A Begen

RFC 8680 Forward Error Correction (FEC) Framework Extension to Sliding Window Codes

Keywords:

RFC 6363 describes a framework for using Forward Error Correction (FEC) codes to provide protection against packet loss. The framework supports applying FEC to arbitrary packet flows over unreliable transport and is primarily intended for real-time, or streaming, media. However, FECFRAME as per RFC 6363 is restricted to block FEC codes. This document updates RFC 6363 to support FEC codes based on a sliding encoding window, in addition to block FEC codes, in a backward-compatible way. During multicast/broadcast real-time content delivery, the use of sliding window codes significantly improves robustness in harsh environments, with less repair traffic and lower FEC-related added latency.

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) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info

Introduction

Many applications need to transport a continuous stream of packetized data from a source (sender) to one or more destinations (receivers) over networks that do not provide guaranteed packet delivery. In particular, packets may be lost, which is strictly the focus of this document: we assume that transmitted packets are either lost (e.g., because of a congested router, a poor signal-to-noise ratio in a wireless network, or because the number of bit errors exceeds the correction capabilities of the physical-layer error-correcting code) or were received by the transport protocol without any corruption (i.e., the bit errors, if any, have been fixed by the physical-layer error-correcting code and therefore are hidden to the upper layers).

For these use cases, Forward Error Correction (FEC) applied within the transport or application layer is an efficient technique to improve packet transmission robustness in the presence of packet losses (or "erasures") without going through packet retransmissions that create a delay often incompatible with real-time constraints. The FEC Building Block defined in provides a framework for the definition of Content Delivery Protocols (CDPs) that make use of separately defined FEC schemes. Any CDP defined according to the requirements of the FEC Building Block can then easily be used with any FEC scheme that is also defined according to the requirements of the FEC Building Block.

Then, FECFRAME provides a framework to define Content Delivery Protocols (CDPs) that provide FEC protection for arbitrary packet flows over an unreliable datagram service transport, such as UDP. It is primarily intended for real-time or streaming media applications that are using broadcast, multicast, or on-demand delivery. A subset of FECFRAME is currently part of the 3GPP Evolved Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (eMBMS) standard .

However, only considers block FEC schemes defined in accordance with the FEC Building Block (e.g., , , or ). These codes require the input flow(s) to be segmented into a sequence of blocks. Then, FEC encoding (at a sender or an encoding middlebox) and decoding (at a receiver or a decoding middlebox) are both performed on a per-block basis. For instance, if the current block encompasses the 100's to 119's source symbols (i.e., a block of size 20 symbols) of an input flow, encoding (and decoding) will be performed on this block independently of other blocks. This approach has major impacts on FEC encoding and decoding delays. The data packets of continuous media flow(s) may be passed to the transport layer immediately, without delay. But the block creation time, which depends on the number of source symbols in this block, impacts both the FEC encoding delay (since encoding requires that all source symbols be known) and, mechanically, the packet loss recovery delay at a receiver (since no repair symbol for the current block can be generated and therefore received before that time). Therefore, a good value for the block size is necessarily a balance between the maximum FEC decoding latency at the receivers (which must be in line with the most stringent real-time requirement of the protected flow(s), hence an incentive to reduce the block size) and the desired robustness against long loss bursts (which increases with the block size, hence an incentive to increase this size).

[RFC5052]

[RFC6363] [MBMSTS] [RFC6363] [RFC5052] [RFC6681] [RFC6816] [RFC6865]

Terminology

This document updates in order to also support FEC codes based on a sliding encoding window (a.k.a., convolutional codes) . This encoding window, either fixed or variable size, slides over the set of source symbols. FEC encoding is launched whenever needed from the set of source symbols present in the sliding encoding window at that time. This approach significantly reduces FEC-related latency, since repair symbols can be generated and passed to the transport layer on the fly at any time and can be regularly received by receivers to quickly recover packet losses. Using sliding window FEC codes is therefore highly beneficial to real-time flows, one of the primary targets of FECFRAME.

provides an example of such a FEC scheme for FECFRAME, which is built upon the simple sliding window Random Linear Code (RLC).

This document is fully backward compatible with . Indeed:

• This FECFRAME update does not prevent or compromise in any way the support of block FEC codes. Both types of codes can nicely coexist, just like different block FEC schemes can coexist.

• Each sliding window FEC scheme is associated with a specific FEC Encoding ID subject to IANA registration, just like block FEC schemes.

• Any receiver --for instance, a legacy receiver that only supports block FEC schemes --can easily identify the FEC scheme used in a FECFRAME session. Indeed, the FEC Encoding ID that identifies the FEC scheme is carried in FEC Framework Configuration Information (see ). For instance, when the Session Description Protocol (SDP) is used to carry the FEC Framework Configuration Information, the FEC Encoding ID can be communicated in the "encoding-id=" parameter of a "fec-repair-flow" attribute . This mechanism is the basic approach for a FECFRAME receiver to determine whether or not it supports the FEC scheme used in a given FECFRAME session.

This document leverages on and reuses its structure. It proposes new sections specific to sliding window FEC codes whenever required. The only exception is Section 3, which provides a quick summary of FECFRAME in order to facilitate the understanding of this document to readers not familiar with the concepts and terminology.

[RFC6363]

[RFC8406]

[RFC8681] [RFC6363] Section 5.5 of [RFC6363] [RFC6364] [RFC6363]

Definitions and Abbreviations

The following list of definitions and abbreviations is copied from , adding only the Block FEC Code, Sliding Window FEC Code, and Encoding/Decoding Window definitions (tagged with "ADDED"):

Application Data Unit (ADU):

The unit of source data provided as a payload to the transport layer. For instance, it can be a payload containing the result of the RTP packetization of a compressed video frame.

ADU Flow: [RFC6363]

A sequence of ADUs associated with a transport-layer flow identifier (such as the standard 5-tuple {source IP address, source port, destination IP address, destination port, transport protocol}).

AL-FEC:

Application-Layer Forward Error Correction.

Application Protocol: Control protocol used to establish and control the source flow being protected, e.g., the Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP).

Content Delivery Protocol (CDP):

A complete application protocol specification that, through the use of the framework defined in this document, is able to make use of FEC schemes to provide FEC capabilities.

FEC Code:

An algorithm for encoding data such that the encoded data flow is resilient to data loss. Note that, in general, FEC codes may also be used to make a data flow resilient to corruption, but that is not considered in this document.

Block FEC Code: (ADDED) A FEC code that operates on blocks, i.e., for which the input flow be segmented into a sequence of blocks, with FEC encoding and decoding being performed independently on a per-block basis.

Sliding Window FEC Code: (ADDED)

A FEC code that can generate repair symbols on the fly, at any time, from the set of source symbols present in the sliding encoding window at that time. These codes are also known as convolutional codes.

FEC Framework:

A protocol framework for the definition of Content Delivery Protocols using FEC, such as the framework defined in this document.

FEC Framework Configuration Information:

Information that controls the operation of the FEC Framework.

FEC Payload ID: Information that identifies the contents and provides positional information of a packet with respect to the FEC scheme.

FEC Repair Packet: At a sender (respectively, at a receiver), a payload submitted to (respectively, received from) the transport protocol containing one or more repair symbols along with a Repair FEC Payload ID and possibly an RTP header.

FEC Scheme:

A specification that defines the additional protocol aspects required to use a particular FEC code with the FEC Framework.

MUST

FEC Source Packet: At a sender (respectively, at a receiver), a payload submitted to (respectively, received from) the transport protocol containing an ADU along with an optional Explicit Source FEC Payload ID.

Repair Flow:

The packet flow carrying FEC data.

Repair FEC Payload ID: A FEC Payload ID specifically for use with repair packets.

Source Flow:

The packet flow to which FEC protection is to be applied. A source flow consists of ADUs.

Source FEC Payload ID: A FEC Payload ID specifically for use with source packets.

Source Protocol: A protocol used for the source flow being protected, e.g., RTP.

Transport Protocol:

The protocol used for the transport of the source and repair flows. This protocol needs to provide an unreliable datagram service, as UDP does ( ).

Encoding Window: (ADDED) Set of source symbols available at the sender/coding node that are used (with a Sliding Window FEC code) to generate a repair symbol.

Decoding Window: (ADDED) Set of received or decoded source and repair symbols available at a receiver that are used (with a Sliding Window FEC code) to decode lost source symbols.

Code Rate:

The ratio between the number of source symbols and the number of encoding symbols. By definition, the code rate is such that 0 < code rate <= 1. A code rate close to 1 indicates that a small number of repair symbols have been produced during the encoding process.

Encoding Symbol: Unit of data generated by the encoding process. With systematic codes, source symbols are part of the encoding symbols.

Packet Erasure Channel: A communication path where packets are either lost (e.g., in our case, by a congested router, or because the number of transmission errors exceeds the correction capabilities of the physical-layer code) or received. When a packet is received, it is assumed that this packet is not corrupted (i.e., in our case, the bit errors, if any, are fixed by the physicallayer code and are therefore hidden to the upper layers).

Repair Symbol: Encoding symbol that is not a source symbol.

[RFC6363], Section 7

Requirements Language

The key words " ", " ", " ", " ", " ", " ", " ", " ", " ", " ", and " " in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

Source Block:

Group of ADUs that are to be FEC protected as a single block. This notion is restricted to Block FEC codes.

