Michael Von Cotta-Schönberg

Silvio Enea

; Piccolomini

Silvius Aeneas

Sylvius Aeneas

Pope Pius II Papa Piccolomini

Ii ; Pio

Pope Nicolaus Pope

Papa Niccolò

Michael V Cotta-Schönberg

OO Ko

Oration "Moyses vir Dei" of

(Orations of Enea Silvio Piccolomini / Pope Pius II; 19) Foreword

In 2007, I undertook a project of publishing the Latin texts with English translations of the orations of Enea Silvio Piccolomini / Pope Pius II. Altogether 80 1 orations (including papal responses to ambassadorial addresses) are extant today, though more may still be held, unrecognized, in libraries and archives.

At a later stage the project was expanded to include ambassadors' orations to the pope, of which about 40 are presently known.

I do not, actually, plan to publish further versions of the present volume, but I do reserve the option in case I -during my future studies -come across other manuscripts containing interesting versions of the oration or if important new research data on the subject matter are published, making it appropriate to modify or expand the present text. It will therefore always be useful to check if a later version than the one the reader may have previously found via the Internet is available.

I shall much appreciate to be notified by readers who discover errors and problems in the text and translation or unrecognized quotations.

12 September 2019 MCS 1 81 orations, if the "Cum animadverto" is counted is a Piccolomini-oration, see oration "Quam laetus" [18], Appendix Conclusion [24-25] I. INTRODUCTION

Context 1

By 1452, the relentless Turkish expansion in Europe had become a permanent scare. In spite of some setbacks, the Turks had gained the upper hand through a decisive victory in the battle of Varna in 1444 where the Polish/Hungarian King, Wladyslaw III, and the Cardinal Legate, Giuliano Cesarini, had fallen. Turkish military pressure against the remaining unconquered parts of Balkan and against Hungary, the "Bulwark of Christianity", was intensifying. And the new, young and warlike Turkish sultan, Mehmed II, was making aggressive moves against Constantinople, the capital of the remnants of the Byzantine Empire.

The Turks were mentioned in a number of Piccolomini's orations, even in the first one, the "Audivi" [1], of 1436. In that oration Piccolomini had said:

Great is the realm of the Turks, immense is the power of the Asians and enormous their riches. They have extended their empire from Asia to Europe, and they have occupied the whole of Greece as if they were the avengers of the destruction of Troy. To expel them from Greece would not be the task of a single city or state, but of the entire Christian world. 2 3 Though the Turkish expansion into Europe had become an important political and military issue confronting the European powers, these were embroiled in so many regional conflicts and wars and were so discouraged by their former defeats at the hands of Turks that it would be left to the frontier states, first among them Hungary, to deal with the threat.

Just to initiate the organization of a military response to the Turkish threat would take the energetic and concerted efforts of the two international leaders of Europe, Emperor Friedrich III and Pope Nicolaus V. In August 1451 the emperor had promised the ambassadors of Duke Philippe III of Burgundy to take up the matter with the pope during his projected visit to Rome (in connection with his imperial coronation). On behalf of the emperor, Bishop Piccolomini of Siena, in his capacity as imperial counsellor and diplomat had told the ambassadors, in the oration "Quamvis in hoc senatu" which may be considered the first of Piccolomini's Turkish orations 4 that:

Therefore, he [the emperor] is looking forward to the opportunity to speak with the Supreme Pontiff and to discuss this matter [the crusade]. Indeed, he intends to go to Rome and have consultations on this and on many other urgent affairs of the Christian Commonwealth, and to follow the advice and useful counsels of that See. And now that your prince has declared his vital interest in the matter, His Royal Highness will take it up so much more willingly and recommend it to the pope, and he will do all he can for the peace of the Christian people and the defense of the Faith. [Sect. 6] It was not an easy venture. Both emperor and pope were by nature cautious men and certainly not tempted by military adventures. The emperor, moreover, was at the moment threatened by conflicts with the Austrians, the Hungarians and the Bohemians because of his continuing wardship over the boy-king Ladislaus, by then 12 years old. So, he would be perfectly happy to leave any responsibility and initiative in the Turkish matter to the pope.

After their coronation in Rome, the imperial couple visited the empress' uncle in Naples, King Alfonso V. Returning from Naples, they passed through Rome and paid a last visit to Pope Nicolaus. At this occasion, the emperor asked Bishop Piccolomini to speak to the pope on the situation of the Christians living under Turkish rule and to present a petition for a crusade. This Piccolomini did in his oration to the pope, the "Moyses vir Dei" of 24 April, in the presence and on behalf of the emperor.

In the first version of his Historia Austrialis, written in 1453-1454, 1 i.e. a couple of years after the oration was delivered, Piccolomini wrote about the event in these terms:

Afterwards the Emperor requested Bishop Aeneas of Siena to give an account of the situation of the people of Jerusalem and of the Greeks and the other Christians living miserably under the rule of Turks. Because of the serious defeats suffered by the Hungarians, he was to express fears concerning the future of Constantinople and the necessity of coming to the assistance of the oppressed, and finally to incite to a crusade. This Aeneas did in a public consistory, also presenting the emperor's offer to assist this enterprise with all his power and with the whole empire if the Supreme Pontiff would undertake this matter. 2 In the second/third edition of the Historia Austrialis, composed three to four years afterwards, Piccolomini gave a more elaborate description of the event:

1 HA, I, p. xvii 2 HA, I, pp. 185-186: Enee Senensi episcopo commisit, ut statum Hierosolimorum, Grecorum, et aliorum Christianorum, qui sub imperio Turchorum opprimuntur, exponeret, utque Hungari magnas clades tulissent, timendum esse Constantinopoli, succurrendum oppressis diceret passagiumque suaderet. Quod is in publico consistorio fecit offerens cesarem cum omni eius potentia totoque imperio ad id operam daturum, si summus pontifex ei rei intendere vellet After his return from Naples, the emperor stayed in Rome for three days. The day before his departure, he warmly thanked the Supreme Pontiff and the Sacred College of Cardinals for their kindness to him. Then he asked Enea to speak, in a public consistory, on the situation of the Christians in Syria, Egypt, Asia Minor and Greece, who were being persecuted under the rule of the Sultan and the Great Turk, and on the terrible defeats suffered by the Hungarians in recent years, and [how there was every reason] to fear for Constantinople and the other Greek cities that kept their Christian faith. He was also to talk about helping those being persecuted, to argue for a holy crusade, and to offer the efforts and the resources of the empire in this matter. Enea spoke so convincingly that many in the audience were moved to tears. In his reply Nicolaus, first said that the emperor had richly merited what had been done in his honour -which was actually less than deserved. The Church could never show the Empire the gratitude which it merited. The crusade, which Enea had spoken about, was certainly meritorious, worthy of the emperor, and greatly pious. It was very important to the Apostolic See, and personally he was deeply moved by Enea's words and would not be remiss in this matter. However, it would be necessary to consult with the other Christian princes and request their contribution to this great a venture. If he found them willing, he would report so to emperor and then undertake this holy endeavour with all his might. 1 In his later Commentarii, of 1464, Piccolomini, then pope, wrote as follows:

When the emperor returned and appeared again before the pope and the college of cardinals, Aeneas delivered two speeches in his name before a public audience. In one he thanked the pope and cardinals for the considerable favors they had granted the emperor; in the other he implored the pope to proclaim and prepare a crusade against the enemies of Christendom of Greece and the East. Piccolomini's 19 th century biographer Georg Voigt -predictably -considers the oration as the beginning of a papal/imperial campaign to extract money from the faithful under the pretext of a crusade. 4 Many people at the time would have shared this opinion, disregarding the sound assessment of the Turkish expansion that would lead to the fall of Constantinople only a year afterwards.

At any rate, those times were clearly past when a pope could raise the whole of Europe to go to war against the infidels. Piccolomini might not himself see this at the time, but the oration shows that at least he was quite aware of the problems: There are many, Holy Father, who when they hear talk about a crusade say: "Oh, that old dream, that old delusion, that silly nonsense!" [Sect. 17]

Possibly, the pope quite agreed with these sentiments, but nonetheless, he answered benignly -as might be expected -to the oration of the emperor's spokesman. In reality he did very little. 5 His successor, Calixtus III, was much more energetic in this area, but it fell to Piccolomini himself, as Pope Pius II, to mobilize the resources and energies of the papacy for a crusade -though in vain.

The "Moyses vir Dei" may not have been Piccolomini's first Turkish oration, but it was certainly his first full-fledged Turkish oration in a series of altogether 15 such orations on the Turkish matter which he would hold, as an imperial official and later as pope, reaching from the "Quamvis in hoc senatu" [17] crusading initiatives would earn him to be called "the greatest crusading pope of the Renaissance" 1 and "the most militant crusader of the Renaissance" 2 and to have a decisive influence on the development of the humanist Turkish discourse and on European perceptions of the Turks for many years.

Themes

The oration has four main themes:

• Definition of a crusade (the What)

• Motives for a crusade (the Why)

• Feasibility of a crusade (the How)

• Ecumenical council

Definition of a crusade

Throughout the oration, Piccolomini does not use the term crusade (crociata), but the term passagium, which he defines thus -on the basis of an analogy with the migration of birds:

A crusade is a large military expedition proclaimed by the Christians against the infidels ... when, at the bidding of the Apostolic See, they take up arms and in great throngs move towards the enemies of the faith. And it is not a true crusade (passagium) unless many peoples participate. ... The crusaders who take part in it merit the plenary remission of all their sins. [Sect. 5]

Motives for a crusade

The emperor's motive for a crusade was threefold, said Piccolomini:

1 Hankins, p. 113 2 Hankins, p. 128

• Compassion (commiseratio)

• Benefit (utilitas)

• Honour (honestas) 1 The emperor is moved by the compassion he feels for the Christians subjugated by the Turks; the abject condition of Jerusalem that he saw for himself when as a very young man he visited the Holy Land; The benefits of the crusade would be to help the Hungarians resist Turkish expansion and to liberate the Greeks and the Holy Land from the Turks; to exterminate islam; to propagate Christian faith; and to merit the crown of eternal life.

Concerning honour there can be no greater such than fighting for God in a war that has been properly declared and proclaimed: It is glorious to fight for the faith [sect. 16].

Feasibility of a crusade

In this oration, Piccolomini uses the concept possibilitas, where later he will use the concept facilitas. He considers the feasibility of the crusade under two aspects: ease of mobilization and chances of success.

Concerning mobilization, Piccolomini believes -or pretends to believe -that the warlike Europeans would rather fight the Turks than each other, and that a joint expedition against the Turks will actually relieve the Europeans of their incessant, intestinal conflicts.

As for financing, the crusade will cost a lot of money, of course, but Piccolomini believes that communities plagued by war would willingly contribute to an international war against the Turks in order to be rid of their own local wars. And there are other means which Piccolomini would rather discuss with the pope privately. The sale of indulgences spring to mind ...

The chances of success of the crusade was an important issue, since the success of war is generally uncertain, and in particular because the Christians had been roundly defeated by the Turks in a number of previous battles, at Nicopolis in 1395 and at Varna in 1444, just to mention two battles that were great military disasters for the Europeans.

Piccolomini argues that European military skills and valour are much greater than those of the "effeminate" Turks whose former military victories were only due to their superior numbers. If the Europeans unite, they can easily match the size of the Turkish armies. 1 Also, the European enterprise would be favoured by the internal divisions of the Turks and by their conflicts with other peoples in the regions.

As a final argument, Piccolomini refers to an old Arab prophecy that Islam would begin to decrease after 800 years. It is uncertain to what extent such an argument would be taken seriously by his rather world-wise audience.

In conclusion: Victory is certain! There is no reason to hesitate.

Ecumenical council

When, in 1443-1444, the imperial government of Friedrich III began to move towards ending the German Neutrality between the schismatic council of Basel and the Roman pope, Eugenius IV, 2 one of the conditions was that the pope should summon a new ecumenical council. As imperial ambassador and envoy, Piccolomini had himself presented these demands to the pope on diplomatic missions to the Papal Court in 1445, 1446, and 1447. 1 After the reconciliation with the Papacy, the imperial government began to abandon the idea of another council.

This move was announced by Piccolomini in his oration "Fateor" [15] where -on behalf of the emperor -he demanded that the new council should take place in Germany and posed various other conditions which made it clear that a new council was no longer high on the imperial agenda. Whether Piccolomini had truly received instructions from the emperor to announce these conditions or whether he took it upon himself to make an announcement which he knew would express an imperial policy in development is uncertain. As Pope Pius II, he later revised the oration with a view to inclusion in his collected orations, and in this context he weakened the whole passage considerably:

Another would perhaps have requested a general council or reform decrees or something else. 4 The reason for this revision is probably that as an imperial politician and diplomat he had, in 1452, really gone too far in downplaying the authority of the councils. As pope, he would have to uphold the authority of the ecumenical councils, and he probably also believed in it: his political statement on behalf of the emperor in 1452 simply could not be held as a doctrinal tenet by a reigning pope.

Date, place, audience and format

According to Wagendorfer, the oration was held on 24 April 1452. 1 The place was -most probably -the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican.

The audience was the pope in a public consistory. The emperor and Ladislaus, Archduke of Austria and King of Hungary and Bohemia, and probably a number of their courtiers as well as Roman curials were present. 2 The format was an ambassadorial address to the pope on the part of the emperor and in his presence. It could not be more official.

Text 3

The oration is one of those that Piccolomini revised over the years until it achieved its final form in connection with the compilation of the Collected Orations of Pius II in 1462. 4 It is extant in an Early Version, an Intermediate Version and a Final version.

Early Version

The Early Version is identical with or close to the original version as delivered by Piccolomini.

Manuscripts 1

The Early Version is extant both individually in humanist collective manuscripts and as part of Piccolomini's Historia Austrialis.

