Abtrat

he rnpuq nqvnypes uy seyszrs nyq ultrn-lzw pzwer wureless pzxxuyupntuzy tns eynoleq n yew seyerntuzy zr wureless seyszr yetwzrws: dureless Bzqy Aren Netwzrws (dBAN). dBAN h j us n repeyt ptnlleysuys nren. here nre severnl pzyperys uy ttus nren rnysuys rrzx eyersy eipueyt pzxxuyupntuzy tz qesusyuys qelny eipueyt prztzpzls ttnt suppzrt yzqes qyynxup uyqupeq oy tuxny ozqy xzouluty.

Iy dBAN tuyy qevupes nre qeplzyeq uy/zy zr nrzuyq n tuxny ozqy, nre nole tz qetept nyq pzllept tte ptysuzlzsupnl pteyzxeyn zr tte tuxny ozqy (supt ns: EEG, ECG, SpO , etp.), nyq trnysxut ttus uyrzrxntuzy tz n pzlleptzr pzuyt (u.e Sink) ttnt wull przpess ut, tnwe qepusuzys, nlert zr repzrq.

dBAN qufers rrzx typupnl lnrse-spnle wureless seyszr yetwzrws dSN h j uy xnyy nspepts: Netwzrw suze us luxuteq tz n qzzey zr yzqes, uy-yetwzrw xzouluty rzllzws tte ozqy xzvexeyts nyq tte wureless ptnyyel tns uts spepuiputues. Luyws tnve n very stzrt rnyse nyq n qunluty ttnt vnrues wutt tte wenrer's pzsture. he trnysxussuzy pzwer us wept lzw tz uxprzve qevupes nutzyzxy nyq requpe wenrers eleptrzxnsyetup expzsutuzy. Czysequeytly, tte efepts zr ozqy noszrptuzy, releptuzys nyq uyterrereype pnyyzt oe yeslepteq nyq ut us quipult tz xnuytnuy n qurept luyw (zye-tzp) oetweey tte Sink nyq nll dBAN yzqes. hus, xultu-tzp pzxxuyupntuzy represeyts n vunole nlteryntuve.

Iy ttus wzrw we uyvestusnte eyersy-eipueyt xultu-tzp pzxxuyupntuzy prztzpzls uy dBAN. Our wzrw us pnrt zr SMARa-BAN Selr-zrsnyuzuys Mzouluty Awnre, Relunole nyq auxely Bzqy Aren Netwzrws przvept h j.

Iy zrqer tz evnlunte zur pzxxuyupntuzy prztzpzls qespruoeq uy tte sequel uy n spepuip dBAN speynruz, we uxplexeyteq ttex uyqer tte Oxyet++ suxulntzr h j ttnt we eyrupteq wutt tte Muxux przvept h j nyq n renlustup tuxny ozqy xzouluty nyq ptnyyel xzqel ussueq rrzx n repeyt resenrpt zy ouzxequpnl nyq tenltt uyrzrxntups h j.

de nre uyteresteq uy dBAN wtere seyszrs nre plnpeq zy tte ozqy. de rzpus zy twz pzxxuyupntuzy pruxutuves: orznqpnst nyq pzyverse-pnst.

Fzr tte orznqpnstuys przolex uy dBAN, we nynlyze severnl orznqpnst strntesues uyspureq rrzx tte nren zr DaN ttey we przpzse twz yzvel orznqpnst strntesues MBP7 Mixed Broadcast Protocol nyq Optimized Flooding:

• MBP (Mixed Broadcast Protocol): de przpzseq ttus strntesy uy h j ns n xux oetweey tte dissemination-based nyq knowledge-based npprznptes.

• OptFlood (Optimized Flooding): hus strntesy wns przpzseq uy h j nyq tnwes uytz nppzuyt tte streystts nyq wenwyesses zr tte onsup strntesy Flooding. Optimized Flooding us n revuseq versuzy zr Flooding wtzse purpzse us tz weep tte szzq eyq-tz-eyq qelny suvey oy Flooding wtule lzweruys eyersy pzysuxptuzy wutt tte suxplest wny nyq tte xuyuxux pzst.

Aqqutuzynlly, we perrzrxeq uyvestusntuzys zr uyqepeyqeyt uyterest relnteq tz tte nouluty zr nll tte stuqueq strntesues tz eysure tte FIFO zrqer pzysusteypy przperty (u.e. pnpwets nre repeuveq uy tte zrqer zr tteur seyquys) wtey stresseq wutt vnruzus trnysxussuzy rntes. hese uyvestusntuzys zpey yew nyq ptnlleysuys resenrpt qureptuzys. dutt yz expeptuzy, tte exustuys lnt orznqpnst strntesues resuster n qrnxntup qrzp zr perrzrxnypes wtey tte trnysxussuzy rnte us superuzr tz 11Ko/s.

here, we przpzse tte irst yetwzrw-MAC lnyer orznqpnst prztzpzl, CLBP, qesusyeq rzr xultu-tzp pzxxuyupntuzy nyq resulueyt tz tuxny ozqy pzstures nyq xzouluty. Our prztzpzl us zptuxuzeq tz explzut tte tuxny ozqy xzouluty oy pnrerully ptzzsuys tte xzst relunole pzxxuyupntuzy pntts uy enpt stuqueq pzsture. Mzrezver, zur prztzpzl uypluqes n slzt nssusyxeyt xeptnyusx ttnt requpes tte eyersy pzysuxptuzy, pzllusuzys, uqle lusteyuys nyq zvertenruys. Aqqutuzynlly, CLBP uypluqes n syyptrzyuzntuzy sptexe ttnt telps yzqes tz resyyptrzyuze wutt tte Sink zy tte ly. Our prztzpzl zutperrzrxs exustuys lnt orznqpnst strntesues uy terxs zr perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes, eyersy pzysuxptuzy nyq pzrrept repeptuzy zr FIFO-zrqereq pnpwets nyq xnuytnuys uts szzq perrzrxnypes up tz 190Ko/s trnysxussuzy rntes.

Iy tte lnst pnrt zr tte ttesus, we pzypeytrnteq zy nyztter pzxxuyupntuzy pruxutuve: tte convergecast przolex rzpusuys zyly lnt (u.e. yzy przss-lnyer) strntesues. de przpzseq n plnssuipntuzy zr pzyverse-pnst strntesues, nqnpteq rrzx DaN nyq dSN nrens, uy ttree qufereyt pnteszrues: atenuation-based, gossip-based nyq multi-path-based strntesues. de ttey przpzseq n yzvel strntesy pnlleq Hybrid. hus wzrw wns puolusteq uy h j. de rzpuseq ttree pnrnxeters: resulueype tz tte ozqy xzouluty, eyq-tz-eyq qelny nyq eyersy pzysuxptuzy. Our yzvel strntesy, Hybrid, oetnves ns n multi-paths strntesy wtere xessnses nre rzrwnrqeq rzllzwuys preqeterxuyeq pntts. Hzwever, uy zrqer tz pzpe wutt pzsturnl xzouluty, zur yzvel strntesy wull uytrzqupe xessnses orznqpnst. here nre severnl pzyperys uy ttus nren rnysuys rrzx eyersy eipueyt pzxxuyupntuzy tz qesusyuys qelnys eipueyt prztzpzls ttnt suppzrt yzqes' qyynxup uyqupeq oy tuxny ozqy xzouluty. Iy nqqutuzy, tz suppessrully qeplzy ozqy nren yetwzrws ttnt pny perrzrx lzys-terx nyq pzytuyuzus tenlttpnre xzyutzruys, ut us prutupnl ttnt tte wenrnole qevupes oe sxnll nyq lusttweustt tz nvzuq tz oe tzz uytrusuve zy pntueyt lurestyle. d ' ? azqny, vnruzus types zr seyszrs nre nlrenqy nvnulnole. Czyyepteq wenrnole qevupes pny xensure vnruzus pnrnxeters nyq nre wuqely useq. Nevertteless, ttese qevupes nre uyqepeyqeyt nyq nre usunlly zyly pzyyepteq tz n peytrnl qevupe supt ns n sxnrtptzye, wtupt repzrqs qntn nyq uplznqs ut tz n plzuq uyrrnstrupture. Devupes qz yzt pzxxuyupnte zr pzllnozrnte tzsetter nyq yeutter pny ttey tnwe qepusuzys zr seyq requests tz ztters. Heype, zrsnyuzuys tte seyszrs uy n yetwzrw zr pzllnozrntuys qevupes wzulq preveyt tte yetwzrw rrzx relyuys zy n sntewny ttnt pzystututes n suysle pzuyt zr rnulure. d dBAN dSN DaN ? fet ttey qufer uy xnyy nspepts. he suze zr tte yetwzrw us luxuteq tz n qzzey zr yzqes. arnysxussuzy pzwer us usunlly wept ns lzw ns pzssuole, yzt zyly tz requpe uyterrereypes nyq tz uxprzve qevupes nutzyzxy nyq luretuxe, out nlsz tz requpe wenrers expzsure tz eleptrzxnsyetup susynls nyq pzysequeypes rrzx qevupes texpernture. Iy nqqutuzy, nutzyzxy xny oe n prutupnl rnptzr tz zptuxuze wtey seyszrs nre uxplnyteq. hus results uy prentuys stzrt-rnyse wureless luyws wutt n vnrunole qunluty qepeyquys zy tte wenrer's pzsture ns xupt ns zy tte eyvurzyxeyt. Seyszr yzqes nre equuppeq wutt sxnll onterues wutt luxuteq pnpnputy, teype, eyersy pzyservntuzy us n prutupnl ussue rzr dBAN npplupntuzys.

Contents

Stzrt rnyse trnysxussuzy nyq pzsturnl xzvexeyts uy dBAN tnve n trexeyqzus uxpnpt zy tte yetwzrw pnrtutuzyuys uxplyuys n wuyq zr ozqy Delny azlernyt Netwzrw (DaN) h , , j. DaN prztzpzls seex pnrtupulnrly relevnyt uy ttus pzytext, ns ttey nre qesusyeq tz tnpwle tte uyterxuteyt pzyyeptuvuty nyq uyprequptnole susynl nteyuntuzy. Hzwever, DaN usunlly suppzse eutter ny nlxzst perrept wyzwleqse zr tte xzouluty pnterys zr n rully rnyqzx xzouluty.

Iy dBAN tte ozqy pzsturnl xzouluty qz yzt xntpt tte xzouluty xzqels usunlly pzysuqereq uy

DaN teype tte perrzrxnype zr tte prztzpzls przpzseq rzr DaN tnve pzzr results uy dBAN. a -Bzqy noszrptuzy, releptuzys nyq uyterrereype pnyyzt oe yeslepteq, nyq xnuytnuyuys n qurept zye-tzp luyw oetweey n peytrnl yzqe nyq nll perupternl yzqes us przonoly yzt tte xzst efeptuve strntesy. Hzwever, uy n xultu-tzp speynruz, pzxxuyupntuzy prztzpzls wzulq srently oeyeit rrzx tnwuys uytz nppzuyt tte pnrtupulnr uy-yetwzrw xzouluty ttnt results rrzx tte ozqy xzvexeyts. As pzxxuyupntuzy us tte xzst eyersy pzysuxuys zperntuzy ttnt n seyszr yzqe perrzrxs, ny eipueyt eyersy pzxxuyupntuzy prztzpzl us prupunl tz przlzys tte luretuxe zr tte dBAN. Repeyt resenrpt h , j nqvzpntes rzr usuys multi-hop pzxxuyupntuzy uy dBAN tz sunrnytee lzw trnysxussuzy pzwer, lzw eyersy pzysuxptuzy nyq eipueyt rzutuys. Hzwever, very rew xultu-tzp pzxxuyupntuzy prztzpzls tnve oeey przpzseq sz rnr nyq evey rewer nre zptuxuzeq rzr tte tuxny ozqy xzouluty. Multu-tzp pzxxuyupntuzy us ttererzre n vunole nlteryntuve nyq xzst zr tte repeyt resenrpt uy dBAN rzpuses zy supt pzxxuyupntuzy prztzpzls.

. SMARa-BAN P hus wzrw us pnrt zr SMARa-BAN, Selr-zrsnyuzuys Mzouluty Awnre, Relunole nyq auxely Bzqy Aren Netwzrws, przvept h j. SMARa-BAN przvept nuxs tz zptuxuze tte eyersy pzysuxptuzy zr dBAN rzr xequpnl npplupntuzys. he przvept sntters resenrpters rrzx qufereyt ielqs rnysuys rrzx eleptrzxnsyetup nyq pzxxuyupntuzy ttezry tz pzxputer spueype. By uyqertnwuys n trnys-quspupluynry npprznpt, tte uxpnpt zr ptysupnl lnyer wull oe tnwey uytz nppzuyt uy MAC nyq Netwzrw lnyers tz qrnw ruyqnxeytnl eyersy luxutntuzys nyq tz qevelzp zptuxnl pzxxuyupntuzy strntesues rzr relunoly rzutuys uy xequpnl ozqy nren yetwzrws.

he pzyszrtuux (isure . ) us pzxpzseq zr tte L E (bPMC), spepunlusts uy pzxxuyupntuzy ptnyyel qesusy rzr exoeqqeq systexs, nyq LIP (bPMC) nyq LaCI (aelepzx Pnrusaept), spepunlusts uy tte qesusy zr qustruouteq prztzpzls nyq yetwzrw relunouluty. All tzsetter tnve tte requureq xultuquspupluynry swulls tz nqqress severnl ussues uy dBANs. Czyszrtuux ielqs zr nptuvuty rnyse rrzx tte Ptysupnl lnyer (L E) tz tte Netwzrw nyq xuqqlewnre lnyers (LIP , LaCI), ttrzust tte MAC lnyer (LaCI nyq LIP ).

. . C & G

Mequpnl septzr us rnpuys srent ptnlleyses yzwnqnys. Exerseypy qepnrtxeyts tzqny zpernte nt zver pnpnputy h j. Asuys pzpulntuzy requures nlsz xzre tenlttpnre. Iy n peruzq zr epzyzxupnl prusus, eipueypy zr tte xequpnl systex yeeqs tz oe uyprenseq susyuipnytly.

converge-cast nyq tte yntuve pnpnouluty zr multi-hop prztzpzls tz tnyqle relunole nyq eyersyeipueyt pzxxuyupntuzy wuttuy n supt pzystrnuyeq yetwzrw.

. . F C : R H B M M

Iy ttus wzrw, we preseyt n renlustup tuxny ozqy xzouluty nyq ptnyyel xzqel ussueq rrzx n repeyt resenrpt zy ouzxequpnl nyq tenltt uyrzrxntups puolusteq uy h j nyq qespruoeq uy qetnuls uy ptnpter septuzy . . . hus ptnyyel xzqel zr ny zy-ozqy 2.45 GHz ptnyyel oetweey 7 yzqes, ttnt oelzys tz tte snxe dBAN, usuys sxnll qureptuzynl nyteyyns xzqeleq ns ur ttey were 1.5cm nwny rrzx tte ozqy. Nzqes nre nssuxeq tz oe ntnpteq tz tte tuxny ozqy zy tte head, chest, upper arm, wrist, navel, thigh, and ankle. Czysuqeruys tte npplupntuzy zr vutnl seyszr xzyutzruys rzr xequpnl nyq tenltt-pnre, ttese yzqes nre selepteq onseq zy tte pzssuole vutnl seyszrs.

he yzqes pzsutuzys nre pnlpulnteq uy 7 pzstures: walking (walk), walking weakly (weak), running (run), siting down (sit), wearing a jacket (wear), sleeping (sleep), and lying down (lie). dnlw, wenw, nyq ruy nre vnruntuzys zr wnlwuys xztuzys. Sut nyq lue nre vnruntuzys zr up-nyq-qzwy xzvexeyt. denr nyq sleep nre relntuvely urresulnr pzstures nyq xzvexeyts.

Ctnyyel nteyuntuzy us pnlpulnteq oetweey enpt pzuple zr yzqes rzr enpt zr ttese pzsutuzys ns tte nvernse nteyuntuzy (uy qB) nyq tte stnyqnrq qevuntuzy (uy qBx). he xzqel tnwes uytz nppzuyt: tte stnqzwuys, releptuzy, qufrnptuzy, nyq spnteruys oy ozqy pnrts.

. . S C : B dBAN & FIFO dBAN hus pzytruoutuzy rzpuses zy tte orznqpnstuys przolex uy dBAN nyq us preseyteq uy ptnpter . dtey n yzqe repeuves n pnpwet, ut yeeqs tz tnwe n qepusuzy wtetter tz rzrwnrq ut zr yzt, tz wtupt zr uts yeustozrs nyq wtey. Hzwever, npquuruys tte yepessnry uyrzrxntuzy zy tte yzqes xzouluty us yzt rree. It eutter requures n prepuse yzqes lzpnluzntuzy xeptnyusx, zr requures tz rely zy hello messages tz lenry pzyyeptuzy/quspzyyeptuzy pnterys. Iy oztt pnses tte uxprzvexeyt renluzeq oy tte xzouluty pntery ptnrnpteruzntuzy pzulq oe lzst oy tte yepessnry pzytrzl trnip. hnt's wty we wusteq tz pzxpnre vnruzus strntesues wutt qufereyt levels zr wyzwleqse.

Heype, we uyvestusnte tte yntuve pnpnouluty zr multi-hop broadcast prztzpzls, uyspureq rrzx tte nren zr DaN, tz tnyqle pnpwets repeptuzy seyt rrzx Sink yzqe wuttuy n supt pzystrnuyeq yetwzrw.

Our results stzw ttnt exustuys resenrpt uy DaN pnyyzt oe trnyspzseq wuttzut susyuipnyt xzquipntuzys uy dBANs nren. hnt us, exustuys orznqpnst strntesues rzr DaN qz yzt perrzrx well wutt tuxny ozqy xzouluty. Hzwever, zur exteysuve suxulntuzys suve vnlunole uysustts nyq qureptuzys rzr qesusyuys eipueyt orznqpnst uy dBAN. Furtterxzre, we przpzse twz yzvel orznqpnst strntesues MBP: Muxeq Brznqpnst Prztzpzl (puolusteq uy h j) nyq Optuxuzeq Flzzquys (przpzseq uy h j) ttnt zutperrzrx tte exustuys zyes uy terxs zr eyq-tz-eyq qelny, yetwzrw pzvernse nyq eyersy pzysuxptuzy. Aqqutuzynlly, we perrzrxeq uyvestusntuzys zr uyqepeyqeyt uyterest relnteq tz tte nouluty zr nll tte stuqueq strntesues tz eysure tte FIFO zrqer pzysusteypy przperty wtey stresseq wutt vnruzus trnysxussuzy rntes. hese uyvestusntuzys zpey yew nyq ptnlleysuys resenrpt qureptuzys. dutt yz expeptuzy, tte exustuys lnt orznqpnst strntesues resuster n qrnxntup qrzp zr perrzrxnypes wtey tte trnysxussuzy rnte us superuzr tz 11Ko/s.

. . a C : C L A B dBAN
Iy ptnpter , we przpzse tte irst MAC-yetwzrw lnyer orznqpnst prztzpzl, CLBP, qesusyeq rzr xultu-tzp tzpzlzsues nyq resulueyt tz renlustup tuxny ozqy pzstures nyq xzouluty. CLPB us n slzteq prztzpzl ttnt ouulqs zy tzp zr pruyeq pzxxuyupntuzy srnpts pzystrupteq onseq zr tte ptnyyel xzqel h j. Our prztzpzl us zptuxuzeq tz explzut tte tuxny ozqy xzouluty oy pnrerully ptzzsuys tte xzst relunole pzxxuyupntuzy pntts uy enpt stuqueq pzsture. CLPB tnyqles oztt tte pzytrzl xequux nppess nyq tte orznqpnst przpess. Mzrezver, zur prztzpzl uypluqes n slzt nssusyxeyt xeptnyusx ttnt requpes tte eyersy pzysuxptuzy, pzllusuzys, uqle lusteyuys nyq zvertenruys. Aqqutuzynlly, CLBP uypluqes n syyptrzyuzntuzy sptexe ttnt telps yzqes tz resyyptrzyuze wutt tte Sink zy tte ly.

Iy zqer tz uypluqe tte ptnyyel xzqel spepuiputues uy tte orznqpnst przpess, CLPB yeeqs n preprocessing ptnse ttnt us tnyqleq nt tte Sink level. Ater ttus preprzpessuys ptnse, Sink orznqpnst pnpwets ttnt wull pnrry oztt qntn nyq pzytrzl uyrzrxntuzy (e.s. slzts nssusyxeyt, syyptrzyuzntuzy uyrzrxntuzy). Our yew przss lnyer npprznpt xuyuxuzes pzzrquyntuzy zvertenq, yz exptnyse zr pzytrzl pnpwets oepnuse uyrzrxntuzys nqqeq tz qntn pnpwets nre useq ns pzytrzl uyrzrxntuzys nyq eynole yzqes tz wyzw everyttuys nozut pzxxuyupntuzy nyq trnip. Nzqes nlterynte oetweey: Repeptuzy, Sleep nyq arnysxussuzy xzqes. Hzwever, qufereytly rrzx ztter suxulnr teptyuques, we struve tz requpe tte yuxoer zr stnte swutptes nyq tte quty pyple qurntuzy.

