N I Vargas-Cuentas
email: natalia.i.vargascuentas@ieee.org

A Román-González
email: avid.roman-gonzalez@ieee.org

Automatic Terminal Information System for El Alto Airport

Keywords: ATIS, METAR, El Alto airport, text synthesizer, air traffic

The air traffic controllers of the El Alto airport must give to the landing and taking off aircrafts, necessary information such as the visibility of the runway, the wind speed and direction, cloud cover, temperature, pressure, etc. This information called Meteorological Terminal Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) is essential for taking decision respect to the landing procedure. At aerodromes with a considerable level of traffic, the METAR issue has become a problem, may cause congestion of the communication frequency, this has caused aviation incidents; otherwise the operations are delayed and are not as smooth and efficient on the airfield. The air traffic controller is responsible for issuing the current weather conditions, for this task, the manager of the garden weather must copy the collected data and make a report to communicate the weather condition at the moment, but he takes the report every hour. In summary, there are two main problems; the first is that one provide weather reports that are not of the moment, which can produce aircraft incidents, and finally there is a congested communication frequency, for this reason, the operations are not optimal and fluid. The aim of this work is to implement the ATIS (Automatic Terminal Information System) for El Alto airport.

I. INTRODUCTIÓN

N El Alto airport, the air traffic controllers must perform daily work giving to landing and taking off aircrafts, necessary information such as the visibility of the track, the wind speed and direction, cloud cover, temperature, pressure, etc. This information is known as METAR (Meteorological Terminal Aviation Routine Weather Report) is essential to take decisions regarding the landing procedure to be applied or the runway to be used. While the METAR is routine information, it is critical for pilots, for controller, for the performance of the aircraft, and for airfield safety.

At aerodromes with a high air traffic level, to dictate the METAR to each pilot has become a problem, according to data gathered from the Airports Administration and Auxiliary Services for Air Navigation (AASANA). For example, if there are a number of aircraft wishing to leave at the same time would have to make various weather reports for each of these, which causes congestion frequency in the airport, this has caused aeronautical incidents due to a misunderstanding instruction that has been given to the pilot; otherwise the operations are delayed and are not as smooth and efficient on the aerodrome.

The air traffic controller is responsible for issuing the current weather conditions, for this task, the manager of the garden weather must copy the collected data and make a report to communicate the weather condition at the moment., but he produces the report every hour, unless a change in climatic conditions is significant, this is not advisable, since the data of the intensity and direction of the wind, pressure and current temperature, are used to calculate the payload of the aircraft and also to calculate the speeds that the aircraft can achieve in flight. In summary, there are two main problems: the first one is that the weather reports for pilots are not at the time, which can produce aviation incidents, since as mentioned above, the meteorological data influencing on the performance of the airplane. The second problem is related to the frequency congestion, which causes that operations are not optimal and fluid.

As diagnostic data, statistics of three recent successive administrations were obtained; these data are from the Operation Department of AASANA from different documents such as the statistical bulletin of air navigation services, and the Directory of Air Traffic Services (ATS). In these documents, one found the information shown in Table 1. In summary and as can be seen from the obtained data, the number of aircraft that are received at the aerodrome of La Paz have increased, from 2329.67 aircraft per month in 2010 to 2460.83 aircraft per month in 2011 and 2585.25 aircraft per month in 2012. According to the statistics, we can say that the work of air traffic controllers has increased and currently they must dictate the METAR to an average of 85 aircraft or more per day. In Table 2, we can see the distribution of frequencies in the El Alto airport.

In the data from the frequency table of La Paz can be seen that there are three units or blocks highlighted, these represent the units responsible for providing METAR reports orally, these dependencies are: Aerodrome Control Tower (TWR) with an assigned frequency of 118. At the El Alto airport, there are only two frequencies, the frequency of APP and the frequency of TWR, and two controllers with their respective relays that provide METAR reports. These two controllers are: the Tower (TWR) controller that is in charge of the aerodrome traffic and controls aircraft runway, landing and takeoff; and another Approach (APP) controller that controls the arrivals and departures of aircraft, also controls lower-level air routes and provide radar service. Then the air traffic controllers in addition to their assigned functions, they must give the METAR reports, and this makes a congestion of the two frequencies available at the El Alto airport, and operations are smooth and with little delay.

Figure 1 shows a list of incidents and accidents raised in 2012. One can see in the statistics that the heavenly bars mean the incidents at the airport in the city of La Paz and every month there have been several incidents, they occur by congestion of the frequency and misunderstanding of instruction given by the controller; they can also occur due to mechanical failure.

The continuation of this article is organized as follows: Section II shows the general concepts of the METAR report. In Section III, the description of an ATIS system is mentioned. Section IV describes methods for speech synthesis.

In Section V prototype development arose. Finally in Section VI our conclusions will be presented.

II. METAR REPORT According to ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization), METAR is the acronym corresponding to the Meteorological Terminal Aviation Routine Weather Report).

José María Gacias (2008) said that the METAR is a report that provides the prevailing weather at a particular airport at a given time. The data are obtained from the local meteorological station located at the airport (p.1).

At annex 3 of ICAO -Meteorological Service for International Area Navigation (2011) is established data that must contain a METAR report: Report type, ICAO identifier, date and hour, wind, visibility / RVR (runway visual range), relevant atmospheric phenomena, clouds, ambient temperature and dew point (relative humidity), and altimeter setting.

A. METAR Format:

To set the format that has the report, one can consult the Air Traffic Services Yearbook, and an example of an actual METAR report of La Paz airport is: METAR SLLP 121700z 21016G24KT 180V240 1500 R10/ 600M RA BR BKN 015 OVC025 06/04 Q1005.

A part by part description of the METAR report is follow:

-METAR: Report type indicator, which in this case is a routine METAR weather report. The report could also be a SPECI report that is not routine, a TAF report that is forecasting a SIGMET or AIRMETs report that are weather reports that are granted in flight and which contain relevant information for pilots. -SLLP: ICAO identifier of the station, in this case is the El Alto International Airport, where S indicates that the aerodrome is located in South America, L indicates that the aerodrome is located in Bolivia and LP is the indicator of the city, in this case La Paz.

-121700z: The date and time, the first two digits ( 12) indicate the date, followed by the Zulu or UTC (1700z) time, it is necessary to say that the Zulu time is ahead by 4 hours with respect to the time in Bolivia.

-21016G24KT: Wind indicator, where the first three digits indicate the direction in degrees from which the wind is blowing (210), if the three digits are followed by letters (VRB) mean that the wind direction is variable, on the other hand, the next two digits indicate the speed in knots at which the wind is blowing [START_REF] Oaci | Anexo 2 -Reglamento del Aire[END_REF], the letter G indicates that winds are gusts and the last two digits indicate the highest gust in knots (24KT).

-180V240: Indicator of the variation degree of the wind, the first three digits indicate, in degrees, the minimum variation of the wind (180) and the last three digits indicate, in degrees, the maximum variation of the wind (240), the letter V indicates that the data is a range of variation -1500: Indicator of horizontal visibility in meters, in this case it has a visibility of 1500 meters. If it has a value of 9999 means it has a higher visibility than 10Km -R10/ 600M: Indicator of the runway visual range (RVR), the letter R indicates the identifier of the runway; in this case the runway 10 from El Alto airport, the following value indicates the visual range, in this case 600 meters, worth mentioning that if the value was followed by Ft letters, the value is measured in feet. When the visual range is a variable range, will have to be the minimum and maximum values have the letter V in the middle, for example 600V800.

-RA BR: Indicator of current climatological conditions on the airfield, RA notes that on this occasion we have rain at the airport, on the other hand, BR indicates that we have brume.

-BKN 015 OVC025: Indicator of amount of clouds, and sky coverage, BKN 015 indicates that there are broken clouds at 015 hundred feet from the ground; OVC025 indicates that the sky is covered with 025 hundred feet above the ground -06/04: Indicator of the temperature and dew point, the first two digits (06) indicate the temperature in Celsius degrees, the other two digits (04) indicate the relative humidity of the air. -Q1005: Indicator of atmospheric pressure, if the value is preceded by the letter Q, the value is measured in units of hecto-pascals, on the other hand if the value is preceded by the letter M, then the value is measured in inches of mercury. In this case, we have a corrected atmospheric pressure or QNH of 1005 hecto-pascals (hPa).

