domain: sdv chim

text:
Justine Patinª

Claire Castroª

Marja Steenman

Agnès Hivonnaitª

Agnès Carcouët

Arnaud Tessier

Jacques Lebreton

Audrey Bihouée

Audrey Donnart?:"

Hervé Le Marec

Isabelle Baróª

Flavien Charpentier

Mickaël Derangeonª
email: mickael.derangeon@univ-nantes.fr

Gap-134, a Connexin43 activator, prevents age-related development of ventricular fibrosis in ScnSa + I -mice

Keywords:

Gap junction GW788388

Cardiac fibroblasts Down-regulation of Connexin43 (Cx43) has often been associated with the development of cardiac fibrosis. We showed previously that ScnSa heterozygous knockout mice (ScnS a+ 1 -¡, which mimic familial progressive cardiac conduction defect, exhibit an age-dependent decrease of Cx43 expression and phosphorylation concomitantly with activation of TGF-¡3 pathway and fibrosis development in the myocardium between 45 and 60 weeks of age. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Gap-134 prevents Cx43 down-regulation with age and fibrosis development in ScnSa + t-mice.

We observed in 60-week-old ScnSa+I-mouse heart a Cx43 expression and localization remodeling correlated with fibrosis. Chronic administration of a potent and selective gap junction modifier, , between 45 and 60 weeks, increased Cx43 expression and phosphorylation on serine 368 and prevented Cx43 delocalization. Furthermore, we found that Gap-134 prevented fibrosis despite the persistence of the conduction defects and the TGF-¡3 canonical pathway activation.

ln conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the age-dependent decrease of Cx43 expression is involved in the ventricular fibrotic process occurring in ScnSa+I-mice. Finally, our study suggests that gap junction modifier, such as Gap-134, could be an effective anti-fibrotic agent in the context of age-dependent fibrosis in progressive cardiac conduction disease.

l. Introduction

Chronic fibroproliferative diseases have been proposed to contribute to nearly 45% of the mortality in developed countries [1]. Among those, many cardiovascular diseases are associated with the development of excessive cardiac fibrosis, which contributes to their pathophysiological mechanisms [START_REF] Gourdie | Novel therapeutic strategies targeting fibroblasts and fibrosis in heart disease[END_REF]. This is most likely related to the crucial role played by the extracellular matrix in cardiac structure and function. However, despite its significant impact in cardiac diseases, fibrosis has become a focus for therapeutic development only recently [START_REF] Gourdie | Novel therapeutic strategies targeting fibroblasts and fibrosis in heart disease[END_REF]. There is thus a need for identifying novel therapeutic targets.

ln the past, we have shown that the -50% reduction of Naç l.S expression in ScnSa heterozygous knockout (ScnSa+ 1 -) mice, which exhibit conduction defects, is associated with Cx43 expression remodeling and activation of the TGF-ß canonical pathway leading to extensive ventricular fibrosis during ageing [START_REF] Derangeon | Transforming growth factor ~ receptor inhibition prevents ventricular fibrosis in a mouse model of progress ive cardiac conduction disease[END_REF][START_REF] Royer | Mouse model of SCN5A-linked hereditary Lenègre's disease: age-related conduction slowing and myocardial fi. brosis[END_REF][START_REF] Van Veen | Impaired impulse propagation in Scn5a-knockout mice[END_REF]. ln control senescent mice, cardiac interstitial fibrosis onset is also concomitant with Nav 1.5 and Cx43 down-regulation and cellular localization remodeling in ventricles [START_REF] Stein | Dominant arrhythmia vulnerability of the right ventricle in senescent mice[END_REF]. Furthermore, in a heart failure mouse model, structural remodeling was shown to follow electrical remodeling characterized by a -50% decrease of NavlS protein expression and a -70% reduction of Cx43 protein expression and phosphorylation [START_REF] Mueller | Electrical remodelling precedes heart failure in an endothelin-1-induced model of cardiomyopathy[END_REF]. A reduction of Cx43 and NavI.S expression has also been shown to precede fibrosis in a mouse model of cardiac hypertrophy [START_REF] Bierhuizen | ln calcineurin-induced cardiac hypertrophy expression of Navl.5, Cx40 and Cx43 is reduced by different mechanisms[END_REF][START_REF] Fontes | Changes in Cx43 and NaVl.5 expression precede the occurrence of substantial fibrosis in calcineurin-induced murine cardiac hypertrophy[END_REF]. Finally, based on studies performed with young hypertrophie or senescent conditional heterozygous Cx43 knockout (Cx43cre-ERCTJ/fl) mice, Jansen and co-workers proposed that a reduction of Cx43 expression might be the trigger for fibrosis development [10]. However, this might be more complex.

In deed, in a recent articl e, Valls-La call e an d co-w orkers have show n th at th e enh an ce d fibro tic resp ons e seen after an gioten sin II treatm ent in th e sam e m odel of Cx43cre-ERCD /n mi ce, ex press in g 50% of norm al Cx43 content, is in dependent on th is reduction in Cx43 express ion, as it w as not apparent on Cx43+/• mi ce (1 1). On th e contrary , a fu rth er reduction in Cx43 levels after 4-hydr oxytam oxif en admin istration w as ass oci ated with attenuation in collagen deposition in the angiotensin IItreated group. Similarly, permanent coronary artery ligature has been associated with a reduction in scar area in Cx43+/• mice [START_REF] Kanno | Connexin43 as a determinant of myocardial infarct size following coronary occlusion in mice[END_REF]. These studies highlight the need to take into account all the changes expression and roles of Cx43 (hemichannel, phosphorylation, localization etc.), which can differently participate to fibrosis depending on the context.

Recently, we have shown that young sensor'> mice are characterized by a higher Cx43 expression and phosphorylation than wildtype (Wf) mice while, after the age of 45 weeks, Cx43 expression and phosphorylation decrease concomitantly with the activation of the TGFß pathway and fibrosis in both WT and sos«:': mice, although the decrease is larger in ScnSa + 1 -mice [START_REF] Derangeon | Transforming growth factor ~ receptor inhibition prevents ventricular fibrosis in a mouse model of progress ive cardiac conduction disease[END_REF]. These results suggest that connexin 43 dowregulation might play a key role in cardiac fibrosis development in this model.

