R Émi

Adrian Ioana
email: aioana@ucsd.edu

LOCAL SPECTRAL GAP IN THE GROUP OF EUCLIDEAN ISOMETRIES

We provide new examples of translation actions on locally compact groups with the "local spectral gap property" introduced in [BISG15]. This property has applications to strong ergodicity, the Banach-Ruziewicz problem, orbit equivalence rigidity, and equidecomposable sets. The main group of study here is the group Isom(R d ) of orientation-preserving isometries of the euclidean space R d , for d ≥ 3. We prove that the translation action of a countable dense subgroup Γ on Isom(R d ) has local spectral gap, whenever the translation action of the rotation projection of Γ on SO(d) has spectral gap. Our proof relies on the amenability of Isom(R d ) and on work of Lindenstrauss and Varjú, [LV14].

Introduction

The main goal of this paper is to establish the so-called local spectral gap property for a new class of left translation actions Γ (G, m G ), where Γ is a countable dense subgroup of a locally compact group G, any m G is a fixed left-invariant Haar measure of G. This notion was introduced by Salehi-Golsefidy and the authors in [START_REF] Boutonnet | Golsefidy: Local spectral gap in simple Lie groups and applications[END_REF]. Before giving its precise definition and explaining some of its applications, let us discuss the classical notion of spectral gap for probability measure preserving actions.

A measure preserving action Γ (X, µ) of a countable group Γ on a standard probability space (X, µ) is said to have spectral gap if there exists a finite set F ⊂ Γ such that the operator T on L 2 (X) given by T ϕ = 1 |F | g∈F g • ϕ satisfies T L 2 0 (X) < 1. Here, we denote by g • ϕ the function g • ϕ(x) = ϕ(g -1 x) and by L 2 0 (X) ⊂ L 2 (X) the subspace of functions orthogonal to the constants. Note that the condition T L 2 0 (X) < 1 is equivalent to the existence of a constant κ > 0 such that (SG) ϕ 2 ≤ κ max g∈F g • ϕ -ϕ 2 , for every ϕ ∈ L 2 0 (X).

Spectral gap for probability measure preserving actions is an important tool with a wide range of applications to various areas of mathematics. Given a compact group G, its Haar measure m G can be taken a probability measure, and thus the left translation action Γ G of any countable dense subgroup Γ is probability measure preserving. The spectral gap property has been studied intensively for such translation actions, especially in the case where G is a Lie group (see the introduction of [START_REF] Boutonnet | Golsefidy: Local spectral gap in simple Lie groups and applications[END_REF] for a detailed account). The first results in this direction were obtained in the 1980s in connection with the Banach-Ruziewicz problem. Thus, it was shown that for every d ≥ 3 there exists a countable dense subgroup Γ < SO(d) such that the left translation action Γ SO(d) has spectral gap [START_REF] Margulis | Some remarks on invariant means[END_REF][START_REF] Sullivan | For n > 3 there is only one finitely additive rotationally invariant measure on the n-sphere on all Lebesgue measurable sets[END_REF][START_REF] Drinfeld | Finitely-additive measures on S 2 and S 3 , invariant with respect to rotations[END_REF]. In 2006, a breakthrough was made by Bourgain and Gamburd who proved that the left translation action Γ SO(3) has spectral gap, whenever Γ < SO(3) is a dense subgroup generated by matrices with algebraic entries [START_REF] Bourgain | On the spectral gap for finitely-generated subgroups of SU (2)[END_REF]. This result has been subsequently generalized in [START_REF] Bourgain | Gamburd: A spectral gap theorem in SU (d)[END_REF] to SU(d), for every d ≥ 2. Most recently, it has been extended by Benoist and de Saxcé to cover arbitrary connected compact simple Lie groups [START_REF] Benoist | Saxcé: A spectral gap theorem in simple Lie groups[END_REF].

In the case when the group G is non-compact, the Haar measure m G is still invariant under translation actions of subgroups of G, but it is no longer finite. Therefore, the notion of spectral gap does not formally make sense in this setting. As we explain in [START_REF] Boutonnet | Golsefidy: Local spectral gap in simple Lie groups and applications[END_REF], a good extension is the following local notion, obtained by restricting attention to a fixed subset of G with finite measure.

Definition ( [START_REF] Boutonnet | Golsefidy: Local spectral gap in simple Lie groups and applications[END_REF]). Consider an arbitrary standard measure space (X, µ) together with a measurable subset B ⊂ X such that 0 < µ(B) < ∞. A measure preserving action Γ (X, µ) is said to have local spectral gap with respect to B if there exist a finite set F ⊂ Γ and a constant κ > 0 such that (LSG) ϕ 2,B ≤ κ max g∈F g • ϕ -ϕ 2,B , for every ϕ ∈ L 2 (X) with

B ϕ dµ = 0.
Here, ϕ 2,B :=

B |ϕ| 2 dµ 1/2
denotes the L 2 -norm of the restriction of ϕ to B.

Here we say that a measure space (X, µ) is standard if X is a standard Borel space (i.e. a Polish space endowed with its Borel σ-algebra) and µ is a σ-finite Borel measure on X.

The main result of [START_REF] Boutonnet | Golsefidy: Local spectral gap in simple Lie groups and applications[END_REF] is a generalization of the above mentioned results from [START_REF] Bourgain | On the spectral gap for finitely-generated subgroups of SU (2)[END_REF][START_REF] Bourgain | Gamburd: A spectral gap theorem in SU (d)[END_REF][START_REF] Benoist | Saxcé: A spectral gap theorem in simple Lie groups[END_REF] to the non-compact setting. Specifically, let G be a connected simple Lie group, and B ⊂ G be a bounded measurable set with non-empty interior. It is proved in [START_REF] Boutonnet | Golsefidy: Local spectral gap in simple Lie groups and applications[END_REF] that the left translation action Γ G has local spectral gap with respect to B, whenever Γ < G is a dense subgroup whose image through the adjoint representation of G consists of matrices with algebraic entries (after fixing a basis of the Lie algebra g of G).

In this paper we study the local spectral gap property for countable dense subgroups of the group

Isom(R d ) = R d SO(d) of orientation-preserving isometries of R d . If d ∈ {1, 2}, then Isom(R d
) is nilpotent and thus the local spectral gap property never holds. If d ≥ 3, then one approach would be to follow the lines of [START_REF] Boutonnet | Golsefidy: Local spectral gap in simple Lie groups and applications[END_REF] in order to establish the local spectral gap property for any dense subgroup of Isom(R d ) generated by isometries whose rotation and translation components have algebraic entries. However, in this paper, we follow a different approach inspired by and building on the recent work of Lindenstrauss and Varjú [START_REF] Lindenstrauss | Random walks in the group of Euclidean isometries and self-similar measures[END_REF], and prove the following stronger result. In fact, our proof also gives a simpler approach to the main technical result of [START_REF] Lindenstrauss | Random walks in the group of Euclidean isometries and self-similar measures[END_REF] (see Section 3). In combination with results from [START_REF] Bourgain | On the spectral gap for finitely-generated subgroups of SU (2)[END_REF][START_REF] Benoist | Saxcé: A spectral gap theorem in simple Lie groups[END_REF], Theorem A implies that the actions Γ G and Γ R d have local spectral gap, for any countable dense subgroup Γ < G whose rotation projection θ(Γ) consists of matrices with algebraic entries.

