Laurent Sagart

Laurent Sagart Melbourne

NOTES ON NANCHANG DIALECT (draft)

des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Table of Contents

 1.1.1 Tones....................................................................................................................................... 1.1.2 initials ..................................................................................................................................... 1.1.3 medials.................................................................................................................................... 1.1.4 rhymes..................................................................................................................................... 1.2 1.3.1 Nanchang text No. 1.: Nanchang weather ........................................................................... 1.3.2Nanchang text No. 1.4.1 copula ................................................................................................................................... 1.4.2 pronouns............................................................................................................................... 1.4.3 classifiers.............................................................................................................................. 1.4.4 etymologies........................................................................................................................... 1.5 1.5.1 passive .................................................................................................................................. 1.5.2 disposal................................................................................................................................. 1.5.3 comparative.......................................................................................................................... 1.5.4 attributive/relative construction.......................................................................................... 1.5.5 complementation .................................................................................................................. 1.5.6 question types ....................................................................................................................... 1.6

speaker XYZ

Speaker XYZ was in his early fifities at the time of recording. He was born in Jiangxi and raised in Nanchang since childhood. He speaks Nanchang dialect, Mandarin and English. He is highly educated.

These notes entirely based on five texts recorded in Nanchang, see transcriptions below.

Nanchang phonology and orthography for speaker XYZ

Pronunciation of speaker XYZ is close to Nanchang dictionary 1.1.1 Tones Tone speaker XYZ Nanchang dictionary T1

[42] 42 T2

[24] 24 T3

[213] 213 T5

[45] 45 T6

[31~21] 11 T7

[45 / ] 5 T8 [2 / ] 2

In my transcriptions tones are marked by a sub/super-script numeral at the right of the syll : xxxx 1, xxxx 2 , xxxx 3 , etc.

In addition there is a qingsheng (T0), unmarked in the orthography, for de-or unstressed syllables, which are also typically reduced for their rhyme (VV or VC > V). These syllables are marked without a tone symbol in the transcription. Acc to Wei Gangqiang and Chen Changyi (1998), the actual contour of T0 depends on the contour of a preceding tonal syllable. it is mid-high [4] if the preceding syllable ends in a rise (T2, T3, T5) and mid-low [2] otherwise. Have'nt checked this on speaker XYZ's pronunciation. Destressing can be due to speech environment but some morphemes (typically grammatical morphemes such as KO NOM ) have lexicalized T0. When a lexicalized T0 open-vowelled word undergoes restressing, the outcome is T7, thus 到 tao5 > të > [restressing] teq7 ;

箇 下 ko3 ha6 'this moment, now' > ko3 ha (destressing) > ka (fusion) > 隔 kaq7 (restressing).

initials

These initials occur in the transcription :

p ph/B m f t th/D l ts tsh/DZ s c ch/J ny x k kh/G ng h

Aspirated stops are unstable and often show special variants in connected speech. In a few cases (IV :104), the closure part of an aspirated stops disappears in connected speech, and only the aspiration part remains. Much more common variants are the sounds written by voiced/Capitalized stop symbols. These are phonetically unaspirated, lenis, and often voiced variants of the aspirated stops in connected speech, typically : B = B, D= D (tongue flap), DZ= dz or z, J= Ô G= ƒ. They are very common, except in utterance-initial position, and following tone 7 (unsure about the rare tone 8).

In these environments aspirated stops occur. Isolation syllables are utterances in themselves and therefore do not show voicing of aspirates, hence most descriptions of Nanchang do not mention any voiced stops in phonetic inventory. In fact these phonemes might be underlyingly voiced with voiceless aspirates as conditioned variants (utterance-initial ; perhaps stress ; following -q or -t).

Correspondences [5.89 zhu dao shenmo shihou a ?]. Note : all three functions may be basically one, i.e. #2.

4. A DUR 啊 serves to derive verbs in durative aspect: V a V (ex : II :12 ; IV :123-124). This is probably from an earlier V 下 V, as in Yangjiang (Huang Borong : 205).

Guangzhou has V 下 V 下 , with 下 ha 35 . 5. CHILAI INCH . 起來. V+CHILAI. Inchoative marker. 6. CL : classifier, see section crossref 7. HA 哈 sentence-final or after a pause, indicates resolve : refers to immediately preceding discourse, meaning something like, 'as for me, that's what I think/will do' IV :3, IV :69, IV :75 ; IV :147. Note : the Nanchang dictionary writes 口 +夏, sentence-final ; particle, expressing order. 8. KAQ NEW 隔 kaq7 utterance-initial, introduces a new development in a situation that has been previously described, a development which does not follow naturally from that situation, couldn't be deduced from it (many examples, e.g. II.13). 9. KAQ EPI 隔 Epistemic uses of the preceding (= Eng. 'now', argumentative : 'the foregoing being granted, now, a new question arises ; for instance in 'now, can we be sure that…') 10. KO ATT . 嘅 Attributive use of KO. Links a property to a head noun. The property is often expressed by a xingrongci (ie an intransitive verbs which can be preceded by an adv of degree) ; but it can also be a noun phrase denoting substance (tsiï3 tsaq7 kë ten1 lung5 'a lantern made of paper'), age (liong3 san1 suïii5 kë tsai3 'a child of 2 or 3'), subject matter (2.2.yiq 7 ko ^xiu 5 DZai 2 kë xieu 5 fa 6 'a story about a scholar'), shape (yiq kien yiq kien kë mifïn 'noodles in sticks') etc. 11. KO GEN 嘅 . With all kinds of NP dependents, whether or not expressing possession or part/whole relationship: includes in particular place (Ngonyi kë nyin 'people from Anyi'), and time (ku3tai5 kë thuq su nyin 'literati of old times'). 12. KO NOM 嘅 . Derives nominals. 2 :14. 'yiq7 ko nyu3 KO' « a woman », Also 5.162, 5.163 13. KO REL 嘅. VP+KO+NP. Attaches a VP to a NP. Wwith all kinds of VPs except those with bare xingrongci's (plus possible adv of degree), treated here as KO for one head noun with several attached VPs. 14. KO ADV . 嘅 . Derives adverbials. Equivalent to Mand DE1 地. 1.66.pïq 7 kien 1 he 3 ko peq 7 cin 1 yiq 7 yong 6 ko yiu 3 lon 3 chi 3 . 15. KO ASST . . 嘅 Clause+ KO ASST . Assertive use of KO. Equivalent to Mand.

(shi)…de. Sometimes used with 是 sï 6 . Ex : I :15, IV :32, IV :65. 16. KO XIE 嘅 : yiu3+KO+N. Equiv of Mandarin de 0 in the sense of xie1 'some', between yiu3 and count noun (si5 kan1 'times', nyin5 'people') ; also of Cantonese di1 (yau4 di1 yan2). 'there are people'. Nanchang : 1.10 : yiu 3 ko sï 5 kan ; 5.186 yiu3 ke nyin5 a. The noun can be omitted, 3.81. 17. KO MIR 個 . 'Mirative' use of KO. Equivalent to Mand. ge 0 個 in one of its uses.

'as much/many as+quantification ; to the extent that as a result+result'. Typically used after TEQ DEG or TEQ RES (but I.11 without TEQ). Degree is quantified in III.135, but result (not quantified) : 'to the extent that+result' in I :15 ; I :45 ; III :121. KO MIR seems obligatory after TEQ DEG when the complement of degree is not a verbal expression (III.127,134,135) ; but also occurs when the comp. of degree is a verbal exp (I.15, 45) 2.28 ; 3.10 ; 3.37 ; 3.94 ; ; 3.117 ; 4.26 ; 4.150. 44 (1.25, 1.30, 1.47, 1.56, 1.58, 3.7, 3,35) 49. TEQ EXT 得 introduces complements of extent (1.13, 1.15, 1.26, 1.45, 5.191) 50. TEQ MAN 得 introduces complements of manner (2.17, 3.24, 3.35, 3.36, 3.61, 3.69, 4.43, 4.83, 5.155) 51. TEQ PREP 得 . A preposition, equivalent to Mand. zai 4 (maybe not different from TAO PREP , as both are phonetically të or tëq. III.77) 52. TSHAI PROG . 在. TSHAI+V. Marks verbs in progressive aspect. Equivalent to Mand zai 4 . 53. YEU CHR 要. YEU+V 'characteristic behaviour' , as Eng. 'will V', 'can be predicted to V' in « water will boil at 100 degrees Celsius ». See Bybee, Revere and Pagliuca (1994 :157). Ex : 1.56, 3.25, 3.27, 3.102. 4 :91 ; 5 :136

five Nanchang texts (speaker XYZ ; recorded May-June 1999 in Nanchang)

• Line 1 : as much as possible, the usage of the Nanchang Dictionary is followed for Chinese characters. 2 new characters were created : A3C1 一; A3C2 乙 • Line 2 : follows 'outline of discourse transcription' of Du Bois, Schuetze-Coburn, Cumming and paolino (1993). Orthography is mine (see above for details). Symbols in bold are unexpected/irregular (for instance initial n in Nanchang in text 1, line 1 below is irreg., as Nanchang has merged n and l). • Line 3 : for glossing of grammatical words and discourse markers, see 'glossary' above.

現 在 大 家 生 活 要 好 得 多 7.
xien 6 Dzai 6 Dai 6 ka 1 sen 1 foq 7 yew 5 hao 3 teq 7 to 1 . now everybody life want good TEQ DEG much

但 是 我 覺 得 窮 嘅 時 間 8.
... than 6 sï 6 ngo 3 cioq 7 teq 7 ^chiung 2 kë sï 5 kan 1 but 1SG feel poor KO REL time

許 個 味 道 啊 he 3 ko wïi 6 Dao 6 a that CL taste A 比 現 在 味 道 還 更 足 pi 3
xien 6 Dzai 6 wïi 6 Dao 6 hai 2 kien 5 ciuq 7 . compare now taste even more full

更 有 意 思 就 是 話 9.
... kien 5 yiu 3 yi 5 sï chiu 6 x[ï 6 ] wa 6 . more interesting that:is:to:say

你 看 我 們 小 時 間 吧 10. ... n 3 Gon 3 ngo 3 mïn xieu 3 sï 5 kan 1 ba [pa], 2SG look 2PL small time PA PRSS 也 冒 有 電 視 看 11.
... ya 3 mao 6 yiu 3 ^Dien 6 sï 6 Gon 3 , also NEG have television watch

也 冒 有 什 哩 卡 拉 OK 12.
... ya 3 m[ao 6 ] yiu 3 xiq 7 li ^Ga Gon 3 tao 5 nyuq 7 a=@@@@@@. NEG-PRFV see ------------------------------ ---------------------- ---------------------------- ------------------------------------- ------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------But a different construction, with LAQ7 (< 搦 MC nak 'hold' ) also found (unique ex.), with verb PA3 'give' : -

ATT ------------------------------------------- 把 佢 煮 軟 了 就 可 以 5.
----------------- 把 佢 煮 5.85. pa3 cie 3 tsu 3 . PA DISP 3SG boil ---------------------- 隔 又 把 水 就 完 全 濾 乾 了
Local LAQ7 N PA3 X V 人 家 就  搦 糖 把 你 人 喫
--------------------- 但 是 我 覺 得 窮 嘅 時 間 . . ... than 6 sï 6 ngo 3 cioq 7 teq 7 ^chiung 2 kë sï 5 kan 1 but 1SG feel poor KO REL time                     細 伢 子 啊 平 時 穿 到 . . .
                       你 就 話 玩 嘅 東 西 吧 .
. ... n 3 chiu 6 wa 6 ^wan 5 kë tung 1 xi pa.

2SG then say play KO

REL thing PA SUGG                         可 以 插 小  蠟 燭 嘅 地 方 .
. kho 3 yi 3 tshaq 7 xieu 3 laq 7 tsuq 7 kë

[ko] Di 6 fong. can insert small candle KO REL place                               我 小 嘅 時 間 啊 . . .. ngo 3 xieu 3 kë [ko] sï 5 kan 1 a, 1SG small KO REL time A                      跟 外 頭 嘅 大 人 玩 嘅 燈 籠 差 不 多 .1 1.
                 箇 個 有 文 化 有 修 養 嘅 人 .
. ko 3 ko yiu

                  你 人 是 好 有 學 問 嘅 人 啊 .
. n 3 len sï 6 = hao 3 yiu 3 = ^hoq 7 wïn 6 kë [ko] nyin 5 a,

2SG be very have knowledge KO

REL person A                     冷 粉 就 是 拿 剛 才 話 嘅 .
-------------------- 就 是 涼 拌 嘅 冷 粉 啊 .
----------------- 隔  成 了 許 個 又 濕 又 軟 .
 現 在 味 道 還 更 足 pi 3
xien 6 Dzai 6 wïi 6 Dao 6 hai 2 kien 5 ciuq 7 . --------------------

- 你 人 許 個 米 呢 . ... n 3 [l]e[n h]e 3 ko mi 3 le, 2SG that CL rice LE ---------------------- 箇 個 舞  正 了 .
你  提 嘅 許 個 籃 子 好 累 人 家 吧 .
. n 3 Dia 2 ko he 3 ko lan 5 tsï hao 3 luïi 6 nyin 5 ka pa, 2SG carry KO REL that CL basket very tire people PA PRSS 1.5.5 complementation

complement of degree

V-得 -Adv deg hao3-teq7-to1, hao3 teq7 hen, (1.25, 1.30, 1.47, 1.56, 1.58, 3.7, 3,35) 1.5.5.2 complement of extent V-得-NP let teq7 yeu5 sï3 loq7 teq7 nyin5 tu1 tshuq7 puq7 lieu3 mïn5 loq7 teq7 ko fong5 kan1 li tu1…sït7 let teq7 chi3 tu1 theu puq7 tshut7 lai5 kon1 teq7 ko tsuïi3pa …te teq7 ha6 lai chiaq7 teq7 sïn1 song pi3 kao leq7fo 1.5.5.3 complement of manner V-得-NP tsong3 teq7 chiu6 man5 kieq7 chi3 tshon1 teq7 hao3 so tshon1 teq7 hao3 tshon1 teq7 man5 hao3 wan5 teq7 hao3 kao1 xin wan5 teq7 man5 khuai3 fat long teq7 hao3 pao kuan teq7 hao3 kao3 teq7 hao3 tiaq7 tsï 1.5.5.4 potential No ex. for positive Negative ex : puq7 teq7 thin2 'cannot stop, won't stop'. Teq7 is probably full V here : 'get, get to' tshuq7 puq7 lieu3 mïn5 'cannot go out' khon3 puq7 tao5 nyuq7 'cannot see meat' 1.5.5.5 Resultative complements :

1.5.5.5.1 positive : VV khon3 tao5, tsaq7 tao5, chiaq7 won5, yen si3, tshao3 hao3, wu3 tsang5, tshao3 suq7 2.13, 2.19, 2.31, 3.53, 4.63, 4.142, 4.111. 4.160, 5. 144, 5.146, 5. 148 , 5.165, 5.171, 5.195, 5.199; 1.5.5.5.2

Mrs Xie (elicited materials)

data collected Oct-December 1999 in Ormond, Melbourne. Donnees dans classeur noir.

Mrs Xie's Nanchang phonology

No systematic analysis of the phonology was attempted. The data were collected primarily for syntax (October-December 1999, in Ormond, Melbourne) Yet Mrs Xie's pronunciation differs significantly from 'standard' Nanchang (as reflected in the NCFYZD by Xiong). ; neg : mao6 V A-1-1 cie3 chiaq7 lë fan6, n3len chiaq7 lë mao6 ? ngo3 chiaq7 lieu (~lë)/ngo3 mao6 chiaq7 A-1-2 cie2 kong1 chiaq7 lieu yoq7 A-1-3 cin1nyen2, ngo3 chiu6 tso5 lieu liong3 chien1 fïn1 A-2-1 ngo3 chie3 lë liong3 fïi A-5-1 miang2 nyiq7 ko3 sïkan, cie3 chiu6 tao6 lë pïq7cin1 A-7-5 cie3 fïi lë hao3 thai6 kë cin, tshai2 pha2 song chie3 2.2.2.2 affirmative : same as perfective B-1-1 Q… ; A : chie3 lieu/ mao6 chie3 B-1-2 same (V is khun) B-2-1 same (V is yong)

progressive 在 V

Mandarin uses zai4 V or zhengzai4 V. Cant. V-kan3; Xiamen teq-V ; Nanchang also uses tshai6 V (or ts [h] Mandarin is -zhe (Anne says p. 72, Mandarin has the same markers for progressive and durative but that seems an error) ; SHT -kin3 (la khai pu miangkin ; phuikin chut mun) ; other Hakka dialects have V dao 到 ~倒 tao3 or tao5 cf. LZ p. 443 ('eat sitting'). Nanchang and basically all Gan dialects have tao 3/5 (some have T3, others T5, in both dialects) D-1-3 cie3 tshon tao ko t [h]ai yi, yiq7 tiaq7 tu1 puq7 lang3 D-2-1 cie3 xi3fon chi3 teq7/tao chiaq7 D-2-2 he3 tsaq7 nyin2 cin3 ts [h] F-1-1 xingatsï tshai khunkao, thoq7 len khuq7 chi3 lai2

(note : apparently tshai6 used here for a durative) F.2.1. cie3 wa6 chi3 sï6 lai2, chiu6 mao6 won2 mao6 lieu3 (冒 完 冒 了 ) F-3-1 cie3 kao1xin teq7 tshong1 chi3 ko1 lai2 2.2.2.7 instantive : 一 V (就) .... G-1-1 cie3 yiq7 chiaq7 chiu6 thu G-2-1 cie3 yiq7 tshuo tshon chiu6 theu2 fïn E-2-5 ko3 tsaq7 tung1xi thia2 puq7 chi3 lai2 can one say puq7 teq7 thia2 chilai? no ! 2.2.3.5.3 Adj : puq7 teq7 Adj/puq7 wei6 Adj E-5-1 miang nyit tsao3song puq7 teq7 kon1 E-5-2 fong5 tao5 li3theu2, puq7 teq7 set7/puq7 wei6 set7 2.2.3.5.4 optative E-7-1 miang nyiq7 ya3 puq7 wei6 xiong3 chiaq7 E-7-3 cie3 miang nyit puq7 yiq7Tin lai2 2.2.3.6 other aspects F-1-1 ngo3 hai2 mao6 chie3 kuo5 peq7cin F-1-3 n3len hai2 mao6 pha2 kuo5 tshao3 F-2-1 ngo3 mao6 chie3 kuo5 peq7cin F-2-5 he3 tsong1 pao5 n3len mao6 khon3kuo5 F-3-1 cie3 xienTsai mao6 ta3 maoyi1 F-3-3 cie3 mao6 tshai6 su theu2

Resume : mao6 used to negate verbs in perfective, experiential, progressive aspects ; verb yiu 3 'to have' ;

passive

passive 等 ten3

Yan Sen p. 77 of black notebook contributes a sentence : 車 子 等 斷 到 xx xx ten3 ton3 tao 'the car was prevented from passing' More examples in Nanchang Fangyan cidian, with construction patient ten3 agent VP. Seems to be the normal passive construction in town. ten3 grammaticalized from 'X waits for Y to V' to agent marker in passive constructions, then to passive marker (when patient is omitted, as in the above sentence). Unknown whether non-detrimental examples occur, as 'Clinton was elected president of the USA'

passive te1

te1 cited in NCFYCD as a full verb meaning 'pull ; drag ; tear' ; one ex., in which te1 has a resultative complement pho 'broken', looks quasi-passive : yi1song te1 pho le 'the garment was torn from pulling on it'. te1 occurs as agent marker in passive constructions in Yangzizhou (Mrs Xie), always detrimental ('inflictive'). An other morpheme, te1 (not felt to be the same as the passive marker), has the meanings 'pull, drag, tear'. Perhaps no connection : te1 'passive marker' perhaps connects with teq7 得 as in a few Gan-Hakka dials, cf LZ :438 ; however loss of rusheng is unexplained and the fact that te1 is always inflictive argues against this ; alternatively a denasalized form of 等 ten3 ? A-2-4 ngo3 wa6 teq7 puq7 hao3, ya3 (也) te1 n3koli xieu5 'I spoke badly and made you laugh' A-3-5 kong1 mai3 kë nye2 te1 mao2 tho1 tseu3 le 'the fish I just bought was dragged away by the cat' C-5-2 tsu5 fai sï6, puq7 tho3 tsoq7 tshai2 kuai le 'it will be strange if one is not arrested doing bad things' A-10-2 n3 puq7 tho2 cie3 ma tshai2 kuai 'It's only strange that you weren't scolded by him' ngo3 tho2 lin3tao3 kuaq7 le yiq7 ha6 'I was criticized by the lingdao' C-5-1 cie3 to3 phoq7 le, mau6 tho2 faq7 xien 'he wasn't discovered' ngo3 na yong sï tao5 n3len tso5 'I'll give you a task to do' A-1-3 cie3 yeu5 wan yiq7 pi chien2 tao5 nyin2ka1 'he wanted to return a sum of money to someone' A-1-4 ngo3 yeu5 mai yiq7 tung fang2 tsï tao tshoq nyiq7 lai2 kë he3 tsaq7 nyin2. 'I want to sell a house to that person who came yesterday' A-1-5 cie3 su le liong3 phon chi tao ngo 'he lost two games of chess to me' A-1-7-2 n3 cia tiaq7 tsï chien2 tao ngo3 mai yen 'lend me a few dollars to buy cigarettes' A-4-1 n3 phao pei tsha2 tao kheq7 nyin2 'he steeped a cup of tea for the guest' C-1-1 ngo3 sung yiq7 pïn3 su1 tao cie 'I'll give a book to him (as a gift)' [slightly better than other version below : X sung Y N] C-2-3 n3 liu ci3 kë wïi tsï tao cie3 mïn 'leave a few seats for them' C-3-1 cie3 theu1 le yiq7 khuai3 chien2 tao5 ngo3 yung 'he stole a dollar for me to use'

construction X cia Y N

A-1-7-1 n3len cia le cie3 san1 tsaq7 wo 'you lent him three pots' A-1-6 cie3 kau le ngo tsai3 tiaq7 pïn3 sï 'he taught my son some skills' A-5-2 cieu5 cie3 fïitaq n3len yiq7 kë wïn thi 'make him answer you a question' C-1-1 ngo3 sung cie yiq7 pïn3 su1 'I'll give a book to him (as a gift)' [slightlly less coll than other version as X sung N tao Y]

construction X sung tao Y N

A-1-2 n3 sung tao5 na3 ko yiq7 phin ciong1 yiu5 'who did you give a bottle of soy sauce to ?' 2.2.6 causative

nyong6 讓 permissive

The main construction with Mrs Xie is X nyong6 Y V, but nyong 讓 still a full verb meaning 'to let, allow'. The NCFYCD even allows some passive uses : chien2 nyong6 nyin2ka1 theu1 phoq7 le.'the money was stolen by someone' A1-san-c lao3 wong2 ko 'Lao Wang's'

No haplology, no double kë : A1san-e2, A1-san-e5

modifying clause

Mod kë N can be dropped with inalienable possession B1-san-a54 but not with alienable B1-san-a11

  PHONOLOGY AND ORTHOGRAPHY FOR SPEAKER XYZ...............................................