III. ATIS SYSTEM

According to the DGCA (General Directorate of Civil Aviation), ATIS is the acronym for Automatic Terminal Information Service, and it is a continuous information broadcast in congested terminal areas. The ATIS contains essential information such as weather information, which runways are operational, available approaches, and any other information that pilots may need. Normally the pilot hears the ATIS before contacting the local controller. The primary mission of ATIS is to remove the workload for controllers (ATM/01/03, 2011).

The document (2011)-Air Traffic Management says that: ATIS is the continuous broadcast recorded on a selected area of great activity. Its aim is to improve the effectiveness of the controller and alleviate congestion from the often repetitive and automated transmission of the most essential information. The information is continuously transmitted from a differential VHF radio frequency or by a local radio navigation voice (p. 4-8).

According to the RAP 311 (2011), the requirements for ATIS system are:

• The communicated information must be only from one airdrome. • The information provided will be updated immediately after a significant change. • The preparation and transmission of the ATIS message will be in charge of the air traffic services. • Each ATIS message is identified by a designator in the form of a letter of the ICAO phonetic alphabet. The assigned designator for consecutive ATIS messages must be in alphabetical order. • If it is possible, a discrete VHF frequency will be used for the broadcasts. Without the availability of a discrete frequency, the transmission can be done using radiotelephonic channels, preferably VOR, the condition is that the scope and readability are adequate, and the identification signal of navigation aids is inserted into the broadcast without masking. • The ATIS broadcast should not be transmitted on the voice channel of the ILS. • When it is possible, message of the vocal ATIS broadcasts shall not exceed 120 seconds, additional information will be included only when exceptional circumstances warrant. • The distance to be covered by the ATIS transmission system must be at least 120 km. • Aircraft shall acknowledge receipt of the information to establish communication with the ATS unit that provides the approach control service or with the aerodrome control tower. • The weather information is extracted from the local regular or special weather report.

IV. INTERFACES FOR DATA COLLECTION AND TEXT TO SPEECH SYNTHESIZING

According to the Technological Observatory of Spanish Ministry of Education (2013), speech synthesis, also known as Text to Speech Conversion (CTV), is a process that provides to the system the ability to convert a given text into speech. This task can be done by earlier recordings made by people. The computer voice can be generated combining recordings that have been made, whether, whole words or phonemes, but always trying to get that the produced sound look as natural as possible and intelligible, concatenating the sounds within the discourse correctly. In addition, the system must be able to synthesize any random text, not one set by default.

According to the Technological Observatory of Spanish Ministry of Education (2013), there are two ways to perform this synthesis:

-Concatenative Synthesis: Concatenative synthesis is based on the union of segments of recorded voice. This method produces a more natural synthesis and has no mathematical model. There are three methods for concatenative synthesis; the first one is called synthesis by unit selection that uses a database where voice recordings are: phonemes, syllables, words, phrases, and sentences. This method produces a more natural sound, but these databases can reach a very large size. On the other hand, there is a synthesis by diphones using a minimum database in which we have saved an attached example of diphones (in Spanish there are approximately 800 different diphones), but this method produces a robotic voice, so it is obsolete. Another method of concatenative synthesis is the specific synthesis for a domain that binds words and phrases to create complete outputs. This method is used for very limited areas.

-Formant Synthesis: This method uses human speech samples runtime as above, but an acoustic model is used, so an artificial speech waveform is created. This method produces a robotic sound and could never be confused with the human voice, but has the advantage of producing smaller programs because it does not require a database of samples recorded as concatenation methods.

V. ATIS SYSTEM PROTOTYPE DESIGN

The voice synthesizer method used for this work is the synthesis by concatenation.

For the final design of the prototype ATIS system, we have the following considerations: -The meteorological report to be transmitted by the system must contain twenty information blocks about current conditions at the aerodrome, the meteorological conditions and supplementary information.

-The report data must be transmitted adhering aeronautical radiotelephone communication techniques.

-The system must have a database that includes numbers, letters, speeches, conjunctions and units used in aviation.

-The program must be able to respect the constraints presented by the METAR report data.

-The system must be able to separate and distinguish each information block held in the METAR.

-The weather information will come with the file format needed for reading, also additional information, pretending to come from the Meteorology Department.

The first step taken to program the speech synthesizer was to identify the current weather report, simulating that the files arrive at a folder. For this task, we have the following code.

% Reading the METAR Files = dir('METAR'); [C, I] = max([Files(3:end).datenum]); METAR = importdata(['METAR/' Files(I+2).name]);

The above statement collects the files that exist in the METAR folder by datenum parameter, which indicates the creation date of the file, but expressed as a number, so the more recent file will be represented by the highest number, it is why the max instruction is used, to always read the last file. On the other hand, the number 3 in the instruction is due to auxiliary files existing in the folder, which is not taken into account, so we should read starting in number three from the most recent files.

As a second step we proceeded to identify the size of the METAR report and proceeded to divide the information blocks using the code below: In the above statement, the size vector "l" is the maximum value, and "c" is the position to identify the size of the METAR, then in reading the weather report blocks, we have "r" that it is the block information that is reading, and "s" is the number of digits for this block, also the function is given a space on each block to differentiate The next step taken was to establish rules of oral reading of meteorological data for each block, as example, we show the reading block for wind grades and speed, for this block we have the following code: In the previous statement, in the first instance we have the database needed for quick reading this information data block, as had been previously identified, then for reading this block, certain numbers, units, addresses and conjunctions are required.

Then it gets a pause for an understandable reading and then proceeds to read the data number to the number of degrees and wind speed. The first instruction "for" identifies the wind grades, starting at the first digit, the degree of wind can have only up to three digits.

On the other hand, the second "for" statement identifies the wind speed, begins in the fifth digit because the fourth digit is the unit of wind and grades should not be taken into account because it is not a numeric value, and ending with the digit "T-2" because the last two digits represent the block units and no numeric values.

Was performed a program for each information blocks which are 13.

Finally we proceeded to test the program to observe proper operation, and obtained the following result: The developed program was tested, and we have a proper operation for synthesis each information block of the weather report. Also as shown in Figure 3 of the example tested in MATLAB, the program was able to split the data into blocks and also was tested identifyng the number of digits for each block.

VI. CONCLUSIONES

 The identification of the shortcomings of the oral transmission of METAR envisioned that in addition to a delay in the transmission there is also a suppression of the weather report information.  The estimation of the current situation of the air traffic controllers with respect to the oral transmission of METAR report, allowed quantifying the study variables of this project, such as the transmission time of the report, the number of repetitions per aircraft, the time for report updating, and the timeout of an aircraft for waiting the METAR  The recognition of the elements available at the El Alto airport that were used to develop the prototype allowed that the developed ATIS system is capable of adapting the resources available at the aerodrome without external equipments.  The design of the ATIS system prototype identified the information to be transmitted by the system, the radiotelephone techniques used for this, the system synchronization with a time server, and the identification of the detailed operation of the ATIS system.  The development of the program allowed us to identify the type of voice synthesis system, the concatenative synthesis was used, because it gives a more natural voice and a little extensive database. On the other hand, our database was optimized to shorten the time required for reproduction of the METAR report.  The design of the synthesized data transmission by the VOR (VHF Omnidirectional Range) allowed to identify that the absence of a discrete VHF frequency at the aerodrome, and radio aid could cover the requirements of the working frequency and coverage area required by the ATIS system.  The development and implementation of the ATIS system reduced the time spent for dictating the METAR, weather update to register a change in the airport data, decongest the communication frequencies between pilots and controllers, and improve operations at the aerodrome.

Graphic 1 :

 1 Statistical graphics of aircraft movement. Source: Directory of Ais Traffic Service. (2012, ATS-061)

Figure 1 :

 1 Figure 1: Converting text to speech (CTV). Spanish Technological Observatory, (2013, p.1.)

Figure 2 :

 2 Figure 2: Phases of the text to speech synthesis. Standardization of the input text for a speech synthesis system (2012, p.7.).