Among the manuscripts containing the individually transmitted Early Version are:

• Venezia / Biblioteca Marciana Lat. XI.80, ff. 309v-312r (U) * Lat. XIV.228, ff. 188v-201r (V) 2

• Wien / Österreichische Nationalbibliothek 3420, ff. 161r-165v (W) *

Among the manuscripts containing the manuscripts used by Wagendorfer for his edition of the Historia Austrialis 3 is 4 :

• Trento / Biblioteca Communale 109 W, ff. 100r-104r (T)

Editions

The Early Version (EV) has been edited at least five times: The oration was also published among Pius' letters in the Opera Omnia edition, which according to Häbler were copied from the Koberger edition1 :

• AEneae Sylvii Piccolominei

Final version 4.3.1. Manuscripts

The Final Version is included in all seven manuscripts containing the Collected Orations of Pius II. The seven manuscripts are the following:

• Lucca / Biblioteca Capitolare Feliniana 544, ff. 58v-62v (G) *

• Mantova / Biblioteca Communale 100, ff. 81r-92v

• Milano / Biblioteca Ambrosiana I. 97 inf., ff. 53r-57v (E)*

Other manuscripts and editions

Other manuscripts which have not been seen in connection with the present edition and whose status in terms of version (Early, Intermediate, Final) could therefore not been determined are:

• Freiburg i.B. / Universitätsbibliothek 1 C10, ff. 115r-119v
• Fulda / Landesbibliothek2 4o C10, ff. 115r-116r

• Venezia / Biblioteca Marciana3 Lat. XIV 246, ff. 238r-253r

In 1648, the Final Version was published in a commented edition (with collation of a manuscript containing the Early Version), as an academic thesis:

• Steger, Thomas: Annotatio historica de Passagiis ad Orationem Aeneae Syluii, nomine Imperat. Friderici III. Romae anno M.CCCC.LII super hoc argumento habitam. Argentorati: Frid. Spoor, 1648

Present edition

For principles of edition (incl. orthography) and translation, see Collected Orations of Pope Pius II, vol. 1, ch. 9-10.

Texts:

Early Version (EV): The edition is based on all three manuscripts listed and on the Freher edition from 1717, with the Vienna manuscript as the lead text. 1 Intermediate Version (IV): The edition is based on both the manuscripts listed and on the printed editions by Koberger, Freher and the Opera Omnia edition.

Final Version (FV):

The edition is based on six of the manuscripts containing the collected edition of Pius'orations, with the Chis. J.VIII 284 as the lead text.

Presentation:

The Early Version (EV) and the Intermediate/Final Version (IFV) are published synoptically, on the left pages, with the Early Version above and the Intermediate/Final Version below. Identical passages (with no regard for differences in word order, grammatical form and in the use of et/ac/atque) are given in bold types 2 .

Pagination:

Early Version: follows the Vienna manuscript.

Intermediate/Final Version: follows the Chis. J.VIII 284. 1 For an exhaustive edition of the Early version as based on the manuscripts containing the second/third version of the Historia Austrialis, the reader is referred to Wagendorfer's edition 2 Except differences in word order, grammatical form and of et/ac/atque

Sources 1

In this oration, altogether 41 direct and indirect quotations from various sources have been identified:

Biblical: 18 Classical: 20 Patristic and medieval : 2 Contemporary: 1 All: 41

The classical quotations dominate somewhat over the biblical. There are only two patristic quotation and no quotations from contemporary authors.

Biblical sources: 18

Old Testament: 13

• Deuteronomy: 1 • Numbers: 1 • Daniel: 1 • 2. Chronicles: 1 • Ecclesiasticus: 1 • Isaiah: 2 • Jeremiah: 1 • Lamentations: 2 • 2. Machabees: 1 • Psalms: 2
New Testament: 5

• Matthew: 1 • Acts: 1 • 2. Corinthians: 1 • Philippians: 1 • Romans: 1
Classical sources: 20

• Cicero: 9 1 • Ennodius: 1 • Juvenalis: 1 • Plato: 1 2 • Plutarch: 1 3 • Quintilianus: 1 • Suetonius: 1 • Terentius: 1 4 • Valerius Maximus: 1 • Vergilius: 3
Patristic and medieval sources: 2

• Jeronimus: 1 5

• Origenes: 1 6

Contemporary sources: 1 et 1 sequendum censuit, cujus providentia 2 noscere 3 , auctoritas monere 4 , potestas implere 5 possit 6 , quod 7 sit agendum.

[2] [IV/FV] That this was also the practice in later times, both in the [time of the] New Testament and in the Time of Grace 8 , is confirmed by many examples and authorities and witnessed by the acts of Constantine the Great, 9 Theodosius, 10 Justinianus 11 and other Christian emperors.

Friedrich, 12 Holy Caesar and August Emperor of the Romans, your most obedient son, eagerly and earnestly desires that there should be in his days a crusade 13 against the impious followers of Muhammad, 14 and directs all his energy and resources towards this goal. He has therefore decided first to consult, hear, and follow you, Vicar of the Great God, 15 Holy Head, Perfect Leader, Eminent Governor and True Teacher of the Christian people: your wisdom will know what should be done, your authority will impose it, and your power will execute it. [3] [IV/FV] So, today the emperor comes to you and your Holy Senate 1 to talk with Your Holiness about a crusade. 2 He has now been crowned with the Triple Crown, 3 and through your benevolence 4 he has been confirmed as king of his realm. The power of this realm Daniel 5 likened to iron, [START_REF] Iv/Fv | the emperor desire a crusade: compassion, benefit and honour[END_REF] and its only limit is the Ocean. It was founded by Romulus, 7 confirmed by Julius, 8 enlarged by Augustus, 9 approved by Lord Jesus. 10 On Earth his authority only defers to your own, 11 and his duty it is to spare the vanquished and to crush the proud. 12 What else should he be thinking of than a crusade which will both strengthen the Christians and weaken the enemies of the name of Christ? For the prince, says the Wise One, will devise such things as are worthy of a prince. 13 [3] [IV/FV cont.] And in Media as Herodotus 1 says, and everywhere, as Curtius 2 believes, kings were made in order that the people might enjoy justice. 3 Their task is to drive out all injustice, and if they will listen to Plato and obey other philosophers who teach morals, 4 their administration will not be to their own benefit, but to the benefit of those entrusted to them. 5 This is why the emperor is so concerned and preoccupied with the crusade.

Concept of crusade

[5] [IV/FV] Now we shall deal with the first. By the word crusade (passagium) we simply mean a large military expedition proclaimed by the Christians against the infidels. The crusaders 1 taking part in it merit the plenary remission of all their sins. The Italian word for passagium means something like migration 2 : as some birds are said to make a passage when at certain times during the year they migrate from region to region, thus from time to time the Christians are seen and said to make a passage when, at the bidding of the Apostolic See, 3 they take up arms and in great throngs move towards the enemies of the faith. It is not a true crusade (passagium) unless many peoples participate, seeming to migrate in search of new homes more than going to war -just like the Cimbrians 4 inundated Italy and the Goths 5 and the Huns 6 made their invasion. So, this is what is meant by crusade (passagium). 7

1 "cruce signati" 2 "transitus" 3 Note that it is the pope who has the initiative and authority to indict a crusade 4 The Cimbrians: Germanic tribes which migrated from the Danish peninsula of Jutland into Roman controlled territory, where they were defeated in The Cimbrian War (113-101 BC) 5 The Goths: East Germanic people, two of whose branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Roman Empire

Compassion

[7] [IV/FV] Why compassion? Pay heed, and I will explain in brief. 1 Who is weak, says the apostle, and I am not weak. 2 Who sees afflicted people, and does not become afflicted himself? Whose heart is so hard that he does not suffer together with those who are suffering, lament together with those who are lamenting,3 and is not sad together with those who are sad. When the emperor reached the age of reason and came to know the sacraments of our Faith, he soon became devoted to religion and began to set growth of the worship of God above all else, as his natural goodness and noble blood urged him to do. For the princes of the House of Austria, among whom have been many kings and emperors, ever hoped to be successful when they had served the divine name well and unshakeably. [START_REF]Intellexisti 11 desiderium suum, sanctum 12 propositum[END_REF] Christiano populo : populo Christiano P, FR1

[11] [IV/FV] And what about that noble realm of Hungary, an ancient land, mighty in arms and wealth of soil?1 Alas, how the Hungarians have suffered in our time! They give their own blood to save ours. Their breasts are our walls. Certainly, all Christians are indebted to the Hungarians who are put to death all day long and are accounted as sheep to the slaughter. 2 See here with us today their king, the boy, the ward, the orphan Ladislaus, 3 noble offspring of kings and emperors, asking for help to his realm and to his subjects. May Your Holiness and Your Imperial Majesty be moved by his prayers and his tears, as he asks for help to the people who protects the entire Christian people with their own swords.

[

Benefit

[14] [IV/FV] So that nobody shall charge you or him with this fault, the emperor requests a crusade, 1 which he believes will bring great benefit: to help the troubled Hungarians; to free the Greeks from servitude; to propagate the worship of God; to reclaim the Holy Land from the hands of the impure; to exterminate that monstrous and abominable idol of Muhammad; and thus to please God and gain the unfading crown of the Heavenly Kingdom. This is indeed a great benefit!

[15] [EV] Sed quid de honestate gloriaque dicemus, quam vel tuae beatitudini vel Caesaris altitudini accumulaturum cernimus esse passagium? Bellorum aequitatem majores nostri sanctissime fetiali jure praescripserant, denuntiata indictaque bella justa 1 Tumet adversarius ejus 4 Mahumetus, inflatur, cornua erigit 5 , et nos quiescimus? An non arma pro Christo sumemus, qui pro nobis sumpsit humanitatem?

Honour

[15] [IV/FV] But true benefit is not without honour. Our forefathers considered a just war to be honourable. For the justice of war was set down in a holy law of the senate of the Roman people, and they thought that wars that had been properly declared and proclaimed were just. [START_REF] Iv/Fv | the emperor desire a crusade: compassion, benefit and honour[END_REF] Those who fought bravely they considered honourable and glorious, and not only the survivors, but also those who had fallen. So, what shall we say about this war that is declared not by a man on Earth, but by the Emperor in Heaven, 7 and which aims at the propagation not of empire, but of the worship of God? In such a war, the Catholic Faith is being defended as well as the honour of Our Saviour, who being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be equal with God: But emptied himself, taking the form of a servant, being made in the likeness of men, and in habit found as a man. He humbled himself, becoming obedient unto death, even to the death on the cross, 8 in order to save us from slavery to the Devil. His adversary, Muhammad, is swollen with conceit, he is puffed up, he raises his horns, and we should remain quiet? No, we should go to war for Christ who became a man 9 for our sake! [16] [IV/FV] Indeed, our ingratitude will be immense if we do not go to uncertain death 1 for Christ, who went to certain death for us, and if we do not offer our life to him who gave it to us. 2 Truly, this is a most honourable war in which we fight for the cause of Our Father, Our Lord, Our Great God, and in which those who lose their earthly life gain eternal life and the perpetual fame of a glorious name. What more can I say? It is glorious to fight for the Faith, and it is shameful and despicable not to fight when necessity demands it, as now when the Saracens are on the rampage everywhere and in every way, persecuting the name of Christ with great violence, cruelty, and brutality.

This will suffice concerning the second part in which we had to explain the request for a crusade. 1 i.e. risk death [START_REF]Intellexisti 11 desiderium suum, sanctum 12 propositum[END_REF] Otto Frisingensis in marg. D, G [18] [IV/FV] But let us consider whether today there may be good hopes for a crusade. "Nobody knowingly attempts the impossible, and nobody undertakes something which he thinks he cannot achieve. A great deed must be nourished by hope." What do we answer to that? Two things should be considered, firstly whether the Christians may easily be persuaded to join a crusade, and secondly whether there is great hope for victory when a crusade has been undertaken. For since all wars have a dubious outcome,1 a war should never be undertaken unless there is sufficient hope and reasons for victory. Otherwise we shall seem, as in the proverb of Caesar Octavian, to fish with a golden hook. And in that there is more to lose than to gain. For if the Christians had peace, in vain would we try to stir up the princes, placid and sluggish from peace. We would not find troops that could be used in war: they would fear death, and they would be able to carry neither sword nor standard nor trumpet. Now that peoples are already stirred up by one war, they will gladly join up for another, for it is easier to call a soldier from one war to another than from peace to war. As the prophet says: It is good for a man, when he hath borne the yoke from his youth. 5 Who among the Christians would not, when having to fight, rather draw his sword against the Turks than against other Christians? All will be pleased to turn their weapons against the Saracens and leave the fatherland in peace. Indeed, the only way to pacify the Christians may be the summons for a crusade. [20 IV/FV] For the peoples of Europe are warlike and ferocious, and they do not know how to be at peace. Unless they fight against others, they turn against each other. For this reason, Scipio Nasica once counselled against the destruction of Carthage so that the Romans, having peace all around them, would not fall on each other1 like the kings of Israel who, when they had conquered their enemies, began to kill each other in stead. 2 If the Christians are to have peace between them, war should be turned against foreigners. In this matter, neither the shining spirit of the Germans, nor the noble heart of the French, nor the lofty mind of the Spaniards, nor the honour-loving spirit of the Italians will fail. All will singlemindedly obey Your Holiness' commands. Who may doubt the feasibility of a crusade decreed by the authority of the Roman Pontiff and summoned by the order of the emperor? To me it seems that the thing is as much as done, and I have no doubts at all, if you say the word and the emperor lends his hand. For who will fail to obey when he is summoned by your decrees and the command of the emperor? 3 [21] [IV/FV] But maybe someone will quote Braccio, 4 an enemy of the Church, but otherwise a man of understanding, 5 who he used to say: "The three things most necessary for war are: money, money, and money." [START_REF] Iv/Fv | the emperor desire a crusade: compassion, benefit and honour[END_REF] So, where shall we gather the money necessary for so great and so long a war? There are methods at hand for finding the money, but it is not appropriate to speak publicly about them now. 7 This, though, we can say: the cities which join the war so that they may live in peace without threats will freely give money to the crusade in order to gain true peace. 12 , ut opprimi 13 Saracenorum multitudine nequeant 14 , quod passagii nomen exposcit, certa 15 in manibus erit victoria, sicut prisca exempla nos instruunt.