As one can check, the local spectral gap property for the quotient action Γ R d follows from that of the action Γ G. The local spectral gap property for the latter action, and thus Theorem A, will be deduced from the following general result.

Theorem B. Consider Γ < G as in Theorem A. Denote by λ : G → U(L 2 (G)) the left regular representation of G given by λ(g)ϕ(x) = ϕ(g -1 x), for every g, x ∈ G and ϕ ∈ L 2 (G).

Then for any compact set K ⊂ G, we can find a finite set F ⊂ Γ and a constant κ > 0 such that

sup g∈K λ(g)ϕ -ϕ 2 ≤ κ max g∈F λ(g)ϕ -ϕ 2 , for every ϕ ∈ L 2 (G).
Let us put this result into perspective. Recall that the amenability of a locally compact group G can be characterized by the existence of a net {ϕ n } n of unit vectors in L 2 (G) satisfying either one of the following three "almost invariance" conditions (see e.g. [BdHV08, Appendix G]):

(i) sup g∈K λ(g)ϕ n -ϕ n 2 → 0, for every compact subset K ⊂ G. (ii) λ(g)ϕ n -ϕ n 2 → 0, for every g ∈ G.
(iii) λ(g)ϕ n -ϕ n 2 → 0, for every g belonging to a dense subset S ⊂ G.

In particular, the existence of a net satisfying (ii) or (iii) implies the existence of a net satisfying (i). However, as can be easily seen in the case G = R k , it is not true in general that any net verifying (ii) or (iii) must verify (i). Nevertheless, Theorem B implies that in the case G = Isom(R d ), d ≥ 3, any net of unit vectors {ϕ n } n in L 2 (G) satisfying (ii) or (iii) for S = Γ must necessarily satisfy (i).

One can now deduce Theorem A by making the key observation that, since G is amenable, the last fact implies the local spectral gap property for Γ G. This observation is inspired by Margulis' work [START_REF] Margulis | Finitely-additive invariant measures on Euclidian spaces[END_REF], and is made precise in Lemma 4.1.

Similarly, one can deduce the local spectral gap property for Γ R d whenever the estimate from Theorem B holds for the natural representation λ 0 : G → U(L 2 (R d )) in place of λ. Note that in the setting of Theorem A this estimate and thus the local spectral gap property for Γ R d can be alternatively derived by using the main technical result of [START_REF] Lindenstrauss | Random walks in the group of Euclidean isometries and self-similar measures[END_REF].

Next, we record several general consequences of local spectral gap observed in our particular setting. Then A and B are measurably Γ-equidecomposable if and only if they have the same Haar measure.

Moreover, the analogous conclusions to (1), (2) and (4) for the action Γ R d also hold.

Corollary C is obtained by combining Theorem A with results from [START_REF] Boutonnet | Golsefidy: Local spectral gap in simple Lie groups and applications[END_REF] (parts (1) and (2)), [START_REF] Ioana | Strong ergodicity, property (T), and orbit equivalence rigidity for translation actions[END_REF] (part (3)), and [START_REF] Grabowski | Pikhurko: Measurable equidecompositions for group actions with an expansion property[END_REF] (part (4)). Towards recalling the notions involved in its statement, consider a measure preserving action Γ (X, µ) of a countable group on a standard measure space.

In order to recall what it means for the action to be strongly ergodic, since the measure µ can be infinite, we first choose a probability measure µ 0 on X with the same null sets as µ. The action is said to be strongly ergodic if any sequence {A n } n of measurable subsets of X satisfying µ 0 (g [START_REF] Schmidt | Asymptotically invariant sequences and an action of SL(2; Z) on the 2-sphere[END_REF]. It is easy to see that this definition does not depend on the choice of µ 0 .

• A n ∆ A n ) → 0, for all g ∈ Γ, must satisfy µ 0 (A n )(1 -µ 0 (A n )) → 0 [CW80,
We also recall that Γ (X, µ) is orbit equivalent to another measure preserving action Λ (Y, ν) if there exists a measure class preserving Borel isomorphism θ : X → Y such that θ(Γ • x) = Λ • θ(x), for µ-almost every x ∈ X. Thus, (2) can be interpreted to mean that one can completely recognize the translation action Γ G, up to conjugacy, from the measurable structure of its orbits.

Finally, recall that A and B are Γ-equidecomposable if and only if there exist finite partitions into subsets A = n i=1 A i and B = n i=1 B i such that B i = g i • A i for some g i ∈ Γ, for every i = 1, . . . , n. They are said to be measurably equidecomposable if each piece in the above partitions is measurable.

Acknowledgement. Part of this work was done while the first author was visiting the University of California at San Diego. He thanks the Mathematics Department for the kind hospitality he received. The authors are very grateful to the anonymous referee for several helpful comments, and in particular for asking the question which led to Lemma 4.2 and for pointing out a gap in our original proof of Lemma 4.3.

Preliminaries

2.1. General notations. Given any locally compact group H, we denote by L 2 (H) the Hilbert space of square integrable functions on H with respect to the Haar measure.

We denote by M(H) the family of Borel probability measures on H, and by C c (H) the space of compactly supported continuous functions on

H. If µ, ν ∈ M(H), their convolution product µ * ν ∈ M(H) is defined by H f d(µ * ν) = H H f (xy) dµ(x)dν(y), for every f ∈ C c (H).
For n 1, µ * (n) denotes the n-fold convolution product of µ with itself. We denote by μ the probability measure given by

H f dμ = H f (x -1 ) dµ(x), for every f ∈ C c (H),
and say that µ is symmetric if μ = µ.

Given a unitary representation π : H → U(H) and µ ∈ M(H), the formula π(µ) = H π(g) dµ(g) defines a bounded linear operator on H with π(µ) ≤ 1. Then π(µ) * = π(μ), and thus π(µ) is self-adjoint whenever µ is symmetric. Moreover, π(µ * ν) = π(µ)π(ν), for every ν ∈ M(H).