Source Symbol: Unit of data used during the encoding process.

Systematic Code: FEC code in which the source symbols are part of the encoding symbols.

MUST MUST NOT REQUIRED SHALL SHALL NOT SHOULD SHOULD NOT RECOMMENDED NOT RECOMMENDED MAY OPTIONAL

[RFC2119] [RFC8174]

Summary of Architecture Overview

The architecture of equally applies to this FECFRAME extension and is not repeated here. However, this section includes a quick summary to facilitate the understanding of this document to readers not familiar with the concepts and terminology.

Section 3 of [RFC6363]

Figure 1: FECFRAME Architecture at a Sender --------------------- ---------------------+ | Transport Protocol | +----------------------+ The FECFRAME architecture is illustrated in Figure 1 for a block FEC scheme from the sender's point of view. It shows an application generating an ADU flow (other flows from other applications may coexist). These ADUs of variable size must be somehow mapped to source symbols of a fixed size (this fixed size is a requirement of all FEC schemes, which comes from the way mathematical operations are applied to the symbols' content). This is the goal of an ADU-tosymbols mapping process that is FEC scheme specific (see below). Once the source block is built, taking into account both the FEC scheme constraints (e.g., in terms of maximum source block size) and the application's flow constraints (e.g., in terms of real-time constraints), the associated source symbols are handed to the FEC scheme in order to produce an appropriate number of repair symbols. FEC Source Packets (containing ADUs) and FEC Repair Packets (containing one or more repair symbols each) are then generated and sent using an appropriate transport protocol (more precisely, requires a transport protocol providing an unreliable datagram service, such as UDP). In practice, FEC Source Packets may be passed to the transport layer as soon as available without having to wait for FEC encoding to take place. In that case, a copy of the associated source symbols needs to be kept within FECFRAME for future FEC encoding purposes. At a receiver (not shown), FECFRAME processing operates in a similar way, taking as input the incoming FEC Source and Repair Packets received. In case of FEC Source Packet losses, the FEC decoding of the associated block may recover all (in case of successful decoding) or a subset that is potentially empty (if decoding fails) of the missing source symbols. After source-symbol-to-ADU mapping, when lost ADUs are recovered, they are then assigned to their respective flow (see below). ADUs are returned to the application(s), either in their initial transmission order (in which case all ADUs received after a lost ADU will be delayed until FEC decoding has taken place) or not (in which case each ADU is returned as soon as it is received or recovered), depending on the application requirements. FECFRAME features two subtle mechanisms whose details are FEC scheme dependent:

+----------------------+ | Application | +----------------------+ | | (1) Application Data Units (ADUs) | v +----------------------+ +----------------+ | FEC Framework | | | | |-------------------------->| FEC Scheme | |(2) Construct source |(3) Source Block | | | blocks | |(4) FEC Encoding| |(6) Construct FEC |<--------------------------| | | Source and Repair | | | | Packets |(5) Explicit Source FEC | | +-
• ADUs-to-source-symbols mapping: in order to manage variable size ADUs, FECFRAME and FEC schemes can use small, fixed-size symbols and create a mapping between ADUs and symbols. The mapping details are FEC scheme dependent and must be defined in the associated document. For instance, with certain FEC schemes, to each ADU, this mechanism prepends a length field (plus a flow identifier; see below) and pads the result to a multiple of the symbol size. A small ADU may be mapped to a single source symbol, while a large one may be mapped to multiple symbols.

• Assignment of decoded ADUs to flows in multi-flow configurations: when multiple flows are multiplexed over the same FECFRAME instance, a problem is to assign a decoded ADU to the right flow (UDP port numbers and IP addresses traditionally used to map incoming ADUs to flows are not recovered during FEC decoding). The mapping details are FEC scheme dependent and must be defined in the associated document. For instance, with certain FEC schemes, to make it possible, at the FECFRAME sending instance, each ADU is prepended with a flow identifier (1 byte) during the ADU-to-source-symbols mapping (see above). The flow identifiers are also shared between all FECFRAME instances as part of the FEC Framework Configuration Information. The ADU Information (ADUI), which includes the flow identifier, length, application payload, and padding, is then FEC protected. Therefore, a Section 7 of [RFC6363]

Procedural Overview

decoded ADUI contains enough information to assign the ADU to the right flow. Note that a FEC scheme may also be restricted to the particular case of a single flow over a FECFRAME instance; that would make the above mechanism pointless.

A few aspects are not covered by FECFRAME, namely:

• does not detail any congestion control mechanisms and only provides high-level normative requirements.

• The possibility of having feedback from receiver(s) is considered out of scope, although such a mechanism may exist within the application (e.g., through RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) messages).

• Flow adaptation at a FECFRAME sender (e.g., how to set the FEC code rate based on transmission conditions) is not detailed, but it needs to comply with the congestion control normative requirements (see above).

Section 8 of [RFC6363]

General

The general considerations of that are specific to block FEC codes are not repeated here.

With a Sliding Window FEC code, the FEC Source Packet contain information to identify the position occupied by the ADU within the source flow in terms specific to the FEC scheme. This information is known as the Source FEC Payload ID, and the FEC scheme is responsible for defining and interpreting it.

With a Sliding Window FEC code, the FEC Repair Packets contain information that identifies the relationship between the contained repair payloads and the original source symbols used during encoding. This information is known as the Repair FEC Payload ID, and the FEC scheme is responsible for defining and interpreting it.

The sender operation (

) and receiver operation ( ) are both specific to block FEC codes and are therefore omitted below. The following two sections detail similar operations for Sliding Window FEC codes.

Sender Operation with Sliding Window FEC Codes

With a Sliding Window FEC scheme, the following operations, illustrated in Figure 2 for the generic case (non-RTP repair flows) and in Figure 3 for the case of RTP repair flows, describe a possible way to generate compliant source and repair flows:

1. A new ADU is provided by the application.

2. The FEC Framework communicates this ADU to the FEC scheme.

3. The sliding encoding window is updated by the FEC scheme. The ADU-to-source-symbol mapping as well as the encoding window management details are both the responsibility of the FEC scheme and be detailed there. Appendix A provides non-normative hints about what FEC scheme designers need to consider. 4. The Source FEC Payload ID information of the source packet is determined by the FEC scheme. If required by the FEC scheme, the Source FEC Payload ID is encoded into the Explicit Source FEC Payload ID field and returned to the FEC Framework.

5. The FEC Framework constructs the FEC Source Packet according to Figure 6 in , using the Explicit Source FEC Payload ID provided by the FEC scheme if applicable.

6. The FEC Source Packet is sent using normal transport-layer procedures. This packet is sent using the same ADU flow identification information as would have been used for the original source packet if the FEC Framework were not present (e.g., the source and destination addresses and UDP port numbers on the IP datagram carrying the source packet will be the same whether or not the FEC Framework is applied).

7. When the FEC Framework needs to send one or several FEC Repair Packets (e.g., according to the target code rate), it asks the FEC scheme to create one or several repair packet payloads from the current sliding encoding window along with their Repair FEC Payload ID.

8. The Repair FEC Payload IDs and repair packet payloads are provided back by the FEC scheme to the FEC Framework.

9. The FEC Framework constructs FEC Repair Packets according to Figure 7 in , using the FEC Payload IDs and repair packet payloads provided by the FEC scheme.

10. The FEC Repair Packets are sent using normal transport-layer procedures. The port(s) and multicast group(s) to be used for FEC Repair Packets are defined in the FEC Framework Configuration Information.

MUST [RFC6363]

[RFC6363] ---------------------+

Figure 4 :

 4 Figure 4: Receiver Operation with Sliding Window FEC Codes+----------------------+ | Application | +----------------------+ ^ |(6) ADUs | +----------------------+ +----------------+ | FEC Framework | | FEC Scheme | | |<--------------------------| | |(2)Extract FEC Payload|(5) ADUs |(4) FEC Decoding| | IDs and pass IDs & |-------------------------->| | | payloads to FEC |(3) Explicit Source FEC +----------------+ | scheme | Payload IDs +----------------------+ Repair FEC Payload IDs ^ Source payloads | Repair payloads |(1) FEC Source | and Repair Packets +----------------------+| Transport Protocol | +----------------------+

Table of Contents

 of

	1. Introduction
	2. Terminology
	2.1. Definitions and Abbreviations
	2.2. Requirements Language
	3. Summary of Architecture Overview
	4. Procedural Overview
	4.1. General
	4.2. Sender Operation with Sliding Window FEC Codes
	4.3. Receiver Operation with Sliding Window FEC Codes
	5. Protocol Specification
	5.1. General
	5.2. FEC Framework Configuration Information
	5.3. FEC Scheme Requirements
	6. Feedback
	7. Transport Protocols
	8. Congestion Control
	9. Security Considerations
	10. Operations and Management Considerations
	11. IANA Considerations
	12. References
	12.1. Normative References
	12.2. Informative References
	Appendix A. About Sliding Encoding Window Management (Informational)

Roca & BegenStandards Track

• At the FEC scheme level: signaling and window management are intrinsically related. For instance, an encoding window composed of a nonsequential set of source symbols requires appropriate signaling to inform a receiver of the composition of the encoding window, and the associated transmission overhead can limit the maximum encoding window size. On the contrary, an encoding window always composed of a sequential set of source symbols simplifies signaling: providing the identity of the first source symbol plus its number is sufficient, which creates a fixed and relatively small transmission overhead.[RFC6363]

Acknowledgments Authors' Addresses

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Christer Holmberg, David Black, Gorry Fairhurst, Emmanuel Lochin, Spencer Dawkins, Ben Campbell, Benjamin Kaduk, Eric Rescorla, Adam Roach, and Greg Skinner for their valuable feedback on this document. This document being an extension of , the authors would also like to thank Mark Watson as the main author of that RFC.