In this context, the aim of this study was to determine whether preventing Cx43 down-regulation with age prevents fibrosis development in scns«:': mice. For this purpose, we investigated the effects of a chronic treatment with a gap-junction activator, Gap-134, on fibrosis development in ScnSa+ 1 -mice between 45 and 60 weeks of age. Gap-134, also known as (2S, 4R)-l-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, Danegaptide, or ZP1609, is a dipeptide analog of the antiarrhythmic hexapeptide, Rotigaptide. Gap-134 was shown to increase Cx43 coupling [START_REF] Laurent | Effects of chronic gap junction conduction-enhancing antiarrhythmic peptide GAP-134 administration on experimental atrial fibrillation in dogs[END_REF], prevents dephosphorylation of Cx43 [START_REF] Ln. Axelsen | Identification of ischemia-regulated phosphorylation sites in connexin43: a possible target for the antiarrhythmic peptide analogue rotigaptide (ZPl 23)[END_REF] and prevent conduction abnormalities in models of cardiac disease [START_REF] Rossman | The gap junction modifier, GAP-134 [(2S,4R)-1-(2-Aminoacetyl)-4-benzam ido-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), improves conduction and reduces atrial fibrillation/flutter in the canine sterile pericarditis model[END_REF][START_REF] (_ Hennan | GAP-134 ([2S,4R)-1-[2-aminoacetyl]4-Benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid) prevents spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias and reduces infarct size during myocardial ischemia/reperfusi on injury in open-chest dogs[END_REF].

Materials and methods

Ethics statement

Animal experiments were performed in the animal facility of Nantes University Health Research Institute (Unité de Thérapeutique Expérimentale) which has been accredited by the French Ministry of Agriculture. The animal experimental procedures conformed to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals as adopted and promulgated by the US National Institutes of Health (Nili publication No. 86 -23, revised 1985) and to the EU Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. They were approved by the regional ethic committee [CEEA-Pays de la Loire; approvals CEEA-2009-21 (10 January 2010) and 01630-01(14 May 2014)).

Experimental groups & in vivo treatment with Gap-134 and GW788388

Wild-type (WT) and scns«:': mice (Supplementary Fig. 1) used in the present study were littermates (129/Sv genetic background). They were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction as previously described [START_REF] Papadatos | Slowed conducrion and ventricular tachycardia after targeted disruption of the cardiac sodium channel gene Scn5a[END_REF]. At the age of 45 weeks, ScnSa+ 1 -mice (male and female) were randomly assigned to the Gap-134-or the solvent (DMSO)-treated groups. They were chronically treated orally (drinking water) with Gap-134 at 5 mg/kg/day, according to the study of Butera and collaborators [START_REF] Butera | Discovery of (2S,4R)-l-(2-arninoacetyl)-4-benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid hydrochloride (GAP-134)13, an orally active small molecule gap-junction modifier for the treatment of atrial fibrillation[END_REF], or with solvent (DMSO), from the age of 45 weeks to the age of 60 weeks, corresponding to the period of fibrosis development [START_REF] Derangeon | Transforming growth factor ~ receptor inhibition prevents ventricular fibrosis in a mouse model of progress ive cardiac conduction disease[END_REF]. Gap-134 was synthetized by CHEM-Symbiose core facility and dissolved in DMSO. The maximum concentration of DMSO in drinking water was 0.02% in both Gap-134-and DMSO-treated groups. For GW788388, 45week-old ScnSa+I-mice were treated chronically until the age of 60 weeks at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day (in drinking water), as previously described (3). GW788388 was dissolved in DMSO. The maximum concentration of DMSO in drinking water was 0.2% in both GW788388and placebo-treated groups.

Electrocardiography

Mice were anaesthetized for ECG recording with etomidate (25 mg/ kg i.p.). Body temperature was maintained at 37 •c with a heating pad (Harvard Apparatus, USA). Six-lead ECG was recorded with 25-gauge subcutaneous electrodes on a computer through an analog-digital converter (!OX 1.585, EMKA Technologies) for monitoring and off-line analysis (ECG Auto v3.2.0.2, EMKA Technologies). ECG parameters were analyzed on lead I as previously described (4).

Morphological and histological anal yses

Sixty-week-old mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation and lungs, liver, kidneys, and heart were isolated. After excision, the organs were rinsed in phosphate buffered saline and weighted. The hearts were rinsed in saline solution, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, and transverse sectioned at 7-µm intervals. Section were stained with picrosirius red as previously described (3). Sections were mounted in QPath Coverquick 3000 (Labonord SAS, France) and examined with a phase contrast or polarized (to distinguish collagen I from collagen III) light microscope (Nikon Eclipse E-600 microscope with NIS-Elements BR v4.10 Software, Nikon, Japan). Quantitative assessment of fibrosis was determined based upon the extent of patchy and interstitial fibrosis. For each heart, 2 regions (middle and base) were observed and at least 20 pictures were obtained in each region. Automatic analysis (Threshold: Otsu, 65-255; Analyze particles: O-infinity) was performed using lmageJ software 1.45b (NIH Software).

Immunohistochemistry

Sections of hearts were permeabilized (1% TritonX-100) and blocked using 0.1 % bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 1 min and 1 % BSA for 2 h. Slices were incubated with primary antibody targeted against Cx43 (Sigma Aldrich, Ref 6219; 1 :250) overnight. Then, slices were rinsed in 0.025% Triton X-100 and incubated with the ad-hoc secondary horseradish fluorochrome antibody (Alexa Fluor•568; Ref A11061; 1:1000). After a wash in 0.025% TritonX-100 twice, slices were mounted with ProLong• Gold (P36934, Life Technologies). Slices were examined with a fluorescence microscope (Nikon Eclipse E-600 microscope with NIS-Elements BR v4.10 Software, Nikon, Japan). Analysis was performed in subendocardial and subepicardial zones of left ventricular sections using ImageJ software 1.45b (NIH Software).

