Bertrand To
email: bertrand.toen@um2.fr.

DERIVED ALGEBRAIC GEOMETRY

Keywords:

come

Introduction

Derived algebraic geometry is an extension of algebraic geometry whose main purpose is to propose a setting to treat geometrically special situations (typically bad intersections, quotients by bad actions,. . . ), as opposed to generic situations (transversal intersections, quotients by free and proper actions,. . . ). In order to present the main flavor of the subject we will start this introduction by focussing on an emblematic situation in the context of algebraic geometry, or in geometry in general: basic intersection theory. The setting is here a smooth ambient algebraic variety X (e.g., X = C n ) and two algebraic smooth subvarieties Y and Z in X, defined by some system of algebraic equations. The problem is to understand, in a refined and meaningful manner, the intersection Y ∩ Z of the two subvarieties inside X. The nice, generic situation happens when they meet transversally in X, i.e., when the tangent spaces of Y and Z generate the whole tangent space of X. In this case their intersection is itself a subvariety which possesses all the expected properties. For example, its codimension is the sum of the codimensions of the two subvarieties. Pathologies appear precisely when the intersection ceases to be transversal, so that Y and Z may meet with higher order multiplicities or their intersection may have some the components that are not of the expected dimension. In such cases, the naive intersection in X fails to represent the correct intersection.

The geometric treatment of these special situations is classically based on cohomological methods, for which the correct intersection is obtained as a cohomology class on X (e.g., an element in de Rham cohomology, in complex cobordism, in algebraic K-theory or in the intersection ring, possibly with a support condition). In this approach the two varieties Y and Z must first be slightly deformed in X, in order to obtain a generic situation for which the intersection of the deformed subvarieties becomes nice. This cohomological approach has shown itself to be extremely powerful, particularly when concerned with questions of a numerical nature (as is typical in enumerative geometry). However, its main drawback is that the intersection Y ∩ Z is exhibited as a cohomology class, thus depriving it of any geometric content.

Derived algebraic geometry offers a setting in which the intersection Y ∩ Z is realized as a derived scheme,, an object that encompasses the cohomological and numerical aspects of the intersection, but at the same time remains of a geometric nature. This derived intersection is obtained by a certain homotopical perturbation of the naive intersection Y ∩ Z, which now comes equipped with an additional structure, called the derived structure, that reflects the different possible pathologies such as the existence of multiplicities and defect of expected dimension. Intuitively, the derived intersection consists of triples (y, z, α), where y is a point in Y , z a point in Z, and α is a infinitesimally small continuous path on X going from y to z. The third component, the path α, is here the new feature, and is responsible for the derived structure existing on the naive intersection Y ∩ Z, which itself sits inside the derived intersection as the locus where α is constant. It is however difficult to provide a precise mathematical meaning of the expression infinitesimally small continuous path on X, without having to delve deep into the technical details of the definition of a derived scheme (see definitions 2.1 and 2.5). Indeed, the path α above is of higher categorical nature, and consists of a homotopy (or equivalently a 2-morphism) in the ∞-category of derived schemes that will be introduced in our paragraph §2.2 after we have reviewed the basics of ∞-category theory. We therefore kindly ask to the reader to use his or her imagination, and to believe that these concepts can be mathematically incarnated in a meaningful manner which will be discussed later on in the main body of this paper. It turns out that this point of view on the specific problem of intersecting two subvarieties is very general, and can also be applied to deal with other instances of special situations encountered in algebraic geometry, or in geometry in general.

Another important example we would like to mention is the problem of considering the quotient X/G of a nonfree action of an algebraic group G on a variety X.

In the same way that we have perturbed the naive intersection by introducing a small path α as explained above, we can introduce a refined quotient by requiring that for x ∈ X and g ∈ G, the points x and gx are not necessarily equal in X/G, but are homotopic, or equivalently linked by a path. Taking the quotient of X by G in this new sense consists of formally adding a path between each pair of points (x, gx). The result is a well-known and already well-identified object: the quotient stack of X by G (see 2.4.2]), or equivalently the quotient groupoid (see 2.4.3]).

This important idea to replace an intersection Y ∩ Z, which amounts of points (y, z) with y = z, by the triples (y, z, α) as above, or to treat a quotient X/G as explained before, is not new and belongs to a much more general stream of ideas often referred as homotopical mathematics (whose foundations could be said to be the homotopy theory of type developed by Voevodsky and al., see [TUFP]). Very briefly, the expression homotopical mathematics reflects a shift of paradigm in which the relation of equality relation is weakened to that of homotopy 1 . Derived algebraic geometry is precisely what happens to algebraic geometry when it is considered from the point of view of homotopical mathematics. The purpose of this survey is on the one hand to explain how these ideas have be realized mathematically, and on the other to try to convince the reader that derived algebraic geometry brings a new and interesting point of view on several aspects and questions of algebraic geometry.

The mathematical foundations of derived algebraic geometry are relatively recent. They date mostly from the first decade of this century and appear in a series of works: , , , [START_REF] Lurie | Derived algebraic geometry[END_REF], [START_REF] Toën | Higher and derived stacks: a global overview[END_REF], [START_REF] Lurie | The "DAG" series. Available at the author home[END_REF]. It is built on seminal work and important ideas in algebraic geometry, algebraic topology and mathematical physics, some of which goes back to the early 1950's (see §1 for a selection of these pieces of history). Derived algebraic geometry developed very fast during the last decade, due to the works of various authors. Today the subject possesses a very solid foundation and has a rather large spectrum of interactions with other mathematical domains, ranging from moduli spaces in algebraic geometry to aspects of arithmetic geometry and number theory, not to mention geometric representation theory and mathematical physics. Let us single out recent progress in some of these areas, made possible by derived algebraic geometry.

(1) Geometric Langlands. The geometric version of the Langlands correspondence, as introduced by Beilinson and Drinfeld (see [Beil-Drin]), predicts the existence of an equivalence between two derived categories attached to a given smooth and proper complex curve C and a reductive group G. On the one hand, we have the moduli space (it is really a stack, see [Laum-More]) Bun G (C) of principal G-bundles on C, and the corresponding derived category of D-modules D(D Bun G (X) ). On the other hand, if G ∨ denotes the Langlands dual of G, we have the moduli space (again a stack) Loc G ∨ (C) of principal G ∨ -bundles on C endowed with flat connections, as well as its quasi-coherent derived category D qcoh (Loc G ∨ (C)). The geometric Langlands correspondence essentially predicts the existence of an equivalence of categories between D qcoh (Loc G ∨ (C)) and D(D Bun G (X) ) (see

1
It is is very similar to the shift of paradigm that has appeared with the introduction of category theory, for which being equal has been replaced by being naturally isomorphic. [START_REF] Gaitsgory | Outline of the proof of the geometric Langlands correspondence for GL 2[END_REF]). Derived algebraic geometry interacts with the subject at various places. First of all, the moduli space Loc G ∨ (C) naturally comes equipped with a nontrivial derived structure, concentrated around the points corresponding to flat G ∨ -bundles with many automorphisms. This derived structure must be taken into account for the expected equivalence to exist, as it modifies nontrivially the derived category D qcoh (Loc G ∨ (C)) (see for instance [START_REF] Toën | Higher and derived stacks: a global overview[END_REF]§4.4(5)]). Moreover, the statement that the two above derived categories are equivalent is only a rough approximation of the correct version of the geometric Langlands correspondence, in which the notion of singular supports of bounded coherent complexes on Loc G ∨ (C) must be introduced, a notion that is of a derived nature (see [Arin-Gait]). ( 2) Topological modular forms. The notion of topological modular forms lies at the interface between stable homotopy theory, algebraic geometry and number theory (see [Hopk]). It has been observed that the formal deformation space of an elliptic curve E gives rise to a generalized cohomology theory ell E , or equivalently a ring spectrum, called elliptic cohomology associated to E. The spectrum of topological modular forms itself appears by an integration over the whole moduli space of elliptic curves of the spectra ell E . The integration process has been considered as a very technical question for a long time, and has first been solved by deformation theory (see [Goer] for more about the subject). More recently, a completely new approach, based on derived algebraic geometry (or more precisely its topological analogue, spectral geometry, see §3.4) has been proposed in [START_REF] Lurie | A survey of elliptic cohomology[END_REF], in which the various spectra ell E are interpreted of the natural structure sheaf of a certain spectral scheme (or rather stack) of elliptic curves. This approach not only provided a natural and functorial point of view on elliptic cohomology, but also had important impact (e.g., the existence of equivariant version of elliptic cohomology, and later on the construction of the topological automorphic forms in [Behr-Laws]).

(3) Deformation quantization. In [Pant-Toën-Vaqu-Vezz], the authors have started developing a derived version of symplectic geometry motivated by the search of natural quantizations of moduli spaces such as Donaldson-Thomas moduli of sheaves on higher dimensional Calabi-Yau varieties. This is the first step of derived Poisson geometry and opens up a new field of investigations related to a far reaching generalization of deformation quantization (see [START_REF] Toën | Derived algebraic geometry and deformation quantization[END_REF]). This research direction will be partially presented in this manuscript (see §5). In a similar direction derived symplectic geometry has been used to construct and investigate quantum field theories (see [Grad-Gwil, Cost]). In these works, derived algebraic geometry is essential. Many of the moduli spaces involved here are extremely singular (e.g., principal G-bundles on a Calabi-Yau 3-fold), and it is only when we consider them as derived schemes (or derived stacks) that we can notice the very rich geometric structures (such as a symplectic or a Poisson structure) that they carry. (4) p-adic Hodge theory. Finally, Bhatt (see [START_REF] Bhatt | Completions and derived de Rham cohomology[END_REF][START_REF] Bhatt | p-adic derived de Rham cohomology[END_REF]), building on Beilinson's groundbreaking new proof of Fontaine's C dR conjecture ( [Beil]), has given strikingly short new proofs of the generalized Fontaine-Jannsen C st and C crys , relating the algebraic de Rham cohomology of algebraic varieties over p-adic local fields and their étale p-adic cohomology. This work used in an essential manner the properties of the derived de Rham cohomology, which computes the de Rham cohomology in the setting of derived algebraic geometry (see our §4.4 and §5.1), and its relation with crystalline cohomology.

This survey of derived algebraic geometry will, besides giving the basic definitions and concepts of the theory, also touch on recent developments with a particular focus on the interactions with symplectic/Poisson geometry and deformation quantization. Our approach is to present as far as possible mathematical facts, without insisting too much on formal aspects, matters of definition, or technical issues. For instance, no proofs will be given or even sketched. This text is therefore aimed at readers interested in having a first look at derived algebraic geometry, but also at readers familiar with the basics of the subject who wish to have an overview that includes the most recent developments. In any case, the reader is assumed to have familiarity of algebraic geometry, homological algebra, as well as basic model category theory (as briefly recalled in §2.1.1).

The text is organized in 5 sections. In Section 1, I have gathered some historical facts concerning the various ideas that led to derived algebraic geometry. Its content does not pretend to be exhaustive, and also reflects some personal taste and interpretation. I have tried however to cover a large variety of mathematical ideas that, I think, have influenced the modern development of the subject. This first section is of course independent of the sequel and can be skipped by the reader if he or she wishes (the mathematical content truly starts in §2.1), but I have the feeling that it can explain at the same time the motivation for derived algebraic geometry as well as some of the notions and the definitions that will be presented in subsequent sections. In a way, it can serve as an expanded introduction to the present paper.

Section 2 is devoted to introducing the language of derived algebraic geometry, namely higher category theory, and to present the notion of derived schemes. The section starts with a first paragraph on model category theory and ∞-category theory, by presenting all the basic definitions and facts that will be used all along this paper. I have tried to present the strict minimum needed for the subject, and a priori no knowledge of higher category theory is required for this. The second paragraph contains the first mathematical definition of derived schemes as well as some basic properties. More properties, such as base change, virtual classes, tangent complexes, . . . , are given in Section 3. This is again not exhaustive and I have tried to focus on characteristic properties of derived schemes (i.e., what makes them better behaved than ordinary schemes). In the next two paragraphs I introduce the functorial point of view: derived schemes are then considered as certain ∞-functors from the ∞-category of simplicial rings. This leads to more examples such as the derived Hilbert schemes of the derived scheme of characters, and also leads to the notion of derived Artin stacks, which is necessary in order to represent most of the moduli problems appearing in derived algebraic geometry. Finally, in the last paragraph I have presented a short overview of derived algebraic geometry in other contexts, such as derived analytic geometry, spectral geometry, and the like.

The purpose of Section 4 is to present the formal geometry of derived schemes and derived stacks. It starts with a paragraph on cotangent complexes and obstruction theory. The second paragraph concerns what I call formal descent, which is a purely derived phenomenon inspired by some previous work in stable homotopy theory, and which explains how formal completions appear by taking certain quotients by derived groupoids. The third paragraph presents the so-called tangent dg-lie algebra of a derived scheme or more generally a derived stack, which is a global counterpart of formal geometry centered around a closed point. The last paragraph focuses on the notion of derived loop schemes and derived loop stacks, which are algebraic analogues of the free loop spaces studied in string topology. We also explain how these derived loop spaces are related to differential forms and de Rham theory.

Section 5 presents symplectic and Poisson structures in the derived setting. It starts by a discussion of the notion of differential forms and closed differential forms on derived schemes and on derived stacks. In the next paragraph shifted symplectic and Lagrangian structures are introduced, together with some basic examples coming from classifying stacks and Lagrangian intersection theory. I have also presented the relations with some classical notions such as symplectic reduction and quasi-Hamiltonian actions. Paragraph 3 presents the existence results of symplectic and Lagrangian structures, as well as some generalizations. The last paragraph of this section contains the notion of polyvectors, Poisson structures and their quantizations in the derived setting. This is work still in progress and is presented here as it offers several open questions for future research.

Acknowledgements. I am very grateful to B. Keller for bringing to me the idea to write a survey on derived algebraic geometry, and for his enthusiastic support. I would also like to thank D. Calaque, B. Hennion, T. Pantev, M. Robalo and G. Vezzosi for numerous conversations that have helped me during the writing of this paper.

Finally, I am also thankful to the referee for his or her suggestions and comments on an earlier version of this manuscript.

Selected pieces of history

In this part we try to trace back a brief, and thus incomplete, history of the mathematical ideas that have led to the modern developments of derived algebraic geometry and more precisely to the notion of derived Artin stacks. Not only because we think that this might be of some general interest, but also because derived algebraic geometry as we will describe later in this work is a synthesis of all these mathematical ideas. As we will see the subject has been influenced by ideas from various origins, such as intersection theory in algebraic geometry, deformation theory, abstract homotopy theory, moduli and stacks theory, stable homotopy theory, and so on. Derived algebraic geometry incorporates all these origins, and therefore possesses different facets and can be comprehended from different angles. We think that knowledge of some of the key ideas that we describe below can help to understand the subject from a philosophical as well as from technical point of view.

The content of the next few pages obviously represents a personal taste and pretends by no means to be exhaustive or very objective (though I have tried to refer to available references as much as possible). I apologize for any omission and misinterpretation that this might cause.

The Serre intersection formula. Serre's intersection formula [Serr] is commonly considered to be the origin of derived algebraic geometry. It is probably more accurate to consider it as the beginning of the prehistory of derived algebraic geometry and to regard the later work of Grothendieck, Illusie and Quillen (see below) as the starting point of the subject.

The famous formula in question expresses an intersection multiplicity in the algebraic setting. For two irreducible algebraic subsets Y and Z inside a smooth algebraic variety X, the multiplicity i(X, Y.Z, W ) is a number expressing the number of time that of Y and Z meet along a fixed irreducible component W of Y ∩ Z. For us, the important property is that it is equal to one when Y and Z are smooth and meet transversely in X. For a nontransverse intersection things become more complicated. Under a special condition called Tor-independence, the intersection number i(X, Y.Z, W ) can be recovered from the schematic intersection Y ∩ Z: it is the generic length of the structure sheaf along the component

W i(X, Y.Z, W ) = length O X,W (O Y,W ⊗ O X,W O Z,W ),
where O X,W is the local ring of functions on X defined near W , similarly O Y,W (resp. O Z,W ) is the local ring of functions on Y (resp. on Z) defined near W .

The Serre intersection formula explains that in general the above formula should be corrected by higher order homological invariants in a rather spectacular way:

i(X, Y.Z, W ) = i (-1) i length O X,W (T or O X,W i (O Y,W , O Z,W )).
One possible manner to understand this formula is that the schematic intersection of Y and Z inside X is not enough to understand the number i(X, Y.Z, W ), and that the correcting terms T or

O X,W i (O Y,W , O Z,W
) should be introduced. From the point of view of derived algebraic geometry the presence of the correcting terms tells us that for understanding intersection numbers, the notion of a scheme is not fine enough. In generic situations, for instance under the assumption that Y and W are smooth and meet transversely inside X, the leading term equals the multiplicity i(X, Y.Z, W ) and the higher terms vanish. The intersection formula is therefore particularly useful in nongeneric situations for which the intersection of Y and Z has a pathology along W , the worst pathology being the case Y = Z. As we shall see, the main objective of derived algebraic geometry is to precisely understand nongeneric situations and bad intersections. The intersection formula of Serre is obviously a first step in this direction: the schematic intersection number length O X,W (T or

O X,W 0 (O Y,W , O Z,W
)) is corrected by the introduction of higher terms of homological nature.

In modern terms, the formula can be interpreted by saying that i(X, Y.Z, W ) can be identified with the generic length of Y ∩ Z (along W ) considered as a derived scheme as opposed as merely a scheme, as this will be justified later on (see §2.2). However, in the setting of the Serre intersection formula the object T or

O X,W * (O Y,W , O Z,W
) is simply considered as a module over O X,W , and the whole formula is of linear nature and only involves homological algebra. Derived algebraic geometry truly starts when T or

(O Y,W , O Z,W
) is endowed with its natural multiplicative structure and is at the very least considered as a graded algebra. In a way, the intersection formula of Serre could be qualified as a statement belonging to proto-derived algebraic geometry: it contains some of the main ideas of the subject but is not derived algebraic geometry yet.

The cotangent complex. In my opinion the true origin of derived algebraic geometry can be found in the combined works of several authors, around questions related to deformation theory of rings and schemes. On the algebraic side, André and Quillen introduced a homology theory for commutative rings, now called André-Quillen homology ( [START_REF] André | Homologie des algèbres commutatives[END_REF][START_REF] Quillen | On the (co-) homology of commutative rings[END_REF]), which already had incarnations in some special cases in the work of Harrison ([Harr]), and Lichtenbaum-Schlessinger ([Lich-Schl]). On the algebro-geometric side, Grothendieck ([Grot1])) and later Illusie ([Illu]) globalized the definition of André and Quillen and introduced the cotangent complex of a morphism between schemes. These works were motivated by the study of the deformation theory of commutative rings and more generally, of schemes. The leading principle is that affine smooth schemes have a very simple deformation theory: they are rigid (do not have nontrivial formal deformations), and their group of infinitesimal automorphisms is determined by global algebraic vector fields. The deformation theory of a general scheme should then be understood by performing an approximation by smooth affine schemes. Algebraically, this approximation can be realized by simplicial resolving of commutative algebras by smooth algebras, which is a multiplicative analogue of resolving, in the sense of homological algebra, a module by projective modules. For a commutative algebra A (say over some base field k), we can choose a smooth algebra A 0 and a surjective morphism A 0 → A, for instance by choosing A 0 to be a polynomial algebra. We can furthermore find another smooth algebra A 1 and two algebra maps A 1 ⇒ A 0 in a way that A becomes the coequalizer of the above diagram of commutative k-algebras. This process can be continued further and provides a simplicial object A * , made out of smooth and commutative k-algebras A n , together with an augmentation A * -→ A. This augmentation map is a resolution in the sense that if we consider the total complex associated to the simplicial object A * , we find that the induced morphism T ot(A * ) → A induces isomorphisms in cohomology. The deformation theory of A is then understood by considering the deformation theory of the simplicial diagram of smooth algebras A * , for which we know that each individual algebra A n possesses a very simple deformation theory. For this, the key construction is the total complex associated with the simplicial modules of Kähler differentials

L A := T ot(n → Ω 1
An ). Up to a quasi-isomorphism this complex can be realized as a complex of A-modules and is shown to be independent of the choice of the simplicial resolution A * of A. The object L A is the cotangent complex of the k-algebra A, and is shown to control the deformation theory of A: there is a bijective correspondence between infinitesimal deformations of A as a commutative k-algebra and Ext 1 A (L A , A). Moreover, the obstruction to extend an infinitesimal deformation of A to an order three deformation (i.e., to pass from a family over k[x]/x 2 to a family over k[x]/x 3 ) lies in Ext 2 (L A , A). André and Quillen also gave a formula for the higher extension groups Ext i (L A , M ) by using the notion of derivations in the setting of simplicial commutative algebras.

The algebraic construction of the cotangent complex has been globalised for general schemes by Grothendieck ([Grot1]) and Illusie ([Illu]). The idea here is that the above construction involving simplicial resolutions can be made at the sheaf level and is then applied to the structure sheaf O X of a scheme X. To put things differently: a general scheme is approximated in two steps, first by covering it by affine schemes and then by resolving the commutative algebras corresponding to these affine schemes. The important issue of how these local constructions are glued together is dealt with by the use of standard simplicial resolutions involving infinite dimensional polynomial algebras. For a scheme X (say over the base field k), the result of the standard resolution is a sheaf of simplicial commutative k-algebras A * , together with an augmentation A * -→ O X having the property that over any open affine U = Spec A ⊂ X, the corresponding simplicial algebra A * (U ) is a resolution of A by polynomial k-algebras (possibly with an infinite number of generators). Taking the total complex of Kähler differentials yields a complex of O X -modules L X , called the cotangent complex of the scheme X. As in the case of commutative algebras, it is shown that L X controls deformations of the scheme X. For instance, first order deformations of X are in bijective correspondence with Ext 1 (L X , O X ), which is a far reaching generalization of the Kodaira-Spencer identification of the first order deformations of a smooth projective complex manifolds with H 1 (X, T X ) (see [Koda-Spen]). In a similar fashion the second extension group Ext 2 (L X , O X ) receives obstructions to extend first order deformations of X to higher order formal deformations.

I tend to consider the introduction of André-Quillen cohomology as well as cotangent complexes of schemes as the origin of derived algebraic geometry. Indeed, the natural structure behind this construction is that of a pair (X, A * ), where X is the underlying topological (Zariski) space of a scheme and A * is a sheaf of simplicial commutative algebras together with an augmentation A * -→ O X . Moreover, this augmentation is a resolution in the sense that the induced morphism of complexes of sheaves T ot(A * ) → O X induces and isomorphism on cohomology sheaves. This makes the pair (X, A * ) a derived scheme in the sense of definition 2.1 (see also 2.5).

Here the derived scheme (X, A * ) is equivalent to a scheme, namely (X, O X ) itself, which reflects the fact that A * is a resolution of O X . But if we drop the resolution condition and simply ask for an isomorphism H 0 (T ot(A * )) O X , then we find the general definition of a derived scheme. With this weaker condition, the cohomology sheaves H i (T ot(A * )) might not vanish for i = 0: they tell us how far the derived scheme (X, A * ) is from being equivalent to a scheme. Without trying to be very precise, we note here that in the context of Serre's intersection formula above, the derived scheme obtained by intersecting Y and Z in X has the scheme intersection Y ∩ Z as its underlying scheme. The sheaf of simplicial commutative algebras A * will then be such that the module T or

O X,W i (O Y,W , O Z,W )) is the stalk of the sheaf H -i (T ot(A * )) over the generic point of W .
In a way André-Quillen went further than Grothendieck-Illusie in the direction of what derived algebraic geometry is today, in the sense that they did consider in an essential way simplicial commutative algebras A * that might not be resolutions of algebras, and thus can have nontrivial cohomology H * (T ot(A * )). This is a major difference with the work of Grothendieck and Illusie in which all the spaces endowed with a sheaf of simplicial commutative rings considered are resolutions of actual schemes. In the context of André-Quillen homology the general simplicial rings appear in the important formula (see [START_REF] Quillen | On the (co-) homology of commutative rings[END_REF]):

Ext i (L A , M ) [A, A ⊕ M [i]].
Here A is a commutative ring, L A its cotangent complex, M any A-module and A ⊕ M [i] the simplicial algebra that is the trivial square zero extension of A by the Eilenberg-MacLane space K(M, i) (H -i (T ot(A ⊕ M [i])) = M ). The bracket on the right hand side stands for the set of maps in the homotopy category of simplicial algebras over A. This universal property of the cotangent complex of A does not appear in the works [START_REF] Grothendieck | Catégories cofibrées additives et complexe cotangent relatif[END_REF] and [Illu], even though the question of the interpretation of the cotangent complex is spelled out in [START_REF] Grothendieck | Catégories cofibrées additives et complexe cotangent relatif[END_REF]p. 4].

To finish this brief review of work on cotangent complexes and simplicial resolutions of commutative rings, we mention that there is at least one other text in which ideas along the same line appear: a letter from Grothendieck to Serre ([Grot-Serr]) and the manuscript pursuing stacks [START_REF] Grothendieck | A la poursuite des champs[END_REF]). In p. 110] Grothendieck suggests a construction of higher Jacobians of an algebraic variety. A first construction is proposed when the variety is smooth, and is based on results in local cohomology. For a singular variety Grothendieck suggests to use a simplicial resolution by smooth algebras and to apply the construction in the smooth case degreewise. This is of course very much in the style of the definition of the cotangent complex that was conceived years later. Finally, in [START_REF] Grothendieck | A la poursuite des champs[END_REF]p. 554] (end of item 132) Grothendieck mentions the question of representing complexes of projective k-modules geometrically: when the complex is in the "right quadrant" (according to Grothendieck's own terms), the answer is a linear higher stack (see §3.3). However, in the "wrong quadrant" case, i.e., for complex concentrated in negative cohomological degrees Grothendieck asks the question as to what type of structure that could represent such complexes: the answer is of course a derived scheme §3.3).

Derived deformation theory (DDT).

As mentioned above, the introduction of cotangent complexes have been mainly motivated by the deformation theory of algebras and schemes. The interactions between deformation theory and derived techniques have had a new impulse with a famous letter of Drinfeld to Schechtman [Drin]. This letter is now recorded as the origin of what is known as the derived deformation theory (DDT for short), and contains many of the key ideas and notions of derived algebraic geometry at the formal level. It has influenced a lot of work on the subject, as for instance [Hini, Mane], culminating with the work of Lurie on formal moduli problems [START_REF] Lurie | Moduli problems for ring spectra[END_REF]. The main principle of derived deformation theory stipulates that any reasonable deformation theory problem (in characteristic zero) is associated to a differential graded Lie algebra (dg-lie algebra for short).

A typical example illuminating this principle is the deformation theory of a projective complex manifold X. The corresponding dg-lie algebra is here C * (X, T X ), the cochain complex of cohomology of X with coefficients in its holomorphic tangent sheaf, turned into a dg-lie algebra using the Lie bracket of vector fields. The space H 1 (X, T X ) can be identified with the first order deformation space of X. The space H 2 (X, T X ) is an obstruction space, for a given first order deformation η ∈ H 1 (X, T X ) the element [η, η] ∈ H 2 (X, T X ) vanishes if and only if the first order deformation of X corresponding to η extends to a higher order deformation. More is true, formal deformations of X can all be represented by the so-called solutions to the Mauer-Cartan equation: families of elements x i , for i ≥ 1, all of degree 1 in C * (X, T X ) satisfying the equation

d(x) + 1 2 [x, x] = 0, where x = i x i .t i is the formal power series (thus the equation above is in C * (X, T X ) ⊗ k[[t]]).
This principle of derived deformation theory was probably already in the air at the time of the letter [Drin], as dg-lie algebras were used already around the same time to describe formal completions of moduli spaces (see [Schl-Stas, Gold-Mill]) whose authors also refer to a letter of Deligne. However, the precise relation between the formal deformation theory and the dg-lie algebra was not clearly explained at that time. For instance, various non quasi-isomorphic dg-lie algebras could describe the same formal deformation problem (there are famous examples with Quot schemes 2 ). It seems to me that one of the most important points of the letter of Drinfeld [Drin] is to spell out clearly this relation: a formal deformation problem is often defined as a functor on (augmented) artinian algebras (see [Schl]), and in order to get a canonical dg-lie algebra associated to a formal deformation problem we need to extend this to functors defined on artinian dg-algebras. This is a highly nontrivial conceptual step, which has had a very important impact on the subject.