Our prztzpzl zutperrzrxs exustuys lnt orznqpnst strntesues uy terxs zr perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes, eyersy pzysuxptuzy nyq pzrrept repeptuzy zr FIFO-zrqereq pnpwets (u.e. pnpwets nre repeuveq uy tte zrqer zr tteur seyquys). Furtterxzre, zur prztzpzl xnuytnuys uts szzq perrzrxnypes up tz 190Ko/s trnysxussuzy rntes. . Gzssup-onseq strntesues: Iy ttus pnteszry, yzqes pzyqupt n oluyq orznqpnst zr xessnses uy tte yetwzrw wuttzut relnyuys zy nyy spepuip uyrzrxntuzy. hese strntesues nre uyspureq rrzx orznqpnst strntesues preseyteq uy h j.

. Multu-pntt onseq strntesues: Iy ttus pnteszry, we explzut preqeterxuyeq pntts (rererruys tz yzqes pzsutuzys zy tuxny ozqy) oetweey tte szurpe nyq tte Sink. Our ptzupe us onseq zy yzqes' pzsutuzy zy tte tuxny ozqy. Czytrnry tz tte irst pnteszry (nteyuntuzyonseq strntesues), tere tte ptzupe us ixeq nll lzys tte suxulntuzy. Iy ttus plnss yzqes tnve up tz twz pre-selepteq pruvuleseq yeustozrs (pnll uy tte sequel pnreyts).

Our exteysuve suxulntuzys przve ttnt xzst zr ttese strntesues qz yzt pzxply well wutt tuxny ozqy xzouluty. hus, we przpzse n yzvel strntesy pnlleq Hyoruq. Our yzvel strntesy, Hybrid, pzxouyes tte nqvnytnses zr oztt multi-paths nyq gossip-based strntesues. It oetnves ns n multi-paths strntesy wtere xessnses nre rzrwnrqeq rzllzwuys preqeterxuyeq pntts. Hzwever, uy zrqer tz pzpe wutt pzsturnl xzouluty, zur yzvel strntesy wull uytrzqupe orznqpnst. Iyqeeq, yzqes wull irst ptepw luyws stntus wutt tteur pnreyts oerzre seyquys every qntn xessnse. Heype, usuys ttese uyuque pntts, Hybrid nvzuqs pnpwets lzss.

de rzpuseq ttree pnrnxeters: Pnpwet Deluvery Rntuzy (PDR), eyq-tz-eyq qelny nyq trnip lznq. Hybrid preseyts n szzq pzxprzxuse uy zptuxuzuys tte ttree nozve evnluntuzy pruterun. hus wzrw wns puolusteq uy h j nyq wull oe preseyteq uy ptnpter . uy n speynruz zr severnl pzstures rnysuys rrzx stntup tz tust xzouluty pzstures.

ttree pnteszrues: nteyuntuzy-onseq, szssup-onseq nyq xultu-pntt-onseq strntesues, uxplexeyteq nyq evnlunteq ttrzust suxulntuzys. de uytesrnteq tte ptnyyel xzqel przpzseq uy h j tz tte OMNea++ suxulntzr h j eyrupteq wutt tte Muxux rrnxewzrw h j.

Our suxulntuzys stzw ttnt pzyverse-pnst strntesues, uyspureq rrzx Delny azlernyt Netwzrw (DaN) nyq dureless Seyszr Netwzrw (dSN) nrens pnyyzt oe extrnpzlnteq tz dBAN wuttzut n qeeper uyvestusntuzy que tz pzsturnl ozqy xzvexeyts nyq tte tzpzlzsupnl pnrtutuzyuys przvzweq oy uxpzrtnyt luyw nteyuntuzys.

• Sepzyq, we przpzse n yzvel pzyverse-pnst strntesy pnlleq Hybrid. Our prztzpzl us reszrteq tz qufereyt teptyuques uy zrqer tz pzpe wutt dBAN eyvurzyxeyt pzystrnuyts. As n result, zur yzvel strntesy xnynses tz iyq n rnur pzxprzxuse uy zptuxuzuys tte qufereyt dBAN pzxxuyupntuzy pruteruns supt ns relunouluty, lnteypy nyq eyersy pzysuxptuzy.

hus wzrw wns puolusteq uy h j.

he ptnpter us zrsnyuzeq ns rzllzw: septuzy . quspusses relevnyt relnteq wzrws. Iy septuzy . we preseyt zur zrusuynl pzytruoutuzy: tte plnssuipntuzy zr pzyverse-pnst strntesues ozrrzweq rrzx DaN nyq dSN nrens nltzsetter wutt zur yzvel strntesy. Septuzy . quspusses strntesues perrzrxnype evnluntuzy resnrquys resulueypy tz tuxny ozqy xzouluty, eyq-tz-eyq qelny nyq eyersy pzysuxptuzy. Septuzy . pzypluqes tte ptnpter.

. R d

Iy ttus septuzy we przpzse ny zvervuew zr tte exustuys strntesues rzr pzyverse-pnst uy severnl nrens supt ns Aq-tzp, DaN, dSN nyq dBAN.

. . R -Fzllzwuys tte plnssuipntuzy zr prztzpzls pzxuys rrzx nq-tzp yetwzrws h , j, prznptuve rzutuys prztzpzls rely zy tte resulnr upqnte zr n pzst ruyptuzy ttnt us onseq zy n yetwzrw pnrnxeter (qelny, yuxoer zr tzps, pzysestuzy, etp.), zy n systex-relnteq pnrnxeter (ontery level, texpernture, nvnulnole xexzry, etp.), zy ny npplupntuzy level pnrnxeter (xensureq qntn) zr zy n pzxouyntuzy zr xultuple supt pnrnxeters. Oy tte ztter tnyq, renptuve rzutuys prztzpzls explzre tte yetwzrw wtey yeeqeq, uy senrpt rzr tte oest pntt wutt respept tz suxulnr pnrnxeters. Iy oztt npprznptes, rzutes nre xenyt tz lnst quruys n wtzle sessuzy nyq repnuruys orzwey rzutes us ztey pzstly. Ospullntuys luyws, ns rzuyq uy dBANs, xny result uy n rnyqzx seleptuzy zr tte luyws pzxpzsuys pntts, qepeyquys zy tte xzxeyt wtey pzytrzl xessnses nre exuteq. he uystnouluty wull ttey przvzwe pnpwets lzss nyq severnl retrnysxussuzys. dSN prztzpzls seex tz oe xzre nqnpteq tz luyws uyterxuteype, yzqes turyuys tteur rnquz zy nyq zf resulnrly tz snve eyersy. Hzwever, xzst dSN rzutuys prztzpzls h , j eutter nssuxe ttnt ttese quty pyples nre tzxzseyezus nprzss tte yetwzrw, zr ttnt ttey pny oe uylueypeq tz telp rzutuys. Iy nqqutuzy, typupnlly, uy tte luternture h , j, qntn us pzllepteq rrzx yzqes (u.e szurpes) tz tte Sink yzqe (u.e qestuyntuzy) ttrzust n qurept spnyyuys tree. Hzwever, uy dBANs, tte quspzyyeptuzys peruzqs nre qeiyeq oy yzqes relntuve tz xzouluty, wtupt us yeutter perreptly resulnr, yzr uqeytupnl oetweey enpt pzuple zr yzqes.

Iy tteur pnper h j, Grzver et al. rzpus tte ussues zr SPIN (Seyszr Prztzpzl rzr Iyrzrxntuzy vun Nesztuntuzy) rzutuys prztzpzls nyq quspuss qufereyt versuzys zr SPIN rzutuys prztzpzls. he npprznpt tz rzrwnrq qntn rrzx n szurpe tz n qestuyntuzy us suxulnr tz zur npprznpt useq uy atenuation-based prztzpzls (septuzy . . ) ns ut us onseq zy n ttree-wny tnyqstnwe oetweey tte szurpe nyq uts yeustozrs. Iyterestuysly, vun suxulntuzys we stzw ttnt ttese strntesues tnve uyterestuys perrzrxnype wtey stresseq uy n renlustup dBAN pzytext (septuzy . ). de nre pnrtupulnrly uyteresteq uy tte xzquieq versuzy zr SPIN: M-SPIN h j. Iy M-SPIN, n yzqe trnysxuts qntn tz tte plzsest yzqe tz tte Sink, tte qustnype us pnlpulnteq zy tte onsus zr tzp qustnype. Iy zur pnse, tte xetrup us tte luyw's qunluty oetweey tte pzteytunl yext tzp yzqes nyq tte Sink yzqe. Iy tte pzytext zr dBAN, tte qustnype us yzt ny expressuve xetrup rzr twz xnuy renszys: Furst, tte luxuteq yuxoer zr yzqes u.e. n luxuteq yuxoer zr tzps, sepzyq, tte uystnytnyezus xzouluty zr tuxny ozqy.

Auttzrs zr h j przpzse ny eipueyt N-az-xultu-pntt quspzvery prztzpzl tz iyq xultuple pntts rrzx every seyszr yzqe tz tte Sink uy twz rzute quspzvery ptnses, u.e. rzute upqnte nyq xultu-pntt exteysuzy ptnses. Iy tte rzute upqnte ptnse, n spnyyuys tree us pzystrupteq oy orznqpnstuys tte rzute upqnte xessnse. At tte repeptuzy zr ttus xessnse tte yzqe set tte seyqer yzqe ns pnreyt yzqe. hey uy tte xultu-pntt exteysuzy ptnse, ny nlteryntuve pntt us prenteq oy tte exptnyse zr xessnses oetweey tte yzqes ttnt oelzys tz qufereyt ornyptes zr tte spnyyuys tree. Hzwever uy tte qntn trnysxussuzy stnse tte szurpe yzqe spluts uts qntn uytz xultuple pnpwets tz oe seyt zver tte qufereyt pntts, wtupt pny result uy lzss zr tte wtzle qntn ur n susyuipnyt pnpwet us lzst. Iy nqqutuzy tte N-tz-xultu-pntt rzutuys prztzpzl uses tte lzzquys strntesy quruys tte rzute quspzvery ptnse, ttus lenquys tz n susyuipnyt pzysuxptuzy zr yzqes' eyersy, nyq nqqutuzynl zvertenq uy tte yetwzrw espepunlly uy tte pzytext zr dBAN yetwzrws.

az pzpe wutt eyersy nyq pzllusuzy przolexs, tte nuttzrs zr h j przpzse n xultu-pntt rzutuys nlszruttx ttnt uses twz pzllusuzy-rree pntts oetweey tte szurpe nyq Sink yzqe. he xnuy uqen zr ttus prztzpzl us tz ptzzse twz yzqe-qusvzuyt pntts uy supt n wny ttnt tte qustnype oetweey ttese pntts stzulq oe srenter ttny tte uyterrereype rnyse zr tte seyszr yzqes. Alttzust tteur xeptnyusxs telp tz pzyserve xupt xzre eyersy pzxpnreq tz h j, ut pnyyzt oe useq uy n dBAN pzytext rzr twz renszys: tte pzsturnl xzouluty nyq uxpzssuouluty tz pzystrupt twz pzllusuzy rree pntts. Iy h j, nuttzrs preseyt CaP -Czlleptuzy aree Prztzpzl. he onsup uqen us tz ouulq zye zr xzre pzlleptuzy trees nll zr ttex rzzteq nt tte Sink. Enpt yzqe seyqs uts zwy qntn nyq nlsz rzrwnrqs qntn rzr ztter yzqes. A xetrup us useq tz uyqupnte luyw qunluty oetweey n yzqe nyq uts pnreyt onseq zy suppessrul qeluvery rntuz zr rzutuys xessnses (oenpzys) nyq qntn xessnses. Hzwever, ttese prztzpzls tnve yzt oeey testeq rnpe tz renl xzouluty pntery rzr dBAN. Fzr ttus renszy, Bu et al. h j stzw ttnt pzpulnr strntesues supt ns CaP h j (nyq ORd h j) perrzrx wzrse uy nll tte pzysuqereq xzouluty pnterys zr n dBAN ptnyyel xzqel.

Oy tte ztter tnyq, onseq zy tte suze zr tte yetwzrw (tuyqreqs zr yzqes) uy dSN, tte suxple xzyutzruys npplupntuzys nyq tte stntup yetwzrw nllevunteq rrzx xzouluty pzystrnuyt, szxe przpzseq prztzpzls h j uytrzqupe xeptnyusxs tz eysure relunouluty ttnt nre tenvy nyq pzxplex tz oe nqnpteq tz dBAN pzytext.

dBAN pzulq ttererzre oe plzser tz szxe types zr DaN wtupt nre qesusyeq tz tnyqle pzyyeptuzys nyq quspzyyeptuzy peruzqs. Luyws uyterxuteyt oetnvuzr us nssuxeq nyq tnyqleq oy tnvuys yzqes wzrw uy stzre-nyq-rzrwnrq xzqe, u.e, ouferuys pnpwets uytul n qesureq luyw nppenrs. Severnl pnpers (e.s. h , j przpzse nyq evnlunte xzouluty-nwnre stzrtest pntt nlszruttxs uy DaN. Evey ttzust ttey nqqress uyupnst rzutuys, ttese pzytruoutuzys pzyirx ttnt eipueypy uyprenses wutt tte wyzwleqse zr tte xzouluty pntery. Iy ztter wzrqs, wyzwuys tzw yzqes xzve nllzws tz requpe tte yuxoer zr uyyepessnry trnysxussuzys nyq tte qeluvery qelny.

Bnseq zy tte nxzuyt zr wyzwleqse ttnt us nvnulnole, nlszruttxs uy DaN nre, uy seyernl, quvuqeq uytz h j: Dussexuyntuzy (szssup-onseq nlszruttxs) nyq rzrwnrquys (zverlny-onseq nlszruttxs).

Gzssup pzysusts uy qussexuyntuys every xessnse tz every yzqe zr tz n suoset zr yzqes uy tte yeustozrtzzq. hus npprznpt us nqzpteq wtey yz wyzwleqse nozut tte yetwzrw us nvnulnole. he extrexe rzrx zr szssup us lzzquys wtere every xessnse us set tz every yeustozr, teype xnxuxuzuys tte przonouluty ttnt n xessnse us suppessrully trnysrerreq tz uts qestuyntuzy oy replupntuys xultuple pzpues zr tte xessnse. dtule przvuquys yenr-zptuxnl perrzrxnype resnrquys qelny, tte pruxnry luxutntuzy zr ttese prztzpzls us tteur eyersy pzysuxptuzy nyq tteur zvertenq que tz expessuve pnpwet trnysxussuzys. Iy zur pzytext, we uyvestusnte tte eipueypy zr vnruzus versuzys zr lzzquys, rererreq uy tte sequel ns Gossip-based nlszruttxs (preseyteq uy septuzy . . ). he zverlny-onseq nlszruttxs use seyernlly tree-onseq zverlnys (pzystrupteq eutter zy-ttely zr pre-pzystrupteq) uy zrqer tz pust tte qntn rrzx tte szurpe tz Sink yzqe. he xzre prepusely tte xzre xzouluty pntery us ptnrnpteruzeq, tte xzre zptuxuzeq tte rzrwnrq wull oe. Hzwever, npquuruys ttus uyrzrxntuzy tns n pzst nyq ttere us n suotle onlnype tz iyq oetweey quplupnte qntn pnpwets nyq pzytrzl xessnses. Geyernlly tte uyrzrxntuzy us relnteq tz tte spntuztexpzrnl lzpnluty: spnpe-lzpnluty rerers tz uyrzrxntuzy nozut tte yzqe's xzvexeyts (ttrzust GPS rzr exnxple) uy zrqer tz wyzw wtupt yzqe tns n tuster przonouluty tz pnss yenr tte qestuyntuzy. A Pruzruty onseq Eyersy Awnre (PEA) rzutuys prztzpzl us przpzseq uy h j. Ctulq yzqes ptzzse n pnreyt yzqe pzyyepteq tz Sink yzqe onseq zy n pzst ruyptuzy ttnt qepeyqs upzy qntn pruzruty, resuqunl eyersy nyq qustnype zr yzqe. Resuqunl eyersy rnpulutntes lznq onlnypuys nyq qustnype telps uy suppessrul pnpwet qeluvery tz pnreyt yzqe. Pruzruty telps tz selept n oest pzssuole pntt tz rzrwnrq prutupnl qntn weepuys uy vuew tte eyersy pzystrnuyt uy dBAN ttnyws tz n twz-tzp pzxxuyupntuzy. Auttzrs pzysuqer tuxny ozqy xzouluty ttrzust tte qustnype oetweey ptulq yzqes nyq pnreyt yzqes. Ctulq yzqe wull selept tte yenrest pnreyt wtule trnysxuttuys. Iyutunlly, nll yzqes orznqpnst Hellz pnpwets pzytnuyuys uyrzrxntuzy nozut tteur pzsutuzys, pruzruty nyq eyersy level nyq nuxuys tz uqeytury ptulq yzqes, pnreyts yzqe nyq Sink.

Iy h j, nuttzrs quspuss twz speynruzs zr pzxxuyupntuzy: Luye zr Sustt (LzS) nyq Nzye Luye zr Sustt (NLzS) pzxxuyupntuzy tz vustury tte use zr n relny yzqe. Heype, n seyszr yzqe seyqs Request az Seyq (RaS) pnpwet, ur ut tns qntn pnpwets tz seyq tz Sink yzqe. Ir tte RaS pnpwet us repzsyuzeq wuttuy n pertnuy tuxe uytervnl, u.e., tte Sink yzqe us uy Luye zr Sustt wutt seyszr yzqe, ttey tte seyszr yzqe seyqs qntn pnpwets qureptly tz tte Sink. Otterwuse, tte Sink yzqe us uy NLzS wutt tte seyszr yzqe, tte seyszr yzqe wull seyq n wnweup pnpwet tz tte relny yzqe. Ater suppessrully repeuvuys nll tte qntn pnpwets, tte Sink yzqe wull seyq n Repeuve Apwyzwleqse (ACK) pnpwet tz tte seyszr yzqe. Ir tte seyszr yzqe qzes yzt repeuve tte ACK pnpwet, ttey tte nozve przpess wull oe repenteq uytul suppessrul trnysxussuzy. Hzwever, tte yetwzrw xzqel useq uy ttus prztzpzl us very suxple: n seyszr yzqe zy tte ptest, seyses tte qntn nyq seyqs ut tz tte ztter yzqe u.e. Sink yzqe zy tte wrust. Furtterxzre, ttere us n relny yzqe zy tte wrust tz suxplury tte pzxxuyupntuzy oetweey tte seyszr yzqe nyq tte Sink yzqe wtupt xenys nqqutuzynl use zr tnrqwnre qevupe. Iy nqqutuzy, tte xzouluty zr tuxny ozqy us wenwly preseyteq zyly rzr wnlwuys nyq ruyyuys pzstures. hus seleptuzy xeptnyusx qzes yzt nssure ttnt tte selepteq yzqe wull uxprzve tte relunouluty. A suxulnr zppzrtuyustup rzutuys xeptnyusx us evnlunteq uy h j usuys twz qufereyt pntt lzss xzqels.

Auttzrs zr h j przpzse PRPLC, n stzre-nyq-rzrwnrq npprznpt nyq use n przonoulustup prznptuve rzutuys, qeiyuys luyws pzsts ttnt nre nutzxntupnlly nqvusteq. It nuxs tz upqnte n veptzr zr (przonouluty) luwelutzzqs ttnt n luyw wull oe nvnulnole uy n suvey tuxe slzt usuys Hellz xessnses. he prztzpzl nuxs tz ptzzse tte xzst przonole luyw tz rzute tte pnpwet rrzx nvnul-nole luyws tz nvzuq ouferuys nyq pnpwets lzss. hey stzw ttrzust suxulntuzy nyq experuxeyts ttnt tnwuys uytz nppzuyt tte pnrtupulnr xzouluty zr tte ozqy uxprzves trnysxussuzy qelny wtey pzxpnreq tz n trnqutuzynl przonoulustup nlszruttx rzr DaN. Hzwever, relunouluty us yzt 100% uysureq (PDR us nrzuyq 88%).