Several considerations can impact the management of this sliding encoding window:

• At the source flows level: real-time constraints can limit the total time during which source symbols can remain in the encoding window.

• At the FEC code level: theoretical or practical limitations (e.g., because of computational complexity) can limit the number of source symbols in the encoding window.

 ---------------------+| Transport Protocol | +----------------------+

Figure 3: Sender Operation with Sliding Window FEC Codes and RTP Repair Flows

Receiver Operation with Sliding Window FEC Codes

With a Sliding Window FEC scheme, the following operations are illustrated in Figure 4 for the generic case (non-RTP repair flows) and in Figure 5 for the case of RTP repair flows. The only differences with respect to block FEC codes lie in steps (4) and (5). Therefore, this section does not repeat the other steps of ("Receiver Operation"). The new steps (4) and ( 5) are:

1. The FEC scheme uses the received FEC Payload IDs (and derived FEC Source Payload IDs when the Explicit Source FEC Payload ID field is not used) to insert source and repair packets into the decoding window in the right way. If at least one source packet is missing and at least one repair packet has been received, then FEC decoding is attempted to recover the missing source payloads. The FEC scheme determines whether source packets have been lost and whether enough repair packets have been received to decode any or all of the missing source payloads.

2. The FEC scheme returns the received and decoded ADUs to the FEC Framework, along with indications of any ADUs that were missing and could not be decoded.

Section 4.3 of [RFC6363]

Protocol Specification

General

This section discusses the protocol elements for the FEC Framework specific to Sliding Window FEC schemes. The global formats of source data packets (i.e., , Figure 6) and repair data packets (i.e., , Figures 7 and8) remain the same with Sliding Window FEC codes. They are not repeated here.

[RFC6363] [RFC6363]

FEC Framework Configuration Information

The FEC Framework Configuration Information considerations of equally apply to this FECFRAME extension and are not repeated here.

Section 5.5 of [RFC6363]

Feedback

The discussion in equally applies to this FECFRAME extension and is not repeated here.

FEC Scheme Requirements

The FEC scheme requirements of mostly apply to this FECFRAME extension and are not repeated here. An exception, though, is the "full specification of the FEC code", item (4), which is specific to block FEC codes. In case of a Sliding Window FEC scheme, then the following item (4-bis) applies:

4-bis.

A full specification of the Sliding Window FEC code.

This specification precisely define the valid FEC-Scheme-Specific Information values, the valid FEC Payload ID values, and the valid packet payload sizes (where "packet payload" refers to the space within a packet dedicated to carrying encoding symbols).

Furthermore, given valid values of the FEC-Scheme-Specific Information, a valid Repair FEC Payload ID value, a valid packet payload size, and a valid encoding window (i.e., a set of source symbols), the specification uniquely define the values of the encoding symbol (or symbols) to be included in the repair packet payload with the given Repair FEC Payload ID value.

Additionally, the FEC scheme associated with a Sliding Window FEC code:

• define the relationships between ADUs and the associated source symbols (mapping).

• define the management of the encoding window that slides over the set of ADUs. Appendix A provides non-normative hints about what FEC scheme designers need to consider.

• define the management of the decoding window. This usually consists of managing a system of linear equations (for a linear FEC code).

Transport Protocols

The discussion in equally applies to this FECFRAME extension and is not repeated here.

Section 7 of [RFC6363]

Congestion Control

The discussion in equally applies to this FECFRAME extension and is not repeated here.

Section 8 of [RFC6363] [RFC2119] [RFC6363] [RFC8174] [MBMSTS]

[RFC5052]

Security Considerations

This FECFRAME extension does not add any new security considerations. All the considerations of apply to this document as well. However, for the sake of completeness, the following goal can be added to the list provided in ("Problem Statement"):

• Attacks can try to corrupt source flows in order to modify the receiver application's behavior (as opposed to just denying service).

Operations and Management Considerations

This FECFRAME extension does not add any new Operations and Management Considerations.

All the considerations of apply to this document as well.

12. References 12.1. Normative References

.

Informative References

Appendix A. About Sliding Encoding Window Management (Informational)

The FEC Framework does not specify the management of the sliding encoding window, which is the responsibility of the FEC scheme. This annex only provides a few informational hints.

Source symbols are added to the sliding encoding window each time a new ADU is available at the sender after the ADU-to-source-symbol mapping specific to the FEC scheme has been done.

Source symbols are removed from the sliding encoding window. For instance:

• After a certain delay, when an "old" ADU of a real-time flow times out. The source symbol retention delay in the sliding encoding window should therefore be initialized according to the real-time features of incoming flow(s) when applicable.

• Once the sliding encoding window has reached its maximum size (there is usually an upper limit to the sliding encoding window size). In that case, the oldest symbol is removed each time a new source symbol is added.

Authors' Addresses

Vincent Roca INRIA Univ. Grenoble Alpes France vincent.roca@inria.fr Email:

Ali Begen

Networked Media / Konya Turkey ali.begen@networked.media Email:


Sally Chambers
email: chambers@ugent.be]jokedaems[joke.daems@ugent.be]

Joke Daems

Quinn Dombrowski

Glen Worthey

Kathleen Smith

Abigail Potter

Meghan Ferriter

Kylie Brass

Alexis Tindall

Rowan Brownlee

Marco Raciti Dariah
email: marco.raciti@dariah.eu

Individual support to ESFRI and other world-class research infrastructures

Keywords: Infrastructure, internationalisation, DARIAH Beyond Europe D2.3 Organize three international DARIAH workshops½page 4

Executive Summary

The aim of this report was to provide an overview of the three workshops that were organised at Stanford University, at the Library of Congress and at the National Library of Australia as part of the DARIAH Beyond Europe International Workshop Series within the DESIR project. The purpose of these workshops was to promote DARIAH tools and services to the wider community beyond Europe, to initiate collaborations, and above all to exchange knowledge and experience in digital scholarship on an international level. With these three workshops, DARIAH has reached over 275 participants who were present during the events, as well as scores of viewers who have watched the DARIAH Beyond Europe videos and the hundreds of interactions that have taken place via the #DARIAHBeyondEurope Twitter Hashtag. Through the DARIAH Beyond Europe workshop series, DARIAH has broaden its global outreach significantly. This report includes a number of ideas for potential collaboration opportunities that arose from the discussions during the workshop series, which will further be elaborated on in the DESIR Final Report. Originally envisaged as a one off series of three workshops, it seems that the DARIAH Beyond Europe initiative has not only increased DARAH's visibility internationally, but has led to a DARIAH to reflect on its long-term approach to its international activities much more deeply.

Introduction

As part of the DARIAH-DESIR project [START_REF] Salmons | public involved in the full range of research activities engaged in designing and conducting studies[END_REF] , a series of three day workshops were organised in 2018 and 2019, one at Stanford University [START_REF] Johnson | The Miranda Digital Asset Platform 44[END_REF] , one at the Library of Congress [START_REF] Goff | Nested nationalism[END_REF] , and one at the National Library of Australia, allowing an exchange of ideas between the DARIAH community and Digital Arts and Humanities projects in the United States and Australia [START_REF] Hiebert | German History in Documents and Images 46 German History in Documents and Images (GHDI) is a comprehensive collection of primary source materials documenting Germany's political, social, and cultural history from 1500[END_REF] . The purpose of these workshops is to promote DARIAH tools and services to the wider community beyond Europe, to initiate collaborations, and above all to exchange knowledge and experience in digital scholarship on an international level. This report provides an overview of the series of workshops, highlighting key outcomes.