To a dg-lie algebra g we can associate a functor F 0 g defined on artinian algebras, by sending such an algebra A to the set of elements x of degree 1 in g ⊗ A satisfying the Mauer-Cartan equation d(x) + 1 2 [x, x] = 0. The main observation made in [Drin] is that this functor extends naturally to a new functor F g now defined on all artinian dg-algebras (here these are the commutative dg-algebras A with finite total dimension over k), by using the very same formula: F g (A) consists of elements x of degree 1 in g ⊗ A such that d(x) + 1 2 [x, x] = 0. Moreover, Drinfeld introduces the Chevalley complex C * (g) of the dg-lie algebra g, which is by definition the proartinian dg-algebra Sym(g * [-1]) endowed with a total differential combining the cohomological differential of g and its lie structure. This pro-artinian dg-algebra pro-represents the functor F g , and thus is thought of as the ring of formal functions on the hypothetical formal moduli space associated to functor F g . These ideas has been formalized and developed by many authors after Drinfeld, as for instance in [Hini, Mane]. The ultimate theorem subsuming these works is proven in [START_REF] Lurie | Moduli problems for ring spectra[END_REF] and states that the construction g → F g can be promoted to an equivalence between the category of dg-lie algebras up to quasi-isomorphism, and a certain category of functors from augmented artinian commutative dg-algebras to the category of simplicial sets, again up to weak equivalences.

We should add a comment here, concerning the relation between the functor F 0 g restricted to artinian non-dg algebras, and the dg-lie algebra g. It happens often that the functor F 0 g is representable by a (pointed) scheme M , in other words that a global moduli space X exists for the moduli problem considered (e.g. g can be C * (X, T X ) for a variety X having a global moduli space of deformations M ). By the construction of [START_REF] Grothendieck | Catégories cofibrées additives et complexe cotangent relatif[END_REF][START_REF] Illusie | Complexe cotangent et déformations[END_REF], we know that M is a tangent complex T. It is striking to notice that in general T[-1] and g are not quasi-isomorphic, contrary to what is expected. Even worse, the underlying complex g cannot in general be the tangent complex of any scheme locally of finite presentation: it has usually finite dimensional total cohomology and we know by [Avra] that this cannot happen for the tangent complex of a scheme in general. Put differently: not only can we not reconstruct g from the functor F 0 g , but if we try to extract a dg-lie algebra out of it the result will be not as nice as g (e.g., it will have infinite dimensional total cohomology, and is probably impossible to describe).

2 If Z ⊂ X is a closed immersion of smooth varieties, with sheaf of ideals I Z the two dg-lie

algebras RHom O Z (N * Z,X [1],
O Z ) and are not quasi-isomorphic but determine the same functor on artinian (non-dg) rings, namely the deformation problem of Z as a closed subscheme in X. The first dg-lie algebra considers Z as a point in the Hilbert scheme of X whereas the second dg-lie considers it as a point in the quot scheme Quot(O X ).

What we have thus learned from derived deformation theory is that the formal moduli space associated to a dg-lie algebra is itself a (pro-artinian) commutative dg-algebra, and not merely a commutative algebra. We also learned that in order to fully understand a deformation problem, it is not enough to have a functor defined on just artinian algebras, but that what is needed is one defined on all artinian dg-algebras. We are here extremely close to saying that the main objects of study of derived deformation theory are commutative dg-algebras and more generally, functors on commutative dg-algebras. This step of passing from the standard view of point of deformation theory based on functors on artinian algebras to functors on artinian dg-algebras is one of the most important steps in the history of the subject: obviously the DDT has had an enormous influence on the development of derived algebraic geometry.

Virtual classes, quasi-manifolds and dg-schemes. Among the most influential work concerning the global counterpart of the derived deformation theory is [START_REF] Kontsevich | Enumeration of rational curves via torus actions[END_REF]. The starting point is the moduli space (or rather stack, orbifold, . . . ) M g,n (X, β), of stable maps f :

C -→ X with f * [C] = β ∈ H 2 (X, Z) fixed,
where C is a curve of genus g with n marked points, and its relation to the Gromov-Witten invariants of the projective manifold X. The moduli space M g,n (X, β) is in general very singular and trying to define the GW invariants of X by performing some integration on it would lead to the wrong answer. However, following the DDT philosophy, the space M g,n (X, β) can be understood locally around a given point f : C -→ X by a very explicit hypercohomology dg-lie algebra

g f := C * (C, T C (-D) → f * (T X )),
where T C (-D) is the sheaf of holomorphic vector fields on C vanishing at the marked points, and the map T C (-D) → f * (T X ) is the differential of the map f , which defines a two term complex of sheaves on C. The dg-lie structure on g f is not so obvious to see, and is a combination of the Lie bracket of vector fields on C and the Atiyah class of the sheaf T X . As in [Drin] we can turn this dg-lie algebra g f into a pro-artinian dg-algebra by taking its Chevalley complex

A f := C * (g).
The stability of the map f implies that the dg-algebra A f is cohomologically concentrated in negative degrees and is cohomologically bounded. The algebra H 0 ( A f ) simply is the ring of formal functions at f ∈ M g,n (X, β). The higher cohomologies H i ( A f ), which in general do not vanish for i < 0, provide coherent sheaves locally defined around f on the space M g,n (X, β).

In [START_REF] Kontsevich | Enumeration of rational curves via torus actions[END_REF], Kontsevich states that the local sheaves H i ( A f ) can be glued when the point f now varies and can be defined globally as coherent sheaves H i on M g,n (X, β). The family of sheaves H i are called higher structures, and is an incarnation of the globalization of what the DDT gives us at each point f ∈ M g,n (X, β). Kontsevich then defines the virtual K-theory class of M g,n (X, β) by the formula

[M g,n (X, β)] K-vir := i≤0 (-1) i [H i ] ∈ G 0 (M g,n (X, β)).
In a similar way, the complex g f [1] has only nonzero cohomology in degree 0 and 1, and thus defines a complex of vector bundles of length 2 locally around f . These local complexes can again be glued to a global perfect complex of amplitude [0, 1], which is called the virtual tangent sheaf of M g,n (X, β). It is not strictly speaking a sheaf but rather the difference of two vector bundles and defines a class in K-theory [T vir M g,n(X,β) ] ∈ K 0 (M g,n (X, β)). Finally, the virtual homological class of M g,n (X, β) is defined by the formula

[M g,n (X, β)] vir := τ ([M g,n (X, β)] K-vir ) ∩ T d(T vir [M g,n(X,β)] ) -1 ∈ H * (M g,n (X, β), Q)
, where T d is the Todd class and τ the homological Chern character (also called the Riemann-Roch natural transformation from the K-theory of coherent sheaves to homology, see [Fult,§18]).

From the perspective of derived algebraic geometry the important point is that Kontsevich not only introduced the above formula but also provides an explanation for it based on the concept of quasi-manifolds. For an algebraic variety S the structure of a quasi-manifold on S is a covering {U i } of S, together with presentations of each U i as an intersection φ i : U i Y i ∩ Z i for Y i and Z i smooth algebraic subvarieties inside a smooth ambient variety V i . The precise way the various local data Y i , Z i , V i and φ i patch together is not fully described in [START_REF] Kontsevich | Enumeration of rational curves via torus actions[END_REF], but it is noticed that it should involve an nontrivial notion of equivalence, or homotopy, between different presentations of a given algebraic variety S as an intersection of smooth algebraic varieties. These patching data, whatever they are, are certainly not patching data in a strict sense: the local ambient smooth varieties V i in which U i embed cannot be glued together to obtain a smooth space V in which S would embed. For instance, the dimensions of the various pieces V i can be nonconstant and depend of i. The precise way to express these compatibilities is left somewhat open in [START_REF] Kontsevich | Enumeration of rational curves via torus actions[END_REF]. However, Kontsevich emphasizes that the locally defined sheaves T or

O Z i i (O Yi , O Zi )
, which are coherent sheaves on U i , glue to the globally defined coherent sheaves H i we mentioned before. Therefore, the structure of a quasimanifold on M g,n (X, β) does determine the higher structure sheaves H i and thus the K-theory virtual class [M g,n (X, β)] K-vir . The virtual tangent sheaf can also be recovered from the quasi-manifold structure, again by gluing local constructions. To each U i , we can consider the complex of vector bundles on U i

T i := (T Yi ⊕ T Zi → T Vi ) .
Although the individual sheaves T Yi ⊕ T Zi and T Vi do not glue globally on S (again the dimension of V i can jump when i varies), the local complexes T i can be glued to a globally defined perfect complex T vir S , thus recovering the virtual tangent sheaf by means of the quasi-manifold structure. One technical aspect of this gluing procedure is that the patching can only be done up to some notion of equivalence (typically that of quasi-isomorphism between complexes of sheaves) that requires a rather nontrivial formalism of descent which is not discussed in [START_REF] Kontsevich | Enumeration of rational curves via torus actions[END_REF]. However, the theory of higher stacks, developed around the time by Simpson (see below), suggests a natural way to control such gluing.

The notion of quasi-manifolds has been taken and declined by several authors after Kontsevich. Behrend and Fantechi introduced the notion of perfect obstruction theories on a scheme X (see [Behr-Fant]) that consists of a perfect complex T on X that formally behaves as the virtual tangent sheaf of a structure of quasimanifold on X. In [Cioc-Kapr1] Kapranov and Ciocan-Fontanine defined the notion of dg-schemes, close to the notion of supermanifolds endowed with a cohomological odd vector field Q used in mathematical physics, which by definition consists of a scheme X endowed a sheaf of commutative coherent O X -dg-algebras. Later a 2categorical construction of dg-schemes appeared in [Behr]. All of these notions are approximations, more or less accurate, of the notion of a derived scheme. They can all be used in order to construct virtual classes, and hence suffice to define Gromov-Witten invariants in the algebro-geometric context. However, they all suffer from a bad functoriality behaviour and cannot be reasonably used as the fundamental object of derived algebraic geometry (we refer to the end of §3.1 for a more detailed discussion).

Interaction with homotopy theory, stacks and higher stacks. A stack is a categorical generalization of a sheaf. They are of particular interest in moduli theory, as it is often the case that a given moduli problem (e.g. the moduli of curves of a given genus) involves objects with nontrivial automorphism groups. In such a situation the moduli functor becomes a functor from schemes to groupoids, and the sheaf condition on this functor is called the descent or stack condition.

In the context of algebraic geometry stacks already appear in the late 1950s, as for instance in [START_REF] Grothendieck | Technique de descente et théorèmes d'existence en géometrie algébrique. I. Généralités. Descente par morphismes fidèlement plats[END_REF], as well as in [START_REF] Grothendieck | Techniques de construction en géométrie analytique. I. Description axiomatique de l'espace de Teichmüller et de ses variantes[END_REF]. They have been introduced to formalize the problem of descent, but also in order to represent moduli problems with no fine moduli spaces (it is already noted in [START_REF] Grothendieck | Techniques de construction en géométrie analytique. I. Description axiomatique de l'espace de Teichmüller et de ses variantes[END_REF]Prop. 7.1] that a fine moduli space of curves does not exist). The formal definitions of algebraic stacks appear in [Deli-Mumf] in which it is shown that the stack of stable curves of a fixed genus is an algebraic stack that is smooth and proper over Spec Z. It is interesting however to note that many notions, such as fibered categories, descent, quotient stack, stack of principal bundles, can be found in [START_REF] Grothendieck | Techniques de construction en géométrie analytique. I. Description axiomatique de l'espace de Teichmüller et de ses variantes[END_REF]. The definition of algebraic stack of [Deli-Mumf] has then been generalized by Artin in [Arti] in order to encompass also moduli problems for which objects might admit algebraic groups of automorphisms (as opposed to discrete finite groups). In the differential context stacks appeared even earlier in the guise of differential groupoids for the study of foliations (see for example [Heaf], [Ehre]).

The insight that a notion of higher stack exists and might be useful goes back to [START_REF] Grothendieck | A la poursuite des champs[END_REF]. Higher stacks are higher categorical analogues of stacks, and thus of sheaves, and presume to classify objects for which not only nontrivial automorphisms exist, but also automorphisms between automorphims, and automorphisms between automorphisms of automorphisms (and so on) exist. These higher automorphisms groups are now encoded in a higher groupoid valued functor, together with a certain descent condition. In [START_REF] Grothendieck | A la poursuite des champs[END_REF] Grothendieck stressed the fact that several constructions in rational homotopy theory could be formalized by considering a nice class of higher stacks called schematic homotopy types, which are very close to being a higher version of the Artin algebraic stacks of [Arti]. One of the technical problem encountered in the theory of higher stacks is the fact that it has to be based on a nice theory of higher categories and higher groupoids that has not been fully available until recently, and this aspect has probably delayed the development of higher stack theory. However, in [START_REF] Simpson | Algebraic (geometric) n-stacks[END_REF] Simpson proposed a definition of algebraic n-stacks based on the homotopy theory of simplicial presheaves (due to Jardine and Joyal and largely used in the setting of algebraic K-theory of rings and schemes), using the principle that any good notion of n-groupoids should be equivalent to the theory of homotopy n-types (a principle refered to as the homotopy hypothesis in [START_REF] Grothendieck | A la poursuite des champs[END_REF], the higher automorphisms groups mentioned above are then incarnated by the higher homotopy groups of a simplicial set). The definition of algebraic n-stack of [START_REF] Simpson | Algebraic (geometric) n-stacks[END_REF] is inductive and based on a previous observation of Walter that algebraic stacks in the sense of Artin can be defined in any geometric context in which the notion of a smooth morphism make sense. This simplicial approach has been extremely fruitful, for instance in the context of higher nonabelian Hodge theory (see [START_REF] Simpson | Algebraic aspects of higher non-abelian Hodge theory[END_REF][START_REF] Simpson | Geometricity of the Hodge filtration on the ∞-stack of perfect complexes over X DR[END_REF]), to pursue the schematization direction of Grothendieck's program [START_REF] Grothendieck | A la poursuite des champs[END_REF], namely the interpretation of rational homotopy theory and its extension over more general bases (see [START_REF] Simpson | Algebraic (geometric) n-stacks[END_REF]Thm. 6.1], and also [START_REF] Toën | Champs affines[END_REF]), or to understand the descent problem inside derived and more generally triangulated categories (see [Hirs-Simp]).

The introduction of simplicial presheaves as models for higher stacks has had a huge impact on the subject. First of all it overcomes the technical difficulties of the theory of n-groupoids and use the power of Quillen's homotopical algebra in order to describe some of the fundamental constructions (e.g. fiber products, quotients, stack associated to a prestack, . . . ). It also had the effect of bringing the model category language in the setting of higher category theory (see [START_REF] Simpson | A closed model structure for n-categories, internal Hom, n-stacks and generalized Seifert-Van Kampen[END_REF]): it is interesting to note that most, if not all, of the established theory of higher categories are based on the same idea and rely in an essential way on model category theory [START_REF] Simpson | Homotopy theory of higher categories[END_REF], [START_REF] Lurie | Higher topos theory[END_REF], [Rezk] to mention the most important ones). Another aspect is that it has reinforced the interactions between higher stack theory and abstract homotopy theory. The interrelations between ideas from algebraic geometry and algebraic topology is one of the feature of derived algebraic geometry, and the simplicial point of view of Simpson on higher stacks has contributed a lot to the introduction of the notions of derived schemes and derived stacks.

The influence of stable homotopy theory. Abstract homotopy theory, and the homotopy theory of simplicial presheaves in particular, have played an important role in the development of higher stacks. Derived algebraic geometry has also been influenced by stable homotopy theory and to be more precise by the so-called brave new algebra (an expression introduced by Waldhausen, see [Vogt]). Brave new algebra is the study of ring spectra, also called brave new rings, or equivalently of multiplicative generalized cohomology theories. It is based on the observation that the homotopy theory of brave new rings behaves very similarly to the theory of rings, and that many notions and results of algebra and linear algebra over rings extend to this setting. First of all, rings embed fully faifthfully into brave new rings and correspond to the discrete ring spectra. Moreover, the stable homotopy category possesses a nondegenerate t-structure whose heart is the category of discrete spectra (abelian groups), so in a sense discrete rings generate the whole category of brave new rings. An efficient way of thinking consists of seeing the category of brave new rings as a kind of small or infinitesimal perturbation of the category of rings, which is reflected by the fact that the absolute brave new ring, the sphere spectrum S can be considered as an infinitesimal perturbation of the ring Z.

One fundamental work in this direction is the work of Waldhausen on algebraic K-theory of spaces [Wald]. This has been later pursued with the introduction of Hochschild and cyclic homology for ring spectra, also called topological Hochschild and topological cyclic homology, together with a Chern character map (see for instance [Boks, Boks-Hian-Mads, Pira-Wald, Schw-Vogt-Wald]). Another important impulse has been the introduction of the Morava K-theories, and their interpretations as the points of the hypothetical object Spec S, the spectrum (in the sense of algebraic geometry!) of the sphere spectrum (in the sense of topology!). This general philosophy has been spread by many authors, see for instance [Mora, Devi-Hopk-Smit, Hopk-Smit, Rave]. It has also been pushed further with the introduction of the new idea that ring spectra should also have an interesting Galois theory (see [Rogn, Schw-Wald, McCa-Mina]), leading to the feeling that there should exists an étale topology for ring spectra that extends the usual étale topology for schemes. In a similar direction, the theory of topological modular forms (see [Goer] for a survey) enhances the stack of elliptic curves with a certain sheaf of generalized cohomology theories, and thus with a sheaf of ring spectra, creating an even closer relation between stable homotopy theory and algebraic geometry. It is notable that the modern approach to the theory of topological modular forms is now based on spectral algebraic geometry, a topological version of derived algebraic geometry (see [START_REF] Lurie | A survey of elliptic cohomology[END_REF]).

I believe that all of these works and ideas from stable homotopy theory have had a rather important impact on the emergence of derived algebraic geometry, by spreading the idea that not only rings have spectra (in the sense of algebraic geometry) but more general and complicated objects such as ring spectra, dg-algebras and so on. Of course, the fact that ring-like objects can be used to do geometry is not new here, as for instance a very general notion of relative schemes appears already in [Haki]. However, the brand new idea here was that the same general philosophy also applies to ring-like objects of homotopical nature in a fruitful manner.

Mathematical physics. Last, but not least, derived algebraic geometry has certainly benefited from a stream of ideas from mathematical physics. It seems clear that some of the mathematical structures introduced for the purpose of supersymmetry and string theory have conveyed ideas and concepts closely related to the concept of derived schemes.

A first instance can be found in the several generalizations of manifolds introduced for the purpose of supersymmetry: supermanifolds, Q-manifolds, QPmanifolds etc (see [START_REF] Kostant | Graded manifolds, graded Lie theory, and prequantization. Differential geometrical methods in mathematical physics[END_REF][START_REF] Schwarz | Geometry of Batalin-Vilkovisky quantization[END_REF][START_REF] Schwarz | Semiclassical approximation in Batalin-Vilkovisky formalism[END_REF]). Supermanifolds are manifolds endowed with the extra data of odd functions, represented by a sheaf of Z/2-graded rings. The Q-manifolds are essentially supermanifolds together with an vector field Q of degree 1 (i.e. a derivation sending odd functions to even functions, and vice-versa), which squares to zero Q 2 = 0. The supermanifold together with the differential Q gives thus rise to a manifold endowed with a sheaf of (Z/2-graded) commutative dg-algebras, which is quite close to what a derived scheme is. One of the main differences between the theory of supermanifolds and the theory of derived schemes is the fact that supermanifolds were not considered up to quasiisomorphism. In a way, Q-manifolds can be thought as strict models for derived schemes. The influence of this stream of ideas on derived algebraic geometry is not only found at the level of definitions, but also at the level of more advanced structures. For instance, the QP -manifolds of [Alex-Kont-Schw-Zabo] are certainly an avatar of the shifted symplectic structures recently introduced in the context of derived algebraic geometry in [Pant- Toën-Vaqu-Vezz]. In the same way, the BV-formalism of [Bata-Vilk] has recent versions in the setting of derived algebraic geometry (see [START_REF] Vezzosi | Derived critical loci -Basics[END_REF]).

A second instance is related to mirror symmetry, and more particularly to the homological mirror symmetry of Kontsevich (see [Kont-Soib]). Mirror symmetry between two Calabi-Yau varieties X and X ∨ is here realized as an equivalence of derived categories D(X) F uk(X ∨ ), between on the one side the bounded coherent derived category of X (the B-side) and on the other side the Fukaya category of the mirror X ∨ (the A-side). This equivalence induces an equivalence between the formal deformation spaces of D(X) and of F uk(X ∨ ), which can be identified with the de Rham cohomology of X and the quantum cohomology of X ∨ . Here we find again the DDT in action, as the identification between the deformation spaces of these two categories and the mentioned cohomologies requires to consider these moduli spaces as formal derived moduli spaces. This has led to the idea that the correct deformation space of D(X) is the full de Rham cohomology of X (and similarly for the Fukaya category), which again convey the idea that the deformations of D(X) live in a certain derived moduli space.

Finally, a third instance is deformation quantization. First of all, Kontsevich's proof of the existence of deformation quantization of a Poisson manifold (see [START_REF] Kontsevich | Deformation quantization of algebraic varieties. EuroConférence Moshé Flato[END_REF]) is based on the identification of two deformation problems (Poisson algebras and associative algebras), which is obtained by the construction of an equivalence between the two dg-lie algebras controlling these deformations problems. This is once again an example of the DDT in action. The recent interactions between derived algebraic geometry and quantization (see our §5, see also [START_REF] Toën | Derived algebraic geometry and deformation quantization[END_REF]) also suggests that some of the concepts and ideas of derived algebraic geometry might have come from a part of quantum mathematics (my lack of knowledge of the subject prevents me to make precise statements here).

Derived schemes and derived stacks. The modern foundations of derived algebraic geometry have been set down in a series of papers, namely , , , [START_REF] Lurie | Derived algebraic geometry[END_REF], [START_REF] Toën | Higher and derived stacks: a global overview[END_REF], [START_REF] Lurie | The "DAG" series. Available at the author home[END_REF]. In my opinion all of the works and ideas previously mentioned have had an enormous influence on their authors. A particularly interesting point is that not all of the ideas and motivations came from algebraic geometry itself, as many important ideas also come from abstract homotopy theory and stable homotopy theory. This probably explains many of the topological flavours encountered in derived algebraic geometry, which adds to the richness of the subject.

The subject has been developing fast in the last decade, thanks to the work of many authors: B. Antieau, D. Arinkin, O. Ben-Bassat, D. Ben-Zvi, B. Bhatt, D. Borisov, C. Brav, V. Bussi, D. Calaque, K. Costello, J. Francis, D. Gaitsgory, D. Gepner, G. Ginot, O. Gwilliam, B. Hennion, I. Iwanari, D. Joyce, P. Lowrey, J. Lurie, D. Nadler, J. Noel, T. Pantev, A. Preygel, J. Pridham, N. Rozenblyum, T. Schürg, M. Spitzweck, D. Spivak, M. Vaquié, G. Vezzosi, J. Wallbridge, and others. We shall obviously not cover all this work in the present survey, but will try to mention some of it with emphasis on the interface with deformation quantization.

The notion of a derived scheme

In this first part we start by presenting the central object of study of derived algebraic study: derived schemes. The definition of derived scheme will appear first and is rather straightforward. However, the notions of morphisms between derived schemes is a bit subtle and require first some notions of higher category theory, or equivalently of homotopical algebra. We will start by a (very) brief overview of model category theory, which for us will be a key tool in order to understand the notion of ∞-category presented in the second paragraph and used all along this manuscript. We will then proceed with the definition of the (∞-) category of derived schemes and provide basic examples. More evolved examples, as well as the further notion of derived moduli problems and derived algebraic stacks are presented in the next section.

We start by extracting two principles mentioned from the variety of ideas recalled in §1, which are the foundation principles of derived algebraic geometry. For this we begin by the following metamathematical observation. A given mathematical theory often aims to study a class of specific objects: algebraic varieties in algebraic geometry, topological spaces in topology, modules over a ring in linear algebra . . . . These objects are in general very complicated (unless the theory might be considered as uninteresting), but it is most often that a subclass of nice objects naturally shows up. As their names show the nice objects behave nicely, or at least behave nicer than a generic object. In such a situation, mathematicians want to believe that we fully understand the nice objects and that a generic object should be approximated, with the best approximation possible, by nice objects. This metamathematical observation can be seen in action in many concrete examples, two of them are the following (there are myriads of other examples).

• (Linear algebra) Let A be a ring and we consider A-modules. The nice objects, for instance with respect to short exact sequences, are the projective modules. For a general A-module M the best possible approximation of M is a resolution of M be means of projective modules

. . . P n → P n-1 → . . . P 0 → M → 0.
• (Topology) We consider topological spaces, and more particularly their cohomological properties. Spheres are the nice objects (for instance from the cohomological point of view). For a space X the best possible approximation of X is a cellular approximation, that is, a CW complex X weakly equivalent to X.

These two examples possess many possible variations, for instance by replacing modules over a ring by objects in an abelian category, or topological spaces by smooth manifolds and cellular approximation by handle body decompositions. The common denominator to all of these situations is the behavior of the approximation construction. A delicate question is the uniqueness: approximations are obviously not unique in a strict sense (e.g., for the two examples above, but this is a general phenomenon) and we have to introduce a new notion of equivalence in order to control uniqueness and more generally functorial properties. In the examples above this notion is an obvious one: quasi-isomorphism of complexes in the first example and weak homotopy equivalences in the second. As we will see in the next paragraph, the introduction of a new notion of equivalence automatically creates a higher categorical, or higher homotopical, phenomenon. This is one reason of the ubiquity of higher categorical structures in many domains of mathematics.

Derived algebraic geometry is the theory derived from algebraic geometry (no pun intended) by applying the same general principle as above, and by declaring that the good objects are the smooth varieties, smooth schemes and more generally smooth maps. The approximation by smooth varieties is here the simplicial resolution of algebras by polynomial algebras as mentioned in §1. To sum up:

• (Principle 1 of derived algebraic geometry) The smooth algebraic varieties, or more generally smooth schemes and smooth maps, are good. Any nonsmooth variety, scheme or map between schemes, must be replaced by the best possible approximation by smooth objects. • (Principle 2 of derived algebraic geometry) Approximations of varieties, schemes and maps of schemes, are expressed in terms of simplicial resolutions. The simplicial resolutions must only be considered up to the notion of weak equivalence, and are controlled by higher categorical, or homotopical, structures.

Based on these two principles we can already extract a general definition of a derived scheme, simply by thinking that the structure sheaf should now be a sheaf of simplicial commutative rings rather than a genuine sheaf of commutative rings. However, principle 2 already tells us that morphisms between these derived schemes will be a rather involved notion and must be defined with some care.

Definition 2.1. (First definition of derived schemes) A derived scheme consists of a pair (X, O X ), where X is a topological space and A X is a sheaf of commutative simplicial rings on X such that the following two conditions are satisfied.

(1) The ringed space (X, π 0 (O X )) is a scheme.

(2) For all i > 0 the homotopy sheaf π i (O X ) is a quasi-coherent sheaf of modules on the scheme (X, π 0 (O X )).

Some comments about this definition.