Chances of success are high

[22] [IV/FV] So, it will not be difficult to summon a crusade, and there will be great hope of victory. His Imperial Majesty knows the Assyrian and Egyptian people to be weak, impotent, effeminate and warlike neither in temperament nor in planning.

The Sarmatian spoils will be without without sweat nor blood. [START_REF] Iv/Fv | Maxima esset ingratitudo nostra, si non ad incertam mortem pro Christo iremus, qui certam pro nobis tulit; si non illi vitam offeremus 9 , a quo suscepimus. En bellum honestissimum, in quo patris, in quo domini, in quo magni Dei nostri 10 causam tuemur 11 , in quo, qui vitam temporalem amittit 12 , aeternam et famam clari nominis adipiscitur sempiternam. Quid plura? Tantum abest 13 , ut non sit gloriosum pugnare pro fide, ut 14 informe 15 foedumque sit non pugnare, quando[END_REF] Who will fear the Turks in their robes and turbans or the Egyptians in their flowing garments? Speaking to King Ezechias, 17 Arsaces 18 likened them to a broken staff of reeds. 19 If our armies were defeated by them in former times, it was not because of their strength or their military skills, but because of their numbers. If the forces of the Christians are so numerous that they cannot be physically overwhelmed by the mass of Saracens -which is the very meaning of the word passagium -then victory will be certainly be in our hands, just like former examples show us. [23 IV/FV] [Our enterprise] will be favoured by their internal conflicts and enmities, and by their constant fights with the Tartars. It will also be helped by the desperation of this people, for they claim that Muhammad -in whom they have great faith -has prophesied that his sect would increase for 800 years and then decrease. It began on its wicked course under Emperor Heraclius, 11 after whom 840 years have now passed. This fact terrifies the Turks and encourages the Christians. For though Muhammad is a false prophet, his prophecy should not be considered false since we see that it agrees with the holy words of Jeremiah in the 51 st chapter, seemingly exhorting Your Holiness and the Emperor: Be not silent upon her iniquity: for it is the time of revenge from the Lord, he will render unto her what she hath deserved. 12 I could say more about this matter, but my task is not to fill your learned ears with words nor those of the reverend and wise fathers who are present. It is enough that we have fulfilled our promise in the beginning and said what His Imperial Highness desired.

[25] [IV/FV] Having received the imperial crown from your hands, the emperor considered that nothing was more important than raising the issue of a crusade with you. At first glance, it may seem an arduous endeavour, but nothing is so difficult that it may not be made easy through earnest application. 1 Courage is about that which is difficult, 2 and it is in the arduous matters that a man is made known and glory is sought. When we wish to pay a compliment, we somehow or other praise in more eloquent strain the brave and noble work of some great soul. 3 Holy Father, your own titles [of honour] are acclaimed and splendid: you have achieved the union of the Church, you have granted a Jubilee, 4 you have crowned an emperor. But the title of a crusade is even more worthy and lasting than all others: His Imperial Highness urges you and all of Christendom begs you not to leave it to a successor. Having crowned the emperor you have many other tasks awaiting you, but the crusade is the most beneficial and honourable that you may undertake.

1 Terentius: Heautontimorumenos, 675: nil tam difficilest quin quaerendo investigari possiet 2 Classical sentence going back to Aristotle 3 Cicero: De officiis, 1.61 4 The Jubilee Year of 1450

Table of volumes in Collected Orations of Pope Pius II. 12 vols. Edited and translated by Michael von Cotta-Schönberg Table of contents

	I.	INTRODUCTION 1. Feasibility of the expedition [17 -18] 3.1. It will be easy to gather an expedition [19-21] 3.2. Chances of success are high [22-23] Context 3. 4.

  2 When the emperor returned, Enea delivered two orations: in the first, he thanked Nicolaus and the College of Fathers, 1 in the second he urged the pope to undertake a war against the Turks. 2 Platina's comment is equally terse.3

1 HA, II, pp. 636-637: Triduo Caesar ex Neapoli reversus Romae mansit. Pridie autem, quam recederet, ingentes gratias pontifici maximo sacroque collegio cardinalium reddidit, quod sibi benigni fuissent. Aeneae deinde commisit, in public consistorio ut statum Christianorum, qui per Syriam, Aegyptum, Asiam Graeciamque sub soldani magnique Turchi imperio opprimuntur, exponeret utque Hungari proximis annis horrendas clades perpessi essent, timendum esse Constantinopoli caeterisque civitatibus Graeciae Christianam fidem habentibus, succurrendum oppressis diceret, expeditionem sanctam suaderet, operas atque vires imperii in istum negocium offerret. Quibus de rebus adeo efficaciter Aeneas verba fecit, ut pluribus circumstantibus lacrimas dedit. Nicolaus ubi responsum dedit, primum, quae facta essent in honore Caesaris, et digno et benemerenti prestita, minora tamen fuisse quam merita dixit. Ecclesia nunquam imperio sacro tam gratam esse posse, quam debeat. Expeditionem, de qua locutus esset Aeneas, laudandum opus dignumque caesare, multam prae se ferre pietatem, eius rei apostolicae sedi maximam curam esse, se verbis Aeneae veluti quibusdam stimulis vehementer commotum in ea re minime torpere. Consulendos tamen esse coeteros Christianae religionis principes eorumque auxilia in tantum opus querenda. Quod si ad id voluntarios invenerit, relaturum se caesari atque tam sanctum negocium summo conatu aggressurum 2 CO, I, pp. 118-121: Redeunte Caesare conspectuique maximi praesulis ac sacri senatus se restituente vice sua duas orationes in auditorio publico recitavit: in altera gratias egit summo sacerdoti atque cardinalibus pro maximis quae Of his two contemporary biographers, Campano wrote:

  2 his nephew's realm of Hungary, bearing the brunt of Turkish aggression; and the Christian areas, e.g. the Mediterranean islands, being molested by continual Turkish attacks. In his description of this theme, Piccolomini introduces the concept of Greece as mother of letters, laws and morals (after Cicero) and of the humanities [sect. 10]. He also uses Europe in a geopolitical sense in his famous statement of Christianity having been reduced to the corner of Europe (in

angulum Europae redactus est) after the loss of Africa and Asia. It is worth mentioning that Piccolomini had developed this theme already six years before, in 1446, in his oration to Pope Eugenius IV, the "Et breviter me hodie", where he said: In Europe there are many conflicts: one region is occupied by the gentile Teucrians, another by the Saracens, and yet another by schismatics infected with various heresies. Christianity has been reduced and pressed into a corner.

3

2

  It is quite certain, however, that by 1452 the imperial government had definitively abandoned the plan for another council. It was triumphantly announced by Piccolomini, on behalf of and in the presence of emperor and the pope, when in the oration "Moyses vir Dei" he said:

	… the emperor wanted to use the opportunity of this visit to Your Holiness to bring forward a
	matter that has been close to his heart and mind since his early youth. Another would
	perhaps have requested a general council or reform decrees, but what council can be greater
	than the presence of Your Holiness and your Holy Senate. In vain does anyone request a
	council who does not obey the commands of the Roman Pontiff. Where Your Holiness is,
	there is the council, there the laws, there morals, decrees and salutary reform. 3

  Historia Austrialis. Eds. M. Wagendorfer & J. Knödler. 2 vols. Hannover, 2009. (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum, Nova Series; 24) / II, pp. 826-843 1The Intermediate Version (IV) is extant in at least two manuscripts and was included in a number of the early incunabula editions of Pius IIs letters.

	• Reusner, Nikolaus (ed.): Selectissimarum orationum et consultationum de bello Turconico variorum et diversorum auctorum volumina quattuor. Leipzig: Gros & Henning, 1596 / II, pp. 1-9 • Annales ecclesiastici (Raynaldus), ad annum 1452, nr. 4. 1659 [and later editions] • Pius II: Orationes politicae et ecclesiasticae. Ed. Giovanni Domenico Mansi. 3 vols. Lucca: Benedini, 1755-1759. / T. 4.2. Intermediate Version

I, pp. 163-173-181 [Based on the Freher/Struwe ed.]

1 Manuscripts for which an orthographical profile is given in Collected orations of Pope Pius II, vol. 11, are marked with an asterisk

2

V was apparently written or derives from a copy made while Pius was pope, cf. the title: Ad beatissimum papam

Nicolaum V. oratio

nomine imperatoris Federici et Ladislai regis Ungarie a domino Enea episcopo Senensi pro passagio fiendo. Quis dominus Eneas ad presentem est dominus papa Pius II 3 For what will presumably be the ultimate edition of the text of the Historia Austrialis 4 HA, II, p. 637, 826 • Piccolomini, Eneas Silvius: 2 4.2.1. Manuscripts • München / Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Clm 70, ff. 396v-399r (M) * • Roma / Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana Palat. lat. 598, ff. 159r-161v (P) * 4.2.2. Editions • Pius II: [Epistolae familiares. De duobus amantibus Euryalo et Lucretia. Descriptio urbis Viennensis.] Nürnberg: Anton Koberger, 1481, 1486, 1496 / Nr. CCCCXIIII. [In the present text the 1486 edition was used, inn the digital edition in Early European Books] [KO] • Pius II: Epistolae et varii tractatus. [Cur.] Ambrosius Archintus & Joannes Vinzalius. Milano: Ulrich Scinzenzeler, 1496, nr. 413 • Pius II: Epistolae et varii tractatus. [Cur.] Ambrosius Archintus & Joannes Vinzalius. Lyon: Joannes de Vingle, 1497, 1505, nr. 413 • Pius II: Epistolae et varii tractatus. Lyon: Etienne Gueynard, 1518, nr. 413 • Freher, Marquard (ed.): Germanicarum rerum scriptores aliquot insignes. Tom. Secundus. Frankfurt, Marnium et haeredes Johannis Aubrii, 1602, pp. 25-28 (FR1) • Freher, M. & B.G. Struvius (eds.): Rerum germanicarum scriptores aliquot insignes. Tom. secundus. Strassbourgh, Dulssecker, 1717 / pp. 38-42 • Müller, Johann Joachim: Des Heil. Römischen Reichs Teutscher Nation ReichsTags Theatrum wie selbiges unter Keyser Friedrichs V. Allerhöchsten Regierung von Anno MCCCCXL bis MCCCCXCIII gestanden ... Theil I. Jena, 1713, pp. 401-403 [Apparently on the basis of Freher 1602]

Sigla and abbreviations

  Anmerkungen zum Werk des Eneas Silvius Picolomini (Historia Austrialis, Pentalogus, Dialogus). In: F. Fuchs e.a. (eds.): König und Kanzlist, Kaiser und Papst -Friedrich III. und Enea Silvio Piccolomini in Wiener Neustadt. Wien, 2013, pp. 1-30 Commentarii rervm memorabilivm que svis temporibus contigervnt. Ed. A van Heck. Pius II. Piccolomini -Der Papst, mit dem die Renaissance begann. München, 2013 Sayers, Jane: Innocent III -Leader of Europe 1198-1216. London, 1994 Schwoebel, Robert: The Shadow of the Crescent -the Renaissance Image of the Turk (1453-1517). Annotatio historica de Passagiis ad Orationem Aeneae Syluii, nomine Imperat. Friderici III. Romae anno M.CCCC.LII super hoc argumento habitam. Argentorati: Frid. Spoor, 1648 AEneae Sylvii Piccolominei Senensis, qui ... Pius Secundus appellatus est, Opera quae extant omnia, nunc demum castigata et in unum Corpus redacta His quoque, accessit Gnomologia ex omnibus Sylvii Operibus collecta. Baesileae: Heinrich Petri, 1551/ 1571

