expressed by the following general formulation:

   v a (k) = V a sin(ωkT s + φ a ) v b (k) = V b sin(ωkT s + φ b ) v c (k) = V c sin(ωkT s + φ c ) ( 1
)
where ω is the angular speed, k is the iteration number and T s stands for the sampling period. This system can be either balanced or unbalanced. It can be seen that the amplitudes V a , V b and V c are not necessary equal and that the phase angles φ a , φ b and φ c are not necessary shifted from 2π 3 each other. Additionally, the frequency reference of this system is given by ω = 2πf with f the fundamental frequency subject to variations.

Fundamental frequency estimation

Online fundamental frequency estimation, and moreover power systems' parameters identification can be achieved according to various methods and models. The simple zero-crossing technique [START_REF] Mendon | Least squares optimization of zero crossing technique for frequency estimation of power system grid distorted sinusoidal signals[END_REF] however is sensitive to noise and harmonics. Robust Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) methods have been developed [START_REF] Shinnaka | A robust single-phase pll system with stable and fast tracking[END_REF], [START_REF] Liccardo | Robust and fast three-phase pll tracking system[END_REF], but they need a time-delay. Fourier's theory and Discrete Fourier Transforms (DFT) have been used like in [START_REF] Yang | A precise calculation of power system frequency[END_REF], however they suppose the signals to be stationary. Beside frequency-domain methods, some timedomain methods are also good candidates. Some are reviewed thereafter. Each different method assumes different signal models but should be able to cope with real-time demands, i.e., changing operation conditions, varying environmental influences, and drifts. Indeed, they have to be adaptive by tacking into account the latest measured signals from the electric grid, i.e., the voltages and currents. Furthermore, they have to be compliant with severe environments: The presence of noise, higher-order harmonics, unbalanced conditions.

For example, the adaptive Prony's method [START_REF] Reza | Power quality analysis using piecewise adaptive prony's method[END_REF] tries to model a single phase voltage/current as a sum of exponential functions in order to estimate the frequencies, amplitudes and phases of the fundamental and harmonic components. State-space models have been designed for estimating the fundamental frequency iteratively. The state-space is build from a single phase voltage in [START_REF] Huang | Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using robust extended complex kalman filter[END_REF], three phase voltages are taken into account in [START_REF] Dash | Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using extended complex kalman filter[END_REF]. However, all these models only deal with either a single phase of a power system (as the ones in [START_REF] Reza | Power quality analysis using piecewise adaptive prony's method[END_REF], [START_REF] Huang | Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using robust extended complex kalman filter[END_REF]) or a balanced three phase power system (as in [START_REF] Dash | Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using extended complex kalman filter[END_REF]).

Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithms which exploit the harmonic structure of the sinusoidal signal have been successfully developed in [START_REF] Pradhan | Power system frequency estimation using least mean square technique[END_REF]. In [START_REF] Chan | Accurate frequency estimation for real harmonic sinusoids[END_REF], the MUSIC approach has been applied, based on an initial estimate and an optimally weighted least squares cost function. Time-frequency methods are able to estimate the fundamental frequency under some conditions [START_REF] Boashash | Time-frequency signal analysis and instantaneous frequency estimation: methodology, relationships and implementations[END_REF]. Another time-domain based power system frequency estimation algorithm has been proposed in [START_REF] Seyedi | A new time-domain based power system frequency estimation algorithm[END_REF]. This approach relies on the discrete forms of voltage signal and a wavelet transform has been implemented for de-noising the signal before processing. The wavelet transform has the advantage over the Fourier transform that is the ability to maintain time-domain information of the signals. Using a variable window size, wavelets are able to detect both high and low frequency contents of signals. Beside, the Kalman Filter (KF) is known to be an efficient tool for estimating and tracking frequencies in power systems [START_REF] Dash | Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using extended complex kalman filter[END_REF], [START_REF] Phan | Online frequency estimation in power systems: A comparative study of adaptive methods[END_REF]. Of course, KF schemes rely on an appropriate state-space model, i.e., that is able to precisely reproduce the behavior of the considered system. The extended KF has been recently modified in [START_REF] Rubio | Acquisition system and analytic fuzzy model of a manufactured wind turbine[END_REF], [START_REF] Rubio | Adaptive least square control in discrete time of robotic arms[END_REF], [START_REF] Rubio | Least square neural network model of the crude oil blending process[END_REF], [START_REF] Fu | Fast detection of impact location using kernel extreme learning machine[END_REF] for the online learning of nonlinear systems. A KF with a linear quadratic regulator is proposed in [START_REF] Kanieski | x00Fc, ndling: Kalman filter-based control system for power quality conditioning devices[END_REF] to improve the power quality by taking into account grid perturbations such as load variations, frequency deviation, voltage distortion, line impedance, unbalance, and measurement noise.

Non-parametric methods can also be considered for estimating the parameters of a power systems. Specific neural approaches have shown good capabilities in estimating the fundamental frequency of electrical systems [START_REF] Dash | An adaptive neural network approach for the estimation of power system frequency[END_REF], [START_REF] Halbwachs | Adaline-based approaches for time-varying frequency estimation in power systems[END_REF]. Other data-driven approach or even evolving auto-regressive models can be used [START_REF] Kalhor | Potential of evolving ar and arx models in signal recovering[END_REF], [START_REF] Toubakh | Hybrid dynamic data-driven approach for driftlike fault detection in wind turbines[END_REF]. Their potential in signal recovering are sometimes counterbalanced by their computational costs.

Symmetrical components for unbalance modeling

The system in Eq. 1 can always be expressed as an unique sum of symmetrical components [START_REF] Akagi | Instantaneous Power Theory and Applications to Power Conditioning[END_REF], [START_REF] Blackburn | Symmetrical Components for Power Systems Engineering[END_REF]:

  v a (k) v b (k) v c (k)   =   V + sin(ωkT s + φ + ) V + sin(ωkT s + φ + -2π 3 ) V + sin(ωkT s + φ + + 2π 3 )   +   V -sin(ωkT s + φ -) V -sin(ωkT s + φ -+ 2π 3 ) V -sin(ωkT s + φ --2π 3 )   +   V o sin(ωkT s + φ o ) V o sin(ωkT s + φ o ) V o sin(ωkT s + φ o )   . (2)
In the previous expression, the positive components are written with subscripts +, the negative components with -and the zero components with o. These components are defined by their amplitudes and their phase angles. The system in Eq. 1 is balanced when V -= V o = 0 (this configuration represents a three-phase, balanced, positive sequence system) or when V + = V o = 0 (this represents a three-phase, balanced, negative sequence system).

Any three-phase voltages can be converted into the two-dimensional αβreference frame with the Clarke transformation by using:

C = 2 3    1 0 -1 2 √ 3 2 -1 2 - √ 3 2    . (3)
The positive, negative and zero components can be converted in the αβreference frame:

v + α v + β = C T   V + sin (ωkT s + φ + ) V + sin (ωkT s + φ + -2π 3 ) V + sin (ωkT s + φ + + 2π 3 )   , (4)
v - α v - β = C T   V -sin (ωkT s + φ -) V -sin (ωkT s + φ -+ 2π 3 ) V -sin (ωkT s + φ --2π 3 )   , (5)
v o α v o β = 0 . (6)
As it can be seen, the zero component in the αβ-reference frame is eliminated.

The corresponding complex expressions of the positive and negative components are respectively calculated from Eq. 4 and Eq. 5 and yield to:

v + (k) = v + α (k) + jv + β (k) = A + e jωkTs . (7)
v

-(k) = v - α (k) + jv - β (k) = A -e -jωkTs . (8)
With the Clarke transformation, the resulting complex expression of the three phase signals is the sum of the complex voltages corresponding to the positive, negative and zero components and is:

v(k) = A + e jωkTs + A -e -jωkTs . (9)
3 A state-space for modeling unbalanced power systems

Proposed state-space

An original state-space model is developed thereafter. This model does not require the fundamental frequency value and is able to represent any threephase power system in both balanced and unbalanced conditions. This is not the case of lots of existing models. The advantage of the proposed state-space representation is that it gives directly access to some physical parameters of the system, like the value of the fluctuating fundamental frequency [START_REF] Phan | A new state-space for unbalanced three-phase systems: Application to fundamental frequency tracking with kalman filtering[END_REF] and the amplitude and phase values of the voltage symmetrical components [START_REF] Phan | Kalman filtering with a new state-space model for three-phase systems: Application to the identification of symmetrical components[END_REF].

The three following states are chosen to define the state-space corresponding to a three-phase power system:

   q 1 (k) = e jωkTs = cos(ωkT s ) + j sin(ωkT s ) q 2 (k) = A + e jωkTs q 3 (k) = A -e -jωkTs (10)
Variables q 1 (k), q 2 (k) and q 3 (k) stands for the states of the system; they have a physical interpretation. Thus, q 2 (k) and q 3 (k) respectively represent the positive and negative components of the three phase system given by Eq. 1. In addition, q 1 (k) represents the variation of the phase angle of q 2 (k) and q 3 (k) between two consecutive iterations. The consequence is that these three states can model not only balanced but also unbalanced three phase systems.

By writing q 1 (k +1), q 2 (k +1) and q 3 (k +1) as functions of q 1 (k), q 2 (k) and q 3 (k), the states can be expressed in an iterative way leading to the following state-space model with a scalar output:

  q 1 (k + 1) q 2 (k + 1) q 3 (k + 1)   =   1 0 0 0 q 1 (k) 0 0 0 1 q1(k)     q 1 (k) q 2 (k) q 3 (k)   , (11)
y(k) = 0 1 1 q 1 (k) q 2 (k) q 3 (k) T . ( 12
)
The model proposed by Eq. 11 is able to describe any general three-phase power system, i.e., balanced or unbalanced. The implicit assumption about this model is that choosing e jωkTs as a state remains to consider its evolution as linear between two time samples [START_REF] Phan | Kalman filtering with a new state-space model for three-phase systems: Application to the identification of symmetrical components[END_REF].

Obviously, it can be inserted in an iterative identification scheme in order to estimate in real-time the states and the parameters of any evolving power system.