A direct integral decomposition. Let d ≥ 3 and denote by

G = Isom(R d ) = R d SO(d)
the group of orientation-preserving isometries of R d . Thus, every isometry g ∈ G can be uniquely written as g = (v(g), θ(g)), where v(g) ∈ R d and θ(g) ∈ SO(d). For g ∈ G and x ∈ R d , we then have

g(x) = v(g) + θ(g)x. The product of two isometries is given by (v 1 , θ 1 )(v 2 , θ 2 ) = (v 1 + θ 1 (v 2 ), θ 1 θ 2 ).

Consider the left regular representation

λ : G → U(L 2 (G)) of G given by λ(g)ϕ(x) = ϕ(g -1 x). Consider the unitary operator U : L 2 (SO(d)) ⊗ L 2 (R d ) → L 2 (G) given by (U f )(ξ, ω) = f (ω, ω -1 ξ), for every f ∈ L 2 (SO(d)) ⊗ L 2 (R d ), ω ∈ SO(d), and ξ ∈ R d . Let g = (v, θ) ∈ G. We claim that (2.1) U -1 λ(g)U f (ω, ξ) = f (θ -1 ω, ξ -ω -1 v), for every f ∈ L 2 (SO(d)) ⊗ L 2 (R d ), ω ∈ SO(d), and ξ ∈ R d . To see this, let f ∈ L 2 (SO(d)) ⊗ L 2 (R d ) be given by f (ω, ξ) = f (θ -1 ω, ξ -ω -1 v). Then for every ω ∈ SO(d) and ξ ∈ R d , we have that λ(g)U f (ξ, ω) = U f (g -1 (ξ, ω)) = U f ((-θ -1 v, θ -1 )(ξ, ω)) = U f (-θ -1 v + θ -1 ξ, θ -1 ω) = f (θ -1 ω, -ω -1 v + ω -1 ξ) = f (ω, ω -1 ξ) = U f (ξ, ω),
which proves (2.1). Now, we rewrite the representation λ using the Fourier transform on R d . We let e(y) := e -i2πy , for y ∈ R, and denote by •, • and |x| = x, x 1/2 , for x ∈ R d , the usual inner product and norm on R d . We denote by F :

L 2 (R d ) → L 2 (R d
) the Fourier transform given by

F (f )(x) = f (ξ)e( x, ξ ) dξ, for every f ∈ L 2 (R d ) and x ∈ R d .
We denote still by

F the operator Id ⊗ F on L 2 (SO(d)) ⊗ L 2 (R d ). For g = (v, θ) ∈ G, we denote λ(g) = U -1 λ(g)U ∈ U(L 2 (SO(d)) ⊗ L 2 (R d )). Let f ∈ L 2 (SO(d)) ⊗ L 2 (R d )
. By using (2.1) we get

F ( λ(g)f )(ω, x) = f (θ -1 ω, ξ -ω -1 v)e( x, ξ ) dξ = e( x, ω -1 v ) f (θ -1 ω, ξ)e( x, ξ ) dξ = e( ωx, v )F (f )(θ -1 ω, x).
Therefore, we have (F λ(g)

F -1 )f (ω, x) = e( ωx, v )f (θ -1 ω, x), for every f ∈ L 2 (SO(d)) ⊗ L 2 (R d ).
Thus, if we denote F = F U -1 , then we have ( F λ(g)

F -1 )f (ω, x) = e( ωx, v )f (θ -1 ω, x), for every f ∈ L 2 (SO(d)) ⊗ L 2 (R d ).
For x ∈ R d , we define a unitary representation

π x : G → U(L 2 (SO(d)) by letting (2.2) π x (g)ϕ(ω) = e( ωx, v )ϕ(θ -1 ω), for every ϕ ∈ L 2 (SO(d)). Thus, if we disintegrate L 2 (SO(d)) ⊗ L 2 (R d ) = ⊕ R d L 2 (SO(d)) dx, then (2.3) F λ F -1 = ⊕ R d π x dx.

Main technical result

In this section we generalize an estimate due to Lindenstrauss and Varjú, [LV14, Theorem 2.1].

Our proof relies on ingredients already used in [START_REF] Lindenstrauss | Random walks in the group of Euclidean isometries and self-similar measures[END_REF] (see also [CG11, Section 3] for related ideas), but it is much simpler. Specifically, we use certain elementary spectral gap estimates contained in [LV14, Section 3], but neither flattening arguments nor Littlewood-Paley decompositions.

Theorem 3.1. Let G = Isom(R d ), for d ≥ 3, and consider the representations π x , x ∈ R d , introduced in the previous section. Consider a symmetric probability measure µ ∈ M(G) and define operators T x := π x (µ) on L 2 (SO(d)), for all x ∈ R. We make the following assumptions:

(1) There exists α > 0 such that

T 0 ϕ 2 ≤ (1 -α) ϕ 2 , for every ϕ ∈ L 2 0 (SO(d)); (2) For every x ∈ R d , we have µ({g ∈ G | gx = x}) > 0.
Then there exists a constant c 0 > 0 (depending on d and µ) such that

T x ≤ 1 -c 0 min(|x| 2 , 1), for every x ∈ R d .
Remark 3.2. Proceeding as in [START_REF] Lindenstrauss | Random walks in the group of Euclidean isometries and self-similar measures[END_REF], we could express explicitly the constant c 0 in terms of µ under certain finite moment assumptions on the translation part of µ. Since this aspect is not relevant for our purposes, we will not pursue it here.

Remark 3.3. Theorem 2.1 in [START_REF] Lindenstrauss | Random walks in the group of Euclidean isometries and self-similar measures[END_REF] proves an estimate of the form S r ≤ 1 -c min(r 2 , 1) for all r ≥ 0, where S r := ρ r (µ) and ρ r denotes the representation of G on L 2 (S d-1 ) defined by ρ r (g)ϕ(ξ) = e(r ξ, v(g) )ϕ(θ(g) -1 ξ).

We point out that, for any x ∈ R d , the following inequality holds For the rest of this section, we fix a symmetric probability measure µ on G. For x ∈ R d , we denote by T x = π x (µ) the corresponding averaging operator on L 2 (SO(d)), where π x is defined in the previous section. We will bound T x by treating separately the case where |x| is large and the case where |x| is small.

Lemma 3.4. Assume that T 0 ϕ 2 ≤ ϕ 2 /2, for every ϕ ∈ L 2 0 (SO(d)). Then there exists an absolute constant C > 0 such that for all x, y ∈ R d satisfying |x| ≥ |y|/2, we have

1 -T y ≤ C(1 -T x ).
Proof. We start with a claim. Next, we use some of the arguments in [LV14, Section 3] to conclude. Given ε > 0, we say that a

function ϕ ∈ L 2 (SO(d)) with unit norm is ε-invariant for T x if T x ϕ 2 ≥ 1 -ε 2 . Let ε > 0 such that 1 -ε 2 < T x .
By the above claim we also have 1 -ε 2 < T x . So we can find unit vectors ϕ 1 , ϕ 2 ∈ L 2 (SO(d)) which are ε-invariant for T x and T x , respectively. Using the assumption on T 0 and arguing as in the proof of [LV14, Lemma 3.3] we find an absolute constant C > 0, and functions ψ 1 , ψ 2 ∈ L 2 (SO(d)) such that |ψ i | ≡ 1 and ψ i -ϕ i 2 ≤ Cε for both i = 1, 2, and ψ 1 and ψ 2 are Cε-invariant for T x and T x , respectively.