• A scheme (X, O X ) can be considered as a derived scheme in an obvious manner, by taking O X to be the constant simplicial sheaf of rings O X . • In the other way, a derived scheme (X, O X ) underlies a scheme (X, π 0 (O X ))

that is called the truncation of (X, O X ). • A scheme can also be considered as a derived scheme (X, O X ) where now O X is any simplicial resolution of O X , that is

π 0 (O X ) O X π i (O X ) = 0 ∀ i > 0.
As we will see, the derived scheme (X, O X ) is equivalent to (X, O X ) (exactly as a resolution P * of a module M is quasi-isomorphic to M concentrated in degree 0). • For a derived scheme (X, O X ), the truncation (X, π 0 (O X )) contains all the geometry. The sheaves π i (O X ) on (X, π 0 (O X )) are pieces reflecting the derived structure and should be thought as extraordinary nilpotent functions. The sheaves π i (O X ) are analogous to the graded pieces I n /I n+1 where I is the nilradical of a scheme Y , which are sheaves on the reduced subscheme Y red . It is good intuition and also accurate to think of O X as coming with a natural filtration (incarnated by the Postnikov tower, see §2.2) whose graded pieces are the π i (O X ).

The above definition makes derived schemes an easy notion, at least at first sight. However, as already mentioned, morphisms between derived schemes require some care to be defined in a meaningful manner. In the sequel of this section we will explain how to deal with derived schemes, how to construct and define their (∞)-category, but also how to work with them in practice.

2.1. Elements of the language of ∞-categories. In this paragraph we introduce the language of ∞-categories. The theory of ∞-categories shares very strong interrelations with the theory of model category, and most of the possible working definitions of ∞-categories available today haven been set down in the context of model category theory. Moreover, model categories also provide a rich source of examples of ∞-categories, and from the user point of view a given model category M can be (should be?) considered as a concrete model for an ∞-category. It is because of this strong interrelations between ∞-categories and model categories that this section starts with a brief overview of model category theory, before presenting some elements of the language of ∞-category theory. This language will be used in order to present the expected notion of maps between derived schemes, incarnated in the ∞-category dSch of derived schemes presented in the next paragraph.

A glimpse of model category theory. Model category theory deals the localization problem, which consists of inverting a certain class of maps W in a given category C. The precise problem is to find, and to understand, the category W -1 C obtained out of C by freely adding inverses to the maps in W . By definition, the category W -1 C comes equipped with a functor l : C -→ W -1 C, which sends maps in W to isomorphisms in W -1 C, and which is universal with respect to this property. Up to issues of set theory, it can be shown that W -1 C always exists (see §I.1.1]). However, the category W -1 C is in general difficult to describe in a meaningful and useful manner, and its existence alone is often not enough from a practical point of view (see [START_REF] Toën | Lectures on dg-categories[END_REF]§2.2] for more about the bad behavior of the localization construction).

Definition. A model category structure on a pair (C, W ) as above consists of extra pieces of data, involving two other class of maps, called fibrations and cofibrations, satisfying some standard axioms (inspired by the topological setting of topological spaces and weak equivalences), and ensuring that the sets of maps inside localized category W -1 C possess a nice and useful description in terms of homotopy classes of morphisms between certain objects in C. The typical example of such a situation occurs in algebraic topology: we can take C = T op, be the category of topological spaces and continuous maps, and W be the class of weak homotopy equivalences (continuous maps inducing isomorphisms on all homotopy groups). The localized category W -1 C is equivalent to the category [CW ], whose objects are CW complexes and whose set of maps are homotopy classes of continuous maps. The upshot of model category theory is that this is not an isolated or specific example, and that there are many situations of different origins (topological, algebraic, combinatorial, . . . ) in which some interesting localized categories can be computed in a similar fashion.

By definition, a model category consists of a complete and cocomplete category C, together with three classes of maps W (called weak equivalences, or simply equivalences), Fib (called fibrations), and Cof (called cofibrations), and satisfying the following axioms (see [START_REF] Quillen | On the (co-) homology of commutative rings[END_REF]§I.1] or [Hove, §1.1] for more details 3 ).

3 We use in this work the definition found in [Hove], which differs slightly from the original one in [START_REF] Quillen | On the (co-) homology of commutative rings[END_REF] (e.g., the functoriality of factorizations). The mathematical community seems to have adopted the terminology of [Hove] as the standard one.

(1) If X f / / Y g / / Z are morphisms in C, then f , g and gf are all in W if and only if two of them are in W .

(2) The fibrations, cofibrations and equivalences are all stable by compositions and retracts.

(3) Let A f / / i X p B g / / Y
be a commutative square in C with i ∈Cof and p ∈Fib. If either i or p is also in W then there is a morphism h : B -→ X such that ph = g and hi = f . (4) Any morphism f : X -→ Y can be factored in two ways as f = pi and f = qj, with p ∈Fib, i ∈Cof ∩W , q ∈Fib∩W and j ∈Cof. Moreover, the existence of these factorizations are required to be functorial in f . The morphisms in Cof ∩W are usually called trivial cofibrations and the morphisms in Fib∩W trivial fibrations. Objects x such that ∅ -→ x is a cofibration are called cofibrant. Dually, objects y such that y -→ * is a fibration are called fibrant. The factorization axiom (4) implies that for any object x there is a diagram

Qx i / / x p / / Rx,
where i is a trivial fibration, p is a trivial cofibration, Qx is a cofibrant object and Rx is a fibrant object. Moreover, the functorial character of the factorization states that the above diagram can be, and always will be, chosen to be functorial in x.

The homotopy category of a model category. A model category structure is a rather simple notion, but in practice it is never easy to check that three given classes Fib, Cof and W satisfy the four axioms above. This can be explained by the fact that the existence of a model category structure on C has a very important consequence on the localized category W -1 C, which is usually denoted by Ho(C) and called the homotopy category in the literature4 . For this, we introduce the notion of homotopy between morphisms in M in the following way. Two morphisms f, g :

X -→ Y are called homotopic if there is a commutative diagram in M X i f " " C(X) h / / Y X j O O g < <
satisfying the following two properties:

(1) There exists a morphism p : C(X) -→ X, which belongs to F ib ∩ W , such that pi = pj = id.

(2) The induced morphism

i j : X X -→ C(X)
is a cofibration. When X is cofibrant and Y is fibrant in M (i.e. ∅ -→ X is a cofibration and Y -→ * is a fibration), it can be shown that being homotopic as defined above is an equivalence relation on the set of morphisms from X to Y . This equivalence relation is shown to be compatible with composition, which implies the existence of a category C cf / ∼, whose objects are cofibrant and fibrant objects and whose morphisms are homotopy classes of morphisms in C.

It is easy to see that if two morphisms f and g are homotopic in C then they are equal in W -1 C. Indeed, in the diagram above defining the notion of being homotopic, the image of p in Ho(C) is an isomorphism. Therefore, so are the images of i and j. Moreover, the inverses of the images of i and j in Ho(C) are equal (because equal to the image of p), which implies that i and j have the same image in Ho(C). This implies that the image of f and of g are also equal. From this, we deduce that the localization functor C -→ Ho(C) restricted to the subcategory of cofibrant and fibrant objects C cf induces a well defined functor C cf / ∼-→ Ho(C). One major statement of model category theory is that this last functor is an equivalence of categories.

Theorem 2.1 (see [START_REF] Quillen | Homotopical algebra[END_REF]§I Thm. 1 ], [START_REF] Hovey | Model categories[END_REF]Thm. 1.2.10]). The above functor

C cf / ∼-→ W -1 C = Ho(C).
is an equivalence of categories.

The above theorem is fundamental as it allows us to control, and to describe in an efficient manner, the localized category W -1 C in the presence of a model structure.

Three examples.

Three major examples of model categories are the following.

• We set C = T op be the category of topological spaces, and W the class of weak equivalences (continuous maps inducing bijections on all homotopy groups). The class F ib is taken to be the Serre fibrations, the morphism having the lifting property with respect to the inclusions |Λ n | ⊂ |∆ n |, of a horn (the union of all but one of the codimension 1 faces) into a standard n-dimensional simplex. The cofibrations are the retracts of the relative cell complexes. This defines a model category (see [START_REF] Hovey | Model categories[END_REF]§2.4]), and the theorem above states the well known fact that Ho(T op) can be described as the category whose objects are CW complexes and morphisms are homotopy classes of continuous maps. • For a ring R we set C(R) the category of (possibly unbounded) complexes of (left) R-modules. The class W is taken to be the quasi-isomorphisms (the morphisms inducing bijective maps on cohomology groups). There are two standard possible choices for the class of fibrations and cofibrations, giving rise to two different model structures with the same class of equivalences, called the projective and the injective model structures. For the projective model structure the class of fibrations consists of the the epimorphisms (i.e. degreewise surjective maps) of complexes of R-modules, and the cofibrations are defined by orthogonality (see [START_REF] Hovey | Model categories[END_REF]§2.3]). Dually, for the injective model structure the class of cofibrations consists of the monomorphisms (i.e. degreewise injective maps) of complexes of R-modules (see [START_REF] Hovey | Model categories[END_REF]§2.3]). These two model categories share the same homotopy category Ho(C(R)) = D(R), which is nothing else than the derived category of (unbounded) complexes of R-modules. In this case, the theorem above states that the category D(R) can also be described as the category whose objects are either K-injective, or K-projective, complexes, and morphisms are homotopy classes of maps between these complexes (see [START_REF] Hovey | Model categories[END_REF]§2.3]). • We set C = sSet := F un(∆ op , Set), the category of simplicial sets. For W we take the class of weak equivalences of simplicial sets (i.e., the maps inducing weak equivalences on the corresponding geometric realizations).

The cofibrations are defined to be the monomorphisms (i.e., the levelwise injective maps), and the fibrations are the so-called Kan fibrations, defined as the maps having the lifting property of the inclusions of the simplicial horns Λ k,n ⊂ ∆ n (see [START_REF] Quillen | On the (co-) homology of commutative rings[END_REF]II §3], [START_REF] Hovey | Model categories[END_REF]3.2]). The homotopy category Ho(sSet) is equivalent to the category Ho(T op), via the geometric realization functor, and can be described as the fibrant simplicial sets (also known as the Kan complexes) together with the homotopy classes of maps.

Quillen adjunction, homotopy (co)limits and mapping spaces. To finish this paragraph on model category theory we mention quickly the notions of Quillen adjunctions (the natural notion of functors between model categories), as well as the important notions of homotopy (co)limits and mapping spaces. First of all, for two model categories C and D, a Quillen adjunction between C and D consists of a pair of adjoint functors g : C D : f (here g is the left adjoint), such that either f preserves fibrations and trivial fibrations, or equivalently g preserves cofibrations and trivial cofibrations. The main property of a Quillen adjunction as above is to induce an adjunction on the level of homotopy categories, Lg : C D : Rf . Here Lg and Rf are respectively the left and right derived functor deduced from f and g, and defined by pre-composition with a cofibrant (resp. fibrant) replacement functor (see [START_REF] Quillen | On the (co-) homology of commutative rings[END_REF]I §4 Thm. 3], [START_REF] Hovey | Model categories[END_REF]§1.3.2]). The typical example of a Quillen adjunction is given by the geometric realization, and the singular simplex constructions | -| : sSet T op : Sing, between simplicial sets and topological spaces. This one is moreover a Quillen equivalence, in the sense that the induced adjunction at the level of homotopy categories is an equivalence of categories (see [START_REF] Hovey | Model categories[END_REF]§1.3.3]. Another typical example is given by a morphism of rings R → R and the corresponding base change functor R ⊗ R -: C(R) -→ C(R ) on the level of complexes of modules. This functor is the left adjoint of a Quillen adjunction (also called left Quillen) when the categories C(R) and C(R ) are endowed with the projective model structures described before (it is no longer a Quillen adjunction for the injective model structures, except in some very exceptional cases).

For a model category C and a small category I, we can form the category C I of functors from I to C. The category C I possesses a notion of equivalences induced from the equivalences in C, and defined as the natural transformations that are levelwise in W (i.e., their evaluations at each object i ∈ I is an equivalence in C). With mild extra assumptions on C, there exists two possible definitions of a model structure on C I whose equivalences are the levelwise equivalences: the projective model structure for which the fibrations are defined levelwise, and the injective model structure for which the cofibrations are defined levelwise (see [START_REF] Lurie | Higher topos theory[END_REF]Prop. A.2.8.2]). We have a constant diagram functor c : C -→ C I , sending an object of C to the corresponding constant functor I → C. The functor c is left Quillen for the injective model structure on C I , and right Quillen for the projective model structure. We deduce a functor at the level of homotopy categories c : Ho(C) -→ Ho(C I ), which possesses both a right and a left adjoint, called respectively the homotopy limit and homotopy colimit functors, and denoted by Holim I , Hocolim I : Ho(C I ) -→ Ho(C) (see [START_REF] Lurie | A survey of elliptic cohomology[END_REF]Prop. A.2.8.7] as well as comments [START_REF] Lurie | A survey of elliptic cohomology[END_REF]A.2.8.8,A.2.8.11]).

The homotopy limits and colimits are the right notions of limits and colimits in the setting of model category theory and formally behave as the standard notions of limits and colimits. They can be used in order to see that the homotopy category Ho(C) of any model category C has a natural further enrichment in simpicial sets. For an object x ∈ C and a simplicial set K ∈ sSet, we can define an object K ⊗ x ∈ Ho(C), by setting

K ⊗ x := Hocolim ∆(K) x ∈ Ho(C),
where ∆(K) is the category of simplices in K (any category whose geometric realization gives back K up to a natural equivalence would work), and x is considered as a constant functor ∆(K) -→ C. With this definition, it can be shown that for two objects x and y in C, there is a simplicial set

M ap C (x, y) ∈ sSet, with natural bijections [K, M ap C (x, y)] [K ⊗ x, y],
where the left hand side is the set of maps in Ho(sSet), and the right hand side the set of maps in Ho(C). The simplicial sets M ap C (x, y) are called the mapping spaces of the model category C, and can alternatively be described using the so-called simpicial and cosimplicial resolutions (see [START_REF] Hovey | Model categories[END_REF]§5.4]). Their existence implies that the localized category Ho(C) inherits of an extra structure of a simplicial enrichment, induced by the model category C. It is important to understand that this enrichment only depends on the pair (C, W ) of a category C and a class of equivalences W . We will see in the next paragraph that this simplicial enrichment is part of an ∞-categorical structure, and that the correct manner to understand it is by introducing the ∞-categorical version of the localization construction (C, W ) → W -1 C. This refined version of the localization produces a very strong bridge between model categories and ∞-categories, part of which we will recall in below.

∞-Categories. An ∞-category5 is a mathematical structure very close to that of a category. The main difference is that morphisms in an ∞-category are not elements of a set anymore but rather points in a topological space (and we think of a set as discrete topological space). The new feature is therefore that morphisms in an ∞-category can be deformed by means of continuous path inside the space of morphisms between two objects, and more generally morphisms might come in continuous family parametrized by an arbitrary topological space, as for instance a higher dimensional simplex. This is a way to formalize the notion of homotopy between morphisms often encountered, for instance in homological algebra where two maps of complexes can be homotopic.

In the theory of ∞-categories the spaces of morphisms are only considered up to weak homotopy equivalence for which it is very common to use the notion of simplicial sets as a combinatorial model (see [START_REF] Hovey | Model categories[END_REF]§3] for more about the homotopy theory of simplicial sets that we use below). This justifies the following definition.

Definition 2.2. An ∞-category T is a simplicial enriched category.

Unfolding the definition, an ∞-category consists of the following data.

(1) A set Ob(T ), called the set of objects of T .

(2) For two objects x and y in T a simplicial set of morphisms T (x, y).

(3) For any object x in T a 0-simplex id x ∈ T (x, x) 0 . (4) For any triple of objects x, y and z in T a map of simplicial sets, called the composition T (x, y) × T (y, z) -→ T (x, z).

These data are moreover required to satisfy an obvious associativity and unit condition.

Remark 2.2. The notion of ∞-category of 2.2 is not the most general notion of ∞-category, and rather refers to semi-strict ∞-categories. Semi-strict refers here to the fact that the associativity is strict rather than merely satisfied up to a natural homotopy, which itself would satisfy higher homotopy coherences. Various other notions of ∞-categories for which the compositions is only associative up to a coherent set of homotopies are gathered in [Berg, Lein]. We will stick to the definition above, as it is in the end equivalent to any other notion of ∞-category and also because it is very easily defined. A drawback of this choice will be in the definition of ∞-functors and ∞-categories of ∞-functors which will be described below and for which some extra care is necessary. The definition 2.2 seems to us the most efficient in terms of energy one must spend on learning the notion of the ∞-category theory, particularly for readers who do not wish to devote too much effort on the foundational aspects of derived algebraic geometry. The theory of ∞categories as defined in 2.2 and presented below is however the minimum required in order to deal with meaningful definitions in derived algebraic geometry.

There is an obvious notion of a morphism f : T -→ T between ∞-categories. It consists into the following data.

(1) A map of sets f : Ob(T ) -→ Ob(T ).

(2) For every pair of objects (x, y) in T , a morphism of simplicial sets

f x,y : T (x, y) -→ T (f (x), f (y)).
These data are required to satisfy an obvious compatibility with units and compositions in T and T . These morphisms will be called strict ∞-functors, as opposed to a more flexible, and not equivalent, notion of ∞-functors that we will introduce later. The ∞-categories and strict ∞-functors form a category denoted by ∞-Cat. A category C defines an ∞-category by considering the set of morphisms in C as constant simplicial sets. In the same way, a functor between categories induces a strict ∞-functor between the corresponding ∞-categories. This defines a full embedding Cat → ∞-Cat, from the category of categories to the category of ∞categories and strict ∞-functors. This functor admits a left adjoint

[-] : ∞-Cat -→ Cat.
This left adjoint sends an ∞-category T to the category [T ] having the same set of objects as T and whose set of morphisms are the set of connected components of the simplicial sets of morphisms in T . With a formula: [T ](x, y) = π 0 (T (x, y)).

The category [T ] will be referred to the homotopy category of T .

The ∞-categories of spaces and of complexes. We mention here two major examples of ∞-categories, the ∞-category of Kan complexes, and the ∞-category of complexes of cofibrant modules over some ring R. Let sSets be the category of simplicial sets which is naturally enriched over itself by using the natural simplicial sets of maps, and thus is an ∞-category in the sense above. We let S be the full sub-∞-category of sSets consisting of Kan simplicial sets (i.e. fibrant simplicial sets, see [START_REF] Hovey | Model categories[END_REF]§3.2]). The homotopy category [S] is naturally equivalent to the usual homotopy category of spaces.

For a ring B, we let C(B) be the category of (unbounded) cochain complexes of B-modules. It has a natural enrichment in simplicial sets defined as follows. For two complexes M and N , we define the simpicial set M ap(M, N ) by defining the formula M ap(M, N

) n := Hom C(B) (M ⊗ Z C * (∆ n ), N )
, where C * (∆ n ) denotes the normalized chain complex of homology of the standard simplex ∆ n . This makes C(B) into an ∞-category. We consider L(B) ⊂ C(B) the full sub-∞-category of C(B) consisting of all cofibrant complexes of B-modules (see [START_REF] Hovey | Model categories[END_REF]§2.3]). The homotopy category of L(B) is naturally equivalent to D(B), the unbounded derived category of complexes of B-modules.

The homotopy theory of ∞-categories. Before going further into ∞-category theory we fix some terminology. A morphism in a given ∞-category is simply a 0-simplex of one of the simplicial sets of maps T (x, y). Such a morphism is an equivalence in T if its projection as a morphism in the category [T ] is an isomorphism. Finally, we will sometimes use the notation M ap T (x, y) for T (x, y).

A key notion is the following definition of an equivalence of ∞-categories.

Definition 2.3. A strict ∞-functor f : T -→ T is an equivalence of ∞-categories if it satisfies the two conditions below.
(1) f is fully faithful: for all objects x and y in T the map

T (x, y) -→ T (f (x), f (y)) is a weak homotopy equivalence of simplicial sets. (2) f is essentially surjective: the induced functor [f ] : [T ] -→ [T ] is an essentially surjective functor of categories.
The theory of ∞-categories up to equivalence will be our general setting for derived algebraic geometry, it replaces the setting of categories and functors that is customary in algebraic geometry. This is unfortunately not an easy theory and it requires a certain amount of work in order to extend some of the standard constructions and notions of usual category theory. The good news is that this work has been done and written down by many authors, we refer for instance to [START_REF] Lurie | Higher topos theory[END_REF][START_REF] Simpson | Homotopy theory of higher categories[END_REF] (see also §1]). In the paragraph below we extract from these works the minimum required for the sequel of our exposition. These properties state that ∞-categories up to equivalence behave very much likely as categories up to equivalence of categories, and thus that the basic categorical notions such as categories of functors, adjunctions, limits and colimits, Yoneda embedding, Kan extensions. . . , all have extensions to the setting of ∞-categories.

We have seen that the category ∞-Cat of ∞-categories and strict ∞-functors possesses a class W of equivalences of ∞-categories. We set Ho(∞-Cat) := W -1 ∞-Cat the category obtained from ∞-Cat by formally inverting the morphisms in W , and call it the homotopy category of ∞-categories. The set of morphisms in Ho(∞-Cat) will be denoted by [T, T ] := Ho(∞-Cat)(T, T ). The category H(∞-Cat) is a reasonable object because of the existence of a model structure on the category ∞-Cat which can be used in order to control the localization along equivalences of ∞categories (see [Berg]). The sets of morphisms in Ho(∞-Cat) also have explicit descriptions in terms of equivalent classes of bi-modules (see for instance [Toën7, §4.1 Cor. 1], for the statement on the setting of dg-categories).

(nonstrict) ∞-Functors. By definition an (nonstrict) ∞-functor between two ∞categories T and T is an element in [T, T ]. This definition only provides a set [T, T ] of ∞-functors, which can be promoted to a full ∞-category as follows. It can be proved that the category Ho(∞-Cat) is cartesian closed: for any pair of ∞-categories T and T there is an object F un ∞ (T, T ) ∈ Ho(∞-Cat), together with functorial (with respect to the variable U ) bijections

[U, F un ∞ (T, T )] [U × T, T ].
The ∞-category F un ∞ (T, T ) is by definition the ∞-category of ∞-functors from T to T . It is only well defined up to a natural isomorphism as an object in Ho(∞-Cat). As for the case of the sets of maps in Ho(∞-Cat), the whole object F un ∞ (T, T ) can be explicitly described using a certain ∞-category of fibrant and cofibrant bi-modules.

Adjunctions, limits and colimits. The existence of ∞-categories of ∞-functors can be used in order to define adjunctions between ∞-categories, and related notions such as limits and colimits. We say that an ∞-functor f ∈ F un ∞ (T, T ) has a right adjoint if there exists g an object in F un ∞ (T , T ) and a morphism h : id → gf in F un ∞ (T, T ), such that for all x ∈ T and y ∈ T the composite morphism

T (f (a), b) g / / T (gf (a), g(b)) h / / T (a, g(b))
is a weak equivalence of simplicial sets. It can be shown that if f has a right adjoint then the right adjoint g is unique (up to equivalence). The notion of left adjoint is defined dually. We say that an ∞-category T possesses (small) colimits (resp. limits) if for all (small) ∞-category I the constant diagram ∞-functor c : T -→ F un ∞ (I, T ) has a left (resp. right) adjoint. The left adjoint (resp. right adjoint), when it exists is simply denoted by colim I (resp. lim I ).

Yoneda, prestacks and left Kan extensions. We remind the ∞-category S consisting of Kan simplicial sets. Any ∞-category T has an ∞-category of prestacks P r(T ), also denoted by T , and defined to be F un ∞ (T op , S), the ∞-category of contravariant ∞-functors from T to S. There is a Yoneda ∞-functor h : T -→ T , which is adjoint to the ∞-functor T : T × T op -→ S sending (x, y) to T (x, y) (when T does not have fibrant hom simplicial sets this definition has to be pre-composed with chosing a fibrant replacement for T ). The ∞-functor h is full faithful, and moreover, for all F ∈ T we have a canonical equivalence of simplicial sets T (h x , F ) F (x). The Yoneda embedding h : T -→ T can also be characterized by the following universal property. For every ∞-category T that admit colimits, the restriction ∞-functor

-• h : F un ∞ c ( T , T ) -→ F un ∞ (T, T )
is an equivalence of ∞-categories, where F un ∞ c ( T , T ) is the full sub-∞-category of F un ∞ ( T , T ) consisting of ∞-functors that commute with colimits (see [START_REF] Lurie | Higher topos theory[END_REF]Thm. 5.1.5.6]). The inverse ∞-functor F un ∞ (T, T ) -→ F un ∞ c ( T , T ) is called the left Kan extension.

Localization and model categories. An important source of ∞-categories come from localization, the process of making some morphisms to be invertible in a universal manner. For a category C and a subset W of morphisms in C, there is an ∞category L(C, W ) together with an ∞-functor l : C -→ L(C, W ), such that for any ∞-category T , the restriction through l induces an equivalence of ∞-categories

F un ∞ (L(C, W ), T ) F un ∞ W (C, T ), where F un ∞ W (C, T ) denotes the full sub-∞-category of F un ∞ (C, T
) consisting of all ∞-functors sending W to equivalences in T . It can be shown that a localization always exists (see Prop. 8.7], see also [START_REF] Toën | Lectures on dg-categories[END_REF]§4.3] for dg-analogue), and is equivalent to the so-called Dwyer-Kan simplicial localization of . The homotopy category Ho(L(C, W )) is canonically equivalent to the localized category W -1 C in the sense of Gabriel-Zisman (see §1]). In general L(C, W ) is not equivalent to W -1 C, or in other words its mapping spaces are not 0-truncated. The presence of nontrivial higher homotopy in L(C, W ) is one justification of the importance of ∞-categories in many domains of mathematics.

When C is moreover a simplical model category, and W its subcategory of weak equivalence, the localization L(C, W ) is simply denoted by L(C), and can be described, up to a natural equivalence, as the simplicially enriched category C cf of fibrant and cofibrant objects in C (see ). Without the simplicial assumption, for a general model category C a similar result is true but involves mapping spaces as defined in and [START_REF] Hovey | Model categories[END_REF]§5.4] using simplicial and cosimplicial resolutions. For a model category C, and small category I, let C I be the model category of diagrams of shape I in C. It is shown in [Hirs-Simp, §18] (see also [START_REF] Lurie | Higher topos theory[END_REF]Prop. 4.2.4.4]) that there exists a natural equivalence of ∞-categories

L(M I ) F un ∞ (I, L(M )).
This is an extremely useful statement that can be used in order to provide natural models for most of the ∞-categories encountered in practice. One important consequence is that the ∞-category L(M ) always has limits and colimits, and moreover that these limits and colimits in L(M ) can be computed using the well known homotopy limits and homotopy colimits of homotopical algebra (see [Dwye-Hirs-Kan-Smit] for a general discussion about homotopy limits and colimits).

The ∞-category of ∞-categories. The localization construction we just described can be applied to the category ∞-Cat, of ∞-categories and strict ∞-functors, together with W being equivalences of ∞-categories of our definition 2.3. We thus have an ∞-category of ∞-categories

∞-Cat := L(∞-Cat).
The mapping spaces in ∞-Cat are closely related to the ∞-category of ∞-functors in the following manner. For two ∞-categories T and T , we consider F un ∞ (T, T ), and the sub-∞-category F un ∞ (T, T ) eq consisting of ∞-functors and equivalences between them. The ∞-category F un ∞ (T, T ) eq has a geometric realization |F un ∞ (T, T ) eq |, obtained by taking nerves of each categories of simplicies, and then the diagonal of the corresponding bi-simplicial set (see below). We have a weak equivalence of simplicial sets

M ap ∞-Cat (T, T ) |F un ∞ (T, T ) eq |,
which expresses the fact that mapping spaces in ∞-Cat are the spaces of ∞-functors up to equivalence. Another important aspect is that ∞-Cat possesses all limits and colimits. This follows for instance from the existence of a model structure on simplicially enriched categories (see [Berg]). We refer to [Hirs-Simp, Cor. 18.7] for more about how to compute the limits in ∞-Cat in an explicit manner.