Utilization of the proposed state-space with an EKF scheme

The proposed state-space given by Eq. 11 is nonlinear and can be used in the implementation of an EKF scheme. The state vector to be estimated is q(k) = q 1 (k) q 2 (k) q 3 (k)

T ; Eq. 11 and Eq. 12 can respectively be rewritten with the following general expressions:

q(k + 1) = F(k, q(k)) + ν 1 (k) , (13)
y(k) = C(k, q(k)) + ν 2 (k) , (14)
where ν 1 (k) and ν 2 (k) are uncorrelated, zero-mean, white noises. The output vector y(k) is supposed to be known or measured from the system. The functions F() or C() are non-linear functions that represent the dynamics of the system whose states have to be estimated. The EKF is used to estimate the state vector by minimizing the Mean Squared Error (MSE) based on the real values of the state vector. This error is updated iteratively by error-correction for estimating the states [START_REF] Lewis | Optimal and Robust Estimation: With an Introduction to Stochastic Control Theory[END_REF].

The recursive equations of the discrete EKF are recapitulated [START_REF] Haykin | Adaptive Filter Theory, 3rd edn. Prentice Hall Information and System Sciences Series[END_REF]: 16)

G f (k) = K(k, k -1)C H (k)× C(k)K(k, k -1)C H (k) + Q 2 (k) -1 (15) α(k) = y(k) -C(k, q(k|Y k-1 )) (
q(k|Y k ) = q(k|Y k-1 ) + G f (k)α(k) (17)
q(k + 1|Y k ) = F(k, q(k|Y k )) (18)
K(k) = [I -G f (k)C(k)K(k, k -1)] (19)
K(k + 1, k) = F(k + 1, k)K(k)F H (k + 1, k) + Q 1 (k) (20)
F(k + 1, k) = ∂F(k, q) ∂q | q(k|Y k ), (21)
C(k) = ∂C(k, q) ∂q | q(k|Y k-1 ). ( 22
)
In Eq. 15 to Eq. 22, the conjugate transpose of a matrix is marked with the letter H in exponent. Additionally, q(k|Y k ) is the estimated state vector at iteration k, Q 1 (k) is the correlation matrix of the process noise vector ν 1 (k), Q 2 (k) is the correlation matrix of the measurement noise vector ν 2 (k) and I stands for the identity matrix. Additionally, Y(k) means the observation set, i.e., all the measurements from the first to the actual iteration:

Y(k) = [y(1), y(2), ..., y(k)].
It is included in the previous equations to express the fact that some parameters depend on all the past measure values, i.e., takes into account the dynamics of the system. F() in Eq. 13 denotes a nonlinear transition matrix function that is time-variant and that depends on one state. This non-linearity is simplified by a linearized model given by Eq. 21 at each iteration.

The implementation of the discrete EKF consists in updating Eq. 15 to Eq. 22, on each iteration, i.e., for k = 1, 2, 3, .... Initial conditions have to be set, i.e., the predicted state error correlation matrix and the predicted state: K(1, 0) and q(1|Y(0)). One should note that using KF or EKF schemes needs some assumptions: ν 1 (k) and ν 2 (k) are white processes that are uncorrelated with q(k) and with each other; Q 2 (k) > 0.

In our application, the nonlinear state model in Eq. 13 corresponds to the proposed state-space of the three phase signals, i.e., Eq. 11. The approximate state-space is thus a linear model of Eq. 11 and Eq. 21 writes:

F(k, q(k)) =   q 1 (k) q 1 (k)q 2 (k) q3(k) q1(k)   , (23)
Eq. 14 corresponds to Eq. 12, Eq. 22 thus writes:

C(k, q(k)) = [q 2 (k) + q 3 (k)]. ( 24
)
4 Power system parameters estimation with Kalman filtering under balanced or unbalanced conditions

Power system states and parameters can be iteratively estimated by an EKF scheme relying on the proposed state-space model. This model is compliant to balanced and unbalanced three-phase power systems. The proposed estimator can be applied to stationary and non-stationary power systems with an unknown fundamental frequency. It can be noticed that no assumption have been made on the system's parameters and on their evolution, except the ones related to the Kalman filter. With a third-order state-space, the computational requirements of this estimator are limited, i.e., suitable for a real-time implementation that allows to monitor power system evolutions.

The following shows how the fundamental frequency and the symmetrical components can be deduced from q 1 (k), q 2 (k), q 3 (k), i.e., the states of the power system estimated at each iteration, by the proposed method.

Estimation of the fundamental frequency

As q 1 (k) represents the variation between two consecutive iterations of the phase angle of q 2 (k) and q 3 (k), the fundamental frequency of the power system can be directly estimated from the imaginary part of q 1 (k) according to:

f (k) = 1 2πT s sin -1 ( img(q 1 (k))) . (25)

Estimation of the symmetrical components

The symmetrical components, i.e., the positive, negative and zero components of a three-phase signal are closely related to the state variables (according to Eq. 10). It is thus possible to deduce the three-phase components iteratively while running the EKF. This can be achieved according to the following [START_REF] Phan | Kalman filtering with a new state-space model for three-phase systems: Application to the identification of symmetrical components[END_REF]. The positive component is represented by q 2 (k), thus, its amplitude and phase angle can be estimated at each iteration by:

V + (k) = 2 3 q2 (k) φ + (k) = π/2 + q 2 (k) -k q 1 (k) , (26)
where q2 (k) is the module of q 2 (k) and q 1 (k) and q 2 (k) are the phase angles of respectively q 1 (k) and q 2 (k):

q 2 (k) = ωkT s +φ + (k)-π/2 and q 1 (k) = ωT s . If v + a (k) v + b (k) v + c (
k) are the three phases of the positive component, then they can be reconstructed by applying the inverse αβ-transform:

  v + a (k) v + b (k) v + c (k)   = 2 3    1 0 -1 2 √ 3 2 -1 2 - √ 3 2    v + α (k) v + β (k) = 2 3    1 0 -1 2 √ 3 2 -1 2 - √ 3 2    Re(q 2 (k)) Im(q 2 (k)) (27)
where operators Re(z) and Im(z) denotes respectively the real and the imaginary parts of z.

In the same way as for the positive component, the parameters of the negative component are determined from state q 3 (k) according to

V -(k) = 2 3 q3 (k) φ -(k) = π/2 -q 3 (k) -k q 1 (k) , (28)
where

q 3 (k) = π/2 -ωkT s -φ -(k). The corresponding three phases v - a (k) v - b (k) v - c (k) can thus be recon- structed from:   v - a (k) v - b (k) v - c (k)   = 2 3    1 0 -1 2 √ 3 2 -1 2 - √ 3 2    v - α (k) v - β (k) = 2 3    1 0 -1 2 √ 3 2 -1 2 - √ 3 2    Re(q 3 (k)) Im(q 3 (k)) (29
) At the end, the zero component is directly calculated from the three-phase signals measured v a (k), v b (k), v c (k) at each iteration by:

v o a (k) = v o b (k) = v o c (k) = v a (k) + v b (k) + v c (k) 3 . (30)

Frequency estimation under unbalanced conditions

Modeling an unbalanced dynamical power is a very difficult task. Indeed, lots of the methods present in the literature are not able to handle the unbalance. Well known methods are only able to handle single phase systems where unbalance is not possible or balanced multiphase systems. Applied to systems with unbalance, their performances are therefore necessarily moderate. It is therefore difficult to compare their performances to the one obtained with method introduced in the previous section which will necessarily be better.

Context

The ability of the new approach in estimating the fundamental frequency and the symmetrical components of power systems is investigated and evaluated. A set of simulation tests has been performed under different operating conditions. In the following tests, a power system composed of three phases with a fundamental frequency f = 50Hz is used. A sampling time T s of 0.5 ms is chosen.

A typical unbalanced power system is considered in this test:

           v a (k) = V + sin(ωkT s + φ + ) + V -sin(ωkT s + φ -) + V o sin(ωkT s + φ o ) v b (k) = V + sin(ωkT s + φ + + 2π/3) + V -sin(ωkT s + φ --2π/3) + V o sin(ωkT s + φ o ) v c (k) = V + sin(ωkT s + φ + -2π/3) + V -sin(ωkT s + φ -+ 2π/3) + V o sin(ωkT s + φ o ) (31)
The following numerical values are chosen in our simulations: V + = 1, V -= 0.2, V o = 0.1, φ + = π/3, φ -= π/6 and φ o = 0. The three phase signals of this system are represented by Fig. 2. The objective here consists in using an EKF with the proposed state-space in order to estimate the fundamental frequency at each iteration.

The power system that has been chosen and used in the tests is a simple one in order to be easily reproduced. Voltages with an amplitude of 1V gives a good reference for comparing the results (per unit) and a nominal fundamental frequency of 50Hz has been chosen, but the approach presents the same performance with any other values. Furthermore, the unbalance which is introduce is typical of the behavior of a power system in real-world applications.

Results

The proposed method is used to estimate the fundamental frequency of a power system under different conditions. The results are compared to the one obtained with the well-known method described in [START_REF] Dash | Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using extended complex kalman filter[END_REF]. For each of these tests, Fig. 2 The signals of the unbalanced three-phase system defined by Eq. 31, a) without noise, b) with a 30 dB noise, c) with higher-order harmonics of rank 5 and 7, d) histogram corresponding to the signal with higher-order harmonics of rank 5 and 7

time to reach the target MSE at max. error at methods freq. with +/-0.1 Hz (s) steady-state (Hz) steady-state (Hz) method of [START_REF] Dash | Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using extended complex kalman filter[END_REF] 0.0732 2.24 10 -5 1.5 10 -2 proposed method 0.0251 4 10 -7 1 10 -3

Table 1 Performance of the proposed method compared to the method of [START_REF] Dash | Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using extended complex kalman filter[END_REF] in estimating the frequency of an unbalanced system time to reach the target MSE at max. error at methods freq. with +/-0.1 Hz (s) steady-state (Hz) steady-state (Hz) method of [START_REF] Dash | Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using extended complex kalman filter[END_REF] 0.0637 3 10 -5 1.6 10 -2 proposed method 0.0245 1.7 10 -6 3 10 -3

Table 2 Performance of the proposed method compared to the method of [START_REF] Dash | Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using extended complex kalman filter[END_REF] in estimating the frequency of an unbalanced system with an additional 30 dB noise time to reach the target MSE at max. error at methods freq. with +/-0.1 Hz (s) steady-state (Hz) steady-state (Hz) Method of [START_REF] Dash | Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using extended complex kalman filter[END_REF] 0.0927 5.6 10 -5 2.4 10 -2 proposed method 0.0409 1.7 10 -6 5 10 -3

Table 3 Performance of the proposed method compared to the method of [START_REF] Dash | Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using extended complex kalman filter[END_REF] in estimating the frequency of an unbalanced system disturbed by harmonics the new state-space model is based on three state variables including the positive and negative components while the model of [START_REF] Dash | Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using extended complex kalman filter[END_REF] uses only 2 states, either the positive or negative component. The initial conditions of the EKF are the first estimation of the frequency f (0)=45 Hz and 1.2 I for the error covariance matrix of the state estimate, I is the identity matrix. The initial values of EKF's parameters are chosen in order to lead to a very simple configuration. These values are therefore deliberately not optimized. Obviously, optimizing this values will necessarily lead to faster convergence for estimating the fundamental frequency and the symmetrical components.