Observing that

T x-x (ψ 1 ψ 2 ) = G π x (g)ψ 1 • π x (g)ψ 2 dµ(g),
and repeating the proof of [LV14, Lemma 3.4] implies that ψ 1 ψ 2 ∈ L 2 (SO(d)) is a C ε-invariant unit vector for T x-x , for some absolute constant C > 0. This leads to T

x-x ≥ 1 -C 2 ε 2 , hence 1 -T y = 1 -T x-x ≤ C 2 ε 2 ,
for any ε > 0 satisfying 1 -ε 2 < T x . This proves that 1 -T y ≤ C 2 (1 -T x ), as wanted.

Lemma 3.5. Assume that the measure µ is compactly supported, that G v(g)dµ(g) = 0 and that µ({g ∈ G | v(g) = 0}) > 0. Assume moreover that T 0 ϕ 2 ≤ ϕ 2 /2, for every ϕ ∈ L 2 0 (SO(d)). Then there exists a constant c > 0 such that for all x ∈ R d satisfying |x| ≤ c, we have

T x ≤ 1 -c|x| 2 .
Proof. The proof follows the same lines as the proof of [LV14, Lemma 3.6]. Put C := G |v(g)| 2 dµ(g). We claim that T x ϕ -T 0 ϕ 2 ≤ 2πC 1/2 |x| ϕ 2 , for every ϕ ∈ L 2 (SO(d)). Indeed, we have

T x ϕ -T 0 ϕ 2 2 = SO(d) |(T x -T 0 )ϕ(ω)| 2 dω ≤ SO(d) G |e( ωx, v(g) ) -1| 2 |ϕ(θ(g) -1 ω)| 2 dµ(g)dω Since |e( ωx, v(g) ) -1| 2 = 2 -2 cos(2π ωx, v(g) ) ≤ 4π 2 |v(g)| 2 |x| 2
, for all g ∈ G and ω ∈ SO(d), the claim follows. By using the triangle inequality and the assumption on T 0 , we get that if |x| is small enough, then

(3.2) T x ϕ 2 ≤ 2 -1/2 ϕ 2 , for all ϕ ∈ L 2 0 (SO(d)). Now, since |e( ωx, v(g) ) -1 + i2π ωx, v(g) | ≤ 4π 2 |v(g)| 2 |x| 2 , for all g ∈ G and ω ∈ SO(d), by integrating we get that T x 1 -1 2 ≤ 4π 2 C|x| 2 . Since T x ≤ 1, this further implies that (3.3) T 2 x 1 -1 2 ≤ 2 T x 1 -1 2 ≤ 8π 2 C|x| 2 .
Next, if we put μ := µ * µ, then we have

T x 1 2 2 = T * x T x 1, 1 = SO(d) G e( ωx, v(g) )dμ(g)dω = SO(d) G cos(2π ωx, v(g) )dμ(g)dω,
where the last equality is obtained by taking real parts. The assumptions made on µ imply that G |v(g)| 2 dμ(g) = 2C (see [LV14, Lemma 8.2]). By using that SO(d) ωx, v 2 dω = |x| 2 |v| 2 /d and cos(a) ≤ 1 -a 2 /2 + a 4 /24, for all x, v ∈ R d and a ∈ R, and the last displayed formula, we get that

T x 1 2 2 -(1 - 4π 2 C d |x| 2 ) = SO(d) G cos(2π ωx, v(g) ) -(1 -(2π ωx, v(g) ) 2 /2)dμ(g)dω ≤ 2π 4 3 |x| 4 G |v(g)| 4 dμ(g).
In particular, we deduce that if |x| is small enough, then

(3.4) T x 1 2 2 ≤ 1 - 2π 2 C d |x| 2 .
The conclusion now follows by combining (3.2), (3.3), (3.4), and proceeding exactly as in the proof of [LV14, Lemma 3.6] with T x and |x| instead of S r and r.

We can now prove the theorem.

Proof of Theorem 3.1. Let µ be a symmetric probability measure on G satisfying assumptions (1) and (2). Following an idea from the proof of [LV14, Lemma 9.1], we first reduce to the case when µ is compactly supported by restricting it to a sufficiently large ball.

For s > 0, we denote by B s ⊂ R d the ball of radius s centered at 0, and set K s := B s • SO(d) ⊂ G. Write µ 0 s for the restriction of µ to K s given by µ 0 s (A) = µ(A∩K s ) for all measurable sets A ⊂ G, and set ν 0 s := µ-µ 0 s . Finally, consider the normalized measures µ s := µ 0 s /µ(K s ) and ν s := ν 0 s /µ(G\K s ).

Take s > 0 large enough so that β := µ(G \ K s ) < α/2, where α is the constant appearing in assumption (1). Since α ≤ 1, we have µ(K s ) > 0. Since µ = (1 -β)µ s + βν s , by using (1) we get

(3.5) π 0 (µ s )ϕ 2 ≤ π 0 (µ)ϕ 2 + β π 0 (ν s )ϕ 2 1 -β ≤ 1 -α + β 1 -β ϕ 2 , for all ϕ ∈ L 2 0 (SO(d)).
In particular, µ s satisfies condition (1), possibly with a different choice of α > 0.

We claim that there exists at most one point x 0 ∈ R d such that µ s ({g | gx 0 = x 0 }) = 0. Indeed, if we had two distinct such points x 0 and x 1 , then µ s -almost surely, θ(g) would fix x 0 -x 1 . In this case the L 2 -function on SO(d) defined by ω → ω(x 0 -x 1 ), x 0 -x 1 ∈ C would be non-constant and π 0 (µ s )-invariant, contradicting the spectral gap property (3.5). This proves our claim.

If such an x 0 does not exist, then µ s also satisfies condition (2). If such an x 0 does exist, then since µ({g | gx 0 = x 0 }) > 0, we may find s > s such that µ s ({g | gx 0 = x 0 }) > 0. This implies that µ s satisfies condition (2). Indeed, if x 1 ∈ R d is a point fixed by µ s -almost every g ∈ G, then since µ s ≤ κµ s for some κ > 0, we would get x 1 is fixed by µ s -almost every g ∈ G. By the previous paragraph, this would force that x 1 = x 0 , contradicting that µ s ({g | gx 0 = x 0 }) > 0. Moreover, since s > s we have that µ(G \ K s ) < α/2 and the computation from (3.5) shows that µ s also satisfies condition (1).