  GLOSSARY OF FUNCTION WORDS AND DISCOURSE MARKERS IN THE TEXTS .................................. 1.3 FIVE NANCHANG TEXTS (SPEAKER XYZ ; RECORDED MAY-JUNE 1999 IN NANCHANG) .............

  2.: Scholar and Maiden ....................................................................... 1.3.3 Nanchang text No. : New Year......................................................................................... 1.3.4 Nanchang text No. 4: Turnips ............................................................................................. 1.3.5 Nanchang text No. 5: Noodles ........................................................................................... 1.4 NOTES ON THE LEXICON .................................................................................................................

  NOTES ON THE GRAMMAR : CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE 5 TEXTS......................................................

  REFS...............................................................................................................................................

  tao D-4-3 tshong2 song khun tao kë xi5ngatsïThis shared innovation with Hakka probably on the ground of a former V-dao construction indicating successful outcome (frozen in zhidao 'to know'), evolving to 'resulting state' (for example : 拿 到 'you catch this' > 'you hold this' Lamarre cites a Yue dialect, Xinyi (W of Guangdong) where 倒 tou 35 (upper shang) serves as extent/manner complement marker, but also as resultative/perfective/durative marker. She cites a Tang 1986 Lamarre also cites a description of Daye 大 冶 by a Wang 1994 where ta~tç < 到 serves for result complements ; ta is also a durative marker chie3 kuo peq7cin1 mao6Cannot say : yiu3 mao6 chie3 kuo5 peq7cin ? E-1-3 cie3 tao5 kuo hao3 to1 thi6fong E-1-5 cie3 khon3 kuo ko3 tshong xi E-1-6 ngo3 chiaq7 kuo ko3 tsung3 nyen2 kao, hao3 thien2 2.2.2.6 inchoative : V-起 來 .

  X laq7/wan/mai N pa3 Y VP used by YS, see text. Not accepted by Mrs Xie. 2.2.5.2 construction X laq7/wan/mai N tao Y VP na/wan/mai is full verb ; tao is prep. Examples : mma na piang3 tao cie3 mïn chiaq7 'mother gives them cookies to eat' A-1-1-1 ngo3 na song1 khuai3 tsï tao n3len 'I'll give you a pair of chopsticks' A-1-1-4

glossary of function words and discourse markers in the texts

	In addition a vowel 'ë' serves to note a reduced central vowel in my transcription.
		Correspondences with NC dictionary :
	XYZ NC dict.
	a	a
	ai	ai
	ao	au
	an	an
	ang	aN
	aq/t	a/, at	with Nanchang Dictionary are
	e	e
	XYZ eu	NC dict. Eu
	p en	p En
	ph/B eq/t	p' E/, Et
	m oe	P	m
	f o	o	f
	t on	t on
	th/D ong	t' çN
	l oq	l ç/
	ts ï tsh/DZ ts' ts ˆ; apical vowel ïi ˆi
	s c ïu ïn	s ˆu t˛ ˆn
	ch/J ny ïq/ït x i iu	t˛' ˆt, ut ȵ i ˛ iu
	k in	k in
	kh/G ng iq/it ü	k' i/, it N y
	h ün	h yn
	üt 1.1.3 medials yt u u
	Speaker XYZ : NC dictionary : un un ung uN	i I	ü y	u u	(word-initially : y	yü	w)
	ut/uq ut, u/
	symbols between brackets are word-initial variants of the first three.
	1.1.4 rhymes a ai 1.2 1. A SUPP 啊. CLAUSE1+A+CLAUSE2. Indicates supposition : translatable as ao an ang aq/t e eu en « suppose that CLAUSE1, then CLAUSE2 », « when CLAUSE1,… » or eq/t oe « if CLAUSE1,…» Ex : esp. in I :18,33,69.
	o 2. A			on ong oq
	ï ïi	ïu ïn		ïq/ït
	i		iu in		iq/it
	ü			ün		üt
	u			un ung uq

SUSP 啊 X+A : suspensive : « wait for predicate or main clause». Ex. : [suoyi a], 3. A TOP 啊 X+A. Topic Marker : Ex. : [ko3 ko nan5 Dzong1 sï6 a],

  . 18. KUO EXP . 過.Verb suffix, Marks verbs in experiential aspect. Similar to Mand guo 4 . 19. LA CHG 啦. Probably a fusion of LIEU CHG +A, q.v. Ex. : 4.50 'they start to eat'. 20. LA OBV 啦 ( low qingsheng). YS says : 'it's obvious, of course, no doubt, one can only agree with it'. This kind of obviousness is obvious to everyone, unlike MA OBV , qv. Ex. : IV:10. IV :25, IV :27. 5.66 (but pitch is mid). 21. LA UNS 啦 (high qingsheng). Utterance final, gives preceding clause a meaning of uncertainty. Apparently a fusion of LA OBV + A 'question marker in yes-no questions' (no occurrence in our 5 texts, but common in Nanchang, cf. elicited sentences, crossref). The resulting meaning is 'is CLAUSE really obvious ? I doubt it'. 'it ought to be so, not certain ; unsure ; consulting ; = right ? ». Only one ex. IV:44. 22. LA LOOK . 喇. Utterance-initial : attracts the hearer's attention to an element in the situation, similar to Eng. 'look !'. One ex., 2.46. 23. LAI INC 來. change into the state, in V-lai5 : 5.52 : sai5 kon1 lai5 yi3heu6 'after it has become dry'. Only ex. Perhaps an error for LIEU PRFV . 24. LAQ DISP 搦. Marker of disposal construction. Only one ex. main verb is 'give' (pa 3 ), and direct objects ('sweets') is indefinite. See PA DISP . 25. LAQ INST 搦. introduces an instrumental complement. 3 :48 ; 5 :21 ; 26. LE 呢 . X+LE. Speaker presents preceding discourse as premise for following discourse. Similar to Mand ne 0 呢. 27. LIEU CHG 了: sentence final, marks change of state : IV :9 28. LIEU PRFV 了: verb-final, marks perfective aspect. . 32. LO INST 咯. Phrase-final : P+LO, P+LO, P+LO…P+LO. marks each of a series of consecutive, parallel phrases. Text 1 ; also 5.139-141. 33. LO CONSULT . Sentence-final, presses hearer to agree. 2.29 ; 2.38. 34. MA sentence-final, after 郎 long5 'how ?'. This MA is equivalent to 呢 . ADV 哦 sentence-final, low qingsheng. Strong advice. IV :70 40. O REG 哦. IV :158. Sentence final : indicates regret on the part of the speaker : 'alas' !. Only one ex. See also LO OBV . 41. ORD. 第 thi 6 . Ordinal marker. 42. P 'particle' 43. PA PRSS 吧. Sentence-final, pressing hearer to agree, comply, accept a new topic, an estimate or approximation,

	Ex:5.151.
	35. MA OBV 嘛 Sentence-final, presents the situation as obvious to the speaker, though
	not necessarily to everybody else = patronizing (unlike LA OBV , qv). Only one ex. :
	III.112.
	36. NEG : the general negation for verbs not in experiential or prefective aspect :mao 6

29. LIEU PROG 了: verb-final, marks progressive aspect : IV : 43, 95 (on path of development perfective > progressive: Mand zhe) 30. LIEU POT . 了: in negative potential constructions. One ex. : 1.14. 31. LO OBV 咯. sentence final, sentence meaning is 'regrettably obvious'. Perhaps a fusion of LA OBV + O REG . IV :120, 121,136冒 for 'have', 不 pïq 7 or puq 7 for all other verbs. 37. NEG-EXP. 冒 mao 6. Negation for verbs in experiential aspect. V :133 38. NEG-PRFV. 冒 mao 6 . Negation for verbs in perfective aspect. IV :102 39. O

  . PA DISP . 把. The main disposal marker. Equivalent to mandarin ba 3 把. 45. PREP. preposition 46. TAO DUR 到 verb suffix, marks durative aspect. III.51 ; III.41 ; IV :64 ; IV :162 47. TAO RES 到, a resultative complement, marks successful outcome. II.13, II.19 ; 2.31 ; III.53; IV.63, IV. 111, 4.142, IV :160 ; 48. TEQ DEG 得 introduces complements of degree

  Translation 1. [I'll] tell a funny story, ha. 2. A scholar story. 3. 'Scholar'. 4. You know [what] a scholar [is], right ? 5. Eh. 6. A scho-, a literate person in ancient times, 7. that's [what] a scholar [is]. 8. Once upon a time there was a scholar, 9. Who carried a basket. 10. Carried a very big basket, 11. [and] went down the streets. 12. He was walking. 13. At that point he saw, ahead of him, 14. A female person. 15. A young female person. 16. also carrying a basket. 17. That female person, well, she was quite pretty. 18. This sai-, 19. This scholar see[ing] that the person was quite pretty, 20. then, 21. With hidden intentions, 22. He then, 23. started talking with the person, 24. He chats her up. 25. Eh. ((HIGH PITCH, PUTS SELF IN ROLE OF SCHOLAR)) 26. He=, 27. this young lady, 28. This bag you're carrying is very tiring, isn't it, 29. I'll carry it for you, OK ? ((LOWER PITCH, RESUMES NARRATOR ROLE)). 30. This, 31. This young female person, seeing he [acted] thus, 32. Did not answer him. 33. Now, [as] she was not answering, 34. He stuck to her [side and went on] talking. 35. Eh. 36. He said. 37. I'll carry it for you, yes ? 38. I'll carry it for you, OK ? 39. Eh, 40. I say, 41. You, 42. You, 43. I am carrying a big basket, 44. You carry a small basket, 45. Let's put them together [one into the other], 46. Look, 47, I, 48. I ca-, 49. I can carry it with one hand. 50.