The proposed method and the method of [START_REF] Dash | Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using extended complex kalman filter[END_REF] are both applied to estimate the fundamental frequency of the system given by Eq. 31. At steady-state, the estimated frequency given by [START_REF] Dash | Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using extended complex kalman filter[END_REF] oscillates around the true value. The estimation provided by the proposed method does not oscillate. The efficiency of both methods in estimating the fundamental frequency is shown by Tab. 1. It can be seen that the estimated frequency obtained with the proposed method is highly accurate (the MSE is about 10 -7 Hz). As a comparison, the MSE with the method of [START_REF] Dash | Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using extended complex kalman filter[END_REF] is 50 times bigger.

The immunity of the methods to noise is investigated by adding a zeromean white Gaussian noise with a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of 30 dB to the three signals of Eq. 31. Tab. 2 shows a MSE in the range of 10 -6 Hz for the estimated frequency with the proposed method. At the same time, the corresponding MSE for the method of [START_REF] Dash | Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using extended complex kalman filter[END_REF] is in the range of 10 -5 Hz. These results prove that the proposed method is able to estimate the fundamental frequency quickly and accurately even under noisy conditions. The presence of harmonic terms influences the fundamental frequency estimation. This is evaluated for the two methods. Each phase signal of the system in Eq. 31 are therefore disturbed by adding higher order harmonics of rank 5 and 7, respectively with amplitudes of V+ 5 and V+ 10 . Results are presented in Tab. 3. It can be seen than the proposed method is robust against harmonic pollution. This is not the case of the other method.

Fig. 3 shows a good comparison of the proposed method with the previous one [START_REF] Dash | Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using extended complex kalman filter[END_REF] in estimating frequency with noise and harmonics. The model proposed in [START_REF] Dash | Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using extended complex kalman filter[END_REF] is flawed for modeling unbalanced systems. Thus, estimating the frequency is even more challenging for it under severe conditions, i.e., with the presence of noise and harmonics. As a consequence, the estimation is achieved with a low convergence rate, a constant steady-state error and oscillations. On the other hand, the state-space proposed in Eq. 11 models power systems with their unbalance properties. Therefore, this model is efficient in estimating the frequency in an EKF scheme and is robust against noise and higher-order harmonics. Additional tests have demonstrated that proposed the state-space is capable of estimating the frequency under balanced conditions.

To test the speed and convergence of the proposed technique at nominal frequency conditions (the fundamental frequency is f 0 = 50 Hz but it can be any other numerical value), a signal of known harmonic contents is taken for fundamental frequency estimation where frequency steps occur under unbalanced conditions. In this test, fundamental frequency steps appear with different amplitudes, i.e., 0.001, 0.0001 and 0.00001 Hz. The fundamental frequency is estimated by using the proposed state-space model and the EKF algorithm. The fundamental frequency step appears at instant 0.25 s, in other words at iteration 500.

The simulation results reveal that the proposed state-space method takes few iterations to reach the convergent value of new value of the fundamental frequency. Results are represented for each case in Table 4 which indicates the Percent Overshoot (PO), the peak value, the first peak time, the settling time to within 5% of the final value and the steady-state error. If the peak values are high in percent, frequency steps of 0.001 Hz are very severe cases and reasonably never happen in real installations, and a frequency step of 0.1 10 -3 Hz leads to a overshoot of 2.454 10 -4 Hz. Furthermore, the fundamental frequency estimated by the proposed state-space model and the EKF converges rapidly the real value of the frequency. In all cases, the peak value appears only real fo proposed method method of [START_REF] Dash | Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using extended complex kalman filter[END_REF] real fo proposed method method of [START_REF] Dash | Frequency estimation of distorted power system signals using extended complex kalman filter[END_REF] Hz Hz 12 iterations after the fundamental frequency step, i.e., in less than 6.5 ms. Table 4 also shows the accuracies of the proposed estimator: At steady-state, the error is almost less than 3.2 10 -10 Hz. All these results demonstrates that the proposed state-space method is an accurate frequency estimator even in time-varying environments and for fundamental frequency variations.

Symmetrical components estimation under unbalanced conditions

The proposed state-space model is used in an EKF scheme to identify at each instant the symmetrical components of the unbalanced power systems given by Eq. 31 with the following numerical values: V + = 1, V -= 0.4, V o = 0.1 and φ + = π/3, φ -= π/6, φ o = 0. A zero-mean, white Gaussian noise of 30 dB is added to each of the signals. The initial values of state variables q 1 (k), q 2 (k) and q 3 (k) are respectively chosen as 0.9891+0.1471i (this value corresponds to the fundamental frequency at 47Hz, i.e., a random value close to the supposed fundamental frequency), 1.2 -0.5i and 0. The error covariance matrix of the state estimate is initialized at 1.2 I.

Steady-state results

A first test evaluates the performance of the proposed method at steady-state and under disturbed conditions, i.e., with noise and harmonic distortions. Table 5 and Table 6 evaluate the mean values, the MSE and the maximum errors of the estimated amplitudes at steady-state and respectively with a 30DB noise and harmonic distortions (higher-order harmonics of rank 5 and 7, respectively with amplitudes of EKF. However, the MSE is in the range of 10 -6 and the maximum error is in the range of 10 -3 . This demonstrates that the deviation of the estimated amplitudes from the true ones is small and that the method provides high accuracy in estimating the amplitudes of the symmetrical components. The proposed method could be enhanced to track every individual high-order harmonic component.

Dynamic behavior

A second test is proposed in order to evaluate the dynamics of the proposed method, i.e., its robustness against time-varying load changes. We propose to switch suddenly from a balanced load to an unbalanced one. The following three-phase balanced system is considered to start the test:

   v a (k) = sin(ωkT s ) v b (k) = sin(ωkT s -2π/3) v c (k) = sin(ωkT s + 2π/3) (32)
At instant 0.075 s (at iteration k = 150), it becomes an unbalanced system defined by Eq. 31 with V + = 0.8, V -= 0.2, V o = 0.1, φ + = π 3 , φ -= π 2 and φ o = 0. The proposed method is used to identify the symmetrical components of the changing system at each instant.

Results are presented by Fig. 4 and it can be seen that during at the first period of time, i.e., k < 150, the estimated negative component is zero while the estimated positive component has an amplitude of 1 V and an phase angle of 0 rad at steady-state. After the failure appears at iteration k = 150 and after a short transient, the estimated amplitudes of the positive and negative components converge respectively to 0.80 V and 0.20 V. At the same time, the estimated phase angles converge to 1.047 and 1.571 respectively for the positive and negative components. Referring to Eq. 31 and Eq. 32, these values are all the true values of the power system's parameters. The evolution of the positive and negative components are shown by Fig. 5. This figure also shows the evolution of the three currents reconstructed from the symmetrical components. The results show that after a time shorter than one cycle, the estimated currents are very close to the real values. The evolution of the symmetrical components converted in the αβ reference frame are shown by Fig. 6. It can be seen from this figure that at the beginning, the reconstructed system is balanced. After the failure appears, the negative and zero component become significant and the positive component decreases at the same time. This characterizes the behavior of the true power system.

Finally, the estimation performance have been evaluated with a continuously changing fundamental frequency of the power system. From the instant 0.2 s, the fundamental frequency speed is -2 Hz/s. This is illustrated by Fig. 7. The evolution of the fundamental frequency is shown with also the frequency error and the symmetrical component errors (positive and negative) for the three phases. The frequency error is less than 2.25 10 -3 Hz and the error in estimating the symmetrical is less than 1.5 10 -5 . These are acceptable ranges in power systems applications. A new state-space representation has been developed in order to estimate the parameters of three phase power systems. The new state-space model is combined with an extended Kalman filter and allows to iteratively estimate the fundamental frequency and the symmetrical components of a dynamic three-phase power system. The state-space is composed of the positive and negative components of the three-phase system and by the variation of the phase angle of them between two consecutive iterations. As a consequence, the state-space is not only able to model balanced three-phase power systems but also unbalanced three-phase systems. Numerical simulations were performed to evaluate the performance of the new approach in different conditions: Unbalanced systems with the presence of harmonics or with noise, system changes from balance to unbalance, slow and abrupt frequency changes. With this new approach, the fundamental frequency and the symmetrical components of a three-phase power system are estimated with high accuracy under disturbed conditions. Simulation results show that the proposed state-space associated to the extended Kalman filter is efficient. The symmetrical components of a time-varying power system can thus be reconstructed under various severe unbalanced conditions. Phase angles of the symmetrical components are sensitive to disturbances such as noises and harmonics. On the contrary, their amplitudes reflects the unbalance and must be considered in power quality control strategies. The proposed method works well for unbalanced power systems without any knowledge. We considered power distribution systems but the method can also be applied to any electric drive or generator. We considered the three-phase voltages but the proposed development can be generalized to any three-phase signals, i.e., currents. The proposed approach is fully adaptive and can therefore react very quickly to any power system changes in real-time.

Fig. 1

 1 Fig.1Operating principles of a shunt active power filter for power quality enhancement

  case

Fig. 3

 3 Fig. 3 Estimated frequencies by the two methods, the proposed one and , a) with a 30 dB noise, b) with harmonics of rank 5 and 7

Fig. 5

 5 Fig. 5 Reconstruction of the system's symmetrical components, a) recovered positive components, b) recovered negative component, and c) recovered zero component

Fig. 6

 6 Fig. 6 Identified voltages compared to the true ones, a) v + α , b) v + β , c) v - α and d) v - β

Fig. 7

 7 Fig. 7 Performance in estimating the frequency and the symmetrical components with a changing fundamental frequency, a) real and estimated frequency (Hz), b) frequency error, and c) symmetrical components errors

Table 4

 4 Performance of the proposed state-space method in tracking fundamental frequency steps

  I+ 10 and I+ 15 ). The mean values indicate the biases from the true values. It can be explained as the result of a poor initialization of the

		mean at	MSE at	Error max.
	Amplitudes	steady-state	steady-state	at steady-state
		(A)	(A)	(A)
	Positive component	0.9988	2.8627 10 -6	4.6 10 -3
	Negative component	0.4011	1.7359 10 -6	3.2 10 -3

Table 5

 5 Performance of the new method for estimating the amplitudes of the positive and negative components of three phase signals disturbed by noise of 30 dB

		mean at	MSE at	Error max.
	Amplitudes	steady-state	steady-state	at steady-state
		(A)	(A)	(A)
	Positive component	0.9981	5.2349 10 -6	8.3 10 -3
	Negative component	0.4008	9.2706 10 -7	3.1 10 -3

Table 6

 6 Performance of the new method for estimating the amplitudes of positive and negative components of three phase signals disturbed by harmonics of rank 5 and 7


published or not. The documents may come

Contribution to Contextual Representation of the Maritime

Environment using Spatio-temporal Ontology

Application to Electronic Navigation Bilal KOTEICH Supervised by: Éric SAUX

Research Problem

Every geographical map delivers to its readers a message which is supposed to be in accordance with the intentions of its author.