In summary, we have found s > 0 such that t := µ(K s ) > 0 and µ s satisfies conditions (1) and (2). Since µ = tµ s + (1 -t)ν s , proving the conclusion for µ reduces to proving the conclusion for µ s . Since µ s is compactly supported, it follows that we may assume that µ is compactly supported.

Next, since T 0 = π 0 (µ) satisfies the spectral gap condition (1), there is no non-zero vector x ∈ R d such that θ(g)x = x, for every g in the support of µ. Indeed, otherwise SO(d) θ → θx, x ∈ C would be a non-constant T 0 -invariant function belonging to L 2 (SO(d)).

By [Va12, Lemma 4], there exists a unique a ∈ R d such that g(a) dµ(g) = a. Thus, if τ ∈ G is such that a = τ (0), and δ τ ∈ M(G) denotes the Dirac mass at τ , then µ 1 := δτ * µ * δ τ satisfies v(g) dµ 1 (g) = g(0) dµ 1 (g) = 0. Moreover, µ 1 is compactly supported, and µ 1 ({g | v(g) = 0}) > 0, since µ satisfies (1).

Let ≥ 1 such that π 0 (µ 1 ) L 2 0 (SO(d)) = π 0 (µ) L 2 0 (SO(d)) ≤ 1/2, and define µ 2 := µ * ( ) 1 . Then µ 2 satisfies all the assumptions of Lemma 3.5. Therefore we can find a constant c > 0 such that for all x ∈ R d satisfying |x| ≤ c, we have

π x (µ 2 ) ≤ 1 -c|x| 2 .
Applying Lemma 3.4 to some y ∈ R d such that |y| = c, we find an absolute constant C > 0 such that for all x ∈ R d satisfying |x| ≥ c, we have

π x (µ 2 ) ≤ 1 -C -1 c 3 .
Combining the last two displayed equalities yields a constant c 1 > 0 such that

π x (µ 2 ) ≤ 1 -c 1 min(|x| 2 , 1), for all x ∈ R d . Since π x (µ 2 ) = π x (µ 1 ) = π x (τ )π x (µ) π x (τ ) -1 , we conclude that π x (µ) = π x (µ 2 ) 1/ ≤ (1 -c 1 min(|x| 2 , 1)) 1/ ≤ 1 - c 1 min(|x| 2 , 1), for every x ∈ R d .
This proves the result.

Proofs of the main results

In this section, we explain how to deduce Theorem B from Theorem 3.1, and Theorem A from Theorem B. Finally, we prove Corollary C.

Proof of Theorem B.

Let Γ < G be as in the statement of Theorem A. We claim that there exists a symmetric finitely supported probability measure ν on Γ satisfying the assumptions of Theorem 3.1. Let µ ∈ M(G) be a symmetric measure whose support generates Γ. Then µ satisfies the assumptions of Theorem 3.1. Let {F n } n be an increasing sequence of symmetric finite subsets of Γ such that ∪ n F n = Γ. For every n with µ(F n ) > 0, define µ n ∈ M(G) by letting

µ n (A) = µ(A ∩ F n )/µ(F n ), for any set A ⊂ G.
Then repeating the beginning of the proof of Theorem 3.1 shows that ν := µ n satisfies the assumptions of Theorem 3.1, for all large enough n.

Thus, we can find a constant c 0 > 0 such that π x (ν) ≤ 1 -c 0 min(|x| 2 , 1), for every x ∈ R d .

By assumption, the action θ(Γ) SO(d) has spectral gap, so we may take a convex combination of ν with another finitely supported measure on Γ if necessary to assume that moreover, π 0 (ν) L 2 0 (SO(d)) < 1. For every ϕ ∈ L 2 (SO(d)) and x ∈ R d , we have the inequality

(4.1) G π x (g)ϕ -ϕ 2 2 dν(g) = (2 -2π x (ν))(ϕ), ϕ ≥ 2c 0 min{|x| 2 , 1} ϕ 2 2 ,
Let K ⊂ G be a compact set and F ⊂ Γ denote the support of ν.

Let K 0 ⊂ R d be a compact set such that K ∪ F ⊂ K 0 • SO(d). Let κ = max{|v| | v ∈ K 0 }. Note that |2 -e(y) -e(-y)| ≤ 4π 2 |y| 2 ,
for all y ∈ R. Thus, for every v ∈ K 0 and x ∈ R d we have that

π x (v)ϕ -ϕ 2 2 = (2 -π x (v) -π x (-v))(ϕ), ϕ = SO(d) (2 -e( ωx, v ) -e(-ωx, v )) ϕ(ω)ϕ(ω) dω ≤ 4π 2 κ 2 |x| 2 ϕ 2 2 .
Since π x (v)ϕ -ϕ 2 2 ≤ 4 ϕ 2 2 , if we put c 1 = max{4π 2 κ 2 , 4}, then the last inequality implies that (4.2)

π x (v)ϕ -ϕ 2 2 ≤ c 1 min{|x| 2 , 1} ϕ 2 2
, for all v ∈ K 0 and x ∈ R d . Denoting c 2 = c 1 /2c 0 and combining (4.1) and (4.2), we conclude that

π x (v)ϕ -ϕ 2 2 ≤ c 2 G π x (g)ϕ -ϕ 2 2 dν(g), for all v ∈ K 0 and x ∈ R d . Denote δ = max g∈F λ(g)ϕ -ϕ 2 . Using that F λF -1 = ⊕ R d π x dx by equation (2.
3), and integrating over x ∈ R d , we get

(4.3) λ(v)ϕ -ϕ 2 2 ≤ c 2 G λ(g)ϕ -ϕ 2 2 dν(g) ≤ c 2 δ 2 , for all v ∈ K 0 , and ϕ ∈ L 2 (G). If g ∈ F , then v(g) ∈ K 0 , hence λ(θ(g))(ϕ)-ϕ 2 ≤ λ(g)(ϕ)-ϕ 2 + λ(v(g))ϕ-ϕ 2 ≤ (1+ √ c 2 )δ.
On the other hand, since π 0 (ν) L 2 0 (SO(d)) < 1 and the restriction of λ to SO(d) is a multiple of π 0 , we can find a constant c 3 > 0, independent of ϕ, such that sup

θ∈SO(d) λ(θ)ϕ -ϕ 2 ≤ c 3 max g∈F λ(θ(g))ϕ -ϕ 2 ≤ c 3 (1 + √ c 2 )δ.
Thus, for every g = (v, θ), with v ∈ K 0 and θ ∈ SO(d), we have that

λ(g)ϕ -ϕ 2 ≤ λ(v)ϕ -ϕ 2 + λ(θ)ϕ -ϕ 2 ≤ ( √ c 2 + c 3 + c 3 √ c 2 )δ.
Since K ⊂ K 0 • SO(d), this proves the conclusion of Theorem B.