%

  Size of METAR [l c] = size(METAR{1}); % Blocks reading from METAR r = 1; s = 0; for i=1:c if isspace(METAR{1}(i)) T(r) = s; r = r+1; s = 0; else REPORT(r,s+1) = METAR{1}(i); s = s+1; end end T(r) = s; REPORT

  (REPORT(i)); AUDIO = [AUDIO; Numeros{n+1}]; end AUDIO = [AUDIO; Unidades{1}]; for i=5:T-2 n = str2num(REPORT(i)); AUDIO = [AUDIO; Numeros{n+1}]; end AUDIO = [AUDIO; Unidades{2}; P];

Figure 3 :

 3 Figure 3: Test of ATIS program

Table 1 :

 1 Statistics table of aircraft trafficSource: Directory of Ais Traffic Service, 2012, ATS-029, ATM-031, ATS-035

	30 MHz and one

I

Table 2 :

 2 Frequency distribution of La Paz Source: La Paz Regional, 2012, Reg-28


Avid Roman-Gonzalez
email: roman-gonzalez@ieee.org

Natalia Indira Vargas-Cuentas
email: natalia.i.vargascuentas@ieee.org

Natalia Indira Vargas

AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY IN PERU

à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

I. INTRODUCTION

Aerospace technology for a country represents somehow its power, independence, and its development capacity [START_REF] Roman-Gonzalez | Tecnología Aeroespacial en el Mundo[END_REF]. Peru has started the development of nanosatellites through initiatives of its universities. This work aims to highlight the Peru's incursion in the aerospace field.

Peru has a globally recognized heritage that extends from pre-Inca times until today. Astronomical discoveries on which Incas support agriculture. Advanced surgical techniques and monumental engineering works carried out during the pre-Hispanic era. Historical participation of prominent Peruvians in the early development of aeronautics. Eng. Pedro Paulet Mostajo is considered one of the pioneers in issues related to rocketry, propulsion engine by liquid fuel. In the late nineteenth century, he laid the early development of future space flights.

In recent years, as described in [START_REF] Roman-Gonzalez | Tecnología Aeroespacial en el Mundo[END_REF] and [START_REF] Vargas-Cuentas | Promotion of Aerospace Technology in Bolivia[END_REF], different Peruvian universities have developed cubesats. The Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru (PUCP), in November 2013 launched the first Peruvian nanosatellite PUCP-SAT. On the other hand, the Universidad Alas Peruanas (UAP) has launched last January 2014 the nano-satellite UAPSAT. Also, in February 2014, the Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria (UNI) launched the Chasqui I.

All these nano-satellite have cubic shape and measure 10 × 10 × 10 cm with a mass of 1 kilogram. These nano-satellites are developed primarily for scientific and educational technology demonstration objectives. Likewise, other Peruvian institutions intending to participate in a project that plans to launch a constellation of 50 nano-satellites to study the thermosphere (QB50 project) [START_REF] Romero | Peruvian University Consortium in the QB50 Project[END_REF], [START_REF] Roman-Gonzalez | The UNSAAC Activities in Aerospace Development[END_REF]. But finally, in the current list, updated

II.I PUCP-Sat

The Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru -PUCP through the Institute for Radio-Astronomy (INRAS -Instituto de Radioastronomia) has developed two small satellites, a nanosatellite PUCP-Sat-1, and a femtosatellite Pocket-PUCP. Both were launched on 21 November 2013. The femtosatellite was inside the nanosatellite, which is responsible for releasing the femtosatellite in space.

The small satellites passed their tests in Rome with his Italian shuttle. Both were moved to the Russian cosmodrome in Jasny for launch, and they were launched as a historic event for Peru because they were the first spacecraft in orbit made in Peru.

The research team was led by Dr. Jorge Heraud and composed by other Peruvian professional and students.

II.II UAP-Sat

The Universidad Alas Peruanas -UAP also developed a nanosatellite called UAP-Sat. The UAP-Sat 1 was launched on January 2014, but the project started in 2010.

The UAP-Sat 1 was developed using the standard CubeSat [START_REF]CubeSat Standards: CubeSat Design Specification (CDS) Rev[END_REF] and [START_REF] Heidt | CubeSat: A new generation of picosatellite for education and industry low-cost space experimentation[END_REF] and has temperature sensors on board, and its principal mission is an educational platform.

The UAP-Sat 1 was tested by NASA related to temperature, vacuum, and vibrations.

The research team was led by Eng. Juan Carlos Marca and composed by other Peruvian professional and students. The Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria -UNI developed the nanosatellite Chasqui 1. The Chasqui 1 also was developed for an educational mission.

The Chasqui 1 has on board two cameras, one in the visible spectrum, and the another one in the infrared spectrum (as seen in [START_REF] Selva | A survey and assessment of the capabilities of Cubesats for Earth observation[END_REF]).

The Chasqui 1 was launched to the International Space Station (ISS) in February 2014 and was put in orbit in March 2014 by a Russian cosmonaut.

The research team was led by Eng. Jose Oliden and composed by other Peruvian professional and students.

II.IV UNSAAC-Sat

The Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco -UNSAAC is developing his nanosatellite. As is shown in [START_REF] Roman-Gonzalez | The UNSAAC Activities in Aerospace Development[END_REF], the mission aims to identify areas with less cloud coverage looking ideal areas for the installation of solar panels.

The research team is led by M.Sc. Eng. Vladimiro Canal Bravo, and composed by other Peruvian professional and students.

The UNSAAC also has another project called "Study of the thermosphere: acquisition and data analysis of satellite missions (QB50 project)". The main objective of this project is to support the QB50 mission for studying the atmospheric effects in the lower thermosphere.

All these nanosatélites consist primarily of the following required modules: [START_REF] Konstantinidis | CubeSats: a Review[END_REF] -On-board computer -Power module -Thermal Control Module -Communication system -Attitude control system -Structure -Payload

III. SIMULATION OF MARS EXPLORATION

The Mars exploring simulation is very important, because, it is necessary that astronauts learn difficulties, limits, and risk when exploring other planets. All these aspects must be learned here on Earth.

In One of the most important results obtained in this mission is presented in [START_REF] Gora | Determinación del Relieve 3D de la Superficie de Marte usando un UAV Mars Surface 3D relief using a UAV[END_REF]. CONIDA has more than forty years old. CONIDA has the Punta Lobos Launch Center, where they have already launched several rockets as Paulet IM and Paulet.

Proud that Peru is part of the research that will change the history of humanity when the man walked on Mars!

Last April 24 th 2014 was an important day for Peru, the contract for the acquisition of an Earth observation satellite system was signed. The French company AIRBUS DEFENCE & SPACE will be responsible for providing this system to Peru.

It should be emphasized that not only is acquiring a satellite, if not, an entire satellite system including:

•

Ground segment (ground station): That will serve to communicate with the satellite, both to send commands and to receive satellite images. • Space Segment (satellite itself): Equipment that is in space orbiting the Earth at an altitude between 600 and 800 kilometers, and will feature a payload to take pictures of our planet.

•

Access to sub-metric, metric, and radar French satellite constellation: currently exists in space several satellites were built by the company AIRBUS. In the "offset" of the contract, is established free access to the image files that these satellites acquired. Usually, these images could be acquired at the cost between $ 6000 and $ 16,000. This acquisition is a major step for Peru in its foray into the space age. It is acquiring technology to a satellite that will have a sub-meter spatial resolution. With this technology, Peru becomes the first Latin American country to have a satellite capacity to detect objects smaller than one meter. In Figure 10 Among the many applications (both civilian and national security) and benefits of this acquisition represents for Peru, we can mention: [START_REF] Foucaut | Concepts for design of an information system conceptual schema and its utilization in the Remora project[END_REF], [12], [START_REF]Le CNES Comme Acteur Désigné du Développement Durable[END_REF], [START_REF] National D'etudes | AIS, une Contribution Satellitaire a la Surveillance Maritime[END_REF], [START_REF]Biodiversité Espace et Préservation des Espèces[END_REF], and [START_REF]L'Espace au Service de la Directive-cadre sur l'Eau[END_REF] • Monitoring of biodiversity and the environment (such as the monitoring of our Amazonia and the indiscriminate felling of trees) • Mining and Geology (such as monitoring of areas where illegal mining is practiced, and also monitoring the impact caused by mineral deposits) • Agriculture and water resources (e.g. monitoring of our farmland and the state of our crops, likewise, monitoring status of waters, and irrigation systems, etc.) • Fishing (e.g. a fish bank determination) • Monitoring of cultural heritage (e.g. the state of the Nazca Lines, etc.)