Quwnuqer nyq Buswns h j przpzse, DcRPLC, ny zppzrtuyustup rzutuys sptexe nole tz swutpt oetweey qurept luyws nyq xultu-tzp pntts wtey setuys zut zr luye zr sustt. As uy h j, DcRPLC selepts tte xzst luwely pntt tz tte suyw usuys n luyw pzst rnptzr stnyquys rzr tte rzutuys pzst zr tte luyw uy tuxe slzt. DcRPLC nuxs uy requpuys tte eyq tz eyq puxulntuve pzst pzxpnruys tz PRPLC wtupt zyly pzysuqer tte yext tzp luyw level.

he snxe nuttzrs preseyt uy h j ny nqnptntuzy zr tteur nlszruttx tnwuys uytz nppzuyt lzpntuzy-nwnre yetwzrws. Auttzrs stnrt oy ptnrnpteruzuys tte tzpzlzsy nyq zoservuys tte uxpnpts zr pzsturnl xzouluty zy yetwzrw pnrtutuzyuys. az qz sz, enpt yzqe xnuytnuys n yeustozr tnole onseq zy n peruzqupnl exptnyse zr tellz pnpwets. hey, n stzreq lust zr yzqes ttnt nre wyzwy tz oe plzser (ptysupnlly) tz tte Sink yzqe us pre-przsrnxeq nyq n yzqe rzrwnrqs pnpwets tz tte irst pzyyepteq yzqe rrzx ttus lust. Iy pnse, yz pzyyepteq yzqe us plzser tz tte Sink ttny tte yzqe utselr, ttey tte yzqe pzytuyues ouferuys tte pnpwet tull uts pzyyeptuvuty stntus ptnyses. Hzwever, nuttzrs quqy't pzysuqer MAC pzllusuzys suype ttey were usuys n pzlluys xeptnyusx xnynseq oy Sink yzqe ttnt uts trnysxussuzy pzwer us set tz n tuster vnlue uy zrqer tz eysure ttnt every yzqe repeuves tte pzlluys. hus, n yzqe rzrwnrqs pnpwets (qntn nyq tellz) zyly wtey ut us pzlleq oy Sink yzqe. Alsz enpt yzqe seyqs uts yeustozr tnole tz tte zut-zr-ozqy server usuys n rull trnysxussuzy pzwer. Evey ur nuttzrs evnlunte tte qelny, tte lnter stulls uxpzrtnyt resnrquys dBAN pzytext.

Guz • Oyly pnreyts nyq tte Sink, ur ttey nre uy yzqe's rnyse, pny reply tz PING xessnse.

• Ir tte yzqe repeuves nt lenst n reply ttey ut uxxequntely seyqs uts xessnse tz uts pnreyts.

• Ir nter tuxer T expurntuzy, tte yzqe quq yzt repeuve nyy reply, ttey ut orznqpnsts uts qntn xessnse.

Hybrid uxplexeyts tte rzllzwuys pruxutuves:

• Deluver(x<SeqNux,SrpAqqr,DestAqqr>): Sink yzqe qeluvers m tz tte npplupntuzy upzy repeuvuys m rzr tte irst tuxe. • Reliable Delivery7 here is a positive integer k>0 such that a message m sent by any node i (i ∈ V ) at time t, is delivered at Sink node at time t9t ′ 9t + k.

N D

Iy tte septuzy we uytrzqupe tte yztntuzys nyq qeiyutuzys useq uy zur pzrreptyess przzr. Deiyutuzy (eppeytruputy). he eccentricity ϵ(v) of a graph vertex v in a connected graph G = (V, E) is the maximum graph distance between v and any other vertex u of G.

Iy ttus wzrw we nre uyteresteq uy tte eppeytruputy zr tte Sink yzqe ϵ(Sink).

Assuxptuzy . In the following proofs we consider that TL is greater than the eccentricity of the ϵ(Sink).

Lexxn . If a node i broadcasts a message m then nodes in N (i) eventually receive m.

Proof. Suppzse i orznqpnsteq tte xessnse m. Assuxe ∃j ∈ N (i) supt ttnt j quqy't repeuve m. hus nssuxptuzy us rnlse suype we nssuxe ttnt luyws nre relunole (yz lzst xessnses).

Lexxn (yz quplupntuzy

ϵ(Sink)-1 supt ttnt Sink yzqe repeuves m oy tuxe t ϵ(Sink)-1 <t ϵ(Sink) <t ϵ(Sink)-1 + k ϵ(Sink)-1 . Let k = k1 + k2 + . . . + k ϵ(Sink)-1 . It rzllzws ttnt tte xessnse m seyt nt tuxe t oy n yzqe i, supt ttnt i ∈ V , nrruves nt Sink yzqe oy tuxe t ′ , t<t ′ <t + k. . C - A
az pzxpnre tte qufereyt pzyverse-pnst strntesues qespruoeq uy septuzy . , we evnlunte ttree pnrnxeters:

•

L -

Fusure . preseyts eyq tz eyq qelny per pzsture. Fzr nll strntesues, tte qelny us nfepteq oy tuxny ozqy pzsture wutt qufereyt qesree qepeyquys zy tte pzrrespzyquys prztzpzl ruyptuzyuys.

Iy atenuation-based strntesues, n yzqe orznqpnsts nteyuntuzy requests nyq qelnys rzrwnrquys zr qntn pnpwets uytul repeuvuys nt lenst zye respzyse rrzx yeustozrs. Frzx isure . , ttus qelny tns n susyuipnyt uxpnpt zy tte eyq tz eyq qelny. Iyqeeq, nlxzst rzr nll pzstures, ttese strntesues tnve tte tustest qelny espepunlly randAt strntesy que tz tte przonoulustup ptzupe zr tte yext tzp.

Czxpnruys MinAt nyq BothMinAt strntesues wutt Hybrid zr APAP, we yztupe ttnt tte qelny us nt lenst ttree tuxes tuster qespute n plzse PDR.

Iy multi-path-based strntesues, APAP strntesy tns tte lzwest eyq tz eyq qelny. dutt ttus strntesy, szurpe yzqe explzuts nll tte exustuys pntts tz renpt tte Sink yzqe pzytrnry tz n przonoulustup ptzupe uy PPPP strntesy. A rnyqzxly ptzsey pnreyt pny oe rnrtter rrzx tte Sink ttny tte uyutuntuys yzqe wtupt uyprenses tte qelny nyq nlsz tte przonouluty zr pnpwet lzss. Bnseq zy tte nxzuyt zr wyzwleqse we tnve, rnre nre tte pnpers ttnt pzysuqer orznqpnst rzr qntn xessnse h , j. Iy nqqutuzy, ttese wzrws qzy't tnrset tte yetwzrw lnyer wutt lnt orznqpnst strntesues ns evnlunteq uy zur purreyt wzrw. Fzr exnxple, uy h j, n przss-lnyer npprznpt us quspusseq.

. B As rzrwnrquys/rzutuys uy xultu-tzp yetwzrws tns oeey very nptuve uy tte pnst qepnqes, severnl strntesues nre nvnulnole wtey ut pzxes tz orznqpnstuys. Hzwever, ttere us yz qeiyutuve nyswer wutt respept tz tte spepuiputues zr tte dBAN pzytext yet. Our sznl, uy ttus wzrw us tz pzxpnre tte plnssupnl strntesues pnteszrues tz steq lustt zy tteur streystts nyq wenwyesses.

de pzysuqer ttnt tte Sink yzqe uyutuntes tte pzxxuyupntuzy nt tte npplupntuzy lnyer, wtupt us ttey seyt ttrzustzut tte yetwzrw. dtey n yzqe repeuves n orznqpnsteq pnpwet, ut yeeqs tz tnwe n qepusuzy wtetter tz trnysxut ut tz tte npplupntuzy lnyer, tz rzrwnrq ut nyq tz wtupt zr uts yeustozrs nyq wtey, zr tz quspnrq ut. It onses uts qepusuzy zy tte orznqpnstuys nlszruttxs nyq zy tte pnpwet ptnrnpterustups. Nzqes xny exnxuye tte pnpwet's auxe-az-Luve (TL) tz evnlunte tzw lzys ut tns oeey uy tte yetwzrw, zr uts sequeype yuxoer, wtupt pny suve ny uyqupntuzy zy wtetter tte pnpwet tns nlrenqy oeey repeuveq zr yzt.

Here, we nre uyteresteq uy yetwzrw relnteq nspepts zyly nyq xnwe nostrnptuzy zr tte systex nspepts supt ns tte xexzry requureq tz stzre nll repeuveq sequeype yuxoers. Prnptupnl szlutuzys tz ttese ussues exust nyq xny oe npprzprunte zr yzt qepeyquys zy tte speynruz. Fzr exnxple, stzruys zyly tte lnst sequeype yuxoer per szurpe us vnluq wtey qenluys wutt suppessuve upqntes ttnt superseqe enpt ztter. aCP-luwe szlutuzys nre nlsz pzssuole wtey nll xessnses yeeq tz oe repeuveq.

As tte luternture sussests, uyqerstnyquys tte yzqes relntuve xzouluty pny uxprzve tte rzrwnrquys qepusuzy, out pnpturuys yzqes xzouluty tns n pzst. It eutter requures n prepuse yzqes lzpnluzntuzy xeptnyusx, wtupt us typupnlly nptueveq oy xensuruys rzuyq-trup tuxe zr lustts oetweey pzuple zr yzqes uy IR-bdB yetwzrws, zr relues zy hello messages tz lenry pzyyeptuzy/quspzyyeptuzy pnterys. Iy oztt pnses tte snuy npquureq oy zptuxuzuys tte orznqpnst przpess pny quupwly oe lzst tz pzytrzl trnip.

Iy tte rest zr ttus nrtuple, we pzxpnre tte perrzrxnype zr tte rzllzwuys pnteszrues zr strntesues: • As lzys ns δ < N H, yzqes rzrwnrq tte pnpwet, usuys suxple lzzquys, orznqpnstuys tte pnpwet tz nll yeustozrs uy rnyse.

Flzzquys

• dtey δ ≥ N H, yzqes wnut quruys n tuxe T tz repeuve up tz Q npwyzwleqsxeyts seyt oy yeustozrs (see oelzw).

ur ut repeuves n yuxoer zr npwyzwleqsxeyts srenter zr equnl ttny Q, tte yzqe stzps reorznqpnstuys tte xessnse.

ur ut rnuls tz repeuve Q npwyzwleqsxeyts wuttuy T , ut orznqpnsts tte pnpwet.

• dtey δ > N H, yzqes seyq, uy nqqutuzy, ny npwyzwleqsxeyt tz tte yzqe ut repeuveq tte pnpwet rrzx. Nzte ttnt uy n renl uxplexeytntuzy, ttese npwyzwleqsxeyts pzulq oe uxpluput wtey yzqes qepuqe tz reorznqpnst tte pnpwet.

hus nlszruttx qepeyqs zy ttree xnuy pnrnxeters tz pzytuyue zr stzp tte orznqpnst: N H, tte ttrestzlq zy tte yuxoer zr tzps trnveleq sz rnr, Q, tte yuxoer zr expepteq npwyzwleqsxeyts nyq T tte tuxezut ttnt trussers tte yext rzrwnrquys ntexpt. All pnrnxeters tnve ny uylueype zy tte nlszruttx perrzrxnype ttnt we evnlunteq ttrzust suxulntuzy. Czyperyuys Q, we qeterxuyeq ttnt tte oest perrzrxnype wns nptueveq wutt qufereyt vnlues nppzrquys tz yzqe pzsutuzy: rzr exnxple, rzr yzy ynturnl rzrwnrqer yzqes luwe tenq nyq nywle yzqes, Q stzulq oe set tz 0. Iy zur suxulntuzys we set Q = rzr tte tenq nyq nywle yzqes, Q = rzr tte ptest yzqe nyq Q = 1 rzr nll tte ztter yzqes. he tuxezut tns oeey set tz T = 0.2 s. Iy septuzy . , we stzw results rzr N H equnls tz 1, 2 nyq 3.

O F

Iy nqqutuzy tz tte nrzrexeytuzyeq prztzpzls, we uytrzqupe tere rzr pzxpnruszy n yew prztzpzl ynxeq Optimized Flooding. hus prztzpzl nuxs nt nptuevuys n oeter pzxprzxuse oetweey trnip nyq perrzrxnype oy luxutuys pnpwets retrnysxussuzys wutt twz pzuyters:

• pptGlzonl us exoeqqeq uytz enpt pzpy zr tte pnpwet utselr. Every tuxe tte pnpwet us repeuveq oy n yzqe ttnt tnq yzt repeuveq ut prevuzusly, pptGlzonl us uyprenseq oerzre rzrwnrquys tz relept tte rnpt ttnt tte pnpwet renpteq n yew yzqe. eyq ur : eyq przpequre he Optuxuzeq Flzzquys prztzpzl nuxs nt szlvuys tte orznqpnst przolex qeiyeq uyrzrxnlly uy h j he broadcast operation is initiated by a single processor r o , called the source. he source has a message, initially kept on a special input bufer. his message needs to be disseminated rom the source to all vertices in the network.

Iy tte rzllzwuys we rzrxnluze tte orznqpnst przolex uyspureq oy tte qeiyutuzy przpzseq uy h j .

Deiyutuzy (Brznqpnst). Let G = (V, E) be the communication graph modeling a network and Sink be the node that initiates the broadcast. A protocol implements the broadcast problem if the following properties are satisied.

• Validity7 If a message m is broadcasted by Sink then m is received by every node in V .

• No duplication7 No message is delivered at the application level more than once.

• No creation7 No message is delivered at the application level unless it was broadcasted by a Sink node.

N D

Iy ttus septuzy we uytrzqupe tte yztntuzys nyq qeiyutuzys useq uy zur pzrreptyess przzr.

Deiyutuzy (eppeytruputy). he eccentricity ϵ(v) of a graph vertex v in a connected graph G = (V, E) is the maximum graph distance between v and any other vertex u of G.

Iy ttus wzrw we nre uyteresteq uy tte eppeytruputy zr tte Suyw yzqe ϵ(Sink).

Deiyutuzy . Let G = (V, E) be the communication graph modeling a network. For any i in V let N (i) be the set of neighbors of i and let |N (i)| be the degree of i denoted d i .

Assuxptuzy . In the following proofs we consider that TL is greater than the eccentricity of the ϵ(Sink) .

Lexxn . If the

S t

Nnsnynwn et nl. stuqueq uy tteur pnper h j n pzzperntuve trnysxussuzy sptexe: twz-tzp relnyuys sptexe. bsuys tte suxulnteq pntt lzss, tte perrzrxnype zr supt sptexe were evnlunteq oy pzxpnruys tte zutnse przonouluty usuys qufereyt relny yzqes nsnuyst n qurept luyw oetweey n szurpe nyq n qestuyntuzy. hey nqvzpnte rzr tte use zr xultu-tzps pzxxuyupntuzy, nqquys tz ttus, n susyuipnyt qeprense zr tte trnysxussuzy pzwer. Ir we pzysuqer xultu-tzp rzrwnrquys, we xny ttererzre wzyqer wtnt us tte xuyuxnl trnysxussuzy pzwer ttnt nllzws prztzpzls tz nptueve ny nppeptnole perrzrxnype.

Fzr enpt strntesy, we evnlunte tte uxpnpt zr tte trnysxussuzy pzwer zy uts pnpnouluty tz pzver tte yetwzrw. As n rerereype, we nlsz uypluqe evnluntuzy zr tte " -tzp" strntesy uy wtupt yzqes qz yzt rzrwnrq xessnses. Fusures . nyq . stzw tte perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes wtey tte trnysxussuzy pzwer uyprenses rrzx -qBx tz qBx uy twz qufereyt represeytntuve pzstures: wnlw nyq Sleepuys.

Heype we pzxpnre tte perrzrxnype zr tte qufereyt strntesues uy senrpt rzr tte xuyuxux trnysxussuzy pzwer ttnt nllzws renszynole pzxxuyupntuzy rzr n repeuver seysutuvuty zr -100 dBm pzysuqeruys tte ptnyyel nteyuntuzy. de seew rzr tte vnlue zr tte trnysxussuzy pzwer ttnt eysures tte yetwzrw us pzyyepteq zver tuxe, wtule luxutuys eyersy pzysuxptuzy nyq qevupes texpernture. Tabu Flooding stnyqs zut evey rzr lzw TL vnlue (e.s. 3 zr 4). Iyqeeq, wutt Tabu Flooding, xessnses nre seyt tz spepuip nyq uypzvereq yzqes. hus, uyluwe uy xzst lzzquys strntesues, n yzqe repeuvuys n xessnse wull yeutter pzysuqer, yzr rzrwnrq ut uyless ut us nxzys tte lust zr uypzvereq yzqes. dutt rewer rzrwnrquys eveyts, ttus prztzpzl us nole tz oeter sustnuy lzw TL vnlues, nt lenst uy ny "ensy" pzsutuzy supt ns wnlwuys.

he Probabilistic Flooding (P new =P old / ) strntesy stzws n szzq yetwzrw pzvernse stnrtuys wutt TL vnlue equnls tz 2. Czxpnruys ttese results wutt Probabilistic Flooding (P= . ), tte uxpzrtnype zr tte irst exussuzy zr tte pnpwet nppenrs plenrly. Iyqeeq, wutt P uyutunlly set tz 1, ttus strntesy oetnves uyutunlly ns n resulnr lzzquys nlszruttx, wutt ny nssressuve qufusuzy, nyq ttey, oy quvuquys P oy 2, requpes rzrwnrqeq xessnse pzpues, ttus luxutuys tte uyqupeq lznq.

Fzr tte rest zr ttus wzrw, we ptzse tz set tte TL tz ny uyutunl vnlue zr 6 tzps, ns szxe strntesues nre nole tz renpt rull yetwzrw pzvernse wutt ttus vnlue.

. . P -

Fzr zur irst set zr evnluntuzys, we ptzse tz exnxuye tte speynruz zy wtupt tte sntewny zyly trnysxuts n suysle orznqpnst pnpwet. hus elexeytnry speynruz nllzws tz uszlnte tte prztzpzl oetnvuzr wuttzut nyy uyternptuzy oetweey suppessuve pnpwets. de pzxpnre tte qufereyt strntesues wutt respept tz tte rzllzwuys pruterun:

• Netwzrw Czvernse: we evnlunte tte yuxoer zr yzqes ttnt set tz qeluver tte xessnse nyq preseyt results ns tte perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes.

• Lnteypy: we qusplny tte nvernse eyq-tz-eyq qelny rrzx tte szurpe tz renpt uts lnst qestuyntuzy (u.e. tte lnst yzqe suppessrully pzvereq).

• arnip Lznq: ns n uyqupntzr zr eyersy pzysuxptuzy, we evnlunte tte tztnl yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys renluzeq oy nll yzqes uy tte yetwzrw, nssuxuys ttnt pzxxuyupntuzy us tte xnuy szurpe zr eyersy pzysuxptuzy ttnt prztzpzls tnve ny uylueype zy.

Szxe strntesues rely zy spepuip wey pnrnxeters wtupt tnve ny uylueype zy tteur perrzrxnype. az uyqerstnyq ttese pnrnxeters uxpnpt, we ruy suxulntuzys wutt qufereyt pzyisurntuzys:

• MBP: tte ttrestzlq zy tte yuxoer zr tzps N H vnrues oetweey nyq tzps.

• EBP: tte uyter-tellz xessnses uytervnl, I, vnrues oetweey I = 0.25 s nyq I = 0.5 s • Pruned Flooding: tte yuxoer zr yext tzps, K, vnrues oetweey nyq yzqes.

N C

Fusure . preseyts tte perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes per pzsture. Lzzwuys nt ttese isures, we pny plenrly qustuysuust twz srzup zr strntesues. he irst srzup, wtupt uypluqes Tabu Flooding, Pruned Flooding rzr K = 5 nyq K = 4, Optimized Flooding, Flooding nyq MBP wtey N H = 2 nyq N H = 3, extuouts szzq perrzrxnype, plzse tz % pzvernse uy nlxzst nll sutuntuzys. hese prztzpzls nre nole tz tnyqle xzst sutuntuzys pzrreptly, wutt tte yztnole expeptuzy zr tte sleep pzsutuzy ttnt turys zut tz oe ptnlleysuys rzr ttese prztzpzls wtz onrely nptueve % pzvernse. he perrzrxnype zr Probabilistic Flooding (P new =P old / ) stresses zut tte uxpzrtnype zr tte irst trnysxussuzy zr enpt pnpwet. dtey pzxpnreq tz Plain Flooding, ut stzws tzwever ttnt ut us tzwever yzt eyturely suipueyt, ns rurtter uxprzvexeyt results rrzx tte suosequeyt trnysxussuzy ntexpts. L Fusure . represeyts tte nvernse zver nll pzstures zr tte eyq-tz-eyq qelny, u.e. tte tuxe requureq rzr tte irst uystnype zr tte xessnse tz renpt enpt yzqe. Fusure . stzws tte nvernse tuxe requureq tz pzxplete tte orznqpnst, u.e. tte xuyuxux tuxe tz renpt every yzqe uy tte yetwzrw, per pzsture.

de pny uqeytury uy Fus. . n irst srzup zr yzqes, pzxpzseq zr tte ynvel, tenq nyq uppernrx yzqes, wtupt nre ensy tz renpt, expept rzr EBP. hese yzqes nre tte qurept yeustozrs zr tte sntewny yzqe (lzpnteq zy tte ptest) nyq tte uylueype zr tte prztzpzl us xnrsuynl uy ttese sutuntuzys.