	1.3.1 Nanchang text No. 1.: Nanchang weather (Told by XYZ. Recorded by Laurent Sagart. Nanchang, June 1999) 南 昌 箇 個 地 方 啊 1. na=n 5 DZong 1 ko 3 ko Di 6 fong a. Nanchang this CL place A TOP 別 什 哩 都 好 2. phieq7 xiq 7 li tu 1 hao 3 . other-things all good 就 是 箇 個 天 氣 3. chiu 6 x[ï 6 ] ko 3 ko ^thie=n 1 chi, then be this CL weather 硬 是 不 好 . 4. nga=ng 6 x[ï 6 ] pïq 7 hao 3 . decidedly be NEG good 難 得 一 年 到 頭 5. lan 5 teq 7 !yit 7 nyen 5 tao 5 Deu 2 . seldom in:one:year 難 得 有 幾 日 子 好 6. lan 5 teq 7 yiu 3 ci 3 nyiq 7 tsï hao 3 thien 1 chi. 天 氣 seldom have several day good weather 首 先 春 天 咯 7. sïu 3 xien 1 DZun 1 thien 1 lo. first springtime LO INST 箇 春 天 呢 8. ko 3 tshun 1 thien 1 le, this springtime LE 老 是 落 雨 9. lao 3 sï 6 loq 8 yu 3 . always rain (v.) 硬 有 嘅 時 間 10. ngang 6 yiu 3 ko sï 5 kan, really have KO XIE times 一 落 就 落 個 三 日 四 11. yit 7 loq 7 chiu 6 loq 7 ko san 1 nyit sï 5 as :soon:as fall then fall KO MIR three day four day 日 nyit 五 日 七 日 八 日 十 來 日 ng 3 nyit 7 chit 7 nyit 7 paq 7 nyit 7 sïq 8 lai 5 !nyit 7 . five day seven day eight day ten and:more day 日 日 落 12. ^nyit 7 nyit 7 loq 7 , everyday fall 不 得 停 13. pïq 7 teq 7 thin 2 . NEG get stop 落 得 人 都 出 不 了 門 14. loq 7 teq 7 nyin 5 tu 1 DZuq 7 pïq 7 lieu 3 mïn 5 , fall TEQ EXT people all go:out NEG LIEU POT 落 得 個 房 間 裏 呢 到 處 15. loq 7 teq 7 ko fo=ng 5 kan li le tao 5 DZu fall TEQ EXT KO MIR apartment inside LE everywhere 是 潮 潮 濕 嘅 xi 6 DZeu 2 -DZeu 2 sït 7 ko. be [TRUNC. W.] wet KO ASST 摸 到 箇 個 桌 子 辣 濕 16. mo 1 të [tao 5 ] ko 3 ko tsoq 7 tsï lat 8 sït 7 , feel TAO DUR this CL table very wet 摸 到 凳 子 辣 濕 17. mo 1 të [tao 5 ] ten 5 tsï lat 8 sït 7 . feel TAO DUR stool very wet 你 打 開 箱 子 看 啊 18. n 3 ta 3 Gai 1 xiong 1 tsï khon 5 na, 2SG open trunk see A SUPP 你 人 嘅 被 窩 也 發 了 霉 19. n 3 len ko Bïi 6 wo ya 3 ^faq 7 lë [lieu 3 ] ^mïi 5 =, 2SG KO GEN quilt also grow LIEU PRFV mould 棉 襖 也 發 了 霉 20. mien 5 ngao 3 ya 3 ^faq 7 lë [lieu 3 ] mïi 5 , padded:jacket also grow LIEU PRFV mould 什 哩 都 發 了 霉 21. xiq 7 li tu 1 faq 7 lë [lieu 3 ] mïi 5 , everything all grow LIEU PRFV mould 長 了 毛 22. tsong 3 lë [lieu 3 ] mao 1 . 熱 天 就 熱 得 要 死 25. let 7 thien 1 chiu 6 let 7 teq 7 yeu 5 sï 3 . summer then hot TEQ DEG want die 硬 熱 得 氣 都 敨 不 出 來 26. ngang 6 let 7 teq 7 chi 5 tu 1 Deu 3 pïq 7 tshuq 7 lai. indeed hot TEQ RES breath all breathe NEG come:out 三 十 七 度 三 十 八 度 27. san 1 sïq 8 chiq 7 Du 6 san 1 sïq 8 paq 7 Du 6 thirty-seven degrees thirty-eight degrees 算 好 個 son 5 hao 3 ko. count:as good KO ASST 有 嘅 時 間 就 三 十 九 度 28. yiu 3 ko sï 5 kan 1 chiu 6 san 1 sïq 8 ciu 3 Du 6 have KO XIE times then thirty-nine degrees 四 十 度 ^sï 5 sïq 8 Du 6 . forty degrees 你 像 舊 年 子 29. n 3 [ch]iong 6 chiu 6 nyen 5 tsï, like last:year 就 熱 得 要 死 30. chiu 6 let 7 teq 7 yeu 5 sï 3 . then hot TEQ DEG want die 舊 年 子 熱 到 四 十 度 31. chiu 6 nyen 5 tsï let 7 tao 5 sï 5 sïq Du 6 . last:year hot reach 40 degrees 漲 脫 大 嘅 水 34. ... tsong 3 thoq 7 thai 6 ko suïi 3 , swell very big KO ATT water 你 像 舊 年 子 咯 35. n 3 [ch]iong 6 chiu 6 nyen 5 tsï lo. like last:year LO INST 江 西 漲 水 全 國 有 名 36. ciong 1 xi 1 tsong 3 suïi 3 .. chyon 2 kueq 7 yiu 3 miang 5 , Jiangxi floods countrywide have fame 全 世 界 都 有 了 名 37. chyon 2 sï 5 kai 5 tu 1 yiu 3 lë [lieu 3 ] miang 5 . all world even have LIEU PRFV fame 舊 年 子 差 滴 子 出 大 問 題 38. chiu 6 nyen 5 tsï .. tsha 1 tiaq 7 tsï tshuq 7 thai 6 wïn 6 thi 2 , last:year almost happen big problem 啊 39. a, A SUSP 防 洪 搶 險 40. fong 5 fung 2 chiong 3 xien 3 guard:against flood take:emergency:measures:against danger ((A SLOGAN)) [1 :23] 秋 天 裏 吧 41. ^chiu 1 thien 1 li pa, autumn inside PA 巴 乾 44. ^pa 1 kon 1 . ((pa 1 SPECIAL VOICE QUALITY VENTRICULAR ? PHARYNGEALIZED ? )) very dry 有 嘅 時 間 乾 得 呢 45. yiu 3 ko sï 5 kan 1 kon 1 teq 7 le have KO XIE times dry TEQ RES LE 乾 得 個 嘴 巴皮 子 嘅 皮 kon 1 teq ko tsuïi 3 pa bi 2 tsï ko phi 2 dry TEQ RES KO MIR lips KO GEN skin 都 可 以 □ 得 下 來 tu 1 kho 3 yi 3 ^te 1 teq 7 ha 6 lai 5 . even can tear TEQ RES fall:off 許 乾 燥 46. he 3 ^kon 1 tsao 5 . that dry (that's how dry it gets) 冬 天 吧 就 冷 得 要 死 47. tu=ng 1 dien 1 pa chiu 6 lang 3 teq 7 yeu 5 sï 3 . winter PA then cold TEQ DEG want die 又 冷 又 潮 濕 48. yiu 6 lang 3 yiu 6 dzeu 2 sït 7 . and cold and wet 我 們 箇 裏 話 起 來 49. ngo 3 mïn ko 3 li wa 6 chi 3 lai ((TRUNCATED)) 1PL here say CHILAI INCH □ fu X 52. pi 3 lu 5 liang 5 ha 6 ng 3 Du 6 lo for:instance below:zero five degrees LO INST 六 度 咯 liuq 8 Du 6 lo. Six degrees LO INST 主 要 是 什 哩 呢 53. tsu 3 yeu 5 sï 6 xiq 7 li le principally be what LE 潮 濕 tsheu 2 sït 7 . wet 所 以 北 京 啊 54. so 3 yi peq 7 cin 1 na, that:is:why Beijing A TOP 佢 零 下 十 多 度 55. cie 3 liang 5 ha 6 sïq 8 to 1 du 6 . 3SG below:zero ten more degrees 佢 比 我 們 箇 裏 感 覺 56. cie 3 pi 3 ngo 3 mïn ko 3 li kon 3 cioq 7 3SG compare:with 1PL here feel 要 好 得 多 yeu 5 hao 3 teq 7 to 1 . YEU CHR better TEQ DEG much 第 一 佢 乾 燥 57. thi 6 yiq 7 cie 3 kon 1 tsao 5 . ORD one 3SG dry 再 一 個 呢 60. tsai 5 yiq 7 kë [ko] le again one CL LE 佢 房 間 裏 有 暖 氣 61. cie 3 fong 5 kan 1 li yiu 3 non 3 chi 3 . 3SG apartment inside have heating 我 們 箇 裏 呢 62. ngo 3 mïn ko 3 li le, 1PL here LE 又 冰 冷 辣 濕 落 雨 落 雪 63. yiu 6 pin 1 lang 3 lat 8 sït 7 loq 8 yu 3 loq 8 xuet 7 . and cold very wet fall rain fall snow 房 間 裏 又 是 冒 有 64. fong 5 kan 1 li yiu 6 sï 6 mao 6 yiu 3= = = =, apartment inside again be NEG have 也 冒 有 冒 有 65. ya 3 ma[w] 6 y[iu 3 ] ma[w] 6 y[iu 3 ] also NEG have NEG have 不 跟 許 個 北 京 一 樣 嘅 有 暖 氣 66. pïq 7 kien 1 he 3 ko peq 7 cin 1 yiq 7 yong 6 ko yiu 3 lon 3 chi 3 . NEG like that CL Beijing same KO ADV ? have heating 所 以 呢 67. so 3 yi 3 le, that:is:why LE 冬 天 裏 啊 68. ^tung 1 thien 1 li a, 還 更 熱 和 些 子 hai 2 kien 5 leq 7 fo xiet 7 tsï. still more warm a:little 在 房 間 裏 啊 70. tshai 6 fong 5 kan 1 li a, at apartment inside A TOP 冰 冷 71. pin 1 lang 3 , ice-cold 更 冷 72. kien 5 lang 3 more cold 所 以 啊 73. so 3 yi 3 a. 箇 個 南 昌 市 啊 74. ko 3 ko nan 5 DZong 1 sï 6 a. this CL Nanchang city A TOP 一 年 到 頭 冒 什 哩 好 天 氣 75. yiq 7 nyen 5 tao 5 Deu 2 mao 6 xiq 7 li hao 3 Dien 1 chi in:one:year NEG any good weather cold, 72. colder. 73. That is why, 74. here in Nanchang city, 75. All through the year, there no [period of] good weather. (Told by XYZ. Recorded by Laurent Sagart. Nanchang, June 1999) 話 一 個 笑 話 哈 1. wa 6 yiq 7 kë [ko] xieu 5 fa 6 say one CL funny:story HA 一 個 秀 才 嘅 笑 話 2. yiq 7 ko ^xiu 5 DZai 2 kë [ko] one CL scholar KO ATT funny:story 秀 才 啊 3. xiu 5 DZai 2 a. 一 個 女 嘅 14. yiq 7 kë [ko] nyü 3 kë [ko]. one CL female KO NOM 就 跟 人 家 □ 啊 24. chiu 6 kien 1 nyin 5 ka 1 tse 3 a. then with person flirts A ? ? □ 35. eh. P 喇 46. la 6 , LA LOOK 調 戲 婦 女 57. Dieu 2 xi 5 bothering woman 就 兩 才 并 一 才 1SG in:my:heart think A fu 6 nyü 3 , 68. kuon 1 DZai 2 tsong 1 coffin 4. ngo 3 xin 1 li xiong 3 a, hold:within scholar 我 心 理 想 啊 xiu 1 DZai 2 , xieu 5 fa 6 . 隔 看 到 前 頭 呢 13. kaq 7 Gon 3 të [tao] Jien 2 Dë [theu 2 ] le, KAQ NEW see TAO RES ahead LE 跟 人 家 搭 腔 23. kien 1 nyin 5 ka 1 taq 7 chio=ng 1 , with person start a conversation □ □ 佢 就 粘 到 人 家 話 事 34. <X X> cie 3 chiu 6 nyen 5 tao 5 nyin 5 ka wa 6 sï 6 . 3SG then stick PREP person talk 我 們 裝 得 一 起 45. ngo 3 mïn tsong 1 teq 7 yiq 7 chi 3 . 1PL install PREP together 實 際 上 就 是 56. in:fact then be 管 材 裝 秀 才 1SG sït 7 ci song 6 chiu 6 xi 6 =, 67. ^xiu 5 DZai 2 ya 3 xi 6 scholar also be 3. ngo 3 , cai 2 我 tshai 2 , ha. 走 啊 走 12. tseu 3 a tseu 3 walk A PROG walk 就 , 22. chiu= 6 , then 隔 □ □ 不 答 佢 呢 33. kaq 7 <XX> puq 7 taq 7 cie 3 le, KAQ NEW NEG answer 3SG LE 妳 搦 隻 小 籃 子 44. n 3 laq 7 tsaq 7 xieu 3 lan 5 tsï, 2SG take CL small basket 箇 箇 箇 就 是 55. ko 3 ko 3 ko 3 this this this then be 秀 才 也 是 才 1SG chiu 6 x[ï 6 ], 66. ^kuon 1 DZai 2 ya 3 xi 6 coffin also be 2. ... ngo 3 , cai 2 我 tshai 2 , 1.3.2 Nanchang text No. 2.: Scholar and Maiden 到 街 上 去 11. tao 5 ^kai 1 song chie to street on go 不 懷 好 意 21. puq 7 fai 5 hao 3 yi 5 , NEG hold good:intentions 不 答 佢 32. puq 7 taq 7 cie 3 . NEG answer 3SG 我 搦 了 一 隻 大 籃 子 43. ngo 3 laq 7 lieu yiq 7 tsaq 7 Dai 6 lan 5 tsï, 1SG take LIEU PROG one CL big basket 佢 就 講 話 嘅 54. cie 3 chiu 6 kong 3 wa 6 3SG then this:way say KO ASST 管 材 也 是 才 this:way if speak:about new:year A ko 65. cie 3 chiu 6 wa 6 kë= [ko], 3SG then say 1. ko 3 yeu 5 wa 6 të [tao 5 ] kuo 5 nyen 5 a. KO ASST 箇 要 話 到 過 年 啊 that:is:why A SUSP mouldy, 22. has grown hairy. 23. In the springtime. 24. Let's now consider summer. 25. In the summer it's hot to die of. 26. Indeed so hot that [one] cannot breathe. 27. Thirty-seven degrees, thirty-eight degrees counts as pleasant, 28. At times it's reached forty degrees. 32. In the summer in addition there often are floods. 33. [when there are] inundations, 34. they are very big inundations, 35. Like, last year, 36. The floods in Jiangxi were publicized everywhere in China, 37. They were even publicized everywhere in the world. 38. Last year there almost happened a big problem, 39. [what], 40. [during the] fight against the flood. 41. Let's now consider the automn. 42. [In] the automn [it] is reasonably good. 43. But then it's very dry. 44. Extremely dry. 45. At times so dry that [one] can tear the skin off [one's] lips. 46. That dry. 47. Let's now consider the winter, then it's bitterly cold. 48. Both cold and wet. 49. Here we say [PART MISSING…fu]. 50. The temperature in the winter .51. cannot be considered very low, 52. For instance five below zero, six below zero. 53. The worst is the, what, the humidity. 54. That is why [in] Beijing, 55. [when the temperature there is] ten below zero, 56. It still feels much better there than [for] us here. 57. The first thing is, there it's dry. 58. The winter weather is very good. 59. It's all sunny days. 60. Another thing is, 61. There the apartments have heating. 62. [With] us here, 63. It's bitterly cold, very wet, rainy and snowy. 64. In the apartments there is no…65. There is no…66. It's not heated like in Beijing . 67. That is why, 68. In the winter, 69. [if] you're staying indoors, you might just as well go outside, it's a little warmer. 70. Inside the apartment, 71. It's ice-就 是 7. then be 從 前 有 個 秀 才 呢 8. in the past have CL scholar 提 隻 籃 子 9. carry CL 提 隻 脫 大 嘅 籃 子 10. thia 2 tsaq 7 ^Doq 7 Dai 6 kë [ko] lan 5 tsï carry CL very big KO ATTR basket ((RESUMES NARRATOR ROLE)) 佢 就 話 嘅 A then this:way 2SG a, 20. chiu= 6 , this CL young KO ATTR woman KO NOM see TAO RES 3SG 42. n 3 len, then two basket combine one basket 3SG then point:to that CL coffin say KO ASST 啊 就 箇 隻 年 輕 嘅 女 嘅 看 到 佢 31. ko 3 tsaq 7 nyen 5 chiang 1 kë [ko] nyü 3 kë [ko] Gon 3 të [tao 5 ] cie 3 kong 3 , 你 人 53. chiu 6 liong 3 lan 5 phin 6 yiq 7 lan 5 . 64. cie 3 chiu 6 tsï 3 të [tao] he 3 kë [ko]. kë [ko] kuon 1 DZai 2 wa 6 講 就 兩 籃 并 一 籃 佢 就 指 到 許 個 管 材 話 嘅 basket that CL scholar look TAO RES person quite pretty LE 2SG thia 2 tsaq 7 lan 5 tsï. 箇 隻 秀 才 看 到 人 家 蠻 可 氣 呢 19. ko 3 tsaq 7 xiu 5 DZai 2 Gon 3 të [tao] nyin 5 ka 1 man 5 Gieq 7 chi le, 箇 隻 30. ((LOWER PITCH, RESUMES NARRATOR ROLE)) ko 3 tsaq 7 this CL 你 人 41. n 3 len, 大 籃 裝 小 52. big basket install small basket then suddenly has an idea thai 6 lan 5 tsong 1 xieu 3 lan 5 , 63. chiu 6 lin 5 ci 1 yiq 7 Dung 6 籃 就 靈 機 一 動 LE that CL [TRUNC. W.] I say tshung 2 Jien 2 yiu 3 kë [ko] ^xiu 5 DZai 2 le, 箇 隻 □ 18. ko 3 tsaq 7 sai-我 來 幫 你 人 提 咯 29. ngo 3 lai 5 pong 1 n 3 len dia 2 lo ? 1SG come help 2SG carry LO CONSULT 我 話 40. ngo 3 wa 6 , 小 籃 也 是 51. xieu 3 lan 5 ya 3 xi 6 small basket also be basket that CL female KO NOM LE lan 5 . 62. he 3 tsaq 7 nyü 3 kë [ko] le, 籃 許 隻 女 嘅 呢 scholar grow TEQ MAN then quite pretty P chiu 6 s(ï 6 ) ^xiu 5 DZai 2 . tsong 3 teq 7 chiu 6 man 5 Gieq 7 chi. 2SG carry KO REL that CL basket very tire people PA PRSS 39. eh, big basket also be basket Just walk:toone CL coffin:shop door A 秀 才 長 得 就 蠻 可 氣 28. n 3 Dia 2 ko he 3 ko lan 5 tsï hao 3 luïi 6 nyin 5 ka pa, □ 50. ((RECITING))thai 6 lan 5 ya 3 xi 6 lan 5 . 61. tsïn 5 hao 3 tseu 3 ta[w] yiq 7 tsaq 7 kuon 1 [D]Zai 2 Bu 3 mïn 5 Gieu 3 wa. thirty-nine degrees, forty degrees. 29. Like, last year, 30 it was hot to die of. 31. Last year the heat 古 代 個 秀 讀 書 6. ku 3 tai 5 kë [ko] xiu 5 -^thuq 7 su 1 ancient:times KO GEN [TRUNC. W.] literate 你 提 嘅 許 個 籃 子 好 累 人 家 吧 大 籃 也 是 籃 正 好 走 到 一 隻 管 材 鋪 門 口 哇 person that CL female KO NOM LE 1SG for 2SG carry LO CONSULT nyin 5 , 17. he 3 tsaq 7 nyü 3 ko le this young:lady a 38. ... ngo 3 pong 1 n 3 len Dia 2 lo, 1SG one CL hand then able:to carry KAQ NEW walk a walk LE 人 許 隻 女 嘅 呢 27. ke=i 3 xieu 3 nyong 5 ts[ï] a=, 我 幫 你 人 提 咯 49. ngo 3 yiq 7 tsaq 7 xiu 3 chiu 6 Go 3 yi 3 Dia 2 . 60. kaq 7 tseu 3 a tseu 3 le, door grow LIEU PRFV hairy 箇 春 天 裏 23. ko 3 DZun 1 thien 1 li. this springtime inside 熱 天 裏 吧 24. let 7 thien 1 li pa, summer inside PA 熱 天 裏 還 往 往 有 洪 水 32. let 7 thien 1 li hai 2 wong 3 wong 3 yiu 3 fung 5 suïi 3 , summer inside in:addition often have flood 漲 水 啊 33. ... tsong 3 suïi 3 a. swelling:of:waters A SUPP 秋 天 還 好 42. chiu 1 thien 1 hai 2 hao 3 . autumn still good 不 過 呢 就 是 好 乾 燥 43. puq 7 kuo 5 le chiu 6 x[ï 6 ] ^hao 3 kon 1 tsao 5 but LE then be very dry 冬 天 嘅 許 個 氣 溫 啊 50. tung 1 thien 1 ko he 3 ko chi 3 wïn a, winter KO GEN that CL temperature A TOP 也 不 算 好 低 51. ya 3 pïq 7 son 5 hao 3 ti 1 . also NEG count:as very low 比 如 零 下 五 度 咯 冬 天 嘅 天 氣 好 得 很 58. tung 1 dien 1 kë [ko] ^thien 1 chi hao 3 teq 7 hen 3 , winter KO GEN weather good TEQ DEG very 都 是 晴 天 59. tu 1 sï 6 chiang 2 dien 1 . all be clear day winter inside A TOP 你 坐 得 箇 個 房 間 裏 啊 69. n 3 tsho 6 = teq 7 ko 3 ko fong 5 kan 1 li a, 2SG sit TEQ PREP this CL apartment inside A SUPP 還 不 如 走 到 外 頭 去 hai 2 puq 7 lu 5 tseu 3 tao 5 wai 6 deu 2 chie 3 , still not:as:good:as walk to outside go Translation 1. Here in Nanchang, 2. everything (else) is good, 3. only the weather 4. is really bad. 5. Seldom in one year 6. Seldom are there several days good weather [in a row]. scholar a 你 曉 得 秀 才 一 個 年 輕 嘅 女 嘅 15. yiq 7 kë [ko] nyen 5 c[h]iang 1 kë [ko] nyü 3 kë [ko], □ 25. ë 佢 話 嘅 我 47. ngo 3 , 就 想 跟 人 家 許 隻 女 嘅 □ 58. chiu 6 xiong 3 kien 1 nyin 5 ka he 3 tsaq 7 nyü 3 ko ^tse 3 . 69. Jiu 6 liong 3 tshai 2 phin 6 yiq 7 DZai 2 . then two cai 2 combine one 以 前 啊 比 現 在 更 有 味 道 cai 2 5. ... yi 3 Jien 2 a pi 3 xien 6 DZai 6 kien 5 yiu 3 wïi 6 Dau 6 . 吧 4. n 3 xieu 3 teq 7 xiu 5 DZai 2 pa. ((TALKING TO ME, LS)) one CL young KO ATTR female KO NOM eh 36. cie 3 wa 6 kë [ko]. 1SG then want with person that CL in:the:past A compare now more have taste female KO NOM flirt Note deaspiration but no voicing in c[h]iang 1 3SG say KO ASST 7. First, spring. 8. In the spring, 9. it always rains. 10. Really there are times, 11. When it starts to 2SG know scholar PA PRSS 嘿 我 一 箇 隻 女 嘅 心 理 聽 到 就 好 起 火 以 前 窮 rain, it rains for three days, four days, five days, seven days, eight days, over ten days. 12. Everyday it rains. 13. It won't stop. 14 it rains [so much] that as a result people cannot go out of their homes. 15. It rains [so much] that everything in the apartment is wet. 16. When feeling with one's hand the table top it's all wet, 17 when feeling the stool with the hand, it's all wet, 18, [when] you open the trunk to look, 19. Your quilt is all mouldy, 20. your padded jacket is all mouldy, 21. Everything is all 也 提 隻 籃 子 26. ((HIGH PITCH, PUTS SELF IN ROLE OF SCHOLAR)) e=, 我 幫 你 人 提 嘛 48. ngo 3 yiq 7 , 59. ko 3 tsaq 7 nyü 3 kë [ko] xin 1 li Diang 1 të chiu 6 hao 3 ^chi 3 fo 3 . 6. yi 3 Jien 2 ^chiung 2 , XX 5. 箇 一 小 娘 子 啊 我 一 隻 手 就 可 以 提 隔 走 啊 走 呢 eh also carry CL basket 1SG for 2SG carry MA PRESSING eh. 16. ya 3 Dia 2 tsaq 7 lan 5 tsï. hey 37. ... ngo 3 pong 1 n 3 len Dia 2 ma, 1SG one this CL female KO NOM heart hear then very angry in:the:past poor

((RECITING, SING-SONG)) « A big basket is a also a basket, 51. A small basket is also a basket. 52. [if one] puts the small basket into the large basket, 53, then the two baskets become one ». 54. ((END OF RECITING. RESUMES NARRATOR ROLE)). That is what he said. 55. This, this, this [thing that he was doing], was. 56. Was in fact. 57. Bothering/harassing the woman. 58. He wanted to flirt with her, with that female person. 59. This female person, on hearing this, was very angry. 60. Now, [as] they were walking, 61. They just walked past the door of a coffin shop. 62. That female person, well 63. She suddenly had an idea. 64. She pointed to those coffins, and said. 65. She said. 66. ((RECITING, SING-SONG)) « A coffin is also a [kind of] cai2. 67. A scholar is also a [kind of] cai2. 68. [If one] puts the scholar into the coffin, 69. Then the two cai2's become one. » Notes 吧 : I assume you know (what xiucai means) (debut) 1.3.3 Nanchang text No. 3: New Year (Told by XYZ. Recorded by Laurent Sagart. Nanchang, June 1999)

  If one [has to] speak of New Year, 2. I, 3. I, 4. I believe 5. That in the old days it was more fun than now. 6. In the old days[we] were poor. 7. Now everybody's life has improved a lot. 8. But I feel that the time[we] were poor was more fun than now. 9. More interesting, that is to say. 10. Look, when we were little, 11. There was no TV, 12. Neither was there any of that Karaoke, 13. Neither were there electronic games. 14. And yet, 15. New Year then,16. Was a lot of fun.17. In these days everybody at New Year's time.18. like, roasted peanuts, 19. Or roasted beans, 20. Killed chickens or ducks, 21. Bought pork meat or fish. 22. Ah, 23.-24. The clothes that children wore everyday were of very poor quality. 25. But come new year, 26. The adults at home 27. Would always find a way 28. Then one did not have any money, 69. But one played very happily. 70. I, I remember 71. That, 72. I, 73. In those days, 74. When I was small, 75. Eh, seven or eight year-old, 76. Ten-something year-old, 77. [I] lived in a big large mixed courtyard, 78. In that large mixed courtyard 79. [lived] many children 80. About the same age as I. 81. Some were a bit older than I, and some were a bit smaller than I. 82. That…there were two brothers. 83. Of these two brothers, 84. The elder was called Suïi3-kien1, 85. And the younger one, the younger brother, he was called Mao5-kuïi-tsï. 86. Those two brothers were very able with their hands. 87. Later in life they became industry workers. 88. Eh, 89. they they really knew how to make things to play with. 90. These two brothers, one year at the time of New Year 91. They managed to procure a lot of bamboo laths and sticks, 92. And made a very long lantern, 93. With many sections. 94. From memory there were something like five, six, seven, or Each of us holding one section, we played inside. 106. We played inside the courtyard. 107. Eh, 108. You can't imagine how much fun it was. 109. [and for] that, one did not have to spend money. 110. But nowadays, new year. 111. Really is no fun at all. 112. Nowadays [during] New Year, obviously, 113. The main activity 114. 115. Is, on New Year's eve, to watch the, the, the, the 116. New Year party program on the Central TV channel. 117. [right ?] 118. Apart from that, 119. All the rest is eating. 120. A meal at this house, 121. A meal at that house, 122. A meal at one's mother and father's, 123. A meal at one's mother-in-law's, 124. A meal at one's elder brother's, 125. A meal at one's younger brother's, 126. Eh, 127. One eats so much that ((UNAUTHORIZED BY INFORMANT)). 128. A meal at this friend's, 129. A meal at that old schoolmate's, 130. Aside from that, what else is there ? 131. There is nothing else. 132. Those who can play mahjong, 133. Play mahjong from morning till night. 134. They play so much that ((UNAUTHORIZED BY INFORMANT)). 135. They play for days and nights on end.136. They do not leave the [mahjong] table. 137. That is why, 138. Although nowadays, 139. Material life has improved, 140. Today's, 141. As far as being interesting goes, 142. It is still the time when we were little143. Which was more interesting, 144. More fun.