• Land management, surveying and road infrastructure (e.g. do better planning of urban growth to prevent des our city grows in a disorderly manner). • Management and emergency caused by natural disasters (such as a better decision after an earthquake to assess the most affected areas, helping out and routes to take). • National security (illicit activities: illegal logging, deforestation, smuggling, illegal crops, illegal mining, drug trafficking, terrorism, etc.)

The beneficiaries of these services are public institutions of government as well as regional and local governments, contributing to socioeconomic development, poverty reduction and social inclusion; in addition to promoting scientific and technological research in the country.

By the mentioned above, the acquisition of the satellite system is a great contribution to the development of our country, and we must be prepared to take advantage of all the information we can provide our images.

Fig. 1 :

 1 Fig. 1: PUCP-Sat-1 & Pocket-PUCP (http://inras.pucp.edu.pe/)

Fig. 2 :

 2 Fig. 2: UAP-Sat-1 (http://www.uap.edu.pe/uapsat/AcercaDe.aspx)

Fig. 3 :

 3 Fig. 3: Chasqui 1 (http://www.chasqui.uni.edu.pe/)

  Fig. 4: MDRS-Crew 126 patch III.II Crew 138 From 15 th to 30 th March of 2014, the Crew 138 (MDRS -Crew 138 http://desert.marssociety.org/home/crew-138) of The Mars Society was present in the deserts of Utah -United States to conduct research as part of a simulated exploration of the red planet. The Crew 138 was composed by: Jamie GUINED (NASA) -Commander Avid ROMAN-GONZALEZ -Executive Officer Jay Berger (NASA) -Engineer Johanna HOYT (UCLA) -Geologist Besh SAAB (University of Zurich) -Biologist Jim Urquhart (photojournalist) -Reporter The work of this international team of scientists was of great importance for research with a view to a future manned mission to Mars. National Geographic did a story about it (http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2014/03/25/f irst-person-what-im-learning-on-a-simulated-mars-

Fig. 5 :

 5 Fig. 5: MDRS-Crew 138 patch III.III Crew 140 Mission from 12 th to 27 th April of 2014 (http://mdrs.marssociety.org/home/crew-140). Crew 140 was composed by: Jorge MIREZ -Commander Frank VILCHEZ -Executive Officer Diego GUILLEN -Engineer Ruth QUISPE -Geologist Adolfo UBIDIA -Biologist Luciana TENORIO -Engineer

Fig. 9 :

 9 Fig. 9: Proud that Peru is part of the research that will change the history of humanity when the man walked on Mars IV. PERUVIAN SPACE AGENCY Peru has its space agency: The National Commission for Aerospace Research and Development -CONIDA (Comision Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo Aeroespacial).CONIDA has more than forty years old. CONIDA has the Punta Lobos Launch Center, where they have already launched several rockets as Paulet IM and Paulet.Last April 24 th 2014 was an important day for Peru, the contract for the acquisition of an Earth observation satellite system was signed. The French company AIRBUS DEFENCE & SPACE will be responsible for providing this system to Peru.

Fig. 10 :

 10 Fig. 10: Example of a satellite image Pleiades 1B (© CNES)

  1 st April 2015, there are not any

	making inroads in aerospace technology. On April 24,
	Peru signed an agreement to purchase a remote sensing
	satellite to the AIRBUS DEFENCE & SPACE
	Company. This purchase is not only the satellite; it is a
	satellite system that includes the ground segment, space
	segment, access to French satellite constellation, and
	technology transfer program. Exactly, as part of the
	technology transfer program, Peru is in the process of
	selection of 30 Peruvian professionals to travel to
	France. Likewise, Peru is providing scholarships for
	graduate studies in aerospace technology and offering
	research stages for specialists in satellite imaging
	applications.
	No doubt, it is a big step for Peru in its foray into the
	space age. It is acquiring technology with a satellite that
	will have a sub-metric spatial resolution. With this
	technology, Peru became the first Latin American
	country to have a satellite with capacity to detect objects
	smaller than one meter.
	On the other hand, Peru, through individual
	initiatives, has also participated in simulated missions
	about Mars exploration. Peruvian students and
	professionals have participated in experiments in the
	Mars Desert Research Station of The Mars Society.
	These Peruvian students and professionals joined crews
	126, 138, 140, 141, and 150.
	II. PERUVIAN NANOSATELLITES
	Peru has developed four small satellites: three
	nanosatélites and one femtosatellite.
	Peruvian university.
	Peru, through its space agency CONIDA (Comision
	Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo Aeroespacial), is


Bruno Victorino Sarli
email: sarli@ac.jaxa.jp

Marco Antonio

Cabero Zabalaga

Alejandro Lopez Telgie
email: alejandro.lopez@spacegeneration.org

Josué Cardoso

Santos Sao

Brehme Dnapoli

Reis De Mesquita

Diego Mauricio Jiménez
email: diego.jimenez@spacegeneration.org

Avid Roman-Gonzalez
email: avid.romangonzalez@spacegeneration.org

Giancarlo Villena
email: giancarlo.villena.delacruz@spacegeneration.org

La Cruz

Natalia Indira

Vargas Cuentas

Federico Perazzo
email: fperazzo@invap.com.ar

SOUTH AMERICAN SPACE ERA

This paper address the past and current efforts of the South American region in the space area. The space activities in the region date back from the beginning of 1967, since then these countries achieved a relative modest capability through their national programs and sometimes international collaboration, with the space activities in the region are led by Brazil and Argentina space programs. In an era where missions explore the solar system and beyond, this paper focus on the participation of a region that is still at the early stages of its space technology development, but has considerably to offer in terms of material, specialized personal, launch sites and energy. In summary, this work perform a historical review of the main achievements in the region, and by analyzing past and present efforts, it projects a trend for the future of space in South America. It is also put in contest current efforts to continue the region integration such as the South American Space Agency proposal.

I. INTRODUCTION

Since the late 1950s, space has become another dramatic arena for countries to prove their technological superiority, military firepower and, by extension, its political-economic system. From 1967, in South America, Brazil started the first space activities in the region with the launch of "Sonda I". Since then South American countries have been developing space capacity individually in order to provide basic spacebased services and a small autonomy in this area.

As the countries in the South America region develop their activities, the most significant steps have been initiated by Brazil, Argentina, Peru and Bolivia among others. Brazil currently has a well established institute of space research, one astronaut sent to the ISS and ongoing efforts to develop its own launch capability. Argentina, on the other hand, is currently working in the construction of Tronador II, a light payload satellite injector, based on previous models Tronador Ia and Ib successfully launched from Puerto Belgrano naval base. In Peru, the national Aerospace Research and development commission (CONIDA) launched the first space Peruvian Probe, Paulet, from Punta Lobos air force base in Pucusana in 2006. Bolivia is also making its mark in the sector; with its first telecommunication satellite in 2013 and recent efforts to develop a remote sensing satellite. On 2011, Chile put in orbit its Earth Observation satellite SSOT/FASAT-Charlie that has the best resolution in South America.

The space programs in South America, not only address a technological gap, but also offer a chance to inspire people and bring to their attention the potential and benefits of the space sector. This paper provides a historical review of the evolution of the space activities in South America and its relation with historical and political aspects, as well as important steps need to be taken to further develop the space sector in the region. This paper addresses directly the outcomes of the defense ministers meeting of the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), in November 2011, where the representatives collectively deemed to prioritize the creation of a South American Space Agency and its collaboration through UNASUR.

Section II, discuses about the South American Space Agency and the UNASUR. The following sections from II to VIII present, individually, a historical review of the main accomplishments of each country. Section IX, takes into account past achievements and approaches to project future trends and collaborations. Section X, discuss the main points of this papers outlining the most significant aspects.