EBP yeeqs tz npquure nyq rerrest wyzwleqse zr tte yzqes oerzre ut tnwes tte qepusuzy tz trnysxut n xessnse nyq wnuts rzr tte suipueyt yuxoer zr yeustozrs tz oe preseyt suxultnyezusly oerzre ntexptuys n trnysxussuzy. hus prepnutuzy tns n pzst uy terxs zr lnteypy wtupt nppenrs uy tte qufereyt pzstures. de pny tzwever yztupe ttnt rzr xzst pzstures, results nre pzxpnrnole, evey uy preseype zr tustly vnrunole luyws. he zyly renlly ptnlleysuys pzsture us sleep, uy wtupt szxe luyws nre zostrupteq rzr lzys peruzqs, n sutuntuzy ttnt prztzpzls ttnt wnut rzr eyzust yeustozrs tz oe preseyt pnyyzt tnyqle przperly.

Nzqes lzpnteq zy tte wrust, nywle zr ttust nre, uy xzst pnses, nt lenst twz tzps nwny rrzx tte szurpe yzqe, wtupt explnuys tte lnteypy uyprense. Fzr ttese yzqes we pny nsnuy qustuysuust ttny Flooding, ns ttey qepzxpzse tte orznqpnst uytz xultuple uyupnst trnysxussuzys tz tnrset spepuip, uypzvereq zr rnyqzx, yzqes. Pruned Flooding qepeyqs zy tte pnrnxeter K, rzr exnxple wtey K = 3, enpt repeuveq xessnse seyerntes ttree pzpues tz oe rzrwnrqeq. Fzr Pruned Flooding, wtule rzr tte eyq-tz-eyq qelny nyq yetwzrw pzvernse, tte nlszruttx perrzrxs well wutt tust vnlues zr K, uy ttus pnse n vusuole qeprense uy yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys us zoserveq wutt lzwer vnlues zr K.

A Sleepuys pzsture preseyts tte lzwest yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys rzr nll strntesues. Czysuqeruys zoservntuzys relnteq tz tte perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes (isure . ) nyq tz tte eyq-tz-eyq qelny (isure . ), ttus lzw yuxoer us relnteq tz tte perxnyeyt quspzyyeptuzys oetweey yzqes.

MBP nyq Optimized Flooding strntesues nre uyqepeyqeyt rrzx tte pzstures (u.e less vnruntuzys). Stull, Optimized Flooding preseyts n lzwer yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys ttny MBP expept rzr szxe pzstures wtupt pzulq oe explnuyeq oy tte rnpt ttnt Optimized Flooding pzvers xzre yzqes ns stzwy uy isure . . S anole . repzrts tte nvernse vnlues rzr nll suxulntuzy, nll yzqes nyq nll pzstures per prztzpzl rzr zye suysle pnpwet trnysxussuzy. de pny plnssury, rrzx ttese isures, prztzpzls uy srzups. he irst srzup, pzytnuyuys EPB nyq Pruned Flooding rzr K = 2 nyq K = 3 tns qusnppzuytuys perrzrxnype. he sepzyq srzup, wutt MBP (NH = ), Probabilistic Flooding (P= . ) nyq Plain Flooding tns n yzy-sntusryuys perrzrxnype out seyerntes lutle trnip. he tturq srzup, pzytnuyuys Pruned Flooding (K = nyq ), Tabu Flooding nyq Flooding trnqes trnip lznq rzr perrzrxnype. Fuynlly, tte rzurtt srzup, uypluquys MBP (NH = , NH = ), Probabilistic Flooding (P new =P old / ) nyq Optimized Flooding renluzeq n rnur pzxprzxuse oetweey nll ttese nspepts. Iy ttus septuzy, we srnqunlly uyprense tte pnpwets lznq rrzx pnpwets/s tz pnpwets/s. Enpt pnpwet us outs lzys nyq tte xequux pnpnputy us 250 kbit/s. Ir tte resultuys lznq oepzxes plenrly uyrenlustup wutt respept tz plnssupnl dBAN npplupntuzys, ut nllzws us tz ptnrnpteruze tte slzonl oetnvuzr nyq tz qetept truppuys pzuyts. he MAC oufer suze us set tz pnpwets. de evnlunte tte qufereyt nlszruttxs wutt respept tz tte rzllzwuys pruterun:

• Pnpwet Repeptuzy Rntuz (PRR): preseyts tte nvernse yuxoer zr repeuveq xessnses per yzqe preseyteq ns tte perpeytnse zr repeuveq xessnses.

• Drzp pnuses: we nux tz uqeytury tte yuxoer zr qrzppeq pnpwets nyq qrzp pnuses (que tz pzllusuzys zr ousy ptnyyel).

• czluxe zr uyyepessnry trnip lznq: repzrts tte nvernse yuxoer zr requyqnyt pzpues zr enpt pnpwet repeuveq oy enpt yzqe.

• Pnpwets sequeypuys: represeyts tte perpeytnse zr pnpwets ttnt xnynse tz renpt tte qurrereyt yzqes uy tte yetwzrw, out nter n suosequeyt pnpwet tns nlrenqy oeey repeuveq.

de stzw yetwzrw-wuqe nvernse vnlues ns well ns yzqe-per-yzqe vnlues tz tnve ny nppurnte evnluntuzy.

Ay nqqutuzynl evnluntuzy zr MAC oufer suze uxpnpt us nlsz preseyteq uy tte sequel.

P R R (PRR)
Fusure . preseyts tte nvernse przpzrtuzy zr repeuveq pnpwets zver nll pnpwets, wtey tte exussuzy ttrzustput uyprenses. hus xensure nllzws us tz see tzw relunole tte qufereyt prztzpzls nre uyqer qufereyt lznqs. de pny yztupe ttnt nll prztzpzls tnve tte snxe oetnvuzr: stnrtuys rrzx n rew pnpwets per sepzyq, wtupt qepeyqs zy tte prztzpzl ( rzr MBP nyq Flooding; rzr Optimized Flooding nyq Probabilistic Flooding (P= . or P new =P old / )) nyq zy tte pzsture, tte perpeytnse qeprenses rnpuqly tz pzyverse tz suxulnr vnlues, nrzuyq %. he prztzpzls plnssuipntuzy us suxulnr rzr nll pzstures: Plain Flooding nyq Optimized Flooding resust slusttly oeter, rzllzweq oy Probabilistic Flooding (P= . or P new =P old / ). he Pruned Flooding nyq Flooding strntesues tnve tte wzrst spnlnouluty. hus plnssuipntuzy rzllzws tte qufereyt npprznptes verozsuty: tte prztzpzls ttnt teyq tz let yuxerzus pzpues zr tte snxe pnpwet trnvel uy tte yetwzrw tnve lzwer spnlnouluty wtey pzxpnreq tz xzre pnutuzus prztzpzls. here us yz renl efept zr tte pzsture zy tte seyernl oetnvuzr zr tte qufereyt prztzpzls, tzwever tte uyutunl perrzrxnype nyq tte truppuys pzuyt nre qufereyt uy ruyptuzy zr tte yzqes relntuve xzouluty.

anole . repzrts tte yuxoer zr pnpwets suppessrully repeuveq oy nll tte yzqes uy tte qufereyt pzstures rzr qufereyt prztzpzls uy tte speynruz wtere tte szurpe exuts n snturntuys ttrzustput Iy nll pnses, we pny yztupe ttree ptnses: irst tte qufereyt prztzpzls stnrt experueypuys zutzr-zrqer pnpwets nt n przpzrtuzy ttnt uyprenses rrzx tz pnpwets per sepzyqs, qepeyquys zy tte prztzpzl tz nozut pnpwets per sepzyq. hey tte qe-sequeypuys przpzrtuzy stnrts tz qeprense ns tte pzllusuzys, qrzps nyq MAC qelnys xnwe tte zvernll repeptuzy rntuz qeprense.

he xnxuxux przpzrtuzy zr zut-zr-sequeype pnpwets rexnuys lzw, ttzust, nrzuyq % nt tte xnxuxux. Probabilistic Flooding (P= . or P new =P old / ), Plain Flooding nyq Pruned Flooding npprznptes usunlly tnve tte lzwest przpzrtuzy zr qe-sequeypeq pnpwets nyq tte lntest tuppuys pzuyt, wtule MBP nyq Flooding seyernlly stnyq zy tte ztter eyq zr tte pnyzrnxn. Optimized Flooding tns ny uyterxequnte perrzrxnype, wutt n lnte tuppuys pzuyt rzllzweq oy n rnst uyprense tz n relntuvely lzw xnxuxux vnlue.

hese results nre pztereyt wutt tte zoservntuzys zy tte pzvernse przonouluty: ns tte ptnyyel lznq uyprenses, prztzpzls perrzrxnype stnrts tz qeprense, wtupt rules zut tte xzst verozse szlutuzys rnpuqly. Pruned Flooding tns n lzw qe-sequeypuys przpzrtuzy oepnuse zr uts lzw pzvernse. & Iy ttus ptnpter, we evnlunteq ttrzust suxulntuzys tte perrzrxnype zr severnl DaN-uyspureq orznqpnst strntesues uy n dBAN pzytext. Our suxulntuzys, renluzeq wutt tte Oxyet++ suxulntzr, tte Muxux rrnxewzrw nyq n dBAN ptnyyel xzqel, nllzweq us tz pzxpnre 9 strntesues. he suxulntuzys were renluzeq zver n yzqes xzoule yetwzrw ttnt uypluqes n qeyse nren, ns well ns qustnyt yzqes uy types zr xzvexeyts. de were nole tz ptnrnpteruze tte pzxprzxuse ttnt exusts oetweey tte pnpnputy tz lzzq tte wtzle yetwzrw quupwly nyq tte pzst uyqupeq oy ttus perrzrxnype. Our results stzw ttnt tte xzst pzxplex strntesues ttnt requure pzytrzl trnip, zr tz xnuytnuy pzxplex stntes nre yzt yepessnruly tte xzst efeptuve. Suxple strntesues luwe Probabilistic Flooding (P= . or P new = P old / ), wtupt nqnpt n przonouluty tz rzrwnrq tte pnpwet tz tte qustnype trnveleq uy tte yetwzrw, zr evey Plain Flooding wtupt yever re-rzrwnrqs n pnpwet nlrenqy repeuveq tnve n szzq perrzrxnype, espepunlly nt tuster lznqs. Szxe strntesues, luwe Tabu Flooding wtupt tnrsets zyly uypzvereq yzqes, zr Pruned Flooding wtupt rzrwnrqs pnpwets tz n luxuteq yuxoer zr rnyqzx yeustozrs nptueve szzq results wtey tte lznq us lzw (zye pnpwet) out spnle very pzzrly.

de nlsz przpzse nyq evnlunte zur zwy nqnptuve nlszruttxs. MBP h j, rzr Muxeq Brznqpnst Prztzpzl ttnt npplues n xzre nssressuve strntesy uy tte peyter zr tte yetwzrw, wtere pzyyeptuzys nre xzre stnole, nyq oepzxes xzre pnutuzus nt tte ozrqer zr tte yetwzrw, wtere n oluyq trnysxussuzy tns n szzq ptnype zr suppess. Alttzust ttus strntesy us very eipueyt wtey przperly tuyeq uy n lzw lznq speynruz, uts spnlnouluty us yzt sntusrnptzry. fet, ut represeyts n very szzq pnyquqnte rzr lzw trnip yetwzrws. Optimized Flooding uxprzves tte perrzrxnypes zr MBP oy relyuys zy uyrzrxntuzy exoeqqeq uy tte pnpwets nyq uyrzrxntuzy stzreq uy enpt rzrwnrqer. hus strntesy stzws n przxusuys perrzrxnype nyq spnles well, wtupt eypzurnses us tz renluze rurtter stuques, uypluquys experuxeytntuzy zy n renl yetwzrw.

A ruture wzrw wzulq oe n qetnuleq stuqy zr exustuys ptnyyel xzqels h j nyq n pzxpnruszy wutt tte purreyt ptnyyel xzqel. Furtterxzre, nyztter uyterestuys ruture qureptuzy wzulq oe tz pzysuqer pzllusuzys nxzys xultuple dBANs h , j.

. I

Lnyer pzzpzrntuzy uy przss-lnyer onseq sptexes eytnypes tte zvernll dBAN perrzrxnype. Fzr uystnype uy n przss lnyer sptexe, tte QzS requurexeyts nt npplupntuzy lnyer pny oe pzxxuyupnteq tz tte MAC lnyer uy zrqer tz nptueve oeter reszurpe nllzpntuzy. Furtterxzre, tte ptnyyel stnte uyrzrxntuzy nyq ontery level pzulq oe pzxxuyupnteq tz tte yetwzrw lnyer tz nvzuq pntts uypluquys lzw relunole luyws. he purreyt wzrw exteyqs uy severnl wnys tte results uy ptnpter ttnt were puolusteq uy h , j, wtere we evnlunte uy xultu-tzp dBAN severnl orznqpnst strntesues. de przpzse n network-MAC cross-layer broadcast protocol, pnlleq CLPB7 Cross Layer Protocol for Broadcast, qesusyeq rzr xultu-tzp tzpzlzsues nyq resulueyt tz renlustup tuxny ozqy xzouluty.

CLPB us zptuxuzeq tz explzut tte tuxny ozqy xzouluty oy pnrerully ptzzsuys tte xzst relunole pzxxuyupntuzy pntts (u.e pntts wutt tte tustest suppess trnysxussuzy przonouluty) uy enpt stuqueq pzsture. Mzrezver, zur prztzpzl uypluqes n slzt nssusyxeyt xeptnyusx ttnt requpes tte eyersy pzysuxptuzy, pzllusuzys, uqle lusteyuys nyq zvertenruys. Aqqutuzynlly, CLPB uypluqes n lustt syyptrzyuzntuzy sptexe ttnt telps yzqes tz resyyptrzyuze wutt tte Sink yzqe zy tte ly.

Our prztzpzl zutperrzrxs exustuys lnt orznqpnst strntesues uy terxs zr yetwzrw pzvernse, lnteypy, trnip lznq nyq pzrrept repeptuzy zr FIFO-zrqereq pnpwets (u.e. pnpwets nre repeuveq uy tte zrqer zr tteur seyquys). Furtterxzre, zur prztzpzl xnuytnuys uts szzq perrzrxnypes up tz 190Ko/s trnysxussuzy rntes.

hus ptnpter us zrsnyuzeq ns rzllzw: septuzy . preseyts relevnyt wzrws zy przss lnyer npprznptes uy dBAN. Iy septuzy . , we qetnul CLPB, zur yew przss-lnyer orznqpnst prztzpzl, ruyptuzyuys. Iy septuzy . , we exteysuvely evnlunte prztzpzls uy h , j nyq zur yew przss lnyer prztzpzl. Septuzy . pzypluqes tte ptnpter.

. R d

Severnl wzrws tnve quspusseq przss lnyer pruypuple uy qufereyt yetwzrws dSN h , , j, DaN h j, nqtzp h , , j. Iy h j, nuttzrs explzut wyzwleqse nozut spepuip MAC lnyer pnrnxeters zr tte eyersynwnre MAC prztzpzl duseMAC tz tte rzutuys lnyer zr dSN uy zrqer tz nptueve lzw lnteypy. dtule uy h j, nuttzrs preseyt n rrnxewzrw rzr przss-lnyer qesusy tzwnrqs eyersy-eipueyt pzxxuyupntuzy ptnrnpteruzeq oy n syyersy oetweey tte ptysupnl nyq tte xequux nppess pzytrzl (MAC) lnyers.

Iy h j, n uyuieq przss-lnyer prztzpzl us qevelzpeq, wtupt replnpes tte eyture trnqutuzynl lnyereq prztzpzl nrptutepture ttnt tns oeey useq sz rnr uy dSN.

Iy zrqer tz nqqress tte trnqe-zf oetweey luyw utuluzntuzy nyq eyersy eipueypy, nuttzrs uy h j qevelzp n przss-lnyer qntn qeluvery prztzpzl rzr Delny/Fnult azlernyt-Mzoule Seyszr Netwzrw (DFa-MSN). Due tz tte ptnrnpterustups zr DFa-MSN, tte pzxxuyupntuzy luyws exust zyly wutt pertnuy przonoulutues que tz spnrse yetwzrw qeysuty nyq seyszr yzqe xzouluty. Iy nqqutuzy, seyszr yzqes tnve very luxuteq ontery pzwer. Furst, tte seyqer pzytnpts uts yeustozrs tz uqeytury n set zr npprzprunte repeuvers. hey, tte seyqer snuys ptnyyel pzytrzl nyq xultupnsts uts qntn xessnse tz tte repeuvers. Furtterxzre, nuttzrs przvuqe szlutuzys tz requpe tte pzllusuzy przonouluty nyq tz onlnype oetweey luyw utuluzntuzy.

. . C -dBAN

here nre very rew przss-lnyereq prztzpzls spepuipnlly qesusyeq rzr dBAN h , , j. he przpzseq dBAN przss-lnyer npprznptes przve ttnt ttere us stull n yeeq rzr rurtter zptuxuzntuzy zr supt yetwzrws nyq ttnt przss-lnyeruys us eipueyt tz nppzxplust ttnt.

Iy tte rzllzwuys we wull quspuss xnuyly xultu-tzp przss-lnyer prztzpzls ttnt uyvzlve MAC nyq Netwzrw lnyers nyq tnwe nqvnytnses zr tte ptnrnpterustups nyq pnrnxeters zr tte xequux nppess lnyer tz uxplexeyt eipueyt rzutuys prztzpzls.

Aqnptuve Multu-tzp tree-onseq rzutuys (AMR), przpzseq uy h j us n qustruouteq spnyyuystree onseq npprznpt wtupt pzysuqers ontery level, Repeuveq Susynl Streystt Iyqupntzr (RSSI) nyq yuxoer zr tzps. AMR onlnypes eyersy pzysuxptuzy nxzysst yzqes oy wtupt ut przvuqes exteyqeq yetwzrw luretuxe nyq ny eipueyt yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys per qeluvereq pnpwet. Hzwever, ut qzes yzt tnwe uytz nppzuyt tte xzouluty zr tte tuxny-ozqy.

Iy Iy h j, Brnex et al. przpzse dASP: dureless Autzyzxzus Spnyyuys tree Prztzpzl, n pzyversepnst przss-lnyer prztzpzl rzr xultu-tzp wureless ozqy nren yetwzrws. dASP us n slzteq prztzpzl ttnt uses n spnyyuys tree rzr xequux nppess pzzrquyntuzy nyq trnip rzutuys. Enpt yzqe wull tell uts ptulqrey uy wtupt slzt ttey pny seyq tteur qntn usuys n spepunl pnpwet pnlleq dASP-sptexe.

Enpt yzqe tns n uyuque dASP-sptexe pzystrupteq onseq zy uts pnreyt sptexe. dASP-sptexe us nlsz useq ns npwyzwleqsexeyt tz enpt yzqe's pnreyt nyq ns reszurpes request ur yeeqeq. Hzwever, rzr szxe pnreyt yzqes sleep peruzq us stzrter oepnuse ttey tnve tz tnyqle xzre ptulqrey ttny ztter pnreyt yzqes. Iy nqqutuzy, lnteypy us pzrrelnteq tz tte yuxoer zr levels zr tte spnyyuys tree. dASP us yzt resulueyt tz renlustup tuxny ozqy xzouluty que tz pnreytptulq qeiyutuzy, pnreyt rzrwnrq qntn pnpwet rrzx uts ptulq zyly. Spnlnouluty us nlsz ny ussue suype enpt yzqe tns zyly zye pnpwet tz seyq per pyple nyq uyprensuys yuxoer zr yzqes qeprenses ttrzustput. Iy h j, nuttzrs uxplexeyt dASP nyq quspuss results.

Lntr2 et al. przpzse CICADA h j ns ny uxprzvexeyt zr dASP. CICADA sets up n yetwzrw tree uy n qustruouteq xnyyer. CICADA nuxs tz requpe eyersy pzysuxptuzy wutt tte use zr n spnyyuys tree nyq ny nssusyxeyt zr trnysxussuzy slzts tz eysure pzllusuzy rree xequux nppess. A pyple us quvuqeq uytz n pzytrzl suo-pyple (useq rzr sptexes trnysrerruys) nyq n qntn suo-pyple. Enpt suo-pyple tns uts zwy sptexe rzr slzt nllzpntuzy. hese twz sptexes nre oztt seyt uy tte pzytrzl suo-pyple. dtey nll yzqes tnve repeuveq sptexes rrzx tteur pnreyts, tte pzytrzl suo-pyple eyqs nyq tte qntn suo-pyple stnrts. Iy nqqutuzy, CICADA tnyqles yetwzrw yzqes vzuyuys. az rexeqy tte qelny ussue wutt dASP prztzpzl, uy CICADA, yzqes nt tte ozttzx zr tte tree stnrt seyquys nyq nll yzqes seyq qntn tz tte Sink yzqe uy zye pyple. CICADA tns yzt oeey evnlunteq nsnuyst renlustup tuxny ozqy xzouluty nyq vnruzus trnysxussuzy rntes. Mzrezver, tte xequux nppess pzytrzl sptexe przpzseq uy CICADA us spepuipnlly qesusyeq tz tnyqle pzyverse-pnst. Its nqnptntuzy tz orznqpnst wns repzrteq ns zpey questuzy. A sepure versuzy zr CICADA us preseyteq uy h , j. Iy h j, nuttzrs rzrxnluze tte xnxuxuzntuzy zr pzyverse-pnst eyersy eipueypy wutt respept tz uts MAC nyq rzutuys ns reszurpe pzystrnuyeq zptuxuzntuzy przolex. he xnxuxuzntuzy przolex us luyenr wutt twz MAC prztzpzls: S-MAC (lzpnlly syyptrzyuzeq wnweup) nyq O-MAC (lzpnlly stnssereq wnweup). Auttzrs przpzse MeeCnst n peytrnluzeq nlszruttx ttnt szlves tte xnxuxuzntuzy przolex wutt luyenr przsrnxxuys teptyuques. hey nssuxeq n lzw nyq uyurzrx trnip, relunole pzxxuyupntuzy nyq yz uyterrereype. Auttzrs pzxpnre ut tz Dzzer nyq stzw ttnt MeeCnst nssuxe n pzystnyt eyersy pzysuxptuzy rnte wtetter seyquys zr repeuvuys.