Deducing Theorem A.

The following lemma, inspired by the proof of [Ma82, Theorem 3], explains why Theorem B implies Theorem A.

Lemma 4.1. Let Γ be a countable dense subgroup of an amenable locally compact second countable group G. Assume that for all sequences ϕ n ∈ L 2 (G) satisfying λ(g)ϕ n -ϕ n 2 → 0, for all g ∈ Γ, and ϕ n 2 = 1, for all n, we have that sup g∈K λ(g)ϕ n -ϕ n 2 → 0, for every compact set K ⊂ G.

Then the left translation action Γ G has local spectral gap.

Proof. Let m be a left Haar measure of G, and B ⊂ G be a measurable set with non-empty interior and compact closure. In order to prove the conclusion, it suffices to argue that there is no sequence ξ n ∈ L 2 (G) such that ξ n 2,B = 1 and B ξ n dm = 0, for every n, and λ(g)ξ n -ξ n 2,B → 0, for every g ∈ Γ. Towards a contradiction, we prove that the "mass" of ξ n becomes equidistributed:

Claim. There is α > 0 such that lim n→∞ G F |ξ n | 2 dm = α G F dm, for every F ∈ C c (G).
Proof of the claim. It is clearly sufficient to show that the claim holds for a subsequence of {ξ n }.

Since λ(g -1 )ξ n -ξ n 2,B → 0 and ξ n 2,B = 1, we get that ξ n 2,gB → 1, thus sup n ξ n 2,gB < ∞, for every g ∈ Γ. If C ⊂ G is a compact set, then C can be covered with finitely many of the sets {gB} g∈Γ , and therefore sup n ξ n 2,C < ∞. This implies that we can find a Radon measure µ on G and a subsequence {ξ

n k } of {ξ n } such that G F |ξ n k | 2 dm → G F dµ, for every F ∈ C c (G). Let F ∈ C c (G).
Denote by C the support of F and let g ∈ Γ. Since C and g -1 C can be covered with finitely many of the sets {hB} h∈Γ , we have that λ

(g)ξ n -ξ n 2,C → 0. Since G (λ(g -1 )F -F )|ξ n | 2 dm = G F • (|λ(g)ξ n | 2 -|ξ n | 2 ) dm ≤ F ∞ |λ(g)ξ n | 2 -|ξ n | 2 1,C ≤ F ∞ λ(g)ξ n -ξ n 2,C ( λ(g)ξ n 2,C + ξ n 2,C )
we deduce that G λ(g -1 )F dµ = G F dµ. Since F ∈ C c (G) and g ∈ Γ are arbitrary, we conclude that µ is Γ-invariant. Since Γ < G is dense, µ must be G-invariant, and therefore there is α > 0 such that µ = α m. This finishes the proof of the claim.

Next, we claim that 1 C ξ n → 0, weakly in L 2 (G), for every compact set C ⊂ G. Indeed, since sup n ξ n 2,C < ∞, for every C ⊂ G compact, after replacing {ξ n } with a subsequence, we can find ξ ∈ L 2 loc (G) such that 1 C ξ n → 1 C ξ, weakly, for every C ⊂ G compact. But then ξ is Γ-invariant and since Γ < G is dense, ξ must be constant. On the other hand, B ξ dm = lim n→∞ B ξ n dm = 0. By combining these facts we get that ξ = 0, almost everywhere, which proves our claim. Now, let K ⊂ G be a non-negligible compact set. The hypothesis implies the existence of a finite set S ⊂ Γ and

δ > 0 such that if ϕ ∈ L 2 (G) satisfies max g∈S λ(g)ϕ -ϕ 2 ≤ δ ϕ 2 , then sup g∈K λ(g)ϕ -ϕ 2 ≤ ϕ 2 /2. Finally, since G is amenable we can find F ∈ C c (G) such that max g∈S λ(g)F -F 2 < δ F 2 . Let C be the support of F . Define ϕ n = F ξ n ∈ L 2 (G)
, for all n. Then for every g ∈ S we have

λ(g)ϕ n -ϕ n 2 ≤ λ(g)F • (λ(g)ξ n -ξ n ) 2 + (λ(g)F -F ) • ξ n 2 ≤ F ∞ λ(g)ξ n -ξ n 2,gC + (λ(g)F -F ) • ξ n 2 .
On the other hand, the claim implies that lim

n→∞ f ξ n 2 = √ α f 2 , for every f ∈ C c (G).
In combination with the last inequality we conclude that for every g ∈ S we have

lim sup n→∞ λ(g)ϕ n -ϕ n 2 ≤ √ α λ(g)F -F 2 < δ √ α F 2 = δ lim n→∞ ϕ n 2 .
By the above, we derive that there is N ≥ 1 such that sup g∈K λ(g)ϕ n -ϕ n 2 < ϕ n 2 /2, for all n ≥ N . Let T : L 2 (G) → L 2 (G) be the operator given by T

(ϕ) = 1 K m(K) * ϕ. Then (4.4) T (ϕ n ) -ϕ n 2 < ϕ n 2 /2, for all n ≥ N .
On the other hand, the restriction of T to L 2 (C) is compact. Since ϕ n ∈ L 2 (C), for every n, and ϕ n → 0, weakly, we deduce that T (ϕ n ) 2 → 0. In combination with (4.4) this implies that ϕ n 2 → 0, which contradicts that ϕ n 2 → √ α F 2 > 0.

Although we will not need this later in the paper, we note that the converse of Lemma 4.1 also holds. We thank the referee for asking us whether this is the case.

Lemma 4.2. Let Γ be a countable dense subgroup of a locally compact second countable group G.

Assume that the left translation action Γ G has local spectral gap.

Then for every compact set K ⊂ G, we can find a finite set F ⊂ Γ and a constant η > 0 such that sup g∈K λ(g)ϕ -ϕ 2 ≤ κ max g∈F λ(g)ϕ -ϕ 2 , for every ϕ ∈ L 2 (G).

Although Lemma 4.2 holds for arbitrary locally compact groups G, its conclusion is non-trivial only for G amenable. Indeed, if G is not amenable, then the restriction of λ to any dense subgroup of G, and hence to Γ, has spectral gap. Thus, we can find a finite set F ⊂ Γ and η > 0 such that ϕ 2 ≤ η max g∈F λ(g)ϕ -ϕ 2 , for all ϕ ∈ L 2 (G). This implies the conclusion of Lemma 4.2.