Ventricular fibroblasts isolation and culture

Ventricular fibroblasts were isolated from 45-week-old wild-type or ScnSa+ 1 -mice, without treatment, by using the classical Langendorff technique. Ten minutes after being heparinized, mice were sacrificed and their heart quickly excised and dropped in a cold perfusion solution containing (in mM): NaCl, 120; KC!, 5.4; MgSO 4 , 2.45; NaH 2 PO 4 , 1.2; HEPES, 1.2; glucose, 5.6; 2,3-butanedione 2-monoxime (BDM), 10; taurine, 5; pH 7.4 with NaOH. After cannulation of the aorta, the heart was perfused for 1 min in a Langendorff system (37 'C) with the same solution supplemented with 1 mM of CaCl2, followed by 5 min of perfusion with a solution without CaClz. Then, the heart was perfused with a low-CaC1 2 solution (12.5 µM) containing 28 U of type 14 protease (Sigma• P5147) and 8500 U of type 2 collagenase (Worthington• LS00477) for 12-16 min. Then the digested heart was cut below the atria, and the ventricles were recovered in the digestion solution and gently triturated. Then a "stop" solution [perfusion solution with 10% of fetal calf serum (FCS) and 12.5 µM of CaClz] was added to digested heart and cardiomyocytes sedimented during 10 min and the supernatant with cardiac fibroblasts was collected in a 50 mL conical tube and cen trifu ged at 500 x g for 10 min at room temperature. After centrifugation, the supernatant was collected and re-centrifuged at 1000 x g for 10 min. The two cell pellets were re-suspended together in 50 mL of DMEM medium (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with 4.5 g/L of o-glucose, 4 mM of L-glutamin, and 1 mM of pyruvate; Gibco• Ref 41966-094) supplemented with 10% of FCS, 1 % of antibiotics (Penicillin, Streptomycin) and 2 mM of glutamin. Then 10 mL of the cell suspension were seeded in 100-mm plastic cell culture dishes (Nunc•, P7741) and incubated at 37 ºC with 5% CO 2 . After 24 h, the cell cultures were washed with 1 x phosphate-buffered saline (PBS Gibco• Ref 14190-094) and fresh supplemented DMEM medium was added. Non-adherent myocytes were removed by changing the culture medium. Every two days, cultures were rinsed once with PBS and fresh medium was added.

7. Tri.ton solubility and western-blot

Protein samples were prepared from the left ventricle free walls and from ventricular fibroblasts at 8 days of culture. After euthanasia, the hearts were quickly removed and tissues were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. Frozen samples and whole cell lysates were homogenized in ice-cold 1% Triton X-100 buffer (in mM: NaCl, 100; Tris-HCl, 50; EGTA, l; Na3VO4, l; NaF, 50; phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1 (Roche Applied Science); and protease inhibitor mixture (Sigma P8640; 1:100); pH 7.4.). Samples were sonicated, and centrifuged at 15,000 x g for 15 min at 4 ºC. The supernatant generated the Triton-soluble fraction (free non-junctional Cx43). The pellet resulting from the centrifugation was mixed with 20% sodium dodeëyl sulfate (SOS) buffer (in mM: Tris-HCl, 200; EDTA, 19.8; pH 6.8) to generate the Triton-insoluble fraction (aggregated junctional Cx43) [START_REF] Bruce | Gap junction remodelling in human heart failure is associated with increased interaction of connexin43 with Z0-1[END_REF]. Protein concentration of both fractions were determined using the Pierce~BCA Protein Assay Kit. For cell lysates, only the supernatant was used. Samples were prepared with 40 µg of total protein, 2 µLof NuPAGE Sample Reducing Agent (Invitrogen), 5 µL of NuPAGE LOS Sample Buffer (Invitrogen) and boiled during 5 min. Samples were run on 10% or 4-15% Mini-PROTEAN• TGX Stain-FreeTM Precast Gels (Bio-rad) and transferred on Trans-Blor= Turbo?' Nitrocellulose Transfer Packs (Bio-rad). Membranes were blocked (using 5% non-fat milk) and incubated with primary antibodies targeted against Cx43 (Sigma Aldrich Ref 6219; 1: 10,000), NP-Cx43 (Invitrogen Ref 138300; 1:500), P-Cx43 Ser368 (Cell Signaling Ref35115; 1:1000), Navl. Then, membranes were incubated with the ad-hoc secondary horseradish peroxidase antibody (sc-2055, se-2054 and sc-2922 Santa Cruz; 1:5000). Incubation was followed by detection using chemiluminescence (Clarity? Western ECL Substrate, Chemíüoc= MP System Bio-rad). Each Western-blot was made in duplicate and quantification was performed with Image Lab> Software (Bio-rad) and normalized to total protein amount (stain-free method) in the corresponding lane. All original western blots from which Figs.

Impedance-based xCELLigence proUferation assay

The xCEWgence system (impedance-based real time cell analyzer -RTCA Roche, ACEA Biosciences lnc.?') was used to study in real time cardiac fibroblast proliferation [START_REF] Xu | SIOOAB inhibits PDGFinduced proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells dependent on the receptor for advanced glycation end-products[END_REF], according to the manufacturer's instructions. At 5 days of culture, cardiac fibroblasts were washed with PBS IX (without calcium and magnesium) and isolated with 2.5% of trypsin-EDTA during 5 min at 37 ºC. One milliliter of culture medium was added to stop the trypsin action and recover the fibroblasts. Then, cardiac fibroblasts number was quantified with Malassez cell. For xCEWgence proliferation assay, the background impedance of culture medium in a E-plate View (ACEA Biosciences ínc.? -16 wells or 96 wells) was measured first with 100 µLof culture medium added to each well. Then fibroblasts were seeded into the E-plate at a density of 5000 cells/well. The plate was set on the RTCA station, in an incubator at 37 ºC (5% COJ. Proliferation was monitored every 15 min for up to 70 h by the RTCA Analyzer, and culture medium was changed every day during the time of the experiment. Data were analyzed with the RTCA Software 1.2.1. and proliferation was quantified between 20 and 25 h.

9. ln vilro treatments of cardiac fibroblasts with GW788388 and Gap-134

For xCEWgence assays, fibroblasts were chronically treated with either GW788388 (20 µM) diluted in DMSO (final concentration of 0.00003% [START_REF] De Vries | Periodontal ligament fibroblasts as a cell model ro study osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva[END_REF]) from the beginning of the xCEWgence experiment (day 5 of culture) or Gap-134 (1 µM) diluted in DMSO (final concentration of 0.0003% [START_REF] I{_ Boengler | The gap junction modifier ZP1609 decreases cardiomyocyte hypercontracture following ischaemia/ reperfusion independent from mitochondrial connexin 43[END_REF]) from the beginning of cell culture (5 days before seeding in e-plates). Fibroblasts treated with, respectively, 0.00003% and 0.0003% of DMSO were used as controls. Each condition was performed in duplicate. For Western-blot, cardiac fibroblasts were chronically treated with Gap-134 from the beginning of cell culture until day 8, when the proteins were isolated.

Statistical analysis

Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Statistical analysis was performed with Prism6 (GraphPad Software, Inc., USA). Statistical significance was determined with Student paired t-test, Mann-Whitney rank sum test and one-or two-way analysis of variance with a Bonferroni post-hoc test for multiple comparisons, when appropriate. A value of p ,;; O.OS was considered significant.