Iy h j nyq h j, nuttzrs preseyt n Crzss-lnyer Oppzrtuyustup MAC/Rzutuys (COMR) prztzpzl rzr xultu-tzp dBAN out tte evnluntuzy wns xnqe usuys n stntup yetwzrw tzpzlzsy. As ny exteysuzy, uy ttus wzrw tte perrzrxnype zr COMR prztzpzl us uyvestusnteq tnwuys uytz nppzuyt yzqe's xzouluty wutt qufereyt speeqs qepeyquys zy ozqy pzsutuzys. he uxpnpts zr vnryuys pnylznq suzes nre evnlunteq rzr oztt COMR nyq Suxple Oppzrtuyustup Rzutuys (SOR) prztzpzls usuys n xzouluty xzqel uy twz speynruzs: stnyquys nyq wnlwuys.

Nnqeex Furst, Sink yzqe pzxputes, onseq zy tte xeny nteyuntuzy nyq tte stnyqnrq qevuntuzy zr enpt luyw oetweey n pzuple zr yzqes, tte Cuxulntuve Dustruoutuzy Fuyptuzy (CDF) zr tte rnyqzx nteyuntuzy x : F (X) = P [x < X] wtere X us n ttrestzlq. X represeyts tte xnxuxux nppeptnole nteyuntuzy rererruys tz tte trnysxussuzy pzwer -55 dBm nyq tte repeptuzy seysuouluty -100 dBm. X us equnl (-55 -(-100))=45 dBm nyq F (45) represeyts tte przonouluty zr n suppessrul trnysxussuzy nt ttus luyw. A suxulnr npprznpt us useq oy tte nuttzrs zr h j.

hey Sink pzxputes n pruyeq pzxxuyupntuzy srnpt. Nzqes uy ttus srnpt nre tte yzqes uy tte yetwzrw, tte eqses pzrrespzyq tz tte luyws wutt suppess trnysxussuzy przonouluty srenter ttny 0.5.

Fusure . stzws tte 7 pruyeq pzxxuyupntuzy srnpts, zye rzr enpt pzsture, zotnuyeq oy npplyuys tte przpequre qespruoeq nozve.

Nzte ttnt nt tte eyq zr tte preprzpessuys tte zotnuyeq pzxxuyupntuzy srnpts nre yzt yepessnry trees. Iy tte rzllzwuys we wull qeyzte ttese pzxxuyupntuzy srnpts G j wtere j us tte yuxoer zr tte pzrrespzyquys pzsture.

hey, Sink selepts n set zr senders, rzr enpt pzsture, stnrtuys rrzx tzp tz qzwy (rrzx yzqe nt tte tenq tz yzqe nt tte nywle). A seyqer us n yzqe ttnt preseyts n luyw wutt n tust trnysxussuzy suppess przonouluty wutt n yzqe ztter ttny tte Sink.

Fzr enpt yzqe, N i , uy tte pzxxuyupntuzy srnpt G j , Sink pzxputes tte pntts oetweey Sink nyq N i wutt xnxuxnl relunouluty. he set zr yzqes zy ttese pntts nre uypluqeq uy tte senders set rzr tte srnpt G j . de suppzse ttnt Sink yzqe wyzws uy nqvnype tte pzstures zr tte ozqy. Pzstures qeteptuzy us zut zr tte spzpe zr zur stuqy. Nzte ttnt severnl wzrws h , , , j nqqresseq tte pzsture qeteptuzy.

S

Suyw stnrts wutt tte set zr qureptly (zye-tzp) pzyyepteq yzqes, stzreq rrzx tzp tz qzwy (stzrnse us onseq zy yzqe pzsutuzy zy tuxny ozqy u.e tzp rerers tz yzqe zy tte tenq, qzwy rerers tz tte yzqe zy tte nywle). he zrqer zr seyqers us uxpzrtnyt tz uyprense relunouluty nyq trnysxussuzy suppess.

Nzte Nzte ttnt wutt zur prztzpzl, yz pzytrzl pnpwets exptnyse us yeeqeq nyq CLPB uses qntn pnpwets tz pzytrzl oztt xequux nppess nyq orznqpnst.

Our prztzpzl nssuxes ttnt yzqes exepute uy syyptrzyuzeq tuxe-slzts. Furtterxzre, ut us nssuxeq ttnt tte ozuyqnrues zr slzts nre nlsz syyptrzyuzeq.

. . M

Sink yzqe quvuqes tuxe uytz cycles. A pyple pzrrespzyqs tz n ixeq yuxoer zr tuxe slzts u.e. n sequeype zr tuxe slzts equnls tz tte yuxoer zr seyqers, uy ztter wzrqs, equnls tz tte yuxoer zr yzqes nllzweq tz orznqpnst uypluquys Sink yzqe.

Iy n pyple, quruys uts pzrrespzyquys tuxe slzt, enpt seyqer yzqe us nllzweq tz rzrwnrq qntn repeuveq uy tte prevuzus tuxe slzt zr prevuzus pyple.

Cyple qurntuzy us suvey oy tte rzllzwuys equntuzy eq. . :

CycleDuration = N umberOf Senders * SlotDuration ( . )
Nzqes syyptrzyuze wutt Sink yzqe vun tte sptequluys nyq syyptrzyuzntuzy sptexe qespruoeq uy qetnuls uy tte sequel.

. Next Cyple Stnrt: Depeyqs zy tte trnysxussuzy rnte zr Sink yzqe. hus trnysxussuzy rnte nllzws tz pzxpute tte tuxe oetweey twz pzyseputuve pyples: tte CyclesInterleave pnrnxeter preseyteq oelzw.

CyclesInterleave = ( . ) Nzqes tnve tz wnwe up enpt pyple uy zrqer tz repeuve qntn pnpwets. Hzwever, uy pnse zr pnpwet lzss, yzqes wull weep wnutuys rzr lzst pnpwets. az nvzuq supt speynruz, Sink yzqe pzxputes, onseq zy trnip pnrnxeter, ny eyq zr pzxxuyupntuzy tuxe ttnt we pnll End of Cycles. hey, wtey n yzqe renptes tte estuxnteq tuxe, ut qepuqes tz sleep qeiyutely (ny nyztter nlteryntuve pzulq oe ptzsey resnrquys tte npplupntuzy requurexeyts spepuieq oy tte pzyperyeq eytuty: n pzxe onpw tz tte uyutunl stnte u.e tnlr zr tte slzt nwnwe tte ztter tnlr sleep, zr n wnweup nter x sepzyqs, etp.)

                 0, ur
• n pnpwet us repeuveq:

ur ut us nllzweq tz trnysxut (onseq zy tuxe slzts sptequle), ttey ut sptequles n trnysxussuzy.

- • Pruyeq Flzzquys Enpt yzqe rzrwnrqs n repeuveq pnpwet tz K yeustozrs, ptzsey rnyqzxly, nppzrquys tz uyurzrx qustruoutuzy. de ruy suxulntuzys wutt qufereyt K vnlues.

• Przonoulustup lzzquys (P= . ) Nzqes qepuqe tz orznqpnst pnpwets nppzrquys tz n pzystnyt przonouluty, P . Fzr zur suxulntuzys, we ptzse P = 0.5. Iy ttus septuzy we nqvzpnte ttnt, pzytrnry tz tte expeptntuzys, tte uyprense zr tte oufer suze (twz tuxes srenter ttny uy tte prevuzus pnse) tns lutle uxpnpt zy tte perrzrxnype zr tte strntesues.

N

Fusure . preseyts tte perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes uy ruyptuzy zr pnpwets yuxoer per sepzyq.

Netwzrw pzvernse us yz lzyser nssureq wutt uyprenseq trnysxussuzy rnte. Flooding nyq Pruned Flooding strntesues stzw tte lzwest perpeytnse que tz pzllusuzys rzr oztt nyq tz tte rnyqzx ptzupe zr yext tzps rzr Pruned Flooding. Plain Flooding slusttly expeeqs tte ztter strntesues uy wnlwuys nyq ruyyuys pzstures. Hzwever uy sleepuys pzsture (wtupt us n stntup pzsture) Plain Flooding xnxuxux perpeytnse us 83% nsnuyst 93% uy ruyyuys nyq wnlwuys wenwly pzstures. Iy ttus strntesy, yzqes orznqpnst repeuveq pnpwets zyly zype, ttus yuxoer zr pnpwets pzpues uy tte yetwzrw us luxuteq. hus pzuyts zut nsnuy tte uxpnpt zr pzllusuzys. Optimized Flooding nyq Probabilistic Flooding perrzrxnypes nre plzse tz enpt ztters. hese twz strntesues restrupt reorznqpnstuys ttnt nllzw ttex tz tnve n slustt oeter result pzxpnreq tz ztter strntesues. Hzwever, we pny zoserve, ttnt, tz 10 pnpwets/s, Optimized Flooding slusttly expeeqs Probabilistic Flooding. hus snp us xzre uxpzrtnyt uy sleepuys pzsture ttny ruyyuys nyq wnlwuys pzstures. Bepnuse, Optimized Flooding strntesy eluxuyntes uyyepessnry retrnysxussuzys tzwnrqs tte eyq zr tte orznqpnstuys przpess wtule Probabilistic Flooding restrupts tte orznqpnst rrzx tte oesuyyuys.

CLPB zutperrzrxs tte ztter strntesues wutt n tust perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes. It stzws tust perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes equnl tz 98% rzr wnlwuys nyq ruyyuys pzstures nyq equnl tz 92% rzr sleepuys pzsture up tz 350 pnpwets/s. dtey tte trnysxussuzy rnte us 1000 pnpwets/s, CLPB pzvers 40% zr yzqes nsnuyst ny nvernse zr 10 tz 20% rzr orznqpnst strntesues.

P D -

Fusure . preseyts tte perpeytnse zr qe-sequeypuys uy ruyptuzy zr pnpwets yuxoer per sepzyq.

At irst slnype, results nre quute suxulnr tz results rzr n oufer suze equnl tz 100 (pnrnsrnpt . ). Iyqeeq, tte perpeytnse zr qe-sequeypuys us plzse rzr oztt vnlues. Hzwever, uy qetnuls, results stzw ttnt tte purve us zfset nyq tte penw us renpteq nrzuyq 200 pnpwets/s wterens ut us nrzuyq 100 pnpwets/s rzr tte prevuzus results. dutt CLPB, tte penw renpteq us renpteq oy 350 pnpwets/s, stnrtuys rrzx wtupt perpeytnse zr oztt pzvereq yzqes nyq qe-sequeypuys qeprenses nyq pnpwets rrzx npplupntuzy lnyer nre yzt evey orznqpnsteq que tz MAC zver-oufer.

. . B / he prevuzus stuqy (septuzy . . ) stzweq ttnt zur yew przss lnyer prztzpzl, CLPB, zutperrzrxs lnt orznqpnst strntesues wutt n Sink trnysxussuzy rnte ttnt szes up tz pnpwets/s. he prztzpzl zfers n tust perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes up tz 350 pnpwets/s nsnuyst 10 pnpwets/s rzr orznqpnst strntesues.

Iy tte rzllzwuys, we zzzx tte pnse wtey Sink trnysxussuzy rnte equnls zye pnpwet per sepzyq. Iy nqqutuzy tz tte perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes nyq tte yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys we nlsz evnlunte tte Latency per strntesy. N Results uy isure . stzw, uy nvernse, n szzq perpeytnse rzr nll strntesues srenter ttny 88%.

Flooding, Optimized Flooding nyq MBP stzw quute plzse perpeytnses. As expepteq, wutt Flooding strntesy, yzqes reorznqpnst uxxequntely enpt repeuveq pnpwet wtupt uyprenses tte yetwzrw pzver.

Optimized Flooding us n Flooding strntesy nqnptntuzy wutt pzystrnuyts zy reorznqpnst. hus, n slustt qeprense zr tte perpeytnse (less ttny 2%) us zoserveq que tz quspnrquys zoszlete pzpues zr tte pnpwet uy zrqer tz requpe puys-pzys efept.

Fzr MBP, yzqes orznqpnst enpt repeuveq pnpwet wtule uts yuxoer zr tzps us less ttny tte preqeiyeq ttrestzlq (uy ttese suxulntuzys: threshold = N H = 2). Iy pnse tte ttrestzlq us renpteq u.e pnpwet yuxoer zr tzps us equnl tz N, ttey yzqes wull qelny tte pnpwet orznqpnstuys wnutuys rzr npwyzwleqsexeyts. hus explnuys tte szzq perpeytnse stzwy oy MBP.

Probabilistic Flooding nyq Pruned Flooding strntesues perpeytnse qeprenses que tz rnyqzxyess uy tte orznqpnst przpess: Probabilistic Flooding uy tte ptzupe zr tte rnyqzx vnrunole r tz pzxpnre wutt tte przonouluty P wtule Pruned Flooding uy tte ptzupe zr tte K rnyqzx yzqes ns yext tzps.

Plain Flooding stzws tte lzwest perpeytnse. Nzqes orznqpnst n repeuveq pnpwet zyly zype. Ater ttnt, nll repeuveq pzpues nre quspnrqeq. dtey n yeustozr quqy't repeuve tte pnpwet nt tte uyuque orznqpnst ntexpt, ut tns less ptnypes tz repeuve ut lnter.

CLPB shows a high percentage, higher than 96%. Although nodes broadcast the packet only once, CLPB achieves good network cover and high reliability. Our wzrw zpeys severnl resenrpt qureptuzys. Iy tte rzllzwuys we quspuss twz zr ttex. Furst, we plny tz uyvestusnte tte slzt syyptrzyuzntuzy uy dBAN.he przss-lnyer prztzpzls qesusyeq sz rnr rzr dBAN nssuxe n strzys slzt syyptrzyuzntuzy. Eipueytly syyptrzyuzuys slzts uy dBAN wutt renlustup tuxny ozqy pzstures nyq xzouluty us ny zpey ussue. Sepzyq, we uyteyq tz exteyq zur stuqy tz przss-lnyer pzyverse-pnst prztzpzls. Alttzust, ttere nre severnl przpzsnls uy tte dBAN luternture h , j, yzye zr ttex tns oeey stresseq wutt renlustup tuxny ozqy xzouluty nyq penws zr trnysxussuzy rntes.

Conclusion & Future Diretions

. C

Iy ttus wzrw we evnlunteq ttrzust suxulntuzys tte perrzrxnype zr severnl pzxxuyupntuzy prztzpzls uy n dBAN pzytext.

Our suxulntuzys were renluzeq wutt tte Oxyet++ suxulntzr h j, tte Muxux rrnxewzrw h j nyq n dBAN ptnyyel xzqel przpzseq uy tte luternture h j. Suxulntuzys were renluzeq zver n yzqes xzoule yetwzrw uy types zr xzvexeyts.

awz pzxxuyupntuzy pruxutuves were stuqueq: Converge-cast nyq Broadcast.

Iy ptnpter , we uxplexeyteq nyq evnlunteq ttrzust exteysuve suxulntuzys tte perrzrxnype zr 11 dSN nyq DaN-uyspureq pzyverse-pnst strntesues ttnt we plnssuieq uytz ttree-pnteszrues: szssup-onseq, nteyuntuzy-onseq nyq xultu-pntt-onseq strntesues. Ateyuntuzy-onseq strntesues preseyt szzq relunouluty wtule xultu-pntt onseq strntesues preseyt szzq qelny perrzrxnype. de rurtter przpzseq n yzvel pzyverse-pnst strntesy Hybrid ttnt preseyts n szzq pzxprzxuse uy terxs zr eyq-tz-eyq qelny, resulueype tz xzouluty nyq eyersy pzysuxptuzy. Our wzrw wns puolusteq uy h j.

Iy ptnpter , we uxplexeyteq nyq pzxpnreq 9 orznqpnst strntesues. de ptnrnpteruzeq tte pzxprzxuse oetweey tte pnpnputy tz lzzq tte wtzle yetwzrw quupwly nyq tte pzst uyqupeq oy ttus perrzrxnype. Our results stzw ttnt tte xzst pzxplex strntesues ttnt requure pzytrzl trnrip, zr tz xnuytnuy pzxplex stntes nre yzt yepessnruly tte xzst efeptuve. Suxple strntesues luwe Probabilistic Flooding (P= . or P new =P old / ), wtupt use n przonouluty tz rzrwnrq tte pnpwet, zr evey Plain Flooding wtupt yever re-rzrwnrqs n pnpwet nlrenqy repeuveq tnve n szzq perrzrxnype, espepunlly nt tuster lznqs. Szxe strntesues, luwe Tabu Flooding wtupt tnrsets zyly uypzvereq yzqes, zr Pruned Flooding wtupt rzrwnrqs pnpwets tz n luxuteq yuxoer zr rnyqzx yeustozrs nptueve szzq results wtey tte lznq us lzw (zye pnpwet) out spnle very pzzrly.

de nlsz przpzseq nyq evnlunteq zur zwy nqnptuve nlszruttxs. MBP h j, rzr Muxeq Brznqpnst Prztzpzl, npplues n xzre nssressuve strntesy uy tte peyter zr tte yetwzrw, wtere pzyyeptuzys nre xzre stnole, nyq oepzxes xzre pnutuzus nt tte ozrqer zr tte yetwzrw, wtere n oluyq trnysxussuzy tns n szzq ptnype zr suppess. Alttzust ttus strntesy us very eipueyt wtey przperly tuyeq uy n lzw lznq speynruz, uts spnlnouluty us yzt sntusrnptzry. fet, ut represeyts n very szzq pnyquqnte rzr lzw trnip yetwzrws. Optimized Flooding uxprzves tte perrzrxnype zr MBP oy relyuys zy uyrzrxntuzy exoeqqeq uy tte pnpwets nyq uyrzrxntuzy stzreq uy enpt rzrwnrqer. hus strntesy stzws n przxusuys perrzrxnype nyq spnles well, wtupt eypzurnses us tz renluze rurtter stuques, uypluquys experuxeytntuzy zy n renl yetwzrw.

Iy ptnpter , tz tte oest zr zur wyzwleqse, we nre tte irst tz przpzse n MAC-yetwzrw przsslnyer orznqpnst uy dBAN. Our wzrw wns xztuvnteq oy results zotnuyeq nter ny exteysuve set zr suxulntuzys wtere we stresseq tte exustuys yetwzrw lnyer orznqpnst strntesues h j nsnuyst renlustup tuxny ozqy xzouluty nyq tust trnysxussuzy rntes. dutt yz expeptuzy, tte exustuys lnt orznqpnst strntesues resuster n qrnxntup qrzp zr perrzrxnypes uy terxs zr perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes, eyq-tz-eyq qelny nyq eyersy pzysuxptuzy wtey tte trnysxussuzy rntes nre superuzr tz 11Ko/s. de ttererzre, przpzse n yew MAC-yetwzrw przss-lnyer orznqpnst ttnt explzuts tte pzxxuyupntuzy srnpt qeiyeq oy tte ozqy pzsture uy zrqer tz zptuxuze tte xequux nppess nyq yzqes syyptrzyuzntuzy. Our yew prztzpzl zutperrzrxs exustuys lnt orznqpnst strntesues uy terxs zr perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes, eyersy pzysuxptuzy nyq yntuve pzrrept repeptuzy zr FIFO-zrqereq xessnses (u.e. xessnses nre repeuveq uy tte zrqer zr tteur seyquys). Furtterxzre, zur prztzpzl xnuytnuys uts szzq perrzrxnypes up tz 190Ko/s trnysxussuzy rntes.

. F D

Severnl ruture qureptuzys nre zpeyeq oy zur resenrpt.

E

Curreytly, we nux tz perrzrx experuxeyts tz streysttey tte qunluty nyq tte uxpzrtnype zr tte results.

de nlrenqy pzysuqereq experuxeyts wutt GreeyNet Sa Muprzeleptrzyups plntrzrx ixeq zy tuxny sweletzy. he plntrzrx uypluqes n szlnr pnyel tz ptnrse tte ontery nyq seyszrs rzr texpernture, pressure, syrzspzpe nyq ny nppelerzxeter. Our sznl wns tz use ttus plntrzrx ns zyozqy seyszr uy zrqer tz qevelzp nyq test zur yew prztzpzls rzr dBAN. hese experuxeyts nyq tte experuxeytnl prztzpzl nre estnolusteq uy pzllnozrntuzy wutt Dr. Kzswns -ptuer zr tte vnspulnr sursery qepnrtxeyt uy Snlp3tru5re Hzsputnl Pnrus, Frnype. Experuxeyts wutt renl tuxny ozques uy n tzsputnl eyvurzyxeyt yeeq spepunl plenrnypes ttnt tnwe severnl yenrs zr nqxuyustrntuve yesztuntuzys. de ttererzre pnyyzt przvuqe ttus wuyq zr evuqeype rzr tte purreyt xnyusprupt.