Proof. Let K ⊂ G be a compact set, and m be a left Haar measure of G. Let B 0 ⊂ G be a compact set with non-empty interior. Since B := K -1 B 0 ∪ B 0 is a compact set with non-empty interior, the action Γ G has local spectral gap with respect to B (see [BISG15, Proposition 2.3]). By [BISG15, Proposition 2.2], we can find a finite set F ⊂ Γ and η > 0 such that

(4.5) ϕ - 1 m(B) B ϕ dm 2 2,B ≤ η h∈F λ(h)ϕ -ϕ 2 2,B , for every ϕ ∈ L 2 (G). Fix ϕ ∈ L 2 (G) and denote c = 1 m(B) B ϕ dm. If g ∈ K, since B 0 ⊂ B and g -1 B 0 ⊂ B, we get that λ(g)ϕ -ϕ 2,B 0 ≤ λ(g)ϕ -c 2,B 0 + ϕ -c 2,B 0 = ϕ -c 2,g -1 B 0 + ϕ -c 2,B 0 ≤ 2 ϕ -c 2,B .
By combining the last inequality and (4.5), we deduce that

(4.6) λ(g)ϕ -ϕ 2 2,B 0 ≤ 4η h∈F λ(h)ϕ -ϕ 2 2,B , for every ϕ ∈ L 2 (G) and g ∈ K.
Now, denote by ρ : G → U(L 2 (G)) the right regular representation of G. If ϕ ∈ L 2 (G), by using that λ and ρ commute and applying (4.6) to ρ(l)ϕ, we get that

(4.7) ρ(l)(λ(g)ϕ -ϕ) 2 2,B 0 ≤ 4η h∈F ρ(l)(λ(h)ϕ -ϕ) 2 2,B
, for every g ∈ K and l ∈ G.

Finally, G ρ(l)ψ 2 2,C dm(l) = G C |ψ(xl)| 2 dm(x)dm(l) = C G |ψ(xl)| 2 dm(l)dm(x) = m(C) ψ 2
2 , for every measurable set C ⊂ G and ψ ∈ L 2 (G). In combination with (4.7), this gives that m(B 0 ) λ(g)ϕ -ϕ 2 2 ≤ 4η m(B) h∈F λ(h)ϕ -ϕ 2 2 , for every g ∈ K, which finishes the proof. In order to prove (4), we will use the recent work of Grabowski, Máthe, and Pikhurko [START_REF] Grabowski | Pikhurko: Measurable equidecompositions for group actions with an expansion property[END_REF]. Let A, B ⊂ G be two bounded measurable subsets with non-empty interior. By [GMP16, Corollary 4.5] the local spectral gap property can be rephrased as an expansion property. In particular, any bounded measurable subset with non-empty interior, hence in particular A, is a domain of expansion for the action Γ G. Thus, [GMP16, Theorem 1.5] implies that A and B are measurably Γ-equidecomposable if and only if they are Γ-equidecomposable and have the same Haar measure.

Hence, we are left to prove that A and B are Γ-equidecomposable. Note that since the translation action of θ(Γ) on SO(d) has spectral gap, the group Γ is non-amenable. Thus, since G is connected, the assumptions of [BISG15, Lemma 7.11] are satisfied. This implies the desired conclusion. Using the argument from the end of the proof of [BISG15, Lemma 7.11] and the terminology therein, in order to get the conclusion, it suffices to argue that B 1 is Γ-paradoxical. Assume by contradiction that B 1 is not Γ-paradoxical. Then by a theorem of Tarski we can find a Γ-invariant, finitely additive measure ϕ :

P(R d ) → [0, ∞] such that ϕ(B 1 ) = 1.
Since G is topologically perfect, a result of Breuillard and Gelander [BrG02, Theorem 1.2] implies the existence of a finitely generated non-abelian free subgroup Γ 0 < Γ which is still dense in G. Moreover, the proof of [BrG02, Theorem 1.2] shows that for some fixed m ≥ 2, for any neighbourhood U of the identity of G, we can find b 1 , ..., b m ∈ Γ ∩ U such that the group b 1 , ..., b m generated by b 1 , ..., b m is isomorphic to F m and dense in G. Thus, for every 1 ≤ i ≤ m, we can find a sequence {b n,i } n≥1 ⊂ Γ such that b n,i → 1 G and the group b n,1 , ..., b n,m is isomorphic to F m and dense in G, for every n ≥ 1.

Next, define X = n≥1 X n , with X n = R d , to be the disjoint union of infinitely many copies of R d . Let c 1 , ..., c m denote the free generators of F m . We define an action F m X by letting

c i • x = b n,i (x), for every 1 ≤ i ≤ m, n ≥ 1 and x ∈ X n .
Let s > 0 be a point at which the function r → ϕ(B r ) is continuous. Define a finitely additive measure Φ :

P(R d ) → [0, 1] by Φ(A) = ϕ(A ∩ B s )/ϕ(B s ).
Let ω ∈ βN \ N be a free ultrafilter on N and denote by lim n→ω x n the limit of a bounded sequence {x n } n≥1 ⊂ C along ω. In particular, lim n→ω is a bounded linear functional on ∞ (N) which extends the usual limit. Define Ψ : P(X) → [0, 1] by letting Ψ(A) = lim n→ω Φ(A ∩ X n ). Then the argument from the proof of [BISG15, Lemma 7.11] shows that Ψ is an F m -invariant, finitely additive measure with Ψ(X) = 1. In other words, X admits an F m -invariant mean. This further implies that the action F m X has the Følner property: there exists a sequence of finite subsets {F k } k≥1 of X satisfying

(4.8) |g • F k F k | |F k | → 0, for every g ∈ F 2 .
This implication is proved in exactly the same way one deduces the existence of Følner sequences from the existence of a translation invariant mean for amenable groups (see e.g. [BdHV08, Appendix G]). Moreover, note that we may assume that for every k ≥ 1, there is n(k) ≥ 1 such that

F k ⊂ X n(k) = R d .
Next, we show that the sets F k are not "trapped" in proper affine subspaces of R d .

  Theorem A. Let G = Isom(R d ), for d ≥ 3, and consider a countable dense subgroup Γ < G. Assume that the left translation action θ(Γ) SO(d) has spectral gap, where θ : Isom(R d ) → SO(d) denotes the natural quotient map. Let σ denote either the left translation action Γ G or the natural isometric action Γ R d . Then σ has local spectral gap with respect to any bounded measurable set B with non-empty interior.