II. THE SOUTH AMERICAN SPACE AGENCY

The Union of South American Nations is an intergovernmental union targeted to better integrate the South American region integrating. In essence the Union joins two already established customs unions: the Mercosur and the Andean Community of Nations (CAN). The UNASUR Constitutive Treaty was signed on 23 May 2008, with Uruguay ratifying the agreement on 1 December 2010 as the last remaining country. The enrolment of the entire region gave the union full legality with the Constitutive Treaty reaching force on 11 March 2011, thus making UNASUR a legal entity.

The VI Conferencia Espacial de las Americas (CEA), held on Pachuca Mexico, in November 2010, approved the Pachuca Declaration, in which the creation of a Space Technical Consulting Group composed representatives of the national agencies or government bodies in charge of space affairs. This working group was to support the CEA and it executive secretariat. It was, in part, based on the works of this group that on November 2011 the defense ministers of Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela and the deputy-minister of Uruguay agreed on the creation of a South American Space Agency during a meeting of the Defense Council of UNASUR. Goals for this agency will be to focus efforts, in order to place satellites into orbit using a regional launch vehicle in order to reduce costs and increase the technological capabilities. In accordance with the United Nations Outer Space Treat, all the activities will be for peaceful.

Inside the frame of the agency Argentina proposes the intentions to use a regionally develop launch vehicle, which aligns with the national Tronador project. However, some of the countries are resistant to the proposal. Nevertheless, the goal of technological cooperation on the satellites area seem to attract more attention of the member states. The Argentine Defense Ministry indicated, in the November 2011 meeting, its interest in developing a space agency project with (UNASUL). Brazil has positioned with caveats on the proposal, due to the costs involved in creating new structures and also by the civil character of the Brazilian space program, different from what was proposed. The main Brazilian argument is the expressive asymmetry of the South American space capabilities that would reduce advantages for Brazil cooperation. However, the development of the Alcantara Launch Center is a strong motivation, which would allow Brazil to develop a regional center for final assembly, testing, launch, control, and tracking.

Nowadays, there is a group of people in different governments pushing for the creation of this regional space agency. However, at the present day, the heads of the government did not agree nor dedicated funding for its creation. The South American Space Agency remains a goal that is been pursued in the region. III. ARGENTINA Argentina's first activities in the space field go back to 1961, when the National Commission for Space Research (Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Espaciales, CNIE) was first established within the Argentine Air Forces area. A civil engineer, Mr. Teofilo Tabanera conducted the beginnings of the new entity as its first president. CONAE's Space Center in the province of Córdoba has been named in his honor. CNIE, working with local and international partners, carried out the first southern hemisphere scientific atmospheric physics using rockets and stratospheric balloons. Together with the Argentine Institute of Aeronautics and Space Research, CNIE designed and constructed a family of one-and two-stage sounding rockets, i.e. the Orion, the Rigel and the Castor, which were launched from Chamical, in the Province of La Rioja.

The first Latin American course on space survey matters was organized by CNIE at the Bariloche Atomic Center, located in the Province of Rio Negro. NASA scientists and experts from Harvard, Iowa and Rice Universities lectured at this course, which was amply attended by Argentine professionals as well as by Brazilian, Chilean and Colombian colleagues. In 1991, the Argentine Government decreed the creation of the National Commission for Space Activities (CONAE) as a civil entity reporting directly to the President. Since 1996, this specialized agency accomplishes its mission governed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The progress has continued through to today with the development of new satellite technologies within the government and private sector, reinforcing that Argentina is indeed an actor in the international space community. Therefore, it's important to bring new players, young and dedicated individuals to collaborate and develop new ties with the international community to participate and bring space closer to us.

The Table 1 shows the chronology of the major events of the Argentinean Space Program. IV. BOLIVIA V. BRAZIL "The main difficulty for air navigation is in progress of the engines...the steel has already been improved ... Another difficulty that presents itself to air navigation is to be located the airplane ... It is time, perhaps, to install a true school in an appropriate field...Bordering the line of the "Central do Brasil", especially in the vicinity of Mogi das Cruzes, I see fields that seem to be good. Students need to sleep next to the school, even if it is necessary to make adequate facilities ... I think, from every point of view, it is preferable to bring teachers from Europe and USA, instead of sending students there. My earnest desire is to see true Aviation Schools in Brazil. See the airplane, today powerful weapon of war, tomorrow through great transport, covering our vast regions, populating our sky, where, first, looked up ... Bartolomeu Lourenço de Gusmão" Santos-Dummont 1 . This quote from Santos-Dummont in the beginning of the century XX shows one of the first thoughts of starting activities related to the aviation sector which later was the starting point for the development of space activities in Brazil. The region cited in the quote (Valley of Paraíba in state of São Paulo), received later some important schools, institutes of research and industries that corresponds to the main centre for aerospace activity in the country. Among some of them are: INPE (National Institute for Space Research), EMBRAER and several other industries of the aeronautical and aerospace sector, ITA (Technological Institute of Aeronautics), IAE (Institute of Aeronautics and Space), etc.

Year

The period when the space sector started to obtain more interest from Brazilian government was during the period of military rule which began in 1964 and continued for 20 years. In this period the Brazilian space activity was at its inception, and as well as other activities of the country it was under military supervision [START_REF] Do | O Estado Brasileiro e a Questão das Tecnologias Espaciais: do GOCNAE à AEB[END_REF] . After the end of this period occurred the expansion of the activities of the INPE 3 (now attached to the Ministry of Science, Technology and Development) and the creation of undergraduate and post graduate studies in non-military institutions, the creation of the Brazilian Space Agency (AEB), the Brazilian Aerospace Association (AAB), the Brazilian Association of Aeronautical and Space Law (ABDAE), which contributed significantly to the expansion of space activity in Brazil. Today, there is greater freedom to for this sector than in the period of military supervision, allowing its greater expansion and technological development due to more interactions and contribution from academia and the industries.

Nowadays, Brazil has two launch sites Alcantara Launch Center and Barreira do Inferno Launch Center, makes, assembles and tests sounding rockets, satellites and rocket engines. Also, Brazil is currently developing a launch vehicle nationally and a second launcher family in collaboration with the Russian Federal Space Agency. By mean of the IAE and the aerospace industry, Brazil has designed and produced a successful set of probe vehicles. These rockets have provided the realization of numerous scientific and technological experiments. The field of probe rockets technology formed the basis for the development of a Satellite Launch Vehicle (VLS), an artifact of four stages, with about 50 tones at take-off, capable of launching satellites from 100 kg to 350 kg in altitudes of 200 km to 1000 km [START_REF] Da | Veículos Lançadores de Satélites -Cenário Atual e Futuro[END_REF] . The operational vehicles of the class of probe rockets are used for suborbital space exploration missions and are able of launching payloads composed of scientific and technological experiments. They supply most of Brazil's needs and have a history of successful releases. The project for these ones began in 1967, when the rocket SONDA I performed the inaugural flight, first release of a Brazilian national rocket. This launch was held at Barreira do Inferno Launch Center. During a period of 12 years, over 200 rocket experiments of this type were performed. The policy of incentive the involvement of universities and research centers in the space program is resulting in an increased demand for these vehicles, which has led to the continuation of its production.

Satellites developed under this program were the SCD-1 and 2 (the Data Collection Satellite), launched in 1993 and 1998, respectively [START_REF] Orlando | Os satélites SCD1 e SCD2 da Missão Espacial Completa Brasileira", Chapter of book "A Conquista do Espaço: do Sputnik à Missão Centenário[END_REF] . Moreover, China and Brazil signed in July 1988, a cooperation agreement for the development project known as Satellite China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS). The CBERS satellites are intend for monitoring climate changes, water resources management, tax collection, images for licensing and monitoring of the environmental, among other applications. Their images are used in Brazil by private companies and institutions such as IBAMA, INCRA, Petrobras, Aneel, Embrapa and government administration [START_REF] Santana | O Projeto CBERS de Satélites de Observação da Terra[END_REF] . Three satellites are being developed by INPE, responsible for implementing the projects "Amazonia-1", which will be used for imaging of the Amazon region, "Sabia-Mar" developed in cooperation with Argentina for ocean studies, and "GPM-Brasil", for meteorological studies [START_REF]Plano Diretor 2011 -2015[END_REF] . The operations of SCD and CBERS satellites also are/were performed by INPE.