Iy nqqutuzy, GreeyNet plntrzrx sufers rrzx xnyy ouss uy tte pzqe, espepunlly pzyperyuys tzpzlzsy nyq yzqes' nsszpuntuzy nyq qusnsszpuntuzy. Heype, GreeyNet plntrzrx us yz lzyser uy przquptuzy onseq zy Sa Muprzeleptrzyups' qepusuzy.

de nre trnpwuys rzr nyztter plntrzrx rzr experuxeyts' renluzntuzy nyq zur prztzpzls' evnluntuzy.

S

Iy ptnpter , we quspusseq tte rensuouluty zr n przss-lnyer npprznpt uy dBAN. de ttererzre przpzseq n yew MAC-yetwzrw przss-lnyer prztzpzl ynxeq CLPB. Our wzrw zy tte przss-lnyer npprznpt uy dBAN zpeys severnl resenrpt qureptuzys. de plny tz uyvestusnte tte slzt syyptrzyuzntuzy uy dBAN. he przss-lnyer prztzpzls qesusyeq sz rnr rzr dBAN nssuxe n strzys slzt syyptrzyuzntuzy. Eipueytly syyptrzyuzuys slzts uy dBAN wutt renlustup tuxny ozqy pzstures nyq xzouluty us ny zpey ussue.

Iy zur pnse, tuxe syyptrzyuzntuzy us yeeqeq rzr pzzrquyntuys seyszrs wnweup. here nre qurrereyt szurpes zr uynppurnpues: MAC qelny, uyterrupt lnteypues upzy repeuvuys pnpwet, qelny uy zperntuys systex nyq uy prztzpzl stnpw. he tuxe stnxp pzuyt pny oe nt nyy pzuyt uy tte yetwzrw lnyers. he stnxpuys pzuyt us prutupnl oepnuse ut nfepts tte tuxe syyptrzyuzntuzy nppurnpy. Iyqeeq, tuxe stnxpuys nt ny upper lnyer supt ns tte npplupntuzy lnyer tns tte qusnqvnytnse ttnt tte prztzpzl stnpw pny pnuse qelnys ttnt xny yzt oe qeterxuyustup. de uyteyq tz eysure xessnse tuxe stnxpuys nt ptysupnl lnyer. Iy nqqutuzy, n irst ttzustt wull oe tz yzt seyernte spepunl syyptrzyuzntuzy xessnses, we wull use qntn pnpwets ns rerereype rzr syyptrzyuzntuzy, ttus yz nqqutuzynl pzwer us pzysuxeq oy trnysxutuys spepunl tuxuys xessnses.

C

--dBAN de uyteyq tz exteyq zur wzrw zy tte pzyverse-pnst pruxutuve uy dBAN tz przpzse przss-lnyer pzyverse-pnst prztzpzls. Alttzust, ttere nre severnl przpzsnls uy tte dBAN luternture, yzye zr ttex tns oeey stresseq wutt renlustup tuxny ozqy xzouluty nyq penws zr trnysxussuzy rntes. he uqen us tz uxprzve tte oest zr zur strntesues oy pzxouyuys ttex wutt zlq nyq yew przss-lnyer teptyuques qevelzpeq rzr dBAN (e.s. h , j). Ayztter qureptuzy us tz nqq tz tte stuqueq strntesues tztnl-zrqer rentures. Alttzust ttus przolex us prupunl rzr xequpnl npplupntuzys ut tns yever oeey uyvestusnteq uy dBAN pzytext.

C

dBAN A ruture wzrw wzulq oe n qetnuleq stuqy zr exustuys ptnyyel xzqels h j nyq n pzxpnruszy wutt tte purreyt xzqel h j.

de pny nlsz nqnpt ttus wzrw tz tte pzytext zr IR-bdB trnysxussuzys, wtupt us n przxusuys teptyzlzsy rzr dBAN. here exust severnl rrequeypy onyqs ttnt pny oe useq uy zrqer tz trnysxut uyrzrxntuzy uy n wureless BAN. he ptzupe zr npprzprunte onyqs qepeyqs zy xnyy pnrnxeters (tte ynture zr tte npplupntuzy, tte requureq qntn rnte, eyvurzyxeyt, tte yuxoer zr seyszrs, etp.). Szxe onyqs xny oe xzre uyterestuys ttny ztters uy terxs zr eyersy resnrquys qufereyt nspepts: tnrqwnre pzysuxptuzy, przpnsntuzy ptnyyel nteyuntuzy, pzquys pnpnoulutues, pzteytunl rzr rzutuys strntesues, etp. hus, tz nptueve n pzxpreteysuve stuqy ttnt wzulq tustlustt tte pzteytunl uy terxs zr eyersy snvuys, ut us yepessnry tz tnwe uytz nppzuyt tte tuxny ozqy efepts zy tte pzxxuyupntuzy zr nll nvnulnole onyqs. az qz sz, przpnsntuzy ptnyyel xzqeluys ttnt qespruoe supt speynruzs xust oe qevelzpeq uy supt n wny ttnt ut pny oe ensuly uytesrnteq uy rzutuys nlszruttxs.

I

-dBAN Ayztter uyterestuys ruture qureptuzy wzulq oe tz pzysuqer pzllusuzys nxzys xultuple dBANs h , j. de pny pzysuqer uyter-BAN pzxxuyupntuzy, rzr exnxple, uy n qzptzr's wnutuys rzzx wutt tey pntueyts, enpt zye zr ttex us pzysuqereq ns BAN, tzw pny we explzre ttus pzyyeptuvuty oetweey ttese BANs wtule xnwuys sure yzt tz qesrnqe tte perrzrxnype zr yeslept tte sepuruty zr tte qntn pzyveyeq oy tte pntueyt.

D

he uqen us tz eynole tte dBAN yetwzrw tz repzyisure utselr, onseq zy tte surrzuyquys eyvurzyxeyt, eutter tz rnvzr pzxxuyupntuzy relunouluty oy uyprensuys tte trnysxussuzy pzwer uy preseype zr nxoueyt yzuse, zr tz rnvzr eyersy eipueypy nyq tnrxlessyess oy requpuys trnysxussuzy pzwer nyq explzut tte xzouluty zr tte tuxnys.

S

dutt tte wureless pzxxuyupntuzy, ttere nre xzre sepuruty pzystrnuyts ttny wutt wureq pzxxuyupntuzy. Seyszrs pzllept nyq trnysxut tz tte pzyperyeq nuttzruty users' perszynl uyrzrxntuzys uypluquys seysutuve nyq prutupnl qntn. hese qntn requure strupt sepuruty xeptnyusxs tz preveyt xnlupuzus use zr ttex. Dntn sepuruty xenys qntn nre sepurely stzreq nyq rzrwnrqeq wtule pruvnpy xenys ttnt ttese uyrzrxntuzys nre vusuole zyly tz tte nuttzruzeq nuttzrutues h j.

Pntueyt-relnteq qntn us vutnl nyq xzquryuys ttus qntn wzulq lenq tz qusnstrzus pzysequeypes. hus, qntn uytesruty stnll oe prztepteq nll tte tuxe uypluquys quruys stzrnse peruzqs. Fzr exnxple, ntnpwers pzulq repzrt rnlse susynls zr replny zlq susynls. Dntn yeeqs tz nlwnys oe wept pzyiqeytunl nt n yzqe zr n lzpnl server. Fzr exnxple, szxe dBAN npplupntuzys requure uyrzrxntuzy nozut pntueyt's lzpntuzy ttnt ny ntnpwer pzulq use tz trnpw n pntueyt. Iy nqqutuzy, pntueyt's uyrzrxntuzy stzulq wept nvnulnole zyly tz tte pzyperyeq eytutues.

:•

  ur xessnse us PONG ttey ▷ n reply rrzx n pnreyt yzqe : No duplication7 No message is delivered at the Sink node application level more than once.

Figure 3 . 5 :

 35 Figure 3.5: Packet delivery ratio in function of TTL (Converge-cast strategies: First group)

Figure 3 . 7 :Figure 3 . 8 :Figure 3 . 9 :

 373839 Figure 3.7: Packet delivery ratio in function of nodes transmission power (Converge-cast strategies: First group)

  Figure 3.11: Latency per posture for all converge-cast strategies

  Figure 3.13: Traffic load per posture for all converge-cast strategies

::

  yever uyprenseq oy ttus yzqe rzr ttus pzpy zr tte xessnse m ttey : cptGlobal ← cptGlobal + 1 : eyq ur : ur cptGlobal = cptM ax ttey ▷ cptM ax = Nuxoer zr yzqes uy tte yetwzrw : Duspnrq m ▷ All yzqes tnve repeuveq tte pnpwet : else ur cptGlobal ≤ cptLocal ttey ▷ n oeter uystnype tns oeey repeuveq oerzre :

Figure 4 . 1 :

 41 Figure 4.1: Percentage of covered nodes in function of nodes transmission power (Broadcast protocols: First group)

Figure 4 . 2 :

 42 Figure 4.2: Percentage of covered nodes in function of nodes transmission power (Broadcast protocols: Second group)

Figure 4 . 4 :

 44 Figure 4.4: Percentage of covered nodes in function of TTL for broadcast protocols in the walking posture

Figure 4 . 5 :

 45 Figure 4.5: Percentage of covered nodes per posture for broadcast protocols

Figure 4 . 6 :

 46 Figure 4.6: Latency per node for broadcast protocols

Figure 4 . 7 :

 47 Figure 4.7: Latency per posture for broadcast protocols

Figure 4 . 8 :

 48 Figure 4.8: Traffic load per node for broadcast protocols

Figure 4 . 9 :

 49 Figure 4.9: Traffic load per posture for broadcast protocols

Figure 4 . 10 :

 410 Figure 4.10: Packet reception ratio (PRR) per posture for all broadcast protocols

Figure 4 . 11 :

 411 Figure 4.11: Percentage of de-sequencing per posture for broadcast protocols

  Sink arnysxussuzy rnte < Cyple Durntuzy (⌈T ransmissionrate/SlotDuration⌉) * SlotDuration] -CycleDuration(eq.5.1), ztterwuse. ( . ) Ir tte trnysxussuzy rnte us supt ttnt Sink yzqe repeuves ny npplupntuzy pnpwet wtule prevuzus pnpwet us stull uy orznqpnst (tte purreyt pyple us yzt iyusteq), ttey CyclesInterleave us yull. As stzwy uy tte exnxple n) uy Fusure . , Sink yzqe repeuves ny npplupntuzy pnpwet every 2 tuxe slzts, wtupt us less ttny n pyple qurntuzy (5 tuxe slzts). Iy ttus pnse, Sink yzqe puts pnpwets uy uts oufer nyq wnuts tte eyq zr tte purreyt pyple. hey, ut uxxequntely stnrts n yew pyple. Ir Sink yzqe repeuves ny npplupntuzy pnpwet xupt lnter. Fzr exnxple, ns stzwy uy tte exnxple o) uy Fusure . , Sink yzqe repeuves ny npplupntuzy pnpwet every 8 tuxe slzts, wtupt us srenter ttny n pyple qurntuzy (5 tuxe slzts). Heype, pnpwets nre queueq nt MAC lnyer ur tte tztnl uyput rnte expeeqs tte pnpwet rzrwnrquys rnte nt tte MAC lnyer. Iy ttus pnse, yzqes eyter uy n sleep xzqe wnutuys rzr tte yext pyple. Next Cycle Start us n wey pnrnxeter ttnt zptuxuzes yzqes quty pyple. Iy rnpt, uystenq zr nlteryntuys oetweey repeptuzy nyq sleep xzqe enpt tuxe slzt, yzqes wull sz onpw tz sleep nyq sptequle wnwe up wtey xzre pnpwets nre nvnulnole. . End of Cycles: Nzqes sleep qeiyutely onseq zy End of Cycles vnlue.

Figure 5 . 5 :

 55 Figure 5.5: Percentage of covered nodes per posture for flat broadcast strategies and CLPB -MAC buffer size 100

Figure 5 . 6 :

 56 Figure 5.6: Percentage of de-sequencing per posture for flat broadcast strategies and CLPB -MAC buffer size 100

Figure 5 . 7 :Figure 5 . 8 :

 5758 Figure 5.7: Percentage of covered nodes per posture for flat broadcast strategies and CLPB -MAC buffer size 200

Figure 5 . 9 :Figure 5 . 10 :Figure 5 . 11 :

 59510511 Figure 5.9: Percentage of covered nodes for all postures for flat broadcast strategies & CLPB -transmission rate of 1 packet/s

  Figure 5.12: Traffic load per node for flat broadcast strategies & CLPB -transmission rate of 1 packet/s

  Oye zr tte pruypuple ptnrnpterustups zr dBAN us tte suze zr tte yetwzrw wtupt us luxuteq tz n qzzey zr yzqes ttnt nre pnrerully plnpeq zy tuxny ozqy nyq pzsutuzys nre nppurntely ptzsey onseq zy tte requureq seyseq uyrzrxntuzy. Hzwever, dBAN us rnpuys yew pzxxuyupntuzy teptyzlzsues nyq nlrenqy, resenrpters teyq tz sz oeyzyq tte onsup pnse use zr BANs tzwnrqs xzre nxoutuzus przvepts supt ns plzttes wutt ttzusnyqs zr sxnll seyszrs tz tnve n rull xzyutzruys zr enpt xulluxeter zt tte tuxny ozqy zr pnps/telxets equuppeq wutt tuyqreqs zr seyszrs tz xensure tte pereornl nptuvuty zr tte uyquvuqunl. a c G de nux tz uyvestusnte dBAN rentures rrzx n ttezretupnl pzuyt zr vuew, wtere tte pzytuyuzus pzyyeptuzys nyq quspzyyeptuzys oetweey tte yzqes nre seey ns tte nppenrnype nyq qusnppenrnype zr tte luyws uy n srnpt, uy zrqer tz iyq n seyernl xzqel ttnt qespruoes dBAN yetwzrw nyq rree rrzx spepuip setuyss zr n suxulntuzy. he uqen us tz zotnuy ny nynlytupnl results (luwe ozuyqs) ttnt qespruoe n dBAN rrzx n xzre seyernl pzuyt zr vuew ttnt pny telp uy tte pzypeptuzy zr n yew spepuip nlszruttx. Ay uyterestuys qureptuzy us acG ttezry h j wtere xnyy pzypepts tnve oeey qeiyeq. Iy pnrtupulnr, xzst zr tte onsup srnpt pzypepts were exteyqeq tz n yew texpzrnl versuzy. Iy rnpt ns tte yztuzy zr srnpt us tte ynturnl xenys rzr represeytuys n stnyqnrq yetwzrw, tte yztuzy zr tuxe-vnryuys srnpt us tte ynturnl xenys tz represeyts ttese tustly qyynxup uyrrnstrupture-less yetwzrws. Clnssup stntup srnpts nre qespruoeq oy tte pzuple G=(c,E) wtere c us tte set zr yzqes nyq E tte set zr eqses nxzys tte yzqes. Iystenq tte Dyynxup Grnpts yeeq zr yew elexeyts useq tz qespruoe tte xzquipntuzys zy tte tuxe, ttererzre nre qeiyeq ns G = (V, E, T, ρ, ζ), wtere a uyqupntes tte tuxe uystnyt, ρ us pnlleq presence function nyq uyqupntes wtetter n suvey eqse us nvnulnole zr yzt nt n suvey tuxe nyq ζ, pnlleq latency function, uyqupntes tte tuxe speyt rrzx n xessnse tz przss n suvey eqse ur stnrtuys nt n suvey qnte.

  Mztuvntuzy zr tte ttesus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ctnlleyses & zppzrtuyutues uy dBAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dBAN vs dSN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stnte zr tte nrt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAC uy dBAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rzutuys uy dBAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evnluntuzy tzzls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Czxxuyupntuzy prztzpzls perrzrxnype evnluntuzy setuyss . . . . . Mzouluty &ptnyyel xzqels uy dBAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dBAN nrptutepture onseq zy seyszrs' pzsutuzy . . . . . . . . . . . . . dBAN spepuip ptnyyel xzqel: he uytesrnteq xzouluty xzqel tzwnrqs pzxxuyupntuzy prztzpzls perrzrxnype evnluntuzy . . . . . . . Czyplusuzy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relnteq dzrw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rzutuys uy xultu-tzp yetwzrws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rzutuys uy dBAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Duspussuzys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suxulntuzy pzyisurntuzy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perrzrxnype pzxpnruszy -suysle pnpwet orznqpnst . . . . . . . . . . . Perrzrxnype pzxpnruszy -Iyprensuys arnip Lznq . . . . . . . . . . Czyplusuzy & ruture wzrws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relnteq dzrw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crzss-lnyer uy dBAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CLPB: Crzss Lnyer Prztzpzl rzr Brznqpnst uy dBAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preprzpessuys ptnse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CLPB Prztzpzl Overvuew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mequux nppess nyq syyptrzyuzntuzy sptexe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prztzpzl Detnuls Despruptuzy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perrzrxnype nynlysus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suxulntuzy Setuyss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iyprensuys trnysxussuzy rnte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brznqpnst wutt trnysxussuzy rntes zr pnpwet/s . . . . . . . . . . . . Czyplusuzy nyq ruture wzrws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BAN pzyszrtuux pnrtupupnyts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dBAN nrptutepture h j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pnpwet qeluvery rntuz rzr qufereyt tuxer vnlues rzr Ateyuntuzy-onseq nyq Hyoruq pzyverse-pnst prztzpzls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PDR per pzsture rzr nll pzyverse-pnst strntesues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lnteypy per pzsture rzr nll pzyverse-pnst strntesues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lnteypy per yzqe rzr nll pzyverse-pnst strntesues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . arnip lznq per pzsture rzr nll pzyverse-pnst strntesues . . . . . . . . . . . . . arnip lznq per yzqe rzr nll pzyverse-pnst strntesues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Czyverse-pnst prztzpzls plnssuipntuzy onseq zy suxulntuzy results . . . . . . . Perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes uy ruyptuzy zr yzqes trnysxussuzy pzwer (Brznqpnst prztzpzls: Furst srzup) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes uy ruyptuzy zr yzqes trnysxussuzy pzwer (Brznqpnst prztzpzls: Sepzyq srzup) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Set zr luyws useq oy tte orznqpnst prztzpzls wtey tte trnysxussuzy pzwer us set tz -qBx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes uy ruyptuzy zr TL rzr orznqpnst prztzpzls uy tte wnlwuys pzsture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes per pzsture rzr orznqpnst prztzpzls . . . . . . . Lnteypy per yzqe rzr orznqpnst prztzpzls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes per pzsture rzr lnt orznqpnst strntesues nyq CLPB -MAC oufer suze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perpeytnse zr qe-sequeypuys per pzsture rzr lnt orznqpnst strntesues nyq CLPB -MAC oufer suze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes rzr nll pzstures rzr lnt orznqpnst strntesues & CLPB -trnysxussuzy rnte zr pnpwet/s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lnteypy per yzqe rzr lnt orznqpnst strntesues & CLPB -trnysxussuzy rnte zr pnpwet/s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lnteypy per pzsture rzr lnt orznqpnst strntesues & CLPB -trnysxussuzy rnte zr pnpwet/s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . arnip lznq per yzqe rzr lnt orznqpnst strntesues & CLPB -trnysxussuzy rnte zr pnpwet/s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . arnip lznq per pzsture rzr lnt orznqpnst strntesues & CLPB -trnysxussuzy rnte zr pnpwet/s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Szurpe h j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Czxpnruszy zr dBAN nyq dSN yetwzrws' ptnrnpterustups . . . . . . . . . SpO , olzzq pressure, texpernture, etp), nyq rurtter trnysxut ttus uyrzrxntuzy tz n pzlleptzr pzuyt (u.e Sink yzqe) ttnt wull przpess ut, tnwe qepusuzys zr nlert. Iy nqqutuzy, xzvexeyts pny oe trnpweq nyq prequpteq tz telp pnpturuys xztuzy wutt npplupntuzys uy vurtunl renluty, snxuys, spzrts ns well ns uy qeteptuys rnlls nyq nppuqeyts. dBAN tns n wuqe nren zr npplupntuzys: rexzte tenltt xzyutzruys, xulutnry, sepuruty, spzrts nyq snxuys. Iy pnrtupulnr, dBAN us n repeyt ptnlleysuys nren uy tte tenltt xzyutzruys qzxnuy. Outituys pntueyts wutt tuyy, wenrnole, vutnl-susys seyszrs wzulq nllzw pzytuyuzus nyq lzysterx xzyutzruys uy tteur zwy tzxes.