DARIAH Beyond Europe Workshop Series

The purpose of these workshops is to promote DARIAH tools and services to the wider community beyond Europe, to initiate collaborations, and above all to exchange knowledge and experience in digital scholarship on an international level. Based on the Description of Work and the discussions with each of the local organisation teams, an overall framework for the workshop series was established, to ensure coherence across the workshop series, but at the same time flexible enough to enable for each workshop to be tailored to the local situation of the international hosts. Key elements of each workshop include: a welcome and introduction by a senior representative of the local host and the DESIR WP2 workshop organising team; an introductory keynote lecture introducing DARIAH by a Senior Representative of DARIAH-EU (e.g. Board of Directors) plus 1-2 high-profile local keynote speakers. A core part of the programme was the organisation of 3-4 'Knowledge Exchange Sessions", the themes of which would be selected in close collaboration between the DESIR team and the local organisers. As the main objective of the workshop series is to initiate collaborations between the European DARIAH community and colleagues in the United States and Australia, and in particular to exchange knowledge and experience in digital scholarship in the arts and humanities on an international level, it was therefore important to find a way to encourage and stimulate a dialogue between the European and International colleagues, rather than simply listening to presentations. It is intended that these sessions, produce, as far as possible, concrete outcomes and are a catalyst for ongoing collaborations. To provide a communication, dissemination and documentation platform for the international workshop series, the WP2 team set up a blog entitled 'DARIAH Beyond Europe'. This blog, is hosted on Open Edition's Hypotheses Scholarly Blogging Platform, which is also a contribution from DARIAH France to DARIAH-EU. Furthermore, the idea of creating a series of short videos to audio-visually document the event was discussed. These videos, which could be published on the DARIAH YouTube Channel could include interviews with the organisers, speakers and the participants, extending the reach of the workshop for those unfortunately unable to attend. To complement the DARIAH Beyond Europe blog, a series of announcements about the workshops were published via the DARIAH-EU website, twitter accounts and newsletters in May 2018. This included a general announcement about the entire workshop series the DARIAH-EU website and on Twitter, and well as individual announcements about the Stanford (website and twitter) and the Library of Congress (website and twitter) workshops.

DARIAH Beyond Europe Blog

To provide a communication, dissemination and documentation platform for the international workshop series, the WP2 team set up a blog entitled 'DARIAH Beyond Europe'7 . This blog is hosted on Open Edition's Hypotheses Scholarly Blogging Platform8 , which is also a contribution from DARIAH-FR to DARIAH-EU. The DESIR WP2 team completed the application for a Hypotheses blog in February -which is reviewed by a scientific committee prior to approval -and from March 2018 began, together with the local organisation teams, to populate the blog. Individual pages were set up for each workshop with a description of the program, the keynotes, registration and practical information. The blog also redirects to the community notes, taken collaboratively by participants and provides links to keynotes' videos. Furthermore, the program is enriched with community notes of each session, giving a glimpse of the discussions that took place.

DARIAH Beyond Europe Videos

Audio-visual material is available for the three workshops on the DARIAH-EU YouTube channel9 . More specifically, a short video-recap allows viewers to get some insights of the challenges and topics discussed. Alongside these highlights, full keynotes have also been filmed, extending the reach of the workshop for those unable to attend. Videos have been disseminated through DARIAH-EU communication channels (Twitter, website, newsletter) and can also be found in the above-mentioned DARIAH Beyond Europe blog. It should be noted that due to some institutional restrictions, in a few cases videos have been released

Stanford Workshop

Aims and Objectives

The goal of this 3-day conference was to highlight ongoing work in DARIAH and how these projects and initiatives could potentially intersect with DH initiatives in the North American academic community, particularly on the West Coast of the United States. In addition to promoting DARIAH tools and services, the objectives were to initiate collaborations and to exchange knowledge and experience in digital scholarship on an international level. The topic of the conference was 'Sustainable Infrastructures for Digital Arts & Humanities', and, throughout the sessions, participants were encouraged to critically reflect on the sustainability of current and envisioned DH solutions.

Programme

To ensure an optimal exchange of thoughts and information, the programme consisted of a combination of inspirational keynote speakers and knowledge exchange sessions on four topics of mutual relevance to the DH community in DARIAH and on the West Coast of the United States: corpus management; text and image analysis; geohumanities; and music, theater and sound studies. There was an additional dialogue session on Digital Arts & Humanities between Glen Worthey (Stanford) and Frank Fischer (DARIAH) on day 2, and a group discussion on sustainable futures on day 3. The conference ended with three parallel workshops (on word vectors, analyzing email with ePADD, and IIIF & Mirador) to allow participants to gain hands-on experience. Although the objectives of the workshop included connecting members of the academic community on the West Coast of the United States, one challenge was providing funding for travel and accommodations. For budgetary reasons, the majority of speakers were therefore drawn from the Stanford community, although workshop attendees came from a wider geographic area. A detailed overview of the programme can be found on the DARIAH Beyond Europe website 11 .

Keynote speakers

Abstracts can be found on the website 12 . All keynote speeches were filmed 13 to be able to share insights with the broader international DH community and continue the debate after the conference:

Knowledge Exchange Sessions

Each session had speakers from both DARIAH and the US present their work and its relationship to the issues of sustainable infrastructures in relation to the topic of the session, followed by a discussion with the audience. Community notes were made by the audience during the talks and discussions. Links to those community notes can be found in the programme 14 . Topics that recurred throughout the sessions were the need for training, interoperable standards for disciplinary data, and bringing together researchers and developers.

Digital Research Corpus Management

Jan Brase (State and University Library Göttingen, DARIAH-DE) discussed TextGrid as a successful and sustainable project for collaborative editing, research, and archiving. Dries Moreels (Ghent University Library, DARIAH-BE) presented IIIF as a standard in corpus management to ensure digital assets remain accessible for as long as possible. Scott Bailey (Stanford Libraries) highlighted the challenges of managing large corpora over long periods of time with a variety of media and license agreements and argued that documentation is essential for sustainability. Mark Algee-Hewitt (Stanford University) added that the engineering challenges of storing, moving, and managing large datasets and corresponding metadata eat into the time otherwise spent on answering scholarly questions.

One of the key points in the discussion was the differences between the situation in the US, where short-term projects are the norm, and in the EU, where long-running projects are more common, and the fact that these differences are likely to have an effect on issues such as standardisation, integration, infrastructure, and sustainability. It was established that DARIAH welcomes US researchers' and groups' engaging with their projects and products.

Other ideas for sustainability included embedding research project management and related activities into humanities pedagogy, and improving data sharing and reproducibility by documenting everything thoroughly and publishing as much data as possible. From the discussion, a key issue related to sustainability was that developing sustainable solutions is often not a priority for individual researchers, and that the users' expectations can be very different from the developers' goals. A possible solution is to engage users in tool development. Infrastructures such as DARIAH can help create and engage communities. It is important to bring together scholars with developers on a regular basis (or to have scholars that are also developers), for example during hackathons.

GeoHumanities

Johannes Scholz (Graz University of Technology, DARIAH-AT) talked about the ubiquity of geohumanities and the importance of language and ontologies as the basis of communication. He presented the work carried out by the DARIAH GeoHumanities Working Group 16 to establish a linked open data registry and to provide e-schooling for the DARIAH Teach platform 17 . Katie McDonough (Stanford Libraries and Department of History at the time of the workshop) highlighted some of the questions related to sustainability: how long will software work and how much work will it take to maintain evolving technology within changing institutions? Jack Reed (Stanford Libraries) presented the Stanford geospatial infrastructure EarthWorks 18 , an implementation of GeoBlacklight 19 , to improve access to geospatial data and help preserve it by using interoperable standards.

The discussion further stressed the importance of standards for data and interoperability between both commercial and non-commercial systems to allow for a sustainable exchange of data. Related questions included how to encourage people to adopt standards or document their work, and how to connect researchers across continents and institutions so they can exchange methods for answering similar research questions. Funding insecurity poses a risk to sustainability, and the question was raised whether university libraries could and should take on the role of infrastructure support. During the discussion, questions were raised about the reusability of tools developed for specific projects, how to determine the priorities of a project, how to ensure maintenance of data given the changing nature of technology, and how to encode different registers of artistic practice.

Group discussion on Sustainable Futures

The group discussion focused on two central themes: what sustainability means and how it is affected by funding (or lack thereof) and what we consider to be the nature of 'infrastructures'. Differences in economic models between Europe and the US were highlighted -for example, the greater centralisation and higher levels of government funding in Europe versus the more privately-based and scattered funding in the US. Likewise, initiatives were compared to find common ground (e.g., Software Carpentry22 compared to DARIAH Teach as a potential infrastructure). Key differences identified are the public funding in Europe for infrastructures such as DARIAH compared to US reliance on professional organisations rather than infrastructures. The inter-relationship between DARIAH and the various Digital Humanities organisations affiliated with the Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations (ADHO), such as the Association for Computers and the Humanities (ACH), based in the US, was discussed.

Outcomes from the Workshop

The workshop succeeded in bringing together about 150 people with a DH background from DARIAH and the West Coast of the United States. A sentence often heard was 'I did not know this existed', indicating that the workshop fulfilled the crucial international outreach as intended. Collaboration and communication are much easier to facilitate during in-person events than afterwards. The hashtag "#DARIAHBeyondEurope" was in heavy use during the workshops, but less use subsequently, even as activities involving workshop participants continued, and continued to receive publicity. In some sense, this is a sign of success, suggesting that USbased scholars feel comfortable simply working with DARIAH, without feeling the need to specifically label it as something unique through use of that hashtag.

At the end of workshop 1, participants started a mailing list, and for a time, contributed to the DARIAH Beyond Europe blog. As a concrete next step, workshop 1 participants put out a broader call for interest from colleagues in the US, gathering information about which DARIAH working groups other US-based scholars would like to participate in, and Francesca Morselli, the DARIAH Working Group coordinator, attempted to connect these scholars with the working groups, with mixed results. The challenge of getting working group coordinators to respond to membership requests points to an area of working group management that could benefit from more streamlined processes and/or stronger norms and expectations about working group responsiveness.