The Table 3 shows the chronology of the major events of the Brazilian Space Program until July 2015. It is possible cite two of the innovative and successful activities being performed in the Brazilian space sector: 1) The ASTER mission 89 that is the first Brazilian deep space mission that intends to send a spacecraft to investigate a triple system formed by three asteroids (2001SN263). It is budgeted at R$ 40 million, but still there is no fund raising. If this mission is successful, Brazil will become the fifth space power to send a spacecraft to an asteroid, behind the United States, European Union, Japan and China, and the first to send a spacecraft to an asteroid triple. The program also seeks cooperation with the Russian Federal Space Agency; and 2) The work of IAE and the national industry producing a set of suborbital vehicles 1011 , including the SONDA series and the VS series. The main characteristics that distinguish them sounding rockets and other vehicles for access to space is low development cost, ease of launch, speed in accomplishing the mission, reuse rocket experiment with recovery and flexibility of the launch site. For this reason, these vehicles serve the wide variety of applications, as well as providing a microgravity environment for several minutes, which provides research opportunities in a wide variety of disciplines such as materials science, fluid physics, biology, astronomy, geophysics, atmospheric sciences, among others. It is estimated that the Sounding Rockets Program of the American Space Agency (NASA) and ESA Microgravity achieve more than 50 launches of suborbital vehicles per year, supporting scientific and technological research. Equivalent amount of missions is conducted by other countries, including Brazil.

Year

According to the National Program of Space Activities [START_REF]National Program of Space Activities: PNAE 2012-2021[END_REF] , the objective of development of space research in a strategic scenario for the next decade includes the following topics: the program for the development of critical technologies; the actions of technological absorption in the development of the Geostationary Satellite Defense and Strategic Communications (SGDC); the new directions for the Sectoral Funds; the National Defense Strategy (END); actions of the Sectoral Technological Schedule (ATS) in the context of "Plano Brasil Maior" ; the special role of the Science Without Borders program for space research; legislative initiatives for the unburdening of the sector, among other government actions. Strategic guidelines: 1) Consolidate the Brazilian space industry, increasing its competitiveness and increasing its capacity for innovation, including through the use of purchasing power of the State, and partnerships with other countries; 2) Develop intensive program of critical technologies, encouraging capacity building in the sector, with greater participation of academia, government S&T institutions and industry; 3) Expand partnerships with other countries, prioritizing the set of technological and industrial development projects of mutual interest; 4) Encourage the funding of footwear programs in public and/or private partnerships; 5) Promote greater integration of the governance system of space activities in the country, through increased synergy and effectiveness of actions among its main actors and the creation of a National Council on Space Policy, directly led by the president; 6) Improving legislation to streamline space activities, encouraging and facilitating government purchases, increased resources for the Space Sector Fund, and the exoneration of the industry; 7) Encourage the training of specialists needed to Brazilian space industry, both domestically and abroad; 8) Promote awareness of public opinion on the relevance of the study, use and development of the Brazilian space industry. The list of current and future initiatives of the Brazilian Space Program and that can be modified strategically is: 1) Working with the CBERS's family of satellites; 2) Satellites for Earth Observation Series Amazon (Amazon-1 and its successors); 3) Suborbital rockets and re-entry platforms; 4) Launch Vehicles based in Southern Cross Program; 5) Infrastructure Release for access to space (Space Complex Alcantara -CEA) and commercial launch services (Brazil-Ukraine Agreement); 6) Geostationary Satellite Defense and Strategic Communications (SGDC); 7) Satellite Earth Observation Radar (SAR); 8) Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GEOMET).

Regarding the satellites, the projects cited are to meet major national needs in the areas of earth observation, meteorology, telecommunications and sciences. Regarding the launch vehicle and launch pads, their development should seek to meet both domestic demands, as the foreign compatible with vehicles that will be operated from the national territory. There are other initiatives involving the industries, universities, research centers: 1) Organize and strengthen the supply chain of space industry; 2) Mastering the critical technologies necessary for our development; 3) Expand the market for space products and services and 4) Increase participation in international cooperation projects.

VI. COLOMBIA

The following represents a summary of the space related activities in Colombia. The country has always counted with organizations interested in the aeronautic development, and more recently, more efforts have been made in the development of the space sector. The developments are provided in a chronological manner, and the main milestones are summarized in Table 4.

On November 29 th , 1971, Colombia signed the United Nations Outer Space Treaty, which was recognized by the Colombian Supreme Court on November 13 th , 2013 Colombia also signed the agreement to register satellites in orbit on November 12 th , 1974, whose approval by the Colombian Supreme Court took place on April 17 th , 2013 13 .

In 2006, the Colombian Government created Colombian Space Committee whose main goal is to provide access to space technologies in telecommunication, remote sensing and navigation. The CSC has seven work groups to achieve its objectives, amongst which are satellite navigation, remote sensing, astronautics and astronomy, knowledge management, telecommunications, space policy and finally geospatial database 14 .

In 2007 the Sergio Arboleda University launched the "Libertad I" which is the first Colombian satellite in orbit. The "Libertad I" is a picosatellite of approximately 1kg and its main goal was to perform technological demonstrations of the Colombian capabilities in space systems [START_REF] Arboleda | [END_REF] . The mission successfully accomplished all its goals and until now remains the only Colombian satellite in orbit.

The Colombian Presidency created the Presidential Program for Space Development on November 15 th , 2013, aiming to lead the projects to promote universities and companies to enroll in the space development in the country [START_REF]Decreto Presidencial[END_REF] . This commission continued working towards the acquisition of a remote sensing satellite 17 , until the government decided to cancel the Presidential Program for Space Development in 2014 under the argument that it was cheaper to buy remote sensing data from third parties instead of buying and operating its own satellite [START_REF] El | Gobierno frena compra de satelite[END_REF] .

On December of 2014 were launched 2 high altitude balloons with 4 scientific experiments on board, three out of which were conducted by the University of Antioquia and one had been thought of and carried on by a group of primary school students from a public school from Medellín [START_REF] Ruta | Misión Aurora[END_REF] . This mission was designed and executed by the local company Ideatech 20 .

The University Sergio Arboleda is currently leading its second nanosatellite design and development, which will be called "Libertad II" 21 and the same university projects bigger developments in the near future. At the same time, other universities around the country are considering devoting part of their budget and working hours to develop their own nanosatellites [START_REF]Revista Semana "Colombia sin un lugar en el espacio[END_REF] .

In 2015, Ruta N (Medellín´s Science, Technology and Innovation Foundation) launched the program "Medellín Espacial" (Medellín in Space), which will support startups and university research projects working on business ideas in the aerospace industry based in the city of Medellín [START_REF]Medellín Espacial[END_REF] . Colombia is still at a very early stage in its space development projects, due to the fact that the country still lacks having one operational satellite like the other Latin-American countries have at the moment. This fact shows the urgent need to transform the Colombian Space Committee into a formal Space Agency that promotes the development of equipment and space technologies acquisition.

Year

On the other hand, the academic and private sectors have been the actors who have focused on the development of space technologies in Colombia, which highlights the need to make the Colombian Government more actively involved managing and supporting financially this type of initiatives.

VII. CHILE

The following represents a summary of the space related activities in Chile. From the late 1950's Chile has played a role in the space activities of other major countries providing ground support. There is not much published information about the developments of activities in Chile, hence the section's author has used what was available and benchmarked it with its knowledge from its work at the Chilean Space Agency during 2010. The developments are provided in a chronological manner, and the main milestones are summarized in Table 5.