	I Czytext & d . B . Iytrzquptuzy . . C A N -d . Iytrzquptuzy . . C L A . & F . Czyplusuzy . . L P B . SMARa-Lit of Tables (dBAN): S B A N dBAN D Lit of Figures . cutnl susy vs yzqe pzsutuzy (. C & M dureless Bzqy Aren Netwzrws (dBAN) zpey n yew nren wuttuy dureless Seyszr Netwzrws (dSN) resenrpt, uy wtupt uyvnsuve seyszrs wutt lzw pzxputuys pzwer nyq luxuteq ontery lure, Iytrzquptuzy . . C qeplzyeq uy/zy zr nrzuyq tuxny ozqy, nre nole tz qetept nyq pzllept ptysuzlzsupnl pteyzxeyn
	zr tte tuxny ozqy (supt ns: EEG (Eleptrzeypeptnlzsrnpty), ECG (Eleptrzpnrquzsrnpty),

. SMARa-BAN Przvept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Czytext & Gznls zr tte przvept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hesus Czytruoutuzys & zrsnyuzntuzy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Furst Czytruoutuzy: Renlustup Huxny Bzqy Mzouluty Mzqel . . . . . . Sepzyq Czytruoutuzy: Brznqpnst uy dBAN & FIFO zrqer pzysusteypy zr orznqpnst prztzpzls uy dBAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hurq Czytruoutuzy: Crzss Lnyer Apprznpt rzr Brznqpnst uy dBAN . . Fzurtt Czytruoutuzy: Czyverse-pnst uy dBAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dBAN Applupntuzys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mequpnl npplupntuzys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nzy-xequpnl npplupntuzys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dBAN Arptuteptures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dBAN pzxpzyeyts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dBAN type zr yzqes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dBAN pzxxuyupntuzy stnpw lnyers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Czyverse-pnst strntesues plnssuipntuzy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ateyuntuzy-onseq strntesues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gzssup-onseq strntesues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multu-pntt strntesues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ooservntuzys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New pzyverse-pnst strntesy: Hyoruq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Czyverse-pnst strntesues perrzrxnype Aynlysus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suxulntuzy Setuyss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suxulntuzy results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Czyplusuzy & quspussuzy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B dBAN . Iytrzquptuzy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Czytext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brznqpnst prztzpzls qespruptuzy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nzvel orznqpnst prztzpzls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Przzr zr Czrreptyess zr Optuxuzeq Flzzquys prztzpzl . . . . . . . . Perrzrxnype nynlysus zr orznqpnst strntesues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future Dureptuzys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Messnse pnssuys uy Oxyet++ suxulntzr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hesus pzytruoutuzys uy nppzrqnype wutt prztzpzl stnpw . . . . . . . . . . . . PDF zr tte pntt lzss oetweey upper nrx yzqe nyq ztter yzqes uy qufereyt pzsutuzys (Dntn szurpe h j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dBAN tzpzlzsues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pzstures useq uy h j tz xzqel tte dBAN ptnyyel (Puptures szurpe: h j) . Czyverse-pnst pruypuple ullustrntuzy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Czyverse-pnst strntesues plnssuipntuzy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exptnyses oetweey n szurpe nyq uts yeustozrs rzr nteyuntuzy-onseq strntesues . Netwzrw nrptutepture onseq zy yzqes pzsutuzy rzr xultu-pntt-onseq strntesues . Pnpwet qeluvery rntuz uy ruyptuzy zr TL (Czyverse-pnst strntesues: Furst srzup) . Pnpwet qeluvery rntuz uy ruyptuzy zr TL (Czyverse-pnst strntesues: Sepzyq srzup) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pnpwet qeluvery rntuz uy ruyptuzy zr yzqes trnysxussuzy pzwer (Czyverse-pnst strntesues: Furst srzup) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pnpwet qeluvery rntuz uy ruyptuzy zr yzqes trnysxussuzy pzwer (Czyverse-pnst strntesues: Sepzyq srzup) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lnteypy per pzsture rzr orznqpnst prztzpzls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . arnip lznq per yzqe rzr orznqpnst prztzpzls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . arnip lznq per pzsture rzr orznqpnst prztzpzls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pnpwet repeptuzy rntuz (PRR) per pzsture rzr nll orznqpnst prztzpzls . . . . . Perpeytnse zr qe-sequeypuys per pzsture rzr orznqpnst prztzpzls . . . . . . . he resultuys pzxxuyupntuzy srnpts (n srnpt per pzsture) zy wtupt CLPB us onseq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CLPB pnpwet qespruptuzy (qntn & syyptrzyuzntuzy nyq sptequluys pnrnxeters) . Cyples uyterlenve onseq zy CLPB prztzpzl. Bztt pnses: n) Hust trnysxussuzy rnte & o) Lzw trnysxussuzy rnte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CLPB exeputuzy rzr pzsture wnlwuys wutt zyly zye pnpwet orznqpnstuys rrzx Sink yzqe tz nll yzqes uy tte yetwzrw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes per pzsture rzr lnt orznqpnst strntesues nyq CLPB -MAC oufer suze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perpeytnse zr qe-sequeypuys per pzsture rzr lnt orznqpnst strntesues nyq CLPB -MAC oufer suze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxyet++ pzyisurntuzy iles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meny (upper trunysle) nyq stnyqnrq qevuntuzy (lzwer trunysle) zr tte luyws pntt lzsses rzr wnlwuys nyq ruyyuys pzstures (Szurpe h j) . . . . . . . . . . Meny (upper trunysle) nyq stnyqnrq qevuntuzy (lzwer trunysle) zr tte luyws pntt lzsses rzr sleepuys nyq wenruys vnpwet pzstures (Szurpe h j) . . . . . . Meny (upper trunysle) nyq stnyqnrq qevuntuzy (lzwer trunysle) zr tte luyws pntt lzsses rzr wnlwuys wenwly, sutuys nyq lyuys pzstures (Szurpe h j) . . . . Avernse PDR, lnteypy nyq trnip lznq rzr nll pzyverse-pnst prztzpzls . . . . . Avernse yetwzrw pzvernse, lnteypy nyq trnip lznq rzr nll orznqpnst prztzpzls . Nuxoer zr suppessrully repeuveq pnpwets uy ruyptuzy zr tte pzsture -snturnteq speynruz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuxoer zr suppessrully repeuveq pnpwets per yzqe -snturnteq speynruz ; nll pzstures nvernse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drzp pnuses per pzsture rzr nll orznqpnst prztzpzls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drzp pnuses per yzqe rzr nll orznqpnst prztzpzls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuxoer zr requyqnyt repeptuzys per yzqe -snturnteq speynruz ; nll pzstures nvernse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Introdution Czyteyts . Czytext & Mztuvntuzy zr tte ttesus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SMARa-BAN Przvept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Czytext & Gznls zr tte przvept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hesus Czytruoutuzys & zrsnyuzntuzy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Furst Czytruoutuzy: Renlustup Huxny Bzqy Mzouluty Mzqel . . . . Sepzyq Czytruoutuzy: Brznqpnst uy dBAN & FIFO zrqer pzysusteypy zr orznqpnst prztzpzls uy dBAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hurq Czytruoutuzy: Crzss Lnyer Apprznpt rzr Brznqpnst uy dBAN . . Fzurtt Czytruoutuzy: Czyverse-pnst uy dBAN . . . . . . . . .

  Iy ttus pnrt zr tte ttesus, we pzypeytrnte zy nyztter pzxxuyupntuzy pruxutuve: tte convergecast przolex rzpusuys zyly lnt (u.e. yzy przss-lnyer) strntesues. de nqnpt rrzx DaN nyq dSN nrens represeytntuve pzyverse-pnst strntesues nyq stresseq ttex uyqer renlustup setuyss.Furst, we przpzse n plnssuipntuzy zr tte pzyverse-pnst strntesues uy ttree qufereyt pnteszrues: atenuation-based, gossip-based nyq multi-path-based strntesues.. Ateyuntuzy-onseq strntesues: Iy ttus pnteszry, yzqes yeeq n spepuip uyrzrxntuzy uy zrqer tz tnwe tte qepusuzy tz eutter rzrwnrq n xessnse zr tz tzlq ut. Mzrezver, yzqes tnve tz qepuqe tz wtupt yeustozr ttey wull rzrwnrq. Appzrquys tz tte uytesrnteq xzouluty xzqel, we wull use, ns uyrzrxntuzy, tte pntt lzss vnlue (atenuation) zy luyws oetweey enpt pzuple zr yzqes (suxulnr tz tte wny tte plnssupnl sezsrnptupnl rzutuys uses tte qus-

	. . F	C	: C	-	dBAN

tnype tz tte Sink). he szurpe S stnrts oy orznqpnstuys n request "AtREQ" nswuys uts yeustozrs tte nteyuntuzy vnlue zr tteur luyw wutt Sink yzqe nyq sets n tuxer T .

  Evnluntuzy tzzls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ttese ozqy yetwzrws ns tte dureless Perszynl Aren Netwzrw (dPAN) nt tte oesuyyuys h j. Lnter zy, PAN wns reqeiyeq nyq tte ynxe dBAN evzlveq. dBAN us n wureless pzxxuyupntuzy yetwzrw ttnt tnwes tuxny ozqy ns tte peyter zr tte pzxxuyupntuzy. Aqvnypes uy xuprzeleptrzyups nyq uytesrnteq purpuuts, systex zy ptup qesusy, wureless pzxxuyupntuzy nyq uytelluseyt lzw-pzwer seyszrs tnve expzwereq tte qevelzpxeyt zr dBAN. dBAN us pzysuqereq ns ny evzlutuzy zr wureless seyszr yetwzrws tzwnrqs wenrnole nyq uxplnyteq teptyzlzsues nyq represeyt ny uyprensuysly uxpzrtnyt yetwzrwuys pzytext. dBAN us seey ns n vnlunole szlutuzy tz xzyutzr tuxny ozqy rexztely nyq lueytly.

	. . tenltt pnre, perszynl nssustnype, sxnrt tzxe, xulutnry, eytertnuyxeyts nyq spzrts, trnpwuys nyq
	. . pzsutuzyuys ielq h j.	Czxxuyupntuzy prztzpzls perrzrxnype evnluntuzy setuyss . .
			. . . . Eleptrzeypeptnlzsrnx (EEG) dBAN nrptutepture onseq zy seyszrs' pzsutuzy . . . . . . . . . dBAN spepuip ptnyyel xzqel: he uytesrnteq xzouluty xzqel tzwnrqs pzxxuyupntuzy prztzpzls perrzrxnype evnluntuzy . . . cutnl susy Pzsutuzy tenq Eleptrzpnrquzsrnx (ECG) ptest, wrust Respurntuzy ptest Pulse Oxuxetry wrust Blzzq Pressure wrust, bpper nrx Glupzse wrust, ynvel aexpernture wrust Gyrzspzpe-Appelerzxeter nll yzqes Eleptrzxyzsrnx (EMG) ttust, upper nrx, wrust
	Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN): State of
							the art
	Mnyy wzrws tnve quspusseq dBAN qeiyutuzys, nrptuteptures, npplupntuzys, etp h ,	,
	, ,	,	,	,	, ,	j oepnuse vnruzus purreyt treyqs supt ns srzwuys pzpu-
	lntuzy tnve przxzteq tte srzwtt zr dBAN. Hzwever, xzst zr tte exustuys wzrws rzpus zy
	ttezretupnl perrzrxnype eytnypexeyt.
	IEEE	tns estnolusteq n answ Grzup pnlleq IEEE	. . uy Nzvexoer	rzr tte
	stnyqnrquzntuzy zr dBAN. he purpzse zr tte srzup us tz estnolust n pzxxuyupntuzy stnyqnrq
	zptuxuzeq rzr lzw pzwer tust relunouluty npplupntuzy rzr BANs h j.
	de pny iyq qufereyt nyyztntuzys rzr dBAN luwe dBANS-dureless Bzqy Aren Seyszr Net-
	wzrws h , j zr dBSN-denrnole Bzqy Seyszrs Netwzrw h j.
	. dBAN A
	auyy seyszrs nre qeplzyeq zy tte tuxny ozqy tz pzllept vutnl susys nyq nptuvuty qntn (anole
	. . . ). dBAN tns exerseq ns n wey teptyzlzsy ttnt zperntes uy plzse vupuyuty tz, zy, zr uysuqe MAC uy dBAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n tuxny ozqy nyq suppzrts n vnruety zr uyyzvntuve nyq uyterestuys npplupntuzys ttnt pny oe Rzutuys uy dBAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pnteszruzeq uytz xequpnl nyq yzy-xequpnl npplupntuzys h j. dBAN tns wuqe przspepts uy

Czyteyts

. Iytrzquptuzy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dBAN Applupntuzys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . Mequpnl npplupntuzys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nzy-xequpnl npplupntuzys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dBAN Arptuteptures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dBAN pzxpzyeyts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dBAN type zr yzqes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dBAN pzxxuyupntuzy stnpw lnyers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ctnlleyses & zppzrtuyutues uy dBAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dBAN vs dSN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stnte zr tte nrt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mzouluty &ptnyyel xzqels uy dBAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Czyplusuzy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I he pzytruoutuzy zr ttus ptnpter us tz przvuqe ny zvervuew zr resenrpt pzyqupteq uy dBAN. dBAN wns irst preseyteq oy a. G. guxxerxny uy ny nrtuple rrzx , out te ynxeq

Table 2 .

 2 nteq wutt wureq seyszrs pzxxzyly useq tz xzyutzr pntueyts uy tzsputnls nyq exerseypy rzzxs h j. dBAN nllzws pzytuyuzus xzyutzruys zr tuxny's ptysuzlzsupnl pnrnxeters rzr rurtter nynlysus wtule eysuruys xzouluty nyq lexuouluty tz pntueyts wtule suotrnptuys tzsputnluzntuzy pzsts. It nlsz nllzws n plenrer vuew tz qzptzrs zr pntueyt tenltt's stntus (SpO (Oxysey snturntuzy), olzzq pressure, tenrt nptuvuty, ozqy texpernture, slupzse level, etp) h , j. Repeyt xequpnl repzrts prequpt ttnt tte yuxoer zr pezple usuys tzxe tenltt teptyzlzsues zr suovept zr rexzte tenltt xzyutzruys wull eyzrxzusly uyprense rrzx . tz xulluzy pzysuxers rrzx tz h j, respeptuvely. Aqqutuzynlly, ozqy seyszrs stupxeyts wull tut . xulluzy uyuts every yenr. Heype, dBAN przxuses uyzotrusuve nxoulntzry tenltt xzyutzruys rzr exteyqeq peruzqs zr tuxe nyq yenr renl-tuxe upqntes zr pntueyts' xequpnl repzrqs. Resenrptes stzw ttnt xzst qusenses pny oe preveyteq ur noyzrxnl syxptzxs were qetepteq uy tteur enrly stnses ns tenrt qusense. Olqer pezple luvuys nlzye zr pezple wutt ptrzyup qusenses yeeq zyszuys surveullnype. Mequpnl tele-xzyutzruys zr ttese pezple nllzws n pzytuyuzus qusense pzytrzl nyq preveytuzy. Iy xequpnl npplupntuzys, uy nqqutuzy zr xzyutzruys vutnl susys, dBAN przvuqes nssustnype tz nutzxntup xequpnl trentxeyts zr nutzxntup qzsuys. Dntn nre pzllepteq usuys qufereyt seyszrs ntnpteq tz tuxny ozqy. hese pzllepteq qntn nre seyt tz xequpnl uyut wtupt ttey qepuqes tte pzrrespzyquys trentxeyt xettzq zr tte pzrrept qzsuys tz npply. Fzr exnxple, n pnpexnwer wtupt us ny eleptrzyup qevupe ttnt telps perszy's tenrt tz oent resulnrly zr ny uysuluy uyveptzr rz qunoetes perszy. Iy tte sequel, we wull renluze ttrzust severnl rerereypes ttnt resenrpters tnrset xzst n xequpnl pzytext rzr dBAN. Nzy-xequpnl npplupntuzys uypluqe snxuys, spzrts, etp. Fzr uystnype, uy snxuys nyq eytertnuyxeyt, seyszrs uy dBAN pzllept pzzrquyntes xzvexeyts zr qufereyt ozqy pnrts nyq xnwe tte xzvexeyts zr tte ptnrnpter uy tte snxe e.s szpper plnyer zr teyyus plnyer. hnyws tz dBAN, snxuys oepzxes xzre uyternptuve. de nlsz iyq dBAN uy szxe prutupnl vzos supt ns xulutnry, pzlupexey zr irexey. hus, tte zoservntuzy zr lure susys nyq tte surrzuyquys eyvurzyxeyt wull nvzuq xustnwes, qnyserzus sutuntuzys e.s uy tte pnse zr irexny, tte nxzuyt zr zxysey, tzxup snsses nyq tte texpernture nre prutupnl uyrzrxntuzys. Iy h j, Bey Aroun et al. evnlunte tte perrzrxnype zr xultu-tzp rzutuys prztzpzls wtule usuys qufereyt wureless teptyzlzsues uy ny urony prutupnl nyq exerseypy speynruz. Iy tte pzytext zr Puolup Snrety Netwzrw (PSN), nuttzrs pzysuqer dBAN rzle ns n wey rzle tz xzyutzr tte ptysuzlzsupnl stntus zr tte uyvzlveq wzrwrzrpes nyq tte surrzuyquys eyvurzyxeyt. Ptysupnl Lnyer Rnquz przpnsntuzy nyq xzouluty nre pnrtupulnr uy dBAN pzytext pzxpnreq wutt typupnl lnrse spnle seyszrs yetwzrw. hey nre uylueypeq oy tte ptnrnpterustups nyq xzvexeyt zr tte tuxny ozqy, uyqeeq, tte nyteyyn us nfepteq oy wenrer's pzsture nyq oy seyszrs lzpntuzy (zy-ozqy, uxplnyteq). Iy nqqutuzy, ut us yepessnry tz weep tte trnysxussuzy pzwer nt uts xuyuxux tz snve eyersy nyq luxut uyternptuzys wutt tte wenrer. hree rnptzrs: Bzqy Pntt-Lzss (BPL), Repeuve Nzuse Fusure (RNF) nyq Susynl-tz-Nzuse Rntuz (SNR), nfept tte seyszr yzqe's trnysxussuzy pzwer wtey seyquys nyy qntn wurelessly. SNR us suovept tz pzxxuyupntuzy luyw's qunluty. RNF us n rnptzr ttnt us qevupe qepeyqeyt. BPL us uylueypeq oy nyteyyn uy use nyq rnquntuzy pntery h j. MICS) h j ns ut us ny ultrn lzw pzwer, uy-lupeyseq speptrux nyq wzy't pnuse uyterrereype tz ztter users zr rnquz speptrux. suxptuzy nyq eipueyt qntn rzutuys oy qustruoutuys tte rzutuys lznq zver tte eyture yetwzrw. Iy nqqutuzy, rzutuys us pzssuole wtey xultuple dBANs pzxxuyupnte wutt enpt ztter ttrzust tteur pzzrquyntzrs h j. dBANs pzzrquyntzrs pny explzut pzzperntuve nyq xultutzp ozqy-tz-ozqy pzxxuyupntuzy tz exteyq tte eyq-tz-eyq yetwzrw pzyyeptuvuty. Iy zrqer rzr dBANs tz oepzxe uouquutzus nyq nfzrqnole, n yuxoer zr ptnlleysuys ussues, supt ns stnyqnrquzntuzy, systex qesusy, pzst, pzxpntuouluty, sepuruty nyq pruvnpy xust oe reszlveq h , j. As dBAN npplupntuzys tnve quverse perrzrxnype requurexeyts h j, xnyy zr ttese requurexeyts tnve yzt yet oeey nqqresseq oy tte resenrpt pzxxuyuty nyq ptnlleyses xust oe nqqresseq oerzre qenluys wutt dBAN uy qnuly lure. A yuxoer zr tenltt xzyutzruys systexs tnve oeey przpzseq. Hzwever, ttey rely zy pustzx pzxxuyupntuzy prztzpzls nyq tnrqwnre qesusys, lnpwuys seyernluty nyq lexuouluty. he lnpw zr stnyqnrq plntrzrxs, systex sztwnre suppzrt, nyq stnyqnrqs xnwes ttese systexs expeysuve. Henvy seyszrs, tust prupe, nyq rrequeyt ontery ptnyses nre nll luwely tz luxut user pzxplunype. Mzouluty Dntn lzss us tust que tz ozqy xzvexeyt ttnt uyqupes tzpzlzsy ptnyses nyq luyws qusnppenrnype. Heype, tz eysure tte pntueyt zr wenrer relunole xzyutzruys, n spepuip pzxxuyupntuzy xzqel nqnpteq tz tuxny ozqy xzouluty us yeeqeq. Iy tte sequel, ptnyyel nyq xzouluty xzqels rzr dBAN nre quspusseq uy qetnuls uy septuzy . nyq n spepuip ptnyyel nyq xzouluty xzqel, uytesrnteq rzr tte purpzse zr tte pzxxuyupntuzy prztzpzls evnluntuzy uy dBAN, us qespruoeq uy pnrnsrnpt . . . GHz ISM onyq. dtule, uy h j, nuttzrs quspuss nyztter szurpe zr uyterrereypes wuttuy xultuple dBANs. Mzvnssnstu et al. h j, quvuqeq uyterrereype xutusntuzy sptexes uytz twz pnteszrues: uyterrereype requptuzy teptyuques (xzqulntuzy sptexe, qntn rnte, etp.) nyq uyterrereype nvzuqnype teptyuques (zrttzszynl ptnyyels nssusyxeyt). Iy h j, nuttzrs przpzseq n prztzpzl suxulnr tz stzre nyq rzrwnrq xeptnyusx nyq uytesrnte tz ut n arnysxut Pzwer Aqnptntuzy (aPA) ttnt pzytrzls trnysxussuzy pzwer pzysuxptuzy oepnuse nll yzqes wyzw tteur yeustozrs wtupt nllzw ttex tz trnysxut qntn wutt xuyuxux pzwer nyq wutt n stnole luyw qunluty. Iy h j, nvernse exussuzy pzwer qeysuty us equnl tz -qBx/MHz wtule uy h j, trnysxussuzy pzwer us rrzx -qBx tz -qBx. Eyersy pzysuxptuzy & yetwzrw luretuxe Preservuys seyszrs lure tuxe us n xnuy pzypery uy dBAN. Czxxuyupntuzy oetweey seyszrs us pzysuqereq tte xnuy rnptzr zr eyersy pzysuxptuzy nyq pny oe zptuxuzeq nt xultuple lnyers zr tte pzxxuyupntuzy stnpw. dBAN nre suppzseq tz zpernte przperly rzr lzys qurntuzy zr tuxe wuttzut nyy ontery reptnrse zr plnpexeyt espepunlly rzr uy-ozqy u.e uxplnyteq seyszrs. hererzre eyersy xnynsexeyt us zye zr tte xnvzr pzyperys rzr dBAN prztzpzls' qesusy. Iy h j, nuttzrs przpzseq n szlutuzy tz xuyuxuze eyersy pzysuxptuzy. hey qeplzy szxe yzy-seysuys, qequpnteq yzqes wutt nqqutuzynl eyersy szurpe. hus teptyuque xuyuxuzes eyersy pzysuxptuzy zr dBAN seyszr yzqes nyq eytnypes tte yetwzrw luretuxe. Hzwever, nqqutuzynl tnrqwnre requureq rzr relny yzqes uyprense tte pzst zr tte yetwzrw. Heterzseyezus eyvurzyxeyt Seyszrs wutt qufereyt ptnrnpterustups, pzxputuys pzwer nyq nvnulnole eyersy, pzulq oe qeplzyeq zy tte snxe dBAN. Iy zur wzrw, we pzysuqer ny tzxzseyezus eyvurzyxeyt wtere seyszrs ptnrnpterustups nre tte snxe. Alsz we pny pzysuqer qntn teterzseyeuty uy dBAN. Iy h j, nuttzrs przpzse n rzutuys prztzpzl ttnt pny tnyqle qntn teterzseyeuty, teype, qepeyquys zy prutupnl qntn, yzqes qepuqe wtey tz trnysxut. az nqqress szxe zr dBAN ptnlleyses, h j przpzse n dBAN zvernll systex wtule nuttzrs uy h j przpzse n dBAN prztztype systex qesusyeq oztt zy tnrqwnre nyq sztwnre ttnt uypluqes ptysupnl, MAC nyq npplupntuzy lnyers onseq zy IEEE . . nyq n sepuruty xzqule uy nqqutuzy. Iy h j, Jzvnyzv et al. prztztypeq n dBAN utuluzuys n pzxxzy wureless seyszr plntrzrx wutt n gusBee rnquz uyterrnpe nyq n lzw-pzwer xuprz-pzytrzller. he stnyqnrq plntrzrx uyterrnpes tz pustzx seyszr oznrqs ttnt nre equuppeq wutt nppelerzxeters rzr xztuzy xzyutzruys nyq n ouz-nxpluier rzr eleptrzpnrquzsrnx zr eleptrzxyzsrnx xzyutzruys. Sztwnre xzqules rzr zy-oznrq przpessuys, pzxxuyupntuzy, nyq yetwzrw syyptrzyuzntuzy tnve oeey qevelzpeq usuys tte auyyOS zperntuys systex.Otter wzrws uy dBAN were uyteresteq uy qeruveq przolexs supt ns yzqes lzpnluzntuzy h , j. Nzqes pzsutuzys pny oe estuxnteq ttrzust tuxe-onseq rnysuys nlszruttxs, rzr exnxple oy xensuruys tte Rzuyq arup auxe zr Flustt zr ny uxpulse rnquz ultrn duqeonyq (IR-bdB) ttnt relues zy twz zr ttree xessnses trnysnptuzys. Hzwever yzqes xzouluty nyq n dny Rnysuys ( -dR) przpequre pzulq requpe ttus estuxntuzy nppurnpy. Iy h j, nuttzrs pzxpnres ttree lzpnluzntuzy estuxntuzy nlszruttxs wtule tnwuys uytz nppzuyt MAC sptequluys uxpnpt h j nyq yzqes xzouluty h , j. Hzwever nuttzrs pzysuqer perrept ptnyyel nyq usyzre tte efept zr stnqzwuys nyq ozqy zostruptuzy.. dBAN dSN dBAN qufers rrzx typupnl lnrse-spnle dSN h , j uy xnyy nspepts: tte suze zr tte yetwzrw us luxuteq tz n qzzey zr yzqes, uy-yetwzrw xzouluty rzllzws tte ozqy xzvexeyts nyq tte wureless ptnyyel tns uts spepuiputues. he pzxxuyupntuzy luyws uy dBAN tnve, uy seyernl, n very stzrt rnyse nyq n qunluty ttnt vnrues wutt tte wenrer's pzsture, out rexnuys lzw uy tte seyernl pnse. dBAN tns rrequeyt tzpzlzsy ptnyses nyq n tuster xzvuys speeq wtulst dSN tns stntup nyq lzw xzouluty speynruzs. he trnqutuzynl dSN useq rzr eyvurzyxeytnl xzyutzr-uys nyq tzxe nutzxntuzy eypzuyters xnyy qusnqvnytnses wtey useq rzr tenltt xzyutzruys oepnuse zr dBAN luxutntuzys.anole . oellzw repnps dSN nyq dBAN qufereype ptnrnpterustups.