	3 la 1 o 1 Ge 1 , Karaoke 什 哩 電 子 also NEG have any 也 冒 有 遊 戲 ya 3 m[ao 6 ] yiu 3 xiq 7 li Dien 6 tsï ^yiu 5 xi, also NEG have any electronic game and yet (???) ... □ Eh, 許 時 間 過 年 啊 ... ^he= 3 s[ï 2 k]an 1 kuo 5 nyen 5 a, that time new:year A 好 有 味 道 hao 3 yiu 3 wïi 6 Dao 6 very have taste 許 時 間 家 家 戶 戶 過 年 he 3 sï 5 kan 1 ka 1 ka 1 fu 6 fu 6 kuo 5 nyen 5 that time every:household new:year 炒 花 生 咯 tshao 3 fa 1 sen 1 lo, roast peanuts LO INST 炒 豆 子 咯 tshao 3 Deu 6 tsï lo, roast beans LO INST 殺 雞 殺 鴨 咯 ... saq 7 ci 1 saq 7 !ngaq 7 lo, kill chicken kill duck LO INST 買 肉 買 魚 咯 mai 3 nyuq 7 mai 3 ^nye 5 lo. buy pork:meat buy fish LO INST 啊 a, A 細 伢 子 啊 平 時 穿 到 ... xi 5 nga tsï a phin 2 sï 5 Dzon 1 të= [tao 5 ]--children A usually wear TAO DUR 嘅 衣 裳 都 穿 得 好 kë [ko] yi 1 song tu 1 Dzon 1 teq 7 hao 3 so 5 . 啊 a, A 一 KO REL clothes all wear TEQ MAN very low:quality 隔 要 過 年 啊 25. ... 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. kaq 7 yew 5 kuo 5 nyen 5 a, KAQ NEW YEU CHR spend:new:year A 屋 里 嘅 大 人 啊 26. ... wuq 7 li kë [ko] thai 6 nyin 5 a, house in KO GEN adults A 郎 樣 都 要 想 辦 法 27. ... long 5 yong 6 tu 1 yeu 5 xiong 3 phan 6 faq 7 anyway all YEU CHR think method 跟 細 伢 子 做 件 衣 裳 28. kien 1 xi 5 nga tsï tsu 5 chien 6 yi 1 song. for children make CL clothes □ 29. eh, eh 許 時 間 30. he 3 sï 5 kan 1 , that time 所 以 就 普 普 通 通 嘅 新 衣 裳 31. so 3 yi 3 chiu 6 phu 3 phu 3 thung 1 thung 1 kë [ko] xin 1 yi 1 song that:is:why even ordinary KO ATTR new clothes 許 都 覺 得 好 快 活 32. he 3 tu 1 cioq 7 teq 7 hao 3 Guai 5 foq 7 . that all feel very happy 心 理 好 高 興 33. xin 1 li hao 3 kao 1 xin. heart in very contented 許 哪 跟 現 在 一 樣 嘅 34. he 3 la 3 kien 1 ^xien 6 Dzai 6 yiq 7 yong 6 kë [ko]. that where with now same KO ASST 現 在 □ □ □ □ 穿 穿 得 好 得 35. ... xien 6 Dzai 6 g,g,g,g, Dzon, Dzon teq 7 hao 3 teq 7 now dress dress TEQ MAN well TEQ DEG 一 年 到 頭 都 穿 得 蠻 好 36. yiq 7 nyen 5 tao 5 Deu 2 tu 1 Dzon 1 teq 7 man 5 hao 3 . all:year:round all dress TEQ MAN very well 你 就 話 玩 嘅 東 西 吧 37. ... n 3 chiu 6 wa 6 ^wan 5 kë tung 1 xi pa. 2SG then say play KO REL thing PA PRSS 玩 嘅 東 西 我 記 得 38. ... wan 5 kë [ko] tung 1 xi ngo 3 ci 1 teq 7 play KO REL thing 1SG remember 許 個 小 時 間 啊 he 3 ko xieu 3 sï 5 kan 1 a, that CL small time A 五 分 錢 39. ... ng 3 fïn 1 Jien 2 , five cents money 箇 五 分 錢 硬 太 不 抵 錢 40. ... ko 3 ng 3 fïn 1 Jien 2 ngang 6 thai 6 pïq 7 ti 3 Jien 2 , this five cents money really too NEG worth money 現 在 坐 個 汽 車 41. xien 6 Dzai 6 Dzo 6 kë chi 5 Dza 1 now sit:on CL bus 坐 一 站 汽 車 42. Dzo 6 yiq 7 tsan 5 chi 5 Dza 1 , sit:on one station bus 都 要 五 角 錢 43. tu 1 yeu 5 ng 3 ^koq 7 Jien 2 . all need five dime money 許 時 間 啊 44. ... he 3 si 5 kan 1 a, that time A 五 分 錢 啊 45. ^ng 3 fïn 1 Jien 2 a, five cents money A 就 可 以 買 只 紙 紮 嘅 燈 籠 46. chiu 6 Go 3 yi 3 mai 3 t[s]aq 7 tsï 3 tsaq 7 kë [ko] ten 1 lung 5 啊 a, A 很 hen 3 very then can buy CL paper:and:bamboo KO ATTR lantern 紙 □ 47. ... tsï 3 ts--paper 搦 紙 紮 嘅 燈 籠 啊 48. ... laq 7 tsï 3 tsaq 7 kë [ko] ten 1 lung 5 a. LAQ INST paper:and:bamboo KO ATTR lantern A 幾 根 篾 子 49. ... ci 3 kien 1 mieq 7 tsï, several CL bamboo laths 幾 根 篾 拍 子 50. ... ci 3 kien 1 mieq 7 phang 1 tsï, several CL bamboo laths 外 頭 糊 到 許 個 紅 嘅 紙 51. ... wai 6 Deu 2 fu 5 të [tao 5 ] he 3 ko fung 5 kë [ko] tsï 3 outside glue TAO DUR that CL red KO ATTR paper 綠 嘅 紙 52. liuq 7 kë [ko] tsï 3 , green KO ATTR paper 紮 到 一 個 籠 頭 嘅 樣 子 53. tsaq 7 të [tao 5 ] yiq 7 kë [ko] lung 5 Deu 3 kë [ko] yong 6 tsï. assemble TAO RES one CL dragon:head KO ATT aspect 里 頭 呢 54. ... li 3 Deu 2 le, inside LE 還 做 了 一 嘅 55. hai 2 tsu 5 lë [lieu 3 ] yiq 7 kë [ko], 3SG then this:way say KO ASST 一 個 個 個 個 個 個 56. yiq 7 kë k k k k k, one CL CL: CL CL CL CL 一 個 可 以 插 一 個 蠟 燭 57. yiq 7 kë kho 3 yi 3 tshaq 7 yiq 7 kë [ko] !laq 7 tsuq 7 , one CL can insert one CL candle 可 以 插 小 蠟 燭 嘅 地 方 58. kho 3 yi 3 tshaq 7 xieu 3 laq 7 tsuq 7 kë [ko] Di 6 fong. can insert small candle KO REL place □ 許 個 五 五 五 分 錢 啊 59. eh=, he 3 kë [ko] ng 3 ng 3 ng 3 [fï]n 1 Jien 2 a, eh that CL five five five cents money A 買 隻 許 個 許 個 龍 燈 啊 60. mai 3 tsaq 7 he 3 kë [ko] he 3 kë [ko] lung 5 ten 1 a, buy CL that CL he3 CL lantern A 就 玩 得 好 高 興 61. ... chiu 6 wan 5 teq 7 hao 3 kao 1 xin 5 . then play TEQ MAN very happy 夜 晚 啊 62. ... ya 6 wan 3 a, evening A 插 根 小 蠟 燭 到 裏 頭 63. tshaq 7 kien 1 xieu 3 !laq 7 tsuq 7 tao 5 li 3 theu, insert CL small candle PREP inside □ 箇 家 走 到 許 家 64. .. eh ko 3 ka 1 tseu 3 të [tao 5 ] he 3 ka 1 Eh that family walk to that family 去 跟 人 家 拜年 chie 3 kien 1 nyin 5 ka 1 pai 5 nyen 5 . go with people present:new:year:wishes 人 家 就 搦 糖 把 你 人 喫 65. nyin 5 ka 1 chiu 6 laq 7 Dong 2 pa 3 2 n 3 len c[h]iaq 7 , people then LAQ DISP sweets give 2SG eat 搦 搦 花 生 豆 子 把 你 人 喫 66. ... laq 7 laq 7 fa 1 sen 1 Deu 6 [ts]ï paq 7 n 3 len c[h]iaq 7 . take take peanuts beans give you eat □ 67. ... eee= eh, 許 時 間 冒 有 什 哩 錢 啊 68. he 3 [s]ï 5 [k]an 1 mao 6 yiu 3 xiq 7 li c[h]ien 2 a, that time NEG have whatever money A 但 是 玩 得 蠻 快 活 69. t[h]an 6 sï wan 5 teq 7 man 5 Guai 3 foq 7 . but play TEQ MAN very happy 我 我 記 得 70. ... ngo 3 ngo 3 ci 5 teq 7 , 1SG 1SG remember 許 個 71. he 3 kë=, that CL 我 72. ngo 3 , 1SG 許 時 間 啊 73. he 3 sï 5 kan 1 a, that time A 我 小 嘅 時 間 啊 74. .. ngo 3 xieu 3 kë [ko] sï 5 kan 1 a, 1SG small KO REL time A 許 個 個 個 七 八 歲 子 啊 75. he 3 kë [ko] kë kë= chiq 7 paq 7 suïi 5 tsï a, that CL CL CL seven eight year:old A 十 來 歲 子 啊 76. ... sïq 7 lai 5 suïi 5 tsï a, ten:odd year:old A 住 得 一 個 大 雜 院 里 頭 77. ... tshu 6 teq 7 yiq 7 kë [ko] thai 6 ^tsaq 7 yüon 6 li 3 theu. dwell PREP one CL big mixed:courtyard inside 許 隻 大 雜 院 里 頭 啊 78. (TSK) he 3 tsaq 7 thai 6 ^tsaq 7 yüon 6 li 3 Deu a, that CL big mixed:courtyard inside A, 好 多 嘅 細 伢 子  79. ... hao 3 to 1 kë [ko] xi 5 nga tsï kë--very many KO ATTR child KO 跟 我 差 不 多 大 嘅 80. kien 1 ngo 3 tsha 1 pïq 7 to 1 Dai 6 kë [ko] with 1SG approximately big KO REL 有 嘅 大 滴 子 81. ... yiu 3 kë [ko] Dai 6 tiaq 7 tsï have KO XIE big a little 有 嘅 小 滴 子 嘅 yiu 3 kë [ko] xieu 3 tiaq 7 tsï kë [ko]. have KO XIE small a little KO NOM 許 個 有 兩 兄 弟 82. ... he 3 kë yiu 3 liong 3 xiang 1 thi 6 . that CL have two brother 許 兩 兄 弟 啊 83. ... he 3 liong 3 xiang 1 Di 6 a, that two brother A 許 個 大 嘅 叫 做 水 根 84. he 3 kë [ko] thai 6 kë [ko] cieu 5 tsu 5 = suïi 3 kien 1 . that CL big KO NOM be called suïi3 kien1 小 嘅 呢 箇 老 弟 叫 做 毛 鬼 子 85. xieu 3 kë [ko] le= ko 3 lao 3 Di 6 cieu 5 tsu 5 mao 5 kuïi tsi. small KO NOM LE that younger brother be called mao1 kuïi tsï 許 兩 兄 弟 手 都 好 巧 86. he 3 liong 3 xiang 1 Di 6 sïu 3 tu 1 hao 3 chieu 3 . that two brother hand all very able 箇 大 了 以 後 呢 都 都 當 了 工 人 啊 87. ko 3 thai 6 lë [lieu 3 ] yi 3 heu 6 le tu 1 tu 1 tong 1 lë kung 1 len a. that big LIEU PRFV after LE all all work asLIEU PRFV worker A □ 88. ... eh. eh 佢 門 好 會 做 東 西 玩 89. cie 3 mïn hao 3 fïi 6 tsu 5 tung 1 xi wan 5 . 3PL very know:how make things play 佢 門 兩 兄 弟 呢 有 一 年 過 年 啊 90. ... cie 3 mïn liong 3 xiang 1 Di le yiu 3 yiq 7 nyen 5 kuo 5 nyen 5 a, 3PL two brother LE have one year New:year A 搦 舞 了 好 多 箇 個 篾 子 棍 子 啊 91. ... laq 7 --wu 3 lë [lieu 3 ] hao 3 to 1 ko 3 kë [ko] miet 7 tsï kun 5 tsï a, take procure PRFV very many this CL bamboo:lath stick A 做 了 一 個 好 長 嘅 燈 籠 92. tsu 5 lë [lieu 3 ] yiq 7 kë [ko] hao 3 tshong 2 kë [ko] ten 1 lung 5 . make LIEU PRFV one CL very long KO ATTR lantern 好 多 節 93. ... hao 3 to 1 ciet 7 very many sections 好 像 有 五 六 節 七 八 節 吧 94. ... hao 3 chiong 6 yiu 3 ng 3 liuq 7 ciet 7 chiq 7 paq 7 ciet 7 pa. from:memory have five six section seven eight section PA PRSS 有 龍 頭 95. yiu 3 lung 5 Deu 2 , have dragon head 有 龍 尾 96. ... yiu 3 lung 5 wïi 3 , have dragon tail 中 間 還 有 好 幾 節 97. tsung 1 kan 1 hai 2 yiu 3 hao 3 ci 3 ciet 7 . middle in:addition have very many section □ 98. e/ 做 得 個 99. tsu 5 teq 7 kë [ko] --make TEQ ?? CL 搦 個 紙 糊 起 來 100. laq 7 kë [ko] tsï 3 fu 5 chi 3 lai 5 , take CL paper glue CHILAI INCH 跟 外 頭 嘅 大 人 玩 嘅 燈 籠 差 不 多 101. kien 1 wai 6 theu 2 kë [ko] ^thai 6 nyin 5 wan 5 kë [ko] ten 1 lung 5 Dza 1 pït 7 to 1 , with outside KO GEN adult play KO REL lantern almost 當 然 要 □ □ 小 □ □ 好 多 啦 102. tong 1 len 5 yeu 5 <XX> xieu 3 <XX> hao 3 to 1 la. of:course YEU CHR small very much LA OBV 做 了 許 個 七 八 節 燈 籠 啊 103. tsu 5 lë [lieu 3 ] he 3 kë [ko] chiq 7 paq 7 ciet 7 ten 1 lung 5 a, make LIEU PRFV that CL seven eight section lantern A 我 我 我 我 們 許 個 院 子 裏 嘅 細 伢 子 啊 104. ngo 3 -ngo 3 -ngo 3 -ngo 3 mïn he 3 kë [ko] yüon 5 tsï li kë [ko] xi 5 nga ts(ï) a 1PL that CL yard inside KO GEN children A 一 個 人 搦 一 節 就 在 里 頭 玩 105. yiq 7 kë [ko] nyin 5 laq 7 yiq 7 cieq 7 chiu 6 Dzai 6 li 3 Deu wan 5 , one CL person hold one section then at inside play 就 在 箇 院 子 里 頭 玩 106. chiu 6 Dzai 6 kë [ko 3 ] yüon 5 tsï li 3 Deu wan 5 . then at this yard inside play □ 107. e/ eh 不 曉 得 幾 有 味 道 108. puq 7 xieu 3 teq 7 ci 3 yiu 3 wïi 6 Dao 6 not know how:much fun 許 又 不 要 化 錢 嘅 109. he 3 yiu 6 puq 7 yeu 5 fa 5 chien 2 kë [ko]. that again 3 NEG need spend money KO ASST 隔 現 在 過 年 啊 110. kaq 7 xien 6 Dzai 6 kuo 5 nyen 5 a, KAQ NEW nowadays New:year A 真 冒 有 什 哩 味 道 111. tsïn 1 m[ao] 6 yi[u] 3 xiq 7 li wïi 6 Dao 6 . really NEG have whatever fun 現 在 過 年 嘛 112. xien 6 Dzai 6 kuo 5 nyen 5 ma, nowadays New:year MA OBV 最 主 要 嘅 節 目 113. tsuïi 5 tsu 3 yeu 5 kë [ko] cieq 7 muq 7 most important KO ATT activity 就 是 114. chiu 6 xi 6 =. then be 三 十 夜 晚 看 許 個 個 個 個 115. san 1 xiq 8 ya 6 wan 3 Gon 3 he 3 ko ko ko ko New:year's:eve watch that CL CL CL CL 中 央 電 視 台 嘅 春 節 聯 歡 晚 會 116. tsung 1 yong 1 Dien 6 sï 6 Dai 2 kë [ko] Dzun 1 cieq 7 lien 5 fon 1 wan 3 fïi 6 . Central:TV:channel KO GEN New:year get-together party 是 吧 117. <X xi 6 Ba X> be PA PRSS 除 了 箇 個 呢 118. DZu 2 lieu 3 ko 3 ko le, apart:from that CL LE 隔 都 是 喫 119. ... kaq 7 tu 1 xi 6 <WH ^chiaq 7 WH> KAQ NEW all be eat 箇 家 喫 一 餐 120. ko 3 ka 1 chiaq 7 yiq 7 DZan, this house eat one CL 許 家 喫 一 餐 121. he 3 ka 1 chiaq 7 yiq 7 DZan 1 , that house eat one CL 箇 自 己 爺 娘 許 裏 喫 一 餐 122. ko 3 DZï 6 ci 3 ya 5 nyong 5 he 3 li chiaq 7 yiq 7 DZan 1 , this oneself parents there eat one CL 丈 母 娘 屋 裏 喫 一 餐 123. tshong 6 mu 3 nyong 5 wuq 7 li <@ chiaq 7 yiq 7 DZan 1 @>, mother:in:law house eat one CL 箇 個 哥 哥 屋 裏 喫 一 餐 124. ko 3 kë= [ko] ko 1 ko 1 wuq 7 li chiaq 7 yiq 7 DZan, this CL elder:brother house eat one CL 許 個 老 弟 屋 裏 喫 一 餐 125. he 3 kë [ko] lao 3 Di 6 wuq 7 li chiaq 7 yiq 7 DZan 1 , that CL younger:brother house eat one CL 126. eh, 喫 得 個 (........) 4 127. ... ^chiaq 7 teq 7 kë [ko] ((UNAUTHORIZED BY INFORMANT)), eat TEQ RES KO MIR 箇 個 朋 友 屋 裏 喫 一 餐 128. ko 3 ko phung 2 yiu 3 wuq 7 li chiaq 7 yiq 7 DZan, this CL friend house eat one CL 許 個 老 同 學 屋 裏 喫 一 餐 129. he 3 ko lao 3 thung 2 hoq 7 wuq 7 li chiaq 7 yiq 7 DZan. that CL old schoolmate house eat one CL 還 有 什 哩 呢 130. ... hai 2 yiu 3 xiq 7 li le ? in:addition have what LE 隔 就 冒 有 什 哩 131. kaq 7 chiu 6 mao 6 yiu 3 xiq 7 li. KAQ NEW then NEG have anything 隔 會 打 麻 將 嘅 132. kaq 7 fïi 6 ta 3 ma 5 ciong 5 ko KAQ NEW know:how play mahjong KO NOM 就 一 日 到 夜 打 麻 將 133. chiu 6 yiq 7 nyiq 7 tao 5 ya 6 ta 3 ma 5 ciong 5 . then all:day:long play mahjong 打 得 個 (.....) 134. ... da 3 teq 7 kë [ko] ((UNAUTHORIZED BY INFORMANT)), eat TEQ RES KO MIR 打 得 個 幾 日 幾 夜 135. .. ta 3 teq 7 ko ci 3 nyiq 7 ci 3 ya 6 , play TEQ DEG KO MIR several:days:several:nights:in:a:row 不 下 桌 136. puq 7 ha 6 tsoq 7 NEG leave table 所 以 啊 137. ... so 3 yi 3 a, that:is:why A 現 在 雖 然 啊 138. xie=n 6 Dzai 6 suïi 1 len a, nowadays although A 物 質 生 活 改 善 了 啊 139. ... wuq 7 tsït 7 sen 1 foq 7 kai 3 sen 6 l[i]eu 3 a, material life improve LIEU PRFV A 現 在 嘅 140. xien 6 Dzai 6 kë [ko], nowadays KO GEN 你 話 有 意 思 來 話 141. ... n 3 wa 6 yiu 3 yi 5 sï lai 5 wa 6 . 2SG say interesting from:the:point:of:view:of 還 是 我 們 小 時 間 142. hai 2 x[ï 6 ] ngo 3 mïn xieu 3 sï 5 kan 1 , still:be 1PL small time 更 有 意 思 143. kien 1 yiu 3 yi 5 sï, more interesting 更 好 玩 144. kien 1 hao 3 wan 5 . More fun Translation 1. 1.3.4 Nanchang text No. 4: Turnips (Told by XYZ. Recorded by Laurent Sagart. Nanchang, June 1999) 我 來 1. ngo 3 lai 5 =, 1SG come 話 個 故 事 2. wa 6 kë [ko] ^ku 5 sï 6 , say CL story 哈 3. ha. HA 從 前 啊 4. ... tshung 2 c[h]ien 2 a, formerly A SUSP 有 個 財 主 5. yiu 3 kë [ko] tshai 2 tsu 3 . have CL rich:man 財 主 呢 6. ... tshai 2 tsu 3 le, rich:man LE 就 有 個 崽 7. ... chiu 6 yiu 3 kë [ko] tsai 3 . then have CL son 箇 崽 呢 8. ko 3 tsai 3 le, this child LE 隔 有 好 幾 歲 了 9. ... kaq 7 yiu 3 hao 3 ci 3 suïi 5 l[i]eu 3 . KAQ NEW have a:good:number year LIEU CHG 隔 要 讀 書 啦 10. kaq 7 yeu 5 thuq 7 su 1 la. KAQ NEW must study LA OBV 佢 就 想 請 個 先 生 11. ... cie 3 chiu 6 xiong 3 chiang 3 kë [ko] ^xien 1 = sen 1 =, 3SG then want invite CL teacher 到 佢 屋 裏 來 教 佢 嘅 崽 讀 書 12. ... tao 5 cie 3 wuq 7 li lai 5 kau 5 cie 3 kë [ko] tsai 3 thuq 7 su 1 . to 3SG house come teach 3SG KO GEN son study □ 13. ... eah. eh 就 請 個 私 塾 先 生 啊 14. ... chiu 6 chiang 3 kë [ko] sï 1 suq 7 xien 1 sen 1 a. then invite CL private teacherA SUSP 到 佢 屋 裏 □ 來 讀 書 15. ... tao 5 cie 3 wuq 7 li zai-lai 5 = Duq 7 su 1 . to 3SG house come study □ 16. ... e, e 來 教 □ 17. lai 5 kao 5 k--come teach 到 佢 屋 裏 來 教 佢 嘅 崽 讀 書 18. tao 5 cie 3 wuq 7 li lai 5 kau 5 cie 3 kë [ko] tsai 3 thuq 7 su 1 . to 3SG home come teach 3SG KO GEN son study □ 19. ah. 隔 先 生 來 了 呢 20. kaq 7 xien 1 sen 1 lai 5 lë [lieu 3 ] le, KAQ NEW teachercome LIEU PRFV LE 照 箇 規 矩 啊 21. tseu 5 ko 3 kuïi 1 cy a. follow this rule A SUSP 箇 個 第 一 日 來 啊 22. ... ko 3 ko--... t[h]i 6 yiq 7 nyiq 7 lai 5 a, that CL ORD one day come A □ □ □ □ 23. ggggggggg 箇 主 人 啊 24. ko 3 tsu 3 len 5 a, this host A 就 要 請 箇 個 先 生 喫 餐 飯 啦 25. chiu 6 yeu 5 chiang 3 ko 3 ko xien 1 sen 1 chiaq 7 tshan 1 fan 6 la. then must invite this CL teachereat CL meal LA OBV 是 吧 26. sï 6 pa. be:so PA PRSS 箇 是 禮 帽 啦 27. ko 3 sï 6 li 3 mao 6 la. this be politeness LA OBV □ □ □ □ □ □ 老 師 來 了 28. ... ggggegggg lao 3 sï 1 lai 5 lë [lieu 3 ], gggggggg teachercome LIEU PRFV 要 請 佢 喫 餐 飯 啦 29. yeu 5 chiang 3 cie 3 chiaq 7 Dzan fan 6 la. must invite 3SG eat CL meal LA OBV □ 30. ... e. e 喫 飯 呢 31. ... chiaq 7 fan 6 le, eat meal LE 本 來 是 正 常 嘅 32. ... pïn 3 lai 5 sï 6 tsïn 5 tshong 2 ko. originally be normal KO ASST 但 是 呢 箇 隻 □ □ □ 地 主 啊 33. ... than 6 sï 6 le ko 3 tsaq 7 ggggggg Di 6 tsu 3 a, but LE this CL gggggg landlord A 箇 隻 財 主 啊 34. ko 3 tsaq 7 tshai 2 tsu 3 a, this CL rich:man A 就 好 小 氣 35. chiu 6 ^hao 3 ^xieu 3 chi 3 . then very measly 就 是 好 嗇 36. chiu 6 sï 6 hao 3 set 7 . then be very miserly 南 昌 人 話 嘅 好 嗇 啦 37. nan 5 tshong 1 nyin 5 wa 6 ko hao 3 set 7 la, Nanchang people say KO ASST very miserly LA OBV 好 小 氣 38. hao 3 xieu 3 chi 3 . very measly □ 39. eh 就 請 箇 個 個 個 個 先 生 喫 什 哩 呢 40. ... chiu 6 chiang 3 kë [ko] gggggg xien 1 sen 1 chiaq 7 xiq 7 li le, then invite this gggggg teacher eat what LE 就 喫 蘿 卜 燒 肉 41. ... chiu 6 chiaq 7 lo 5 Bo seu 1 nyuq 7 . then eat turnip braised pork:meat 弄 了 一 個 菜 叫 蘿 卜 燒 肉 42. nong 6 lë [lieu 3 ] yiq 7 kë tshai 3 cieu 5 lo 5 Bo seu 1 nyuq 7 . make LIEU PRFV one CL dish call turnip braised pork:meat 蘿 卜 燒 肉 本 來 弄 得 好 43. ... lo 5 Bo seu 1 nyuq 7 pïn 3 lai 5 nong 6 teq 7 hao 3 , turnip braised pork:meat originally 也 蠻 好 喫 啦 44. ya 3 man 5 hao 3 chiaq 7 la. then very tasty 但 是 箇 隻 一 個 個 個 財 主 就 好 小 氣 啊 45. ... than 6 sï ko 3 tsaq 7 yiq 7 gggg tshai 2 tsu 3 chiu 6 ^hao 3 xieu 3 Ji 3 a, but this CL ggggggg rich:man then very measly A 就 舍 不 得 多 擱 肉 46. chiu 6 ^sa 3 pïq 7 teq 5 to 1 koq 7 nyuq 7 . then could:not:bearmuch add pork:meat 就 是 一 大 缽 盡 是 蘿 卜 47. .. chiu 6 sï 6 yiq 7 thai 6 ^pït 7 chin 6 x 6 ^lo 5 Bo. then be one big pot entirely be turnip 就 冒 有 兩 塊 子 肉 48. ... chiu 6 mao 6 yiu 3 liong 3 Guai 3 tsï nyuq 7 . then NEG have two pieces meat 就 差 不 多 就 看 不 到 肉 49. ... chiu 6 [t]sha 1 pït 7 to 1 chiu 6 Gon 3 pïq 7 tao 5 nyuq 7 . then almost then see NEG TAO RES meat 隔 喫 啦 50. ... kaq 7 chiaq 7 la, KAQ NEW eat LA CHG 箇 個 先 生 51. ... ko 3 ko ^xien 1 sen 1 , this CL teacher 箇 個 有 文 化 有 修 養 嘅 人 52. ko 3 ko yiu 3 wïn 5 fa yiu 3 xiu 1 yong 3 kë nyin 5 , this CL have culture have education KO REL person □ 56. ... ëh 喫 完 啦 57. ... chiaq 7 won 5 la. eat finish LA CHG □ 58. ëh, 抹 抹 嘴 巴 59. maq 7 maq 7 tsuïi 3 pa. wipe wipe mouth □ 60. ... ëh. 喫 茶 啊 61. chiaq 7 tsha 2 a. drink tea A 隔 箇 個 個 財 主 呢 62. ... kaq 7 ko 3 kë kë tshai 2 tsu 3 le=, KAQ NEW this CL CL rich:man LE 喫 完 了 63. chiaq 7 won 5 lieu 3 , eat finish LIEU PRFV 陪 到 先 生 話 話 事 啦 64. Bïi 2 tao 5 xien 1 sen 1 wa 6 wa 6 sï 6 la. 先 生 啊 67. xien 1 sen 1 a, teacherA 你 人 是 好 有 學 問 嘅 人 啊 68. n 3 len sï 6 = hao 3 yiu 3 = ^hoq 7 wïn 6 kë [ko] nyin 5 a, 2SG be very have knowledge KO REL person A 哈 69. ... ha. HA 你 跟 我 們 講 個 子 故 事 哦 70. .. n 3 kien 1 ngo 3 mïn kong 3 ko 5 tsï ^ku 5 sï 6 o. 2SG for 1PL tell one:or:two story O ADV □ 71. ... ah, ah 講 故 事 啊 72. kong 3 ^ku 5 sï 6 a. tell story A 箇 先 生 想 了 一 下 73. ko 3 xien 1 sen 1 xiong 3 lieu 3 yiq 7 ha 6 . this teacherthink LIEU PRFV one:moment 好 啊 74. ... hao 3 a. good A 有 一 個 女 嘅 78. yiu 3 yiq 7 kë nyü 3 kë [ko]. have one CL 79. A 一 個 年 輕 嘅 女 嘅 80. yiq 7 kë [ko] nyen 5 c[h]iang 1 one CL young KO ATTR female KO NOM 佢 生 了 一 個 崽 81. cie 3 ^sang 1 lieu 3 3SG give:birth LIEU PRFV one CL son 許 個 崽 啊 82. .. he 3 that CL son A 長 得 又 客 氣 又 聰 明 83. ... tsong 3 teq 7 … yiu 6 kheq 7 chi … yiu 6 tshung 2 min 5 , grow TEQ MAN and goodlooking and intelligent 不 曉 得 幾 好 玩 84. pïq 7 xiao 3 teq 7 ci 3 hao 3 wan 5 . NEG know how cute 啊 85. ... a. A 隔 到 了 兩 三 歲 洗 蘿 卜 94. ... xi 3 ^lo 5 p[h]o, wash turnip 提 了 一 籃 子 蘿 卜 啊 95. thia 2 lieu yiq 7 lan 5 tsï lo 5 Bo a, carry LIEU PROG one basket turnip A 就 到 河 邊 上 去 洗 96. ... chiu 6 tao 5 ho 2 pien 1 song 6 chie 3 xi 3 , then to river:side on go wash 洗 箇 蘿 卜 啊 97. xi 3 ko 3 lo 5 Bo a. 跌 到 水 里 頭 去 啦 105. ... tiet 7 tao 5 suïi 3 li Deu [c]hie 3 la, fall to water inside go LA CHG 隔 箇 箇 箇 箇 106. kaq 7 ko ko ko ko--(H) 嗷 107. ao, 叮 咚 一 下 跌 下 去 了 108. tin 6 tung 3 yiq 7 ha 6 tieq 7 ha 6 c[h]ie 3 lieu 3 <H>, [sound of heavy fall into water] one instant fall go:down LIEU CHG 隔 箇 箇 個 女 個 就 嚇 一 跳 趕 快 救 命 啊 117. kon 3 Guai 3 ciu 5 miang 6 a= hurry help A 哦 118. ... o, O 隔 就 來 了 好 幾 個 人 啊 119. kaq 7 chiu 6 lai 5 lë [lieu 3 ] hao 3 ci 3 kë [ko] nyin 5 a, KAQ NEW then come LIEU CHG a:good:many CL people A 幫 佢 撈 咯 120. pong 1 cie 3 = ^lao 1 lo. □ 128. e=. 箇 就 冒 看 129. ... ko 3 chiu 6 mao 6 Gon 3 <BR tao 5 = BR>. this then NEG-PRFV see TAO RES 隔 冒 看 到 130. ... kaq 7 mao 6 Gon 3 tao 5 , KAQ NEW NEG-PRFV see TAO RES 冒 有 辦 法 佢 話 164. chiu 6 tsït 7 Gon 3 tao 3 lo 5 Bo, NEG have way in:one:instant then NEG-PRFV see TAO RES LIEU CHG 就 只 看 到 蘿 卜 131. mao 6 yiu 3 Ban 6 faq 7 , yiq 7 kë liong 3 san 1 suïi 5 kë one CL two □ 又 聰 明 又 可 氣 個 崽 140. <X> yiu 6 (D)zung 1 min 5 yiu 6 Gjeq 7 chi 3 kë and intelligent  一 下 子 就 冒 看 到 了 141. (H) <X> yiq 7 ha 6 tsï chiu 6 mao 6 ^Gon 3 = lieu, 3SG how cry KO ASST MA tao 5 佢 郎 哭 152. cie 3 long 5 Guq 7 kë ma. KAQ NEW then come cry 嘅 嘛 163. kaq 7 chiu 6 lai 5 Guq 7 . and goodlooking KO ATTR son 3SG say 隔 就 來 哭 tsai 3 , 佢 151. c[ie 3 ] wa 6 , 3SG then look TAO DUR that one basket turnip 話 162. @@@ cie 3 chiu 6 wong 6 të [tao 5 ] he 3 yiq 7 lan 5 tsï lo 5 Bo. three year KO ATTR 2SG say upset PA PRSS 佢 就 望 到 許 一 籃 子 蘿 卜 到 139. ko 3 kë this CL a:moment:ago still full:of:life 一 個 兩 三 歲 嘅 你 話 傷 心 150. n 3 wa 6 song 1 xin 1 pa. NEG-PRFV see TAO RES flesh A 吧 161. mao 6 Gon 3 tao 5 nyuq 7 a. KO REL 3SG say 冒 看 到 肉 啊 kong 1 kong 1 [h]ai 2 fïq 7 phïq 7 xin 1 xien 1 kë kë [ko] tsai 3 a=, 就 到 河 邊 上 去 93. ... chiu 6 tao 5 ho 2 pien 1 song 6 chie 3 , then to river:side on go 跌 到 水 里 頭 去 了 104. tiet 7 tao 5 suïi 3 li Deu [c]hie 3 l[I]e[u 3 ]. fall to water inside go LIEU CHG 細 人 子 跌 到 水 里 頭 去 了 啊 116. xi 5 nyin 5 tsï tie 7 tao 5 suïi 3 li theu chie 3 lieu a= child fall to water inside go LIEU CHG A 就 冒 撈 到 127. ... chiu 6 mao 6 lao 1 <BR tao 5 = BR>. then NEG-PRFV take:out TAO RES 138. ... ko 3 this son 箇 個 剛 剛 還 活 潑 新 鮮 嘅 佢 149. cie 3 wa 6 , then only see TAO RES this turnip 話 160. (H) chiu 6 tsïq 7 Gon 3 tao 5 ko 3 lo 5 Bo, LE very upset HA 就 只 看 到 箇 蘿 卜 ^tsai 3 le, yiq 7 kë [ko] tsai 3 =. 隔 有 一 日 呢 92. ... kaq 7 yiu 3 yiq 7 nyiq 7 le, KAQ NEW have one day LE 許 隻 崽 一 不 小 心 呢 103. he 3 tsaq 7 tsai 3 yiq 7 pïq 7 xieu 3 xin 1 le, that CL son accidentally LE 救 命 啊 115. ciu 5 miang 6 a= help A □ 126. ... e. 137. ... 箇 崽 呢 好 傷 心 148. ... hao 3 song 1 xin 1 ha. 2SG to where g LIEU PRFV O REG 哈 159. n 3 o=, tao 5 la 3 li [c]hie 3 lieu 3 right ? wow ! 你 到 哪 里 去 了 哦 sï 6 pa. kë [ko] nyü 3 kë [ko]. 都 要 帶 箇 箇 個 崽 到 身 邊 91. ... tu 1 yeu 5 tai 5 ko 3 ko ko tsai 3 tao 5 sïn 1 pjen 1 . all YEU CHR take:along this this CL son PREP her:side 箇 裏 □ □ 在 洗 蘿 卜 冒 注 意 呢 102. ko 3 li g g ts[h]ai 6 xi 3 lo 5 Bo mao 6 tsu 5 yi 5 le, there TSHAI PROG wash turnip NEG-PRF notice LE 救 命 啊 114. ciu 5 miang 6 a= help A 撈 了 半 日 125. lao 1 lë pon 5 nyit 7 . take:out LIEU PRFV a:long:time 是 吧 147. ... ie= flesh a 嘩 158. nyuq 7 a=, then cannot:bear leave LO OBV that CL rich:man say KO ASST 肉 啊 136. chiu 6 ^sa 3 pïq 7 teq 7 tseu 3 lo, a. walk to anywhere Ah ! 就 舍 不 得 走 咯 146. he 3 ko tshai 2 tsu 3 wa 6 ko. flesh a 啊 走 到 哪 里 90. .. tseu 3 tao 5 ^la 3 li, 101. ... ko 3 ko wan 5 a this CL play A play A 113. !ai ya=, take:out A PROG take:out 許 個 財 主 話 嘅 157. nyuq 7 a=, wan 5 a, 哎 呀 124. lao 1 a lao 1 , then this CL female KO NOM LE 肉 啊 female KO NOM 89. ko 3 ko nyü 3 ko le, this CL female KO NOM LE also then at side on play 箇 個 玩 啊 玩 啊 112. kon 3 Guai 3 chiu 6 , hurry then then take:out A PROG take:out 撈 啊 撈 隔 箇 隻 女 嘅 呢 135. kaq 7 ko tsaq 7 ^nyü 3 kë [ko] le, 145. ... eh 3SG say KO ASST □ 156. ... cie 3 kë, wa 6 LA UNS 嘴 巴 裏 就 不 話 55. .. tsuïi 3 pa li chiu 6 pïq 7 wa 6 . mouth in then NEG say □ 66. ... ea, ah 以 前 啊 77. yi 3 c[h]ien 2 a, once A 88. .. ko 3 tsaq 7 = this CL 箇 個 女 嘅 呢 this CL two three year KO ATTR son LE 也 就 在 邊 上 玩 100. ya 3 chiu 6 tshai 6 pien 1 song wan 5 . 111. Gon 3 tao 5 tsï 6 ci 3 kë tsai 3 tieq 7 ha 6 chie 3 , see own KO GEN son fall go:down 趕 快 就 Alas 就 撈 啊 撈 123. ... chiu 6 lao 1 a lao 1 , 隔 最 後 慢 慢 子 都 走 了 134. kaq 7 tsuïi 5 [h]eu 6 man 6 man 6 tzï tu 1 KAQ NEW finally gradually all leave LIEU PRFV OR CHG KAQ NEW then bitterly cry 佢 話 嘅 A ^tseu 3 lëu. 隔 就 攢 勁 裏 哭 啊 144. kaq 7 chiu 6 tsan 3 cin 5 li khuq 7 a. then be thus KO ASST MA OBV .. kë ma. 155. chiu 6 x[i 6 ] ^kong 3 make TEQ MAN good 又 不 好 意 思 乙 氣 53. .. yiu 6 pïq 7 hao 3 yi 5 sï 1 tshoq 8 chi 3 . again embarrassed get:angry 心 里 頭 不 高 興 呢 54. .. xin 1 li theu pïq 7 kao 1 xin 1 le, heart inside NEG happy LE keep:company TAO DUR teachertalk talk things LA OBV Attention the vowel in 啦 is acoustically intermediate between /a/ and /o/ 財 主 話 嘅 65. ... tshai 2 tsu 3 wa 6 kë, rich:man say KO ASST 講 就 講 一 個 哈 75. kong 3 chiu 6 kong 3 yiq 7 kë [ko] ha. tell then tell one CL HA 佢 話 嘅 76. cie 3 wa 6 kë [ko]. 3SG say KO ASST 86. kaq 7 tao 5 lieu 3 liong 3 san 1 suïi 5 , KAQ NEW reach LIEU PRFV two three year 哪 個 都 喜 歡 87. la 3 kë [ko] tu 1 xi 3 fon. everyone all like 箇 隻 wash these turnips A 箇 個 崽 呢 98. ... ko 3 kë [ko] tsai 3 le, this CL child LE 箇 個 兩 三 歲 嘅 崽 呢 , 99. ko 3 ko liong 3 san 1 suïi 5 kë [ko] tsai 3 le, 109. kaq 7 ko 3 ko kë nyü 3 ko chiu 6 haq 7 yiq 7 Djeu 3 , KAQ NEW this this CL female KO NOM then scare one jump 哎 呀 110. !ai ya. Ah ! 看 到 自己 嘅 崽 跌 下 去 for 3SG take:out:of:water LO OBV 幫 佢 救 救 救 佢 嘅 崽 咯 121. pong 1 cie 3 ciu 5 --ciu 5 --ciu 5 cie 3 kë [ko] tsai 3 lo. for 3SG rescue rescue rescue 3SG KO GEN son LO OBV 嗐 呀 122. <P<SGH hai ya SGH>P>. 隔 人 家 箇 箇 開 始 132. kaq 7 nyin 5 ka 1 k[o 3 ] k[o 3 ] Gai 1 sï 3 --有 一 些 人 圍 到 看 啊 133. yiu 3 yiq 7 xieq 7 nyin 5 wïi 5 tao have some people surround TAO DUR watch A NEG-PRFV see TAO RES 就 是 講 嘅 嘛 LIEU CHG Gon 3 a, 冒 看 到 143. .. mao 6 Gon 3 tao 5 l[i]eu. how cry KO ASST A 了 a, 154. long 5 Guq 7 kë KAQ NEW people begin 就 淹 死 在 河 里 頭 了 153. c[ie 3 ] wa 6 , then only look TAO RES turnip □ □ 142. chiu 6 yen 1 sï 3 DZai 6 ho 2 3SG say li theu lieu <XX>, then drown die in 冒 看 到 肉 啊 river inside LIEU CHG 郎 哭 嘅 啊 165. mao 6