A second important fact concerning the ∞-category of ∞-categories is the notion of ∞-groupoids. The ∞-groupoids are defined to be the ∞-categories T for which the homotopy category [T ] is a groupoid, or in other words for which every morphism is an equivalence. If we denote by ∞-Gpd the full sub-∞-category of ∞-Cat consisting of ∞-groupoids, then the nerve construction (also called the geometric realization) produces an equivalence of ∞-categories

| -| : ∞-Gpd S.
The inverse of this equivalence is the fundamental ∞-groupoid construction Π ∞ (denoted by Π 1,Se in [Hirs-Simp, §2]). The use of the equivalence above will be mostly implicit in the sequel, and we will allow ourselves to consider any simplicial sets K ∈ S as an ∞-category through this equivalence.

∞-Topos and stacks. For an ∞-category T , a Grothendieck topology on T is by definition a Grothendieck topology on [T ] (see e.g. [SGA4-1, Exp. II]). When such a topology τ is given, we can define a full sub-∞-category St(T, τ ) ⊂ P r(T ), consisting of prestacks satisfying a certain descent condition. The descent condition for a given prestack F : T op → S, expresses that for any augmented simplicial object X * → X in P r(T ), which is a τ -hypercoverings, the natural morphism

M ap P r(T ) (X, F ) -→ lim [n]∈∆ M ap P r(T ) (X n , F )
is a weak equivalence in S (and lim is understood in the ∞-categorical sense, or equivalently as a homotopy limit of simplicial sets). Here, τ -hypercoverings are generalizations of nerves of covering families and we refer to Def. 3.2.3] for the precise definition in the context of ∞-categories. The condition above is the ∞-categorical analogue of the sheaf condition, and a prestack satisfying the descent condition will be called a stack (with respect to the topology τ ). The ∞-category St(T, τ ), also denoted by T ∼,τ is the ∞-category of stacks on T (with respect to τ ) and is an instance of an ∞-topos (all ∞-topos we will have to consider in this paper are of this form). The descent condition can also be stated by an ∞-functor F : T op -→ C, where C is another ∞-category with all limits. This will allow us to talk about stacks of simplicial rings, which will be useful in the definition of derived schemes we will give below (Def. 2.5). We refer to [START_REF] Lurie | Higher topos theory[END_REF] for more details about ∞-topos, and to for a purely model categorical treatment of the subject.

Stable ∞-categories. Stable ∞-categories are the ∞-categorical counter-part of triangulated categories. We recall here the most basic definition and the main property as they originally appear in §7], and we refer to [START_REF] Lurie | The "DAG" series. Available at the author home[END_REF] for more details.

We say that an ∞-category T is stable if it has finite limits and colimits, if the initial object is also final, and if the loop endo-functor Ω * : x → * × x * defines an equivalence of ∞-categories Ω * : T T . It is known that the homotopy category [T ] of a stable ∞-category T possesses a canonical triangulated structure for which the distinguished triangles are the image of fibered sequences in T . If M is a stable model category (in the sense of [START_REF] Hovey | Model categories[END_REF]§7]), then LM is a stable ∞-category. For instance, if M = C(k) is the model category of complexes of modules over some ring k, LM , the ∞-category of complexes of k-modules, is stable.

Warning 2.4. Before we start using the language of ∞-categories, we warn the reader that we will use this language in a rather loose way and that most of our constructions will be presented in a naively manner. Typically a ∞-category will be given by describing its set of objects and simplicial sets of maps between two given objects without taking care of defining compositions and units. Most of the time the compositions and units are simply obvious, but it might also happen that some extra work is needed to get a genuine ∞-category. This happens for instance when the described mapping space is only well-defined up to a weak equivalences of simplicial sets, or when composition is only defined up to a natural homotopy, for which it might be not totally obvious how to define things correctly. This is one of the technical difficulties of ∞-category theory that we will ignore in this exposition, but the reader must keep in mind that in some cases this can be overcome only by means of a substantial amount of work.

2.2. Derived schemes. We are now coming back to our first definition of derived schemes 2.1, but from the ∞-categorical point of view briefly reminded in the last paragraph. We start by considering sComm, the ∞-category of simplicial commutative rings, also called derived rings. It is defined by

sComm := L(sComm),
the ∞-categorical localization of the category of simplicial commutative rings sComm with respect to the weak homotopy equivalences. The weak homotopy equivalences are here morphisms of simplicial commutative rings A → B inducing a weak homotopy equivalence on the underlying simplicial sets. Any derived ring A provides a commutative graded ring π * (A) = ⊕ i≥0 π i (A), where the homotopy groups are all taken with respect to 0 as a base point. The construction A → π * (A) defines an ∞-functor from the ∞-category sComm to the category of commutative graded rings.

For a topological space X, there is an ∞-category sComm(X) of stacks on X with coefficients in the ∞-category of derived rings. If we let Ouv(X) the category of open subsets in X, sComm can be identified with the full sub-∞category of F un ∞ (Ouv(X) op , sComm), consisting of ∞-functors satisfying the descent condition (see §2.1.2). For a continuous map u : X -→ Y we have an adjunction of ∞-categories

u -1 : sComm(Y ) sComm(X) : u * .
We start by defining an ∞-category dRgSp of derived ringed spaces. Its objects are pairs (X, O X ), where X is a topological space and O X ∈ sComm(X) is a stack of derived rings on X. For two derived ringed spaces (X, O X ) and (Y, O Y ) we set

M ap((X, O X ), (Y, O Y )) := u:X→Y M ap sComm(Y ) (O Y , u * (O X )).
This definition can be promoted to an ∞-category dRgSp whose objects are derived ringed spaces and whose simplicial sets of maps are defined as above. Technically speaking this requires the use of some more advanced notion such as fibered ∞categories, but can also be realized using concrete model category structures of sheaves of simplicial commutative rings (this is a typical example for our warning 2.4 in a practical situation6 ).

Any derived ringed space (X, O X ) has a truncation (X, π 0 (O X )) that is a (underived) ringed space, where π 0 (O X ) denotes here the sheaf of connected components. We define dRgSp loc as a (nonfull) sub-∞-category of dRgSp consisting of objects (X, O X ) whose truncation (X, π 0 (O X )) is a locally ringed space, and maps inducing local morphisms on the ringed spaces obtained by truncations. The inclusion ∞-functor dRgSp loc → dRgSp is not fully faithful but it is faithful in the sense that the morphisms induced on mapping spaces are inclusions of union of connected components.

With this new language the ∞-category of derived schemes is defined as follows.

Definition 2.5. The ∞-category of derived schemes is defined to be the full sub-∞-category of dRgSp loc consisting of all objects (X, O X ) with the two conditions above satisfied.

(1) The truncation (X, π 0 (O X )) is a scheme.

(2) For all i the sheaf of π 0 (O X )-modules π i (X) is quasi-coherent. The ∞-category of derived schemes is denoted by dSt.

A ring can be considered as a constant simplicial ring, and this defines a full embedding i : Comm → sComm, from the category of commutative of rings to the ∞-category of derived rings. This inclusion has a left adjoint given by the ∞-functor π 0 . This adjunction extends to an adjunction at the level of derived ringed spaces, derived locally ringed spaces and derived schemes. We thus have an adjunction t 0 : dSch Sch : i, between the ∞-category of schemes and the category of schemes. The functor i is moreover fully faithful, and therefore schemes sit inside derived schemes as a full sub-∞-category. The ∞-functor t 0 sends a derived scheme (X, O X ) to the scheme (X, π 0 (O X )). We will often omit to mention the functor i and simply considered Sch as sitting inside dSch as a full subcategory. By adjunction, for any derived scheme X there is a natural morphism of derived schemes j : t 0 (X) -→ X.

Remark 2.3. It is an accurate analogy to compare the morphism j : t 0 (X) -→ X with the inclusion Y red → Y , of the reduced subscheme Y red of a scheme Y . In this way, the truncation t 0 (X) sits inside the derived scheme X, and X can be thought as some sort of infinitesimal thickening of t 0 (X), but for which the additional infinitesimals functions live in higher homotopical degrees.

The truncation t 0 possesses generalizations t ≤n for various integers n ≥ 0 (with t 0 = t ≤0 ). Let X be a derived scheme. The stack of derived rings O X has a Postnikov tower

O X → • • • → t ≤n (O X ) → t ≤n-1 (O X ) → • • • → t 0 (O X ) = π 0 (O X ).
It is characterized, as a tower of morphisms in the ∞-category of stacks of derived rings on X, by the following two properties.

• For all i > n, we have

π i (t ≤n (O X )) 0. • For all i ≤ n, the morphism O X -→ t ≤n (O X ) induces isomorphisms π i (O X ) π i (t ≤n (O X )
). Each derived ringed space (X, t ≤n (O X )) defines a derived scheme, denoted by t ≤n (X), and the above tower defines a diagram of derived schemes

t 0 (X) → t ≤1 (X) → • • • → t ≤n (X) → t ≤n+1 (X) → • • • → X.
This diagram exhibits X as the colimit of the derived schemes t ≤n (X) inside the ∞-category dSch. The Postnikov tower of derived schemes is a powerful tool in order to understand maps between derived schemes and more generall mapping spaces. Indeed, for two derived schemes X and Y we have

M ap dSch (X, Y ) lim n≥0 M ap dSch (t ≤n X, t ≤n Y ) lim n≥0 M ap dSch (t ≤n X, Y ),
which presents that mapping spaces as a (homotopy) limit of simpler mapping spaces. First of all, for a given n, the mapping space M ap dSch (t ≤n X, t ≤n Y ) is automatically n-truncated (its nontrivial homotopy is concentrated in degree less or equal to n). Moreover, the projection M ap dSch (t ≤n+1 X, t ≤n+1 Y ) -→ M ap dSch (t ≤n X, t ≤n Y ) can be understood using obstruction theory, as this will be explained in our section §4.1): the description of the fibers of this projection consists essentially into a linear problem of understanding some specific extensions groups of sheaves of modules.

The above picture of Postnikov towers is very analogous to the situation with formal schemes: any formal scheme X is a colimit of schemes X n together with closed immersions X n → X n+1 corresponding to a square zero ideal sheaf on X n+1 . This analogy with formal scheme is a rather accurate one.

To finish this paragraph we mention some basic examples of derived schemes and mapping spaces between derived schemes. More advanced examples will be given in the next paragraph and later.

Affine derived schemes. We let dAff be the full sub-∞-category of dSch consisting of derived schemes X whose truncation π 0 (X) is an affine scheme. Objects in dAff are called affine derived schemes. We have an ∞-functor of global functions H(-, O X ) : dAff op -→ sComm, sending an affine derived scheme X to H(X, O X ) := p * (O X ), where p : X -→ * is the canonical projection, and p * is the induced ∞-functor on ∞-categories of stacks of derived rings. The ∞-functor H can be shown to be an equivalence of ∞categories. The inverse ∞-functor of H is denoted by Spec, and can be described as follows. Let A be a simplicial commutative ring. We consider the (underived) affine scheme S = Spec A 0 , the spectrum of the ring of 0-dimensional simplicies in A. The simplicial ring A is in a natural way a simplicial commutative A 0 -algebra (through the natural inclusion A 0 -→ A) and thus defines a sheaf of simplicial quasi-coherent O S -modules A on S. This sheaf defines a stack of derived rings on S and thus an object on sComm(S). We denote by X ⊂ S the closed subset defined by Spec π 0 (A) (note that the ring π 0 (A) is a quotient of A 0 ). By construction, the stack of derived rings A is supported on the closed subspace X, in the sense that its restriction on S -X is equivalent to 0. This implies that it is equivalent to a stack of derived rings of the form i * (O X ) for a well defined object O X ∈ sComm(X) (i * produces an equivalence between stacks of derived rings on S supported on X and stacks of derived rings on X). The derived ringed space (X, O X ) is denoted by Spec A and is an affine derived scheme. The two constructions H and Spec are inverse to each other.

Fibered products. The ∞-category dSch of derived schemes has all finite limits (see §1.3.3]). The final object is of course * = Spec Z. On the level of affine derived schemes fibered products are described as follows. , the fibered product X × S Y can be described by gluing the local affine pictures as above. Again, when X, Y and S are merely (underived) schemes, Z := X × S Y is a derived scheme whose truncation is the usual fibered product of schemes. The homotopy sheaf of the derived structure sheaf O Z are the higher Tor's

π n (O Z ) T or O S n (O X , O Y ).
We see here the link with Serre's intersection formula discussed at the beginning of §1.

We note that the inclusion functor i : Sch → dSch does not preserve fibered products in general, except under the extra condition of Tor-independence (e.g., if one of the maps is flat). In contrast to this, the truncation ∞-functor t 0 sends fibered products of derived schemes to fibered products of schemes. This is a source of a lot of examples of interesting derived schemes, simply by constructing a derived fibered product of schemes. A standard example is the derived fiber of a nonflat morphism between schemes.

Self-intersections. Let Y ⊂ X be a closed immersion of schemes, and consider the derived scheme Z := Y × X Y ∈ dSch. The truncation t 0 (Z) is isomorphic to the same fibered product computed in Sch, and thus is isomorphic to Y . The natural morphism t 0 (Z) Y -→ Z is here induced by the diagonal Y -→ Y × X Y . The projection to one of the factors produces a morphism of derived schemes Z → Y that is a retraction of Y → Z. This is an example of a split derived scheme Z: the natural map t 0 (Z) -→ Z admits a retraction (this is not the case in general). For simplicity we assume that Y is a local complete intersection in X, and we let I ⊂ O X be its ideal sheaf. The conormal bundle of Y inside X is then N ∨ I/I 2 , which is a vector bundle on Y .

When X = Spec A is affine, and Y = Spec A/I, the derived scheme Z can be understood in a very explicit manner. Let (f 1 , . . . , f r ) en regular sequence generating I. We consider the derived ring K(A, f * ), which is obtained by freely adding a 1-simplices h i to A such that d 0 (h i ) = 0 and d 1 (h 1 ) = f i (see [START_REF] Toën | Derived Azumaya algebras and generators for twisted derived categories[END_REF], proof of proposition 4.9, for details). The derived ring K(A, f ) has a natural augmentation K(A, f ) -→ A/I which is an equivalence because the sequence is regular. It is moreover a cellular A-algebra, by construction, and thus the derived ring A/I ⊗ L A A/I can be identified with B = K(A, f ) ⊗ A A/I. This derived ring is an A/I-algebra such that π 1 (B) I/I 2 . As I/I 2 is a projective A/I-module we can represent the isomorphism π 1 (B) I/I 2 by a morphism of simplicial A/I-modules I/I 2 [1] -→ B, where [1] denotes the suspension in the ∞-category of simplicial modules. This produces a morphism of derived rings Sym A/I (I/I 2 [1]) -→ B, where Sym A/I denotes here the ∞-functor sending an A/I-module M to the derived A/I-algebras it generates. This morphism is an equivalence in characteristic zero, and thus we have in this case

Z Spec (Sym A/I (I/I 2 [1])).
In nonzero characteristic a similar but weaker statement is true, we have

Z Spec B
where now the right hand side is not a free derived ring anymore, but satisfies

π * (B) ⊕ i≥0 ∧ i (I/I 2 )[i].
The local computation we just made shows that the sheaf of graded O Y -algebras

π * (O Z ) is isomorphic to Sym O Y (N ∨ [1]). However, the sheaf of derived rings O Z is not equivalent to Sym O Y (N ∨ [1]
) in general (i.e., in the non-affine case). It is locally so in characteristic zero, but there are global cohomological obstructions for this to be globally true. The first of these obstructions is a cohomology class in

α Y ∈ Ext 2 Y (N ∨ , ∧ 2 N ∨
), which can be interpreted as follows. We have a natural augmentation of stacks of derived rings O Z -→ O Y , which splits as O Z O Y × K, where we consider this splitting in D qcoh (Y ), the derived category of quasi-coherent complexes on Y . The complex K is cohomogically concentrated in degrees ]-∞, 1], and we can thus consider the exact triangle

H -2 (K)[2] / / τ ≥-2 (K) / / H -1 (K)[1] ∂ / / H -2 (K)[3].
The class α Y is represented by the boundary map ∂.

The obstruction class α Y has been identified with the obstruction for the conormal bundle N ∨ to extend to the second infinitesimal neighbourhood of Y in X. The higher obstruction classes live in Ext i Y (N ∨ , ∧ i N ∨ ) and can be shown to vanish if the first obstruction α does so. We refer to [Arin-Cald, Griv] for more details on the subject, and to [Cala-Cald-Tu] for some refinement.

Remark 2.4. One of the most important derived self-intersection is the derived loop scheme X × X×X X, which we will investigate in more detail in our §4.4. It behaves in a particular fashion as the inclusion X -→ X × X possesses a global retraction.

Euler classes of vector bundles. We let X be a scheme and V a vector bundle on X (considered as a locally free sheaf of O X -modules), together with a section s ∈ Γ(X, V ). We denote by V = Spec Sym O X (V ∨ ) the total space of V , considered as a scheme over X. The section s and the zero section define morphisms

X s / / V X 0 o o
, out of which we can form the derived fiber product X × V X. This derived scheme is denoted by Eu(V, s), and is called the Euler class of V with respect to s. The truncation t 0 (Eu(V, s)) consists of the closed subscheme Z(s) ⊂ X of zeros of s, and the homotopy sheaves of the derived structure sheaf O Eu(V,s) controls the defect of Tor-independence of the section s with respect to the zero section.

Locally the structure of Eu(V, s) can be understood using Koszul algebras as follows. We let X = Spec A and V be given by a projective A-module M of finite type. The section s defines a morphism of A-modules s : M ∨ -→ A. We let K(A, M, s) be the derived ring obtained out of A by freely adding M ∨ as 1simplicies, such that each m ∈ M ∨ has boundary defined by d 0 (m) = s(m) and d 1 (m) = 0. This derived ring K(A, M, s) is a simplicial version of Koszul resolutions in the dg-setting, and Spec K(A, M, s) is equivalent to Eu(V, s). In characteristic zero, derived rings can also be modelled by commutative dg-algebras (see §3.4), and K(A, M, s) then becomes equivalent to the standard Koszul algebra Sym A (M ∨ [1]) with a differential given by s.

Derived schemes, derived moduli, and derived stacks

In this section, we present the functorial point of view of derived algebraic geometry. It consists of viewing derived schemes as certain (∞)-functors defined on simplicial algebras, similarly to the way schemes can be considered as functors on the category of algebras (see for instance [Eise-Harr]). This will lead us to the notion of derived moduli problems and to the representability by derived schemes and more generally, by derived Artin stacks, a derived analogue of algebraic stacks (see [Laum-More]), as well as to a far-reaching generalization of derived schemes obtained by allowing certain quotients by groupoid actions. We will again provide basic examples, as well as more advanced examples deduced from the Artin-Lurie representability theorem. Finally, we will mention the existence of many variations of derived algebraic geometry, such as derived analytic and differential geometry, derived log geometry, spectral geometry, etc.

3.1. Some characteristic properties of derived schemes. We have gathered in this paragraph some properties shared by derived schemes which are characteristic in the sense that they do not hold in general for schemes without some extra and nontrivial conditions. They provide a first motivation for the introduction of derived schemes and clearly show that the theory of derived schemes has much more regularity than the theory of schemes. We will later see many more examples.

Base change. A scheme X possesses a quasi-coherent derived category D qcoh (X), which for us will be the derived category of (unbounded) complexes of O X -modules with quasi-coherent cohomology sheaves (see for instance [Bond-Vand]). In the same way, a derived scheme X possesses a quasi-coherent derived ∞-category L qcoh (X), defined as follows.

We consider the ∞-category Zaff (X) of affine open derived subschemes U ⊂ X. This ∞-category can be shown to be equivalent to a poset, in fact, through the functor U → t 0 (U ), to the poset of open subschemes in t 0 (X) (see Prop. 2.1]). For each object U ∈ Zaff (X) we have its derived ring of functions A U := H(U, O U ). The simplicial ring A U can be normalized to a commutative dg-algebra N (A U ), for which we can consider the category N (A U )-M od of (unbounded) N (A U )-dg-modules (see [Ship-Schw] for more about the monoidal properties of the normalization functor). Localizing this category along quasiisomorphisms defines an ∞-category

L qcoh (U ) := L(N (A U )-Mod, quasi-isom). For each inclusion of open subsets V ⊂ U ⊂ X, we have a morphism of commuta- tive dg-algebras N (A U ) -→ N (A V ) and thus an induced base change ∞-functor -⊗ L N (A U ) N (A V ) : L qcoh (U ) -→ L qcoh (V ).
This defines an ∞-functor L qcoh (-) : Zaff (X) op -→ ∞-Cat, which moreover is a stack (i.e., satisfies the descent condition explained in §2.1.2) for the Zariski topology. We set

L qcoh (X) := lim U ∈Zaff (X) op L qcoh (U ) ∈ ∞-Cat,
where the limit is taken in the ∞-category of ∞-categories, and call it the quasicoherent derived ∞-category of X. When X is a scheme, L qcoh (X) is an ∞categorical model for the derived category D qcoh (X) of O X -modules with quasicoherent cohomologies: we have a natural equivalence of categories

[L qcoh (X)] D qcoh (X).
When X = Spec A is affine for a derived ring A, then L qcoh (X) is naturally identified with L(A) the ∞-category of dg-modules over the normalized dg-algebra N (A). We will for E ∈ L(A) often use the notation π i (E) := H -i (E). Similarly, for a general derived scheme X, and E ∈ L qcoh (X), we have cohomology sheaves H i (E) that are quasi-coherent on t 0 (X), and which we will also denote by π i (E)

For a morphism between derived schemes f : X -→ Y there is an natural pull-back ∞-functor f * : L qcoh (Y ) -→ L qcoh (X), as well as its right adjoint the push-forward f * : L qcoh (X) -→ L qcoh (Y ). These are first defined locally on the level of affine derived schemes: the ∞-functor f * is induced by the base change of derived rings whereas the ∞-functor f * is a forgetful ∞-functor. The general case is done by gluing the local constructions (see [Toën2, §4.2], [Toën4, §1.1] for details).

By the formal property of adjunction, for any commutative square of derived schemes

X g / / q X p Y f / / Y there is a natural morphism between ∞-functors h : f * p * ⇒ q * g * : L qcoh (X) -→ L qcoh (Y ).
The base change theorem (see [START_REF] Toën | Proper local complete intersection morphisms preserve perfect complexes[END_REF]Prop. 1.4]) insures that h is an equivalence of ∞-functors as soon as the square is cartesian and all derived schemes are quasi-compact and quasi-separated. When all the derived schemes are schemes and moreover f is flat, then X is again a scheme and the base change formula recovers the usual well known formula for schemes. When f and p are not Tor-independent the derived scheme X is not a scheme and the difference between X and its truncation t 0 (X ) measures the excess of intersection (see e.g. §6]). All the classical excess intersection formulae can be recovered from the base change formula for derived schemes.

Tangent complexes, smooth and étale maps. Let A be a derived ring and M a simplicial A-module. We can form the trivial square zero extension A ⊕ M of A by M . It is a simplical ring whose underlying simplicial abelian group is A × M , and for which the multiplication is the usual one (a, m).(a , m ) = (a.a , am +a m) (this formula holds degreewise in the simplicial direction). If we denote by X = Spec A, then Spec (A ⊕ M ) will be denoted by X[M ], and is by definition the trivial square zero extension of X by M . We note here that M can also be considered through its normalization as a N (A)-dg-module and thus as an object in L qcoh (X) with zero positive cohomology sheaves.

This construction can be globalized as follows. For X a derived scheme and E an object in L qcoh (X) whose cohomology is concentrated in nonpositive degrees, we can form a derived scheme X[M ] as the relative spectrum Spec (O X ⊕ E). Locally, when X = Spec A is affine, E corresponds to a simplicial A-module, and X[M ] simply is Spec (A ⊕ M ). The derived scheme X[M ] sits under the derived scheme X itself and is considered in the comma ∞-category X/dSch of derived schemes under X. The mapping space M ap X/dSch (X[M ], X) is called the space of derivations on X with coefficients in M , and when E = O X this can be considered as the space of vector fields on X. It is possible to show the existence of an object L X together with a universal derivation X[L X ] -→ X. The object L X together with the universal derivation are characterized by the following universal property

M ap X/dSch (X[M ], X) M ap L qcoh (X) (L X , M ).
The object L X is called the absolute cotangent complex of X. Its restriction on an affine open Spec A ⊂ X is a quasi-coherent complex L qcoh (Spec A) which corresponds to the simplicial A-module L A introduced in [START_REF] Quillen | On the (co-) homology of commutative rings[END_REF].

The absolute notion has a relative version for any morphism of derived schemes f : X -→ Y . There is a natural morphism f * (L Y ) -→ L X in L qcoh (X), and the relative cotangent complex of f is defined to be its cofiber

L X/Y = L f := cof iber (f * (L Y ) -→ L X ) .
It is an object in L qcoh (X), cohomologically concentrated in nonpositive degrees, and equiped with a universal derivation X[L X/Y ] -→ X which is now a morphism in the double comma ∞-category X/dSch/Y .

One of the characteristic properties of derived schemes is that cotangent complexes are compatible with fibered products, as opposed to what is happening in the case of schemes. For any cartesian square of derived schemes

X g / / q X p Y f / / Y the natural morphism g * (L X/Y ) -→ L X /Y is an equivalence in L qcoh (X )
. This property is true in the setting of schemes only under some Tor-independence conditions insuring the pull-back square of schemes remains a pull-back in derived schemes (e.g. when one of the morphism f or p is flat, see [Illu]).

We will see later on how cotangent complexes can also be used in order to understand how morphisms decompose along Postnikov towers and more generally how they control obstruction theories (see our §4.1). Let us simply mention here that for any derived scheme X, the inclusion of i : t 0 (X) -→ X induces a morphism on cotangent complexes i * (L X ) -→ L t0(X) , which is always an obstruction theory on t 0 (X) in the sense of [Behr-Fant] (see [Schu] for more details about the relation between derived scheme and the obstruction theories induced on the truncations).

Finally, cotangent complexes can be used in order to define smooth and étale morphisms between derived schemes. A morphism f : X -→ Y in dSch will be called étale (resp. smooth) if it is locally of finite presentation (see §2.2.2] for the definition of finite presentation in the homotopical context) and if L f vanishes (resp. L f is a vector bundle on X). An étale (resp. smooth) morphism f : X -→ Y of derived schemes induces an étale (resp. smooth) morphism on the truncations t 0 (f ) : t 0 (X) -→ t 0 (Y ), which is moreover flat: for all i the natural morphism t 0 (f )

* (π i (O Y )) -→ π i (O X
) is an isomorphism of quasi-coherent sheaves on t 0 (X) (see §2.2.2]). We easily deduce from this the socalled Whitehead theorem for derived schemes: a morphism of derived scheme f : X -→ Y is an equivalence if and only if it induces an isomorphism on the truncation and if it is moreover smooth.