In 1957 before the creation of NASA, two ground stations where installed. One in Salar del Carmen (near Antofagasta) and the other one in Peldehue (North of the capital Santiago). Both where part of the US Army's Minitrack Network [START_REF] Pattillo Barrientos | Desarrollo Espacial en Chile[END_REF] . This is considered first milestone for Chilean involvement in space activities. With the launch of Sputnik-I, on October 27 th the same year [START_REF]Sputnik and The Dawn of the Space Age[END_REF] Later in 1968 the national telecommunications company ENTEL started to operate its Longovilo ground station for telephone and data via satellite. This was the first of its kind in South America and it allowed to receive the Moon landing in 1969 27 .

In 1973 Chile joined the COPUOS, and its counterpart has always remain at the Foreign Affairs Ministry. Chile has participated of its sessions and has signed and ratified all 5 space treaties [START_REF] Copuos | Status of international agreements relating to activities in outer space as at 1 January 2015[END_REF] .

In 1980 the Committee for Space Matters (Comite de Asuntos Espaciales) is created under the Defense Ministry with the objective of proposing a text for the National Space Policy as well as the Law to create a Space Agency. This committee had evolved over the years with different names, becoming the Presidential Advisory Commission, known as the Chilean Space Agency in 2001 29 . It remained under Defense until 2009 30 when it was moved to the Under Secretariat of Economy (a civilian ministry with the idea of fulfilling Chile's obligations under the COPUOS). On December 2011, the agency disappears as no budget is allocated for its functioning.

In 1985 and following the developments of the US Space Shuttle Program, the Mataveri agreement was signed. Under this agreements, NASA enlarged the Eastern Island airport runway to be used as backup for emergency Shuttle landings from near Polar missions/orbits. The Space Shuttle never landed here.

During the 90s and agreement with DLR was signed in order to support the operations of their antenna located in Antarctica 30 meters from the Chilean Army's base O'Higgins. Under this agreement the radar images from ERS-1 and ERS-2 where downloaded at the station.

On August 31 st 1995, FASAT-ALFA, first Chilean satellite developed by the Air force at the University of Surrey was launched into orbit. Unfortunately, issues with the separation mechanism didn't allow for it to deploy. After this failure, and using the insurance, the development of FASAT-BRAVO where immediately started. This was successfully launched on July 10 th 1998, and fulfill successfully its mission contributing to the scientific development of the country [START_REF]Actividad Espacial en Chile[END_REF] . After this attempt in the 90s, the satellite developments took a long break until the process for procuring the 3 rd Chilean Satellite SSOT where started around 2007.

On July 25 th , 2008 the contract for the construction of SSOT, also known as FASAT-Charlie, is signed with EADS (now Airbus group). The satellites is launch with a delay of 2 years on December 16 th 2011. With its resolution of 1.45 m in panchromatic and 5.8 m I multi spectral is the optical satellite with highest resolution in South America

After a period without a space agency, a high level body was created in 2014 a Ministerial council with the tasks of promoting, and developing the space activities was formed [START_REF] Telecomunicaciones | [END_REF] .

The Defense minister as well as the Ministerial Council has announced the process for replacing the Earth Observation satellite, which is coming to an end of its orbital lifetime towards the end of 2016, are on their way. Also a new Space Agency should be created under the "new" Science and Technology Ministry to be created next year 3334 . There are also discussion regarding a Communication Satellite, which are fueled by the experienced loss of communications during the 2010 Earthquake. Discussion on the replacement of SSOT Table 5: Main Space related events in Chile over the past 70 years.

Year

Since 1980, with the creation of different committees, several attempts to form a National Space Agency have failed. The defense side of space, has been covered by three satellites being already procured using its own budget, however the civilian side has remain very constrained. Hence the main thing is to gather political support in order to allocated a long term budget to be administered by a Civilian Space Agency with a mid to long term strategy.

The latest developments, new satellite process and re activation of the Agency under the Science and Technology Ministry, point in the right direction. Key for the success of this endeavor will be to attack young professional, who with the appropriate political and monetary support could lead the country to develop its full potential in terms of applications and research.

VIII. PERU

The following represents a summary of the space related activities in Peru, which it has recently experienced an important growth in the space sector.

Peru has a very long tradition in aerospace activities, in 1895 the Peruvian engineer and scientist Pedro Paulet (1874-1945) Students at the National University of Engineering in Peru built the satellite for the purpose of gaining experience in satellite manufacturing and Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The satellite was designed for Earth observation and will deliver pictures of Earth to a designated ground station [START_REF] Info | Peru and Russia allies to launch satellite into space Chasqui I[END_REF] . U.S. space agency NASA launched a cube-shaped satellite designed by students and faculty from Peruvian university "Universidad Alas Peruanas". The satellite, known as UAP SAT-1, was sent into space inside Orbital Sciences' Antares rocket from NASA's Wallops Flight Facility in Wallops Island, Va. at around 13:00 p.m. (Peru time) Thursday, Jan. 9 2014. The UAP SAT-1 weighs less than a kilogram and is programmed to return data regarding its status and environment by means of amateur radio broadcasts. The project has been underway since 2010 and represents an investment of over US$500,000 40 .

IX. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE TRENDS

The success of ESA following the success of the U.S. and former U.S.S.R. motivated South America nations to institute long-term space technology efforts for both space access and utilization. Today, space access is available to virtually any nation willing to purchase a launch, and competitively offered by more than eight nations who are able to provide a launch vehicle for payload delivery. Launch suppliers today include: U.S., Russia, Ukraine, China, Japan, India, ESA-member countries (France and Italy), and several additional nations following closely behind with their own government-sponsored launch vehicles.

Today, worldwide launch rates are appreciable and sustained. It is worth noting that the mix of missions among the three major types is shifting toward an increased diversity of missions, sponsors, and providers. In looking closer at this mix, we are able to identify noteworthy trends about an emerging international industrial base for space products and services manufactured in South America.

Even though some countries can rent a launching site, or share a compartment with the payload, especially in the case of nano and pico satellites, like in the most recently launching of Tita, the third Argentinian nano satellite, using a Russian rocket that also carried another 30 satellites from different countries. Despite the space activity in South America region is not strong 41 , the idea of possess an own launching site for LEO and GEO orbits, could bring the same benefits that they have brought for other countries in the world IX.I Space Launch Infrastructure and Activity One of the biggest challenges for South America is undoubtedly to develop a launching site. ETO launch providers include governments and corporations located on three of the seven continents of the world (North America, Europe, and Asia), and are the product of aggressive R&D from national space agencies. Both new and derivative models of launchers have evolved according to individual nation's space policies and strategies. Their respective launch sites are located around the globe on land, coastal areas, and even on the ocean itself. A review of this diversity of capability is an integral part of understanding South American trends and the possibility to count with an own launching site. As South America continues to shape up as a hotbed for the satellite industry, Venezuela is looking to become a more relevant player in this market. With two satellites already launched, and more ambitious space projects in the pipeline, the country is quickly becoming a pioneer for developing a space-based capability in Latin America 42 .

Peru launched the mars dessert research station 43 as an activity to simulate the life in mars, promoting a new culture and involving different sectors of the academy in this ambitious idea. The ARSAT-1 satellite is the first to be constructed with local technology in Latin America 44 in 2014. Bolivia's long-awaited first foray into space took place in China when the Asian superpower launches the Andean nation's "Tupac Katari" the first telecommunication satellite 45 . An event that this year shocked the space community was about Brazil, which has decided to unilaterally cancel the bilateral accord reached with Ukraine in 2003 to build a joint center for launching satellites at Brazil's Alcantara aerospace base, officials said 46 .

IX.II. Economic Incentives for Cooperation

A space project in the region requires a large budget an effort to be definitely reached, UNASUR has a clear ambition to reach an integral level of cooperation on multiple levels between its member countries, based on the social dimension of integration and in the local needs of each of the member countries.

The objective of UNASUR is to build an integration space of the South American peoples. The region undergoes an important moment of democratic stability and social progress, which is a consequence, among other factors, of the benefits resulting from the political coordination among the countries. The organization has proved to be possible to strengthen integration and find consensus, respecting plurality The group's ability to cooperate is affected by the disproportionate size of Brazil's economy, which accounts for about 60 percent of UNASUR's total economic output. World Bank data, shows that Brazil, is country with the strongest internal market in South America and also the least trade-dependent economy in UNASUR, Fig 1 . A common vision, the disproportion can be a benefit for the region.