1

The Nanchang Fangyan Cidian gives a glottal stop instead of -ng in this word: To make a [set of] clothes for the children 29. Eh, 30. [that's how it was] then. 31. That is why, [it took] no more than a very ordinary new suit, 32. To make one feel very happy. 33. Very contented. 34. Hey, it's not at all like that today. 35. Nowadays, one dresses very well. 36. All year round one dresses very well. 37. Things to play with, you said. 38. Things to play with, I remember when I was a child 39. [with] five cents 40. Nowadays five cents is really worth very little. 41. Nowadays to sit on a bus 42. Sit on the bus for one stop 43. One needs fifty cents. 44. At that time, 45. For five cents, 46. One could buy a lantern of paper and bamboo. 47. Paper and b…48. A lantern made of paper and bamboo. 49.

[With]

several bamboo laths, 50. Several bamboo laths, 51. [And with] that red paper glued all around. 52. Or green paper, 53. One could assemble the likeness of a dragon. 54. Inside it, 55. One also made a , 56. A, a, a, a., a, 57. A [] for inserting a candle, 58. A place for inserting a small candle. 59. Eh, for those five, five, five cents, 60. [You] bought a, one of those lanterns, 61. And then [you could] play very happily. 62. In the evening, 63. [you] inserted a small candle inside [it] 64. Eh, families would pay each other New Year visits 65. People would give you sweets 66. Peanuts and beans, 67. Eh, 68. eight sections. 95. There was the dragon's head, 96. The tail, 97. And many sections in between.98. Eh, 99. Make…100. With the paper glued on it, 101. it was not very different from the lanterns that the adults outside used,102.

[Except]

of course, that it would have been much smaller. 103. Having built that seven-or eight-section lantern, 104. W-, w-, we, the children of the courtyard, 105.

will now tell 2. of the rice noodles that we Nanchang people like to eat 3. These rice noodles, well 4. they are a specialty of Jiangxi. 5. A lot of counties have them. 6. And moreover, they all say their own rice noodles are the best. 7. The people in Fenyi 8. say that Fenyi rice noodles are the best. 9. Xiajiang people 10. say Xiajiang rice noodles are the best. 11. Those in Anyi say Anyi [noodles] are the best. 12. Those in Nancheng say Nancheng [noodles] are the best. 13. They all say that their own rice noodles are the tastiest 14. We Nanchang people like rice noodles too. 15. These rice noodles, what kind of thing are they ? 16. The raw material [in them] 17. is, 18. is rice. 19. That is, the grains of the rice plant. 20. It is not wheat. 21. It is not made of wheat. 22. It is-it is rice. 23. Those rice grains, 24. are first ground into a paste. 25. ground into a paste. 26. Then [one] strains it dry, 27. using a strainer to remove the water. 28. Then it becomes…29. becomes a wet noodle paste. 30. a very wet noodle paste. 31. Afterwards, 32. then, 33. afterwards, 34. [one] once again uses the… 35. that…36. that…37. in…38. in the workshop 39. in the noodle factory, 40. then, 41. one presses it [the paste] to obtain very fine and very long stick-like 42. noodles 43. we call those « noodles » 44. [we] call them « rice noodles ». 45. Those stick-like, very long 46. noodles 47. are called « rice noodles » 48. Now, th-th-th-49. those are wet, of course 50. as they come out. 51. Because they come out wet, they must be exposed to the sun to dry. 52. After they have dried in the sun, 53. these stick-like [noodles] 54. are hard and dry, 55. and easy to preserve. 56. If you preserve them well 57. in a dry and dark place 58. those 59. one or two years is no problem at all, 60. they can still be eaten. 61. Now how does one eat them ? 62. there are two ways of eating them. 63. One is, 64. ah, 65. of course there are many ways of eating them, 66. not just two ways, of course. 67. For instance, stir-fried rice noodles. 68. This is something we Nanchang people all like to eat. 69. People from everywhere--70. Jianggxi--71. People from anywhere in Jiangxi all like to eat [these].72. eh. 73. These stir-fired noodles, how--74. how-how are they eaten ? 75. [one] takes those… 76. those… those hard, 77. those dry rice noodles, 78. it is… 79. [one] takes them to boil. 80. First boil water. 81. When the water boils, 82. half a pan of water, 83. then, [depending on] the amount of noodles you want to eat, 84. you put that amount of noodles into [the water]. 85. Boil it. 86. After it has boiled, 87. [you] still have to boil it one more time. 88. boil it one more time. 89. How long [should you] boil it for, well, 90. [you should not] boil it too long. 91. If you boil it for too long, then 92. it gets all mushy. 93. When it's mushy it does not taste good. 94. eh. 95. But [if you] cook it for too short a time, it's not…96. if you cook… 97. if you cook it for too short a time, it's not good either. 98. Inside 99. The noodles are hard inside.100. Boiling it… 101. Boiling.. 102. Cook till soft, then it will be OK.103. That is, boil for a few minutes after the water has started to boil. 104. Then it's done.105. eh. 106. Then they are soft. 107. After they are soft, 108. now you use cold water 109. to rinse them. 110. wash them. 111. You change them 112. That is, you change them back to that wet rice noodle state. 113. It again,114. it again 115. the dry noodles have become wet again. 116. That's how it is. 117. Now, 118. Now after they have become wet, soft, well-cooked rice noodles, 119. [one] again pours out all the water. 120. Pour out all the water 121. After that you can stir-fry them. 122. To stir-fry rice noodles, well 123. in general you always begin by 124. begin by taking oil to stir-fry a bit of these ingredients, obviously, 125. such as, 126. we Nanchang people like to eat fried noodles with beef. 127. this [dish], fried noodles with beef, 128. there is in Nanchang city a restaurant especially 129. it's [called] the Chin-tsïn-wan-fa-leu, 130. [there at] the Chin-tsïn-wan-fa-leu, 131. the fried noodles with beef are famous .132. I used to like to eat there in the past. 133. Now it's a long time since I ate there. 134. If [you] do not use beef, you can use 135. pork, that is also fine. 136. Also in general one will add some chili pepper, 137. We Nanchang people very… most people 138. most Nanchang people like to eat chili peppers. 139. The meat, 140. chili peppers, 141. raw ginger, garlic, 142. eh, 143. kkkk 144. these ingredients [should be] stir-fried until done. 145. The ingredients 146. these things, when they are done, 147. Then [you] again [take] [the noodles] that [you] have just 148. prepared 149. those wet noodles, 150. pour them down [into the stir-fried ingredients] 151. add som…152. add soy sauce, 153. salt, 154. whatever. 155. There are also [those] who make it a little better. 156. They add dried mushroom, mu'er mushroom, and such like. 157. It's extremely good. 158. Ah. 159. I like to eat this thing most. 160. These stir-fried rice noodles. 161. Or alternatively you eat… 162. [if] you don't want to eat them stir-fried, 163. [you] can also eat them in a soup. 164. That is… 165. having prepared a broth, 166. take that… 167. that another pan, 168. again bring to ebullition another panful of water, 169, half a pan of boiling water, that's [your] broth. 170.Eh. 171. After it has reached ebullition, 172. [take] the wet noodles 173. and put them in. 174. Add the ingredients. 175. Add meat, 176. That sort of thing. 177. Eh. 178. Salt, 179, Monosodium glutamate, 180 chopped stalks of chives, 181. [and] eat the soup-182. the noodle soup. 183. It is called « noodle soup ». 184. That's not stir-fired noodles, 185. that's noodle soup. 186. There are people, 187. who like to eat noodle soup. 188. Especially. 189. Especially in the winter. 190. Eating this relatively--. 191. Eating it keeps you relatively warm. 192. Also, in the summer, 193. in the summer we like to eat cold noodles. 194. [For] cold noodles [you] take [what] I described a moment ago, 195. those already cooked through, 196. dry--197. cooked through, 198. wet, 199. those wet noodles after pouring out the water, 200. eh. 201. [You] add. 202. put in a little sesame oil, 203. a few… 204. dried chili mash, 205. chopped stalks of chives, 206. chopped garlic, 207. Things like that. 208. Stir up and eat. 209. It's very tasty. 210. This, 211. Like, now is summer, 212, in the summer-213. in the morning, 214. everybody likes to eat this thing. 215. Eat a bowl of 216. cold noodles. 217. eah, 218. It's cheap. 219. Those cold… 220. eh, 221. that is, cold-stirred noodles, well, 222. cost only two Yuan, more or less. 223. Stir-fried noodles, 224. in those small shops, 225. they cost only three Yuan, more or less. 226. It's convenient, 227. it's good, 228. and it's cheap. 1.4 notes on the lexicon