A bland map does not catch the attention, a too colourful map does not deliver a clear visual message.

How to precisely meet user requirements and ensure the production of a high quality map while reducing the cost of its preparation?

An information can be useful in a given context, and useless in another, hence the problem of selecting relevant information to be mapped.

However The surrounding context of the map user is composed of different elements.

Several approaches have been proposed to model the context: Key-Value Models, Markup Scheme Models, Graphical Models, Object Oriented Models, Logic Based Models, Ontology Based Models.

Based on the evaluation conducted by [1], the authors concluded that the most promising model for context modeling with respect to the requirements identified can be found in the Ontology approach.

Different context ontologies exist such as CONON, CoBrA, SOUPA, CoDAMoS, SmartSpace and CACOnt.

According to the comparison study in [2], there are some limitations of these different ontologies to deal with our research problem. In the present work, these limitations have been overcome using an additional ontology-based model.

[1] Strang T., Linnhoff-Popien C., A Context Modeling Survey, Workshop on Advanced Context Modelling, Reasoning and Management as part of UbiComp 2004 -Sixth International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing, Nottingham -England, September 2004.

[2] Malik S., Jain S. . Ontology based context aware model. In 2017 international conference on computational intelligence in data science (ICCIDS), p. 1-6, 2017

A part of the ontology presenting the Event concept.

Context representation

A Generic ontology-based model for representing context taking into consideration the user's profile and preferences, as well as events related to an environment (spatio-temporal dimension).

Formalization of concepts

Formalization of concepts in Description Logic to ensure reasoning with axioms.

SWRL rules

Formalization of rules in SWRL to ensure a reasoning complementary to axiomatic reasoning, while ensuring the principle of decidability.

Application to On-demand navigational chart

Developing an application that automates the process of selection of relevant informations to be mapped using reasoning technics.

  Application to Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC).Assuming the following assertion:Event (Passing through a narrow area).By reasoning, this event infers:-Situation (Reduced ability to steer a boat) -Context (Navigation in confined waters) -Concerned entities to be mapped: Entity (Danger limit line)Example of contextual ENC.

  , despite scientific and technical progress, Personalized Map is a very expensive service because it requires qualified human resources.

			Context Modeling
	User Context	Ontology-Based Model
	Physical surroundings	Time
	Location		Navigation History
	System properties	Map User	Purpose of use
	Social Situation	Events
	Use Case	Our Goals


Michael Von Cotta

Silvio Enea

; Piccolomini

Sylvius Aeneas

Aeneas Piccolomini

Piccolomini ; Silvius

Pius Pope

I V Eugenius

Eugenio Papa

Jan Iv

Janos Huniad

Hunyadi

Michael Von Cotta-Schönberg

Enea Silvio Piccolomini, on a mission from Emperor Friedrich III to Pope Eugenius IV, requested a papal audience in which he would, on behalf of emperor, respond to a number of complaints against the emperor sent to the pope by the Regent of Hungary, Janos Hunyadi. The Hungarians demanded the return to Hungary of the Boy King Ladislaus, Saint Stephen's Crown, and a number of cities

(Orations of Enea Silvio Piccolomini / Pius II; 12) Foreword

In 2007, I undertook a project of publishing the Latin texts with English translations of the orations of Enea Silvio Piccolomini / Pope Pius II. Altogether 80 1 orations (including papal responses to ambassadorial addresses) are extant today, though more may still be held, unrecognized, in libraries and archives.

At a later stage the project was expanded to include ambassadors' orations to the pope, of which about 40 are presently known.

I do not, actually, plan to publish further versions of the present volume, but I do reserve the option in case I -during my future studies -come across other manuscripts containing interesting versions of the oration or if important new research data on the subject matter are published, making it appropriate to modify or expand the present text. It will therefore always be useful to check if a later version than the one the reader may have previously found via the Internet is available.

I shall much appreciate to be notified by readers who discover errors and problems in the text and translation or unrecognized quotations.

12 September 2019 MCS 1 81 orations, if the "Cum animadverto" is counted is a Piccolomini-oration, see oration "Quam laetus" [18], Appendix Sigla and abbreviations

II. TEXT AND TRANSLATION

0.

Introduction [1-2] 1.

The Hungarian demand for the extradition of King Ladislaus [3-5] 1.1. The emperor is the most appropriate guardian of Ladislaus [3] 1.2. The boy king cannot govern Hungary [3] 1.3. The boy king has other realms with equal rights [3] 1.4. The emperor cannot accept the Hungarian claim that Hungary is an electoral kingdom [4] 1.5. The Hungarians are a rebellious people [5] 2.

The Hungarian demand for the return of Saint Stephen's crown [6] 3.

The Hungarian demand for the return of castles and cities [7-12] 4.

Conclusion [13] Appendix: Letter from Janos Hunyadi, Regent of Hungary, to Pope Eugenius IV of

I. INTRODUCTION 1. Context 1

After the death of the Habsburg King Albrecht II of the Romans 2 in 1439, his son Ladislaus, born posthumously on 22 February 1440, was recognized as his successor to the Duchy of Austria and (later) the Kingdom of Bohemia. In view of the very serious military threat from the Turks, the majority of the Hungarian nobles did not want a child king, but voted for Wladislav III of Poland as the next King of Hungary. On 15 May 1440, Ladislaus' mother, Queen Elizabeth of Luxembourg, had the infant crowned as King of Hungary, and on 17 July Wladislav, too, was crowned King of Hungary. Elizabeth then appointed Friedrich III, Ladislaus' uncle and new Habsburg King of the Romans, as Ladislaus' guardian and sent the child to him together with the Hungarian crown, Saint Stephen's Crown. 3 In 1444, King Wladislav died in a battle against the Turks 4 . Despite some opposition the Hungarian estates then elected Ladislaus the Posthumous King of Hungary.

In the early summer of 1445, the emperor reacted to the activities of a number of robber bands based in Hungary by invading the frontier territory and capturing some castles and cities, including Güns. Piccolomi comments on this in a letter to his friend, Giovanni Campisio: This year the king of the Romans, partly acting through his captains, has taken seventeen castles in Hungary and Moravia, having driven out robbers. 5 In August 1445, a splendid Hungarian embassy came to King Friederich in Vienna to announce the election of Ladislaus as King of Hungary and to request his person and the Crown of Saint

Stephen. The negotiations failed, as did later diplomatic efforts.

Then, in June 1446, the Hungarians elected Janos Hunyadi as Regent of Hungary. On 16 October 1446 he sent letters to Venice and to Pope Eugenius IV in Rome complaining about the refusal of Friederich III to meet the Hungarian demands. 6

On 16 November 1446, Piccolomini left the imperial court to go to Rome, as the emperor's ambassador, to declare the obedience of the Holy Roman Empire to the pope, ending 8 years of German neutrality between the pope and the rump Council in Basel. 1

While on the road, he visited Venice to deal with certain outstanding matters between the emperor and Venice. In his ambassadorial report to the emperor, after the completion of the mission to Rome, he wrote as follows about the visit to Venice:

When we left you, most unconquered prince, it was the sixteenth day of November in the year of the Lord 1446. It was a harsh winter; snow covered everything. The Hungarians raged all over Austria, for, having broken faith against law and justice, they invaded Austria in arms. We could not use the direct route. We crossed trackless mountains and inhospitable peoples and came to Bruck. After that, we went to Venice by the usual route. Vincent, a Hungarian and envoy of John the Voiwode, 2 who had come to Venice, was there. He accused your majesty and commended his lord to the Venetians. We visited the Venetian senate. We expounded the status of the case that was pending between you and the Hungarians, and strove to make apparent your innocence and the injuries done to you by the Hungarians. To those whom we knew not to be friends or whom we held suspect, we should not show ourselves to be poor, lest they should rejoice in our misfortunes and insult us, but it was necessary for us to show confidence and to have a clear mind. This we did abundantly. For that reason, the doge of Venice, 3 who was accustomed to speak for all, said he condemned the deeds of the Hungarians, and that he did not doubt that your royal majesty would end these reversals with your honor intact. 4 This passage seems to indicate that Piccolomini had not left the emperor with specific instructions to deal with the Hungarian matter neither in Venice, nor in Rome, but that he took it upon himself, as ambassador, to do so when the situation required it, as was the case in Venice. Moreover, though the title of the oration states that the oration in Rome was held "ex inopinato et improviso", he had then in fact already in Venice some weeks previously had the opportunity to reason and talk about the matter. As a member of the imperial chancery, he had not only closely followed the development of the Hungarian matter, as witnessed by several of his private letters, 5 but he had also been directly involved in imperial diplomacy concerning this matter, to the point of having written two letters from the emperor to the Piccolomini arrived in Rome on 7 January 1447. On the 9 th , the German delegations were received by the Pope in a secret consistory, and Piccolomini gave his oration on German obedience, the "Non habet me dubium" [11].

After this, he writes in the ambassadorial report, when Aeneas begged another audience about the affairs of Hungary, he [the Pope] granted it with a willing soul, and he ordered the letters of the voiwode John, which had already arrived and which blamed your imperial majesty, given to Aeneas so that they could be answered better. 3 And later in the same report:

Also there was no little rumor that the Hungarians had insulted Austria and detracted very much from your fame, outstanding king. We, however, already in a secret consistory with the envoys of the princes, the electors, and others present, had expounded your justice and the perfidy of the Hungarians. We left all the cardinals sufficiently informed of the truth. What we said has been written down; 4 there is no need to repeat it. We obviated the rumours as far as we could, but we did not admit that you fear the Hungarians. The cardinal of Bologna 5 and the cardinal of Sant' Angelo, 6 the best of fathers, not just like common men but like Austrians, defended your honor and your dignity and dismissed these empty rumours. 7 The initiatives of Piccolomini in this matter, both in Venice and in Rome, may be seen as diplomatic maneuvers aimed at damage control. Hungary was perceived by the European powers, including the papacy, as the bulwark against Turkish expansion. It would therefore not be expedient for the emperor to be seen as threatening Hungary from the rear. Nor was it expedient that the unchecked Hungarian depredations in Austria should make the emperor look weak. Europe would eventually learn, however, that this emperor was not a warrior king -his qualities were of a different kind. The oration "Tritum est sermone" may not have been quite as improvised as it appears from its title. Indeed, it is a succinct, precise, and rather effective statement of the facts of the matter, as seen by the imperial side, completely without the "humanist" embellishments which in other contexts characterized Piccolomini's orations.