Virtual classes. For a derived scheme X the sheaves π i (O X ) define quasi-coherent sheaves on the truncation t 0 (X). Under the condition that t 0 (X) is locally noetherian, and that π i (O X ) are coherent and zero for i 0, we find a well defined class in the K-theory of coherent sheaves on t 0 (X)

[X] K-vir := i (-1) i [π i (O X )] ∈ G 0 (t 0 (X)), called the K-theoretical virtual fundamental class of X.
The class [X] K-vir possesses another interpretation which clarifies its nature. We keep assuming that t 0 (X) is locally noetherian and that π i (O X ) are coherent and vanish for i big enough. An object E ∈ L qcoh (X) will be called coherent if it is cohomologically bounded and if for all i, H i (E) is a coherent sheaf on t 0 (X). The ∞-category of coherent objects in D qcoh (X) form a thick triangulated subcategory and thus can be used in order to define G 0 (X) as their Grothendieck group. The group G 0 (X) is functorial in X for morphisms whose push-foward preserves coherent sheaves. This is in particular the case for the natural map j : t 0 (X) -→ X, and we thus have a natural morphism j * : G 0 (t 0 (X)) -→ G 0 (X). By devissage this map is bijective, and we have

[X] K-vir = (j * ) -1 ([O X ]).
In other words, [X] K-vir simply is the (nonvirtual) fundamental class of X, considered as a class on t 0 (X) via the bijection above. This interpretation explains a lot of things: as j * ([X] K-vir ) = [O X ], integrating over t 0 (X) with respect to the class [X] K-vir is equivalent to integrating over X. Therefore, whenever a numerical invariant is obtained by integration over a virtual class (typically a Gromov-Witten invariant), then it is actually an integral over some naturally defined derived scheme.

The virtual class in K-theory can also provide a virtual class in homology. Assume for instance that X is a derived scheme which is of finite presentation over a field k, and that L X/k is perfect of amplitude [-1, 0] (i.e., is locally the cone of a morphism between two vector bundles). Then t 0 (X) is automatically noetherian and π i (O X ) are coherent and vanish for i big enough (see [START_REF] Toën | Proper local complete intersection morphisms preserve perfect complexes[END_REF]SubLem. 2.3]). Moreover, the inclusion j : t 0 (X) -→ X produces a perfect complex j * (L X/k ) whose dual will be denoted by T vir and called the virtual tangent sheaf. It has a Todd class in Chow cohomology T d(T vir ) ∈ A * (t 0 (X)) (see [Fult]). We can define the virtual class in Chow homology by the formula

[X] vir := τ ([X] K-vir ).T d(T vir ) -1 ∈ A * (t 0 (X)),
where τ : G 0 (t 0 (X)) -→ A * (t 0 (X)) is the Grothendieck-Riemann-Roch transformation of [Fult,§18]. We refer to [Cioc-Kapr2, Lowr-Schu] for more on the subject.

Finally, K-theoretical virtual classes can be described for some of the basic examples of derived schemes mentioned in §2.2. For Y → X a local complete intersection closed immersion of locally noetherian schemes, the virtual class

of Y × X Y is given by [Y × X Y ] K-vir = λ -1 (N ∨ ) = i (-1) i [∧ i N ∨ ] ∈ G 0 (Y ),
where N is the normal bundle of Y in X. In the same way, for V a vector bundle on a locally noetherian scheme X, with a section s, the virtual class of Eu(V, s)

is the usual K-theoretic Euler class of V [Eu(V, s)] K-vir = λ -1 (V ∨ ) ∈ G 0 (Z(s)).
From this we get virtual classes of these two examples in Chow homology, as being (localized) top Chern classes of the normal bundle N and of V .

Relations with obstruction theories and dg-schemes. Let X be a derived scheme of finite presentation over some base ring k. The inclusion j : t 0 (X) -→ X provides a morphism in L qcoh (t 0 (X))

j * : j * (L X/k ) -→ L t0(X)/k .
This morphism is a perfect obstruction theory in the sense of [Behr-Fant], and we get this way a forgetful ∞-functor from the ∞-category of derived schemes locally of finite presentation over k to a certain ∞-category of schemes (locally of finite presentation over k) together with perfect obstruction theories. This forgetful ∞functor is neither full nor faithful, but is conservative (as this follows from the already mentioned Whitehead theorem, or from obstruction theory, see §4.1). The essential surjectivity of this forgetful ∞-functor has been studied in [Schu]. The notion of derived scheme is strictly more structured than the notion of schemes with a perfect obstruction theory. The later is enough for enumerative purposes, typically for defining virtual classes (as explained above), but is not enough to recover finer invariants such as the quasi-coherent derived category of derived schemes.

The situation with dg-schemes in the sense of [Cioc-Kapr1] is opposite, there is a forgetful functor from dg-schemes to derived schemes, which is neither full, nor faithful nor essentially surjective, but is conservative. The notion of dg-schemes is thus strictly more structured than the notion of derived schemes. To be more precise, a dg-scheme is by definition essentially a pair (X, Z), consisting of a derived scheme X, a scheme Z, and together closed immersion X -→ Z. Maps between dg-schemes are given by the obvious notion of maps between pairs. The forgetful ∞-functor simply sends the pair (X, Z) to X. Thus, dg-schemes can only model embeddable derived schemes, that is derived schemes that can be embedded in a scheme, and maps between dg-schemes can only model embeddable morphisms. In general, derived schemes and morphisms between derived schemes are not embeddable, in the exact same way that formal schemes and morphisms between formal schemes are not so. This explains why the notion of a dg-scheme is too strict for dealing with certain derived moduli problems and only sees a tiny part of the general theory of derived schemes.

Finally, there is also a forgetful ∞-functor from the category of derived schemes (maybe of characteristic zero) to the 2-category of differential graded schemes of [Behr]. This ∞-functor is again neither full, nor faithful, nor essentially surjective, but is conservative. The major reason comes from the fact differential graded schemes of [Behr] are defined by gluing derived rings only up to 2-homotopy (i.e., in the 2-truncation of the ∞-category of derived rings), and thus misses the higher homotopical phenomenon.

3.2. Derived moduli problems and derived schemes. In the last paragraph we have seen the ∞-category dSch of derived schemes, some basic examples as well as some characteristic properties. In order to introduce more advanced examples we present here the functorial point of view and embed the ∞-category dSch into the ∞-topos dSt of derived stacks (for the étale topology). Objects in dSt are also called derived moduli problems, and one major question is their representability. We will see some examples (derived character varieties, derived Hilbert schemes and derived mapping spaces) of derived moduli problems representable by derived schemes. In order to consider more examples we will introduce the notion of derived Artin stacks in our next paragraph §3.3, which will enlarge considerably the number of examples of representable derived moduli problems.

We let dAff be the ∞-category of affine derived schemes, which is also equivalent to the opposite ∞-category of derived rings sComm. The ∞-category can be endowed with the étale topology: a family of morphisms between affine derived schemes {U i → X} is defined to be an étale covering if

• each morphism U i -→ X is étale (i.e. of finite presentation and L Ui/X 0),

• the induced morphism on truncations i t 0 (U i ) -→ t 0 (X) is a surjective morphism of schemes. The étale covering families define a Grothendieck topology on dAff and we can thus form the ∞-category of stacks (see §2.1.2). We denote it by dSt := dAff ∼,et .

Recall from §2.1.2 that the ∞-category dSt consists of the full sub-∞-category of F un ∞ (sComm, S) of ∞-functors satisfying the etale descent condition. By definition, dSt is the ∞-category of derived stacks, and is the ∞-categorical version of the category of sheaves on the big étale site of affine schemes (see e.g. §1]for the big étale site of underived schemes). Its objects are simply called derived stacks or derived moduli problems, and we will be interested in their representability by geometric objects such as derived schemes, or more generally derived Artin stacks.

We consider the Yoneda embedding h : dSch -→ dSt, which sends a derived scheme X to its ∞-functor of points M ap dSch (-, X) (restricted to affine derived schemes). The ∞-functor h is fully faithful, which follows from a derived version of fpqc descent for schemes (see [START_REF] Lurie | The "DAG" series. Available at the author home[END_REF]). A derived moduli problem F ∈ dSt is then representable by a derived scheme X if it is equivalent to h X . Here are below three examples of derived moduli problems represented by derived schemes.

Derived character varieties. We first describe a derived version of character varieties and character schemes, which are derived extensions of the usual affine algebraic varieties (or schemes) of linear representations of a given group (see e.g. [Cule-Shal]).

We fix an affine algebraic group scheme G over some base field k. We let Γ be a discrete group and we define a derived moduli problem RMap(Γ, G), of morphisms of groups from Γ to G as follows. The group scheme G is considered as a derived group scheme using the inclusion Sch k → dSch k , of schemes over k to derived schemes over k. The group object G defines an ∞-functor G : dAff op k -→ S-Gp, from affine derived schemes to the ∞-category of group objects in S, or equivalently the ∞-category of simplicial groups. We define RMap(Γ, G) : dAff op k -→ S by sending S ∈ dAff op k to M ap S-Gp (Γ, G(S)). The derived moduli problem RMap(Γ, G) is representable by an affine derived scheme. This can be seen as follows. When Γ is free, then RMap(Γ, G) is a (maybe infinite) power of G, and thus is an affine scheme. In general, we can write Γ has the colimit in S-Gp of free groups, by taking for instance a simplicial free resolution. Then RMap(Γ, G) becomes a limit of affine derived scheme and thus is itself an affine derived scheme. When the group Γ has a simple presentation by generators and relations the derived affine scheme RMap(Γ, G) can be described explicitly by means of simple fibered products. A typical example appears when Γ is fundamental group of a compact Riemann surface of genus g: the derived affine scheme RMap(Γ, G) comes in a cartesian square

RMap(Γ, G) / / G 2g Spec k / / G,
where the right vertical map sends (x 1 , . . . , x g , y 1 , . . . , y g ) to the product of commutators i [x i , y i ].

The tangent complex of the derived affine scheme RMap(Γ, G) can be described as the group cohomology of G with coefficients in the universal representation ρ : Γ -→ G(RMap(Γ, G)). The morphism ρ defines an action of G on the trivial principal G-bundle on RMap(Γ, G), and thus on the vector bundle V associated to the adjoint action of G on its Lie algebra g. The cochain complex of cohomology of Γ with coefficients in V provides a quasi-coherent complex C * (Γ, V ) on RMap(Γ, G). The tangent complex is then given by the part sitting in degrees [1, ∞[ as follows

T RMap(Γ,G) C ≥1 (Γ, V )[1].
The algebraic group G acts on RMap(Γ, G), and when G is linearly reductive we can consider the derived ring of invariant functions O(RMap(Γ, G)) G . The spectrum of this derived ring Spec O(RMap(Γ, G)) G is a derived GIT quotient of the action of G on RMap(Γ, G) and deserves the name of derived character variety of Γ with coefficients in G.

It is interesting to note here that the above construction can be modified in a meaningful manner. We assume that Γ is the fundamental group of a connected CW complex X. We can modify the derived moduli problem of representations of Γ by now considering rigidified local systems on the space X. In the underived setting these two moduli problems are equivalent, but it is one interesting feature of derived algebraic geometry to distinguish them. We define RLoc * (X, G) as follows. We chose a simplicial group Γ * with a weak equivalence X BΓ * , that is Γ * is a simplicial model for the group of based loops in X. We then define RMap(Γ * , G) by sending a derived scheme S to M ap S-Gp (Γ * , G(S)). This new derived moduli problem is again representable by a derived affine scheme RLoc * (X, G). The truncations of RLoc * (X, G) and RMap(Γ, G) are both equivalent to the usual affine scheme of maps from Γ to G, but the derived structures differ. This can be seen at the level of tangent complexes. As for RMap(Γ, G) then tangent complex of RLoc * (X, G) is given by

T RLoc * (X,G) C * x (X, V )[1]
, where now V is considered as a local system of coefficients on X and we consider the cochain complex of cohomology of X with coefficients in V , and C * x (X, V ) denotes the reduced cohomology with respect to the base point x of X (the fiber of C * (X, V ) -→ C * ({x}, V ) g). Interesting examples are already obtained with Γ = * and X higher dimensional spheres. For X = S n , n > 1, and k of caracteristic zero, we have

RLoc * (X, G) Spec Sym k (g * [n -1]).
The derived scheme of maps. We let k be a commutative ring and X be a scheme which is projective and flat over Spec k, and Y a quasi-projective scheme over Spec k. We consider the derived moduli problem of maps of derived k-schemes from X to Y , which sends S ∈ dSch k to M ap dSch k (X × S, Y ). This is a derived stack (over k) RMap k (X, Y ) ∈ dSt k , which can be shown to be representable by a derived scheme RMap k (X, Y ) which is locally of finite presentation of Spec k (see corollary 3.3 for a more general version). The truncation t 0 (RMap k (X, Y )) is the usual scheme of maps from X to Y as originally constructed by Grothendieck. Except in some very specific cases the derived scheme RMap k (X, Y ) is not a scheme. This can be seen at the level of tangent complexes already, as we have the following formula for the tangent complex of the derived moduli space of maps

T RMap k (X,Y ) π * (ev * (T Y )) ∈ L qcoh (RMap k (X, Y )),
where ev : RMap k (X, Y )×X -→ Y is the evaluation morphism, and π : RMap k (X, Y )× X -→ RMap k (X, Y ) is the projection morphism. This formula shows that when Y is for instance smooth, then T RMap k (X,Y ) is perfect of amplitude contained in [0, d] where d is the relative dimension of X over Spec k. When this amplitude is actually strictly bigger than [0, 1], the main result of [Avra] implies that RMap k (X, Y ) cannot be an (underived) scheme.

One consequence of the representability of RMap k (X, X) is the representability of the derived group of automorphisms of X, RAut k (X), which is the open derived subscheme of RMap k (X, X) consisting of automorphisms of X. The derived scheme RAut k (X) is an example of a derived group scheme locally of finite presentation over Spec k. Its tangent complex at the unit section is the complex of globally defined vector fields on X over Spec k, H(X, T X ). We will see in §5.4 that the complex H(X, T X ) always comes equipped with a structure of a dg-lie algebra, at least up to an equivalence, and this dg-lie algebra is here the tangent Lie algebra of the derived group scheme RAut k (X). For the same reasons as above, invoking [Avra], the derived group scheme RAut k (X) is in general not a group scheme.

Derived Hilbert schemes. We let again X be a projective and flat scheme over Spec k for some commutative ring k. For sake of simplicity we will only be interested in a nice part of the derived Hilbert scheme of X, corresponding to closed subschemes which are of local complete intersection (we refer to [Cioc-Kapr1] for a more general construction). For any S ∈ dSch k we consider the ∞-category dSch (X×S) of derived schemes over X × S. We let RHilb lci (X)(S) be the (nonfull) sub-∞category of dSch (X×S) defined as follows.

• The objects of RHilb(X)(S) are the derived schemes Z -→ X × S which are flat over S, finitely presented over X × S, and moreover induce a closed immersion on the truncation t 0 (Z) → X × t 0 (S). • The morphisms are the equivalences in the ∞-category dSch (X×S) . For a morphism of derived schemes S → S, the pull-back induces a morphism of ∞-groupoids

RHilb lci (X)(S) -→ RHilb lci (X)(S ).
This defines an ∞-functor from dSch op k to the ∞-category of ∞-groupoids which we can compose with the nerve construction to get an ∞-functor from dSch op k to S, and thus a derived moduli problem. This derived moduli problem is representable by a derived scheme RHilb lci (X) which is locally of finite presentation over Spec k. Its truncation is the open subscheme of the usual Hilbert scheme of X (over k) corresponding to closed subschemes which are embedded in X as local complete intersections.

The tangent complex of RHilb lci (X) can be described as follows. There is a universal closed derived subscheme j : Z -→ X × RHilb lci (X), with a relative tangent complex T j which consists of a vector bundle concentrated in degree 1 (the vector bundle is the normal bundle of the inclusion j). If we denote by p : Z -→ RHilb lci (X) the flat projection, we have

T RHilb lci (X) p * (T j [1]).
In the same way, there exists a derived Quot scheme representing a derived version of the Quot functor. We refer to [Cioc-Kapr1] for more on the subject.

Derived moduli problems and derived Artin stacks.

It is a fact of life that many interesting moduli problems are not representable by schemes, and algebraic stacks have been introduced in order to extend the notion of representability (see [START_REF] Grothendieck | Techniques de construction en géométrie analytique. I. Description axiomatique de l'espace de Teichmüller et de ses variantes[END_REF][START_REF] Artin | Versal deformations and algebraic stacks[END_REF]). This remains so in the derived setting: many derived moduli problems are not representable by derived schemes and it is necessary to introduce more general objects called derived Artin stacks in order to overcome this issue.

In the last paragraph we have embedded the ∞-category of derived schemes dSch into the bigger ∞-category of derived stacks dSt. We will now introduce an intermediate ∞-category dSt Ar dSch ⊂ dSt Ar ⊂ dSt, which is somehow the closure of dSch by means of taking quotient by smooth groupoid objects (see 4.3.1] for the notion of groupoid objects in schemes in the nonderived setting).

A groupoid object dSt (also called a Segal groupoid ), consists of an ∞-functor

X * : ∆ op -→ dSt
satisfying the two conditions below.

(1) For all n the Segal morphism

X n -→ X 1 × X0 X 1 × X0 • • • × X0 X 1
is an equivalence of derived stacks.

(2) The composition morphism

X 2 -→ X 1 × X0 X 1
is an equivalence of derived stacks.

In the definition above the object X 0 ∈ dSt is the derived stack of objects of the groupoid X * , and X 1 the derived stack of morphisms. The morphism in the first condition above is induced by maps [1] → [n] in ∆ sending 0 to i and 1 to i + 1. It provides the composition in the grupoid by means of the following diagram

X 1 × X0 X 1 X 2 -→ X 1
induced by the morphism [1] → [2] sending 0 to 0 and 1 to 2. The morphism of the second condition insures that this composition is invertible up to an equivalence. We refer the reader to §1.3.4] for more about Segal cateories and Segal groupoids objects.

We say that a groupoid object X * is a smooth groupoid of derived schemes if X 0 and X 1 are derived schemes and if the projections X 1 -→ X 0 are smooth morphisms of derived schemes. The colimit of the simplicial object X * is denoted by |X * | ∈ dSt and is called the quotient derived stack of the groupoid X * . Definition 3.1.

(1) A derived stack is a derived 1-Artin stack if it is of the form |X * | for some smooth groupoid of derived schemes X * .

(2) A morphism f : X -→ Y between derived 1-Artin stacks is smooth if there exist smooth groupoids of derived schemes X * and Y * and a morphism of groupoid objects f * :

X * -→ Y * with f 0 : X 0 -→ Y 0 smooth, such that |f * | is equivalent to f .
The derived 1-Artin stack form a full sub-∞-category dSt Ar,1 ⊂ dSt which contains derived schemes (the quotient of the constant groupoid associated to a derived scheme X gives back X). Moreover the definition above provides a notion of smooth morphisms between derived 1-Artin stacks and the definition can thus be extended by an obvious induction. Definition 3.2.

(1) A derived stack is a derived n-Artin stack if it is of the form |X * | for some smooth groupoid of derived (n -1)-Artin stacks X * .

(2) A morphism between derived n-Artin stacks f : X -→ Y is smooth if there exists smooth groupoid of derived (n -1)-Artin stacks X * and Y * , a morphism of groupoid objects f * : X * -→ Y * with f 0 : X 0 -→ Y 0 smooth, and such that |f * | is equivalent to f . A derived stack is a derived Artin stack if it is a derived n-Artin stack for some n. The full sub-∞-category of derived Artin stacks is denoted by dSt Ar .

Here are some standard examples of derived Artin stacks. More involved examples will be given later after having stated the representability theorem 3.2.

Quotients stacks. Let G be a smooth group scheme over some base derived scheme S. We assume that G acts on a derived scheme X → S. We can form the quotient groupoid B(X, G), which is the simplicial object that is equal to X × S G n in degree n, and with the faces and degeneracies defined in the usual manner by means of the action of G on X and the multiplication in G. The groupoid B(X, G) is a smooth groupoid of derived schemes over S, and its quotient stack |B(X, G)| is thus an example of a derived Artin stack which is denoted by [X/G]. It is possible to prove that for a derived scheme S -→ S, the simpicial set M ap dSt/S (S , [X/G]) is (equivalent to) the nerve of the ∞-groupoid of diagrams of derived stacks over S endowed with G-actions P / / X S / / S, where the induced morphism [P/G] -→ S is moreover an equivalence (i.e., P -→ S is a principal G-bundle).

In the example of the derived character scheme given in §3.2, the group G acts on RMap(Γ, G), and the quotient stack [RMap(Γ, G)/G] is now the derived Artin stack of representations of Γ with coefficients in G up to equivalence. In the same way, RLoc(X, G) := [RLoc * (X, G)/G] becomes the derived Artin stack of G-local systems on the topological space X without trivialization at the base point. For higher dimensional spheres and k a field of characteristic zero, we get an explicit presentation RLoc(S n , G) [Spec A/G], where A = Sym k (g * [n -1]) and G acts on A by its co-adjoint representation.

Eilenberg-MacLane and linear derived stacks. If G is a smooth derived group scheme over some base derived scheme S, we have a classifying stack BG := [S/G] over S. When G is abelian the derived Artin stack BG is again a smooth abelian group object in derived stacks. We can therefore iterate the construction and set K(G, n) := B(K(G, n -1)), K(G, 0) = BG. The derived stack K(G, n) is an example of a derived n-Artin stack smooth over S. For each scheme S -→ S we have

π i (M ap dSt/S (S , K(G, n))) H n-i et (S , G S )
, where G S is the sheaf of abelian groups represented by G on the small étale site of the derived scheme S .

It is also possible to define K(G, n) with n < 0 by the formula K(G, n) := S × K(G,n+1) S. With these notations, we do have S × K(G,n) S K(G, n -1) for all n ∈ Z, and these are all derived group schemes over S, smooth for n ≥ 0. However, K(G, n) are in general not smooth for n < 0. In the special case where G is affine and smooth over over S a scheme of characteristic zero, K(G, n) can be described as a relative spectrum K(G, n) Spec Sym O S (g * [-n]) for n < 0 and g is the Lie algebra of G over S.

A variation of the notion of Eilenberg-MacLane derived stack is the notion of linear stack associated to perfect complexes. We let S be a derived scheme and E ∈ L qcoh (S) be a quasi-coherent complex on S. We define a derived stack V(E) over S as follows. For u : S -→ S a derived scheme we let V(E)(S ) := M ap L qcoh (S ) (u * (E), O S ). This defines an ∞-functor V(E) on the ∞-category of derived schemes over S and thus an object in dSt/S, the ∞-category of derived stacks over S. The derived stack V(E) is a derived Artin stack over S as soon as E is a perfect O S -module (i.e., is locally for the Zariski topology on S a compact object in the quasi-coherent derived category, see §2.4] and SubLem. 3.9] for more on perfect objects and derived Artin stacks). More is true, we can pull-back the relative tangent complex of V(E) along the zero section e : S -→ V(E), and get (see §4.1 for (co)tangent complexes of derived Artin stack) e * (T V(E)/S ) E ∨ , where E ∨ is the dual of E. We thus see that V(E) -→ S is smooth if and only if E ∨ is of amplitude contained in [-∞, 0], that is if and only if E is of nonnegative Tor amplitude (see §2.4], or below for the notion of amplitude). On the other hand, V(E) is a derived scheme if and only if E is of nonpositive Tor amplitude, in which case it can be written as a relative spectrum

V(E) Spec (Sym O S (E)). We note that when E is O S [n], then V(E) simply is K(G a,S , -n),
where G a,S is the additive group scheme over S. In general, the derived stack V(E) is obtained by taking twisted forms and certain finite limits of derived stacks of the form K(G a,S , -n).

Perfect complexes. We present here a more advanced and less trivial example of a derived Artin stack. For this we fix two integers a ≤ b and we define a derived stack RPerf [a,b] ∈ dSt, classifying perfect complexes of amplitude contained in [a, b]. As an ∞-functor it sends a derived scheme S to the ∞-groupoid (consider as a simplicial set by the nerve construction, see §2.1.2) of perfect objects in L qcoh (S) with amplitude contained in [a, b]. We remind here that the amplitude of a perfect complex E on S is contained in [a, b] if its cohomology sheaves are universally concentrated in degree [a, b]: for every derived scheme S and every morphism u : S → S, we have H i (u * (E)) = 0 for i / ∈ [a, b] (this can be tested for all S = Spec L with L a field). The following theorem has been announced in [Hirs-Simp], at least in the nonderived setting, and has been proved in .

Theorem 3.1. The derived stack RPerf [a,b] is a derived Artin stack locally of finite presentation over Spec Z.

There is also a derived stack RPerf , classifying all perfect complexes, without any restriction on the amplitude. The derived stack RPerf is covered by open derived substacks RPerf [a,b] , and is itself an increasing union of open derived Artin substacks. Such derived stacks are called locally geometric in but we will allow ourselves to keep using the expression derived Artin stack.

The derived stack RPerf is one of the most foundamental example of derived Artin stacks. First of all it is a far-reaching generalization of the varieties of complexes (the so-called Buchsbaum-Eisenbud varieties, see e.g., [DeCo-Stri]). Indeed, the variety of complexes, suitably derived, can be shown to produce a smooth atlas for the derived stack RPerf . In other words, RPerf is the quotient of the (derived) varieties of complexes by the subtle equivalence relation identifying two complexes which are quasi-isomorphic. The fact that this equivalence relation involves dividing out by quasi-isomorphisms instead of isomorphisms is responsible for the fact that RPerf is only a derived Artin stack in a higher sense. To be more precise, RPerf [a,b] is a derived n-Artin stack where n = b -a + 1. This reflects the fact that morphisms between complexes of amplitude in [a, b] has homotopies and higher homotopies up to degree n -1, or equivalently that the ∞-category of complexes of amplitude in [a, b] has (n -1)-truncated mapping spaces.

The derived Artin stack RPerf also possesses some extension, for instance by considering perfect complexes with an action of some nice dg-algebra, or perfect complexes over a given smooth and proper scheme. We refer to in which the reader will find more details.

Derived stacks of stable maps. Let X be a smooth and projective scheme over the complex numbers. We fix β ∈ H 2 (X(C), Z) a curve class. We consider M pre g,n the Artin stack of pre-stable curves of genus g an n marked points. It can be considered as a derived Artin stack and thus as an object in dSt. We let C g,n -→ M pre g,n the universal pre-stable curve. We let

RM pre g,n (X, β) = RMap dSt/M pre g,n (C g,n , X),
be the relative derived mapping stack of C g,n to X (with fixed class β). The derived stack RM pre g,n (X, β) is a derived Artin stack, as this can be deduced from the representability of the derived mapping scheme (see §3.2). It contains an open derived Deligne-Mumford substack RM g,n (X, β) which consists of stable maps. The derived stack RM g,n (X, β) is proper and locally of finite presentation over Spec C, and can be used in order to recover Gromov-Witten invariants of X. We refer to [Schu-Toën-Vezz] for some works in that direction, as well as [START_REF] Toën | Operations on derived moduli spaces of branes[END_REF] for some possible application to the categorification of Gromov-Witten theory.

We now state the representability theorem of Lurie, an extremely powerful tool for proving that a given derived stack is a derived Artin stack, thus extending to the derived setting the famous Artin's representability theorem. The first proof appeared in the thesis [START_REF] Lurie | Derived algebraic geometry[END_REF] and can now be found in the series [START_REF] Lurie | The "DAG" series. Available at the author home[END_REF]. There also are some variations in [Prid] and App. C].

Theorem 3.2. Let k be a noetherian commutative ring. A derived stack F ∈ dSt k is a derived Artin stack locally of finite presentation over Spec k if and only if the following conditions are satisfied.

(1) There is an integer n ≥ 0 such that for any underived affine scheme S over k the simplicial set F (S) is n-truncated.

(2) For any filtered system of derived k-algebras A = colimA α the natural morphism

colim α F (A α ) -→ F (A)
is an equivalence (where F (A) means F (Spec A)).

(3) For any derived k-algebra A with Postnikov tower

A / / . . . / / A ≤k / / A ≤k-1 / / . . . / / π 0 (A) ,
the natural morphism

F (A) -→ lim k F (A ≤k )
is an equivalence. (4) The derived stack F has an obstruction theory (see §1.4.2] for details).