  This son, well. 9. had now a good number of years of age. 10. Now he must study. 11. He then wanted to hire a teacher, 12. to come to his house teach his son.13. eh. 14. He then invited a private teacher 15. to come teach his ho--16. eh, 17. to come and teach, 18. to come to his house and teach his son.19. ah. 20. Now when the teacher comes, 21. there is a rule. 22. this …on the first day, 23. ggggggggg 24. the master of the house 25. must invite the teacher to eat a meal, of course. 26. isn't it ?. 27. that is politeness, obviously. 28. When the teacher comes, 29. one must invite him for a meal. 30. eh. 31. [inviting the teacher to] eat a meal, 32. is a normal thing. 33. But, this rich man, well, 34. this rich man, 35. was very measly, 36. that is he was very miserly. 37. the people in Nanchang say 'set' for 'miserly'. 38. or 'measly' 39. eh. 40. She] carried a basket of turnips 96. and went to the river side 97. to wash these turnips. 98. Her son, 99. Her two-or-three year-old son 100. was [playing on the side of the river 101. As he was playing, 102. [that woman] who was washing turnips was not paying attention, 103. that son of hers accidentally 104. fell into the water. 105. As he had fallen into the water, 106. now th--107. aoh 108. at the heavy splash of him falling into the water, 109. the woman was suddenly alerted 110. « ai ya !» 111. seeing that her own son had fallen in, Eh. 146. The rich man said, 147. « Wow, 148. she was very upset, I suppose ! » . 149. He [the teacher] said 150. « you bet she was ». 151. He [the rich man] said : 152. « And how did she cry ? ». 153 He [teacher] said : 154. « how did she cry ? 155. she cried thus. 156. She said : 157. « my [own] flesh [=meat], 158. my flesh, 159. where have you gone to ? 160. [One] can only see the turnips, 161. [but] my flesh has disappeared ». 162. The Tang northern innov. 你 has not reached Nanchang. This set shows analogical leveling : all tone 3 (regular for 1sg and 2sg, but T2 expected for cie3). Lack of aspiration in cie3 is also irreg., and shows tonal leveling to T3 is older than devoicing (the word would have evolved to ch-had leveling not occurred). Some speakers say chie3. Origin uncertain. There is a +polite 2sg pronoun n3 len, probably earlier 你 人 , apparently a 2pl. plural ? with politeness shift to singular (Eng. you 2pl > polite 2sg).