It was effective in the sense that the Apostolic See did not attempt1 to intervene in favour Hungary in the conflict, which was eventually settled peacefully later in 1447.2

Themes

The Hungarians demanded the return to Hungary of the boy king, Ladislaus, Saint Stephen's Crown, and a number of cities and castles on Hungarian territory, occupied by the emperor's troops. The emperor could not grant the demands for Ladislaus and the crown for reasons explained by Piccolomini, and the demand for the return of cities could only be granted in part and on certain conditions Concerning the first demand, Piccolomini gives 5 reasons for the refusal of the Emperor:

• The emperor is the most appropriate guardian of Ladislaus Concerning the demand for the crown, Piccolomini replied that naturally the crown should be with the king, and that returning it without the king might tempt the Hungarians to use it to elect another king. Since Saint Stephen's crown was a powerful symbol of the ruler's legitimacy, actual possession of the crown was a very important political issue, and for years it would influence Friedrich's Hungarian policies.4

Concerning the demand for the restitution of cities and castles, the emperor was willing to return some of them on condition of certain guarantees and payment of damages and war reparations. Others, he wanted to keep to ensure Ladislaus' rights.

Date, place, audience and format

Piccolomini nowhere states exactly when the oration was delivered, but it was after the reception of the German ambassadors on 9 January, and probably shortly afterwards, so that it would have been in January. Voigt believed that the oration was delivered in a private audience immediately after the consistory where he held the "Non habet me dubium" [11], 1 but this is probably not correct since Piccolomini shortly afterwards, in his report to the emperor, explicitly states that he was given time to study the letter sent by Hunyad to the pope in order to be able to answer it better, and moreover that the oration was delivered in a another consistory (see above).

The place was presumably the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican.

he audience was the pope, and it may have otherwise been quite restricted.

The format was that of a diplomatic oration.

Text 2

The oration was not included in the Collected Orations of Pius II, compiled under his personal supervision in 1462. It was therefore not revised in that context.

Manuscripts 3

The oration is extant in three manuscripts:

1 Voigt, II, p. 383 2 Concerning the textual transmission of Pius II´s orations, see Collected orations of Pope Pius, vol. 1, ch. 5 3 Though very ably edited by Wolkan, the three manuscripts have, as a matter of principle, been collated on the basis of digital versions for the present edition

Editions

The oration has been published once (on the basis of all three manuscripts listed above):

• Wolkan, R. (ed.): Eine ungedruckte Rede des Eneas Silvius Piccolomini. In: Mitteilungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung, 34 (1913) 522-526

Present edition

For principles of edition (incl. orthography) and translation, see Collected Orations Pope Pius II, vol. 1, ch. 9-10.

Text:

The present edition is based on all three extant manuscripts. The lead text is the clm 519.

Pagination:

Pagination is from the München manuscript clm 519.

1 Formerly in the Dietrichstein Palace in Nikolsburg, now in the Moravian Library in Brno 2 http://kramerius.mzk.cz/search/handle/uuid:045a7557-3acd-457e-9258-466398259703 3 The manuscript was written by the humanist Hartmann Schedel and finished on 20 May 1468, cf. Wolkan, I, p. 526] 4 http://daten.digitalesammlungen.de/0001/bsb00018792/images/index.html?fip=193.174.98.30&id=00018792&seite=1

Sources 1

In this short and very business-like diplomatic address, there is only quotation, the expression "tritum est sermone", from Cicero's De officiis.

Bibliography

Haller, Brigitte: Kaiser Friedrich III. und der Stephanskrone. In: Mitteilungen des österreichischen Staatsarchivs, 26 (1973) Response of Enea Silvio, poet, to the complaints of Janos Hunyad, delivered directly to the Holy Father, Eugenius, as an unplanned and improvised oration 0. Introduction [1] Holy Father, a well-known proverb 1 says that those who cause injuries complain even before those who suffer them. This is also true of Janos Hunyad who calls himself the Regent of Hungary. 2 For though he had suffered no injury and been provoked by no offences, he has -against his written words, against his public promise, against law and justice -invaded Austria 3 with an army and devastated many villages with fire and sword. And now he claims to suffer violence, attacks His Imperial Majesty with outrageous words, and culpably turns his own crime into somebody else's. We shall briefly answer his claims and refute the groundless accusations of this insolent person. It is not our intention to blame the prelates and the nobles of the whole realm, for there are many upright and steadfast people who reject Janos' actions.

But we claim that he himself and those who play his game are both liars and deserve punishment.

[2] If I understand correctly, Janos' letter 4 raises three accusations against our king, claiming that the realm is being molested: their king is denied them, the crown has been removed, and castles have been occupied. And since they cannot recover them by words, they will reclaim them by arms. Holy Father, it is not surprising, that those who have harm in their hands also have injustice in their mouths, for to a wicked mind it is easy to shape words to fit actions.

The Hungarian demand for the extradition of King Ladislaus

[3] But let us hear how justified is the Hungarian demand that the King be given to them. If I am not mistaken, this petition can be entirely refuted on five grounds.

The emperor is the most appropriate guardian for Ladislaus

As the boy is only seven years old, who can better take care of him and foster him than the King of the Romans, to whom he was entrusted as a baby by his own mother? Who is more closely related to him than his uncle? Who is greater in the House of Austria? Who has protected and fostered him until now with royal care?

The boy King cannot govern Hungary

And what would the boy do in a kingdom where he cannot govern, but only be governed?

The boy King has other realms with equal rights

Moreover, the boy also has other kingdoms and dominions. If he is given to the Hungarians, the Bohemians can rightly complain, as well as the Austrians, the Moravians, and others, who have asked for him, but did not get him -as if the loyalty of the Hungarians is greater than theirs!

The emperor cannot accept the Hungarian claim that Hungary is an electoral kingdom

[4] Moreover, the Hungarians demand Ladislaus as an elected king, not as the heir. But His Royal Majesty well knows that the realm comes to the boy [as an inheritance] from his mother, his father and his grandfather, and not by virtue of an election. For apostolic decrees confirm that the Kingdom of Hungary is hereditary, not electoral. And the Hungarians do not deny that Albrecht, too, was king, he who -as they themselves say -was the father of Ladislaus. But if His Imperial Highness gave them the boy as an elected king, he would create serious prejudice to the boy and his successors. Indeed, as the boy has already been crowned legitimately and received the homage of the realm, he has acquired it in full right. Therefore His Imperial Majesty considers it absurd to send him back for a new coronation, as requested by the Hungarians.

[5] Accedit istis, quia non taliter se hactenus habuerunt Hungari, ut tradendus 1 sit eis puer. Nam et avo saepe rebellarunt, et patri multivariam 2 insidiati sunt et matrem persecuti et contra se ipsum, novellum regem verum {81r} et indubitatum, infantem tamen et orphanum, adulterum regem introduxere, paternam 3 sibi maternam et avitam haereditatem 4 auferentes. Ob quas res injusta petitio visa 5 est, dum puerum sibi tradi 6 cupiunt Hungari, apud quos, ut de malis loquor, qui non sunt pauci, fidem frangere quam servare reputatur honestius.

[6] Sed postulant Hungari coronam. Negato equidem rege et coronam negare 7 consentaneum est. Quis enim non apud regem servandam esse coronam dicat? Ubi rex, ibi et diadema sit oportet. Nec aliter moris in Hungaria fuit. Sed vellent forsitan Hungari (neque hoc insuasum est) diadema, quod sanctum vocitant, apud se retinere, ut suo ex arbitrio novum, quando vellent, regem constituerent, ut sicut homines rerum novarum cupidi, quod licet nullo jure facere queant, regnum tamen turbarent, cum habere jus eligendi regem se dicant. Atque idcirco nec regem permitti Hungaris puerum neque coronam persuasum est.

1 credendus interlin. V 2 multifarie N; multifariam V 3 patriam M, V 4 em.; hereditariam M, N, V 5 petitio visa : visa peticio N 6 sibi tradi : tradi sibi V 7 negari N, V

The Hungarians are a rebellious people

[5] Moreover, until now the Hungarians have not behaved in such a fashion that the boy can be handed over to them. For often they rebelled against his grandfather, they plotted against his father in many ways, and persecuted his mother. And against Ladislaus himself, the new, true and undisputed king, but an infant and orphan, they set up a false king,1 thus robbing him of his own country, inherited from father, mother, and grandfather. Therefore, the Hungarian demand for the boy to be handed over to them is unreasonable, especially as there are many men among them -I am speaking of the wicked ones -who consider it quite permissible to break faith rather than to keep it.

The Hungarian demand for the return of Saint Stephen's Crown

[6] The Hungarians also demand the crown. However, if the king is denied them, it is only consistent to deny them the crown as well. For who would claim that the crown should not be with the king. Where the king is, there the crown should be, too, and this has always been the custom in Hungary. But the Hungarians may well want to keep the crown, which they believe to be holy, with themselves so that they can appoint a new king at will. For they are a people liking political change, and though justice is not on their side, they would definitely bring disturbance to the realm since they claim that they are entitled to elect their own king. Therefore it is inadvisable to allow the Hungarians to have the king or the crown.

[7] Nec de castellis ac civitatibus separatior ratio est. Sunt in manu Caesareae majestatis ex Hungariae oppidis atque castellis Jaurinum et 1 Supronium, Guns, et alia plerumque. Jaurinum et Supronium 2 annis jam pluribus Caesar in potestatem accepit, ut patruelis sui jura tueri posset. Nam 3 nisi haec oppida tenuisset, actum erat de jure pueri.