Following the first workshop, more US-based institutions have been adding their courses to the DH Course Registry23 . To spark an even bigger international discussion and to share the ideas from this first DBE workshop with the rest of the world, four videos24 were made: an event video and videos of each of the three keynotes. These materials were published after the workshop, and provided an opportunity each time to reignite discussions of DARIAH Beyond Europe on social media.

Shortly after the first workshop, the organizers submitted proposals for the Digital Humanities 2019 (DH2019) 25 participants, it is one of the major events in Digital Humanities worldwide and it represents a perfect opportunity for disseminating project results. The aim of the poster was to reflect on some of the Workshops' key outcomes, as well as some desired future directions (chief among them, the need to go even further "beyond Europe" --into the Global South). The poster acknowledged the significant investment from the European Commission and member countries and its yield of a robust set of technical and social infrastructure, ranging from working groups, various registries, pedagogical materials, and software to support diverse approaches to digital humanities scholarship; more specifically, it addressed the idea that, while funding and leadership of DARIAH to date has come from countries in, or contiguous with, Europe, the needs that drive its technical and social development are widely shared within the international digital humanities community at large. The poster has been deposited in the DARIAH Collection in the HAL Open Access Repository 31 .

27 https://dbe.hypotheses.org/1479 28 https://dbe.hypotheses.org/1899 29 https://digitalhumanities.stanford.edu/engaging-dariah-through-meso Additionally, the DESIR WP2 Team presented a poster, entitled 'DARIAH Beyond Europe: an international exchange of ideas" at the DARIAH-EU Annual Event, which took place in Paris on 23-24 May 2018. This poster was also DARIAH Collection in the HAL 32 .

ACH Roundtable

At the 2019 ACH conference, several of the workshop participants --as well as others who had become involved through workshop follow-up activities --organized a roundtable discussion titled, "Whose Infrastructure Is It Anyway?" Its purpose was to help the digital humanities community in the U.S. get "unstuck" with regard to how we might organize ourselves in such a way as to engage with DARIAH collectively (that is, as organizations), rather than simply as individuals (e.g., through Working Groups, the Course Registry, etc.). Presentations and a lively discussion among participants led to the idea that organizational ties between the U.S. and DARIAH are indeed desirable, but that groups as diverse as ACH itself, the Digital Library Federation (DLF), and the Council on Library & Information Resources (CLIR), as well as -more broadly -organizations that bring together the wide variety of American institutions (such as the American Association of Community Colleges) all have possible claims as the "best" place to create international organizational collaborations with DARIAH. Although the discussion was inconclusive, the energy and ideas certainly left the participants enthusiastic to continue it, especially together with DARIAH leadership.

The organizers of the Stanford workshop have continued to meet every 4-6 weeks for the last year, not only about the workshop, but continuing an ongoing conversation about how DARIAH could support DH work at their institution. Natasha Ermolaev (from workshop 2) and Thea Lindquist (post-workshop participant) have at times joined these calls as well. The workshop was linked to the Library of Congress 'Collections as Data' event series to benefit from the existing audience of the event series and therefore helped to maximise impact. This 3-day conference highlighted ongoing work in the European Digital Research Infrastructure for Arts and Humanities (DARIAH) and how these projects and initiatives could potentially intersect with DH initiatives in the North American academic community, particularly on the East Coast. The purposes of the conference were to promote DARIAH tools and services, to initiate collaborations, and above all to exchange knowledge and experience in digital scholarship on an international level. Conference sessions33 focused on digital newspapers and text analysis, web archives, and public humanities.

Programme

A detailed overview of the programme can be found on the DARIAH Beyond Europe website. the project tries to combine the skills of librarians, digital humanists and computer scientists to provide enhanced access to historical newspapers for a wide range of users and overcome the current challenges: difficult exploration, little support for quantitative analysis, low quality and not adequate tools. The project, will result in significant scientific advances, helping to significantly reduce the noise and providing tools for quantitative analysis.

Keynote

Deborah Thomas, Program Manager at the LoC, presented the National Digital Newspaper Program, a project started in 2003 to create and maintain a digital archive of significant historic newspapers published in the US, which led to the launch of the website Chronicling America which now contains more than 14 millions pages online. The second session, chaired by Professor Christophe Verbruggen, Director of the Ghent Centre for Digital Humanities, was centered around Public Humanities.

Meghan Ferriter, Senior Innovation Specialist at the Library of Congress, described how the Library enables transformational experiences by connecting users to its digital collections. Core values in this respect are imagination (challenge the usual ways of thinking, finding small ways to provoke new use, serendipity, finding new ways of connecting users with collections), appropriate approaches (methods, tools and practices which could be scaled up and made sustainable and the Importance of the sustainability of documentation) and invitation & access (how to learn from people working on other projects and vice versa). In conclusion, Meghan presented By the People 39 , the crowdsourcing platform of the Library of Congress for full text transcription and tagging. the increasing expectations from policy makers, many unsolved questions remain. Fien made the example of Europeana, which allows to explore more than 58 million objects, but if fails to answer questions about who is using the portal and why and, on such a big scale, it could also be argued what public is being served. She also stated the difficulty of engaging with the public at a transnational level. She also added that many projects take a step further by involving a geospatial dimension, such as the participative mapping project of De Krook, the new Public Library and Digital Innovation Centre in Ghent. As a conclusion, Fien noted that in terms of spaces for public humanities, the shift from an individual paradigm to a collaborative one is far from complete.

Stephen Robertson of the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (RRCHNM) introduced the topic from the perspective of the United States. He explained the concept of Digital Public Humanities, which can be presumed from the mission of the RRCCHNM, which is to use digital media and computer technology to democratize history: to incorporate multiple voices, reach diverse audiences and encourage popular participation in presenting and preserving the past.

Knowledge Exchange session 3: Using web archives in humanities research, facilitated by Sally Chambers, Ghent University | Community Notes40

• European perspective: How to keep born digital alive: web archiving and digital humanities in the post-history period, Kees Teszelszky, National Library Netherlands • US perspective: Library of Congress Web Archiving, Abigail Grotke, Web-archiving Team Lead, Library of Congress

2.

Associate Professor Nick Thieberger, University of Melbourne Citing primary data, the critical role of repositories in building FAIR and verifiable research: the case of the Pacific and Regional Archive for Digital Sources in Endangered Cultures (PARADISEC)

3.

Dr Rachel Hendery, Western Sydney University I will present on a virtual reality platform ('Layered Horizons') designed and developed together with Andrew Burrell from UTS, as part of the Waves of Words ARC Discovery project. The platform allows researchers to layer different kinds of spatially located data onto a geographically embedded datascape, seeing relationships between e.g. archaeological, linguistic, anthropological or other kinds of data for the region of interest.

4.

Dr Chao Sun, University of Sydney The definition of digital humanities (DH) has been discussed and showcased in many various ways. With different purposes and approaches, it can be as simple as word counting in larger scale of corpus, or as complex as big data/AI driven society analysis. In my opinion, DH is all about adopting available technology and forming effective methods that solve humanities' problems.

5.

Dr Tully Barnett, Flinders University The future of the textual record is almost entirely digital, yet the approach we take to digitization is short-term, distributed, under resourced and disconnected from research. As the foundations for a new digital textual era are cemented, we need to ask how we envisage the future of the textual record. Madelyn Shaw (National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution) & Professor Patricia Fitz Simons (Griffith University) Fabric of War is a transnational commodity history exploring the global wool trade and its strategic importance to a century of cold climate warfare. It brings together Trish FitzSimons' background in documentary filmmaking and social history and Madelyn Shaw's expertise in material culture and the textile industry. The project will consist of 1) an online exhibition linking to content in key institutions; 2) an innovative downloadable template/structure for a physical exhibition, adaptable for use around the globe by institutions of many sizes; and 3) a moderated web repository or digital portal that allows others to contribute to this site.

8.

Dr Mahin Raissi, University of Canberra Online petitions are an important feature of contemporary political engagement in advanced democracies. As such, they have rightly been subject to an increasing volume of scholarly analysis. Yet, there has been only limited attention paid to network analysis of the structure of interactions captured through online petition platforms. In this talk we report on a unique data set covering a five-year period and over 17,000 petitions and 3 million users documenting the development of the Change.org platform in Australia 9.

Esther Anatolitis, National Association for the Visual Arts Cultural data has important stories to tell the nation, but are those stories being heard? How can we harness the most critical, insightful work of arts and humanities researchers to inform the national conversation and influence policy? For over thirty years, NAVA has led policy, advocacy and action for a contemporary arts sector that's ambitious and fair. NAVA recently launched Arts Agenda is a monthly focus on national issues in Australia's contemporary arts.

10.

Professor Veronique Duche FAHA, University of Melbourne War words: the evolution of Australian English77 (Veronique Duche, UoM / Amanda Laugesen, ANU) project examines a corpus of around 170,000 words drawn from Aussie magazine -a trench journal that was first published in 1918 in France, and then, following the war, continued to be published monthly in Australia until December 1931. The aim of this project is to examine, through Aussie, both the transient and lasting impacts that the First World War had on Australian language.