	6. Bibliography Mertens, Dieter: Claromontani passagii exemplum. Papst Urban II und der erste Kreuzzzug in der 2 vols. Città del Vaticano, 1984 (Studi e testi; 312-313) • Pius II: Commentaries. Ed. M. Meserve and M. Simonetta. Vols. 1 ff. Cambridge, MA, 2003 V = Venezia / Biblioteca Marciana / Lat. XIV-228 W = Wien / Österreichische Nationalbibliothek / 3420 FR1 = Freher, Marquard (ed.): Germanicarum rerum scriptores aliquot insignes. Tom. Secundus. Reinhardt, Volker: Nieuwkoop, 1967 Frankfurt, Marnium et haeredes Johannis Aubrii, 1602, pp. 25-28
	Türkenkriegpropaganda des Renaissance-Humaniusmus. In: Europa und die Türken in der ff. KO = Pius II: Epistolae familiares. De duobus amantibus Euryalo et Lucretia. Descriptio urbis
	Renaissance, hrsg. B. Guthmüller & W. Kühlmann. Tübingen, 2000, pp. 65-78 Setton, Kenneth M.: The Papacy and the Levant. 4 vols. Philadelphia, 1976-1984 (Memoirs of the Viennensis. Nürnberg: Anton Koberger, 1486
	Pius II: Epistolae American Philosophical Society; 114+161-162)
	Mitchell, R.J.: The Laurels and the Tiara -Pope Pius II, 1458-1464. London, 1962 OO =
	• Flavio Biondo: 1 7 Müller, Johann Joachim: Des Heil. Römischen Reichs Teutscher Nation ReichsTags Theatrum wie selbiges unter Keyser Friedrichs V. Allerhöchsten Regierung von Anno MCCCCXL bis MCCCCXCIII gestanden ... Theil I. Jena, 1713 Otto von Freising: Gesta Friederici seu rectius Cronica. • Pius II: [Epistolae familiares. De duobus amantibus Euryalo et Lucretia. Descriptio urbis Viennensis]. [Cur.] Nicolaus de Wyle. Nürnberg: Antonius Koberger, 1481. [With later editions of 1486 and 1496] [ISTC ip00717000; ISTC ip00719000; ISTC ip00720000] Steger, Thomas: A = Roma / Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana / Chis. J.VIII.284
	B = Rome / Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana / Vat. lat. 1788
	C = Rome / Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana / Chis. J.VIII.286
	De officiis 6; In Catilinam 2; Tusculunae disputationes 1 • Pius II: Orationes politicae et ecclesiasticae. Ed. Giovanni Domenico Mansi. 3 vols. Lucca: D = Rome / Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana / Chis. J.VI.211 Hannover, 2009. (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum, Benedini, 1755-1759 E = Milano / Bibl. Ambrosiana / I. 97 inf Nova Series; 24) G = Lucca / Biblioteca Capitolare Feliniana / 544 Republic Parellel lives Heautontimorumenos 2019-2020 Piccolomini, Enea Silvio: Pentalogus (1443) • Collected Orations of Pope Pius II. Ed. and transl. by Michael v. Cotta-Schönberg. 12 vols. M = München / Bayerische Staatsbibliothek / clm 70
	Epistolae
	In epistolam Pauli ad Romanos
	Historiarum ab inclinatione Romanorum Imperii decades

Ady, Cecilia M.: Pius II (AEneas Silvius Piccolomini) -the Humanist Pope. London, 1913 Biondo, Flavio: Historiarum ab inclinatione Romanorum lmperii decades. [1439-1453] • Biondo, Flavio: Historiarum ab inclinatione Romanorum lmperii decades. Venezia: Octavianus Scotus, 1483. [Hain, 3248]. [Digitized version in Gallica, images 274-276] 1 Boulting, William: Aeneas Silvius (Enea Silvio de' Piccolomini -Pius II). Orator, man of letters, statesman, and pope. London, 1908 Freher, Marquard (ed.): Germanicarum rerum scriptores varii. Tom. secundus. Frankfurt, Marnium et haeredes Johannis Aubrii, 1602, Freher, Marquard & B.G. Struvius (eds.): Rerum germanicarum scriptores aliquot insignes. Tom. secundus. Strassbourg, Dulssecker, 1717 Häbler, Konrad: Die Drucke der Briefsammlungen des Aeneas Silvius. In: Gutenberg Jahrbuch, 14 (1939) 138-152 Hankins, James: Renaissance Crusaders -Humanist Crusade Literature in the Age of Mehmed II. In: Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 49 (1995) 111-207 Helmrath, Johannes: The German Reichstage and the Crusade. In: N. Housley (ed.): Crusading in the Fifteenth Century, 2004, pp. 53-69 Helmrath, Johannes: Pius II. und die Türken. In: B. Guthmüller & W. Kühlmann (eds.): Europa und die Türken in der Renaissance. Tübingen, 2000, pp. 79-138 Helmrath, Johannes: Die Reichstagsreden des Enea Silvio Piccolomini 1454/55 -Studien zur Reichstag und Rhetorik. Universität Köln, 1994 Housley, Norman: Pope Pius II and Crusading. In: Crusades, 11 (2012) 209-247 Koller, Heinrich: Kaiser Friedrich III. Darmstadt, 2005 Märtl, Claudia: • Die Taten Friedrichs oder richtiger Cronica. Übersetzt von Adolf Schmidt. Herausg. von Franz-Joseph Schmale. Darmstadt, 1974. (Ausgewählte Quellen zur Deutsche Geschichte des Mittelalters; 17) Paparelli, Gioacchino: Enea Silvio Piccolomini (Pio II). Bari, 1950 Pastor, Ludwig: Geschichte der Päpste im Zeitalter der Renaissance. 16 vols. Freiburg i.B., 1886-1933 Piccolomini, Enea Silvio: De viris illustribus • Ed. A. van Heck. Città del Vaticano, 1991 Piccolomini, Enea Silvio: Historia Austrialis (1453-1458) • Piccolomini, Eneas Silvius: Historia Austrialis. Eds. M. Wagendorfer & J. Knödler. Teil 1-2. • Eneas Silvius Piccolomini: Pentalogus. Herausg. Christop Schingnitz. Hannover, 2009 (Monumenta Germaniae Historica; 8) Pius II: Commentarii rerum memorabilium quae suis temporibus contigerunt (1464) • Pius II: • Pius II: Epistolae et varii tractatus. [Cur.] Ambrosius Archintus & Joannes Vinzalius. Milano: Ulrich Scinzenzeler, 1496. [ISTC ip00721000] • Pius II: Epistolae et varii tractatus. [Cur.] Ambrosius Archintus & Joannes Vinzalius. Lyon: Joannes de Vingle, 1497. [ISTC ip00722000] • Pius II: Epistolae et varii tractatus. Lyon: Etienne Gueynard / Joannes de Vingle, 1505 • Pius II: Epistolae et varii tractatus. Lyon: Etienne Gueynard, 1518 Pius II: Opera omnia • AEneae Sylvii Piccolominei Senensis, qui Pius Secundus appellatus est, Opera quae extant omnia, nunc demum castigata et in unum Corpus redacta His quoque, accessit Gnomologia ex omnibus Sylvii Operibus collecta. Basileae: 1551 / 1571 Pius II: Orationes [1436-1464] Stolf, Serge: Les Lettres et la Tiare. E.S. Piccolomini, un humaniste au XVe siècle. Paris, 2012. (Etudes et Essais sur la Renaissance; 98) Toews, John B.: Emperor Frederick III and his Relations with the Papacy from 1440 to 1493. University of Colorado, Ph.D., 1962 Voigt, Georg: Enea Silvio de' Piccolomini als Papst Pius der Zweite und sein Zeitalter. 3 vols. Berlin, 1856-63 Zimolo, Giulio C. (ed.): Le vite di Pio II di Giovanni Antonio Campano e Bartolomeo Platina. Bologna, 1964. (Rerum Italicarum Scriptores; t. III, p. II) 7. P = Roma / Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana / Pal. Lat. 598 T = Trento / Biblioteca Capitolare / 109 W U = Venezia / Biblioteca Marciana / Lat. XI.80 Abbreviations CO = Pius II: Commentarii rerum memorabilium quae suis temporibus contigerunt [1464] HA = Eneas Silvius Piccolomini: Historia Austrialis. Teil 1: Einleitung von Martin Wagendorfer. 1. Redaktion ed. von Julia Knödler. Teil 2: 2./3, ed. Martin Wagendorfer. 2 vols. Hannover, 2009. (Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum. Nova Series; 24) HB = Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini: Historia Bohemica. Herausg. J. Hejnic & H. Rothe. 2 vols. Köln, 2005. (Bausteine zur slavischen Philologie und Kulturgeschichte. Neue Folge. Reihe B; 20) MA = Pius II: Orationes politicae et ecclesiasticae. Ed. Giovanni Domenico Mansi. 3 vols. Lucca: Benedini, 1755-1759 MPL = Migne, Jacques-Paul: Patrologia latina. 217 vols. 1841-1865 RTA = Deutsche Reichstagsakten WO = Der Briefwechsel des Eneas Silvius Piccolomini. Hrsg. von Rudolf Wolkan. 3 vols. Wien, 1909-1918 Decretum = Decretum magistri Gratiani. Ed. Lipsiensis secunda. Eds. A.L. Richter & A. Friedberg. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1879 II.

TEXT AND TRANSLATION [EV] Aeneae Sylvii oratio suasoria ad Nicolaum V. PP. ut Caesarem Fridericum in Turcos passagium parantem, modis omnibus adjuvare velit 1 [IV/FV] Oratio Aeneae Silvii Piccolominei Senensis episcopi 2 qui postea pontificatum maximum adeptus Pius II. appellatus est habita Romae coram Nicolao Pontifice astante imperatore Friderico et rege Hungariae Ladislao. In consistorio 3

  Enee Silvii Piccolo. episcopi Senensis quod postea Pius II. Pont. Maxi. appellatus est habita Romae coram Nicolao Pot. astante imperatore Frider. et rege Hung. Ladislao in cons. E; Oracio que fecit dominus Senensis Eneas Silvius poeta laureatus coram domino nostro sanctissimo et senatu cardinalium pro domino imperatore ad passagium indicendum M; [No title] P; Oracio ad Sanctissimum dominum Nicolaum papam quintum pro parte Invictissimi domini Friderici Romanorum Imperatoris super passagio contra Turchos imponendo facta per dominum Eneam Episcopum Senensem U, W; Ad beatissimum papam Nicolaum V. oratio nomine imperatoris Federici et Ladislai regis Ungarie a domino Enea episcopo Senensi pro passagio fiendo. Quis dominus Eneas ad presentem est dominus papa Pius II V; Oratio suasoria ad Nicolaum V. PP.

1 Title in Freher's edition 2 Senensis episcopi : episcopi Senensis B, C, F 3 Oratio … consistorio : Aeneae Silvii episcopi Senensis oratio ad Nicolaum pontificem nomine Caesaris de passagio contra infideles indicendo D, G; Oratio … consistorio : Hoc fuit inicium orationis [sic!] ut Caesarem Fridericum in Turcos passagium parantem modis omnibus adjuvare velit FR1; Oratio Aeneae coram Sanctissimo Senatu Cardinalium imperatore coronato pontifice, et eius nomine ad passagium incedendum OO; Oratio Enee coram sanctissimorum senatu cardinalium imperatore coronato presente et eius nomine ad passagium inducendum CCCCLIIII KO [IV/

FV] Oration of Enea Silvio Piccolomini, Bishop of Siena and pope under the name of Pius II, delivered in Rome before Pope Nicolaus, in the presence of Emperor Friederich and King Ladislaus of Hungary. In the consistory 0. Introduction [

  1] [IV/FV] Holy Father, Supreme Pontiff,1 when Moses, the man of God, 2 appointed Joshua, son of Nun, as his successor, he heard the voice of God speaking to him: If any thing needs to be done, Eleazar the priest shall consult the Lord for him. He and all the children of Israel with him, and the rest of the multitude shall go out and go in at his word. 3 These words admonish not only peoples, but also kings and princes to seek, in great matters, the advice of the High Priest 4 and follow his commands.

5 [2] [EV] Quod

1 postmodum et 2 in novo testamento et in tempore gratiae multis exemplis et auctoritatibus est firmatum, sicut et Constantini Magni et Theodosii et 3 Justiniani et aliorum Christianorum Caesarum 4 gesta 5 testantur. Eam ob causam cupidus 6 atque avidissimus 7 divus Caesar Fridericus, Romanorum imperator Augustus, filius tuus obsequentissimus, suis diebus adversus impios {162r} Mahumeti cultores generale passagium fieri, atque in illud suum studium, suas curas suasque vires omnes convertere, te prius, magni dei vicarium, Christianae plebis sacratum caput, perfectum ducem, optimum rectorem, veracem magistrum et consulendum, et audiendum, et sequendum existimavit, cujus providentia noscere, auctoritas monere 8 , potestas implere possit, quod sit agendum.

	[2] [IV/FV] Quod

postmodum et in novo testamento ac 9 in tempore gratiae multis exemplis et auctoritatibus est firmatum 10 , sicut et 11 Constantini Maximi 12 et Theodosii et Justiniani et aliorum Christianorum Caesarum gesta testantur 13 . Eam 14 ob causam cupidus atque avidissimus Caesar, divus 15 Fridericus, Romanorum 16 imperator Augustus, {36v} filius tuus obsequentissimus 17 , suis diebus 18 adversus impios Mahumeti cultores generale passagium fieri 19 , atque in illud suum studium suasque vires 20 omnes convertere, te prius, magni dei vicarium, Christianae plebis sacratum 21 caput, perfectum 22 ducem, optimum rectorem 23 , veracem magistrum consulendum 24 , audiendum,

	6 cupide V
	7 avidissime V
	8 movere T, U, V, W
	9 et G
	10 servatum M
	11 omit. D, G
	12 magni M, KO, OO
	13 sicut et … testantur omit. P
	14 eamque P
	15 dominus M, FR1; divinus KO
	16 Romanus M, KO, OO
	17 tuus obsequentissimus : obsequentissimus tuus F
	18 suis diebus : suo tempore M, P, FR1, KO, OO
	19 fieret KO, OO
	20 curas M, FR1, KO, OO

1 admonentur magis … quod omit. U, W 2 omit. T 3 omit. T 4 et aliorum … Caesarum omit. T 5 Caesarum gesta : gesta Caesarum U 21 plebis sacratum : religionis magnum P; plebis sacratum FR2; plebis sacratum religionis magnum M, FR1, KO, OO 22 profectum OO 23 optimum rectorem : rectorem optimum C 24 et add. FR1

Caesar super universali passagio cum tua beatitudine tractaturus. Coronatus enim 1 jam triplici corona ejusque regni tua beneficientia rex 2 confirmatus, cujus potentiam Daniel ferro comparavit, cujus limites solus claudit Oceanus, cujus fundator

  Octavianus, confirmator 3 Jesus Christus 4 fuit, quod Romana semper ecclesia magnifecit, extulit, honoravit, cujus

	1 omit. P, FR1
	2 providentiam M, KO, OO
	3 vestra OO
	4 movere M, KO, OO
	5 cogere FR1
	6 potest G, M, P, FR1, KO, OO
	7 quod corr. ex quid A; quid M, P, FR1, KO, OO
	8 I.e. the Christian age
	9 Constantinus I [Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus Augustus] (ca. 272-337): Roman Emperor from 306 to his
	death
	10 Theodosius I [Flavius Theodosius Augustus] (347-395): Roman Emperor from 379 to his death
	11 Justinian I [Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus Augustus] (ca. 482-565): Byzantine Emperor from 527 to his death
	12 Friedrich III (Habsburg) (1415-1493): Duke of Austria (as Friedrich V) from 1424. Elected King of Germany and Holy
	Roman Emperor in 1440, crowned in Rome in 1452
	13 "generale passagium". Hereafter translated as "crusade"

14

Muhammad (ca. 570-ca. 632): the founder of Islam

15

The papal title of Vicar of God (or of Christ) was first used by Pope Innocent III (1198-1216). It signalled the supremacy of the papal office, also in temporal affairs, cf. Sayers, pp. 14-16

[3] [EV] Venit igitur ad te hodie tuumque gravem et ornatissimum senatum

auctoritas in terris nisi tuae cedit nulli, cujus officium est patrocinari

  ecclesiae, tueri religionem, parcere subjectis et debellare superbos. Hujus, inquam 5 , regni solium adeptus Caesar, quid

aliud cogitet quam passagium, per quod et 6 Christiani fortiores et hostes fidei reddantur imbecelliores? Princeps, inquit sapiens, quae sunt digna principe cogitabit. [cont.]