Results

Fibrosis development is associated with Cx43 remodeling

We have previously shown that in sense:': mice, the decrease in Cx43 expression and phosphorylation at the age of 45 weeks, after an initial up-regulation up to 30 weeks of age, precedes fibrosis development between 45 and 60 weeks of age [START_REF] Derangeon | Transforming growth factor ~ receptor inhibition prevents ventricular fibrosis in a mouse model of progress ive cardiac conduction disease[END_REF]. Present results confirm the presence of extensive ventricular fibrosis in 60-week-old sos«:': mice when compared to WT mice (Fig. la). Since fibrosis expands mostly in subendocardium (Fig. 1 a), we investigated Cx43 localization and distribution in subendocardium and subepicardium of the left ventricle. As shown in Fig. lb, 60-week-old WT mice have a higher Cx43 density in subepicardium than in subendocardium. This expression gradient differs from that observed in young WT mice in which Cx43 expression is larger in subendocardium than in subepicardium (Supplementary Fig. 2), as previously shown [START_REF] L{_A_ Yamada | Transmural distribution of connexins in rodent heatts[END_REF]. scns«:': showed the same expression pattern (Fig. le). However, when WT and Scn5a+t-hearts are compared, Cx43 density is lower in both regions in the transgenic animals (Fig. ld). We also observed that Scn5a+t-hearts had smaller Cx43 plaques than WT mice in both areas. However, there was no difference in Cx43 plaques number between sos«:': and WT mice (Fig. ld). As zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) regulates the organization of gap-junction plaques, we also investigated Cx43-ZO-l interaction. Cx43-ZO-1 interaction was almost doubled in Scn5a+t-mice (Supplementary Fig. 3). Since plaques are preferentially localized in the intercalated discs, these results are in favour of a disorganization of the Cx43 at the intercalated disc. In addition, fibrosis development seemed mostly located where Cx43 expression was highly decreased in scns«:": mice.

In order to evaluate the hypothesis that inhibiting the age- .;

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; o.o o.o a: o.o □ Scn5a♦1• DMSO • Scn5a+I-Gap-134
Triton-insoluble fraction dependent decrease of Cx43 expression prevents fibrosis development in ScnSa+t-mice, we chronically treated ScnSa+t-mice with Gap-134, an activator of Cx43 expression and function, at the age of 45 weeks, i.e., when Cx43 expression is similar to the level ofwr mice and fibrosis absent.

Gap-134 treatment prevents the decrease of Cx43 expression and increases phosphorylation on Ser368

We observed no change in body and organ weight or morphological index after a treatment for 15 weeks with Gap-134 (Supplementary Table 1). We investigated the Gap-134 effect on Cx43 expression and phosphorylation in Triton-soluble and -insoluble cardiac fractions. It is admitted that the soluble fraction corresponds to un-aggregated proteins (free Cx43) in cell membranes [START_REF] Laing | Association with Z0-1 correlates with plasma membrane partitioning in truncated Connexin45 mutants[END_REF][START_REF] Wang | Inhibition of glycosylation induces formation of open Connexin-43 cell-to-Cell channels and phosphorylation and Triton x-100 insolubility of Connexin-43[END_REF]. As shown in Fig. 2a, the free-Cx43 fraction density was almost doubled after 15 weeks of treatment. The density of phosphorylated free Cx43 on Ser368 was also highly increased whereas non-phosphorylated (NP) free-Cx43 density was not significantly changed. The Triton-insoluble fraction is supposed to be enriched with Cx43 junctional plaques of the plasma membrane [START_REF] Wang | Inhibition of glycosylation induces formation of open Connexin-43 cell-to-Cell channels and phosphorylation and Triton x-100 insolubility of Connexin-43[END_REF][START_REF] Ls | Biochemical analysis of connexin43 intracellular transport, phosphorylation, and assembly into gap junctional plaques[END_REF]. Unlike the free fraction, density and phosphorylation of aggregated Cx43 did not change (Fig. 2b). Interestingly, the increase of free Cx43 was already observed after only 3 weeks of treatment without any change of Ser368 phosphorylation (Supplementary Figs. 4 and5). Finally, we investigated the Cx43 distribution in subendocardial and subepicardial areas of DMSO-or Gap-134-treated scnsar>: hearts. As shown in Fig. 2c, Gap-134 treatment increased the Cx43 density and the plaques average size but did not change the number of plaques in the subendocardium. On the other hand, Gap-134 treatment had no effect in the subepicardium. Altogether, these results suggest that Gap-134 treatment significantly increased total Cx43 expression, preferentially as free proteins, with a major increase of the phosphorylated un-aggregated Cx43 form and, possibly, a normalization of Cx43 plaques in the subendocardium only.

Gap-134 modifies Navl.5 localization

As Cx43 plaques and Navl.5 interact in the perinexus area of the intercalated discs [START_REF] Rhett | Cx43 associates with nav 1.5 in the cardiomyocyte perinexus[END_REF], we also investigated Gap-134 effects on Nav 1.5 in both Triton-soluble and -ínsoluble fractions. Naç l.S density increased in the Triton-insoluble fraction only, in the Gap-134-treated group compared to the DMSO-treated group (Fig. 3a). These results suggest that Gap-134 affects the Navl.5 multi-protein complex located close to junctional plaques of Cx43.

However, these effects were not associated with a significant impact on ventricular conduction. Indeed, we investigated the cardiac conduction after 15 weeks of treatment with Gap-134 in sos«:': mice at the ECG level (Supplementary Table 2). As shown in Fig. 3b,c, Gap-134 treatment did not improve ventricular conduction. The same absence of effect on conduction was observed after an acute application of Gap-134 for 20 min (Supplementary Fig. 4c) or a treatment for 3 weeks (Supplementary Fig. fibrillogenesis of collagen I [START_REF] Liu | Type Ill collagen is crucial for collagen I fibrillogenesis and for normal cardiovascular development[END_REF]. Accretion of both collagens I and m in the cardiac tissue at high level is pathological. As expected, a major decrease of collagen I production was observed in Gap-134-treated mice (Fig. 4b). Collagen III production was also reduced, though not quite significantly. Thus, these results show that Gap-134 prevents fibrosis development in sos«:': mice. ... ,;

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Gap-134 prevents fibrosis independently of the TGF-ß canonical pathway