	TAO RES 1. I will now … 2. tell a story 3. that's what I'll do. 4. Once, 5. there was a rich man.. 6. [that] rich flesh A Translation man 7. had a son. 8. 112. she then quickly [cried] 113. « Aiya ! 114. Help ! 115. Help ! 116. A child has fallen into the water ! 117. Qick, help ! »118. Oh. 119. At that point a number of people came 120. to get the child out of the water for her. 121. to rescue, rescue, rescue her son for her. 122. Alas, 123. for all their attempts to take the child out, 124. their continuous attempts, 125. they tried for a long time, 126. eh, 127. but they did not succeed to get the child from the water, 128. eh, 129. they did not find him.130. As they had not found him, 131. nothing could be done, 132. people now began--133. She was looking at the basket of turnips, 163, and crying, 164. « [One] can only see turnips, 165. But my flesh has disappeared » 1.3.5 Nanchang text No. 5: Noodles (Told by XYZ. Recorded by Laurent Sagart. Nanchang, June 1999) 我 來 話 一 下 子 啊 1. ngo 3 lai 5 wa 6 yiq 7 ha 6 tsï a 1SG come tell one time a 我 們 江 西  人 喜 歡 喫  嘅 米 粉 2. ngo 3 mïn ^kong 1 xi 1 nyin 5 xi 3 fon 1 chiaq 7 kë [ko] mi 3 fïn 3 . 1PL Jiangxi people like eat KO REL rice:noodles 箇 米 粉 啊 3. ... ko 3 mi 3 fïn 3 a, this rice:noodle A 是 江 西  嘅 特 產 4. sï 6 kong 1 xi 1 kë theq 7 ts[h]an. be Jiangxi KO GEN specialty 好 多 縣 里 頭 都 有 5. ... hao 3 to 1 xien 6 li 3 Deu tu 1 yiu 3 . very many counties inside all have 而 且 都 話 佢 自 簡  嘅 好 6. ... oe 5 chie 3 tu 1 wa 6 cie 3 ts[h]ï 6 kan 3 kë [ko] hao 3 . moreover all say 3SG self KO GEN good □ 分 宜 人  啊 7. ... <X> ^fïn 1 nyi 5 len 5 a, Fenyi people A 就 話  分 宜  嘅 米 粉 最 好 8. chiu 6 wa 6 fïn 1 nyi 5 kë [ko] mi 3 fïn 3 tsuïi 5 hao 3 . then say Fenyi KO GEN rice:noodles most good 峽 江 人 就 話 9. ... ^haq 7 kong 1 nyin 5 chiu 6 wa 6 , Xiajiang people then say 峽 江  嘅 米 粉 最 好 10. haq 7 kong 1 kë mi 3 fïn 3 tsuïi 5 hao 3 . Xiajiang KO GEN rice:noodles most good 安 義  嘅 就 話 安 義  嘅 最 好 11. ... ngon 1 nyi 6 kë chiu 6 wa 6 ngon 1 nyi 6 kë tsuïi 5 hao 3 . Anyi KO GEN then say Anyi KO GEN most good 南 城  嘅 就 話 南 城  嘅 最  好 12. ... lan 5 Dzïn 2 kë chiu 6 wa 6 lan 5 Dzïn 2 kë tsuïi 5 hao 3 . Nancheng KO GEN then say Nancheng KO GEN most good 都 話 自 簡  嘅  米 粉 好 喫 13. tu 1 wa 6 Dzï 6 kan 3 kë mi 3 fïn 3 hao 3 c[h]iaq 7 . all say oneself KO GEN rice:noodles tasty 我 們 南 昌  人 也 喜 歡 喫 米 粉 14. ... ngo 3 mïn lan 5 ts[h]ong 1 nyin 5 ya 3 xi 3 fon 1 chiaq 7 mi 3 fïn 3 . 1PL Nanchang people also like eat rice:noodles 箇 米 粉 是 郎  回 事 呢 15. ... ko 3 mi 3 fïn 3 sï 6 long 5 fïi 2 sï 6 le, this rice :noodles be how type business LE 佢  嘅 原 材 料 啊 16. cie 3 kë= nyüon 5 tshai 2 lieu 6 a, 3SG KO GEN raw:material A 是 17. sï 6 =, be 是 大 米 18. sï 6 thai 6 mi 3 . be rice:grains 就 是 稻 米 啊 19. ... chiu 6 sï thao 6 mi 3 a. that is rice:from:rice:plant A 不 是 小 麥 20. ... puq 7 sï xieu 3 maq 7 . NEG be wheat 不 是 拿 麥 子 做 . 21. ... puq 7 sï 6 laq 7 maq 7 tsï tsu 5 NEG be LAQ INST wheat make 是 是 大 米 22. sï 6 --sï 6 thai 6 mi 3 . be be rice:grain 你 人 許 個 米 呢 23. ... n 3 [l]e[n h]e 3 ko mi 3 le, 2SG that CL rice LE 就 先 磨 成 米 漿 24. ... chiu 6 xien 1 mo 6 Dzïn 2 mi 3 ^ciong 1 . then first grind make:into rice:paste 磨 成 米 漿 啊 25. ... mo 6 Dzïn 2 mi 3 ciong 1 a. grind make:into rice:paste A 然 後 濾 乾 啊 26. ... len 5 heu 6 li 6 kon 1 a, afterwards strain dry A 把 許 個 水 濾 掉 去 27. pa 3 he 3 kë suïi 3 ^li 6 tieu 5 chie 3 . PA DISP that CL water strain throw:out go 就 成 啊 箇 箇 28. ... chiu 6 Dzïn 2 a kkkk, then become A 成 啊 箇 箇 濕  嘅 粉 粉 子 29. Dzïn 2 a gggg sït 7 ko fïn 3 fïn 3 tsï. become a gggg wet KO ATT noodle paste 辣 濕  嘅 粉 粉 子 30. lat 8 sït 7 kë fïn 3 fïn 3 tsï. very wet KO ATT noodle paste 然 後  嘅 31. ... len 5 heu 6 kë=, afterwards KO ? ? 就 32. chiu 6 , then 然 後 呢 33. len 5 heu 6 le, afterwards LE 再 用 箇 個 個 個 34. tsai 5 yung 6 ko 3 kë kë kë, again use this CL CL CL 許 個 35. ... he 3 kë=, that CL 許 個 個 個 個 36. ... he 3 kë kë kë kë, that CL CL CL CL 在 37. tshai 6 --at 在 作 坊 里 啊 38. tshai 6 tsoq 7 fong 5 li a, at workshop in A 在 箇 米 粉 廠 啊 39. tshai 6 ko 3 mi 3 fïn 3 Dzong 3 a, at this noodle factory A 就 40. ... chiu 6 = then 把 佢 榨 成 箇 41. pa 3 cie 3 ^tsa 5 Dzïn 2 ko PA DISP 3SG press make:into this 一 根  一 根 好 細 好 長  嘅 yiq 7 kien 1 yiq 7 kien 1 hao 3 xi 5 hao 3 Dzong 2 kë=, one CL one CL very fine very long KO ATT 箇 個 粉 條 42. ... ko 3 kë fïn 3 thieu 2 . this CL noodle 我 們 把 許 個 就 叫 粉 43. ... ngo 3 mïn pa 3 he 3 kë chiu 6 cieu 5 fïn 3 . 1PL PA DISP that CL then call noodle 就 叫 米 粉 44. chiu 6 cieu 5 mi 3 fïn 3 . then call rice:noodle 許 個 一 根 一 根 好 長  嘅 45. .. he 3 kë yiq 7 kien 1 yiq 7 kien 1 hao 3 Dzong 2 kë=, that CL one CL one CL very long KO ATT 粉 條 46. .. fïn 3 thieu 2 , noodle 就 叫 米 粉 47. .. chiu 6 cieu 5 mi 3 fïn 3 . then call rice:noodle 隔 箇 個 個 個 48. ... kaq 7 ko 3 kë kë kë=, KAQ NEW this CL CL CL 許 個 是 濕  嘅 啦 49. he 3 kë sï 6 sït 7 kë la, that CL be wet KO ASS LA OBV 做 出 來 50. .. tsu 5 Dzut 7 lai 5 . make come:out 出 來 濕  嘅 呢 要 晒 乾 51. .. tshut 7 lai 5 sït 7 kë le yeu 5 sai 5 kon 1 . come:out wet KO LE must expose:to:sun dry 晒 乾 來 以 後 52. ... sai 5 kon 1 lai 5 yi 3 heu 6 , expose:to:sun dry LAI INC after 隔 箇 一 根 一 根  嘅 53. kaq 7 ko 3 yiq 7 kien 1 yiq 7 kien 1 kë KAQ NEW this one CL one CL KO ATT 就 是 硬  嘅 乾 燥  嘅 54. chiu 6 sï 6 ngang 6 kë kon 1 tsao 5 kë then be hard KO ASS dry KO ASS 就 好 保 管  啊 55. chiu 6 hao 3 pao 3 kwon 3 a. then good preserve A 你 要 是 保 管  得 好 啊 56. ... n 3 yeu 5 sï 6 pau 3 kuon 3 teq 7 hao 3 a, 2SG if preserve TEQ MAN good A 在 箇 個 乾 燥 陰 涼  嘅 地 方 啊 57. ... tshai 6 ko 3 kë kon 1 tsao 5 yin 1 liong 5 kë Di 6 fong a, at this CL dry dark KO ATT place A 許 個 58. ... he 3 kë=, that CL 一 兩 年 都 冒 有 什 哩 問 題 59. yiq 7 liong 3 nyen 5 tu 1 ma[o 6 ] y[iu] xiq 7 li wïn 6 thi 2 . one two year all NEG have whatever problem 都 還 是 可 以 喫 60. tu 1 hai 2 sï 6 kho 3 yi 3 chiaq 7 . all still be can eat 隔 喫  嘅 時 間 郎 喫 呢 61. ... kaq 7 chiaq 7 kë si 5 kan 1 long 5 chiaq 7 le ? KAQ EPI eat KO REL time how eat LE 有 兩 種 喫 法 62. ... yiu 3 liong 3 tsung 3 chiaq 7 faq 7 . have two kind eat method 一 種 是 63. ... yiq 7 tsung 3 sï 6 =, one kind be □ 64. ë=\, ah 當 然 好 多 種 喫 法 65. ... tong 1 l[e]n 5 hao 3 to 1 tsung 3 chiaq 7 faq 7 . of:course very many kind eat method 還 不 是 兩 種 啦 66. hai 2 puq 7 xi 6 liong 3 tsung 3 la. still NEG be two kind LA OBV 比 如 炒 米 粉 67. ... pi 3 lu 5 tshao 3 mi 3 fïn 3 . for:instance stir:fried:rice:noodles 箇 是 我 們 南 昌 人 都 喜 歡 喫  嘅 68. ko 3 xi ngo 3 mïn lan 5 Dzong 1 nyin 5 tu 1 xi 3 fon 1 chiaq 7 kë. this be 1PL Nanchang people all like eat KO ASS 哪 里  嘅 人 都 69. la 3 li kë nyin 5 tu 1 --everywhere KO GEN people all 江 西 70. .. ciong 1 xi 1 --Jiangxi 江 西 哪  嘅 地 方  嘅 人 都 喜 歡 喫 71. ... kong 1 xi 1 la 3 kë Di 6 fong kë nyin 5 tu 1 xi 3 fon 1 c[h]iaq 7 . Jiangxi any KO GEN place KO GEN people all like eat □ 72. ... ea. eh 箇 炒 米 粉 郎 73. .. ko 3 tshao 3 mi 3 fïn 3 long 5 --this stir:fry noodle how 郎 郎 喫 呢 74. .. long 5 --long 5 --chiaq 7 le ? how how eat LE 就 拿 許 個 75. ... chiu 6 laq 7 he 3 kë=, then take that CL 許 個 許 個 硬  嘅 76. he 3 kë he 3 kë ngang 6 kë, that CL that CL hard KO ATT 許 個 乾  嘅 米 粉 啊 77. he 3 kë kon 1 kë mi 3 fïn 3 a. that CL dry KO ATT noodle A 是 78. ... sï 6 = be 拿 去 煮 79. laq 7 chie 3 tsu 3 . take go boil 先 燒 開 水 80. xien 1 seu 1 khai 1 suïi 3 . first prepare:by:applying:fire boiling water 燒 好 □ 81. ... seu 1 hao 3 yi--prepare successfully 半 鍋 子 開 水 82. pon 5 wo 1 tsï khai 1 suïi 3 . half pan boiling:water 隔 你 要 喫 幾 多 米 粉 83. kaq 7 n 3 yeu 3 chiaq 7 ci 3 to 1 mi 3 fïn 3 , KAQ NEW 2SG want eat how:much noodle 就 擱 幾 多 許 個 米 粉  下 去 84. chiu 6 koq 7 ci 3 to 1 he 3 kë mi 3 fïn 3 ha 6 chie. then put how:much that CL noodle down go 把 佢 煮 85. pa 3 cie 3 tsu 3 . PA DISP 3SG boil 煮 呢  煮 開 以 後 86. ... tsu 3 le tsu 3 khai 1 yi 3 heu 6 , boil LE boil bubble after 還 要 再 煮 一 下 子 湊 87. hai 2 yeu 5 tsai 5 tsu 3 yiq 7 ha 6 tsï tsheu 3 . still must again boil one time in:addition 多 煮 一  下 子 88. ... to 1 tsu 3 yiq 7 ha 6 tsï. more boil one time 煮 得 什 哩 時 間 啊 89. ... tsu 3 teq7 xiq 7 li sï 5 kan 1 a, boil TEQ EXT what time A TOP 不 要 煮 得 太   久 90. puq 7 yeu 5 tsu 3 teq 7 ^thai 3 ciu 3. NEG must boil TEQ EXT too long 煮 得  太 久 個  就 91. tsu 3 teq 7 ^thai 3 ciu 3 kë chiu 6 --boil TEQ EXT too long KO ASS then 就 爛 掉 了 92. .. chiu 6 ^lan 6 tieu 5 lieu. then mushy off LIEU PRFV 許 個 爛  掉 了 也 不 好 喫 93. he 3 ko lan 6 tieu 5 lieu ya 3 puq 7 hao 3 chiaq 7 . that CL mushy off LIEU PRFV then NEG good eat □ 94. ... ë. eh 但 是 煮 短 許 個 時 間 不 95. ... than 6 sï 6 tsu 3 ton 3 he 3 kë sï 5 kan 1 puq 7 --but boil short that CL time NEG 煮 得 96. tsu 3 teq 7 --, boil TEQ 煮 少 了 時 間 也 不 行 . 97. tsu 3 seu 5 lieu sï 5 kan 1 ya 3 puq 7 xin 5 boil little LIEU PRFV time also NEG allright 許 個 里 頭 98. he 3 kë li 3 Deu that CL inside 心 子 還 冒 煮 熟 99. xin 1 ts[ï h]ai 2 mao 6 tsu 3 suq 7 . heart still NEG-PRFV boil cooked 就 煮 得 100. chiu 6 tsu 3 teq 7 =, then boil TEQ 煮 101. tsu 3 --boil 把 佢 煮 軟 了 就 可 以 102. pa 3 cie 3 tsu 3 nyüon 3 lieu chiu 6 kho 3 yi 3 . PA DISP 3SG boil soft LIEU PRFV then OK 就 是 XX 水 煮 開 了 以 後 103. chiu 6 sï 6 ts--suïii 3 tsu 3 khai 1 lieu yi 3 heu 6 then be water boil open LIEU PRFV after 再 煮 幾 分 鐘 tsai 5 tsu 3 ci 3 fïn 1 tsung 1 . again boil several minute 就 可 以 了 104. ... chiu 6 kho 3 yi 3 lieu. then OK LIEU PRFV □ 105. ... ë. eh 箇 就 把 佢 煮 軟 了 106. .. ko 3 chiu 6 pa 3 cie 3 tsu 3 nyüon 3 lieu. that then PA DISP 3SG boil soft LIEU PRFV 煮 軟 了 以 後 呢 107. ... tsu 3 nyüon 3 lieu yi 3 heu 6 le, boil soft LIEU PRFV after LE 隔 就 拿 許 個 冷 水 啊 108. kaq 7 chiu 6 laq 7 he 3 kë lang 3 suïi 3 a, KAQ NEW then take that CL cold water A 拿 去 沖 109. laq 7 chie 3 ^tshung 1 . take go rinse 拿 去 洗 110. ... laq 7 chie 3 ^xi 3 . take go wash 把 佢 變 成 111. ... pa 3 cie 3 pien 5 tshïn 2 , PA DISP 3SG change:into 就 是 把 佢 重 新 又 變 成 112. chiu 6 sï 6 pa 3 cie 3 tshung 2 xin 1 yiu 6 pien 5 tshïn 2 that:is PA DISP 3SG anew again change:into 許 個 濕  嘅 米 粉 狀 態 he 3 kë sït 7 kë mi 3 fïn 3 Dzong 6 Dhai 6 . that CL wet KO ATT rice:noodle state 又 把 113. ... yiu 6 pa 3 --, again PA DISP 又 把 114. yiu 6 pa 3 , again PA DISP 箇 個 乾  嘅 米 粉 又 變 成 了 115. ko 3 kë kon 1 kë mi 3 fïn 3 yiu 6 pien 5 tshïn 2 lieu this CL dry KO ATT rice:noodle again change:into LIEU PRFV 濕  嘅 米 粉 sït 7 kë mi 3 fïn 3 , wet KO ATT rice:noodle 就 是 116. chiu 6 sï. that be 隔 個 117. ... kaq 7 kë--KAQ NEW KO ? ? ? 隔  成 了 許 個 又 濕 又 軟 118. kaq 7 Dzïn 2 lieu he 3 kë yiu 6 sït 7 yiu 6 nyüon 3 KAQ NEW become LIEU PRFV that CL and wet and soft 又 煮 熟 了  嘅 米 粉  啊 yiu 6 tsu 3 suq 7 lieu kë mi 3 fïn 3 a, and well-cooked LIEU PRFV KO REL rice:noodle A 隔 又 把 水 就 完 全 濾  乾 了 119. ... kaq 7 yiu 6 pa 3 suïi 3 tu 1 won 5 chüon 2 li 6 kon 1 lieu. KAQ NEW again PA DISP water all completely filter dry LIEU PRFV 把 水 都 濾 掉 去 120. ... pa 3 suïi 3 tu 1 li 6 tieu 6 chie 3 . PA DISP water all filter off go 隔 然 後 你 就 可 以 炒 了 121. ... kaq 7 len 5 heu 6 n 3 chiu 6 kho 3 yi 3 tshao 3 lieu. KAQ NEW afterwards 2SG then can stir:fry LIEU CHG 炒 米 粉 啊 122. ... tshao 3 mi 3 fïn 3 a, stir:fry rice:noodles A 一 般  都 是 先 拿 123. yiq 7 pon 1 tu 1 sï 6 xien 1 laq 7 --in:general all be first take  先 拿 油 來 炒 滴 子 箇 個 作 料 啦 124. xien 1 laq 7 yiu 5 lai 5 tshao 3 tiaq 7 tsï ko 3 kë ^tsoq 7 lieu 6 la. first take oil to stir:fry a:little this CL ingredients LA OBV 比 如 125. ... pi 3 lu 5 , for:instance 我 們 南 昌 人 喜 歡 喫 牛 肉 炒 粉 126. ... ngo 3 mïn lan 5 Dzong 1 nyin 5 xi 3 fon 1 chiaq 7 nyu 5 nyuq 7 Dzao 3 fïn 3 . 1PL Nanchang people like eat fried:noodles:with:beef 箇 牛 肉 炒 粉 127. ... ko 3 nyu 5 nyuq 7 tshao 3 fï--, this fried:noodles:with:beef 南 昌 市 還 專 門 有 一 家 館 子 店 128. lan 5 tshong 1 sï 6 hai 2 tson 1 mïn 5 yiu 3 yiq 7 ka 1 kuon 3 tsï tien 5 , Nanchang city in:addition especially have one CL restaurant 是 許 個 個 個 清 真 萬 花 樓 129. sï 6 he 3 kë kë kë chin 1 tsïn 1 wan 6 fa 1 leu 5 . be that CL CL CL Chin-tsïn-wan-fa:restaurant 清 真 萬 花 樓 130. ... chin 1 tsïn 1 wan 6 fa 1 leu 5 , Chin-tsïn-wan-fa:restaurant 許 個 個 個  牛 肉 炒 粉 是 好 有 名  嘅 131. he 3 kë k k nyu 5 nyuq 7 tshao 3 fïn 3 sï 6 hao 3 yiu 3 miang 5 kë. that CL CL CL fried:noodles:with:beef be very famous KO ASS 我 以 前 都 好 喜 歡 喫 132. ngo 3 yi 3 chien 2 tu 1 hao 3 xi 3 fon 1 chiaq 7 . 1SG previously all very like eat 隔 好 久 冒 喫 過 了 133. ... kaq 7 hao 3 ciu 3 mao 6 chiaq 7 kuo 5 lieu. KAQ NEW very long:time NEG-EXP eat KUO EXP LIEU CHG 不 拿 牛 肉 炒 就 拿 134. ... puq 7 laq 7 nyu 5 nyuq 7 tshao 3 chiu 6 laq 7 =, NEG take beef stir:fry then take 豬 肉 炒 也 可 以 135. tsu 1 nyu 5 tshao 3 ya 3 kho 3 yi 3 . pork stir:fry also possible 還 一 般 啊 都 要 擱 辣 椒 136. ... hai 2 yiq 7 pon 1 a tu 1 yeu 5 koq 7 lat 7 cieu 1 , in:addition in:general A all YEU CHR put chili:pepper 我 們 南 昌 人 好 大 部 分 人 137. ngo 3 mïn 3 lan 5 tshong 1 nyin 5 hao 3 --thai 6 phu 6 fïn 1 nyin 5 , 1PL Nanchang people very most people 大 部 分 南 昌  人 都 喜 歡 喫 138. ... t[h]ai 6 p[h]u 6 fïn 1 lan 5 tshong 1 nyin 5 tu 1 xi 3 fon 1 chiaq 7 most Nanchang people all like eat 辣 椒 lat 7 cieu 1 . chili:pepper 箇 個 肉 咯 139. ... ko 3 kë= nyuq 7 lo, this CL meat LO INST  辣 椒 咯 140. lat 7 cieu 1 lo, chili:pepper LO INST 生 姜 大 蒜  咯 141. sen 1 ciong 1 thai 6 son 5 lo, raw:ginger garlic LO INST □ 142. .. e eh 隔 隔 隔 隔 143. kaq 7 kaq 7 kaq 7 kaq 7 , kkkkkkkkkkk 把 箇 個 作 料 炒 好 144. .. pa 3 ko 3 kë tsoq 7 lieu 6 tshao 3 hao 3 . PA DISP this CL ingredient stir:fry done 作 料 個 個 145. ... tsoq 7 lieu 6 kë kë ingredient k k 箇 些 東 西 炒 熟 了 呢 146. ko 3 xiet 7 tung 1 xi 1 tshao 3 suq 7 lieu le, this CL things stir:fry cooked LIEU PRFV LE 再 把 剛 才 箇 個 XX 147. ... tsai 5 pa 3 kong 1 Dzai 2 ko 3 kë li--again PA DISP a:moment:ago this CL 箇 個 舞  正 了 148. ko 3 ko wu 3 tsang 5 lieu this CL make done LIEU PRFV 箇 個 濕 米 粉 啊 149. ko 3 kë sït 7 mi 3 fïn 3 a, this CL wet rice:noodle a 倒 下 去 150. tao 5 ha 6 chie 3 . pour down go 擱 XX 151. ... koq 7 yi--put 擱 擱 擱 醬 油 咯 152. koq 7 koq 7 koq 7 ciong 5 yiu 5 lo, put put put soy:sauce LO INST 鹽 啊 153. yen 5 a, salt A 什 哩 154. xiq 7 li. what(ever) 還 有 搞 得 好 滴 子 個 155. hai 2 yiu 3 kao 3 teq 7 hao 3 tiaq 7 tsï kë, also have make TEQ MAN good a:little KO ? ? ? 還 有 加 上 香 菇 木 耳 什 哩 東 西 156. hai 2 yiu 3 ka 1 song 6 xiong 1 ku 1 muq 7 oe 3 xiq 7 li tung 1 xi. still have add dried:mushroom mu'er:mushroom and:such:like 非 常 好 喫 157. ... fïi 1 tshong 2 hao 3 chiaq 7 extremely tasty 啊 158. ... a, A 我  就 最 喜 歡 喫 箇 個  東 西 159. ngo 3 = chiu 6 tsuïi 5 xi 3 fon 1 chiaq 7 ko 3 ko tung 1 xi. 1SG then most like eat this CL thing 箇 是 炒 米 粉 160. ... ko 3 kë tshao 3 mi 3 fïn 3 . this CL stir-fry rice:noodle 或 者 是 你 喫 161. ... fït 7 tsa 3 sï 6 n 3 chiaq 7 --alternatively be 2SG eat 你 不 願 意 喫 炒  嘅 162. n 3 puq 7 yüon 6 yi 5 chiaq 7 tshao 3 kë, 2SG NEG wish eat stir-fry KO NOM 喫 煮  嘅 也 行 163. chiaq 7 tsu 3 kë ya 3 xin 5 . eat boil KO NOM also OK 就 是 164. ... chiu 6 sï 6 = then be 箇 個 燒  正 了  嘅 湯 165. ko 3 kë seu 1 tsang 5 lieu 3 kë thong 1 . this CL cook right LIEU PRFV KO REL broth 把 許 個 個 個 166. ... pa 3 he 3 kë kë kë, PA DISP that CL CL CL 許 個  另 外 一 鍋 子 167. he 3 kë lin 6 wai 6 yiq 7 wo 1 tsï, that CL anotherone pan 再 煮 一 鍋 子 新 鮮  嘅 開 水 啊 168. tsai 5 tsu 3 yiq 7 wo 1 tsï xin 1 xien 1 kë khai 1 suïi 3 a. again boil one pan fresh KO ATT boiling:water A 半 鍋 子 開 水 就 是 湯 啊 169. ... pon 5 wo 1 tsï khai 1 suïi 3 chiu 6 sï 6 ^thong 1 a. half pan boiling:water then be broth A □ 170. .. ë. eh  煮 開 了 以 後 171. ... tsu 3 khai 1 lieu yi 3 heu 6 , boil open LIEU PRFV afterwards 把 箇 個 濕  嘅 米 粉 172. pa 3 ko 3 ko sït 7 kë mi 3 fïn 3 , PA DISP this CL wet KO ATT rice:noodles 擱 進 去 173. ... koq 7 chin 5 c[h]ie 3 . put enter go 加 上 作 料 174. ... ka 1 song 6 tsoq 7 lieu 6 . add ingredient 加 上 箇 個 肉 啊 175. ka 1 song 6 ko 3 kë nyuq 7 a, add this CL meat A 箇 些 東 西 176. ko 3 xiet 7 tung 1 xi 1 . this CL things □ 177. ... ë. eh 鹽 啊 178. yen 5 a, salt A 箇 個 味 精 啊 179. ... ko 3 ko wei 6 cin 1 a, this CL glutamate A 蔥 花 呀 180. ... tshung 1 fa 1 ya, chopped:chives:stalks A 箇 個 喫 箇 個 湯 181. ko 3 ko chiaq 7 ko 3 kë ^thong 1 --This CL eat this CL broth 湯 粉 182. .. thong 1 fïn 3 . noodles:in:broth 許 就 叫 湯 粉 183. ... he 3 chiu 6 cieu 5 ^thong 1 fïn 3 . that then be:called noodle:soup 許 就 不 是 炒 米 粉 184. ... he 3 chiu 6 puq 7 sï 6 tshao 3 mi 3 fïn 3 . that then NEG be stir-fry noodles 許 就 湯 粉 185. he 3 chiu 6 ^thong 1 fïn 3 . that then noodle:soup 有  嘅 人 啊 186. ... yiu 3 ko 3 nyin 5 a have KO XIE people A 喜 歡 喫 湯 粉 187. xi 3 fon 1 chiaq 7 thong 1 fïn 3 . like eat noodle:soup 特 別 188. .. theq 7 p[h]ieq 7 --especially 特 別 是 冷 天 里 啦 189. theq 7 p[h]ieq 7 sï 6 lang 3 Dien 1 li la, especially winter in LA OBV 喫 箇 個 比 較 190. chiaq 7 ko 3 ko pi 3 kao 5 --eat this CL relatively 喫 得 身 上 比 較 熱 和 191. ... chiaq 7 teq 7 sïn 1 song pi 3 kao 5 leq 7 fo. eat TEQ EXT body on relatively warm 還 有 熱 天 里 呢 192. ... hai 2 yiu 3 let 7 t[h]ien 1 li le, in:addition have summer in LE 熱 天  我 們 喜 歡 喫 冷 粉 193. let 7 t[h]ien 1 ngo 3 mïn xi 3 fon 1 chiaq 7 lang 3 fïn 3 . summer 1PL like eat cold:noodle 冷 粉 就 是 拿 剛 才 話  嘅 194. ... lang 3 fïn 3 chiu 6 sï 6 laq 7 kong 1 ts[h]ai 2 wa 6 kë, cold:noodle then be use a:moment:ago say KO REL 許 個 已 經 煮 熟 了  嘅 195. he 3 ko yi 3 cin 1 tsu 3 suq 7 lieu kë, that CL already boiled:through LIEU PRFV KO REL 乾 □ 196. ... kon 1 --ee, dry eh 煮 熟 了  嘅 197. ... tsu 3 suq 7 lieu kë, boiled:through LIEU PRFV KO REL 許 個 濕  嘅 198. he 3 kë sït 7 kë, that CL wet KO REL 許 個 濾 掉 了 水 個 濕 米 粉 啊 199. ... he 3 kë li 3 tieu 5 lë [lieu] suïi 3 kë sït 7 mi 3 fïn 3 a. that CL filter off LIEU PRFV water KO REL wet rice:noodle A □ 200. ... ë. eh 加 上 201. ka 1 song--add 擱 滴 子 麻 油 202. koq 7 tiaq 7 tsï ^ma 5 yiu, put a:little sesame:oil 擱 些 子 箇 個 203. ... koq 7 xiet 7 tsï ko 3 kë= put a:few this CL 辣 椒 末 子 204. lat 7 cieu 1 moq 7 tsï, eat one bowl this CL 8 7 15 23 21 74 1.5 notes on the grammar : constructions in the 5 texts 個 ko chili:pepper dried:chili:mash 蔥 花 冷 粉 216. ... lang 3 fïn 3 , 又 好 喫 227. yiu 6 hao 3 chiaq 7 . at:once tasty 隻 tsaq7 0 15 3 5 0 就 想 跟 人 家 許 隻 女 個 了 23 根 kien1 0 0 3 0 6 3.58. chiu 6 xiong 3 kien 1 nyin 5 ka he 3 tsaq7 nyü 3 ko 1.5.1 passive ^tse 3 . 9 then want with person that CL No ex female KO NOM flirt 205. tshung 1 fa 1 , chopped:chives:stalks 箇 個 大 蒜 □ 子 206. ko 3 kë thai 6 son 5 mïi 3 tsï, this CL chopped:garlic 箇 些 東 西 啊 207. ... ko 3 xiet 7 tung 1 xi 1 a this CL thing A 拌 起 來 喫 208. ... phon 6 chi 3 lai 5 chiaq 7 . stir CHILAI INCH eat 也 好 喫 209. ... ya 3 hao 3 chiaq 7 . then tasty 箇 個 210. ... ko 3 kë, this CL 你 像 現 在 是 熱 天  啦 211. n 3 chiong 6 xien 6 ts[h]ai 6 sï 6 let 7 t[h]ien 1 la, like now be summer LA OBV 熱 天 里 早 212. let 7 t[h]ien 1 li ts--summer in ear-許 個 早 上 啊 213. he 3 kë tsao 3 song a, that CL morning A 大 家 都 喜 歡 喫 箇 個 東 西 214. thai 6 ka 1 tu 1 xi 3 fon 1 chiaq 7 ko 3 kë tung 1 xi. everyone all like eat this CL thing 喫 一 碗 箇 個 215. ... chiaq 7 yiq 7 won 3 ko 3 kë, cold:noodle □ 217. ... ea, eah 又 偏 宜 218. yiu 6 p[h]ien 2 yi. at:oncecheap 箇 冷 □ □ 219. ... ko 3 lang 3 wïn 3 la--(SPEECH ERROR: woo(dles) for noo(dles)) this cold woo □ □ 個 個 220. ëë= kë kë, eh gggggg 就 是 涼 拌  嘅 冷 粉 啊 221. chiu 6 sï 6 liong 5 phon 6 kë lang 3 fïn 3 a, that be cold-stirred KO REL cold:noodle A  只 要 兩 塊 子  錢 222. ... tsï[t 7 y]eu 5 liong 3 Guai 3 tsï chien 2 only need two approximately:RMB money 箇 炒 米 粉 啊 223. ... ko 3 tshao 3 mi 3 fïn 3 a, this stir:fry rice:noodle A 箇 些 小 店 里 頭 224. ... ko 3 xiet 7 xieu 3 tien 5 li Deu, this CL small shop in 就 只 要 三 塊 子 錢 225. chiu 6 tsï[t 7 y]eu 5 san 1 Guai 3 tsï chien 2 . then only need three approximately:RMB money  又 方 便 226. ... yiu 6 fong 1 p[h]ien 6 . at:once convenient 又 偏 宜 228. ... yiu 6 p[h]ien 2 yi. at:once cheap Translation 1. I 1.4.1 copula 是 oscillates between sï6, xi6 and even x (unstressed). 1.4.2 pronouns 1.4.2.1 personal • the singular pronouns are ngo3 n3 cie3 cie3 ko li (b) Mandarin (common in C and in these texts) ngo3 mïn (n3 mïn ? ? ?) cie3 mïn. 1.4.2.2 demonstratives Only two degrees : proximal ko3 and distal he3 he3 許 has cognates in Wu and Min, see Hakvoc. First occurs as a far demonstrative in EMCtexts, see ZGYW 1999:6 p. 442. Cognate with 處 ko3 developed out of the general classifier, see ko.doc he3 occurs once as « so very adj, that Adj.. » I.46. he3 'that' in « that dry !» 1.4.2.3 manner kong3 this way (perhaps from ko3-yong > kong3) hen3 that way (perhaps from he3-yong > heng3 >hen3) 1.4.2.4 interrogative la3 which ? la3 kë who ? whoever, anybody, everybody la3 li where ? wherever, anywhere long5 how ? (perhaps from *na3 yong > nong > long ; 哪 樣. as still in Yiyang. MX Hakka nyong 56 closer than NC to the original. xiq7 li sï5 kan1 when ? xiq7 li what ? whatever, anything 1.4.3 classifiers There are 124 occurrences of noun classifiers in the 5 texts (17 mns of monologue), excluding numerous cases of phatic he3 ko, ko3 ko. Altogether 7 different classifiers. By decreasing order of frequency : Text No 1 2 3 4 5 1SG one CL hand then able:to carry total ko places/apartments/houses/courtyards/tables/weather/temperature/taste/ paper/ story/joke/basket/coffin/lantern/dragon head/bus/dish/person/woman/son/scholar/rich man/teacher/brother tsaq7 basket/woman/scholar/hand/lantern/courtyard/landlord/rich man/son/coffin kien1 sticks/noodles (long and thin objects) tshan1 meals xiet7 plural objects chien6 clothes ka1 restaurants Many nouns classified by tsaq7 can also be classified by ko. In blue, nouns classified by both ko and tsaq7. They include human and artefact. Non concrete nouns only classified by ko : place ; story ; joke ; weather, temperature, taste Examples of tsaq7 : 許 隻 女 個 呢 2.17. ... he 3 tsaq 7 nyü 3 ko le that CL female KO NOM LE 箇 隻 秀 才 看 到 人 家 蠻 可 氣 呢 2.19. ko 3 tsaq 7 xiu 5 DZai 2 Gon 3 të [tao] nyin 5 ka 1 man 5 Gieq 7 chi le, that CL scholar look TAO RES person quite pretty LE 箇 隻 年 輕 個 女 個 看 到 佢 講 2.31. ko 3 tsaq 7 nyen 5 chiang 1 kë [ko] nyü 3 kë [ko] Gon 3 të [tao 5 ] cie 3 kong 3 , this CL young KO ATTR woman KO NOM see TAO RES 3SG this:way 我  一 隻 手 就 可 以 提 2.49. ... ngo 3 yiq 7 tsaq 7 xiu 3 chiu 6 Go 3 yi 3 Dia 2 . Just walk:to one CL coffin:shop door P 許 隻 女 個 呢 3.62. ... he 3 tsaq 7 nyü 3 kë [ko] le, that CL female KO NOM LE 提 隻 籃 子 3.9. ... thia 2 tsaq 7 lan 5 tsï. carry CL basket 提 隻 脫 大 個 籃 子 啊 2.10. ... thia 2 tsaq 7 ^Doq 7 Dai 6 kë [ko] lan 5 tsï a, carry CL very big KO ATTR basket P 但 是 呢 箇 隻 了 了 了  地 主 啊 4.33. ... than 6 sï 6 le ko 3 tsaq 7 ggggggg Di 6 tsu 3 a, but LE this CL gggggg landlord A 箇 隻 財 主 啊 4.34. ko 3 tsaq 7 tshai 2 tsu 3 a, this CL rich:man A 許 隻 崽 一 不 小 心 呢 4.103. he 3 tsaq 7 tsai 3 yiq 7 pïq 7 xieu 3 xin 1 le, that CL son accidentally LE 隔 箇 隻 女 個 呢 4.135. kaq 7 ko tsaq 7 ^nyü 3 kë [ko] le, then this CL female KO NOM LE 1.4.4 etymologies kaq7 < ko3 ha6 'this moment, now' (etym. from NC dictionary) laq7 搦 MC *nak (GY, JY) 'to hold'. Cognate w/ 拿 =挐 nra 'hold' Etymologically 我 ngaX 爾 njeX 佢 gjo. The 3sg cie3 is sometimes used to refer to non-animated nouns : I.55,56,56,61 : 3SG cie3 used to refer to Beijing • The plural pronouns exist in two sets : (a) local (not represented in the 5 texts) ngo3 ko li n3 ko li 餐 tshan1 0 0 8 2 0 10 些 xiet7 0 0 0 0 4 4 件 chien6 0 0 3 0 0 箇 隻 女 個 心 理 聽 到 就 好 1.5.2 disposal  起 火 3.59. ... ko 3 tsaq 7 nyü 3 kë [ko] xin 1 li Diang 1 të The Mandarin PA3-construction : PA3 NP V used in Nanchang (text 5 only) chiu 6 hao 3 ^chi 3 fo 3 . 3 家 ka1 0 0 0 0 1 this CL female KO NOM heart hear then very angry 把 許 個 水 濾 掉 去 1 total 8 22 32 30 32 124 正 好 走 到 一 隻 管 材 鋪  門 口 5.27. pa3 he 3 kë suïi 3 ^li 6 tieu 5 chie 3 . 哇 3.61. ... tsïn 5 hao 3 tseu 3 ta[w] yiq 7 tsaq 7 kuon 1 [D]Zai 2 Bu 3 mïn 5 Gieu 3 wa. PA DISP that CL water strain throw:out go

And what did he invite the teacher to eat ? 41. [he invited the teacher to] eat braised pork meat with turnips. 42. He [had] a dish made called braised pork meat with turnips. 43. Braised pork with turnips, normally, if it has been made well, 44. it is very tasty. 45. but this rich man who was very measly, well 46. he could not bear to put enough pork meat in it, 47. and it was all turnip in the large pot 48. there weren't two pieces of meat. 49. you almost could not see any meat. 50. The moment to begin eating came. 51. the teacher, 52. this cultivated and educated person, 53. did not think it proper to get angry. 54 In his heart he was not pleased,. 55. but he refrained from saying anything. 56. eh. 57. They finished eating. 58. eh. 59. They wiped their mouths. 60. eh. 61. and they drank tea. 62. Now the rich man, 63. having finished eating, 64. chats with the teacher to keep him company. 65. The rich man says, 66. « ah, 67. teacher, 68. you are a very erudite person 69. I believe. 70. Why don't you tell us a story or two » ? 71. « ah, 72. tell a story » 73. The teacher thought for a moment. 74. « all right. 75. I'll tell one if I have to ». 76. He said. 77. « Once, 78. there was a woman. 79. well. 80. A young woman. 81. She had given birth to a son. 82. Her son, well 83. he was both goodlooking and intelligent. 84. You cannot imagine how cute he was. 85. ah. 86. When he was two or three, 87. everyone liked him. 88. The 89. The woman 90. wherever she went, 91. always would take her son along with her. 92. One day, 93. she went to the river side 94. to wash turnips. 95. [some people started making a circle, 134. and finally left. 135. The woman, 136. She could not bear to leave, 137. right ? 138. her son, 139. this two or three year-old [boy who] moments before was still full of yound and fresh life, 140. that intelligent and good-looking boy 141. had disappeared in one instant 142. and drowned in the river. 143. and disappeared 144. She was crying bitterly ». 145.