(5) For any local noetherian k-algebra A with maximal ideal m ⊂ A, the natural morphism

F ( Â) -→ lim k F (A/m k )
is an equivalence (where  = limA/m k is the completion of A).

We extract one important corollary of the above theorem.

Corollary 3.3. Let X be a flat and proper scheme over some base scheme S and F be a derived Artin stack which is locally of finite presentation over S. Then the derived mapping stack RMap dSt/S (X, F ) is again a derived Artin stack locally of finite presentation over S.

3.4. Derived geometry in other contexts. The formalism of derived schemes and derived Artin stacks we have described in this section admits several modifications and generalizations that are worth mentioning.

Characteristic zero. When restricted to zero characteristic, derived algebraic geometry admits a slight conceptual simplification due to the fact that the homotopy theory of simplicial commutative Q-algebras become equivalent to the homotopy theory of nonpositively graded commutative dg-algebras over Q. This fact can be promoted to an equivalence of ∞-categories

N : sComm Q cdga ≤0
Q , induced by the normalization functor N . The normalization functor N from simplicial abelian groups to cochain complexes sitting in nonpositive degrees has a lax symmetric monoidal structure given by the so-called Alexander-Whithney morphisms (see [Ship-Schw]), and thus always induces a well defined ∞-functor

N : sComm -→ cdga ≤0
Z . This ∞-functor is not an equivalence in general but induces an equivalence on the full sub-∞-categories of Q-algebras.

The main consequence is that the notion of a derived scheme, and more generally of a derived Artin stack can, when restricted over Spec Q, also be modelled using commutative dg-algebras instead of simplicial commutative rings: we can formally replace sComm by cdga ≤0 Q in all the definitions and all the constructions, and obtain a theory of derived Q-schemes and derived Artin stacks over Q equivalent to the one we have already seen. This simplifies a bit the algebraic manipulation at the level of derived rings. For instance, the free commutative dg-algebras are easier to understand than free simplicial commutative algebras, as the latter involves divided powers (see e.g. [Fres]). One direct consequence is that explicit computations involving generators and relations tend to be easier done in the dg-algebra setting. A related phenomenon concerns explicit models, using model category of commutative dg-algebras for example. The cofibrant commutative dg-algebras are, up to a retract, the quasi-free commutative dg-algebras (i.e., free as graded, non-dg, algebras), and are easier to understand than their simplicial counterparts.

The reader can see derived algebraic geometry using dg-algebras in action for instance in [Brav-Buss-Joyc, Boua-Groj, Pant-Toën-Vaqu-Vezz].

E ∞ -Algebraic geometry. The theory of derived rings sComm can be slightly modified by using other homotopical notions of the notion of rings. One possibility, which have been explored in [START_REF] Lurie | The "DAG" series. Available at the author home[END_REF], is to use the ∞-category of E ∞algebras (or equivalently HZ-algebras) instead of ∞-category of simplicial commutative rings. The ∞-category E ∞ -dga ≤0 , of nonpositively graded E ∞ -dg-algebras (over Z), behaves formally very similarly to the ∞-category sComm. It contains the category of commutative rings as a full sub-∞-category of 0-truncated objects, and more generally a given E ∞ -dg-algebra has a Postnikov tower as for the case of commutative simplicial rings, whose stage are also controlled by a cotangent complex. Finally, the normalization functor induces an ∞-functor

N : sComm -→ E ∞ -dga ≤0 .
The ∞-functor is not an equivalence, expect when restricted to Q-algebras again. Its main failure of being an equivalence is reflected in the fact that it does not preserve cotangent complexes in general. To present things differently, simplicial commutative rings and E ∞ -dg-algebras are both generated by the same elementary pieces, namely commutative rings, but the manner these pieces are glued together differs (this is typically what is happening in the Postnikov towers).

As a consequence, there is a very well established algebraic geometry over E ∞ -dgalgebras, which is also a natural extension of algebraic geometry to the homotopical setting, but it differs from the derived algebraic geometry we have presented. The main difference between the two theories can be found in the notion of smoothness: the affine line over Spec Z is smooth as a derived scheme but it is not smooth as an E ∞ -scheme (simply because the polynomial ring Z[T ] differs from the free E ∞ -ring on one generator in degree 0, the latter involving homology of symmetric groups has nontrivial cohomology). Another major difference is that derived algebraic geometry is the universal derived geometry generated by algebraic geometry (this sentence can be made into a mathematical theorem, expressing a universal property of dSch), whereas E ∞ -algebraic geometry is not. From a general point of view, E ∞ -algebraic geometry is more suited to treat questions and problems of topological origin and derived algebraic geometry is better suited to deal with questions coming from algebraic geometry. Spectral geometry. Spectral geometry is another modification of derived algebraic geometry. It is very close to E ∞ -algebraic geometry briefly mentioned above, and in fact the E ∞ theory is a special case of the spectral theory. This time it consists of replacing the ∞-category sComm with SpComm, the ∞-category of commutative ring spectra. This is a generalization of E ∞ -algebra geometry, which is recovered as spectral schemes over Spec HZ, where HZ is the Eilenberg-McLane ring spectrum. Spectral geometry is mainly developed in [START_REF] Lurie | The "DAG" series. Available at the author home[END_REF] (see also §2.4]), and has found an impressive application to the study of topological modular forms (see [START_REF] Lurie | A survey of elliptic cohomology[END_REF]).

Homotopical algebraic geometry. Homotopical algebraic geometry is the general form of derived algebraic geometry, E ∞ -algebraic geometry and spectral geometry. It is a homotopical version of relative geometry of [Haki], for which affine schemes are in one-to-one correspondence with commutative monoids in a base symmetric monoidal model category (or more generally a symmetric monoidal ∞-category). Most of the basic notions, such schemes, the Zariski, etale or flat topology, Artin stacks . . . have versions in this general setting. This point of view is developed in as well as in , and makes it possible to do geometry in non-additive contexts. Recently, this has lead to a theory of derived logarithmic geometry as exposed in [Schu-Vezz].

Derived analytic geometries. Finally, let us also mention the existence of analytic counter-parts of derived algebraic geometry, but which are out of the scope of this paper. We refer to [START_REF] Lurie | The "DAG" series. Available at the author home[END_REF] in which derived complex analytic geometry is discussed.

The formal geometry of derived stacks

As we have seen any derived scheme X, or more generally derived Artin stack, has a truncation t 0 (X) and a natural morphism j : t 0 (X) -→ X. We have already mentioned that X behaves like a formal thickening of t 0 (X), and in a way the difference between derived algebraic geometry and algebraic geometry is concentrated at the formal level. We explore this furthermore in the present section, by explaining the deep interactions between derived algebraic geometry and formal/infinitesimal geometry.

4.1. Cotangent complexes and obstruction theory. In §3.1 we have seen that any derived scheme X possesses a cotangent complex L X . We will now explain how this notion extends to the more general setting of derived Artin stacks, and how it controls obstruction theory.

Let X be a derived Artin stack. We define its quasi-coherent derived ∞-category L qcoh (X) by integrating all quasi-coherent derived ∞-categories of derived schemes over X. In a formula

L qcoh (X) := lim S∈dSch/X L qcoh (S),
where the limit is taken along the ∞-category of all derived schemes over X. By using descent, we could also restrict to affine derived scheme over X and get an equivalent definition. We define the cotangent complex of X in a similar fashion as for derived schemes. For M ∈ L qcoh (X), with cohomology sheaves concentrated in nonpositive degrees, we set X[M ], the trivial square zero infinitesimal extension of X by M . It is given by the relative spectrum X[M ] := Spec (O X ⊕ M ). The object X[M ] sits naturally under X, by means of the augmentation O X ⊕ M -→ O X . The cotangent complex of X is the object L X ∈ L qcoh (X) such that for all M ∈ L qcoh (X) as above, we have functorial equivalences

M ap X/dSt (X[M ], X) M ap L qcoh (X) (L X , M ).
The existence of such the object L X is a theorem, whose proof can be found in Cor. 2.2.3.3].

Cotangent complexes of derived Artin stacks behave similarly to the case of derived schemes: functoriality and stability by base-change. In particular, for a morphism between derived Artin stacks f : X -→ Y , we define the relative cotangent complex L f ∈ L qcoh (X) has being the cofiber of the morphism f * (L Y ) → L X . The smooth and étale morphisms between derived Artin stacks have similar characterizations using cotangent complexes (see §2.2.5]). A finitely presented morphism f : X → Y between derived Artin stacks is étale if and only if the relative cotangent complex L f vanishes. The same morphism is smooth if and only if the relative cotangent complex L f has positive Tor amplitude.

We note here that cotangent complexes of derived Artin stacks might not be themselves cohomologically concentrated in nonpositive degrees. It is a general fact that if X is a derived n-Artin stack, in the sense of the inductive definition 3.2, then L X is cohomologically concentrated in degree ] -∞, n]. This can be seen inductively by using groupoid presentations as follows. Suppose that X is the quotient of a smooth groupoid in derived (n -1)-Artin stacks X * . We consider the unit section e : X 0 -→ X 1 , as well as the natural morphism X 1 -→ X 0 × X 0 . We get a morphism of quasi-coherent complexes on X 0 L X0 e * (L X0×X0/X0 ) -→ e * (L X1/X0 ), which is the infinitesimal action of X 1 on X 0 . The fiber of this map is π * (L X ), where π :

X 0 -→ |X * |
X is the natural projection. This provides an efficient manner to understand cotangent complexes of derived Artin stack by induction using presentations by quotient by smooth groupoids.

Let Y = Spec A be an affine derived scheme and

M ∈ L qcoh (Y ) L(A) a quasi- coherent complexes cohomologically concentrated in strictly negative degrees. A morphism d : L Y -→ M in L qcoh (Y ) corresponds to a morphism (id, d) : A -→ A ⊕ M of derived rings augmented to A. We let A ⊕ d M [-1]
be the derived ring defined by the following cartesian square in sComm Assume now that X is a derived Artin stack, and consider the following lifting problem. We assume given a morphism f : Y -→ X, and we consider the space of all possible lifts of f to

A ⊕ d M [-1] / / A (id,d) A (id,0) / / A ⊕ M,
Y d [M [-1]] L(f, M, d) := M ap Y /dSt (Y d [M [-1]], X).
The next proposition subsumes the content of the derived algebraic geometry approach to obstruction theory (see §1.4.2]).

Proposition 4.1. With the above notations there is a

canonical element o(f, M, d) ∈ Ext 0 (f * (L X ), M ) such that o(f, M, d) = 0 if and only if L(f, M, d) is non-empty. Moreover, if o(f, M, d) = 0 then the simplicial set L(f, M, d) is a torsor over the simplicial abelian group M ap L qcoh (Y ) (f * (L X ), M [-1]).
A key feature of derived algebraic geometry is that the element o(f, M, d) is functorial in X and in M . It can also be generalized to the case where Y is no more affine and is itself a derived Artin stack.

The proposition 4.1 is an extremely efficient tool to understand the decomposition of the mapping spaces between derived schemes and derived Artin stacks obtained by Postnikov decomposition. For this, let X and Y be derived Artin stacks, and let t ≤n (X) and t ≤n (Y ) be their Postnikov truncations. It can be shown that for each n the natural morphism t ≤n (X) -→ t ≤n+1 (X) is of the form

t ≤n (X) -→ t ≤n (X) d [π n+1 (X)[n + 1]],
for some map d : L t ≤n (X) -→ π n+1 (X)[n + 2] (so here M = π n+1 (X)[n + 2]). From this we deduce the shape of the fibers of the morphism of spaces

M ap dSt (t ≤n+1 (X), Y ) -→ M ap dSt (t ≤n (X), Y ). For each f : t ≤n (X) -→ Y , there is an obstruction element o(f, n) ∈ Ext n+2 (f * (L Y ), π n+1 (X)),
vanishing precisely when f lifts to a morphism from the next stage of the Postnikov tower t ≤n+1 (X). Moreover, when such a lift exists, the space of all lifts is, noncanonically, equivalent to M ap(f * (L Y ), π n+1 (X)[n + 1]). In particular, if non-empty, the equivalence classes of lifts are in one-to-one correspondence with

Ext n+1 (f * (L Y ), π n+1 (X)).
One immediate consequence is the following co-connectivity statement: any ntruncated derived Artin stack X such that X = t ≤n (X) has the property that for any derived m-Artin stack Y (see definition 3.2), M ap dSt (X, Y ) is an (n + m)truncated simplicial set. 4.2. The idea of formal descent. Because the ∞-category dSt of derived stacks is an ∞-topos, all the epimorphisms between derived stacks are effective (see Thm. 4.9.2 (3)]). One instance of this fact is that for a smooth and surjective morphism of derived schemes (more generally of derived Artin stacks) f : X -→ Y , the object Y ∈ dSt can be recovered by the following formula

Y |N (f )|,
where N (f ) is the nerve of the morphism f , that is the simplicial object

[n] → X × Y X × Y • • • × Y X, and |N (f )| is the colimit of the simplicial object N (f ).
Derived algebraic geometry proposes another form of the descent property in a rather unusual context, namely when f is now a closed immersion of schemes. This descent for closed immersions goes back to some fundamental results of Carlsson concerning completions in stable homotopy theory (see [Carl]) and is more subtle than the smooth descent just mentioned. It is however an extremely nice and characteristic property of derived algebraic geometry which do not have any underived counterpart.

We let f : X -→ Y be a closed immersion of locally noetherian (underived) schemes. We let ŶX be the formal completion of Y along X. From the functorial point of view it is defined as the ∞-functor on the ∞-category of derived rings as follows. For a derived ring R we let R red := π 0 (R) red , the reduced ring obtained from π 0 (R). The ∞-functor ŶX is then defined by the formula

ŶX (R) := Y (R) × Y (R red ) X(R red ).
As such, ŶX is a subobject of Y because the morphism X(R red ) -→ Y (R red ) is an injective map of sets. As a stack, ŶX is representable by a formal scheme, namely the formal completion of Y along X.

To the map f , we can form its nerve N (f ). This is the simplicial object in derived schemes obtained by taking the multiple fiber products of X over Y . In degree

n, N (f ) is the n + 1-fold fibered product X × Y X × Y • • • × Y X.
The simplicial diagram of derived schemes N (f ) comes equipped with an augmentation to Y which naturally factors through the subobject ŶX . The following theorem is a direct re-interpretation of [START_REF] Carlsson | Derived completions in stable homotopy theory[END_REF]Thm. 4.4].

Theorem 4.1. The augmentation morphism N (f ) -→ ŶX exhibits ŶX as the colimit of the diagram N (f ) inside the ∞-category of derived schemes: for any derived scheme Z we have an equivalence

M ap dSt ( ŶX , Z) lim [n]∈∆ M ap dSch (N (f ) n , Z).
The above statement possesses a certain number of subtleties. First of all the noetherian hypothesis is necessary, already in the affine case. Another subtle point, which differs from the smooth descent we have mentioned, is that the colimit of N (f ) must be taken inside the ∞-category of derived schemes. The statement is wrong if the same colimit is considered in the ∞-category of derived stacks for a simple reason: it is not true that any morphism S -→ ŶX factors locally for the étale topology through f : X -→ Y . Finally, the possible generalizations of this statement to the setting of derived schemes and derived Artin stacks require some care related to the size of the derived structures sheaves. We refer to [START_REF] Gaitsgory | D Sheaves of categories and the notion of 1-affineness[END_REF]§2.3] for more about formal completions in the general context of derived Artin stacks. On simple but instructing example of theorem 4.1 in action is the case where f is a closed point inside a smooth variety Y over a field k, x : Spec k -→ Y. The nerve of x can be computed using Koszul resolutions obtained from the choice of a system of local parameters at x on Y . This gives

N (x) n Spec A ⊗n , where A = Sym k (V [1]), where V = Ω 1 V,x
is the cotangent space of Y at x. Functions on the colimit of the simplicial derived scheme N (x) is the the limit of the cosimplicial object n → Sym k (V n [1]), which can be identified with Sym k (V ), the completed symmetric algebra of V , or equivalently with the formal local ring O V,x . It is interesting to note here that the limit of the co-simplicial diagram n → Sym k (V n [1]) lies in the wrong quadrant and thus involves a nonconverging spectral sequence a priori. This nonconvergence is responsible for the completion of the symmetric algebra Sym k (V ) as a final result.

The case of a closed point x : Spec k -→ Y , for Y a scheme of finite type over k, possesses also an interpretation in terms of classifying spaces of derived group schemes. This point of view, more topological, makes a clear link between derived algebraic geometry and algebraic topology. The basic observation here is that the nerve N (x) is the nerve of a derived group scheme Ω x Y = k × Y k, called the based derived loop group of Y at x. A reformulation of theorem 4.1 is the existence of an equivalence of formal schemes

B(Ω x Y ) Spf O Y,x = Ŷx ,
or equivalently that Ŷx is a classifying object inside formal schemes for the derived group scheme Ω x Y . This last equivalence should be understood as an geometricoalgebraic version of the well known fact in homotopy theory, recovering a connected component of a topological space Y containing a point x ∈ Y as the classifying space of Ω x Y , the based loop group of Y .

As a final comment, the theorem 4.1 has also a another interpretation in terms of derived de Rham theory of X relative to Y . It is a special case of a more general theorem relating derived de Rham cohomology and algebraic de Rham cohomology in characteristic zero (see [START_REF] Bhatt | Completions and derived de Rham cohomology[END_REF]), which itself possesses p-adic and finite characteristic versions (see [START_REF] Bhatt | p-adic derived de Rham cohomology[END_REF]). 4.3. Tangent dg-lie algebras. We assume now that k is a base commutative ring of characteristic zero, and we work in dSt k , the ∞-category of derived stacks over k. For a derived Artin stack X locally of finite presentation over k, we have seen the existence of a cotangent complex L X/k ∈ L qcoh (X). Because X is locally of finite presentation over k the complex L X/k is perfect and can be safely dualized to another perfect complex T X/k := L ∨ X/k , called the tangent complex. The cotangent complex L X/k controls obstruction theory for X, but we will see now that T X/k comes equipped with an extra structure of a (shifted) Lie algebra over X, which controls, in some sense, the family of all formal completions of X taken at various points. The existence of the Lie structure on T X/k [-1] has been of a folklore idea for a while, with various attempts of construction. As an object in the non-∞ derived category D qcoh (X), and for X a smooth variety, this Lie structure is constructed in [START_REF] Kapranov | Rozansky-Witten invariants via Atiyah classes[END_REF]Thm. 2.6] (see also [Cala-Cald-Tu] for a generalization). More general approaches using derived loop spaces (see our next paragraph §4.4) appear in [BenZ-Nadl]: T X/k [-1] is identified with the Lie algebra of the derived loop stack L(X) -→ X, but assume that the relations between Lie algebras and formal groups extend to the general setting of derived Artin stack (which is today not yet fully established). The very first general complete construction appeared recently in [Henn], following the general strategy of [START_REF] Lurie | Moduli problems for ring spectra[END_REF]. The main result of [Henn] can be subsumed in the following theorem.

Theorem 4.2. With the above conditions and notations, there is a well defined structure of an O X -linear Lie algebra structure on T X/k [-1]. Moreover, any quasicoherent complex M ∈ L qcoh (X) comes equipped with a canonical action of

T X/k [-1].
It is already noted in [Kapr] that the Lie algebra T X/k [-1] is closely related to the geometry of the diagonal map X -→ X × X, but a precise statement would require a further investigation of the formal completions in the setting of derived Artin stacks (see [START_REF] Gaitsgory | D Sheaves of categories and the notion of 1-affineness[END_REF]S 2.3]). However, it is possible to relate T X/k [-1] with the various formal moduli problems represented by X at each of its points. For this, let x : Spec k -→ X be a global point, and let l x := x * (T X/k [-1]), which is a dg-lie algebra over k. By the main theorem of [START_REF] Lurie | Moduli problems for ring spectra[END_REF], l x determines a unique ∞-functor F x : dgart * k -→ S, where dgart * k is the ∞-category of locak augmented commutative dg-algebras over k with finite dimensional total homotopy (also called artinian commutative dg-algebras over k). This ∞-functor possesses several possible descriptions, one of them being very well known involving spaces of Mauer-Cartan elements. For each A ∈ dgart * k let m A be the kernel of the augmentation A -→ k, and let us consider the space M C(l x ⊗ k m A ), of Mauer-Cartan elements in the dg-lie algebra l x ⊗ k m A (see [Hini] for details). One possible definition for

F x is F x (A) = M C(l x ⊗ k m A ).
It can be checked that F x defined as above is equivalent to the formal completion Xx of X at x defined as follows. The ∞-functor Xx simply is the restriction of the derived stack X as an ∞-functor over dgart * k , using x as a base point: for all

A ∈ dgart * k we have Xx (A) := X(A) × X(k) {x}.
The equivalence F x Xx can be interpreted as the statement that the dg-lie algebra l x does control the formal completion of X at x. As l x is the fiber of the sheaf of Lie algebras T X/k [-1], it is reasonable to consider that T X/k [-1] encodes the family of formal completions Xx , which is a family of formal moduli problems parametrized by X. The total space of this family, which is still undefined in general, should of course be the formal completion of X × X along the the diagonal map.

In the same way, for an object M ∈ L qcoh (X), the T X/k [-1]-dg-module structure on M of theorem 4.2 can be restricted at a given global point x : Spec k -→ X. It provides an l x -dg-module structure on the fiber x * (M ), which morally encodes the restriction of M over Xx , the formal completion of X at x.

At a global level, the Lie structure on

T X/k [-1] includes a bracket morphism in L qcoh (X) [-, -] : T X/k [-1] ⊗ O X T X/k [-1] -→ T X/k [-1],
and thus a cohomology class

α X ∈ H 1 (X, L X/k ⊗ O X End(T X/k )).
In the same way, a quasi-coherent module M , together with its

T X/k [-1]-action provides a class α X (M ) ∈ H 1 (X, L X/k ⊗ O X End(M )). It is strongly believed that the class α X (M )
is the Atiyah class of M , though the precise comparison is under investigation and not established yet.

4.4. Derived loop spaces and algebraic de Rham theory. We continue to work over a base commutative ring k of characteristic zero. Let X be a derived Artin stack locally of finite presentation over k. We let S 1 := BZ, the simplicial circle considered as a constant derived stack S 1 ∈ dSt k .

Definition 4.2. The derived loop stack of X (over k) is defined by

LX := RMap(S 1 , X) ∈ dSt k ,
the derived stack of morphisms from S 1 to X.

The derived loop stack LX is an algebraic counter-part of the free loop space appearing in string topology. Intuitively it consists of infinitesimal loops in X and encodes many of the de Rham theory of X, as we will going to explain now.

The constant derived stack S 1 can be written a push-out S 1 * * * * , which implies the following simple formula for the derived loop stack

LX X × X×X X,
from which the following descriptions of derived loop stacks follows.

• If X = Spec A is an affine derived scheme (over k), then so is LX and we have LX Spec (A ⊗ A⊗ k A A). • For any derived scheme X over k the natural base point * ∈ S 1 = BZ provides an affine morphism of derived schemes π : LX -→ X. The affine projection π identifies LX with the relative spectrum of the symmetric algebra Sym O X (L X/k [1]) (see )

LX Spec (Sym O X (L X/k [1])).
• Let X be a (nonderived) Artin stack (e.g. in the sense of [Arti]), considered as an object X ∈ dSt k . Then the truncation t 0 (LX) is the so-called inertia stack of X (also called twisted sectors) which classifies objects endowed with an automorphism. The derived stack LX endows this inertia stack with a canonical derived structure. • For X = BG, for G a smooth group scheme over k, we have

LBG [G/G],
where G acts by conjugation on itself. More generally, for a smooth group scheme G acting on a scheme X, we have

L[X/G] [X ts /G],
where X ts is the derived scheme of fixed points defined as derived fiber product X ts := (X × G) × X×X X.

The first two properties above show that the geometry of the derived loop scheme LX is closely related to differential forms on the derived scheme X. When X is no more a derived scheme but a derived Artin stack, similar relations still hold but these are more subtle. However, using descent for forms (see proposition 5.1) it is possible to see the existence of a natural morphism

H(LX, O LX ) -→ H(X, Sym O X (L X/k [1])) H(X, ⊕ p (∧ p L X/k )[p]).
The interrelations between derived loop stacks and differential forms become even more interesting when LX is considered equipped with the natural action of the group S 1 = BZ coming from the S 1 -action on itself by translation. In order to explain this we first need to remind some equivalences of ∞-categories in the context of mixed and S 1 -equivariants complexes.

It has been known for a while that the homotopy theory of simplicial k-modules endowed with an S 1 -action is equivalent to the homotopy theory of nonpositively graded mixed complexes. This equivalence, suitably generalized, provide an equivalence between the ∞-category of commutative simplicial rings with an S 1 -action, and the ∞-category of nonpositively graded mixed commutative dg-algebras (see ). To be more precise, we let S 1 -sComm k := F un ∞ (BS 1 , sComm k ), the the ∞-category of derived rings over k together with an action of S 1 , where BS 1 is the ∞-category with a unique object and S 1 as its simplicial monoid of endomorphisms. On the other hand, we set k[ ] be the dg-algebra over k generated by a unique element in degree -1 and satisfying 2 = 0. The dg-algebra k[ ] can be identified with the homology algebra of the circle H * (S 1 ) (with the algebra structure induced from the group structure on S 1 ). The category of dg-modules over k[ ] is, by definition and observation, the category of mixed complexes. The category k[ ]-M od comes equipped with a symmetric monoidal structure induced from the natural cocommutative bi-dg-algebra structure on k[ ]. The commutative monoids in k[ ]-M od are called mixed commutative dg-algebras, and consists of a commutative dg-algebra A over k together with a k-derivation : A -→ A[-1] of cohomological degree -1. By localization along the quasi-isomorphisms, the mixed commutative dg-algebras form an ∞-category -cdga k , and we restrict to its full sub-∞-category -cdga ≤0 k ⊂ -cdga k consisting of nonpositively graded objects. The normalization functor, from simplicial modules to nonpositively graded complexes, is shown in to naturally extend to an equivalence of ∞-

categories φ : S 1 -sComm k -cdga ≤0 k .
This equivalence is not a formal result, and is achieved through a long sequence of equivalences between auxiliaries ∞-categories. One possible interpretation of the existence of the equivalence φ is the statement that the Hopf dg-algebra C * (S 1 , k), of chains on S 1 is formal (i.e., quasi-isomorphic to its cohomology). The nonformal nature of the equivalence φ can also be seen in the following result, which is a direct consequence of its existence. Let A ∈ sComm k be a derived ring over k, and denote by A again the commutative dg-algebra obtained out of A by normalization. Then S 1 ⊗ k A defines an object in S 1 -sComm k , where S 1 acts on itself by translation.

The dg-algebra A also possesses a de Rham complex

DR(A/k) = Sym A (L A [1]),
which is an object in -cdga ≤0 k for which the mixed structure is induced by the de Rham differential. Then we have φ(S 1 ⊗ A) DR(A/k), and this follows directly from the existence of φ and the universal properties of the two objects S 1 ⊗ A and DR(A/k). Globally, on a general derived scheme, this result reads as below.

Proposition 4.3. (See ) Let X be a derived scheme over k and LX = RMap dSt k (S 1 , X) its derived loop scheme over k, endowed with its natural action of S 1 . Then there is an equivalence of stacks of mixed commutative dg-algebras over

X φ(O LX ) DR(O X /k), where DR(O X /k) := Sym O X (L X/k [1]
), with the mixed structure induced by the de Rham differential.

When X is no longer a derived scheme but rather a derived Artin stack, the proposition above fails, simply because X → H(LX, O LX ) does not satisfy descent for smooth coverings. However, the equivalence above can be localized on the smooth topology in order to obtain an analogous result for derived Artin stacks, for which the left hand side is replaced by a suitable stackification of the construction X → O LX . In some cases, for instance for smooth Artin stacks with affine diagonal, this stackification can be interpreted using a modified derived loop stack, such as the formal completion of the derived loop stack (see for instance [BenZ-Nadl]). A general corollary of proposition 4.3 is the following, concerning S 1 -invariants functions on derived loop stacks.