Conclusion

The aim of this report was to provide an overview of the three workshops that were organised at Stanford University 78 , at the Library of Congress 79 and at the National Library of Australia 80 as part of the DARIAH Beyond Europe International Workshop Series. The purpose of these workshops was to promote DARIAH tools and services to the wider community beyond Europe, to initiate collaborations, and above all to exchange knowledge and experience in digital scholarship on an international level.

With these three workshops, DARIAH has reached over 275 participants who were present during the events, as well as scores of viewers who have watched the DARIAH Beyond Europe videos and the hundreds of interactions that have taken place via the #DARIAHBeyondEurope Twitter Hashtag. Through the DARIAH Beyond Europe workshop series, DARIAH has broaden its global outreach significantly. This report includes a number of ideas for potential collaboration opportunities that arose from the discussions during the workshop series, which will further be elaborated on in the DESIR Final Report. However, DARIAH Beyond Europe has already stimulated DARIAH to review its current policy related to Cooperating Partner Institutions. As a result, in DARIAH's Strategic Action Plan (2019-2022), a specific action has been added: STRAPL Action 10: "DARIAH will revisit the role and relationship of Cooperating Partners with the goal of reestablishing a basis for mutual value in a developing environment, in particular with an eye toward our growing links beyond Europe.

Originally envisaged as a one off series of three workshops, it seems that the DARIAH Beyond Europe initiative has not only increased DARAH's visibility internationally, but has led to a DARIAH to reflect on its long-term approach to its international activities much more deeply.

  DESIR INFRADEV-03-2016-2017 -Individual support to ESFRI and other world-class research infrastructures, Grant Agreement no. 731081.

  members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) EU-RES Classified Information: RESTREINT UE (Commission Decision 2005/444/EC) EU-CON Classified Information: CONFIDENTIEL UE (Commission Decision 2005/444/EC) EU-SEC Classified Information: SECRET UE (Commission Decision 2005/444/EC) Disclaimer DESIR has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731081. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

  DESIR INFRADEV-03-2016-2017 -Individual support to ESFRI and other world-class research infrastructures, Grant Agreement no. 731081.

  DESIR INFRADEV-03-2016-2017 -Individual support to ESFRI and other world-class research infrastructures, Grant Agreement no. 731081. several months after the event. A playlist for all the DARIAH Beyond Europe: International Workshops video has been created 10 . DESIR INFRADEV-03-2016-2017 -Individual support to ESFRI and other world-class research infrastructures, Grant Agreement no. 731081.

  DESIR INFRADEV-03-2016-2017 -Individual support to ESFRI and other world-class research infrastructures, Grant Agreement no. 731081.

  Text & Image Analysis Steffen Pielström (University of Wüzburg, DARIAH-DE) introduced the concept of DARIAH working groups as a form of sustainable infrastructure by presenting the work done by the DARIAH Working Group on Text & Data Analytics 15 . Javier de la Rosa (Stanford Libraries) & Eun Seo Jo (Stanford Dept. of History) discussed the importance of teaching for DESIR INFRADEV-03-2016-2017 -Individual support to ESFRI and other world-class research infrastructures, Grant Agreement no. 731081. sustainability and Regan Murphy Kao (Stanford Libraries) explained how IIIF can be used in teaching by bringing archival resources to the classroom.

  DESIR INFRADEV-03-2016-2017 -Individual support to ESFRI and other world-class research infrastructures, Grant Agreement no. 731081.

  30 https://dev.clariah.nl/files/dh2019/posters/1029.pdf 31 Dombrowski, Q., Fischer, F., Edmond, J., Tasovac, T., Raciti, M., Chambers, S, Daems, J., Hacigüzeller, P., Worthey, G., Smith, K.M., Potter, A., Ferriter, M., Brass, K., Brownlee, R and Tindall, A. (2019) DARIAH Beyond Europe. Digital Humanities 2019, July 2019, Utrecht, Netherlands. ⟨hal-02317079⟩ DESIR INFRADEV-03-2016-2017 -Individual support to ESFRI and other world-class research infrastructures, Grant Agreement no. 731081.

  speakers DARIAH Board of Directors -DARIAH: Building a Research Infrastructure for the Arts and Humanities, Toma Tasovac (DARIAH-EU Board of Directors) Opening Keynote: Posting Signs and Filling Potholes on the Information Superhighway: Toward a Research-Ready Scholarly Infrastructure 34 , Jason Rhody, Program Director: Digital Culture, Social Science Research Council (SSRC) DESIR INFRADEV-03-2016-2017 -Individual support to ESFRI and other world-class research infrastructures, Grant Agreement no. 731081.

Knowledge Exchange session 2 :

 2 Infrastructural Challenges for Public Humanities, facilitated by Christophe Verbruggen, Ghent University (including coffee @ 11:00) | Community Notes 38 • Public Humanities at the Library of Congress: Meghan Ferriter, LC Labs, Library of Congress • European perspective: Fien Danniau, Institute of Public History, Ghent University • US perspective: Stephen Robertson, Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

Fien

  Danniau of the University of Ghent explored the challenges of Public Humanities, and in particular Public History. She pointed out that public history offers a chance of focusing on the process of creating knowledge for the wider community and enhancing historical thinking, which is different from the output driven approach used by researchers. Despite DESIR INFRADEV-03-2016-2017 -Individual support to ESFRI and other world-class research infrastructures, Grant Agreement no. 731081.

  Workbench is a self-service portal which supports the integration and management of researchers, resources, tools and processes in the collaborative development of textual corpora. Workbench delivers philological research capability, configured for individual projects, as software as a service; WordPress for philologists. Workbench has been hosted at the University of Sydney since 2016 and supports a range of corpus development collaborations across multiple languages and institutions. DESIR INFRADEV-03-2016-2017 -Individual support to ESFRI and other world-class research infrastructures, Grant Agreement no. 731081.

  DESIR INFRADEV-03-2016-2017 -Individual support to ESFRI and other world-class research infrastructures, Grant Agreement no. 731081.

  78 https://dbe.hypotheses.org/workshops/stanford 79 https://dbe.hypotheses.org/workshops/library-of-congress 80 https://dbe.hypotheses.org/workshops/australia

•

  Dates and Venue: 13-15 September 2018, Green Library, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

	• Attendees: 120 registered; estimated 20-30 unregistered drop-ins
	• Workshop title: Sustainable Infrastructures for Digital Arts & Humanities: An
	International DARIAH Exchange
	• Workshop organisers: Joke Daems, Ghent University, Sally Chambers, Ghent
	University, DARIAH-DESIR; Glen Worthey, Stanford Libraries; Kathleen Smith,
	Stanford Libraries

  related to sound and performance studies as opposed to text. All three speakers emphasized that infrastructures in arts and humanities should also support the 'arts'. Jaroslaw Kapuscinski (Stanford Department of Music) showcased the Noh Theater Platform currently in development at Stanford Libraries, which presents and explicates the complexity of the different layers of a theatrical performance. Eleanor Selfridge-Field (Stanford Department of Music) discussed the digital repository of J.S. Bach. Many of the issues she encountered in 1984 are surprisingly still relevant today: questions about encoding and software compatibility, definition of open source, international collaboration, etc. The emerging DARIAH Working Group on Theater Studies and Theatralia Digitisation 21 was discussed with interest.

Music, Theater, and Sound Studies Anna Lawaetz (Royal Danish Library, DARIAH-DK) presented the DARIAH Teach course on Sound Studies 20 and discussed the specific challenges for collecting and presenting 16 https://www.dariah.eu/activities/working-groups/geohumanities/ 17 https://teach.dariah.eu/ 18 https://library.stanford.edu/search-services/earthworks 19 https://geoblacklight.org/ 20 https://teach.dariah.eu/course/view.php?id=27 DESIR INFRADEV-03-2016-2017 -Individual support to ESFRI and other world-class research infrastructures, Grant Agreement no. 731081. materials

  conference in Utrecht, and the 2019 Association for Computers and the Humanities (ACH) 26 conference. Both were accepted to their respective conferences, and -in conjunction with the DARIAH sponsor table at the Utrecht eventprovided an opportunity to share visually-attractive small-format cards with information about how scholars beyond Europe (and beyond the United States and Australia) can get involved. Infrastructure was a recurring theme at the conference, particularly as it followed a meeting of DH scholars from Africa who are themselves thinking about what kind of infrastructure to develop for their community. Beyond Europe BlogpostsThe following DARAH Beyond Europe Blogposts were published as a follow-up to the Stanford Workshop:Representatives from all three Workshops, together with DARIAH Directors, successfully submitted a DARIAH Beyond Europe poster 30 to the Digital Humanities Conference 2019 (DH2019) that took place in Utrecht on 9-12 July 2019. With approximately 1000

	• Dombrowski, Q (2018) Kidnapped by Cowboys: Taking the Next Steps from
	"DARIAH Beyond Europe Workshop 1" 27 , Published, 15.9.2018
	• Dombrowski, Q. (2018) A Cross-Atlantic Meeting of Medievalists 28 , Published:
	14.11.2018
	• Dombrowski, Q. (2018) Engaging with DARIAH through MESO 29 . Published:
	19.11.2018
	DARIAH Beyond Europe Posters

DESIR INFRADEV-03-2016-2017 -Individual support to ESFRI and other world-class research infrastructures, Grant Agreement no. 731081.