We showed previously that fibrosis development in Scn5a+ 1 -mice involves the activation of the TGF-ß/Smad-2 canonical pathway [START_REF] Derangeon | Transforming growth factor ~ receptor inhibition prevents ventricular fibrosis in a mouse model of progress ive cardiac conduction disease[END_REF]. ln the same study, we showed that inhibition of TGF-ßl receptors with GW788388 prevents fibrosis development and Cx43 expression decrease. To determine the involvement of this pathway in the Gap-134 effects on fibrosis, we investigated TGF-ß and Smad2 expression and activity after Gap-134 treatment. As shown in Fig. Sa, treatment during 15 weeks with Gap-134 did not change either TGF-ß and Smad-2 expression or Smad-2 phosphorylation when compared to the vehicletreated group. Gap-134 also did not alter the expression ofCTGF, which we had shown to be overexpressed in Scn5a + 1 • mice compared to WT mice in our previous study [START_REF] Derangeon | Transforming growth factor ~ receptor inhibition prevents ventricular fibrosis in a mouse model of progress ive cardiac conduction disease[END_REF]. Furthermore, no change of the expression level of MMP2, MMP9 or their inhibitors (TIMPs) was observed after Gap-134 treatment (Supplementary Fig. 6). Unlike GW788388, Gap-134 prevented fibrosis but not by inhibiting the TGF-ß pathway in Scn5a+ 1 • mice. However, inhibition of the TGF-ß pathway had the same effects as Gap-134, i:e., increased density of free-Cx43 fraction as well as Cx43 Ser368 phosphorylation (Fig. Sb). These last results strongly suggest that activation of the TGF-ß pathway reduces Cx43 expression and phosphorylation and alters its localization and that Gap-134 acts on fibrosis, downstream the TGF-ß/Smad-2 canonical pathway, by directly targeting Cx43 expression and phosphorylation.

3. 6. Scn5a + I -mouse cardiac fibroblasts proliferate Jaster than WT fibroblasts, a defect prevented by GW788388 or Gap-134 treatment Cardiac fibroblasts activation is known to modify extracellular matrix and promote fibrosis in various cardiac diseases. This activation is characterized by fibroblasts proliferation, differentiation and an excessive production of collagen type I and III [START_REF] Camelliti | Structural and functional characterisation of cardiac fibroblasts[END_REF]. As shown in Fig. 6a, cardiac fibroblasts from 45-week-old Scn5a + I-mice proliferated faster than fibroblasts from WT mice. To determine the involvement ofTGF-ß and Cx43 in cardiac fibroblast proliferation, these cells were treated by GW788388 or Gap-134. As shown in Fig. ôb-c, whatever the compound, the rate of proliferation of sos«:': mouse fibroblasts decreased significantly and returned to the rate of proliferation of WT fibroblasts. We then investigated if lower Scn5a expression could alter the differentiation potential of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and, if so, whether Gap-134 could have an impact on this process. A shown in Fig. 6d, the expression of differentiation markers (a-SMA and periostio) did not differ between WT and scnsa=': fibroblasts, suggesting that, at least in our experimental conditions, the differentiation capacity of fibroblasts isolated from sense:": mice was not altered. Accordingly, the expression of collagen I was similar in both genotypes. ln addition, the expression ofTGF-ß and CTGF was unchanged in sos«:': fibroblasts compared to WT fibroblasts (Fig. 6e). These results suggest that the lower Scn5a expression has an impact on fibroblast proliferation but not differentiation. Treating the fibroblasts from Scn5a+ 1 -mice with Gap-134 did not modify differentiation properties. ---------------- ln previous studies, we have shown that ScnSa heterozygous knockout mice develop extensive ventricular fibrosis after the activation of TGF-ß canonical pathway at around 45 weeks of age [START_REF] Derangeon | Transforming growth factor ~ receptor inhibition prevents ventricular fibrosis in a mouse model of progress ive cardiac conduction disease[END_REF][START_REF] Royer | Mouse model of SCN5A-linked hereditary Lenègre's disease: age-related conduction slowing and myocardial fi. brosis[END_REF]. We have also shown that Cx43 expression and phosphorylation were higher in 20-30-week-old ScnSa+I-mice than in wild-type littermates, and decreased concomitantly with the activation of TGF-ß pathway and fibrosis onset [START_REF] Derangeon | Transforming growth factor ~ receptor inhibition prevents ventricular fibrosis in a mouse model of progress ive cardiac conduction disease[END_REF], suggesting that Cx43 may be implicated in the fibrosis process in these mice.

ln the present study, we show that (i) 60-week-old ScnSa+ 1 -mice exhibit abnormal cardiac expression and localization of Cx43; (ii) inhibiting the TGF-ß pathway with GW788388 between 45 and 60 weeks of age upregulates Cx43 expression and prevents fibrosis; (iii) increasing Cx43 expression and phosphorylation with a chronic treatment with Gap-134 between 45 and 60 weeks of age prevents fibrosis; (iv) cardiac fibroblasts in 45-week-old scns«:': mice present an abnormal proliferation, prevented by GW788388 and Gap-134 treatments. Altogether, these results highlight the role of Cx43 in fibrosis in ScnSa+I-mice and the anti-fibrotíc potential of Gap-134.

Down-regulation of Cx43 has often been proposed to be involved in the development of fibrosis during senescence [START_REF] Stein | Dominant arrhythmia vulnerability of the right ventricle in senescent mice[END_REF] or in pathological conditions [START_REF] Mueller | Electrical remodelling precedes heart failure in an endothelin-1-induced model of cardiomyopathy[END_REF][START_REF] Bierhuizen | ln calcineurin-induced cardiac hypertrophy expression of Navl.5, Cx40 and Cx43 is reduced by different mechanisms[END_REF]. Indeed, numerous models characterized by the development of ventricular fibrosis also exhibit altered Cx43 expression and/or phosphorylation [START_REF] Fontes | Functional consequences of abnormal Cx43 expression in the heart[END_REF]. In some models, including ours, Cx43 down-regulation was found to precede fibrosis onset [START_REF] Derangeon | Transforming growth factor ~ receptor inhibition prevents ventricular fibrosis in a mouse model of progress ive cardiac conduction disease[END_REF][START_REF] Fontes | Changes in Cx43 and NaVl.5 expression precede the occurrence of substantial fibrosis in calcineurin-induced murine cardiac hypertrophy[END_REF]10] but other studies have denied this role of Cx43 [START_REF] Valls-Lacalle | Opposite effects of moderate and extreme Cx43 deficiency in conditional Cx43-deficient mice on[END_REF][START_REF] Kanno | Connexin43 as a determinant of myocardial infarct size following coronary occlusion in mice[END_REF]. However, preventing fibrosis with inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system Average densities are given as relative to corresponding total lane densities from the stain-free blot of ventricular fibroblasts (8 days of culture) treated with 1 µM of Gap--134 or DMSO from the beginning of cell culture. Ventricular fibroblasts are from 45-week-old sense:": mice or wr mice.