	[3] [IV/FV] Venit

igitur ad te hodie 7 tuumque 8 sacratissimum senatum Caesar super universali passagio cum tua beatitudine locuturus. Coronatus enim jam triplici corona ejusque regni tua benificientia rex confirmatus, cujus potentiam Daniel ferro comparavit, cujus limites solus claudit oceanus, cujus fundator Romulus

  9 , confirmator Julius, ampliator10 Augustus, approbator dominus Jesus

fuit, cujus auctoritas in terris nisi tuae cedit nulli, cujus officium est parcere 11 subjectis et debellare superbos. Quid aliud cogitet 12 quam passagium, per quod et 13 Christiani fortiores et inimici Christi nominis 14 redduntur 15 imbecelliores? Princeps 16 , inquit 17 sapiens 18 , quae sunt digna principe 19 cogitabit. [cont.]

	1 omit. T
	2 omit. V
	3 dominus add. V, T
	4 omit. V, T
	5 hujus inquam : huiusque U
	6 omit. V
	7 ad te hodie : hodie ad te KO, OO
	8 tuum M
	9 Romulus Julius Augustus Jesus in marg. D, G
	10 amplificator M, KO, OO
	11 partem M
	12 cogit KO; cogitat OO
	13 omit. B, D, E, G
	14 Christi nominis : nominis Christi FR1
	15 creduntur M, KO, OO
	16 ut add. FR1
	17 inquam M, KO, OO

[START_REF]Sed pensemus, si 8 hodie 9 spes bona possit 10 haberi passagii, quoniam 11 nemo sciens impossibilia temptat, neque aggreditur 12 quisquam, quod assequi desperat. Magnum facinus spes nutrit. Quid 13 hic respondemus? Duo consideranda sunt: unum an Christiani facile possint in passagium trahi, alterum an 14 inchoato 15 passagio spes sit magna vincendi. Nam quamvis omnium bellorum dubius sit exitus, numquam tamen {38v} committendum est bellum 16 sine spe quadam et argumento victoriae, ne, sicut Octavianus Caesar proverbium habebat 17[END_REF]

Sapiens in marg. A, D, G 19 principis M; principi

KO, OO

apud Medos, ut Herodotus, apud omnes, ut Cicero sensit, justitiae fruendae causa sunt creati, velut 1 injuriarum propulsatores, qui si Platoni magno voluerint auscultare ceterisque philosophis recta monentibus oboedire, procurationem reipublicae non ad suam, sed ad eorum, qui sibi commissi sunt, utilitatem gerere 2 conabuntur. Atque hoc est quod de passagio Caesarem et sollicitum et anxium facit.

	[3] [IV/FV cont.]
	that break, and destroy all these
	7 Romulus: twin of Remus, legendary co-founder of Rome
	8 Julius Caesar, Gaius (100-44 BC): Roman general and statesman
	9 Augustus, Gajus Octavianus (63 BC-14 AD): Adoptive son of Julius Caesar. Founder of the Roman Empire and its first
	emperor, ruling from 27 BC to his death

[cont.]

1 i.e. The College of Cardinals 2 "universale passagium". Hereafter translated as "crusade" 3 19 March 1452, i.e. about a month before

4

The papal claim of having the ultimate right to bestow empires and kingdoms was still maintained by the popes at this time, but it was blatantly out of touch with political reality 5 Daniel: (Bibl.) The protagonist of the Book of Daniel 6 Daniel, 2, 40: And the fourth kingdom shall be as iron. As iron breaketh into pieces, and subdueth all things, so shall

10

The Early Version has: It was founded by Octavian, and confirmed by the Lord Jesus 11 Here Piccolomini echoes the claim that papal authority is superior to that of the emperor

12

Vergilius: Aeneis, 6.853

13

Isaiah, 32, 8

[3] [EV cont.] Reges

Reges apud Medos, ut Herodotus inquit 3 , apud omnes, ut Curtius 4 sensit, justitiae fruendae causa creati sunt, velut injuriarum propulsatores 5 , qui si Platoni 6 7 auscultare volunt 8 ceterisque philosophis recta monentibus 9 oboedire, procurationem 10 reipublicae non ad suam, sed ad eorum, qui 11 sibi commissi sunt, utilitatem gerere debent 12 . Atque hoc est, quod de passagio Caesarem et sollicitum et anxium facit 13 .

jam primum absolvamus. Passagii vocabulo nihil aliud designamus quam militarem 1 expeditionem numerosissimam adversus infideles per Romanum pontificem indictam. Quam qui sequuntur cruce signati plenariam peccatorum remissionem et merentur et assequuntur, appellaturque passagium sermone {162v} Italico quasi transitus. Nam sicut aves quaedam certis anni temporibus gregatim 2 de regione in regionem 3 transeunt dicunturque passagium facere, sic et Christiani nonnumquam, armis sumptis 4 turmatim 5 incedentes, atque in hostes fidei ex apostolicae sedis jussione prosilientes, et visi et dicti sunt passagium habuisse 6 . Numquam tamen verum passagium dici potest, nisi multorum fuerit populorum, qui migrare magis novas

	sedes quaesituri, quam bellaturi videantur, qualis Gallorum, Cimbrorum, Gothorum, Hunnorum
	in Italiam inundatio fuit. Intelligunt jam omnes, nisi fallor 7 , quid sit passagium, quod petitur.
	[5] [IV/FV] Sed
	1 Herodotus (ca. 484-425 BC): Greek historian
	2 Curtius Rufus, Quintus: Roman historian, writing probably during the reign of the Emperor Claudius (41-54 AD) or
	Vespasian (69-79 AD). His only surviving work, Historiae Alexandri Magni, is a biography of Alexander the Great in
	Latin in ten books

3

Cicero: De officiis, 2.12.41.: Mihi quidem non apud Medos solum, ut ait Herodotus, sed etiam apud maiores nostros iustitiae fruendae causa videntur olim bene morati reges constituti

4

"recta monentibus" 5 Cicero: De officiis, 1.25.85; Plato: Republic, 420B

[5] [EV] Sed

jam primum absolvamus. Passagii vocabulo nihil aliud designamus quam expeditionem militarem numerosam 8 adversus infideles per Christianos indictam. Quam 9 qui 10 sequuntur 11 cruce signati plenariam peccatorum omnium 12 remissionem merentur, appellaturque passagium sermone Italico quasi transitus. Nam sicut aves quaedam gregatim certis anni temporibus de regione in regionem transeunt dicunturque 13 passagium facere, sic 14 et 15 Christiani nonnumquam, sumptis armis turmatim incedentes, atque in hostes fidei ex apostolicae sedis jussu prosilientes, et visi et 16 dicti 17 sunt passagium habuisse. Neque verum passagium videri potest, nisi multorum fuerit 18 populorum qui migrare {37r} magis novas sedes quaesituri, quam bellaturi videantur, sicut Cimbrorum in Italiam 19 inundatio 20

	1 militantem V
	2 omit. T
	3 regiones T
	4 armis sumptis : sumptis armis U, V, W
	5 trans mare T
	6 facere U, V
	7 fallar T
	8 numerosissimam M, KO, OO
	9 qua A; quod D, G
	10 si M, KO, OO
	11 consequuntur M, KO, OO
	12 omit. FR1
	13 dicuntur quoque KO, OO
	14 omit. M, KO, OO
	15 omit. M
	16 Dei add. KO, OO
	17 docti M
	18 fiunt KO, OO
	19 Italia M, KO, OO
	20 mendacio P
	21 ad OO

ac 21 Gothorum et Hunnorum excursio. Habemus quid sit passagium.

6

  The Huns: a nomadic people or peoples, who are known to have lived in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia between the 1st century AD and the 7th century. By 370 AD, the Huns had established a vast, if short-lived, Hunnic Empire in Europe

7

Housley, p. 221: The reason he used the phrase [passagium/migratio] at Rome in 1452 was to make the point that the Turks owed their conquests only to their numbers [7] [EV] Unde

vero commiseratio prodeat, paucis, adverte, docebo. Quis infirmatur, inquit apostolus, et ego non infirmor? Quis scandalizatur

  , et ego non scandalizor?1 Pulchre, recte, religiose, sancte dictum. Nam cujus

pectus adeo durum est, ut dolentibus non condoleat, gementibus non congemat, tristantibus fratribus 2 non contristetur? Caesar quidem 3 postquam discretionis attigit annos coepitque noscere fidei nostrae sacramenta, mox religionis induit zelum, rebusque omnibus divini cultus praeposuit augmentum. Sic enim et suae naturae bonitas et sanguinis nobilitas

  exposcebat. Nam sublimis et inclytae 4 domus

Austriae principes, inter quos plures et reges et imperatores claruerunt, tunc sibi prospere succedere speraverunt, cum divino numini bene et constanter famulati essent 5 .

	[7] [IV/FV]

Unde vero commiseratio prodeat 6 , paucis, adverte, docebo. Quis infirmatur, inquit apostolus, et ego non infirmor? Quis 7 videt

  8 afflictos et non affligitur? Cujus

pectus adeo durum est, ut dolentibus non condoleat, gementibus non congemat, tristantibus non contristetur? Caesar quidem postquam discretionis attigit annos coepitque 9 noscere fidei nostrae 10 11 sacramenta 12 , mox religionis induit zelum, coepitque rebus omnibus divini cultus augmentum praeponere, quod sibi et suae 13 naturae bonitas et nobilitas sanguinis suadebat. Nam domus Austriae principes 14 , inter quos plures et 15 reges et 16 imperatores floruerunt 17 , tunc sibi prospere succedere speraverunt, cum divino nomini 18 bene atque 19 constanter famulati fuissent.

	1 quis scandalisatur .. scandalisor omit. T
	2 omit. T
	3 quidam W
	4 et inclytae omit. T
	5 fuissent T
	6 procedat D, G
	7 qui M, KO, OO
	8 vidit M, KO, OO
	9 tepidus et M
	10 omit. FR1
	11 fidei nostrae : nostrae fidei KO, OO
	12 sacramentum OO
	13 sua M
	14 princeps M, KO, OO
	15 omit. P
	16 et … et : ac … ac KO, OO
	17 fluxerunt M
	18 cultui M; numini P, FR1

19

ac G; et M,

KO, OO

exivit 1 , adolescens adhuc 2 trans mare navigavit, contemnensque pelagus et tempestatum minas, digitis a morte 3 remotus 4 quattuor aut septem, cupidus osculari 5 locum, ubi fuerunt pedes ejus, qui nos redemit in

  medio terrae salutem operatus, Jerusalem perrexit, sepulchrum domini visitavit, Calvariae locum inspexit, montem ascendit Oliveti, vidit cenaculum magnum[START_REF] Iv/Fv | the emperor desire a crusade: compassion, benefit and honour[END_REF] stratum, et Pilati praetorium, intravit 7 desertum, transivit Jordanem 8 , Bethlehem accessit, et vallem Josaphat penetravit. Mirabilem sibi atque incredibilem devotionem sanctorum locorum visio suggerebat.[8] [IF/FV] Quorum vestigia secutus 9 Fridericus 10 , defunctis parentibus, quamprimum tutelam exivit, ut locum videret, in quo nostra redemptio celebrata est, adhuc

4

[8] [EV] Quorum vestigia sectatus Fridericus defunctis parentibus, ut primum tutelam

adolescens trans mare navigavit, contempsitque 11 pelagus, digitis a morte remotus quattuor aut septem. 12 Inspexit

  13 locum, ubi natus salvator noster Christus, ubi positus 14 in praesepio, ubi praesentatus in templo, ubi baptizatus, ubi temptatus, ubi praedicavit, ubi Lazarum suscitavit, ubi cenavit, ubi captus, ubi derisus, ubi judicatus, ubi crucifixus, ubi sepultus est, et unde 15 ascendit in[START_REF] Iv/Fv | Maxima esset ingratitudo nostra, si non ad incertam mortem pro Christo iremus, qui certam pro nobis tulit; si non illi vitam offeremus 9 , a quo suscepimus. En bellum honestissimum, in quo patris, in quo domini, in quo magni Dei nostri 10 causam tuemur 11 , in quo, qui vitam temporalem amittit 12 , aeternam et famam clari nominis adipiscitur sempiternam. Quid plura? Tantum abest 13 , ut non sit gloriosum pugnare pro fide, ut 14 informe 15 foedumque sit non pugnare, quando[END_REF] caelum. Quid multa dicam? Osculatus est Caesar terram, ubi

fuerunt pedes ejus, qui nos 17 redemit.