The Hungarian demand for the return of castles and cities

[7] The same reasoning applies to the castles and cities. Of the Hungarian cities and castles His Majesty controls Jaurinum 1 , Sopron 2 , Güns 3 and several others. The emperor took over Jaurinum and Sopron several years ago in order to protect the rights of his cousin. If he had not held these cities, the boy would no longer have had any rights at all. Güns and some other cities he took by arms from the hands of robbers by virtue of his truce with Hungary. For when Your Holiness roused Hungary to fight the Teucrians, 4 the Hungarians decided to ask His Imperial Majesty for a two-year truce so that they would not have to fight the Teucrians in front while being attacked by the Austrians from the rear. Out of respect for the Faith and the demands of Your Holiness, our king granted this gladly, stipulating that he would be free to restrain those who did not keep the truce. For there were robbers close to Austria and Styria who feared neither the Hungarians whom they considered to be powerless, nor our king, as if they did not owe him any allegiance, and therefore plundered everywhere. The same was allowed the Hungarians, so that they -on their part -might restrain those from our side who did not keep the truce. Letters were sealed by both parties and transmitted to both.

[8] The truce was kept by His Imperial Majesty and his subjects. But [on the opposite side], the abovementioned robbers, believing that they did not have to observe any laws, looted on a daily basis and took much booty. Often His Serene Highness wrote to the Hungarians that they should take this matter in hand, but they claimed that they were otherwise occupied. So after the death of the King of Poland, his Majesty, in accordance with the provisions of the truce that were still in force, sent in his army, punished the robbers, cleansed the province, and took over the castles. For this, even the Hungarians thanked His Royal Majesty, in a letter sent to him.

1 Raab, Györ 2 Ödenburg 3 Köszeg in Hungary 4 Note that Piccolomini used the term Teucri for the Turks as late as 1447

[9] Cum ergo haec vel oppida vel castella repetunt Hungari, et contra Ladislai regis foedus 1 et contra foedus induciarum [bellum] 2 faciunt nec inhoneste possunt repelli, quis enim, ut alia omittamus, haec oppida sive arces, quae juris Ladislai regis munimenta sunt, justius teneat et melius regat quam Caesarea sublimitas, quo tamquam proximior, convenientior et fidelior regem nutrit? Quae cum ita sint, nullam facit injuriam Hungaris regia serenitas, si, quae petunt injuste, negantur juste. Sed non 3 egit hoc modo noster Caesar cum Hungaris, {82r} qui immo motus eorum precibus, motus oratorum, qui saepe ad se missi sunt, rogatibus, de puero responsum dedit, quamvis coronatus esset, non abnueret tamen novam coronationem, curarent dumtaxat Hungari fieri, ut tute possit post coronationem conservare regem in Posonio, quod est Hungariae oppidum regno Bohemiae et Austriae vicinum. Consensit sicut et genitor ejus divae memoriae Albertus in testamento [quod] 4 reliquerat, et illic assignare coronam obtulit. Sed quoniam 5 arx in potestate alterius jam 6 erat, illam 7 in manu eorum, qui nutrirent regem, restitui postulabat.

[10] Nec minus modeste de castellis et oppidis respondit. Nam Jaurinum, quod est ecclesia cathedralis, quodque rex non ex manibus ecclesiae, sed occupatorum recepit ac pro ejus tutione aureorum circiter 20 milia exposuit, quam primum illic episcopus daretur 8 , juxta cor suum, qui sibi et 9 patrueli suo fidelis esset, satisfacto sibi restituere non negaret 10 , nec Supronium, quod sub pignore tenet, recepta pecunia amplius retineret. Ad restitutionem vero reliquorum castrorum, resarciri damna, quae praedones fecerant 11 , impensas belli reddi, et ut sibi ac 12 patrueli suo ex illis posthac 13 nulla 14 fierent detrimenta provideri postulabat. In hac sententia saepe responsum est Hungaris, quibus ex rebus facile videre potest tua beatitudo, an regia serenitas vim faciat Hungaris aut injurias inferat.

1 omit. N, V 2 em.; omit. M, N, V 3 sed non : si vero M 4 em. Wolkan; omit. M, N, V 5 quia N, V 6 omit. N, V 7 omit. M 8 episcopus daretur : emptus daret M; episcopi darent N 9 ac N 10 negans N 11 faciant N 12 et N 13 post hoc N 14 ulla N

[9] Now the Hungarians persist in demanding these cities and castles, which is contrary to [the rights] of King Ladislaus and they are making [war] in contravention of the truce treaty.

It is quite legitimate to expel them, for who -not to mention other things -can more justly hold and better rule these towns and fortresses that guarantee the rights of King Ladislaus than His Imperial Highness who fosters the king as his closest relative and the most appropriate and most faithful guardian.

In this situation, His Serene Highness would do no injury to the Hungarians if he justly denied their unjust demands. But this is not how our emperor dealt with the Hungarians. On the contrary, moved by their prayers and moved by the requests of the ambassadors often sent to him concerning the boy, he answered that although Ladislaus had already been crowned once1 , he would not reject a new coronation if only the Hungarians would arrange that, after the coronation, he could keep the king safely in Posonium2 , a Hungarian town close to the Kingdom of Bohemia and Austria. This assent was in accordance with the testament left by the boy's father, Albrecht of holy memory, and the emperor even offered to have the royal crown kept in that city, but as its castle was held by somebody else, the emperor demanded that it should be transferred to those who fostered the king.

[10] Concerning the castles and towns he replied just as moderately. Jaurinum is an episcopal city that the king received not from the Church, but from those who had occupied it, for a sum of 20.000 ducats. The king offered to give back the city as soon as a bishop acceptable to him had been appointed there, one who would be loyal to himself and to his cousin. Nor would he keep Sopron, held by him as surety, if a sum was paid over to him. Concerning the restitution of the other castles, he demanded compensation for the losses caused by the robbers, payment of war expenses, and measures against future injury to himself and to his

cousin. An answer in this vein was given to the Hungarians on several occasions. Thus Your Holiness can easily see whether His Serene Highness uses violent measures against the Hungarians or molests them in any way.

[ [11] But the Hungarians, suiting their demands to their greed rather than to justice -as if the only just cause is that which they themselves want -gathered an army at Buda. When His Royal Majesty was informed about these preparations, he sent orators to ask where these troops were to be sent, and whether or not he had to take precautions. For he would willingly keep the peace with them if they so wanted, but he would not avoid a war if necessary. However, he would rather have peace, he said. But the Hungarians, who lie easily, answered that they were the loyal servants of His Serene Higness, and that, as good neighbours, they would keep the peace and avoid conflict. They also said that those who claimed that Hungarian troops would be coming against the territories of His Imperial Majesty should be ignored as sowers of discord and thistles

Conclusion

[13] Holy Father, you have now heard both about the perfidy of those Hungarians who support Janos, and the moderation of His Imperial Majesty, who is not discouraged though he has suffered grave losses among his subjects. For he has the strength of his subjects, his friends, his relatives, and he has justice on his side, and God, who protects the just, and who -as he does not doubt -will help him to get just retribution. In a short time -we hope -you will hear important news [on this matter], for when we left our king1 , he was at the point of going to war. We are certain that Your Holiness will forgive him since he has not taken up arms willingly, but only out of necessity, and to end war, not to make it. May he enjoy the favour of the Best God and the Lord of Armies, and may God also protect Your Holiness and give you a prosperous and tranquil rule of his Holy Church. Amen. Thanks be to God.

Table of volumes in Collected Orations of Pope Pius II. 12 vols. Edited and translated by Michael von Cotta-Schönberg Table of contents

	I.	INTRODUCTION
		1.	Context
		2.	Themes
		3.	Date, place, audience and format
		4.	Text
			4.1. Manuscripts
			4.2. Editions
			4.3. Present edition
		5.	Sources
		6.	Bibliography
		7.

  1 and also the imperial edict of 21 May 1444, declaring a two-year truce between the emperor and King Wladislaw of Hungary. 2

1 See Piccolomini's oration "Non habet me dubium"

[11]

2 Janos Hunyad 3 Francesco Foscari 4 Letter report of Piccolomini to the Emperor of 1447 (Reject, pp. 243-244) 5 E.g. three long letters, one to Dénes Szécsi, Cardinal archbishop of Esztergom (Budapest) of 1 July 1445

(Epistolarium,

; one to Leonhard Laiming, Bishop of Passau, of 27 October 1445

(Epistolarium,

; and one to his friend, Giovanni Campisio, of 6 January 1446

(Wolkan, II,

pope

Moravská Zemská Knihovna / Bibliothek Dietrichstein 1

  Cod. II, 122, fol. 126-129 (N) 2

	• München / Bayerische Staatsbibliothek
	Clm 519, fol. 80r-83r (M) 3 4
	• Vorau / Augustiner Chorherrenstift Archiv
	Cod. 35, fol. 175r-178r (V)

• Brno /

TEXT AND TRANSLATION Responsio domini Aeneae 1 poetae 2 super querelis Johannis Huniat 3 quam personaliter coram sanctissimo patre Eugenio ex inopinato et improviso dixit 4 et 5 super praescriptis respondit 6

  Intr. and transl. by T.M. Izbicki, G. Christiansen & P. Krey. Washington, D.C., 2006 • Enee Silvii Piccolominei Epistolarium Secvlare. Ed. A. van Heck. Città del Vaticano, 2007 Historia Bohemica. Herausg. J. Hejnic & H. Rothe. 2 vols. Köln, 2005. (Bausteine zur slavischen Philologie und Kulturgeschichte. Neue Folge. [1] {80r} Tritum est sermone proverbium, pater sanctissime, priores qui faciunt, quam qui patiuntur injurias conqueri, quod Johannes de Huniat, qui se gubernatorem Hungariae vocitat 7 , falsum esse non sinit. Is namque, licet nulla injuria lacessitus nullisque 8 provocatus offensionibus, contra scripta sua, contra fidem publicam, contra jus fasque ingressus Austriam cum exercitu quamplures villas ferro et igne vastaverit, vim tamen se pati dicere, contumeliosis lacessere verbis Caesaream majestatem et, quod sibi culpae est, alteri vitio vertere non veretur. Sed respondebimus breviter dictis suis et insolentis hominis vanas refellemus accusationes. Nec nobis menti est regni totius praelatos proceresque reprehendere, inter quos multi sunt recti atque constantes, qui Johannis facta detestantur; sed ipsum dumtaxat et qui sibi alludunt et mendaces et culpabiles et poena dignos asserimus.