[ [START_REF] De Mello | Chronic blockade of angiotensin li ATl-receptors increased cell-to-cell communication, reduced fibrosis and improved impulse propagation in the failing heart[END_REF][START_REF] Qu | Gap junction remodeling and spironolacrone-dependent reverse remodeling in the hypertr ophied heart[END_REF][START_REF] Stein | Reduction of fibrosis-related arrhythmias by chronic renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors in an aged mouse model[END_REF] or of the TGF-ß receptor has been shown to be associated with a prevention of Cx43 down-regulation [START_REF] Derangeon | Transforming growth factor ~ receptor inhibition prevents ventricular fibrosis in a mouse model of progress ive cardiac conduction disease[END_REF] and dephosphorylation (present study). Altogether, these studies suggest that Cx43 down-regulation is involved in fibrosis development and our study is the first to show that preventing Cx43 down-regulation and dephosphorylation does indeed prevent fibrosis despite the persistence of the primary disease, í.e., conduction defects, and despite the upstream activation of the profíbrotic TGF-ß canonical pathway. How Cx43 dysregulation may trigger fibrosis remains unknown. The present study also shows an increased proliferative activity of fibroblasts isolated from ScnSa+I-mouse ventricles, consistent with an activation of fibroblasts at 45 weeks, but no change in differentiation capacity. The proliferative phenotype of fibroblasts may correspond to a proto-myofibroblast phenotype [START_REF] Tomasek | Myofibrolasts and mechano-regulation of connective tissue remodelling[END_REF], which is consistent with our in vivo studies since at 45 weeks, i:e., at the beginning of tissue remodeling, fibrosis is not yet visible. At this age, the higher cardiac expression of TGF-ß in ScnSa+ 1 -mice is unlikely due to fibroblast activity, based on our in vitro studies, but most likely participates to the activation of fibroblasts. Indeed, we showed that blocking TGF-ß receptors decreases fibroblasts proliferation, which supports the importance of the TGF-ß pathway in this disease [START_REF] Derangeon | Transforming growth factor ~ receptor inhibition prevents ventricular fibrosis in a mouse model of progress ive cardiac conduction disease[END_REF].

Interestingly, fibroblast proliferation was also blocked in the presence ofGap-134, í.e., with Cx43 activation, revealing the potential role of Cx43 in cardiac fibroblast activity. Especially, cardiac fibroblasts can interact with their environment via Cx43 forming hernichannels or gap junctions. Hemichannels in fibroblasts participate to the secretion of factors such as ATP which can activate fibroblasts and recruit inflammatory cells such as monocytes [START_REF] Dewald | CCI.2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-I regulates inflammatory responses critical to healing myocard ial infarcts[END_REF][START_REF] Lu | ATP released from cardiac fibroblasts via connexin hemichannels activares profibrotic P2Y 2 receptors[END_REF]. Interestingly, Gap-134 has been shown to prevent hemi ch ann el opening [START_REF] Butera | Discovery of (2S,4R)-l-(2-arninoacetyl)-4-benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid hydrochloride (GAP-134)13, an orally active small molecule gap-junction modifier for the treatment of atrial fibrillation[END_REF], w hi ch m ay explain , at least par tly, its effect of pro lifera tion.

Fibro blasts also have th e ability to es tablish comm uni ca tion with car di om yocyt es thr ough gap jun ctions in volvin g Cx 43 [START_REF] Kohl | Fibroblast-myocyte connections in the heart[END_REF][START_REF] Ongstad | Fibroblast-myocyte coupling in the heart: potential relevance for therapeutic interventions[END_REF]. Thi s coupling be tw een car di om yocyt es an d fibroblas ts could potentiall y be in volved in th e tri ggerin g of in creased collagen production an d/or stabiliza tion al th ough th e m olecul ar m ech anis m in volved rema ins to be identified.

Furth erm ore, Gap-134 an d GW7 88388, which bo th prevent fibro sis developm en t in Scn5a+I-mice, also increase Cx43 phosphorylation on serine 368. Interestingly, a decrease in Cx43 serine 368 phosphorylation level was proposed to be linked to the development of fibrosis in calcineurin-induced murine cardiac hypertrophy [START_REF] Fontes | Changes in Cx43 and NaVl.5 expression precede the occurrence of substantial fibrosis in calcineurin-induced murine cardiac hypertrophy[END_REF], suggesting that this serine is involved in fibrosis development. Also the increase in Cx43 serine 368 phosphorylation has been shown to prevent hemichannel opening [START_REF] Bao | Mechanism of regulation of the gap junction protein connexin 43 by protein kinase C-mediared phosphorylation[END_REF]. Gap-134 has been shown to have the same effect [START_REF] Butera | Discovery of (2S,4R)-l-(2-arninoacetyl)-4-benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid hydrochloride (GAP-134)13, an orally active small molecule gap-junction modifier for the treatment of atrial fibrillation[END_REF]. As mentioned above, opening of Cx43 hemichannels favors inflammation and fibroblasts activation that may amplify collagen production by cardiac fibroblasts [START_REF] Lu | ATP released from cardiac fibroblasts via connexin hemichannels activates profibrotic P2Y 2 receptors[END_REF]. Thereafter, it will be interesting to distinguish the roles of Cx43 Ser368 phosphorylation induced by Gap-134 on gap junction communication and hemichannel activity. Indeed, concerning gap junction ion permeability, Ser368 phosphorylation has been shown to have complex and contradictory effects leading to either a decrease the gap-junction ion conductance [START_REF] Ek-Vitorin | Selectivity of Cx43 channels is regulated through PKG-dependent phosphorylation[END_REF], or inversely, maintained maintenance of conduction during metabolic stress in cardiomyocyte monolayer [START_REF] Nassal | Phosphorylation at connexin43 serine-368 is necessary for myocardial conduction during metabolic stress[END_REF]. In view of these discrepancies, the functional consequences of Ser 368 phosphorylation remain uncertain in Scn5a+ 1mice.