	[9] [EV] At
	1 exuit T, U; omit. V
	2 adolescens adhuc : adolescens admodum T
	3 mente T
	4 remotis T; omit. V
	5 obsculari W
	6 grande T, V
	7 intravit add. V
	8 vidit sepulcrum domini add. V [sic!]
	9 omit. P
	10 secutus Fridericus : Fridericus secutus M, FR1, KO, OO
	11 contraxitque M; contexitque KO, OO
	12 a morte … septem omit. KO, OO
	13 auspexit M; aspexit KO, OO
	14 est add. FR1
	15 vbi M
	16 ad G
	17 non M

cum spurcidos illic Saracenos, immundos, horridos, sceleratos dominari videret 1 , veniebat

  2 in mentem: tactus 3 dolore cordis intrinsecus.4 Nil aliud dicere {163r} potuit quam propheticum illud 5 : O 6 Deus

, venerunt gentes in haereditatem tuam, polluerunt templum 7 sanctum tuum, posuerunt Jerusalem in pomorum custodiam. Et iterum

, sicut alius propheta clamat: Quomodo

sedet sola civitas plena populo, facta est vidua domina gentium, princeps provinciarum est sub tributo. Proh quantum urgebat angebatque

	Fridericum illius sanctae
	civitatis indigna servitus, et illorum, qui trans mare sunt, Christianorum oppressio.
	[9] [IV/FV] Sed quo animo tunc 8 fuisse arbitraris, cum spurcidos 9 illic Saracenos, immundos,
	horridos 10 dominari 11 videret, sanctissima loca possidentes? Quid

aliud dicere poterat 12 nisi propheticum illud: Deus, venerunt gentes in haereditatem tuam, polluerunt templum sanctum tuum, posuerunt Jerusalem in pomorum custodiam. Et iterum: Quomodo 13 sedet sola 14 civitas 15 plena populo, facta est vidua domina gentium, princeps provinciarum facta 16 est sub tributo. Proh 17 quantum urgebat 18

  You may imagine how he felt when he saw those revolting, filthy, and horrible Saracens lording it over the holy places in their possession. What could he say other than the words of the prophet: O God, the heathens are come into thy inheritance, they have defiled thy holy temple: they have made Jerusalem as a place to keep fruit.1 And again: How doth the city sit solitary that was full of people! How is the mistress of the Gentiles become as a widow: the princes of provinces made tributary! 2 Oh, how deeply moved was the emperor by the oppression of that city and by the abject state of the Christians living across the sea.

	2 gemebat U, V
	3 tractus V
	4 Genesis, 6, 6
	5 omit. U, W
	6 omit. V
	7 omit. W
	8 animo tunc : tunc animo M, P, FR1, KO, OO
	9 spurios FR1
	10 horridosque M, KO, OO
	11 damnari OO
	12 potuit G
	13 quo C
	14 sedet sola : sola sedet M
	15 sola civitas : civitas sola G

Caesarem haec 19 civitatis oppressio, et illorum, qui sunt trans mare, Christianorum conculcatio. 1 omit. T, V, W; interlin. U 16 omit. M, P, FR1, KO, OO 17 dolor add. FR1 18 angebatque add. M, P, KO, OO 19 huius M, KO, OO; illius P, FR1 [9] [IV/FV] [11 EV] Quid

regnum illud Hungariae nobilissimum, terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere glebae 1 ? Heu quanta passi sunt Hungari diebus nostris, qui dum nostrum servant sanguinem, fundunt suum, quorum pectora nostri sunt muri! Obligamur certe omnes Christiani magnatibus

  et populis Hungariae, qui

pro nobis mortificantur tota die et facti sunt sicut oves occisionis.

  Ecce 2 tibi praesentem illorum regem puellum 3 , pupillum, orphanum Ladislaum, clarissimam et regum et imperatorum sobolem, qui dum suo regno 4 suisque subditis opem orat afferri, toti Christianismo 5 consulit. Utinam

tam tuam sanctitatem quam Caesaris majestatem suae preces, suae lachrimae moveant. Nam illi genti postulat auxilium, quae suis armis

	nobis omnibus affert
	praesidium.
	[11 IV/FV] Quid

regnum {37v} illud 6 Hungariae nobilissimum, terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere 7 glebae 8 ? Heu qualiter 9 passi sunt Hungari diebus nostris, qui dum nostrum servant 10 sanguinem, fundunt suum, quorum pectora nostri 11 sunt muri! Obligamur certe 12 omnes Christiani Hungaricae genti, qui pro nobis mortificantur tota die et facti sunt sicut oves 13 occisionis

. Eccum 14 praesentem illorum regem puerum, pupillum, orphanum Ladislaum, nobilissimam 15 et regum et imperatorum prolem, qui suo regno suisque subditis postulat 16 auxilium. Utinam

17 tam sanctitatem tuam quam Caesaream 18 majestatem 19 suae preces, suae lacrimae moveant 20 . Nam illi genti postulat auxilium, quae 21 suis armis 22 toti

  23 Christiano populo 24 affert praesidium.

	1 gleba T, U, W
	2 eccum U; et quoniam V; et cum W
	3 puerulum V
	4 suo regno : regno suo V
	5 Christianitati U; Christianissimo V
	6 regnum illud : illud regnum M
	7 ubera M, KO, OO
	8 plebe M, KO, OO
	9 quanta M, P, FR1, KO, OO
	10 servare M
	11 nostra E
	12 recte M, KO, OO
	13 ovis M, KO, OO
	14 et cum tibi P; ecce tibi FR1
	15 nobilissimum M, KO, OO; omit. FR1
	16 omit. M, KO, OO
	17 nunc KO, OO
	18 Caesarem P
	19 em.; omit. A, B, C, D, E, G, M, P, FR1, KO, OO [emendation on the basis of EV]
	20 moneant M
	21 quo M

22

suis armis omit. M, KO, OO

23

toto M,

KO, OO

1 et aliarum calamitas provinciarum: Massagetae et alii Scytharum quamplures 2 populi nunc Livoniam, nunc Lituaniam vexant. Mauri non parvum Hispaniarum occupant regnum,

  12] [EV] Accedit Jonii, Carphatii 3 , Egei 4 , Tyrii 5 nostrique

maris insulas Cyprum, Rhodum, Cretam, Siciliam, quin et 6 ipsa Italiae littora barbarorum saepe classes invadunt asportantque Christianos

	. O
	nostram maximam negligentiam! O tempora! O mores! Proh pudor, major est Saracenorum in
	sua perfidia quam noster in fide zelus.
	[12] [IV/FV] Accedit

7 et 8 aliarum calamitas provinciarum: Massagetae et alii 9 Scytharum 10 quamplures populi Livoniam vexant. Mauri non 11 parvum 12 Hispaniarum 13 occupant regnum. Nostri 14 maris

  , quod Mediterraneum vocant15 , insulas

Cyprum, Rhodum, Cretam 16 , Siciliamque 17 18 , et ipsa 19 Italiae littora 20 barbarorum saepe classes invadunt asportantque 21 Christianos. O nostram maximam 22 negligentiam! O tempora! O mores!

  Quod ne sibi neve tibi quisquam 1 imputet, passagium petitur. Sed accipe nunc utilitatem quam parere 2 passagium poterit. Subveniemus laborantibus Hungaris; auferemus jugum servitutis ex collo Graecorum; recuperabimus sanctam terram 3 ; exterminabimus idolum monstrumque 4 illud pessimum, horrendum, ingens Mahumeti; et 5 Christianae religionis fines super et Garamantas et Indos proferemus. Jacet extra sidera tellus, extra anni solisque vias, ubi caelifer 6 Atlas axem 7 humero premit 8 stellis ardentibus aptum. Nam sic agentes aut agere temptantes incorruptibilem caelestis regni coronam adipiscemur, quam reddet nobis in illam diem justus judex.

	1 accidit T 2 complures U, V, W 3 Carpacii T, U, V, W 4 Aegyptii T 5 omit. T 6 eciam V 7 accidit M, KO, OO 8 ad E; ut M, KO, OO 9 omit. M, P, FR1, KO, OO 10 et alii Scytharum em.; Schytiam A, B, C, E, D, G [emendation after EV; erroneous text in final version, presumably due [14] [EV] En magnam utilitatem! 1 quisque T
	to a scribal error in the master copy] 2 parare V
	11 vero KO, OO 3 recuperabimus sanctam terram : terram sanctam recuperabimus V
	12 non parvum : imperium P, FR1 4 monstrum T
	13 Hispanorum M, KO, OO 5 omit. U, V, W
	14 Yonii P; Ciliciam FR1 6 stelifer V
	15 quod … vocant omit. P, FR1 7 M [sic!] U
	16 Cretem A, B, C, D, E, G; Crethem F 8 torquet V
	17 Siciliam quin P, FR1 9 quisquam P, FR1
	18 nostri … Siciliamque : Siliciam Januniarum in silvas Ciprum Rethum Crethum Siciliam quia M; Siliciam iammarius in 10 expedit KO, OO
	silvas Cyprum Rethnum Crethum Siciliamque KO; Ciliciam Cammiarius in sylvas Rethum, Cretum, Siciliam quare OO 11 laboribus KO, OO
	19 ipsi M, KO 12 Ungaros KO, OO
	20 littera M 13 omit. M
	21 aspernantque KO, OO
	22 nostram maximam : maximam nostram C

[14] [IV/FV] Quod ne tibi neve sibi quispiam 9 imputet, passagium expetit 10 , in quo magnam utilitatem esse intelligit: subvenire laborantibus 11 Hungaris

12

; liberare Graecos a servitute; propagare divinum cultum; sanctam terram ex manibus impurorum vendicare; monstrumque illud

13

et abhominabile idolum Mahumeti exterminare, unde placentes Deo 14 immarcescibilem caelestis regni coronam adipiscamur 15 . En magnam utilitatem! 14 omit. M, KO, OO

15

adipiscantur M, FR1, KO, OO

nos de hoc bello dicemus, quod non terrenus, sed caelestis imperator indicit, in quo non

  esse censebant. In quibus qui viriliter pugnavissent, non vincentes modo, sed occumbentes quoque 2 dignos honore glorisososque judicabant, atque his statuas dicabant et triumphales arcus. Quid pomerii, sed fidei propagatio quaeritur; in quo non paterna domus, sed fides

catholica defenditur et honor salvatoris nostri, qui cum in forma Dei esset, non rapinam arbitratus est esse se aequalem Deo, sed semetipsum exinanivit formam servi accipiens, in

  similitudinem hominum factus et habitu inventus ut homo humiliavit seipsum factus

3 oboediens usque ad mortem, mortem autem crucis, ut nos ex diabolica servitute redimeret?

  [15] [IV/FV] Sed non est vera utilitas honestatis 4 expers 5 . Majores nostri justum bellum gerere honestam rem censebant[START_REF] Iv/Fv | the emperor desire a crusade: compassion, benefit and honour[END_REF] . Erat autem belli aequitas 7 sanctissima 8 senatus populi Romani 9 jure praescripta 10 , denuntiataque 11 bella et12 indicta justa putabant in quibus qui viriliter pugnavissent,13 non viventes 14 solum 15 , sed

occumbentes 16 honore dignos glorisososque judicabant. Quid nos 17 de hoc bello dicemus, quod non terrenus

{38r} homo, sed divinus 18 imperator indicit 19 , in quo non imperii 20 , sed divini cultus propagatio quaeritur; in quo fides

catholica defenditur et honor salvatoris nostri, qui cum in forma Dei esset 21 , non rapinam arbitratus est se esse 22 aequalem Deo, sed formam servi accipiens

	1 justaque V
	2 -que V
	3 et habitu … factus omit. T
	4 honestas M
	5 omit. KO, OO
	6 De honestate rei in marg. D; censebatur M
	7 equites E
	8 sanctissimi M, FR1, KO, OO
	9 populi Romani : pro M, KO, OO
	10 perscripta FR1; descripta KO, OO
	11 denunciata quae KO, OO
	12 omit. M, KO, OO
	13 pugnassent C, M, KO, OO
	14 vincentes FR1
	15 omit. M
	16 que add. M, KO; quoque add. OO
	17 omit. M, P, FR1, KO, OO
	18 divus P, FR1
	19 indicat P, KO, OO

exinanivit se ipsum 1 , factus 20 impii A, B, C, E, G, M, KO, OO [NB: emendation of A by D] 21 omit. OO 22 se esse : esse se M, KO, OO oboediens

usque ad mortem, mortem autem crucis, ut nos ex 2 diabolica servitute redimeret? 3

1 nunc de possibilitate congregandi passagii deque spe fructus dicere. Plurimi sunt, beatissime pater, qui cum nominari passagium audiunt, "Ecce vetus somnium", inquiunt, "vetus deliramentum, veteres 2 atque inanes fabulas 3 ." At Urbanus, antecessor tuus, cum vexaretur a paganis orientalis ecclesia, Saracenique terram sanctam invasissent, motus Alexii, qui Constantinopolim tenebat, precibus et aliorum Christianorum, qui sub tributo Turcorum vitam agebant, rogatibus excitatus 4 , gravi et 5 laborioso itinere in Galliam profectus 6 , atque hominum tricenta millia sicut Otto Frisingensis affirmat non futilis auctor, in Graeciam, Asiam Syriamque transmisit 7 maximum exercitum

  2 An example of the classical rhetorical device of antithesis[17] [EV] Superat

	comparavit 8 , quibus nullae Saracenorum copiae, nullae vires
	obsistere potuerunt, quin et Antiochiam expugnarent et Jerusalem obtinerent. Unde adhuc et
	Urbani, qui convocavit passagium, et Gotfredi, qui duxit, illustre nomen habetur, quamvis
	quinquaginta et trecenti ab illo tempore fluxerunt anni.
	[17] [IV/FV]