DARAH

  Quinn is also working with colleagues in Europe on developing a DARIAH working group proposal on the topic of multilingual DH, in parallel to a Special Interest Group (SIG) proposal to ADHO on the same topic. Quinn has been working with Toma Tasovac and Erzsébet Tóth-Czifra on adapting some of the DH workshop materials developed at Stanford into the new DARIAH Campus initiative. And, finally, Quinn has joined the DARIAH OpenMethods blog as a co-editor. September 2018, Library of Congress, James Madison Memorial Building, Washington D.C. • Attendees: 64 registered plus estimated 10-20 unregistered drop-ins • Workshop title: Collections as Data:Digital Scholarship in Arts and Humanities • Workshop organisers: Sally Chambers, Ghent University, DARIAH-DESIR, AbigailPotter, Library of Congress and Meghan Ferriter, Library of Congress3.1 Aims and ObjectivesThe DARIAH Beyond Europe workshop at the Library of Congress was entitled, Collections as Data: Digital Scholarship in the Arts and Humanities: An International DARIAH Exchange.

Since the workshop, Quinn Dombrowski has been advising Frank Fischer and his team on the DARIAH Marketplace, based on her experience with the DiRT directory. She has also involved Geoffrey Rockwell, whose TAPoR has inherited the DiRT listings after that project ended, in this role. The DARIAH Marketplace group plans to submit a proposal for a forum at DH 2020 to open up discussions with a broader community about the roles and risks of directories. DESIR INFRADEV-03-2016-2017 -Individual support to ESFRI and other world-class research infrastructures, Grant Agreement no. 731081.

Library of Congress Workshop

• Dates and Venue: 2-4

  Closing Keynote: Collections as Data: Digital Collections for Emerging Research Methods35 , Laurie Allen and Stewart Varner. This was followed by a hands-on session: Collections as Data: diving deeper with Laurie Allen and Stewart Varner. European perspective: Mikko Tolonen, University of Helsinki, Finland and Antoine Doucet, University of La Rochelle, France • US perspective: Deborah Thomas, Program Manager, National Digital Newspaper Program, Library of Congress Abigail Potter, Senior Innovation Specialist with the Library of Congress Digital Innovation Lab moderated the first session. From the European point of view, Mikko Tolonen, Assistant Professor at the Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, gave an overview of the current state of digital newspaper work in Europe. In his speech, Mikko Tolonen listed the main challenges that affect the development of digitized newspapers in Europe, which notably are funding (leading to outsourcing) and a Problematic OCR. Nevertheless, Mikko highlighted some positive aspects such as the improvement of quality control, a growing collaboration between libraries and research and the appearance of labs to work on digitised newspapers. Mikko pointed out that access to data and help with the material means to analyse the data (computing hours based on reliable service, ways to store, share and develop research results, virtual and actual workspaces) are what researchers working on digitised newspapers need from infrastructures.In addition, Mikko draw attention to the need of a common voice to questions of copyright and implementation of fair use clauses in the use of digitised newspapers. He also highlighted that the Open Access movement has been somehow successful at the European Union level with the launch of the Plan S, but, with respect to data and data-availability, much more is needed.Antoine Doucet, Professor of Computer Science at the University of La Rochelle, presented the Horizon 2020 funded project NewsEye 37 which aims at developing tools and methods for effective exploration of digital newspapers by means of new technologies. In particular,

	Knowledge Exchange Sessions
	Knowledge Exchange session 1: Digital Newspapers & Text Analysis, facilitated by Abigail
	Potter, Library of Congress | Community Notes 36
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35 https://dbe.hypotheses.org/workshops/library-of-congress/keynotes 36 https://docs.google.com/document/d/1grzrCdWVlVkIT2w4jxCirOb3iMUVBji8fcLqkR4rRyo/edit?usp =sharing 37 https://www.newseye.eu/ DESIR INFRADEV-03-2016-2017 -Individual support to ESFRI and other world-class research infrastructures, Grant Agreement no. 731081.

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  International perspective: IIPC -15 Years of Collaborative Web Archiving, Olga Holownia, International Internet Preservation Consortium (IIPC) Kees Teszelszky, National Library Netherlands, gave a short history of web archiving efforts in Europe and described the difficult situation in terms of copyright and legal issues, with the lack of a legal deposit law that severely restrict web archiving efforts. The situation is often characterised by the lack of cooperation between libraries, archives and research institutions. Furthermore, there are not so many transnational institutions dealing with webarching. A particular focus was given to the situation in the Netherlands, in which first efforts began only in 2007, despite being one of the first countries to start websites under the domaine nl in the early '90s. In conclusion, he remarked the importance of collaborative work in this domain and the value of analogue work. Grotke, Library of Congress gave an overview of the current situation in the United States, which landscape is also characterised by the absence of a legal deposit. Efforts of web archiving at the Library of Congress started in 2000. Types of collections focus mostly around the following subjects: U.S.A. election campaign websites, political science, folklore, comics, economy and business. One of the objectives in the future is to make web archives datasets available, as processing the amount of data is quite challenging. In conclusion, Abigail presented the Library of Congress digital strategy, which pillars are to ensure enduring access to content, maximise use of content and support emerging styles of research.Olga Holownia, International Internet Preservation Consortium (IIPC)41 introduced which represents organisations form over 45 countries with the aim of acquiring, preserving and making accessible knowledge and information from the Internet for future generations. Members include national, regional and university libraries, audiovisual institutions, archives, service providers, NGOs. IICP makes available a list of tools for webarching, as well as training and documentation material. In conclusion, Olga indicated some ideas for partnerships and outreach: engage and support researcher involvement, raise awareness of IIPC and web-archiving including the DH Community, create sustainable relationships and create an inventory for web archiving resources.TextGrid is a virtual research environment that allows Humanities scholars to edit, store and publish their digital editions and data in a sustainable way. TextGrid is part of the DARIAH-DE Research Infrastructure. Target groups are scholars of the Arts and Humanities, using TextGrid for their research projects, developers, adapting TextGrid tools and services for specific scholarly needs and academic institutions, for storing or linking data. DARIAH Big Idea Professor Jennifer Edmond, DARIAH's President Board of Director, will present on pathways to building sustainable infrastructure over time, future directions for DARIAH and the humanities and arts in Europe and beyond. Professor Jean Burgess 62 -Director Digital Observatory, Queensland University of Technology: Digital methods and the future of communication and media research 63 • Professor Joy Damousi FASSA FAHA -Lead Chief Investigator, Future Humanities Workforce project Australia-DARIAH Knowledge Exchange In a series of interactive knowledge exchange sessions, speakers will critically reflect on themes and explore points of intersection and interaction, specifically, areas in which we might build fruitful, long-term collaborations. Moderated discussions in each session will identify common opportunities and challenges and seek out joint solutions. . Charlotte Moar -UTS: Aboriginal and Torre Strait Islander Data Archive (ATSIDA) As we navigate online global environments that increasingly advocate open access and sharing of information and data, questions are emerging about the recognition of Indigenous knowledge in research, and the publication of research that incorporates this knowledge in the digital domain. Established in 2008 by UTS, the Aboriginal and Torre Strait Islander Data Archive (ATSIDA) provides a digital repository for research data relating to the Indigenous peoples of Australia.

	Big Ideas panel 3 -Skills and Workforce
	What skills, knowledge and workforces are needed into the future? This panel will discuss
	interdisciplines and methods, emerging data practices, and 'Humanities 4.0'.
	Lightning Talks
	Two sessions were dedicated to lightning talks to present projects or key points of research DARIAH within and Beyond Europe: connecting with arts and humanities researchers
	for members of the audience. The speakers and topics included: worldwide
	1) Jan Brase; TextGrid 42 • Sally Chambers -Digital Humanities Research Coordinator, Ghent Centre for
	Digital Humanities -DARIAH
	Overview of Australia: state of play and next five-ten years for digital humanities and arts
	• Professor Joanne Tompkins -Executive Director Humanities and Creative Arts,
	Australian Research Council
	• Marco Fahmi -University of Queensland, Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Data
	Enhanced Virtual Lab (HASS DeVL) project: Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences
	Virtual Laboratory 64

DESIR INFRADEV-03-2016-2017 -Individual support to ESFRI and other world-class research infrastructures, Grant Agreement no. 731081. Abigail 41 http://netpreserve.org/ DESIR INFRADEV-03-2016-2017 -Individual support to ESFRI and other world-class research infrastructures, Grant Agreement no. 731081. The • 62 https://staff.qut.edu.au/staff/je.burgess 63 https://www.humanities.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/AAH-DARIAH-Burgess-1.pdf 64 https://www.humanities.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/AAH-DARIAH-HASSDEVL.pdf DESIR INFRADEV-03-2016-2017 -Individual support to ESFRI and other world-class research infrastructures, Grant Agreement no. 731081.