.4.1 NC uses Dependent -ko -Head :

  This ko 嘅 is same as general classifier 個 , although different characters are used.

	3.65. nyin 5 ka 1 people Many other Gan-Ke dialects have disposal laq7 in that « give A to B » construction, see chiu 6 laq 7 Dong 2 pa 3 5 n 3 len c[h]iaq 7 , then LAQ DISP sweets give 2SG eat have KO XIE big a little 有 個 小 佢 比 我 們 箇 裏 感 覺 一 個 年 輕 嘅 女 . . la 3 li kë nyin 5 tu 1 --嘅 .1 . ... yiq 7 kë [ko] nyen 5 c[h]iang 1 everywhere KO ATT people all kë [ko] nyü 3 kë [ko], 滴 子  個 yiu 3 kë [ko] xieu 3 tiaq 7 tsï kë [ko]. 1. . ... cie 3 pi 3 ngo 3 mïn ko 3 li kon 3 cioq 7 3SG compare:with 1PL here feel one CL young KO ATTR female KO NOM 許 個 乾 嘅 米 粉 啊 KGFYDCBG p. 451 : Anyi, Yifeng, Yugan, Jishui, Yongxin, Duchang ; Dayu, Ganxian, Ningdu, Changting, Sandu, Shaowu. Only few have laq7 where Mand has standard ba3 constructions, see KGFYDCBG p. 441, 455 : Anyi, have KO XIE small a little KO NOM yeu 5 hao 3 teq 7 to 1 . house in KO ATTR adults P • double-marking : kien5 reinforced by 些 子 after the Adj : 要  好  得  多 屋 里 嘅 大 人 . . he 3 kë kon 1 kë mi 3 fïn 3 a. 啊 . . ... wuq 7 li kë [ko] thai 6 nyin 5 a, that CL dry KO ATT noodle A
	Yifeng, Sandu, Changting, Shaowu. LAQ7 Losing ground to Mandarin BA3. YEU IRR better TEQ DEG much 1.5.4.1.2 Relatives :
	你 1.5.3 comparative 所 以 1.5.3.1 In Nanchang 1. . ... n 3 2SG sit 坐 就 tsho 6 = teq 7 得 普 普 通 通 TEQ PREP . 1. so 3 yi 3 chiu 6 phu 3 phu 3 thung 1 thung 1 箇 個 ko 3 ko this CL 1.5.3.2 simple marking elsewhere in Gan-Hakka Simple comparative with guo4-adj in SHT Hakka : that:is:why even ordinary	房 間 嘅 fong 5 kan 1 apartment kë [ko] KO ATTR	裏 新 li inside A SUPP  啊 衣 裳 a, xin 1 yi 1 song new clothes	啊 a, P
	1.5.3.1.1 simple comparative (A more Adj) 還 不 如 hai 2 puq 7 lu 5 han2 tu1 he4 ni2 kan3 sen1 la ! ni2 ko4 se4 ! (you choose first ! you are smaller/smallest) 走 到 外 頭 去 tseu 3 tao 5 wai 6 deu 2 chie 3 , 就 可 以 買 只 紙 紮 嘅 kia1 han2 ko4 lao1 (they were even more angry) . . ... chiu 6 Go 3 yi 3 mai 3 t[s]aq 7 tsï 3 tsaq 7 kë [ko] • zero-marking, with absence of degree adverb hao3 indicating comparative : still not:as:good:as walk to outside go 1.5.3.3 double marking elsewhere in Gan-Hakka : then can buy CL paper:and:bamboo KO ATTR	燈 籠 ten 1 lung 5 lantern
	以 前 KGFYDCBG p. 450 gives same double marking A bi B geng Adj in Hakka : Dayu, Ningdu, 窮 . . ... yi 3 Jien 2 還 更 熱 和 些 子 Changting Wuping. 綠 嘅 紙 ^chiung 2 , in:the:past hai 2 kien 5 leq 7 fo xiet 7 tsï. . . liuq 7 kë [ko] tsï 3 , poor still more warm a:little SHT surpass type : green KO ATTR paper
	而 且 so3yi3 tu1 he4 jong1 lai4tsu1 hau3 ko4 yong1 moi4tsu1 la1 都 話 佢 自 簡 . . ... oe 5 chie 3 tu 1 wa 6 cie 3 ts[h]ï 6 kan 3 moreover all say 3SG self 1.5.3.1.2 double comparative (A more Adj than B) • No ex. of simple marking A bi B adj. inb the texts 好 多 嘅 細 伢 子 1.5.3.4 double marking elsewhere in Chinese . . ... hao 3 to 1 kë [ko] xi 5 nga tsï kë--Ansaldo 1999 says double marking also in Cantonese, Taiwanese Minnan, Medieval Chinese : 個 好 kë [ko] hao 3 . KO GEN good A bi B gengjia Adj, A bi B zonggeng Adj in Cantonese (p. 129) very many KO ATTR child KO ??
	• simple marking, with kien5 更 -Adj : 'Adj-er' 更 A bi B khaq Adj. in Minnan A bi B jiao Adj in medieval Chinese (p.133) ; also examples in Hunan Hakka (Ansaldo) 做 了 一 個 好 長 個 燈 籠 • double marking : A bi B kien5 Adj. : 'A Adj-er than B' . . tsu 5 lë [lieu 3 ] yiq 7 kë [ko] hao 3 tshong 2 kë [ko] ten 1 lung 5 . 冷 . kien 5 lang 3 more cold • Simple marking, Adj-de-duo 'much Adj-er': 以 前 啊 比 現 在 更 有 Double marking probably earlier than simple marking : A bi B geng Adj simplifies to A bi B adj in make PRFV one CL very long KO ATTR lantern 味 道 . . ... yi 3 Jien 2 a pi 3 Mandarin (Ansaldo supposes first A bi B adj, reinforced to A bi B geng Adj independently in xien 6 DZai 6 kien 5 yiu 3 wïi 6 Dau 6 . in:the:past P compare now different places) 我 們 許 個 院 子 裏 嘅 細 伢 子 啊 more have taste .1 . ngo 3 mïn he 3 kë [ko] yüon 5 tsï li kë [ko] xi 5 nga ts(ï) a 1.5.4 attributive/relative construction 1PL that CL yard inside KO ATTR children A
	現 在 xien 6 Dzai 6 Dai 6 ka 1 大 家 now everybody 但 是 我 覺 得 than 6 sï 6 ngo 3 cioq 7 teq 7 生 活 sen 1 foq 7 life 窮 ^chiung 2 要 yew 5 hao 3 teq 7 好 得 want good TEQ DEG 個 時 間 kë sï 5 kan 1 多 to 1 . much but 1SG feel poor KO ATTR time 最 主 要 嘅 節 目 ... tsuïi 5 tsu 3 yeu 5 kë [ko] cieq 7 muq 7 1.51.5.4.1.1 Attributives . . ... 3.8. ... .11 . most important KO ATT activity
	• Simple marking : Adj-tiaq7 tsï 'a little adj-er'  還 有 搞 得 .1 . hai 2 yiu 3 kao 3 teq 7 also have make TEQ MAN  許 個 味 道 he 3 ko wïi 6 Dao 6 that CL taste 漲 脫 大 嘅 箇 個 兩 三 歲 嘅 水 1. . ... tsong 3 thoq 7 thai 6 ko . . ko 3 ko liong 3 san 1 suïi 5 kë [ko] tsai 3 le, 好 滴 子 hao 3 tiaq 7 tsï good a:little 啊 a P 崽 呢 , sui 3 , swell very big this CL two three year KO ATTR son LE KO ATT water 有 個 大 滴 子 . 1. ... yiu 3 kë [ko] Dai 6 tiaq 7 tsï 比  現 在 味 道 還 pi 3 xien 6 Dzai 6 wïi 6 Dao 6 hai 2 kien 5 ciuq 7 . 個 kë, KO ? ? ? 更 足 compare now taste even more full 提 隻 脫 大 嘅 籃 子 成 啊 箇 箇 濕 嘅 粉 粉 子 啊 .1 . ... thia 2 tsaq 7 ^Doq 7 Dai 6 kë [ko] lan 5 tsï . . Dzïn 2 a gggg sït 7 ko fïn 3 fïn 3 tsï. a, carry CL very big KO ATTR basket P become a gggg wet KO ATT noodle paste
	• double marking : A bi B yeu5 Adj teq7 to1 : 'A much more Adj than B' 哪 里 嘅 人 都

.4.2 Alternative construction P Dem CL N

  This the same pattern as Kaiping : « this/that N which Vs». Examples :

			yiu 6 tsu 3 suq 7	lieu kë	mi 3 fïn 3	a,
			and well-cooked PRFV KO REL rice:noodle A
	1.5但 是		我	覺 得		窮		嘅	時 間
	3.8. ...	than 6 sï 6	ngo 3 cioq 7 teq 7	^chiung 2	kë	sï 5 kan 1
		but		1SG feel		poor		KO ATTR	time
			 許	個	味 道		啊
			he 3	ko	wïi 6 Dao 6	a
			that CL	taste		P
			比
	11 .	kaq 7		Dzïn 2		lieu		he 3	kë	yiu 6 sït 7	yiu 6
	nyüon 3
	KAQ NEW	become	LIEU PRFV	that CL	and wet	and soft
			又	煮 熟		了	嘅	米 粉 	啊

.4.3 third pattern P ko Dem CL N

  This is a combination of the preceding 2 : relative marked with KO REL , while noun is preceded by Dem-CL :

	1	.	ko 3	ko	wu 3 tsang 5 lieu
		this	CL	make done LIEU PRFV
		箇	個	濕	米 粉	啊
	.1	.	ko 3	kë	sït 7	mi 3 fïn 3	a,
		this	CL	wet	rice:noodle a
	1.5

  Wei Gangqiang and Chen Changyi (1998) Nanchang Hua Yin Dang [Nanchang sound archives]. In: Hou Jingyi (ed.) Xiandai Hanyu Fangyin Yinku. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaoyu Chubanshe.

	1.6 REFS
	negative : mao6 VV
	mao6 lao1 tao5 ; mao6 khon3 tao5
	4.127, 4.129, 4.141, 4.143.
	1.5.5.5.3 serial verb constructions
	but resultative cpl only a special case of a larger V1-V2 serial verb construction category where V2
	does not express result of V1 action : 5.95 tsu3 ton3 or 5.97 tsu3 seu3 'boil not long enough'. In these
	2 examples, the object is si5kan1 'time'
	1.5.6 question types

.2.1 perfective V-lieu~lë (reduced form of lieu3)

  Mrs Xie distinguishes n and l !The aspirates have lenis/breathy variants only in the low (even-numbered) tones, ie when corresponding to OC QZ initials ; however Mrs Xie had a shanghainese mother who spoke shanghainese at home. ? cannot get pair ; but 不=北=pˆ/ 7 (same vowel, lower, close to schwa) tïn/ten 蹲、燈 Mrs xie les lit : tun [u barre] /tïn she has kïn instead of kien < ken

	城 =層 tshïn2
	針 蒸 =砧 甑 tsïn1 2.2.1.3 question words
	na3 ko		'who'
	Likewise -e and -ït are merged xiq7 li 'what'
	十=舌=s´q 7 (same vowel as above) na3 li 'where'
	na3		'which'
	ci3 to1 然 normally len (dictionary), is lµïn 'how much~many' ci3 'how-Adj' (how deep, how long ; 'how many' a special case of this)
	lung2 what of	'how-Verb' (asking about manner : 'how to say…'). Pronunciation checked. Identical with lung2 dragon. Not long5 as in Yan Sen's speech.
	2.1.1 Tones (Mrs Xie) T1 [42] lung2 pan6 'how to do ?' cf Hakka liong pen ti) lung2 yong 'what kind of…' xiq7li sï2kan1 'when ?' wïi xiq7li, tsoq7 xiq7li 'why' pïn/pen 2.1.3.1.2 -on pronounced -uon 2.2.2 aspect
	T2 T3 2.1.3.1.3 -ieu [˙24] , [35] [213] 2.2
	T5 pronounced -iao [5544]
	T6	[˙21]
	T7 see if ïu=eu ? [45  ]
	T8 no, Nanchang Zidian -eu = Mrs Xie -ao 招 超 燒 [˙2  ]
	Low-series tones (odd-numbred) are breathy after obstruents. and Nanchang Zidian -ïu = Mrs Xie -ïu 州 抽 收
	T2	has 2 allophones, 24/breathy w/ obstruents, 35 clear w/ sonorants. The higher allophone has
	not merged with T5, unlike 'standard' NC.
	2.1.3.2 codas 2.1.2 initials p ph/B no final -t, all > -q m f
	t th/D	n	l
	ts tsh/DZ	s
	c ch/J	ny x
	k kh/G	ng h
	2.1.3 rhymes
	2.1.3.1 main vowels

2.

1.3.1.1 -en and -ïn

Mrs Xie merges -en and -ïn, into -ïn : 深 =生 sïn1 (vowel lower ; close to schwa)

Isolation form is pa

, merges with T 7 through destressing

'again' here means 'an additional advantage is that…'

Complement of degree, informant asked not to publish

Isolation form is pa3 , merges with T 7 through destressing

constructions

Numbering of examples follows Anne's book 2.2.1 interrogatives

neutral question :

Two types are in concurrence : the Clause-po and V-neg-V type 2.2.1.1.1 V-Neg-V type with 'go' A-1-1 he3 ko thifong, n3 chie3 puq7 chie3 ?

with Adj A-2-1 ko3 phin ciu3 xiong1 puq7 xiong1 ?

If the VP has an object, then V-puq7-VP : A-3-1 n3 cin5 puq7 cin5 tshen2

Copula : xi6-puq7-xi6 A-4-1 lao3 wang sï6 puq7 sï6 san1tung1 nyin2 ? Existential : yiu3 mao6 yiu3 A-5-1 nlen yiu mao yiu chien2 ?

If the VP includes an aux, both aux-puq7-aux V and aux-V-puq7-aux are accepted A-6-3-1 n3 wa6 cie3 wïi puq wïi tseu3 n3 wa6 cie3 wïi tseu3 puq wïi Potential : V1-teq7-V2 V-puq7-V2 A-7-4 ko3 mo yen, n3 khon3 teq7 cien5 khon3 puq7 cien5 ? ko3 mo yen, n3 khon3 teq7 tao5 khon3 puq7 tao5 ?

Emphatic : sï6 puq7 sï6 VP ? A-8-1 n3 sï6 puq7 sï6 tsoq7 ngo3 kë chi3 ? Aspects perfective.

V (lieu3) mao6 V, 'cocme'

A-9-jia-1 cie3 lai2 mao6 lai2 cie3 lai2 lieu/lë mao6 lai2 cie3 lai2 lieu/lë mao with Adj : A-9-jia-8 thien1 heq7 le mao6 ? cannot say : *thien1 heq7 le mao6 heq7 Like V-neg-V Indicates no presupposition. Cannot use it in contexts that indicate a presupposition on the part of the speaker, like E-1-1 *tsiq7 yiu3 cie3 yiu3 chien2 po ? 'is he the only one who is rich ?' Perhaps -po. is a phonetically reduced form of the negation puq7, if so it is relatable to the V-neg type of neutral question, Cf. Yue 1993 : 42. However, it does not change to -mao6 in perfective or experiential aspects.

Used for neutral questions alternatively with the V-neg-V type.

For instance A-1-1 given above as V-neg-V, can also be said as :

he3 ko thi6 fong, n3 chie3 po ? Both ways are exactly equivalent.

A-2-1 ko3 phin ciu3 xiong1 po ? A-3-2 n3len chiaq7 ci1than po ? A-4-1 lao wang sï santung nyin po ? A-4-5 n3 wa6 ke sï6 pïn thi wa6 po ? A-5-2-3 cie3 tshai6 wuq7 li po ? A-6-1-1 n3len chie3 teq7 po ? 'are you able to go ?' A-6-1-2 nlen nen pong kë mong po ? A-6-3-1 n3 wa6 cie3 wïi6 tseu3 po ? A-7-1 n3koli chiaq7 teq7 lieu3 po ? A-7-3 cie3 thia2 teq7 chi3 po ? perfective : A-9-jia-1-1 cie3 lai2 lë po ? equivalent with : cie3 lai2 lieu/lë mao ? A-9-jia-1-2 cie3 tshoq8 nyiq7 lai2 lë po ? A-9-jia-1-3 cie3 xientsai lai2 lë po ? A-9-jia-1-8 n3len thiang1tung3 lë po ? experiential A-9-yi-1 he3 kë tifong n3 chie3 kuo5 po ? habitual A-9-yi-10 cie3 cin1 tshong lai2 po ?

Yes-no questions (speaker has preformed idea of the answer)

Used to express disbelief, speaker expects 'no' as answer : A-6-3-1 n3 wa6 cie3 wïi6 tseu3 a ? A-9-jia-6 n3 wuq7li yiu3 tshai Dien a ? (you really have a color TV at home ?)

A-1-9 kuo5 le ha tsï yiq7 nyit pi3 yiq7 nyit7 ton3 'After the summer solstice, the days become shorter' A-1-10 cin1-nyit pi3 ts [h]oq8-nyit7 lang3 tiaq7tsï 'today is colder than yesterday' A-2-1 mi2 nyin2 pi3 la3 ko tu1 wei6 wa6 sï6 'the matchmaker has more of a way with words than anyone' A-2-2 cie3 pi3 ngo3 xi3 fon chiaq7 han2 tshai3 'he likes to eat pickled vegetables more than I do' A-2-4 xieu3 nyü3 pi3 xieu3 tsai3 pha3 tsu1 tsu ''the youngest daughter is more afraid of spiders than the youngest son is' A-3-1 (Mrs) cie3 pi3 ngo3 tsao3 tao5 'he arrived earlier than I did' (Mr) cie3 pi3 ngo3 lei2 teq7 tsao3 A-4-1 ci1 pi3 ngaq7 tsï phao3 teq7 khuai3 'chickens run faster than ducks' A-4-2 cie3 chiaq7 fan6 pi3 ngo3 man6 'he eats more slowly than I do' A-5-1-1 ko3 tshong2 p [h]i x tsï pi3 he3 tshong2 heu6 'this covering is still thicker than that one' ask this one again A-5-1-3

xien ts [h]ai6 n3-len sao1 [ ! seu1] ko tshai3 pi3 yi3 chien2 han2 'now the food you cook is even saltier than before' ask this one again A-5-3 cin1 nyen2 kë ku3 kheq7 pi3 chyü3 nyen2 (expect chiu6 nyen2) kan3 sao3 [expect seu3] le hao3 to1 A-5-6 ko3 li pi3 he3 li sït7 tiaq7tsï 'It is a bit wetter here than there' A-8-1 cie3 puq7 pi3 ngo3 phong3 'He's not fatter than me' A-8-3 xieu3 tao1 puq7 pi3 cien3 tsï khuai3 'the knife isn't sharper than the scissors' A-8-5 sïn3 sïn nyen2 lin2 puq7 pi3 suq7 suq7 thai6 'Auntie is not older than uncle is' A-8-7 cin1 nyiq7 puq7 pi3 chien2 nyiq7 leq7 ci3 to1 'today is not much warmer than yesterday' A-8-13-2 cie3 ko t[]sï6 xia3 teq7 puq7 pi3 ngo3 so1 'his handwriting is not worse than mine'

Anne's equal degree :

Anne's equalling degree

Anne's equalling/other types

Potential constructions also used to express equalling degree semantics : E-1-1 A wïi6 pi3 teq7 song6 B (A can compare with B)

A wa6 teq7 yang B (A can beat B at talking) A wa6 B puq7 yang (A shuo bu quo B) E-2-3 ma3 tseu3 puq7 yang nyu3.

Anne's superlative degree

E53 ko3 tao sui3, thieu teq7 chie3 'he can carry this bucket of water over on a shoulder pole'

If there is an object, the Nanchang dictionary says the structure is

Mrs Xie accepts these, but she also accepts : cie3 chiaq7 teq7 cin5 fan6~cie3 chiaq7 puq7 cin5 fan6

Likewise, Mrs Xie in E16 gives 2 structures : n3 len2 ta3 teq7 yang2 cie3 打 得 贏 佢 ; and (same as dictionary) : n3 len2 ta3 teq7 cie3 yang2 打 得 佢 贏 .

• negative form of these constructions :

If there is an object, Mrs Xie puts it after the ResComp :

Nanchang syntax notes L. Sagart 108 E-2-3 ko3 xiet7 wa6, phien teq7 lieu n3len, phien puq7 lieu ngo3 but she also accepts structures where the object is before puq7, cf. the pair of examples :

Of course you can also say A puq7 nen2 pa3 B V ResComp (E-3-3-2)

2.2.9.4.2 without resultative cpl Negative is puq teq V cie3 puq7 teq7 song6 cie3 puq7 teq7 fïi2 chie3 cie3 puq7 teq7 fong5 ha6 2.2.9.5 resultative complement 2.2.9.5.1 V1-V2

If there is an object it can come after the resultative compound : E23