Superat 9 nunc de possibilitate congregandi passagium 10 11 deque spe fructus dicere. Plurimi sunt, beatissime pater, qui cum nominari passagium audiunt, "Ecce vetus somnium 12 ", inquiunt 13 , "vetus deliramentum, inanes fabulas." Verum 14 Urbanus 15 , antecessor tuus, cum vexaretur a paganis orientalis ecclesia, Saracenique 16 Jerusalem 17 conculcarent 18 , motus Alexii 19 , qui Constantinopolim tenebat, et aliorum Christianorum, qui sub tributo Turcorum vitam agebant 20 , precibus, gravi 21 et laborioso itinere in Galliam profectus, maximum exercitum congregavit atque hominum trecenta 22 millia, ut 23 Otto Frisingensis 24 scribit, non futilis 1 auctor,

	1 supererat T; superest V
	2 vt teres V
	3 fabellas U, W
	4 exercitatus W
	5 ac U, V, W
	6 maximum exercitum comparavit add. U, V, W [here U, V, W follow IV/FV]
	7 atque hominum … transmisit omit. T
	8 maximum exercitum comparavit del. U, V, W [here U, V, W follow IV/FV]
	9 supererat A, B, C, D, E, G; supererit M, FR1, KO, OO
	10 passagii FR1
	11 De possibilitate passagii in marg. D
	12 somnum KO, OO
	13 iniquum M, KO
	14 unde M
	15 Urbanus papa in marg. D, G
	16 Sarraceni qui M
	17 taliter M; tum illam OO; Thilum KO
	18 conculcarunt M
	19 Alexius imperator in marg. D, G; Allexii M
	20 egebant M, KO; degebant OO
	21 igni KO, OO
	22 tricenta M, KO
	23 et M

videtur Christianos, qui sunt inter se discordes 1 apertisque 2 flagrant odiis, in unam passagii sententiam

  conducere 3 4 . Verum quod

2

[19] [EV] Difficile quippe primum

multi putant obstare passagio, sapientia Caesaris conducere judicat. Namque si pax Christianos haberet, incassum quietos principes atque otio torpentes populos excitaremus, neque utiles bello manus

	invenirentur, horrerent 5 inertes ferrum, neque signum, neque tubam ferre valerent. {164v} At
	nunc exercitati bellis

populi ultro sese offerent: facilius ex bello vocatur 6 in bellum miles quam ex otio. Bonum est viro, sicut propheta testatur, qui portavertit jugum ab adolescentia sua. Quis Christianorum est, postquam pugnare oportet, qui non potius in hostes quam in domesticos fidei gladium stringat? Placebit omnibus arma in Turcos vertere, patriam ut quietam relinquant. Et fortasse unica pacandi Christianos via est passagii convocatio.

	[19] [IV/FV]

Difficile ergo primum videtur 7 Christianos, qui sunt inter se 8 discordes apertisque flagrantes 9 odiis, in unam passagii sententiam 10 ducere. Sed quod multi obstare judicant 11 12 passagio 13 14 , sapientia Caesaris conducere 15 judicat 16 . Namque 17 18 si pax Christianos 19 haberet, incassum quietos principes 20 atque otio 21 torpentes 22 excitaremus, neque utiles bello manus invenirentur, timerent

  mortes 23 , ferrum, neque signum, neque tubam ferre possent. Nunc vero excitati 24 bellis

populi 25 ultro sese offerrent: facilius ex bello vocatur in 26 bellum quam ex otio

	1 discordantes T
	2 aptisque T
	3 ducere V
	4 sententiam conducere : ducere sententiam T
	5 horrent U; horrerent corr. ex horrent W
	6 ex bello vocatur : vocatur ex bello V
	7 habetur M
	8 sunt inter se : inter se sunt M, KO, OO
	9 fragrantes A, B, C, D; flagrantes G; frangunt M; flagrant P, FR1; fragrant KO, OO
	10 summam M, KO, OO
	11 putant M, KO, OO
	12 obstare judicant : putant obstare P, FR1
	13 omit. G
	14 unam passagii … judicant passagio omit. B
	15 omit. M
	16 indicat KO, OO
	17 nam P, FR1
	18 omninoque M, KO, OO
	19 qui sunt inter se … pax Christianos omit. E
	20 princeps M
	21 omit. M, KO, OO
	22 populos add. M, P, FR1, KO, OO
	23 mortem FR1
	24 excitati corr. ex excitatis D; et citati G; excitata M, KO; excitato OO; exercitato P, FR1
	25 populo M, P, FR1, KO, OO
	26 omit. M, KO, OO

miles. Bonum est viro, sicut propheta testatur, cum portavertit jugum ab 1 adolescentia sua. Quis Christianorum est 2 , postquam pugnare oportet, qui non potius in Turcos quam in 3 Christianos stringere gladium velit? Placebit omnibus arma in Saracenos vertere, patriam ut quietam relinquant 4 . Et fortasse unica pacandi Christianos via est convocatio passagii. 3.1. It will be easy to gather an expedition [

  19] [IV/FV] Firstly, as the Christians are in a state of violent disagreement and open enmity, it seems difficult to unite them in a crusade. But in his wisdom, the emperor believes that what many think stands in the way of a crusade actually favours it.

enim et feroces Europae populi nescientes quiescere. Nisi adversus exteros proelientur, in sese

  1 ruunt. Qua ratione ductus olim vir senatorius quidam excidi 2 Carthaginem prohibebat, ne pacem habentes in circuitu Romani manus in se verterent, sicut reges Israel fecisse constat, qui victis

[START_REF] Iv/Fv | the emperor desire a crusade: compassion, benefit and honour[END_REF]

[20] [EV] Martiales

hostibus mutuis cecidere vulneribus. Pacem ergo ut habeant Christiani, bellum est in exteros transferendum. Ad quam rem neque Germanorum illustris animus, neque cor nobile Gallicorum, neque sublimis mens Hispanorum, neque gloriae cupidus Italorum spiritus deerit. Omnes, quod tua jubebit 3 sanctitas, corde

  4 magno et animo volenti 5 suscipient.

Quis dubitet cogi posse 6 passagium, quod Romani pontificis auctoritate decretum et 7 imperatoris

	voluntate fuerit ordinatum.
	[20] [IV/FV] Martiales

enim et feroces Europae populi, nescientes quiescere. Nisi adversus exteros proelientur, in

  se 8 manus vertunt. Qua ratione ductus olim Scipio Nasica 9

excidi 10 Carthaginem dissuadebat 11 , ne pacem habentes in circuitu Romani in sese 12 ruerent, sicut et reges Israel victis hostibus mutuis cecidere 13 vulneribus. Jam pacem ergo ut habeant Christiani, bellum 14 in exteros 15 est transferendum. Ad quam rem neque Germanorum illustris animus, neque 16 cor nobile Gallicae gentis, neque mens sublimis Hispanorum, neque honesti cupidus Italorum deerit spiritus. Omnes, quod 17 tua jubet 18 sanctitas

	1 se U
	2 excindi V
	3 videbit V
	4 omit. U, W
	5 2. Macchabees 1, 3
	6 omit. U, V, W
	7 quod V
	8 in se : nisi M
	9 Scipio Nasica corr. ex Cato C; Scipio Nasica : Cato M, P, FR1, KO, OO
	10 exscindi FR1
	11 omit. M
	12 in sese : sepe M
	13 recidere M, KO, OO
	14 inde add. OO
	15 dextros M; dexterum KO
	16 nec M, KO, OO
	17 quos D, G
	18 jubebit P, FR1
	19 dubitat M, KO, OO

, constanti animo exequentur. Quis dubitet 19 posse 20 fieri 21 passagium, quod Romani pontificis auctoritate decretum et imperatoris mandato fuerit convocatum? Videor videre rem perfectam, nec me dubium habet ullum, si tu verbum apponis, Caesar adjicit manum. Nam si quis oboedire neglexerit, vel tuis jussibus vel Caesaris imperio compelletur. 20 omit. KO, OO 21 posse fieri : fieri posse M, P, FR1

dicit 1 fortasse quispiam, quod Braccius olim, quamvis hostis ecclesiae, tamen alioquin homo sensatus, frequenti sermone usurpare solebat: Qui bellum gerat 2 , tribus potissime rebus indigere, et has tres unam 3 esse: pecuniam. Unde igitur aurum corrademus 4 ad tantum et tam remotum bellum necessarium? Sunt in promptu 5 modi, praesul

  maxime, quibus 6 inveniri pecunia poterit sumptusque necessarios 7 ministrari. Sed hos 8 vulgari 9 modo non est ex usu.

	Illud
	tamen dicere possum: civitates, quae propter pacem perpetuo bello fatigantur , libenter
	passagio contribuent, ut pacis tandem compotes fiant.
	[21] [IV/FV] Sed

[21] [EV] Sed

dicet 12 fortasse quispiam, quod Braccius, quamvis ecclesiae hostis , alioquin 14 tamen 15 vir sensatus, frequenti sermone usurpare solebat: "Tribus potissime 16 rebus indigere bellum 17 , et haec tria 18 unum esse: pecuniam." Ubi ergo corrademus 19 aurum ad tantum et tam longum 20 bellum necessarium? Sunt et modi 21 in promptu 22 , quibus inveniemus 23 argentum

  [START_REF]Intellexisti 11 desiderium suum, sanctum 12 propositum[END_REF] , quos 25 vulgare non expedit. Illud dicere possum: civitates, quae ob eam causam bella 26 suscipiunt, ut sine minis 27 in pace vivant 28 , libenter passagii expensas 1 contribuent 2 , ut pacem nihil insidiarum habentem consequi possint 3 .

	1 dicet V
	2 gerit U
	3 has tres unam : harum trium unum [illeg.] V
	4 corrodemus T
	5 promto T
	6 omit. T
	7 necessarius T; necessarii V
	8 hoc V
	9 vulgare T
	10 omit. U
	11 fatigabantur V
	12 dicit KO, OO
	13 ecclesiae hostis : hostis ecclesiae M, P, FR1, KO, OO
	14 aliquando M, FR1, KO, OO
	15 cum M; tantum OO
	16 potentissime M, KO
	17 indigere bellum : bellum indigere KO, OO
	18 haec tria : horum trium M, KO, OO
	19 corrodemus M, KO, OO
	20 longinquum M, P, FR1, KO, OO
	21 modo M
	22 prompto M, P, KO
	23 invenimus M
	24 quibus … argentum : hujus inveniendi argenti OO
	25 quod C
	26 bellum M, KO, OO
	27 iniuria P, FR1; injuriis D, G
	28 nunc M; vivunt M, KO

rursus spes magna victoriae deerit 1 . Novit imperatoria sublimitas: Assyriorum, Turcorum Aegyptiorumque gentes imbelles, inermes, viles effeminataeque sunt 2 , neque animo, neque consilio martiali. Quis aut tunicatos 3 mitratosque Turcos aut braccatos Aegyptios timeat, quos Arsaces 4 ad Ezechiam regem loquens {165r} baculo arundineo confractoque comparavit? Sarmacida 5 erunt spolia sine sudore et sanguine.

  Multa notavit Caesarea majestas, cum[START_REF] Iv/Fv | the emperor desire a crusade: compassion, benefit and honour[END_REF] transmarinas partes lustraret, quae spem certissimam 7 victoriae praebent suoque tempore patefient. Nec moveri debemus, quia nostri nonnumquam exercitus ab illis 8 victi deletique sunt, nam neque viribus eorum, neque rei militaris peritiae, sed nostris peccatis ascribendum est. Quod si emendati fuerimus rectaque 9 mente10 Christi causam defensuri bellum susceperimus, nihil de victoria fuerit haesitandum, quia non relinquet Dominus virgam peccatorum super sortem justorum.

	1 nunc add. M
	2 expensas contribuent : contribuant curas M, P, FR1, KO, OO
	3 possunt M, KO, OO
	4 Andrea Fortebraccio [Braccio da Montone] (1368-1424): Italian nobleman and condottiero
	5 Ecclesiasticus, 33, 3

[START_REF] Iv/Fv | the emperor desire a crusade: compassion, benefit and honour[END_REF]

Piccolomini: De viris (Heck), p. 13: Is tria necessaria dicebat Florentinis bellum gerentibus: aurum, aurum atque aurum. Quod postea in proverbium venit

7

Piccolomini is probably referring to a sale of indulgences -the profits to be divided between the emperor and the pope, as Voigt caustically remarks, cf. Voigt, III, p. 54

[22]

[EV] Non est igitur desperata res passagii convocatio, nec

11

[22] [IV/FV] Non erit ergo 12 difficile convocare {39r} passagium,

nec rursus spes magna victoriae deerit. Novit majestas imperatoria 13 14 : Assyriorum 15 Aegyptiorumque 16 gentem imbecilles 17 , inermes, effeminatique 18 sunt, neque animo 19 , neque consilio martiales. Sarmacida 20 erunt 21 spolia sine sudore et sanguine.