Rotigaptide and Gap-134 have been shown to increase cell-to-cell electrical coupling in vitro [START_REF] Clarke | The antiarrhytbmic peptide rotigaptide (ZP123) increases gap junction íntercellular communication in cardiac myocytes and Hel.a cells expressing connexin 43[END_REF]. At the atrial level, Rotigaptide has been shown to modestly (10--20%) improve conduction velocity and reduce atrial fibrillation inducibility in various models of atrial disease [START_REF] Rossman | The gap junction modifier, GAP-134 [(2S,4R)-1-(2-Aminoacetyl)-4-benzam ido-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), improves conduction and reduces atrial fibrillation/flutter in the canine sterile pericarditis model[END_REF][START_REF] Guerra | Effects of the gap junction modifier rotigaptide (ZPI 23) on atrial conduction and vulnerability to atrial fibrillation[END_REF][START_REF] Haugan | Rotigaptide (ZP123) improves atrial conduction slowing in chronic volume overload-induced dilated Atria[END_REF]. In our study, Gap-134 did not improve ventricular conduction, as shown by its absence of effect on QRS interval. This is consistent with what has been observed in Cx43 knockout mice. Indeed, heterozygous Cx43 knockout mice exhibit little, if any, reduction of ventricular conduction velocity and reducing Cx43 expression by 90% results in only 50% decrease in conduction velocity [46,471, showing that strong reductions in Cx43 expression are required for affecting conduction velocity. Therefore, the Gap-134-induced up-regulation of Cx43 expression may not be sufficient to improve conduction in the context of a strong reduction of conduction velocity due to Scn5a happlo-insufficiency. Nevertheless, we have previously shown that at the age of 80 weeks, the occurrence of spontaneous ventricular tachyarrhythmias in 50% of the Scn5a+ 1 -mice was correlated with the amount of fibrosis [START_REF] Leoni | Variable Navl.5 protein expression from the wild-type allele correlates with the penerrance of cardiac conduction disease in the Scn5a + /2 mouse model[END_REF]. Therefore, limiting fibrosis with Gap-134 may be beneficial to prevent arrhythmias.

To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the effects of a chronic treatment with Gap-134 on cardiac fibrosis. Rotigaptide and Gap-134 have been shown to prevent impairment of atrial conduction associated with atrial fibrillation [START_REF] Rossman | The gap junction modifier, GAP-134 [(2S,4R)-1-(2-Aminoacetyl)-4-benzam ido-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), improves conduction and reduces atrial fibrillation/flutter in the canine sterile pericarditis model[END_REF][START_REF] Guerra | Effects of the gap junction modifier rotigaptide (ZPI 23) on atrial conduction and vulnerability to atrial fibrillation[END_REF][START_REF] Haugan | Rotigaptide (ZP123) improves atrial conduction slowing in chronic volume overload-induced dilated Atria[END_REF]. In these previous studies, only acute or short-term treatments have been tested. To date, an increase in Cx43 expression has been shown only in culture after 24 h incubation with Gap-134 [START_REF] Stahlhut | The antiarrhythmic peptide rotigaptide (ZPI 23) increases connexin 43 protein expression in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes[END_REF]. In the present study, we observed that chronic exposure to Gap-134 prevented the decrease in Cx43 expression and phosphorylation during ageing and fibrosis development in scnsa=': mice. We propose that this anti-fibrotic effect of Gap-134 is, in part, directly linked to cardiac fibroblast activation blockade. These results not only confirm the Cx43 implication in fi. brotic process in scnsa=": mice but also pave the way to new therapeutic approaches for treating fibrosis related not only to cardiac conduction diseases, but also to other cardiac diseases [START_REF] Fontes | Functional consequences of abnormal Cx43 expression in the heart[END_REF].

In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that a chronic treatment with Gap-134 prevents ventricular fibrosis occurring in Scn5a+/mice after the age of 45 weeks, suggesting that Cx43 activators could be effective as anti-fibrotic agents.

5 (

 5 Cell Signaling Refl4421S; 1:1000), TGF-ß (Cell Signaling Ref 3711S; 1:500), Smad-2 (Millipore Ref 07-408;; 1:1000), P-Smad-2 (Cell Signaling Ref 8828S; 1:1000), CTGF (Santa Cruz Ref 1439 ; 1: 500), a-SMA (Sigma-Aldrich Ref A5228; 1:1000), Periostin (Abeam Ref abl4041; 1: 500), Collagen Type I (Cell Signaling Ref 84336; 1:500), MMP-2 (Santa Cruz Ref sc-13595; 1:1000), MMP-9 (Santa Cruz Ref sc-10737; 1:1000), TIMP-1 (Santa Cruz Ref sc-5538; 1:250), TIMP-2 (Santa Cruz Ref sc-5539; 1:250), TIMP-3 (Santa Cruz Ref sc-30075; 1:250), TIMP-4 (Santa Cruz Ref sc-9375; 1:250) or ZO-1 (Invitrogen Ref 339100; 1 :500).

  2, 3, 5 and supplementary Figs. 1-4 are shown in supplementary Figs. 5-11.

e

  ~ o.o ..... _ .......... _ _._

Fig. l .

 l Fig. l. Fibrosis and alteration of connexin43 (Cx43) localization in 60-week-old ScnSa• 1 -mice. (a) Representative transverse heart sections (left panels; scale bar: 500 µm) stained with picrosirius red from 60 week-old wild-type (Wf) and ScnSa•1-mice. (b) Representative immunostainings ofCx43 in subendocardial (Endo) and subepicardial (Epi) zones of left ventricular sections from 60-week-old WT or ScnSa•1-mice (scale bar: 50 µm). (cl Cx43 density in subendocardial (Endo) and subepicardial (Epi) zones in WT and scns«:': mice (n = 10 and n = 7 for WT and ScnSa•1mice, respectively) Student paired t-test; *: P :S O.OS. (dl Cx43 density, number and average size of Cx43 plaques in ScnSa• 1 -mice compared to WT mice (n = 10 and n = 7 for wr and ScnSa• 1 -mice, respectively). Mann-Whitney rank sum test; •p :S O.OS and ••p :S 0.01.

Fig. 2 .

 2 Fig. 2. Effect of chronic treatment with Gap-134 on ventricular expression, phosphorylation and localization of connexin 43 (Cx43) in ScnSa+I-mice. (a, b) Representative western blots and Cx43, non-phosphorylated Cx43 (NP-Cx43) or phosphorylated Cx43 on Ser368 (P-Cx43 Ser368) average density relative to corresponding total lane densities from the stain-free blot in Triton-soluble (a) and Triton-insoluble (b) fraction of left ventricle from 60-week-old Scn5a+ 1 -mice chronically treated orally with 0.02% DMSO or Gap-134 (5 mg/kg/day) from the age of 45 weeks to the age of 60 weeks. Average values in DMSO-treated group are arbitrarily set at 1 (n = 7 and n = 8 for DMSO-and Gap-134-treated groups, respectively). (c) Representative immunostainings of Cx43 in subendocardial (Endo) and subepicardial (Epi) zones of left ventricle sections from 60-week-old DMSO-or Gap-134-treated seas«:': mice (scale bar: 50 µm) and mean Cx43 density, Cx43 plaques number and average plaque size (n = 7 per group). Mann-Whitney rank sum test •p ,;; O.OS.

Fig. 3 .