	Reihe B;
	20)
	Pius II: Orationes. [1436-1464] MA = Pius II: Orationes politicae et ecclesiasticae. Ed. Giovanni Domenico Mansi. 3 vols. Lucca:
	Benedini, 1755-1759
	• Pius II: Orationes politicae et ecclesiasticae. Ed. Giovanni Domenico Mansi. 3 vols.
	Lucca: Benedini, 1755-1759 MPL = Migne, Jacques-Paul: Patrologia latina. 217 vols. 1841-1865
	• Collected Orations of Pope Pius II. Ed. and transl. by Michael v. Cotta-Schönberg. 12 RTA = Deutsche Reichstagsakten
	vols. 2019-2020
	WO = Der Briefwechsel des Eneas Silvius Piccolomini. Hrsg. von Rudolf Wolkan. 3 vols. Wien,
	1909-1918
	1 Silvii add. N
	2 laureati add. N
	3 Huniad et passim N, V
	4 duxit N, V
	5 omit. N
	6 omit. N
	7 facitat V
	8 ullisque M

94-147

Huber, Alfons: Geschichte Österreichs.

Gotha, I888. Vol. 3, ch. 2, 5 Piccolomini, Enea Silvio: Europa. [1458]

• Enee Silvii Piccolominei postea Pii II de Europa.

Ed. A. van Heck. Città del Vaticano, 2001.

(Studi e testi; 398) • Enea Silvio Piccolomini: Europa. Herausg. von G. Frank und P. Metzger. Übersetzung von A. Hartmann. Heidelberg, 2005 • Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini: Europe (ca. 1400-1458). Transl. by Robert Brown. Washington, DC, 2013 Piccolomini, Enea Silvio: Historia Austrialis. [1453-1458] • Eneas Silvius Piccolomini: Historia Austrialis. Teil 1: Einleitung von Martin Wagendorfer. 1. Redaktion ed. von Julia Knödler. Teil 2: 2./3. ed. Martin Wagendorfer. 2 vols. Hannover, 2009. (Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum. Nova Series; 24) Pius II: Epistolae • Der Briefwechsel des Eneas Silvius Piccolomini. Hrsg. von Rudolf Wolkan. 3 vols. Wien, 1909-1918 • Reject Aeneas, accept Pius : Selected letters. Scriptores rerum Hungaricarum. Ed. by J.G. Schwandtner. 3 vols. 1766. Wolkan, R. (ed.): Eine ungedruckte Rede des Eneas Silvius Piccolomini. In: Mitteilungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung, 34 (1913) 522-526 Zanetti, Wolfgang: Der Friedenskaiser. Friedrich III. und seine Zeit 1440-1493. Herford, 1985 7. Sigla and abbreviations M = München / Bayerische Staatsbibliothek / Clm 519 N = Brno / Moravská Zemská Knihovna / Bibliothek Dietrichstein / Cod. II, 122 V = Vorau / Augustiner Chorherrenstift Archiv / Cod. 35 WO = Wolkan, R. (ed.): Eine ungedruckte Rede des Eneas Silvius Piccolomini. In: Mitteilungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung, 34 (1913) 522-526 HB = Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini: Decretum = Decretum magistri Gratiani. Ed. Lipsiensis secunda. Eds. A.L. Richter & A. Friedberg. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1879 Epistolarium = Enee Silvii Piccolominei Epistolarium Secvlare. Ed. A. van Heck. Città del Vaticano, 2007 Rainaldus = Annales ecclesiastici ab anno MCXCVIII ubi Card. Baronius desinit. Auct. Odoricus Raynaldus. Tom. XVIII-XIX. Roma: Varesius, 1659-1663 Reject = Reject Aeneas, accept Pius : Selected letters of Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini (Pope Pius II). Intr. and transl. by T.M. Izbicki et al. Washington, D.C., 2006

II.

[2] Tria, si recte accepi, Johannis litterae regi nostro obiciunt, quibus 9 inferri regno violentiam asseruntur: ajunt sibi regem negari, coronam auferri, castella occupari, et, quia verbis haec nequeunt obtinere, vendicare armis intendunt. Nil miri est, pater sanctissime, si, qui habent manus 10 nocentes, os 11 quoque injustum ferunt; nam cordi malo facta simul et verba facile consonant. 9 quidam M, N; quibus corr. ex quidam V 10 habent manus : manus habent N, V 11 eis M

  Sed audiamus, quam juste sibi regem dari Hungari {80v} postulent. Haec 1 petitio ex quinque causis -nisi fallor -honestissime refutari potest. Nam cum puer sit annos natus septem, quis potius eum teneat nutriatque quam rex Romanorum, cui per matrem commendatus est infantulus? Qui proximior consanguineus est quam patruelis? Qui suae domus Australis major? Qui eum hucusque regio cultu asservari et nutriri curavit? Quid praeterea puer in regno faciat 2 , ubi non regere, sed regi debeat? Habetque 3 is puer alia et 4 regna et dominia. Quod, si detur 5 Hungaris, merito Bohemi 6 conqueri queant, et Australes, et Moravi, et alii, qui eum petentes non obtinuerint 7 , ac si melior Hungarorum fides quam horum sit 8 .[4] Petunt igitur Hungari Ladislaum non ut heredem, sed ut electum regem. At Caesarea majestas scit puero absque omni electione maternum, paternum et avitum deberi regnum. Nam et apostolicis declaratum esse decretis constat Hungariae regnum 9 hereditarium esse et non electum. Nec inficiantur Hungari, Albertum sibi et 10 regem fuisse, cujus filium esse Ladislaum fatentur. Quod si regem illis ut electum Caesarea sublimitas daret, magnum puero et suis successoribus praejudicium faceret. Exinde, cum jam 11 puer legitime coronatus fuerit, homagia susceperit regni, pleno jure potitus extiterit, absurdum Caesareae majestati videtur ad novam, ut illi petunt, eum coronationem transmittere.

	1 nec N
	2 faciet M; faciat corr. ex faciet N
	3 habet quoque N, V
	4 et alia N
	5 datur N; datur aut detur V
	6 omit. M; Hungari V
	7 obtinuerunt M, N
	8 sit quam horum N
	9 regem N
	10 sed M, V
	11 omit. N

1 Cicero: De officiis, 1.10.33: … est … tritum sermone proverbium 2 Hunyadi had been elected Regent (gubernator) of Hungary by the Hungarian estates in June 1446 3 In autumn 1446 4 See Appendix, the passage in bold types

[3]

  Guns et alia quaedam cum exercitu de manibus praedonum recepit, treugarum 4 vigore, quas cum Hungaris habebat. Cum tamen tua sanctitas, beatissime pater, adversus Teucros 5 Hungariam excitasset, placuit Hungaris biennales indutias ex Caesarea majestate deposcere, ne, dum in fronte cum Teucris pugnarent, in tergo ab Australibus {81v} caederentur. Quas rex noster intuitu fidei et tuae beatitudinis id exigentibus libenter concessit. Sed caveri voluit, ut qui treugas non servarent, liberum sibi esset 6 compescere. Erant enim praedones quidam Austriae Stiriaeque finitimi, qui nec Hungaros ut 7 impotentes, nec regem nostrum quasi non suum dominum metuebant, et sic undique praedabantur. Similiter et Hungaris permissum est, si qui ex nostris non servarent indutias, ut eos frenarent. Litterae utrimque sigillis munitae sunt et utrimque traditae.[8] Servatae sunt treugae per Caesaream majestatem suosque subditos; praedones vero 8 , quorum feci mentionem, ut qui nullis se legibus teneri 9 arbitrantur, majora dietim spolia majoraque praedia 10 factitabant. Scripsit regia serenitas saepe Hungaris, ut providerent, illisque 11 se 12 aliis occupatos negotiis asserentibus post mortem regis Poloniae, juxta tenorem treugarum, quae adhuc durabant, exercitum movit, praedones supplicio affecit, provinciam expurgavit, castella in potestatem redegit, de qua re etiam Hungari majestati regiae per suas litteras egerunt gratias.

	1 omit. N, V
	2 Guns et … Supronium omit. M
	3 non N, V
	4 trew-et passim N
	5 Thew-et passim N
	6 esse M
	7 omit. N, V
	8 non M
	9 tueri N
	10 majoraque praedia : majoresque predes V
	11 illi qui N*
	12 omit. M

  11] Sed illi, cupiditati magis quam justitiae suas petitiones aptantes, tamquam solum et unicum justum sit, quod ipsi volunt, convenientes Budae exercitum coegerunt, quem, dum parari regia majestas sentiret, praemissis oratoribus sciscitata est, quo suas copias essent ducturi, et an sibi cavendum esset. {82v} Nam et pacem cum eis, si vellent, libenti servaret animo, et bellum, si necessitas affuerit, 1 non detractaret, sed pacem se magis cupere dicebat. At illi, quibus nihil est quam mentiri facilius, fideles se regiae serenitatis 2 servitores esse respondent 3 , bonos vicinos pacem tenere, discordiam abhorrere 4 vitandosque fore tamquam dissidii et zizaniarum satores, qui copias Hungarorum adversus dominia Caesarae 5 majestatis 6 quovis pacto venturas dicerent. Sed ecce constantiam, ecce justitiam, aequitatem, nobilitatem, fidem: venit ex improviso Johannes armatasque 7 copias in Austriae limitibus exponit, et, nisi 8 quae petit obtineat, ingressurum se Austriam et omnia ferro et incendio vastaturum minatur. Regia sublimitas missis legatis, ut supra dixi, et justius etiam respondet.[12] Sed quae justitiae apud Hungaros, ut de malis loquar, reverentia 9 , quae fidei custodia 10 , quae promissorum memoria? Introivit exercitus Austriam, nobilissimas villas cremavit, aedes sacras incendit, virgines nuptasque violavit, non sexui, non aetati ferrum pepercit. Sed non tantum crassari barbari potuerunt, quantum voluissent. Nam populi plerique ad munitissima se loca receperant, et expugnandarum arcium impotes sunt Hungari. At quod 11 liberum eis fuit 12 , nullam mali faciem omiserunt.