IX.III. Shared Vision for Space Utilization

The socio-techno-political climate for an exponentially expanding [START_REF] Nicholas | Global Trends in Space Access and Utilization" 49 Grey, J[END_REF] for South America industrial space, age may depend first upon the national strategic and economic interests of prospective participants. Unfortunately, the enabling technological infrastructure for future collaboration appears to not be maturing rapidly and strengthening until now. More ambitious and long-term endeavors on space flight will rest on government resources, yet here too, there appear to be more options for government customers in terms of suitable launch vehicles and launch sites around the world. National governments and their respective space agencies need to make concerted efforts to leverage South American experience and knowledge in exploring space and exploiting technology to serve their Union of American Nations (UNASUR) constituent's needs on Earth. A more detailed examination of the space services market place (access and utilization) is possible in terms of the success and failure of cooperatives, the pace of development of new space access capability (either private or governmental), or the operations and sustainment of such capability, where multiple geographically-dispersed parties are involved. The maturation of the space sector is occurring at a rapid pace with the many actors playing a role. There is no doubt that the internationalization of space is enjoying a period of ascendancy 49 . "Earth is the cradle of humanity, but one cannot live in a cradle forever", Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.

  , the station capabilities where verified. With the creation of NASA in 1958 these ground stations where pass to civilian operators (for Chile was the University of Chile). With the following technological developments in 1963 the station at the Salar del Carmen was closed and the one in Peldehue reached a peak ~200 employees during the 70's. It remains open with far less personnel to date, after being sold to the Swedish Space Corporation in 2009 26 .

Fig. 1

 1 Fig. 1 World Bank World Development Indicators database figures for 2011 47

Table 1 :

 1 Main Space related events in Argentina over the past years.

		Event
	1996	Launch of the SAC B satellite
	1998	Launch of the SAC A satellite
	2000	Launch of the SAC C satellite
	2011	Launch of the SAC D satellite
	2014	Launch of the ARSAT 1 satellite
	2015	Launch of the ARSAT 2 satellite

Table 3 :

 3 The chronology of major historical events of the Brazilian Space Program until July 2015.

					2006	Realization of Centenary Mission in honor
						of the centenary of the first manned flight
						of an airplane, the 14-BIS by Santos-
						Dumont. The main objective was to send
						the first Brazilian astronaut, Marcos
						Pontes, into space by a Soyuz nave to
						conduct	experiments	aboard	the
						International Station Space (ISS)
		Event			2007	Launched of CBERS-2B
	1961	Creation of Organizing Group of the	2013	Launched of CBERS-3
		National Commission on Space Activities	2014	Launched	of	the	first	Brazilian
		(GOCNAE)				nanosatellite, the NanosatC-Br1; Launched
	1963	The GOCNAE becomes the National		of CBERS-4
		Commission on Space Activities (CNAE)	2015	Launched the first cubesat fully developed
	1965	Inauguration of the Launch Center of		in Brazil, the AESP-14
		Barreira do Inferno (CLBI)
	1967	Launch of the rocket "Sonda I" at CLBI
	1969	Launch of the rocket "Sonda II" at CLBI;
		Creation of the "Empresa Brasileira de
		Aeronáutica" SA (Embraer)
	1971	Extinction of CNAE and establishment of
		the Institute for Space Research, today the
		National Institute for Space Research
		(INPE); Creation of the Institute for Space
		Activities' Center, at CTA, today DCTA
	1973	Brazil becomes the third country in the
		world having an operating station to
		receive satellite images
	1979	Approval of the Brazilian Complete Space
		Mission (MECB)
	1983	Inauguration of Alcantara Launch Center
		(CLA)
	1987	Opened the Integration and Testing
		Laboratory (LIT)
	1988	Brazil and China sign cooperation
		agreement for the development of
		Chinese-Brazilian	Earth	Resources
		Satellite (CBERS)
	1993	Launched the first Brazilian satellite, the
		Data Collection Satellite (SCD-1) with a
		mission to collect environmental data
	1994	Creation of the Brazilian Space Agency
		(AEB)
	1997	First test flight on the Satellite Launch
		Vehicle of Brazil (VLS-1) at CLA; Brazil
		joins the International Space Station (ISS)
		Program
	1998	Launched of the Brazilian satellite SCD-2
	1999	CBERS-1 satellite is launched; Flight of
		the second prototype of the VLS-1;
		Launched of scientific microsatellites
		SACI 1 and SACI 2
	2002	Launch of HSB (Humidity Sounder of
		Brazil) as part of NASA's Aqua Satellite
	2003	Accident with the third VLS-1 prototype at
		CLA; Launched of CBERS-2

Table 4 :

 4 Main Space related events in Colombia over the past 50 years.

		Event
	1971	Signature of the Outer Space Treaty
	2006	Creation of Colombian Space Committee
	2007	Launch of first Colombian nanosatellite -
		Libertad I
	2013	Creation of Presidential Program for Space
		Development
	2014	Cancelation of the Presidential Program
		for Space Development and the Colombian
		Remote Sensing satellite
	2014	Launch of the 2 high altitude balloons
		carrying 4 scientific payloads
	1998	Medellin in Space Program is created

  designed and built the first liquid fuel engine. The impulse of this engine reached 90 kg and worked without deformations during 1 hour. Beginning of last century he proposed a futuristic, for his time, spacecraft propelled by rockets called the Torpedo Plane.The National Commission of Investigation and Aerospace Development (CONIDA) plays the role of the aerospace agency in Peru. Its mission is to promote scientific research, to develop space technology for national interests, and to create services for driving the national aerospace program. The major tasks of Peru successfully launched its first rocket built with 100 percent Peruvian technology with the capacity to reach the stratosphere, at the scientific base of Punta Lobos in Pucusana, south of the country's capital Lima. The manufacturing of Paulet 1-B was a milestone in Peru's aerospace industry, because it was the first time that a device built solely with Peruvian technology was launched into space 37 . The Peruvian Institute of Radioastronomy of "Pontificia Universidad

	CONIDA are: a) Promote in Peru the development and peaceful research in the space field. b) Organize studies, theoretical and practical research about space topics with national and foreign entities c) Conclude cooperation agreements with similar national and international institutions. d) Encourage the exchange of technology and support and execute the training of national specialists. e) Administrate the national law and legislation applicable to space. f) Support national and educational space projects 35 . On July 4 2015, Peruvian defense minister Jakke Valakivi announced the construction of its National Satellite Imagery Operations Centre (Centro Nacional de Operaciones de Imágenes Satelitales: CNOIS). CNOIS is being built at the Peruvian Air Force's Punta Lobos logistics base in the Pucusana district, about 40 miles (64 km) south of Lima. CNOIS is part of a PEN600 million (USD188 million) government-to-government contract with France signed in 2014 36 . On June 12 2013, Catolica del Peru" University developed two satellites with academic and research in space science and engineering purposes. The PUCP-Sat 1 and Pocket-PUCP were launched into orbit today from the Russian Baikonur Yasny, with academic and research in science and space engineering purposes, the construction of which was attended by teachers and students of the specialties of Physics, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Telecommunication engineering 38 . On 4 February 2014, during the 181st spacewalk for assembly and maintenance of the International Space Station (ISS) Russian cosmonauts Alexander Skvortsov and Oleg Artemyev released by hand a 1-kg Peruvian nanosatellite dubbed Chasqui 1.

Table 6

 6

		presents a historical summary of Peru's main
	space achievements.
	Year	Event
	1895	Peruvian engineer and scientist Pedro
		Paulet (1874 -1945) designed and built
		the first liquid fuel engine.
	1974	Foundation of the National Commission of
		Investigation and Aerospace Development
		of Peru (CONIDA)
	2013	Launching of CONIDA -PAULET 1-B
		Rocket.
		Launching of "PUCP-SAT" satellite, built
		at "Pontificia Universidad Catolica del
		Peru".
	2014	Launching of satellite "Chasqui-I", built at
		"Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria".
		Launching of "UAPSAT-I" satellite, built

Table 6 :

 6 Main space related events in Peru over the past 150 years.