Corollary 4.4. Let X be a derived Artin stack over k and LX its derived loop stack over k.

(1) There exists a morphism of complexes of k-modules

φ : H(LX, O LX ) S 1 -→ H Z/2 DR (t 0 (X)/k), where H Z/2
DR (t 0 (X)/k) is the 2-periodic de Rham cohomology of the truncation t 0 (X) of X.

(2) If X is a quasi-compact and quasi-separated derived scheme, then the morphism φ induces an equivalence

φ : H(LX, O LX ) S 1 [β -1 ] H Z/2 DR (t 0 (X)/k).
In the corollary above, the de Rham cohomology H Z/2 DR (t 0 (X)/k) is simply defined by the cohomology of t 0 (X) with coefficients in the 2-periodized algebraic de Rham complex (in the sense of [Hart]). It can also be computed using the (negative) periodic cyclic of the derived stack X. In the second point, we use that k

S 1 k[β],
whith β in degree 2, acts on (homotopy) fixed points of S 1 on any S 1 -equivariant complex.

The above corollary can be used for instance to provide a new interpretation of the Chern character with coefficients in de Rham cohomology. Indeed, for a derived Artin stack X over k, and E a vector bundle on X, or more generally a perfect complex on X, the pull-back π * (E) on the derived loop stack LX possesses a natural automorphism α E , obtained as the monodromy operator along the loops. The formal existence of α E follows from the fact that the projection π : LX -→ X, as morphism in the ∞-category of derived stacks, possesses a self-homotopy given by the evaluation map S 1 × LX -→ X. This self-homotopy induces an automorphism of the pull-back ∞-functor π * .

The automorphism α E is another incarnation of the Atiyah class of E, and its trace T r(α E ), as a function on LE, can be shown to be naturally fixed by the S 1 -action. This S 1 -invariance is an incarnation of the well known cyclic invariance of traces, but its conceptual explanation is a rather deep phenomenon closely related to fully extended 1-dimensional topological field theories in the sense of Lurie (see for details). The trace T r(α E ) therefore provides an element in H(LX, O LX ) S 1 . It is shown in App. B], as least when X is a smooth and quasi-projective k-scheme, that φ(T r(α E )) ∈ H Z/2 DR (X/k) is the Chern character of E in algebraic de Rham cohomology.

The above interpretation of de Rham cohomology classes in terms of S 1 -equivariant functions on the derived loop stack possesses a categorification relating quasicoherent and S 1 -equivariant sheaves on derived loop stacks and D-modules. This relation is again a direct consequence of the proposition 4.3 and can be stated as follows.

Corollary 4.5. Let X be a smooth Artin stack locally of finite presentation over k and LX be its derived loop stack over k.

(1) There exists a natural ∞-functor

φ : L S 1 qcoh (LX) -→ L Z/2 qcoh (D X/k )
where L Z/2 qcoh (D X/k ) is the 2-periodic derived ∞-category of complexes of D X/k -modules with quasi-coherent cohomologies.

(2) If X is moreover a quasi-compact and quasi-separated smooth scheme over k, then the morphism φ induces an equivalence

φ : L S 1 coh (LX)[β -1 ] L Z/2 coh (D X/k ).
In the above corollary L S 1 qcoh (LX) denotes the S 1 -equivariant quasi-coherent derived ∞-category of LX, which can be defined for instance as the ∞-category of S 1 -fixed points of the natural S 1 -action on L qcoh (LX). The symbol L S 1 coh (LX) denotes the full sub-∞-category of L S 1 qcoh (LX) consisting of bounded coherent objects (E with π * (E) coherent on X), and L Z/2 coh (D X/k ) consists of 2-periodic complexes of D X/k -modules with coherent cohomology (as sheaves of D X/k -modules). Finally, L S 1 coh (LX) is an ∞-category which comes naturally enriched over L S 1 coh (k) L perf (k[β]), which allows us to localize along β. We refer to [BenZ-Nadl, Prey] for more details about the objects involved in the corollary 4.5, as well as for possible generalizations and modifications (e.g. for the non-periodic version).

To finish this paragraph, we mention that the interpretation of the Chern character as the trace of the universal automorphism on LX can be also categorified in an interesting manner. We now start with a stack of dg-cateories T over X (see [START_REF] Toën | Derived Azumaya algebras and generators for twisted derived categories[END_REF]), which is a categorification of a quasi-coherent sheaf. The pull-back of T over LX also possesses a universal automorphism α T , which itself has a well-defined trace. This trace is no more a function but rather is a quasi-coherent sheaf on LX, which also turns out to carry a natural S 1 -equivariant structure. It is therefore an object in L S 1 qcoh (LX), and by the corollary 4.5 its image by φ becomes a 2-periodic D X/k -module over X. This D X/k -module must be interpreted as the family of periodic homology of the family T , endowed with a noncommutative version of the Gauss-Manin connection (see ). This is the first step in the general construction of variations of noncommutative Hodge structures in the sense of [Katz-Kont-Pant] and is a far-reaching generalization of the noncommutative Gauss-Manin connection constructed on flat families of algebras in [Tsyg]. In the same way that the Chern character of perfect complexes can be understood using 1-dimensional fully extended TQFT in the sense of Lurie, this noncommutative Gauss-Manin connection, which is a categorification of the Chern character, can be treated using 2-dimensional fully extended TQFT's.

Symplectic, Poisson and Lagrangian structures in the derived setting

At the end of the section §4 we have seen the relations between derived loop stacks and algebraic de Rham theory. We now present further materials about differential forms on derived Artin stacks, and introduce the notion of shifted symplectic structure. We will finish the section by some words concerning the dual notion of shifted Poisson structures, and its possible importance for deformation quantization in the derived setting.

All along this section k will be a noetherian commutative base ring, assumed to be of characteristic zero. 5.1. Forms and closed forms on derived stacks. Let X be a derived Artin stack locally of finite presentation over k. We have seen in §4.1 that X admits a (relative over k) cotangent complex L X/k , which is the derived version of the sheaf of 1-forms. For p ≥ 0, the complex of p-forms on X (relative to k) can be naturally defined as follows A p (X) := H(X, ∧ p O X L X/k ). By definition, for n ∈ Z, a p-form of degree n on X is an element in H n (A p (X)), or equivalently an element in H n (X, ∧ p O X L X/k ). When X is smooth over k, all the perfect complexes ∧ p O X L X/k have nonnegative Tor amplitude, and thus there are no nonzero p-forms of negative degree on X. In a dual manner, if X is an affine derived scheme, then X does not admit any nonzero p-form of positive degree. This is not true anymore without these hypothesis, and in general a given derived Artin stack might have nonzero p-forms of arbitrary degrees.

An important property of forms on derived Artin stacks is the smooth descent property, which is a powerful computational tool as we will see later on with some simple examples. It can be stated as the following proposition.

Proposition 5.1. Let X be a derived Artin stack over k (locally of finite presentation by our assumption), and let X * be a smooth Segal groupoid in derived Artin stack whose quotient |X * | is equivalent to X (see §3.3). Then, for all p ≥ 0, the natural morphism

A p (X) -→ lim [n]∈∆ A p (X n )
is an equivalence (in the ∞-category of complexes).

Here are two typical examples of complexes of forms on some fundamental derived stacks.

Forms on classifying stacks, and on RPerf . We let G be a smooth group scheme over Spec k, and X = BG be its classifying stack. The cotangent complex of X is g ∨ [-1], where g is the Lie algebra of G, considered as a quasi-coherent sheaf on BG by the adjoint representation. We thus have ∧ p O X L X/k Sym p k (g ∨ )[-p], and the complex of p-forms on X is then the cohomology complex H(G, Sym p k (g ∨ ))[-p], of the group scheme G with values in the representation Sym p k (g ∨ ). When G is a reductive group scheme over k, its cohomology vanishes and the complex of pforms reduces to Sym p k (g ∨ ) G [-p], the G-invariant symmetric p-forms on g sitting in cohomological degree p. In other words, when G is reductive, there are no nonzero p-forms of degree n = p on X, and p-forms of degree p are given by Sym p k (g ∨ ). We let X = RPerf be the derived stack of perfect complexes (see theorem 3.1) The cotangent complex L X/k has the following description. There is a universal perfect complex E ∈ L qcoh (X), and we have L X/k End(E)[-1], where End(E) = E ⊗ O X E ∨ is the stack of endomorphisms of E. We obtain the following description of the complex of p-forms on the derived stack RPerf

A p (RPerf ) H(RPerf , Sym O RPerf (End(E)))[-p].
Forms on a derived quotient stack. Let G be a reductive smooth group scheme over k acting on an affine derived scheme Y = Spec A, and let X := [Y /G] be the quotient derived stack. The cotangent complex L X/k , pulled back to Y , is given by the fiber L of the natural morphism ρ : L Y /k -→ O Y ⊗ k g ∨ , dual to the infinitesimal action of G on Y . The group G acts on Y and on the morphism above, and thus on L. The complex of p-forms on X is then given by A p (X) (∧ p L) G . Concretely, the fiber of the morphism ρ can be described as the complex

L Y /k ⊕ (O Y ⊗ k g ∨ [-1])
endowed with a suitable differential coming from the G-action on Y . The complex of p-forms A p (X) can then be described as

A p (X)   i+j=p (∧ i A L A ) ⊗ k Sym j k (g ∨ )[-j]   G ,
again with a suitable differential. We now define closed p-forms on derived Artin stacks. For this we start to treat the affine case and then define the complex of closed p-forms on a derived stack X by taking a limit over all affine derived schemes mapping to X.

Let A be a derived ring over k, and N (A) ∈ cdga ≤0 k be its normalization, which is a nonpositively graded commutative dg-algebra over k. We let A be a cofibrant model for A and we consider Ω 1

A the A -dg-module of Kälher differential over A over k (see e.g. [Behr, Pant-Toën-Vaqu-Vezz]). Note that under the equivalence of ∞-categories L(N (A))

L(A ), the object Ω 1 A can be identified with L A/k , the cotangent complex of A over k. We set Ω i A := ∧ i A Ω 1 A for all i ≥ 0. As for the case of non-dg algebras, there is a de Rham differential dR : Ω i A -→ Ω i+1 A , which is a morphism of complexes of k-modules and satisfies dR 2 = 0. The differential dR is also characterized by the property that it endows Sym A (Ω 1 A [1]) with a structure of a graded mixed commutative dg-algebra, which coincides with the universal derivation A -→ Ω 1

A in degree 1. We define a complex of k-modules A p,cl (A), of closed p-forms over A (relative to k) as follows. The underlying graded k-module is given by

A p,cl (A) := i≥0 Ω p+i A [-i].
The differential D on A p,cl (A) is defined to be the total differential combining the cohomological differential d on Ω i A , and the de Rham differential dR. In formula we have, for an element of degree n,

{ω i } i≥0 ∈ i≥0 (Ω p+i A ) n-i D({ω i }) := {dR(ω i-1 ) + d(ω i )} i≥0 ∈ i≥0 (Ω p+i A ) n-i+1 .
The complex of closed p-forms A p,cl (A) is functorial in A and provides an ∞functor A p,cl from the ∞-category of derived rings over k to the ∞-category dg k of complexes of k-modules. This ∞-functor satisfies étale descent and can then be left Kan extended to all derived stacks (see §2.1.2) A p,cl : dSt op k -→ dg k . For a derived stack X we have by definition A p,cl (X) lim A p (A) A p (X).

Remark 5.1. It is important to note that the morphism above A p,cl (X) -→ A p (X) can have rather complicated fibers, contrary to the intuition that closed forms form a subspace inside the space of all forms. In the derived setting, being closed is no more a property but becomes an extra structure: a given form might be closed in many nonequivalent manners. This degree of freedom will be essential for the general theory, but will also create some technical complications, as the construction a closed form will require in general much more work than constructing its underlying nonclosed form.

Remark 5.2. Another comment concerns the relation between complexes of closed forms and negative cyclic homology of commutative dg-algebra. For a commutative dg-algebra A, we have its complex of negative cyclic homology HC -(A), as well as its part of degre p for the Hodge decomposition HC -(A) (p) (see e.g. [Loda]). The so-called HKR theorem implies that we have a natural equivalence of complexes

A p,cl (A) HC -(A) (p) [-p].
Closed forms on smooth schemes. Let X be a smooth scheme over k of relative dimension d. The complex A p,cl (X) is nothing else than the standard truncated de Rham complex of X, and is given by

A p,cl (X) H(X, Ω p X/k → Ω p+1 X/k → • • • → Ω d X/k ).
In particular, H 0 (A p,cl (X)) is naturally isomorphic to the space of closed p-forms on X in the usual sense. Note also that when X is moreover proper, the morphism A p,cl (X) -→ A p is injective in cohomology because of the degeneration of the Hodge to de Rham spectral sequence. This is a very special behavior of smooth and proper schemes, for which being closed is indeed a well defined property.

Closed forms on classifying stacks. Let G be reductive smooth group scheme over k with Lie algebra g. The complex of closed p-forms on BG can be seen, using for instance the proposition 5.1, to be naturally equivalent to

⊕ i≥0 Sym p+i (g ∨ ) G [-p-2i]
with the zero differential. In particular, any element in Sym p (g ∨ ) G defines a canonical closed p-form of degree p on BG. In this example the projection A p,cl (BG) -→ A p (BG) induces an isomorphism on the p-th cohomology groups: any p-form of degree p on BG is canonically closed. This is again a specific property of classifying stacks of reductive groups.

The canonical closed 2-form of degree 2 on RPerf . Let RPerf be the derived stack of perfect complexes over k (see theorem 3.1). We have seen that its tangent complex T RPerf is given by End(E)[1], the shifted endomorphism dg-algebra of the universal perfect complex E on RPerf . We can therefore define a 2-form of degree 2 on RPerf by considering

T r : End(E)[1] ⊗ End(E)[1] -→ O X [2],
which is, up to a suitable shift, the morphism obtained by taking the trace of the multiplication in End(E).

The above 2-form of degree 2 has a canonical lift to a closed 2-form of degree 2 on RPerf obtained as follows. We consider the Chern character Ch(E) of the universal object, as an object of negative cyclic homology HC - 0 (RPerf ). The part of weight 2 for the Hodge decomposition on HC - 0 (RPerf ) provides a closed 2-form Ch 2 (E) of degree 2 on RPerf . It can be checked that the underlying 2-form of Ch 2 (E) is 1 2 .T r (see [Pant-Toën-Vaqu-Vezz] for details). By letting p = 0 in the definition of closed p-forms we obtain the derived de Rham complex of derived Artin stack. More explicitely, for a derived ring A over k, with normalization N (A) and cofibrant model A , we set A * DR (A) := i≥0 Ω i A [-i], with the exact same differential D = dR + d, sum of the cohomological and de Rham differential. For a derived Artin stack X over k we set

A * DR (X) := lim Spec A→X A * DR (A),
and call it the derived de Rham complex of X over k. It is also the complex of closed 0-forms on X, and we will simply denote by H * DR (X) the cohomology of the complex A * DR (X). There are obvious inclusions of subcomplexes

A p,cl (A)[-p] ⊂ A p-1,cl (A)[-p + 1] ⊂ • • • ⊂ A * DR (A), inducing a tower of morphisms of complexes • • • → A p,cl (X)[-p] → A p-1,cl (X)[-p + 1] → • • • → A 1,cl (X)[-1] → A * DR (X)
, which is an incarnation of the Hodge filtration on de Rham cohomology: the cofiber of each morphism A p,cl (X)[-p] -→ A p-1,cl (X)[-p + 1] is the shifted complex of (p -1)-forms on X, A p-1 (X) [-p + 1].

By combining [Feig-Tysg] and [Good], it can be shown that A * DR (X) does compute the algebraic de Rham cohomology of the truncation t 0 (X).

Proposition 5.2. Let X be a derived Artin stack locally of finite presentation over k.

(1) The natural morphism j : t 0 (X) -→ X induces an equivalence of complexes of k-modules j * : A * DR (X) A * DR (t 0 (X)).

(2) There exists a natural equivalence between A * DR (t 0 (X)) and the algebraic de Rham cohomology complex of X relative to k in the sense of [Hart] (suitably extended to Artin stacks by descent).

The above proposition has the following important consequence. Let ω ∈ H n (A p,cl (X)) be closed p-form of degree n on X. It defines a class in the derived de Rham cohomology [ω] ∈ H n+p DR (X). Corollary 5.3. With the above notations and under the condition that k is a field, we have [ω] = 0 as soon as n < 0.

The above corollary follows from the proposition 5.2 together with the canonical resolution of singularities and the proper descent for algebraic de Rham cohomology. Indeed, proposition 5.2 implies that we can admit that t 0 (X) = X. By the canonical resolution of singularities and proper descent we can check that the natural morphism H * DR (X) -→ H * ,naive DR (X) is injective, where H * ,naive DR (X) denotes the hyper-cohomology of X with coefficients in the naive de Rham complex

H * ,naive DR (X) := H(X, O X / / Ω 1 X / / . . . / / Ω d X / / . . . ).
But by definition the image of [ω] is clearly zero in H n+p,naive DR (X) when n < 0. A consequence of corollary 5.3 is that any closed p-form ω of degree n < 0 is exact: it lies in the image of the natural morphism dR : A ≤p-1 DR (X)[p-1] -→ A p,cl (X), where A ≤p-1 DR (X) is the (p -1)-truncated derived de Rham complex defined a the cofiber of A p,cl (X)[-p] -→ A * DR (X). This has many important implications, because in general a closed p-form involves an infinite number of data (because of the infinite product appearing in the definition of A p,cl (X)), but cocycles in A ≤p-1 DR (X) only involve a finite number of data. Closed p-forms of negative degrees are somehow easier to understand that their positive degree counterpart. As an example, we quote the Darboux lemma in for shifted symplectic structures of negative shifts (see [Brav-Buss-Joyc, Boua-Groj]). 5.2. Symplectic and Lagrangian structures. We now arrive at the central notion of shifted symplectic and Lagrangian structures. We start with the following key definition. Definition 5.4. Let X be a derived Artin stack locally of finite presentation over k and n ∈ Z.

• An n-shifted symplectic structure on X is the datum of a closed 2-form ω of degree n, such that the underlying 2-form on X is nondegenerate: the adjoint morphism

Θ ω : T X/k -→ L X/k [n]
is an equivalence in L qcoh (X).

• Let ω be an n-shifted symplectic structure on X, and let Y be another derived Artin stack together with a morphism f : Y -→ X. A Lagrangian structure on f consists of a homotopy h : f * (ω) ∼ 0 in the complex A p,cl (Y ), such that the induced morphism

Θ ω,h : T Y /k -→ L Y /X [n -1] is an equivalence in L qcoh (Y ).
Some comments about the above definition. By definition ω is an element in H n (A p,cl (X)). The morphism Θ ω is defined by considering the image of ω in

H n (A p (X)) H n (X, ∧ 2 O X L X/k ) = [O X , (∧ 2 O X L X/k )[n]], which by duality provide a morphism Θ ω : T X/k -→ L X/k [n].
In the same way, the morphism Θ h,ω is defined as follows. The homotopy h provides a homotopy in A p (Y ), which is a homotopy to zero of the following composition in L qcoh (Y )

T Y /k / / f * (T X/k ) f * (Θω) / / f * (L X/k )[n] / / L Y /k [n].
This homotopy to zero defines a unique morphism in

L qcoh (Y ) from T Y /k to the fiber of f * (L X/k )[n] -→ L Y /k [n], which is L Y /X [n -1].
Remark 5.3. A trivial, but conceptually important remark, communicated to me by D. Calaque, is that the notion of a Lagrangian structure is a generalization of the notion of shifted symplectic structure. To see this we let * = Spec k be endowed with the zero (n + 1)-shifted symplectic structure. Then an n-shifted symplectic structure on X simply is a Lagrangian structure on the natural morphism X -→ Spec k.

Before stating the main existence results for shifted symplectic and Lagrangian structures, we present some more elementary properties as well as some relations with standard notions of symplectic geometry such Hamiltonian action and symplectic reduction.

Shifted symplectic structures and amplitude. Let X be a derived Artin stack locally of finite presentation over k. Unless in the situation where X is étale over Spec k, that is L X/k 0, there can be at most one integer n such that X admits an nshifted symplectic structure. Indeed, because X is locally of finite presentation over k the tangent complex T X/k is perfect of some bounded amplitude, and therefore cannot be equivalent in L qcoh (X) to a nontrivial shift of itself.

From a general point of view, if X is a derived scheme, or more generally a derived Deligne-Mumford stack, then X can only admit nonpositively shifted symplectic structure because T X/k is in this case of nonnegative amplitude. Dually, if X is a smooth Artin stack over k its tangent complex T X/k has nonpositive amplitude and thus X can only carry nonnegatively shifted symplectic structures. In particular, a smooth Deligne-Mumford can only admit 0-shifted symplectic structures, and these are nothing else than the usual symplectic structures.

Shifted symplectic structures on BG and on RPerf . Let G be a reductive smooth group scheme over k. In our last paragraph §5.1 we have already computed the complex of closed 2-forms on BG. We deduce from this that 2-shifted symplectic structures on BG are one to one correspondence with nondegenerate G-invariant scalar products on g.

As for the derived stack of perfect complexes RPerf , we have seen the existence of canonical closed 2-form of degree 2 whose underlying 2-form is the trace map 1 2 .T r :

End(E)[1] ⊗ End(E)[1] -→ O X [2].
The trace morphism is clearly nondegenerate, as this can be checked at closed points, and for which this reduces to the well-known fact that (A, B) → T r(A.B) is a nondegenerate pairing on the space of (graded) matrices.

Lagrangian intersections. Let X be a derived Artin stack locally of finite presentation over k and ω an n-shifted symplectic structure on X. Let Y -→ X and Z -→ X be two morphisms of derived Artin stacks with Lagrangian structures.

Then the fibered product derived stack Y × X Z carries a canonical (n -1)-shifted symplectic structure. The closed 2-form of degree n-1 on Y × X Z is simply obtained by pulling-back ω to Y × X Z, which by construction comes with two homotopies to zero coming from the two Lagrangian structures. These two homotopies combine to a self-homotopy of 0 in A 2,cl (Y × X Z)[n], which is nothing else than a well defined element in H n-1 (A 2,cl (Y × X Z)). This closed 2-form of degree (n -1) on Y × X Z can then be checked to be nondegenerate by a direct diagram chase using the nondegeneracy property of Lagrangian structures. We refer to [Pant-Toën-Vaqu-Vezz] for more details. The above applies in particular when X is a smooth scheme and is symplectic in the usual sense, and Y and Z are two smooth subschemes of X which are Lagrangian in X in the standard sense. Then the derived scheme Y × X Z carries a canonical (-1)-shifted symplectic structure. This has strong consequences for the singularities and the local structure of Y × X Z. For instance, it is shown in [Brav-Buss-Joyc, Boua-Groj] that locally for the Zariski topology Y × X Z is the derived critical locus (see below) of a function on a smooth scheme.

Shifted cotangent stacks and derived critical loci. Let X be a derived Artin stack locally of finite presentation over k. For n ∈ Z we consider the shifted tangent complex T X/k [-n] as well the corresponding linear derived stack (see §3.3)

T * X[n] = Spec (Sym O X (T X/k [-n])) = V(T X/k [-n]) -→ X.
The derived stack T * X[n] is called the n-shifted cotangent stack of X. In the same way that total cotangent space of smooth schemes carries a canonical symplectic structure, the shifted cotangent stack T * X[n] does carry a canonical n-shifted symplectic structure (see [Pant-Toën-Vaqu-Vezz]). Moreover, a closed 1-form of degree n on X defines a section X -→ T * X[n] which comes equiped with a natural Lagrangian structure. In particular, if f ∈ H n (X, O X ) is a function of degree n on X, its differential dR(f ) defines a morphism X -→ T * X[n] together with a Lagrangian structure. The derived critical locus of the function f is defined to be the intersection of dR(f ) with the zero section

RCrit(f ) := X × 0,T * X[n],dR(f ) X.
By what we have just seen it comes equiped with a canonical (n -1)-shifted symplectic structure. We note that when f = 0 then RCrit(f ) T * X[n -1] with its canonical (n -1)-shifted symplectic structure. In general, RCrit(f ) is a perturbation of T * X[n -1] obtained using the function f .

The case n = 0 and X = Spec A a smooth affine scheme has the following explicit description. The derived critical locus RCrit(f ) can then be written as Spec B, where B can be explicitly represented by the following commutative dg-algebra. As a commutative graded algebra B is Sym A (T A/k [1]), where the differential is the contraction with the 1-form dR(f ). For instance π 0 (B) is the Jacobian ring of A with respect to f . Hamiltonian actions and symplectic reduction. Shifted symplectic and Lagrangian structures in degree 0 and 1 can also be used to interpret and extend the notion of Hamiltonian action and of symplectic reduction. Let X be a smooth scheme over k (assume k is a field, but this is not strictly necessary), equipped with a symplectic structure ω. Let G be a reductive smooth group scheme over k acting on X and preserving the form ω. We assume that the action is Hamiltonian in the sense that there is a moment map φ : X -→ g ∨ , which is a G-equivariant morphism and which is such that ω produces an isomorphism of complexes of vector bundles on X

O X ⊗ k g a / / id T X/k φ / / Θω O X ⊗ k g ∨ id O X ⊗ k g φ / / L X/k a / / O X ⊗ k g ∨ ,
where a is the morphism induced by the infinitesimal action of G on X.

As explained in [Cala, §2.2] (see also [Safr]), the moment map φ induces a morphism of quotient stacks

φ : [X/G] -→ [g ∨ /G] T * BG[1],
which comes equipped with a canonical Lagrangian structure, with respect to the standard 1-shifted symplectic structure η on T * BG[1]. In the same way, if λ ∈ g ∨ with stabilizer G λ , the natural inclusion BG λ → [g ∨ /G] is again equipped with a canonical Lagrangian structure (for instance because the inclusion of the orbit G.λ ⊂ g ∨ is a moment map for G.λ, see [Cala]). As a consequence, the derived stack

[X × g ∨ {λ}/G λ ] [X/G] × [g ∨ /G
] BG λ is a fibered product of morphisms with Lagrangian structures and thus comes equipped with a canonical 0-shifted symplectic structure (see also [Pech] for a more direct proof of this fact). The new feature here is that λ does not need to be a regular value of the moment map φ for this to hold. When λ is a regular value the derived stack [X × g ∨ {λ}/G λ ] is a smooth Deligne-Mumford stack and is the standard symplectic reduction of X by G. For nonregular values λ the derived stack [X × g ∨ {λ}/G λ ] is a nonsmooth derived Artin stack.

The above interpretation of Hamiltonian actions in terms of Lagrangian structures also has a version in the so-called quasi-Hamiltonian setting (see [Alex-Malk-Mein]), for which T * BG[1] is replaced by L(BG) [G/G]. The derived stack [G/G] carries a 1-shifted symplectic structure as soon as a nondegenerate G-invariant scalar product has been chosen on g (this follows from theorem 5.4 for M = S 1 ). The quasi-Hamiltonian structures are G-equivariant morphisms X -→ G for which the induced morphism [X/G] -→ [G/G] is equipped with a natural Lagrangian structure. The quasi-Hamiltonian reduction can then still be interpreted as a fibered product of Lagrangian morphisms (see [Cala, Safr] for more details). 5.3. Existence results. We arrive at the main existence result of shifted symplectic and Lagrangian structures. We will start by stating the existence of shifted symplectic structures on derived stacks of maps from an oriented source to a shifted symplectic target. This result can be seen as a finite dimensional and purely algebraic version of the so-called AKZS formalism of [Alex-Kont-Schw-Zabo]. We will then discuss the possible generalizations and variations in order to include boundary conditions as well as noncommutative objects.