	1 afferret N, V
	2 majestatis N
	3 responderunt N, V
	4 interlin. V; omit. M, N
	5 dignitatis vel add. M
	6 serenitatis N
	7 armatus qui N
	8 non M
	9 reverentiave N; reverenter N
	10 custodiende N
	11 at quod : atque M
	12 eis fuit : fuit eis N

  . But see what Hungarian steadfastness, justice, equity, nobility and faithfulness are like: suddenly Janos 1 arrived in force and deployed troops at the Austrian borders, threatening to invade Austria and devastate all by sword and fire if he did not get what he wanted. His Royal Highness sent legates -as I said before -with an answer that was more than fair.[12] But what respect for justice do the Hungarians have (I speak only of the evil ones)? What care for faithfulness? What memory of promises? Their army invaded Austria, burnt noble cities, set fire to holy buildings, raped virgins and matrons, and their swords spared neither sex nor age. But the barbarians could not rampage as much as they wanted to, for most people fled to the fortified places, and the Hungarians were unable to conquer the fortresses. But otherwise they committed every evil they could.[13] Audisti, beatissime pater, et Hungarorum, qui cum Johanne 1 sunt, perfidiam, et modestiam Caesareae majestatis, quae licet gravia damna passa sit in suis subditis, non tamen animo 2 deficit. Assunt sibi subditorum vires, sunt amici, sunt affines, adest justitia, et recti custos Deus, ex cujus auxilio vindictam sumere nihil dubitat. Audies, ut speramus, in 3 brevi magnam aliquam novitatem. {83r} Nam regem nostrum, cum recessimus, jam intraturum castra dimisimus. Quod tuae sanctitati excusatum esse non 4 dubitamus, cum arma non voluntate, sed necessitate induerit, cum bellum non inferat, sed repellat. Illi faveat optimus Deus et dominus exercituum ac tuam 5 simul beatitudinem 6 feliciter tueatur 7 ad prosperum et tranquillum regimen ecclesiae suae sanctae. Amen. Laus Deo. 8 9 10

	1 omit. M
	2 omnino N
	3 omit. N, V
	4 esse non : non esse N
	5 tua M
	6 beatitudo M

7

teneatur M; interlin. add. teneatur V 8 laus Deo : deo gratias N, V 9 cum laude omnipotentis Jesu Christi add. V 10 Finit anno etc. LXVIIIo die vigesima mensis Maji in Nuremberga, laudes Deo infinitae add. M

Appendix 1 : Letter from Janos Hunyadi, Regent of Hungary, to Pope Eugenius IV of 18 October 1446 2 {125Ar}

  Beatissime pater, vim patimur expertes culpae, gravisque rebus nostris et inopinata 3 violentia ingeritur 4 . Terra nostra intestine hactenus 5 bello tumida 6 , jam 7 divino munere parabat conquiescere, solum 8 , aduersus 9 infideles Europa pellendos, sollicitudinem reliquens 10 erectam 11 : verum princeps ille, qui Christiani populi 12 Augustus reputatur et caput 13 , turbatis addit vulnera, et quaesitae paci 14 nova jurgia pronus ministrat 15 , quamuis non dubitet, nullum jus sibi ex 16 regno nostro, nullumque commune deberi 17 , {125Av} praesertim, cum submotam noverit causam illam, qua eidem terrae nostrae et patriae manum contendebat violentiam immittere. Cum autem 18 et 19 beatitudini vestrae 20 non lateat 21 , quia 22 totalis dissensio illa tam aspera 23 ex duorum regum contraria electione viguerit, jam amplius 24 non videtur locus dissidio, dum unum judicio divino sublatum agnovimus et alterum votis nostris concorditer electum 25 . Huius 26 equidem 27 electi regis HU 23 illa tam aspera : prior in hoc regno HU24 amplior HU 25 unum judicio … electum : alter judicio divino sublatus est et alter per concordem electionem susceptus HU 26 hujus HU 27 quidem HU nostri 1 , ut pueri 2 illustrissimi Ladislai nati quondam serenissimi domini 3 Alberti regis cuius partem huc usque praenotatus princeps, rex Romanorum 4 , fuit pro quo instetit et contendit pro quo demum laborem cohibuit 5 qui 6 proni subditi sumus, cuique sine labore oblatum unanimiter regnum seruamus, multis modis 7 multaque instantia, apud eundem operas dedimus et 8 laborauimus, ut

	3 et inopinata omit. HU
	4 ingratur N
	5 intestino hactenus : hactenus intestino HU
	6 tumida corr. ex tumefacta M
	7 jamjam N, HU
	8 solam HU
	9 adversos N
	10 omit. HU
	11 relinquebat add. HU
	12 Regni HU
	13 reputatur et caput : appellatur HU
	14 omit. N
	15 intorquet HU
	16 in HU
	17 debere N
	18 enim HU
	19 uti HU
	20 beatitudini vestrae : beatitudinem quoque vestram HU
	21 latet HU
	22 omit.

1 Edition based on texts edited in the Scriptores rerum

Hungaricarum. Ed. J.G. v. Schwandtner. 3 vols. 1766. / II, p. 38 (HU)

, and the mss. collated aboce, i.e. the M (ff. 79r-), the N and the V. Lead ms. is M. Pagination from N 2 Epistola querimonialis a gubernatore et proceribus regni Hungarie ad sanctissimum dominum nostrum papam contra Caesaream majestatem et in qua excusationem petunt si propterea invaderet armis Austriam ex eo quod petita non habere queant M; Epistola querimonialis a gubernatore proceribusque regni Hungarie ad sanctissimum dominum nostrum papam contra Caesaream majestatem in qua excusationem petunt si propterea invaderent armis Austriam eo quod petita non queant N

electum ipsum regem 9 , cum corona sublata 10 , regno suo et solio 11 restitueret 12 , finesque regni ejus 13 et ciuitates, ceteraque occupata, quae amplius, sublata dissidiorum causa 14 , tenere non licuit, suadente 15 iustitia resignarit 16 .

  At ipse, ut praemisimus, quaesitam pacem non ferens aequo animo, multis dilationibus multisque verbis, hactenus nos 17 tenuit, festinans hoc 18 dilationum 19 medio innovare gravamina, occupatis 20 addere, regalia quoque et ecclesiarum proventus usurpare, immo, quod molestius referimus, nova imponi onera novaque fortalitia erigi, apud ecclesiarum et praecipue cathedralis Iauriensis latera, equis et iumentis stabula, curiasque 21 et detestanda commercia institui patitur et fovere 22 , utque brevius 23 concludamus plura, non infidelium, non denique paganorum insultus, tantum patriae nostrae nunc afficit, quantum turbatio, et insperata 24 arma, principis supradicti in notabilem et etiam 25 regni nostri immo totius Christianae religionis dedecus et jacturam 26 . Quia igitur, beatissime pater 27 , rebus his acerbis non injuste 28 moveri nos opportuit, juste incitati 29 , justissima iterato 30 arma decrevimus, ad 1 utpote illustrissimi … omit. HU 2 ut pota N 3 domini add. N 4 rex Romanorum omit. HU 5 fuit quo … cohibuit : fovit pro quo denique laboris adhibuit N HU26 In notabile … jacturam omit. HU 27 beatitudo vestra M, N 28 indigni N; indigne HU 29 juste incitati : injuste provocati N 30 contra eum HU defensionem reintegrationemque 1 patriae nostrae, quae, ut praemisimus 2 , oppressione turbatur, supplicantes devotius, ut, si post hos 3 dies, beatitudo vestra, apud fines 4 praetactos copias armorum nostrorum 5 acturas forte aut passuras aliquid audiverit, non ob aliam rem id obtingere putet 6 , nisi eam, quam superius, eidem beatitudini vestrae, dolorosis satis verbis deteximus, et pro qua quidem re 7 , in hoc iustissimo certantes 8 bello, et vinci pium et vincere 9 reputamus 10 gloriosum 11 . Recommittimus devotionem nostram beatitudini vestrae, quam altissimus conservare dignetur feliciter 12 longe feliciter conservet regimini 13 ecclesiae suae sanctae. Datum in opido Feuldwar 14 15 die decimo septimo 16 octobris anno domini 17 MCCCCXLVI.

	6 quia HU
	7 mediis HU
	8 dominum Romanorum regem HU
	9 omit. M, N
	10 omit. M, N
	11 suo et solio : et solio suo N
	12 restitueret HU
	13 omit. HU
	14 sublata dissidiorum causa : post sublatam dissidiorum causam HU 15 ua dum M 16 resignaret HU 17 non M 18 hac N 19 dilationis M; dilatione N 20 occupanda add. HU 21 choreasque HU 22 patitur et fovere : et fovere patitur HU 23 brevibus N 24 inspirata M, N 2 illicita add. HU 3 has N 4 hostes HU 5 copias armorum nostrorum : armorum nostrorum copias HU 6 omit. M, N 7 omit. HU 8 omit. HU 9 pium et vincere : et vincere pium HU 10 putamus N; reputavimus HU 11 omit. HU 25 in add. 1 reintegrationem M, M 12 conservare dignetur feliciter : longe feliciter conservet HU
	13 regno N
	14 Illeg. M

15

Datum … Feuldwar: data HU 16 die decimo septimo : XVIII. [sic!] Octobris HU 17 omit. HU

Piccolomini: De Europa, 1, 8 (Brown, p. 59); Piccolomini: Historia Austrialis / 1. Version(Knödler, I, pp. 19, 33); See also a number of letters of Piccolomini: Epistolarium, p.

299, 429, 472, 487; WO, II, pp. 76 ff, 238, 251. Voigt, II, p. 383; Zanetti, pp. 60-85 2 I.e. uncrowned Holy Emperor 3 Cf. Haller 4 The Battle of Varna, 10 November 1444 5 Epistolarium, 185, p. 469: XII castella hoc anno adeptus est rex Romanorum in Hungaria atque Moravia expulsis latronibus partim per se, partim per suos duces. Incepimus iam esse in castris. Translation quoted after Reject, p. 227-228, and other letters, cf. Piccolomini: Historia Austrialis (Knödler, I, pp. 19, n. 104) 6 Published in the Scriptores rerum Hungaricarum, II, p. 38. See Appendix

Even had it wished to do so, it could not -in view of the much more important pending imperial and German recognition of the pope

Zanetti, p. 84: … dass im Jahre 1447 ein endgültiger Friede zwischen den beiden Kontrahenten [Hunyadi and the emperor] zustande kam, dessen Abschluss sicherlich auch dadurch begünstigt wurde, dass das Auslieferungsansuchen betreffs Ladislaus sicherlich nicht ganz so ernst gemeint war. Indeed it might be easier for Hunyad to consolidate his power in the absence of the boy king from Hungary

Zanetti, p. 79: an undeclared motive for the emperor's refusal to send Ladislaus to Hungary might have been his fear that Austria, ruled from Hungary, might eventually cease to be a Habsburg dominion

Haller, p. 94

For an analysis of Piccolomini's use of sources, see Collected Orations Pope PiusII, ch. 8

Wladislav III of Poland, crowned King of Hungary on 17 July 1440,

months after the coronation of the infant Ladislaus the Posthumous

As an infant

Pressburg = Bratislava

Janos Hunyad

16 November 1446