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The DARIAH Beyond Europe workshop partners are included in the Revision History, even though they are not beneficiaries of the DESIR.

https://www.dariah.eu/activities/projects-and-affiliations/desir/

https://dbe.hypotheses.org/workshops/stanford

https://dbe.hypotheses.org/workshops/library-of-congress

https://dbe.hypotheses.org/workshops/australia

https://dbe.hypotheses.org/

https://hypotheses.org/

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeQpM_gUvNZXUWf6qQ226GQ/featured

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLfWGHIkSIx0VVkpjSko39FXWdn5am8cGP

https://dbe.hypotheses.org/workshops/stanford/program

https://calenda.org/435713

https://software-carpentry.org/

https://dhcr.clarin-dariah.eu/courses/

https://dbe.hypotheses.org/workshops/stanford/videos

https://dh2019.adho.org/

http://ach2019.ach.org/

Chambers, S., Hacigüzeller, P., Daems, J and Raciti, M. (2018) DARIAH Beyond Europe: an international exchange of ideas. DARIAH-EU Annual Event 2018, May 2018, Paris, France. ⟨hal-01855684⟩

https://dbe.hypotheses.org/workshops/library-of-congress/program

https://dbe.hypotheses.org/workshops/library-of-congress/keynotes

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1B9V8DBJ9Vl7SNif_ZKN8MSa4bAa6ywJ4Emq_ajrioW0/edit ?usp=sharing 39 https://crowd.loc.gov/

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Xk5ArMJJ-zsfUEVww9IT4W7ww1bLujO9RjMakDzapp0/edit?usp=sharing

https://arts.unimelb.edu.au/research/digital-studio/projects/graduate-internship/2018-internshipprojects/war-words

A full list of videos is available below: Stanford University: • Sustainable Infrastructures for Digital Arts & Humanities (Stanford University): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OgCOFxyyYpc&list=PLfWGHIkSIx0VVkpjSko39F XWdn5am8cGP&index=2&t=74s • Quinn Dombrowski: "Cowboys and Consortia: Thoughts on DH Infrastructure" (Stanford University): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0vkHutf_UxY&list=PLfWGHIkSIx0VVkpjSko39FX Wdn5am8cGP&index=3&t=0s • Mark Algee Hewitt: "Humanities, Augmented: Ecologies of Digital Research Practices" (Stanford Univ.): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BhDB3IaLZNw&list=PLfWGHIkSIx0VVkpjSko39F XWdn5am8cGP&index=4&t=0s Library of Congress: • Collections as Data:Digital Scholarship in Arts & Humanities (Library of Congress): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4xTm_XaI8NU&list=PLfWGHIkSIx0VVkpjSko39F XWdn5am8cGP&index=5&t=13s • Toward a Research-Ready Scholarly Infrastructure: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4ui58AO3VY • Collections as Data: Digital Collections for Emerging Research Methods: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHeIIpNL68A&t=6s Australian Workshop: • Humanities, Arts and Culture Data Summit and 3rd DARIAH beyond Europe Workshop (NLAustralia): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SI3u9nu7YEY&list=PLfWGHIkSIx0VVkpjSko39FX Wdn5am8cGP&index=6&t=14s • Jennifer Edmond: The DARIAH Big Idea (NLAustralia): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GRd0lDpuNIA&list=PLfWGHIkSIx0VVkpjSko39F XWdn5am8cGP&index=7&t=0s DESIR INFRADEV-03-2016-2017 -Individual support to ESFRI and other world-class research infrastructures, Grant Agreement no. 731081. • Sally Chambers: DARIAH within and beyond Europe: Connecting with Arts & Humanities researchers (NLA): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAPJ7FupHtg&list=PLfWGHIkSIx0VVkpjSko39FX Wdn5am8cGP&index=8&t=0s • Big Ideas: Transformations (NLAustralia): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7f1VZbEOr44&list=PLfWGHIkSIx0VVkpjSko39FX Wdn5am8cGP&index=9&t=0s • Big Ideas: Intersections (NLAustralia): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNNcM6nQCiM&list=PLfWGHIkSIx0VVkpjSko3 9FXWdn5am8cGP&index=10&t=0s • Big Ideas: Skills and Workforce Futures (NLAustralia): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RimXqdWuejE&list=PLfWGHIkSIx0VVkpjSko39F XWdn5am8cGP&index=11&t=0s

HathiTrust is a partnership of academic and research institutions, offering a collection of millions of titles digitized from libraries around the world. HathiTrust Digital Library is a digital preservation repository and highly functional access platform. It provides long-term preservation and access services for public domain and in copyright content from a variety of sources, including Google, the Internet Archive, Microsoft, and in-house partner institution initiatives. The partners ensure the reliability and efficiency of the digital library by relying on community standards and best practices, developing policies and procedures to manage content and services at scale, and maintaining a modular, open infrastructure. 8) Lauren Algee, Jaime Mears; Memory Lab Network 48 The Memory Lab Network is a project about digital preservation programs in seven public libraries across the U.S. It consists of three components: a digitization lab with equipment for digitizing video and audio and scanning photographs, documents and slides in a public computing space; digital preservation class curricula and training for the public; and a website with equipment and workflow instructions and resources for long-term storage and preservation of analog and digital archival materials. 9) Tahir Hemphill; Hip-Hop Word Count 49 , Rap Research Lab 50 Tahir Hemphill presented the Hip-Hop Word Count project which allows computational analysis of Hip-Hop lyrics from hundreds of thousands of hip-hop songs from 1979, making possible to visualise hip-hop as geographical-cultural indicator.

The Rap Research Lab is a community-based creative technology studio that allows to explore rap as a cultural indicator through educational, editorial, and creative interrogations.

General Discussions and Opportunities for Collaboration

A final closing discussion entitled "Infrastructure, Sustainability, and International Collaboration: Where are we, and where might we go together?" was facilitated by the workshop organisers Toma Tasovac, Sally Chambers, Abigail Potter and Meghan Ferriter.

Outcomes from the Workshop

The various discussions during the Knowledge Exchange Sessions and the Opportunities for Collaboration sessions raised a number of ideas for follow-up after the workshop. A summary of the key suggestions are included below. The key objectives of the event were:

• explore new horizons for data-driven humanities and arts research, digital cultural collections and research infrastructure; • facilitate connections between researchers and research infrastructures in Australia and Europe; and • consider avenues for international collaboration. 51 https://www.nla.gov.au/ 52 During the organisation of workshop the Australian team has gone through several organisational changes. For example, in July 2018 the Australian National Data Service (ANDS) merged with two further organisations to become the Australian Research Data Commons (ARDC). We would therefore like to thank the former team member including Karen Visser and Adrian Burton (Australian National Data Service, ANDS), Paul Wong (Australian Research Data Commons, ARDC), Tully Barnett (Flinders University) and Piraye Hacigüzeller, Ghent University for their contributions to organising this event. We would also like to thank the National Library of Australia for agreeing to host the event. Participants included researchers, policymakers, data experts, representatives from the cultural and collecting sectors and government agencies.

Conference sessions focused on: infrastructural challenges for large scale digital text corpora, geo-humanities and audio-visual content, new media and gaming.

Programme

The programme for this event was published simultaneously on the websites of DARIAH Beyond Europe 57 and the Australian Academy of the Humanities 58 . A comprehensive princted programme was prepared for delegates 59 .

New Horizons for Policy, Research and Infrastructure & Big Idea Panels

In a series of 'big ideas' panels, we will explore new horizons for humanities, arts and culture, research, policy and infrastructure.

Big Ideas panel 1 -Transformations What are the big challenges and opportunities for data-intensive research over the next ten years? This panel will discuss digital transformations in the humanities and arts, data ethics and sovereignty, and infrastructure with impact.

• Dr James Smithies 60 -Director, King's Digital Lab: Integrating DH into the longue durée: Research Laboratories, History, Methods 61

Big Ideas panel 2 -Intersections How do we design infrastructure that connects? This panel will discuss collaborative platforms, partnerships between research and cultural sectors, and libraries as labs.

• Dr Marie-Louise Ayres -Director General, National Library of Australia 11. Dr Deborah van der Plaat, University of Queensland The Digital Archive of Queensland Architecture (qldarch.net) is an online, multimedia database that is accessible to public. An outcome of a ARC Linkage project, this talk will briefly consider some of the research tools built specifically for this database and the new types of architectural histories that have the potential to reveal.

12.

Dr Michael Walsh, University of Sydney The largest Aboriginal territory in New South Wales is the Wiradjuri. The intention of the project is to create a large-scale map of Aboriginal place names in Wiradjuri territory [central NSW], underpinned by a digital database. The existing documentation of Wiradjuri place names is extensive but scattered. This project will bring together disparate sources of toponymic information and contribute to Wiradjuri language teaching and learning.

Workshops

The workshop feature of the program is designed for hands-on engagement and roundtable discussion. Delegates can attend their preferred workshop session. The various discussions during the three-day event sparked a number of ideas for further follow-up: of the event organisers from the Australian Research Data Commons (ARDC), published a blogpost on this topic following the event.

• Potential Collaboration Opportunities: There were a number of concrete areas of shared interest between Australian and European colleagues: i) European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) and in particular domain-specific research infrastructures, ii) Ethical issues, particularly related to data sovereignty. Could DARIAH's Ethics and Legality Working Group (ELADH) be of interest for Australian colleagues? iii) Sustainability of research tools when short-term project funding runs out, such as maybe the case with the Tinker workbench. Could there be a role for DARIAH regarding international sustainability of research tools? Furthermore, as one participate expressed it "a quarter of the world's languages are in Australia, collaborations with DARIAH's sister infrastructure CLARIN could also be of interest.