	1 victoriae deerit : deerit victorie V
	2 gentes imbelles … sunt : gentem imbellem inermem vilem effeminatamque esse V
	3 aut add. V
	4 Rapsaces T
	5 Sarmatica T
	6 quoque V
	7 certissime U, W
	8 aliis V
	9 rectamque U
	10 omit. U, W
	11 Psalms, 124, 3
	12 omit. M, KO, OO
	13 majestas imperatoria : imperatoria majestas G
	14 Turcorum add. M, P, FR1, KO, OO
	15 Assyriorumque A, F; Assiriorum corr. ex Assiriorumque D [other mss. emendate A]
	16 Egretiarumque M; Egyptiorum P, FR1
	17 imbelles P, FR1, OO
	18 effeminati M, P, FR1, KO, OO
	19 nomine M
	20 Salmacida G; Salmacidae FR1; Saumacida KO; sumenda OO
	21 deerunt M

Quis tunicatos 1 mitratosque 2 Turcos aut brachatos timeat Aegyptios 3 4 , quos Arsaces 5 , ad Ezechiam regem 6 loquens, baculo arundineo confractoque 7 comparavit

  . Quod si aliquando nostri exercitus ab eis victi 8 sunt, neque viribus, neque rei 9 militaris peritiae, sed numerositati 10 hostium ascribendum est. Quod 11 si Christianorum copiae tot fuerint

odia, quae cum Tartaris habent assiduaque certamina. Juvabit et gentis illius desperatio. Nam Mahumetum, cui maxime credunt, sectam suam in octingentos usque annos augendam, exinde minuendam

  Aegyptiacos M, P, FR1, KO, OO4 Aegyptii in marg. D, G 5 Rabsaces KO, OO[START_REF] Iv/Fv | the emperor desire a crusade: compassion, benefit and honour[END_REF] omit. C; legem OO 7 confracto M, KO, OO 8 ab … victi : victi ab eis M, P, FR1, KO, OO 9 re M, KO10 innumerositati M, KO, OO 11 quoniam M, P, FR1, KO, OO12 fuerunt M, KO13 tot add. M, KO; a add. FR1, OO14 et add. M, KO, OO 15 nihilominus add. KO, OO 16 Cicero: De officiis, 1.61.: Salmacida, spolia síne sudore et sánguine. Adapted by Piccolomini 17 Hezekiah: 13th king of Judah. The commonly received computation reckons his reign from 726 to 697 B.C. 18 Rabsaces 19 Isaiah, 36, 6 [23] [EV] Juvabunt et nos cum 1 divisiones illorum tum astruunt 2 prophetasse. Is autem sub Heraclio Caesare malignari occoepit 3 , post quem supputantur 4 anni quadraginta et octingenti, quae res terrorem non parvum Turcis, spem Christianis adjicit. Nam etsi pseudopropheta Mahumetus est, non tamen falsum vaticinium dici potest, quod sacris Jeremiae sermonibus quadrare videmus. Jeremias enim primo et quinquagesimo capitulo quasi tuam sanctitatem et Caesaris 5 majestatem adversus Mahumetum suscipere bellum hortatur 6 :

1 truncatos M, KO, OO 2 em.; mitriatosque A, B, C, D, E, F, G [emendation on the basis of EV and IV] 3

Nolite tacere, inquit, super iniquitates 7 ejus, quoniam tempus ultionis est domino, vicissitudinem ipse retribuet 8 ei. Possemus ad rem hanc 9 plura deducere, sed neque doctissimis tuis auribus neque

  praeclaris 10 sapientissimisque patribus, qui assident quique astant, donanda sunt verba. Satis est nobis absolvisse, quae promisimus, et, quae Caesarea sublimitas mandaverat, exposuisse.

[23] [IV/FV] Juvabunt et divisiones eorum et odia,

quae cum 11 Tartaris habent assidua certamina. Juvabit et gentis 12 illius desperatio. Nam 13 Mahumetum, cui maxime credunt, sectam suam in octingentos usque annos augendam, exinde

	1 omit. U, W
	2 asserunt V
	3 accepit T, U, W
	4 supputentur U
	5 Caesaream U [here U follows IV/FV]
	6 hortetur T, U, V, W
	7 iniquitatem T
	8 tribuit T
	9 rem hanc : hanc rem V
	10 reverendissimis U, V; Romanis W
	11 in M, KO, OO
	12 gentes M
	13 et add. M, KO, OO
	14 astruunt P, FR1; afferunt OO
	15 prophetissae OO
	16 accepit M, P, KO; occepit FR1
	17 post quem : postquam M, FR1, KO, OO
	18 si et F; et M
	19 salsus M
	20 Jeremiae vaticinium in marg. D, G
	21 ex M

diminuendam asserunt 14 prophetasse 15 , qui sub Heraclio Caesare malignari coepit

[START_REF] Iv/Fv | Maxima esset ingratitudo nostra, si non ad incertam mortem pro Christo iremus, qui certam pro nobis tulit; si non illi vitam offeremus 9 , a quo suscepimus. En bellum honestissimum, in quo patris, in quo domini, in quo magni Dei nostri 10 causam tuemur 11 , in quo, qui vitam temporalem amittit 12 , aeternam et famam clari nominis adipiscitur sempiternam. Quid plura? Tantum abest 13 , ut non sit gloriosum pugnare pro fide, ut 14 informe 15 foedumque sit non pugnare, quando[END_REF]

, post quem 17 supputantur anni XL et octingenti, et hoc Turcos admodum territat, Christianos elevat. Nam etsi

[START_REF]Sed pensemus, si 8 hodie 9 spes bona possit 10 haberi passagii, quoniam 11 nemo sciens impossibilia temptat, neque aggreditur 12 quisquam, quod assequi desperat. Magnum facinus spes nutrit. Quid 13 hic respondemus? Duo consideranda sunt: unum an Christiani facile possint in passagium trahi, alterum an 14 inchoato 15 passagio spes sit magna vincendi. Nam quamvis omnium bellorum dubius sit exitus, numquam tamen {38v} committendum est bellum 16 sine spe quadam et argumento victoriae, ne, sicut Octavianus Caesar proverbium habebat 17[END_REF]

falsus 19 propheta Mahumetus est, non est tamen falsum vaticinium extimandum, quod Jeremiae 20 sacris sermonibus consonum esse videmus, dum primo et 21 quinquagesimo capitulo 22 inquit 1 2 , quasi tuam sanctitatem et 3 22 em.; et quinquagesimo capitulo omit. A, B, C, D, E, F, G [emendation on the basis of EV and IV] Caesarem adhortatus 4 : Nolite

tacere super iniquitates ejus, quoniam tempus ultionis est domino 5 , vicissitudinem ipse retribuet ei. Possem ad hanc rem 6 plura deducere, sed neque doctissimis tuis auribus neque reverendissimis sapientissimisque patribus, qui assident, danda sunt verba. Satis est nobis absolvisse 7 , quae promisimus 8 , quae Caesarea sublimitas 9 dicturum

  me 10 voluit.

Schowebel, p. 19

Oration "Si putarem"[5]

HA, II, 636. Helmrath: Pius, p. 89, gives the date as

April2 It was now known -even by the Milanese ambassadors who reported it to their duke -that, during his stay in Rome, Ladislaus had tried to escape and become free of the emperor's wardship. He had even privately addressed the pope in the matter. This gave special cogency to Piccolomini's dramatic and emotional appeal to the pope on behalf of Hungary and the orphaned boy-king, standing with the emperor 3 For a comprehensive survey of manuscripts and editions, see Helmrath: Reichstagsreden, p. 336-74 Concerning the textual transmission of Pius II´s orations, see Collected orations of Pope Pius II, ch. 5

For other editions of the Historia Austrialis, see Collected Orations of Pope Pius II, ch. 11: General bibliography

For a full survey and analysis of the incunabula editions of the letters of Piccolomini/Pius, see Häbler

Cf. Häbler, p. 148

The OO-edition has been collated with a view to verifying Häbler's assertion (which appears to be correct)

Listed in Kristeller, foliation approximative

Listed in Kristeller, foliation approximative

Listed in Kristeller, foliation approximative

For an analysis of Piccolomini's use of sources, see Collected Orations Pope Pius II, ch. 8

http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&O=NUMM-60241

Nicolaus V [Tommaso Parentucelli] (15.11.1397-24.3.1455): Pope from 6 March 1447 to his death

Moyses vir Dei: Piccolomini had borrowed these opening words from a bull of Pope Eugenius of 4 September 1439 in which he condemned the decree Sacrosancta of the Council of Konstanz and declared the clergy at Basel schismatics and heretics, see Rainaldus, ad ann. 1439, nr. 29. Choosing this incipit, he was thus making an implicit statement of imperial support for the papacy

Numbers, 27, 21

By analogy: the pope

Note that in the final version Piccolomini's reuses the notion of the imperium of the high priest in great matters, but not the notion that this imperium extends to military matters (res bellicae)

Not Ovid, but Magnus Felix Ennodius: Epistolae, 7.12. MPL, LXIII, col. 119

reddant M, KO, OO

Vergilius: Aeneis, 8.50

2. Corinthians, 11, 29

Origenes: In epistolam Pauli ad Romanos explanationes, 7, 2 (transl. of Rufinus)

Valerius Maximus: Facta et dicta memorabilia, 1.1.9

Psalms, 78, 1

Lamentations, 1, 1

Vergilius: Aeneis, 1.531

Romans, 8,

3 Ladislaus the Posthumous (Habsburg) (1440 -1457): Duke of Austria from 1440, King of Hungary from 1444 and King of Bohemia from 1453 to his death

Note that it is the emperor who requests a crusade from the pope, recognizing that it is the pope who has the initiative and authority to indict a crusade

Dubius belli exitus: common Latin dictum

Suetonius: De vitis Caesarum / Augustus, 25.4

omit. M

omit. M

omit.OO

relinquunt M, KO, OO

Lamentations, 3, 27

Note the idea that the way to have peace amongs the Europeans would be to unite them against the common enemy, the Turks

Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum (died 141 BC): Roman statesman. A political opponent of Marcus Porcius Cato, he pleaded that Rome not destroy Carthage. According to Plutarch's conjecture and Appian's later definite assertion, that was because he feared that the destruction of Rome's main rival would lead to the decline of Roman morals and discipline. Cf. Plutarch: Parallel lives / Cato,

 2 2. Chronicles, 20, 23 3 Piccolomini greatly overestimates the authority of pope and emperor, as would be shown some months later during the Austrian rebellion against the emperor's tutelary government, see oration "Sentio"[20]

[8] [IV/FV] Friedrich followed in their footsteps. When his parents died and he was no longer under guardianship, 1 but still an adolescent, he very soon fearlessly, though sometimes only inches from death, 2 sailed across the sea to visit the place where our redemption took place. There he saw the place where Christ, Our Saviour, was born, where he was laid in the crib, where he was presented in the temple, where he was baptized, where he was tempted, where he preached, where he raised Lazarus, where he held the last supper, where he was arrested, where he was mocked, where he was judged, where he was crucified, where he was buried, and where he ascended to Heaven. 3 Why say more? The emperor kissed the earth trodden by the feet of the One who redeemed us. 1 In 1435 2 Juvenalis: Saturae, 12.58 ff. 3 The Early Version gives a list of the holy places, the Final version a pious summary of the Passion of Christ [10] [IV/FV] What about Greece, mother of letters, who invented laws, who nursed culture, who is the teacher 1 of all the good arts? 2 Who does not pity this afflicted, oppressed and ruined people? whose empire was once mighty and flourishing 3 not only under Alexander the Macedonian 4 and his successors, but also under the Athenians, the Thebans and the Lacedamonians, but is now everywhere forced to serve the effeminate Turks.

Feasibility of the expedition

[17] [IV/FV] It remains to speak about the feasibility of gathering a crusade and about the hope for success. There are many, Holy Father, who when hearing talk about a crusade say: "Oh, that old dream, that old delusion, that silly nonsense!" Nevertheless, when the Oriental Church was persecuted by the pagans and the Saracens crushed Jerusalem, your predecessor Urban 14 was moved by the entreaties of Alexius, 15 who held Constantinople, and of other Christians, living under the Turks. [START_REF] Iv/Fv | Maxima esset ingratitudo nostra, si non ad incertam mortem pro Christo iremus, qui certam pro nobis tulit; si non illi vitam offeremus 9 , a quo suscepimus. En bellum honestissimum, in quo patris, in quo domini, in quo magni Dei nostri 10 causam tuemur 11 , in quo, qui vitam temporalem amittit 12 , aeternam et famam clari nominis adipiscitur sempiternam. Quid plura? Tantum abest 13 , ut non sit gloriosum pugnare pro fide, ut 14 informe 15 foedumque sit non pugnare, quando[END_REF] Going on a difficult and burdensome journey to France, 17 he gathered a great army, and -according to that serious author Otto of Freising 18 -sent 300.000 men to Greece, Asia, 19 and Syria. 20 The Saracene forces were unable to resist them and to prevent them from conquering Antioch and seizing Jerusalem. Therefore, the names of Urban, who mustered the crusade, and of Godefroy, 21 who led it, are still held in high regard.

Conclusion

[24] 1 [EV] You now understand the emperor's wish, his holy resolve, and his whole purpose. But though this is how the emperor feels about the crusade, he leaves it all to your counsel, decision, and judgment, since you are the one who has received the keys for closing and opening, 2 who holds the place of Peter and Paul, now reigning with Christ, 3 and whose responsibility it is to judge between blood and blood, cause and cause, leprosy and leprosy. 4 But the emperor wanted to use this visit to Your Holiness to bring forward a matter that has been close to his heart and mind since his early youth, before he was elected emperor. 5 Another would perhaps have requested a general council or reform decrees, but what greater council can there be than an assembly [START_REF] Iv/Fv | the emperor desire a crusade: compassion, benefit and honour[END_REF] comprising you yourself and your holy senate? In vain do people demand a council if they do not accept the decisions of the Roman Pontiff. Where Your Holiness is, there is the council, there are the laws, there the morals, there the [legitimate] decrees and salubrious reform.

[24] [IV/FV] You now understand the emperor's wish, his holy resolve, and his whole purpose: all, however, is left to your own counsel and judgment. But the emperor wanted to use the opportunity of this visit to Your Holiness to bring forward a matter that has been close to his heart since early youth. Another would perhaps have requested a general council or reform decrees or something else. 1 This section from the Early Version is translated here because of its great political and ecclesiastical importance