 3 Fig. 3. Cardiac conduction after 15 weeks of treatment with Gap-134 in sos«:': mice. (a) Representative western blots and Navl.5 density relative to corresponding total lane density from the stain-free blot in Triton-soluble and Triton-insoluble fractions of left ventricle from in 60-week-old sos«:': mice chronically treated orally with 0.02% DMSO or Gap-134 (5 mg/kg/day) from the age of 45 weeks to the age of 60 weeks. Average values in DMSO-treated group are arbitrarily set at 1 (n = 7 and n = 8 for DMSO-and Gap-134-treated group, respectively). Mann-Whitney rank sum test; •p ,;; 0.05. (b) Representative lead-I ECGs of ScnSa+I-mice before (45-week-old) and after (60-week-old) DMSO-or Gap-134-treatment Scales bars: 0.5 mV and 100 ms. (c) QRS complex duration in 45 and 60-week-old DMSO-(open circles) or Gap-134-(filled circles) treated scnsa":": mice (n = 7 per group). Two-way ANOVA with a Bonferroni post-hoc test.

  Sb

3 . 4 .

 34 Gap-134 treatment prevents fibrosis development in ScnSa + I -mice Nevertheless, Fig. 4ashows that ScnSa+ 1 -mice treated during 15 weeks with Gap-134 did not develop any fibrosis at the age of60 weeks, in contrast to what was observed in vehicle-treated mice. Different types of collagen are implicated in fibrosis, collagen m regulating the 20

Fig. 4 .

 4 Fig. 4. Effect of chronic treatment with Gap-134 on fibrosis development in ScnSa+I-mice. (a) Representative transversal ventricle sections stained with picrosirius red and obtained from 60 week-old ScnSa+I-mice chronically treated orally with 0.02% DMSO or Gap-134 (5 mg/kg/day) from the age of 45 weeks to the age of 60 weeks (scale bar: 500 µm). (b) Left. Representative left ventricle sections stained with picrosirius red (left panels) in phase contrast (top) and polarized light to quantify collagen I (Coll-I, in red ) and Ill (Coll-III, in green; scale bar: 50 µm). Right. Total collagen, collagen I and collagen III (expressed as% collagen per histological section) for DMSO-and Gap-134-treated ScnSa+I-mice (n = 7 per group). Mann-Whitney rank sum test •p s O.OS.

Fig. 5 .

 5 Fig. 5. Effect of chronic treatment with Gap-134 on TGF-ß pathway expression and effect of chronic inhibition ofTGF-ß receptor on connexin 43 (Cx43) expression and phosphorylation in ScnSa + I-mice. (a) Representative western blots and Transforming Growth Factor ß (TGF-ß), phospho-Smad2 (P-Smad2) total Smad2 (n = 6 per group) and Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF; n = 8 per group) density relative to corresponding total lane density from the stain-free blot in Triton-soluble fraction of left ventricle from 60week-old ScnSa+I-mice chronically treated orally with 0.02% DMSO or Gap-134 (5 mg/kg/day) from the age of 45 weeks to the age of 60 weeks. Average values in DMSO-treated group are arbitrarily set at l. (b) Representative western blots and Cx43 non-phosphorylated Cx43 (NP-Cx43) and phosphorylated Cx43 on Ser368 (P-Cx43 Ser368) density relative to corresponding total lane density from the stain-free blot in Triton-soluble fraction of left ventricle from 60-week-old ScnSa+ 1 -mice chronically treated orally with 0.2% DMSO or GW788388 (5 mg/kg/day) from the age of 45 weeks to the age of 60 weeks. Average values in DMSO-treated group are arbitrarily set at 1 (n = 8 and n = 5 for DMSO-and GW788388-treated groups, respectively). Mann-Whitney rank sum test ••p s 0.01 and •••p s 0.001.

  ~, , : ; : : : . ::::==----------.1 ; :-----e ,, =---22--.. ---.. --= .,=---.. ~-----!_ n r-tlnflowl b WT OIISO 0 Scn5a.,_ OMSO O Scn 5a.,_ GW788388 •.. ,$--,----------------

Fig. 6 .

 6 Fig. 6. Increased proliferation rate of cardiac fibroblasts from Scn5a + I-mice, and effect of GW788388 and Gap--134 on proliferation of ScnSa + 1 • cardiac fibroblasts. (a) Representative xCELLigence results (5000 cells/well) and proliferation rates for cardiac fibroblasts from 45-week-old wild-type (WT; n = B) and Scn5a+I-(n = 10) mice. Mann-Whitney rank sum test *P s O.OS. (b-c ) Representative xCELLigence recordings and proliferation rates of Scn5a+I-cardiac fibroblasts treated with (b) 20 µM of GW788388 or vehicle (DMSO) from the beginning of the xCELLigence experiment (day 5 of culture; n = 13 wr mice; n = 14 Scn.5a + 1 -mice) or (c) 1 µM of Gap--134 from the beginning of cell culture (5 days before seeding in e-plates; n = 10 wr mice; n = 10 ScnSa+ 1 -mice). Data from wr fibroblasts treated with vehicle are provided for comparison. One-way ANOVA *P s O.OS. (d-e) Representative western blots and average densities of (d) a-Smooth Muscle Actin (a-SMA; n = 10 wr mice; n = 9 Scn5a+I-mice for both DMSO and Gap--134), Periostio (POSfN; n = B wr mice; n = 7 Scn5a+ 1 -mice for both DMSO and Gap--134), Collagen I (Coll-I; n = 9 per group), and (e) Transforming Growth Factor f3 (TGF-(3; n = 11 per group) and Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF; n = B per group).

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				~ .i = ".2 u 1~u u	* *
			Scn5a.,_ OIISO 0	ScnSa~Gap.13'.
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	4. Discussion

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Cynthia Ore-Cerpa and Nathalie Vaillant, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France, for their technical assistance. Gap-134 was synthetized by CHEM-Symbiose, a core facility devoted to the synthesis of molecules.

Sources of funding

This work was supported by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme FP7 /2007-2013 [Grant number HEALTH-F2-2009-241526]; EUTrigTreat (to 1B & FC); the Agence Nationale de la Recherche [Grant number ANR-12-BSVl-0013-01] (to FC); the Fédération Française de Cardiologie (FFC, to HLM); the DHU2020 (MD) and the Fondation Genavie (MD).

Author contributions

JL, HLM, IB, FC and MD conceived the research, obtained the funding and assessed the results. JP, CC, MS, AH, AC, AT, AB, AD performed the experiments and analyzed the data. JP, CC, IB, FC and MD wrote the manuscript. All authors reviewed and corrected the manuscript.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors indicated no potential conflicts of interest.

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary material related to this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:https:/ /doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104922.