  Corollary C. Consider Γ < G as in Theorem A. Then the following hold true. (1) The left translation action Γ G is strongly ergodic. (2) Denote by C(G) the family of measurable subsets A ⊂ G with compact closure. Then the Haar measures of G are the only finitely additive measures ν : C(G) → [0, ∞) that are Γ-invariant. (3) Let Λ be any countable dense subgroup of a connected Lie group H with trivial center. Then the left translation actions Γ G and Λ H are orbit equivalent if and only if there exists a topological isomorphism δ : G → H such that δ(Γ) = Λ. (4) Consider two measurable subsets A, B ⊂ G with non-empty interior and compact closure.

  (3.1) S |x| ≤ T x . Indeed, denote by K x = {θ ∈ SO(d)|θ(x) = x} the stabilizer of x in SO(d) and by L 2 (SO(d)) Kx ⊂ L 2 (SO(d)) the subspace of right K x -invariant functions. Since π x commutes with the right action of K x , the subspace L 2 (SO(d)) Kx is π x (G)-invariant. Identifying SO(d)/K x with S d-1 , we see that the restriction of π x to L 2 (SO(d)) Kx is unitarily equivalent to ρ |x| . Hence, (3.1) follows.

  Claim. For all a, b ∈ R d such that |a| = |b|, we have T a = T b . Take an element h ∈ SO(d) such that b = ha. Denote by σ : SO(d) → U(L 2 (SO(d))) the right regular representation, and observe that for all ϕ ∈ L 2 (SO(d)) and ω ∈ SO(d), σ(h)T a ϕ(ω) = (T a ϕ)(ωh) = G e( ωha, v(g) )ϕ(θ(g) -1 ωh)dµ(g) = T b σ(h)ϕ(ω). This computation gives that T b = σ(h)T a σ(h) -1 , and the claim follows. Since |x| ≥ |y|/2, we may find x ∈ R d such that |x | = |x| and |x -x | = |y|. From the claim, we have T x = T x and T y = T x-x .

4. 3 .

 3 Proof of Corollary C. By Theorem A, the left translation action Γ G has local spectral gap with respect to any bounded measurable set A ⊂ G with non-empty interior. Items (1) and (2) then follow from [BISG15, Theorem 7.1], while item (3) follows from [Io14, Theorem 4.1].

For

  the moreover part, one can argue exactly the same way, provided that the analogue of [BISG15, Lemma 7.11] for the action Γ R d holds true. This is addressed in the next lemma. Lemma 4.3. Let G = R d SO(d), for some d ≥ 3, and Γ < G be a countable dense subgroup. Then any sets A, B ⊂ R d with compact closure and non-empty interior are Γ-equidecomposable. Proof. We follow the proof [BISG15, Lemma 7.11]. For every r ≥ 0, let B r = {x ∈ R d | |x| ≤ r}.

Claim 1 .∩∩

 1 For k ≥ 1, let W k ⊂ X n(k) = R d be a proper affine subspace. Then limk→ω |F k ∩W k | |F k | < 1.Proof of Claim 1. Assume by contradiction that there exists a sequence of proper affine subspacesW k ⊂ X n(k) such that lim k→ω |F k ∩W k | |F k | = 1. Moreover, we can choose the sequence {W k } k≥1 such that ρ := lim k→ω dim(W k ) ∈ {0, 1, ..., d -1} is minimal among all such sequences. Let g ∈ F m . Then |F k ∩ g • W k | = |g -1 • F k ∩ W k | ≥ |F k ∩ W k | -|g -1 F k F k |,and by using 4.8 we deduce that limk→ω |F k ∩g•W k | |F k |= 1. This further gives that limk→ω |F k ∩(W k ∩g•W k )| |F k | = 1. The minimality assumption on {W k } k≥1 implies that lim k→ω dim(W k ∩ g • W k ) = ρ, for every g ∈ F m .By applying this fact to g ∈ {c 1 , ..., c m } we get limk→ω m i=1 dim(W k ) -dim(W k ∩ c i • W k ) = 0. In particular, we can find k ≥ 1 such that m i=1 dim(W k ) -dim(W k ∩ c i • W k ) = 0. Hence W k = c i • W k , for every 1 ≤ i ≤ m. Thus, W k ⊂ X n(k) = R d is a proper affine subspace which is invariant under the group of isometries b n(k),1 , ..., b n(k),m . Since the latter is dense in G, we deduce that W k is invariant under G, which is a contradiction.For k ≥ 1, let S k be the set of (x 1 , ..., x d+1 ) ∈ F d+1 k such that x 1 , ..., x d+1 are affinely independent.Proof of Claim 2. For k ≥ 1 and 1 ≤ p ≤ d + 1, we denote by S k,p the set of (x 1 , ..., x p ) ∈ F p k such that x 1 , ..., x p are affinely independent. Let 1 ≤ p ≤ d + 1 be the largest integer such that lim k→ω |S k,p | |F p k | > 0. Our goal is to show that p = d + 1. Assume by contradiction that p ≤ d. lim k→ω |S k,p | |F p k | > 0, we get that limk→ω |S k,p+1 | |S k,p ×F k | = 0. Let ε k ∈ [0, 1] such that |S k,p+1 | = ε k |S k,p × F k |. Then lim k→ω ε k = 0 and for every k ≥ 1 we have ε k |S k,p | |F k | = |S k,p+1 | = (x 1 ,...,xp)∈S k,p |{x p+1 ∈ F k | x 1 , ..., x p , x p+1 are affinely independent}|. Let (x 1 , ..., x p ) ∈ S k,p such that |{x p+1 ∈ F k | x 1 , ..., x p , x p+1 are affinely independent}| ≤ ε k |F k |. Denote by W k ⊂ R d the affine subspace spanned by x 1 , ..., x p . Then |F k ∩ W k | ≥ (1 -ε k )|F k | and thus lim k→ω |F k ∩W k | |F k | = 1. Since p ≤ d, the subspace W k ⊂ R d is proper, which contradicts Claim 1.For every n ≥ 1, let Xn := {(x 1 , ..., x d+1 ) ∈ X d+1 n | x 1 , ..., x d+1 are affinely independent}. Put X = n≥1 Xn , and consider the diagonal action F m X given by g • x = (g • x 1 , ..., g • x d+1 ), for every g ∈ F m , n ≥ 1 and x = (x 1 , ..., x d+1 ) ∈ Xn . Note that the action F m X is free.Recall that F k ⊂ X n(k) and observe that S k = F d+1 k Xn(k) . If g ∈ F m , then g •S k = g •F d+1 k Xn(k) . Hence g • S k S k ⊂ g • F d+1 k F d+1 k and thus |g • S k S k | |S k | ≤ |g • F d+1 k k | ≤ (d + 1) |g • F k F k | |F k | |F d+1 k | |S k | .

A.I. was supported in part by NSF Career Grant DMS #1253402 and a Sloan Foundation Fellowship.

By combining 4.8 and Claim 2, we deduce that lim

However, since the action F m X is free, this contradicts the non-amenability of F m .