We let X ∈ dSt k be a derived stack, possibly not represented by a derived Artin stack. We say that X is oriented of dimension d if there exists a morphism of complexes of k-modules

or : H(X, O X ) -→ k[-d],
which makes Poincaré duality to hold in the stable ∞-category L perf (X) of perfect complexes on X (see [Pant-Toën-Vaqu-Vezz] for details). More precisely, we ask that for all perfect complex E on X the complex H(X, E) is a perfect complex of k-modules. Moreover, the morphism or is asked to produce a nondegenerate pairing of degree -d

H(X, E) ⊗ k H(X, E ∨ ) / / H(X, E ⊗ k E ∨ ) T r / / H(X, O X ) or / / k[-d].
The equivalence induced by the above pairing H(X, E) H(X, E ∨ ) ∨ [-d] is a version of Poincaré duality for perfect complexes on X.

There are several examples of oriented objects X, coming from different origin. Here are the three most important examples.

• A smooth and proper scheme X of relative dimension d over k, together with a choice of a Calabi-Yau structure ω X/k O X is canonically an oriented object of dimension d as above. The canonical orientation is given by Serre

duality H 0 (X, O X ) H d (X, O X ) ∨ , the image of 1 ∈ H 0 (X, O X ) provides an orientation or : H(X, O X ) -→ k[-d].
• Let X be a smooth and proper scheme of relative dimension d over k, and let X DR be its relative de Rham object over k (see e.g. [START_REF] Simpson | Algebraic aspects of higher non-abelian Hodge theory[END_REF]).

The cohomology H(X DR , O X DR ) simply is alegbraic de Rham cohomology of X relative to k. The trace morphism of Grothendieck provides a morphism In a nutshell the proof of the above theorem follows the following lines. There is a diagram of derived Artin stacks

H d (X, Ω d X/k ) = H 2d DR (X/k) -→ k,
RMap(X, Y ) X × RMap(X, Y ) ev / / p o o Y,
where ev is the evaluation morphism and p the natural projection. If ω denotes the n-shifted symplectic form on Y , the (n -d)-shifted symplectic structure on RMap(X, Y ) is morally defined as

or ev * (ω),
where the integration is made using the orientation or on X. The heart of the argument is to make sense rigorously of the formula above, for which we refer to [Pant- Toën-Vaqu-Vezz].

Examples of shifted symplectic structures from the theorem 4.2. The above theorem, combined with the list of examples of oriented objects given before together with some of the already mentioned examples of shifted symplectic structures (on BG, on RPerf . . . ) provide an enormous number of new instances of shifted symplectic derived Artin stacks. The most fundamental examples are the following, for which G stands for a reductive smooth group scheme over k with a chosen G-invariant scalar product on g.

(1) Let X be a smooth and proper scheme of relative dimension d over k together with an isomorphism ω X/k O X . Then the derived moduli stack of G-bundles, Bun G (X) := RMap(X, BG) is equipped with a canonical (2 -d)-shifted symplectic structure.

(2) Let X be a smooth and proper scheme over k of relative dimension d.

Then the derived moduli stack of G-bundles equipped with flat connexions, Loc DR (X, G) := RMap(X DR , BG), carries a canonical (2 -2d)-shifted symplectic structure. (3) Let M be a compact oriented topological manifold of dimension d. The derived moduli stack Bun G (M ) := RMap(M, BG), of G-local systems on M , is equipped with a canonical (2 -d)-shifted symplectic structure.

When the orientation dimension is d = 2 the resulting shifted symplectic structures of the above three examples are 0-shifted. In these case, the smooth part of the moduli stack recovers some of well known symplectic structures on the moduli space of bundles on K3 surfaces, on the moduli space of linear representations of the fundamental group of a compact Riemann surface . . . . Remark 5.5. In the examples 1 -3 above we could have replaced BG by RPerf with its canonical 2-shifted symplectic structure. Chosing a faithful linear representation G → GL n , produces a morphism ρ : BG -→ RPerf , where a vector bundle is considered as a perfect complex concentrated in degree 0. The shifted symplectic structures on RMap(X, BG) and RMap(X, RPerf ) are then compatible with respect to the morphism ρ, at least if the G-invariant scalar product on g is chosen to be the one induced from the trace morphism on gl n . The theorem 5.4 possesses several generalizations and modifications, among which the most important two are described below. The basic principle here is that any general form of Poincaré duality should induce a nondegenerate pairing of tangent complexes and must be interpreted as some shifted symplectic or Lagrangian structure. In the two examples above we deal with Poincaré duality with boundary and in the noncommutative setting.

Derived mapping stack with boundary conditions. The theorem 5.4 can be extended to the case where the source X has a boundary as follows (see [Cala] for more details). We let Y be a derived Artin stack with an (n + 1)-shifted symplectic structure, and f : Z -→ Y a morphism of derived Artin stacks with a Lagrangian structure. On the other hand we consider a morphism of derived stacks j : B -→ X as our general source. We assume that j is equipped with a relative orientation of dimension d which by definition consists of a morphism of complexes of k-modules

or : H(X, B, O) -→ k[-d],
where H(X, B, O) is the relative cohomology of the pair (X, B) defined as the fiber of H(X, O X ) -→ H(B, O B ). The orientation or is moreover assumed to be nondegenerate in the following sense. For E a perfect complex on X, we denote by H(X, B, E) the relative cohomology of the pair (X, B) with coefficients in E, defined as the fiber of H(X, E) -→ H(B, E). The trace morphism H(X, E)⊗H(X, E ∨ ) -→ H(X, O X ), together with the orientation or defines a canonical morphism

H(X, E) ⊗ H(X, B, E ∨ ) -→ H(X, B, O) -→ k[-d -1],
and we ask the induced morphism H(X, E) -→ H(X, B, E ∨ ) ∨ [-d] to be an equivalence. We also ask that the induced morphism

H(B, O B )[-1] -→ H(X, B, O) -→ k[-d]
defines an orientation of dimension (d -1) on B. This is the form of relative Poincaré duality for the pair (X, B) with coefficients in perfect complexes. When B = ∅ we recover the notion of orientation on X already discussed for the theorem 5.4.

We denote by RMap(j, f ) the derived stacks of maps from the diagram f : Y -→ Z to the diagram j : B -→ X, which can also be written as a fibered product RMap(j, f ) RMap(B, Y ) × RMap(B,Z) RMap(X, Z). The generalization of theorem 5.4, under the suitable finiteness conditions on B and X is the existence of canonical (n -d + 1)-shifted symplectic structure on RMap(j, f ) as well as a Lagrangian structure on the morphism RMap(X, Y ) -→ RMap(j, f ). The theorem 5.4 is recovered when B = ∅ and Y = * (see remark 5.3). When Y = * but B is not empty, the statement is that the restriction morphism RMap(X, Y ) -→ RMap(B, Y ) is equipped with a Lagrangian structure (with respect to the (n -d + 1)-shifted symplectic structure on RMap(B, Y ) given by theorem 5.4). Another consequence is the existence of compositions of Lagrangian correspondences in the derived setting (see [Cala]).

There are many examples of j : B -→ X with relative orientations. First of all X can be the derived stack obtained from an actual d-dimensional oriented and compact topological manifold with boundary B, for which the orientation H(X, B) -→ k[-d] is given by the integration along the fundamental class in relative homology [X] ∈ H d (X, B). Another example comes from anti-canonical sections. Let X be a smooth and projective scheme of relative dimension d over k and B → X be the derived scheme of zeros of a section s ∈ H(X, ω -1 X/k ) of the anti-canonical sheaf. Then the inclusion j : B -→ X carries a canonical relative orientation of dimension d obtained as follows. There is an exact triangle of quasi-coherent complexes on X, ω which identifies H(X, B, O) with H(X, ω X/k ). Grothendieck trace map furnishes a morphism or : H(X, ω X/k ) -→ k[-d] which is a relative orientation of dimension d for the morphism B → X. An intersecting comment here is that B does not need to be smooth over k, and could be a derived scheme (when s = 0) or a nonreduced scheme.

Non-commutative spaces There are noncommutative versions of the theorem 5.4 concerning the existence of shifted symplectic structures on the derived stack M T of objects in a given dg-category T as introduced in . Let T be a smooth and proper dg-category of k (see [START_REF] Keller | On differential graded categories[END_REF] for the definition). There exists a derived stack M T ∈ dSt k whose points over a derived k-algebra A is the classifying space of perfect T op ⊗ k A-dg-modules. The derived stack M T is not quite a derived Artin stack, but is locally geometric in the sense that it is a countable union of open substacks which are derived Artin stacks (the point here is that these open substacks are derived m-Artin stacks but the integer m is not bounded and varies with the open substack considered).

We assume that T comes equipped with an orientation of dimension d, by which we mean a morphism or : HH (T ) -→ k[-d],

where HH (T ) is the complex of Hochschild homology of T (see [Kell]). The morphism is assumed to be a morphism of mixed complexes, for the natural mixed structure on HH (T ) (see [Kell]), and the trivial mixed structure on k[-d]. We also assume that or is nondegenerate in the sense that for all pair of objects ( Finally, theorem 5.4 also possesses a noncommutative version with boundary conditions as follows. We let f : T -→ T 0 be a dg-functor between nice enough dg-categories over k. We assume given a relative orientation of dimension d on f , that is a morphism of mixed complexes or : HH (f ) -→ k [-d] where HH (f ) is defined as the homotopy fiber of HH (T ) -→ HH (T 0 ). The orientation or is also assumed to satisfy nondegeneracy conditions similar to a relative orientation between derived stacks mentioned before. It can then be proved that the natural morphism M T -→ M T0 comes equipped with a natural Lagrangian structure.

An important example is the following. We assume that T is equipped with an orientation of dimension d, so M T carries a natural (2 -d)-shifted symplectic structure. We let M

(1) T be the derived stack of morphisms in T , which comes equipped with two morphisms

M T × M T M (1) T s,c o o t / / M T ,
where t sends a morphisms in T to its cone, s sends it to its source and c to its target. The correspondence M T can be seen to carry a canonical Lagrangian structure with respect to the (2 -d)-shifted symplectic structure on M 3 T . This Lagrangian structure is itself induced by a natural relative orientation on the dgfunctor (s, t, c) : T (1) -→ T × T × T, where T (1) is the dg-category of morphisms in T . The relevance of this example comes from the fact that the correspondence M

(1)

T induces the multiplication on the so-called Hall algebra of T (see [Kell] for a review). What we are claiming here is that under the assumption that T comes equipped with an orientation of dimension d, M T becomes a monoid in the ∞-category of symplectic correspondences in the sense of [Cala], which can probably also be stated by saying that M T is a symplectic 2-Segal space in the spirit of the higher Segal spaces of [Dyck-Kapr]. The compatibility of the Hall algebra multiplication and the shifted symplectic structure on M T surely is an important phenomenon and will be studied in a different work. 5.4. Polyvectors and shifted Poisson structures. We finish this part by mentioning few words concerning the notion of shifted Poisson structures, dual to that of shifted closed 2-forms, but which is at the moment still under investigation. We present some of the ideas reflecting the present knowledge.

We let X be a derived Artin stack locally of finite presentation over k. For an integer n ∈ Z, the complex of n-shifted polyvector fields on X (relative to k) is the graded complex (i.e. a Z-graded object inside the category of complexes of k-modules)

Pol(X, n) = k∈Z Pol(X, n)(k) := k∈Z H(X, Sym k O X (T X/k [-1 -n])),
where T X/k = L ∨ X/k is the tangent complex of X relative to k. By definition a bivector p of degree n on X is an element p ∈ H -n-2 (X, Pol(X, n)(2)), or equivalently a morphism in L qcoh (X)

p : O X -→ φ (2) n (T X/k )[-n],
where the symbol φ

(2)

n either means ∧ 2 O X if n is even or Sym 2 O X is n is odd. When X is a smooth scheme over k and n = 0, a bi-vector in the sense above simply is a section p ∈ Γ(X, ∧ 2 O X T X/k ), recovering the usual definition. In general, if ω ∈ H n (A 2 ) is a 2-form of degree n on X, and if ω is nondegenerate, then we obtain a bi-vector p(ω) of degree n by duality as follows. We represent the form ω as a morphism T X/k ∧ T X/k -→ O X [n], and we transport this morphism via the equivalence Θ ω : T X/k L X/k [n] in order to get another morphism

(L X/k [n]) ∧ (L X/k [n]) φ (2) n (L X/k )[2n] -→ O X [n],
which by duality provides p ∈ H -n (X, φ

n (T X/k )). The complexes of forms have been shown to carry an important extra structure, namely the de Rham differential. In the same way, the complex Pol(X, n) does carry an extra structure dual to the de Rham differential: the so-called Schouten bracket. Its definition is much harder than the de Rham differential, at least for derived Artin stacks which are not Deligne-Mumford, because polyvectors, contrary to forms (see proposition 5.1), do not satisfy some form of smooth descent (there is not even a well defined pull-back of polyvectors along a smooth morphism). The theory of polyvector possesses a much more global nature than the theory of forms, and at the moment there are no simple construction of the Lie bracket on Pol(X, n) except when X is Deligne-Mumford.

If X = Spec A is an affine derived scheme then Pol(X, n) has the following explicit description. We consider N (A) the normalized commutative dg-algebra associated to A, and let A be a cofibrant model for N (A) as a commutative dg-algebra over k. The A -module of derivations from A to itself is T A /k = Hom(Ω 1 A /k , A ). This A -dg-module is endowed with the standard Lie bracket obtained by taking the (graded) commutator of derivations. This Lie bracket satisfies the standard Libniz rule with respect to the A -dg-module structure on T A /k , making T A into a dg-lie algebroid over A (see [START_REF] Vezzosi | A model structure on relative dg-Lie algebroids[END_REF]). The Lie bracket on T A extends uniquely to the symmetric algebra Pol(X, n) Sym A (T A /k [-1 -n]) as a Lie bracket of cohomological degree -1 -n which is compatible with the multiplicative structure. This results into a graded p n+2 -algebra structure on Pol(X, n), also called an (n + 2)-algebra structure, or (n + 2)-brace algebra structure (see e.g. [START_REF] Kontsevich | Operads and motives in deformation quantization[END_REF][START_REF] Tamarkin | Deformation complex of a d-algebra is a (d+1)-algebra[END_REF]). We will be mainly interested in a part of this structure, namely the structure of graded dg-lie algebra on the complex Pol(X, n)[n + 1] (the graded nature is unconventional here, as the bracket has itself a degree -1: the bracket of two elements of weights p and q is an element of weight p + q -1. In other words, the Lie operad is also considered as an operad in graded complexes in a nontrivial manner).

This local picture can be easily globalized for the étale topology: when X is a derived Deligne-Mumford stack, there is a natural graded dg-lie structure on Pol(X, n)[n + 1]. This is a general fact, for any nice enough derived Artin stack, due to the following result.

Proposition 5.5. Let X be a derived Artin stack X locally of finite presentation over k, and n ∈ Z. We assume that X is of the form [Y /G] for Y a quasi-projective derived scheme and G a reductive smooth group scheme acting on Y . Then the graded complex Pol(X, n)[n + 1] carries a structure of a graded dg-lie algebra.

At the moment the only proof of this result uses a rather involved construction based on ∞-operads (see [START_REF] Toën | Operations on derived moduli spaces of branes[END_REF]). Also, the precise comparison between the graded dg-lie structure obtained in the proposition and the more explicit construction when X is Deligne-Mumford has not been fully established yet. Finally, it is believed that the proposition above remains correct in general, without the strong condition on X of being a quotient of a quasi-projective derived scheme by a reductive group. The situation with dg-lie structure on polyvector fields is thus at the moment not completely satisfactory.

The graded dg-lie structure on Pol(X, n) is a crucial piece of data for the definition of shifted Poisson structures.

Definition 5.6. Let X be a derived Artin stack as in proposition 5.5 and n ∈ Z. The space of n-shifted Poisson structure on X is the simplicial set Pois(X, n) defined by Pois(X, n) := M ap dg-lie gr (k[-1](2), Pol(X, n)[n + 1]), where dg-lie gr denotes the ∞-category of graded dg-lie algebras over k, and k[-1](2) ∈ dg-lie gr is the object k concentrated in cohomological degree 1, with trivial bracket and pure of weight 2.

When X is a smooth scheme over k, then the space Pois(X, 0) can be seen to be discrete and equivalent to the set of Poisson structures on X (relative to k) in the usual sense. Another easy case is for X = BG, for G reductive, as Pol(X, n) Sym k (g[-n]) G with g being of weight 1, and weight considerations show that the the graded dg-lie algebra Pol(X, n)[n+1] must be abelian in this case. In particular, Pol(X, n)[n + 1] is formal as a graded dg-lie algebra. In particular, BG admits nonzero n-shifted Poisson structures only when n = 2. When n = 2 we have moreover π 0 (Pois(X, 2)) Sym 2 k (g) G . We know little general constructions methods for n-shifted Poisson structures. It is believed that the main existence statement for n-shifted symplectic structures (see theorem 5.4) has a version for n-shifted Poisson structures too. Results in that direction, but only at the formal completion of the constant map, are given in [John]. It is also believed that the dual of an n-shifted symplectic structure defines a canonical n-Poisson structures. Though this is clear at the level of forms and bi-vectors, taking into account the property of being closed runs into several technical difficulties. Some nonfunctorial construction can be done locally, for instance using the Darboux theorem for shifted symplectic structure of [Brav-Buss-Joyc, Boua-Groj], but this approach has probably no hope to extend to more general derived Artin stacks. We thus leave the comparison between n-shifted symplectic and Poisson structures as open questions (we strongly believe that the answers to both questions are positive).

Question 5.7. Let X be a derived Artin stack as in the proposition 5.5 so that the space Pois(X, n) is defined. Let Symp(X, n) be the space of n-shifted symplectic structures on X (defined as a full subspace of the Dold-Kan construction applied to A 2,cl (X) [n]).

• Can we define a morphism of spaces Symp(X, n) -→ Pois(X, n) that extends the duality between n-shifted nondegenerate 2-forms and nshifted bi-vectors ?

• Is this morphism inducing an equivalence between Symp(X, n) and the full subspace of Pois(X, n) consisting of nondegenerate n-shifted Poisson structures ?

The general theory of n-shifted Poisson structures has not been developed much and remains to be systematically studied. There is for instance no clear notion at the moment of co-isotropic structures, as well as no clear relations between n-Poisson structures and n-shifted symplectic groupoids. The theory is thus missing some very fundamental notions, one major reason is the inherent complexity of the very definition of the Lie bracket on polyvector fields of proposition 5.5 making all local coordinate type argument useless.

To finish this section, we would like to mention the next step in the general theory of shifted Poisson structures. It is known by [START_REF] Kontsevich | Deformation quantization of algebraic varieties. EuroConférence Moshé Flato[END_REF] that a smooth Poisson algebraic k-variety X admits a canonical quantization by deformation, which is a formal deformation of the category QCoh(X) of quasi-coherent sheaves on X. In the same way, a derived Artin stack X (nice enough) endowed with an n-shifted Poisson structure should be quantified by deformations as follows (the reader will find more details about deformation quantization in the derived setting in [START_REF] Toën | Derived algebraic geometry and deformation quantization[END_REF]).

An n-Poisson structure p on X is by definition a morphism of graded dg-lie algebras, and thus of dg-lie algebras

p : k[-1] -→ Pol(X, n)[n + 1].
We put ourselves in the setting of derived deformation theory of [START_REF] Lurie | Moduli problems for ring spectra[END_REF] (see also [Hini]). The dg-lie algebra k[-1] is the tangent Lie algebra of the formal line Spf k[[t]], and the morphism p therefore represents an element p ∈ F Pol(X,n)[n+1] (k[[t]]), where F g denotes the formal moduli problem associated to the dg-lie algebra g.

We invoke here the higher formality conjecture, which is a today a theorem in many (but not all) cases.

Conjecture 5.8. Let X be a nice enough derived Artin stack over k and n ≥ 0. Then the dg-lie algebra Pol(X, n)[n + 1] is quasi-isomorphic to the dg-lie algebra HH En+1 (X)[n + 1], where HH En+1 stands for the iterated Hochschild cohomology of X.

Somme comments about conjecture 5.8.

• The higher Hochschild cohomology HH En+1 (X) is a global counter-part of the higher Hochschild cohomology of [Pira]. As a complex it is defined to be HH En+1 (X) := End L qcoh (L (n) X) (O X ),

where L (n) (X) := RMap(S n , X) is the higher dimension free loop space of X (suitably completed when n is small). The sheaf O X is considered on L (n) (X) via the natural morphism X -→ L (n) (X) corresponding to constant maps. It is proven in [START_REF] Toën | Operations on derived moduli spaces of branes[END_REF] that HH En+1 (X) endows a natural structure of a E n+2 -algebra, and thus that HH En+1 (X)[n + 1] has a natural dg-lie algebra structure, at last when X is a quotient stack of a derived quasi-projective scheme by a linear group (see [Fran] for the special case of affine derived schemes). • The conjecture 5.8 follows from the main result of [START_REF] Toën | Operations on derived moduli spaces of branes[END_REF] when n > 0 (and X satisfies enough finiteness conditions). When n = 0 and X is a smooth Deligne-Mumford stack the conjecture is a consequence of Kontsevich's formality theorem (see [START_REF] Kontsevich | Deformation quantization of algebraic varieties. EuroConférence Moshé Flato[END_REF]). When X is a derived Deligne-Mumford stack Tamarkin's proof of Kontsevich's formality seems to extend to also provide a positive answer to the conjecture (this is already observed implicitly in [START_REF] Kontsevich | Operads and motives in deformation quantization[END_REF], but has also been explained to me by Calaque). Finally, for n = 0 and X is a derived Artin stack which is not Deligne-Mumford, the conjecture is wide open. • The case n = 1 and X a smooth scheme of the conjecture appears in [Kapu]. The case where X is a smooth affine variety appears implicitly in [START_REF] Kontsevich | Operads and motives in deformation quantization[END_REF] and has been known from experts at least for the case of polynomial algebras. We also refer to [Cala-Will] for related results in the context of commutative dg-algebras. The consequence of the conjecture 5.8 is the existence of deformations quantization of shifted Poisson structures. Indeed, let n ≥ 0 and p an n-shifted Poisson structure on X. By conjecture 5.8 we get out of p a morphism of dg-lie algebras p : k[-1] -→ HH En+1 (X)[n + 1], and thus an element

p ∈ F HH E n+1 (X)[n+1] (k[[t]]).
When n < 0 the same argument provides an element

p ∈ F HH E -n+1 (X)[-n+1] (k[[t 2n ]]),
where t 2n is now a formal variable of cohomological degree 2n.

The element p as above defines quantizations by deformations thanks to the following theorem whose proof will appear elsewhere (we refer to [Fran] for an incarnation of this result in the topological context).

Theorem 5.6. For n ≥ 0, the formal moduli problem F HH E n+1 (X)[n+1] associated dg-lie algebra HH En+1 (X)[n + 1], controls formal deformations of the ∞-category L qcoh (X) considered as an n-fold monoidal stable k-linear ∞-category.

The element p defined above, and the theorem 5.4, defines a formal deformation L qcoh (X, p) of L qcoh (X) as an |n|-fold monoidal ∞-category, which by definition is the deformation quantization of the n-shifted Poisson structure p.

Remark 5.7.

• Theorem 5.6 refers to a rather evolved notion of deformation of n-fold monoidal linear ∞-categories, based on a higher notion of Morita equivalences. In the affine case, this is incarnated by the fact that E n+1algebras must be considered as (n + 1)-categories with a unique object (see e.g. [Fran]). The precise notions and definitions behind theorem 5.6 are out of the scope of this survey.

• When X = BG, for G reductive, and the 2-Poisson structure on X is given by the choice of an element p ∈ Sym 2 (g) G , the deformation quantization L qcoh (X, p) is a formal deformation of the derived ∞-category of representations of G as a 2-fold monoidal ∞-category. This deformation is the quantum group associated to G and the choice of p ∈ Sym 2 (g) G . • The derived mapping stacks X = RMap(M, BG) are often endowed with n-shifted symplectic structures (see theorem 5.4). By 5.7 these are expected to correspond to n-shifted Poisson structures on X, which can be quantified by deformations as explained above. These quantization are very closely related to quantum invariants of M when M is of dimension 3 (e.g. Casson,

or Donaldons-Thomas invariants). In higher dimension the quantization remains more mysterious and will be studied in forthcoming works.

  A diagram of affine derived schemes X / / S Y o o defines, by taking global functions, a corresponding diagram of derived rings A C / / o o B . We consider the derived ring D := A ⊗ L C B ∈ sComm. From the point of view of ∞-categories the derived ring D is the push-out of the diagram A C / / o o B. It can be constructed explicitly by replacing B by a simplicial C-algebra B that is a cellular C-algebra (see [Toën-Vaqu1, §2.1] for the general notion of cellular objects), and then considering the naive levelwise tensor product A ⊗ C B . For instance, when A, B and C are all commutative rings then D is a simplicial commutative ring with the property that π n (D) T or C n (A, B). In general, for a diagram of derived schemes X / / S Y o o

  and Y d [M [-1]] = Spec (A ⊕ d M [-1]) be the corresponding affine derived scheme. It comes equipped with a natural morphism Y -→ Y d [M [-1]], which by definition is the square zero extension of Y by M [-1] twisted by d.

  closed p-forms and p-forms is based on the descent property 5.1. The projection to the first factor i≥0 Ω p+i A [-i] -→ Ω p A provides a morphism of ∞-functors A p,cl -→ A p defined on derived rings over k. For a derived Artin stack X over k, and because of proposition 5.1, we obtain a natural morphism A p,cl (X) lim Spec A→X A p,cl (A) -→ lim Spec A→X

  and thus an orientation or : H(X DR , O X DR ) -→ k[-2d], making X DR into an oriented object of dimension 2d. The fact that this morphism or provides the required duality in L perf (X DR ) is the usual Poincaré duality for flat bundles on X.• Let M be a compact topological manifold with an orientation H d (M, k) -→ k. Considered as a constant derived stack, M , becomes an oriented object of dimension d. The required duality in L perf (M ) is here Poincaré duality for finite dimensional local systems on M .Theorem 5.4. Let X be a derived stack which is an oriented object of dimension d. Let Y be a derived Artin stack locally of finite presentation over k and endowed with an n-shifted symplectic structure. Then, if the derived mapping stack RMap(X, Y ) is a derived Artin stack locally of finite presentation over k, then it carries a canonical (n -d)-shifted symplectic structure.

  a, b) in T , the composite T (a, b) ⊗ T (b, a) -→ HH (T ) -→ k[-d] induces an equivalence T (a, b) T (b, a) ∨ [-d].It can be proved that there exists a canonical (2-d)-shifted symplectic structure on M T . This statement is a noncoommutative analogue of theorem 5.4 as M T should be thought as the noncommutative derived mapping stack from the noncommutative space T to RPerf (according to the general philosophy ofKontsevich and al. that noncommutative spaces are dg-categories). The proof of this noncommutative version is very close to the proof of theorem 5.4 exposed in [Pant-Toën-Vaqu-Vezz], with suitable modification. It essentially consists of defining the shifted symplectic structure by means of the Chern character of the universal object E on M T . The heart of the proof relies on the correct definition of this Chern character as a mixture of the Chern character in noncommutative geometry and the Chern character in derived algebraic geometry in the style of.

  X/k s / / O X / / O B , giving rise to an exact triangle on cohomologies H(X, ω X/k ) / / H(X, O X ) / / H(X, O B ) H(B, O B ),

This is often misleading, as Ho(C) is obtained by localization and is not a category obtained by dividing out the set of maps by a homotopy relation.

Technically speaking we are only considering here (1, ∞)-categories, which is a particular case of the more general notion of a ∞-category that we will not consider in this paper.

From now on we will not refer to the warning 2.4 anymore