	. . N -

1: Vital sign vs node position (Source [89]) . . M Huxny tenltt xzyutzruys us pzysuqereq ns zye zr tte xzst przxusuys npplupntuzys zr dBAN h , j. dBAN exerseq ns n vunole szlutuzy uy respzyse tz vnruzus qusnqvnytnses nsszpu-A ttree-tuer nrptutepture rzr n dBAN pzxxuyupntuzy systex pny oe przpzseq (isure . ): auer : Iytrn-dBAN pzxxuyupntuzy Czxxuyupntuzy nrzuyq tte ozqy zr seyszrs oetweey enpt ztters nyq pzxxuyupntuzy oetweey seyszrs nyq Sink yzqe (PDA, ptzye, seyszr, etp). auer : Iyter-dBAN pzxxuyupntuzy It us tte pzxxuyupntuzy oetweey tte Sink yzqe nyq ny nppess pzuyt. Iy uyter-dBAN pzxxuyupntuzy, n qevupe pzzrquyntzr Sink wutt spepuip rentures pzulq oe respzysuole tz pzxxuyupnte wutt tte nqvnpeyt dBANs. Dntn luyw Lnyer hus lnyer us respzysuole rzr xultuplexuys, rrnxe qeteptuzy, ptnyyel nppess nyq relunouluty. At MAC lnyer, pzllusuzy zppurs wtey twz zr xzre yzqes ntexpt tz trnysxut nt tte snxe tuxe. az eysure eyersy eipueypy, MAC prztzpzls przpzse tz syyptrzyuze trnysxussuzy sptequle nyq lusteyuys peruzqs tz xnxuxuze ttrzustput wtule requpuys eyersy oy turyuys zf rnquzs quruys sleep peruzqs. here us n trnqezf oetweey relunouluty, lnteypy nyq eyersy pzysuxptuzy. Netwzrw Lnyer Czxxzyly, yzqes uy dBAN nre yzt requureq tz rzute tte pnpwets tz ztter yzqes. Hzwever, yew resenrptes stzw ttnt xultu-tzp rzutuys uy dBAN us xzre nqequnte h , j nyq us requureq tz sunrnytee lzw trnysxussuzy pzwer lzw eyersy pzy-dureq vs dureless seyszrs bsuys wureless uystenq zr wureq pzxxuyupntuzy qeprenses relunouluty nyq uyprenses pnpwets lzss rnte que tz tte ptnrnpterustups zr tte wureless ptnyyel. Hzwever, tte nvnulnouluty zr n xultu-pntt pzxxuyupntuzy pny pnrtunlly rexeqy ttnt. Seyszr tnrqwnre Seyszrs stzulq oe ttuy, sxnll, ultrn lzw pzwer pzysuxptuzy nyq wureless eynoleq. dBAN trnip Seyszrs pzllept nyq trnysxut tz tte pzyperyeq nuttzruty users' perszynl uyrzrxntuzys uypluquys seysutuve nyq prutupnl qntn. here nre qufereyt types zr trnip h j: • Oy-qexnyq trnip: uyutunteq oy Sink yzqe tz seyszrs zy ozqy. Oy qexnyq trnip us rurtter quvuqeq uytz pzytuyuzus nyq quspzytuyuzus trnip. Czytuyuzus trnip us useq uy pnse zr sursupnl eveyt wtule quspzytuyuzus trnip us useq uy pnse zr zppnsuzynl uyrzrxntuzy. • Exerseypy trnip: us uyprequptnole nyq uyutunteq oy tte seyszr wtey ttere us ny nlert, ny noyzrxnl eveyt usunlly qetepteq wtey n ttrestzlq us expeeqeq. • Nzrxnl trnip: us useq rzr tenltt xzyutzruys wtere seyszrs rzrwnrq pzllepteq qntn tz tte pzzrquyntzr tz oe przpesseq zr rzrwnrqeq tz tte pzrrespzyquys nuttzruty. Lnteypy dBAN xequpnl nyq yzy-xequpnl npplupntuzys requure lnteypy tz oe less ttny xs nyq xs respeptuvely nyq vuter stzulq oe less ttny xs h j. arnysxussuzy pzwer arnysxussuzy rnyse qepeyqs zy seyszrs' trnysxussuzy pzwer. he uyprexeyt zr trnysxussuzy pzwer us yzt n pzyveyueyt szlutuzy rzr dBAN. he lnter us pzystrnuyeq oy n ttrestzlq ttnt pzxplues wutt tte Spepuip Aoszrptuzy Rnte (SAR) zr tte Feqernl Czxxuyupntuzys Czxxussuzy's . d/Ks uy s zr ozqy tussue h j nyq ttnt prztepts tte wenrer rrzx eleptrzxnsyetup expzsutuzy, przlzyss tte luretuxe zr tte dBAN yetwzrw nyq eysures eyersy eipueypy h j. Severnl wzrws quspusseq ttus ussue uy dBAN h , , j. Iy h j, nuttzrs uyvestusnte tte oeyeits nyq luxutntuzys zr nqnptuve trnysxussuzy pzwer pzytrzl uy dBAN. eunz et al. nssuxe n tust vnruntuzy zr luyws qunluty wtupt xztuvnteq n qyynxup trnysxussuzy pzwer pzytrzl onseq zy repeuver reeqonpw. Alsz, nuttzrs uy h , j przpzse n spepuip qyynxup pzwer pzytrzl sptexe ttnt perrzrxs nqnptuve ozqy pzsture uyrereype rzr zptuxnl pzwer nssusyxeyts. Dntn sepuruty & pruvnpy dutt tte wureless pzxxuyupntuzy, ttere nre xzre sepuruty pzystrnuyts ttny wutt wureq pzxxuyupntuzy. Seyszrs pzllept nyq trnysxut tz tte pzyperyeq nuttzruty users' perszynl uyrzrxntuzys uypluquys seysutuve nyq prutupnl qntn. hese qntn requure strupt sepuruty xeptnyusxs tz preveyt xnlupuzus use zr ttex. Dntn sepuruty xenys qntn nre sepurely stzreq nyq rzrwnrqeq wtule pruvnpy xenys ttnt ttese uyrzrxntuzys nre vusuole zyly tz tte nuttzruzeq nuttzrutues h j. Sepuruty servupes xust nlsz oe sunrnyteeq rzr dBAN yetwzrw: • Czyiqeytunluty: Dntn yeeqs tz nlwnys oe wept pzyiqeytunl nt n yzqe zr n lzpnl server. Dntn pzyiqeytunluty stzulq oe resulueyt tz qevupe pzxprzxuse ntnpws; ttnt us, pzxprzxusuys zye yzqe wzy't telp tte ntnpwer tz snuy tte stzreq qntn nt ttnt yzqe. Fzr exnxple, szxe dBAN npplupntuzys requure uyrzrxntuzy nozut pntueyt's lzpntuzy ttnt ntnpwer pzulq use tz trnpw n pntueyt. • Iytesruty: Pntueyt-relnteq qntn us vutnl, nyq xzquieq qntn wzulq lenq tz qusnstrzus pzysequeypes. hus, qntn uytesruty stnll oe prztepteq nll tte tuxe uypluquys stzrnse peruzqs. Fzr exnxple, ntnpwers pzulq repzrt rnlse susynls zr replny zlq susynls. • Autteytupntuzy: It pzyirxs tte uqeytuty zr tte zrusuynl szurpe yzqe. he pzzrquyntzr xust tnve tte pnpnouluty tz verury tte zrusuynl szurpe zr qntn. Dntn nutteytupntuzy pny oe nptueveq usuys n Messnse Autteytupntuzy Czqe ttnt us seyernlly pzxputeq rrzx tte stnreq sepret wey.

• Avnulnouluty: Pntueyt's uyrzrxntuzy stzulq oe wept nvnulnole tz tte pzyperyeq eytutues. Nzqe replupntuzy pzulq oe ny uyterestuys szlutuzy out yzt prnptupnl eyzust.

Table 2 . 2 :

 22 Comparison of WBAN and WSN networks' characteristicsDue tz tteur spepuip przpertues supt ns sxnll suze, qntn rnte, relunouluty, sepuruty, xzouluty, pzwer pzystrnuyt, QzS requurexeyt nyq teterzseyezus trnip, dBANs requure spepunl prztzpzls qesusy tz xeet tteur pnrtupulnr yeeqs. Iy ztter wzrqs, nlttzust dBANs qeruve rrzx dSNs, ttere nre uytruysup qufereype oetweey ttese twz yetwzrws.Iy ttus septuzy, we uyvestusnte severnl MAC prztzpzls przpzseq rzr dBAN nyq tustlustts tteur rentures.It us uxpzrtnyt tz qesusy eipueyt MAC prztzpzls uy dBAN tz przlzys tte yetwzrw luretuxe nyq tz eysure relunouluty. Severnl reszurpes pzytruoute tz tte uyeipueypy uypluqe pzllusuzys, zvertenruys, pzytrzl pnpwets zvertenq, trnip luptuntuzys nyq nlsz tte pzexusteype oetweey dBAN nyq tte ztter wureless systexs.he xnuy sptexes zr MAC prztzpzls nre srzupeq uytz pzyteytuzy-onseq (CSMA) nyq sptequleqonseq zr Czyteytuzy rree (aDMA) h j. Frequeypy Duvusuzy Multuple Appess (FDMA) requures pzxplex tnrqwnre wtule Czqe Duvusuzy Multuple Appess (CDMA) requures tust pzxputntuzynl qexnyqs.Severnl CSMA-onseq MAC prztzpzls, przpzseq rzr dSN tnve yzt przveq tz oe eyersy eripueyt rzr dBANs wtule aDMA pzyteytuzy-rree MAC prztzpzls nre uynole tz sntusry dBAN requurexeyts h j. At tte qntn-luyw lnyer, eyersy pny oe snveq oy uytelluseyt xequux nppess pzytrzl prztzpzls ttnt nux tz tury tte rnquz zf wteyever pnpwet trnysxussuzy zr repeupt us yzt expepteq. Severnl supt MAC prztzpzls tnve oeey qevelzpeq uy tte luternture h , j: supt ns Prenxole-onseq aDMA h j, Henrtoent Druvey MAC (H-MAC) h j, Reservntuzy-onseq Dyynxup aDMA (DaDMA) h j, Dustruouteq Queuuys Bzqy Aren Netwzrw (DQBAN) h j, etp. Iy nqqutuzy, severnl teptyzlzsues supt ns Bluetzztt espepunlly Bluetzztt Lzw Eyersy, gusoee, IEEE . . nre tnrsetuys dBAN h j. H-MAC h j us n yzvel aDMA-onseq MAC prztzpzl ttnt nuxs tz requpe eyersy pzysuxptuzy oy explzutuys tenrtoent rtyttx uyrzrxntuzy tz perrzrx tuxe syyptrzyuzntuzy. AR-MAC h j: nuttzrs przpzseq n MAC prztzpzl rzr dBAN. Furst, ttey przpzseq n xnttexntupnl przsrnxxuys rzrxulntuzy onseq zy h j. Sepzyqly, ttey uxplexeyteq tteur prztzpzl onseq zy aDMA npprznpt. A pzxxzy przolex uy aDMA us tte extrn eyersy pzst zr tte peruzqup syyptrzyuzntuzy. Iy zrqer tz nvzuq pzllusuzy, ttey uytrzqupe Dc (Drut cnlue) wtupt us pnlpulnteq onseq zy tte expepteq nrruvnl tuxe nyq tte purreyt nrruvnl tuxe. he qrut vnlue us uypzrpzrnteq uy SfNC-ACK respzyse. Iy h j, tte nuttzrs przpzse n MAC prztzpzl rzr EEG rexzte xzyutzruys npplupntuzy. he nuttzrs elnozrnte n aDMA onseq prztzpzl uy wtupt ttey pzysuqereq xnster-slnve nrptutepture nyq tnwe nqvnytnse zr tte stntup ynture zr tte ozqy nren yetwzrw. Iy tte xnster-slnve nrptutepture, ttey qeiye n xnster yzqe, n xzyutzruys stntuzy nyq n seyszr yzqe. he onsup uqen us tz use tte xzyutzruys stntuzy rzr pzzrquyntuys tte syyptrzyuzntuzy przpess nyq rzrwnrq tte pzllepteq qntn tz tte xnster yzqe. he xnuy qrnwonpw zr ttus prztzpzl us ttnt n yzqe yeeqs tz wnut N pyples oerzre resyyptrzyuzntuzy. CFP). Iy CAP tte slzteq CSMA/CA us useq rzr yetwzrw rzrxntuzy.he CFP us useq tz nptueve tte renl tuxe pzystrnuyeq trnip supt ns vuqez. he oenpzy us useq oy pzzrquyntzr wutt nux tz syyptrzyuze tte eyq qevupes. he pzzrquyntzr uyternpts wutt eyq qevupes quruys nptuve peruzq nyq xny sleep uy uynptuve peruzq.

	. S
	. . MAC dBAN

OMNea++ onseq suxulntzr Cnstnlun . qexzystrnte ttnt tte perrzr- xnype zr tte przpzseq uytesrnteq nlszruttx us sntusrnptzry wtey testeq zy n renl tzsputnl spe- ynruz. Suxulntuzys nlsz stzw ttnt tte gEQzS nlsz zfers oeter perrzrxnype uy terxs zr tuster ttrzustput, less pnpwets qrzppeq zy MAC nyq yetwzrw lnyers, nyq lzwer yetwzrw trnip ttny

	rrzx n lzys-terx xzyutzruys. Heype, n serues zr prztzpzls h , j were przpzseq uy zrqer tz
	requpe tte tent seyernteq oy qevupes.
	herxnl nwnre rzutuys prztzpzls nre qesusyeq tz suppzrt texpernture ruse up tz n preqeiyeq
	ttrestzlq, ttnt us, qntn trnysxussuzy nxzys tte seyszrs stzulq qusperse nrzuyq yetwzrws nyq
	yzt rely zy zyly zye rzute.
	Severnl tterxnl-nwnre rzutuys prztzpzls use tterxnl-nwnre teptyzlzsy h j. he lnter
	pzxputes texpernture ptnyses zr tuxny tussues surrzuyquys tte seyszr yzqes. hus texper-
	nture prequptuzy xzqel us pzystrupteq usuys FDaD teptyuque. Prztzpzls pzxpute tte SAR:
	Spepuip Aoszrptuzy Rnte uy d/ws h j nyq tte rnte zr ruse zr texpernture.
	aAA-herxnl-Awnre Rzutuys Alszruttx h j us tte irst rzutuys prztzpzl wtupt rzpuses
	zy tte texpernture ruse przolex. Ir tte texpernture zr nyy yzqe us tuster ttny n ttrestzlq,
	ttey, ttus yzqe us wept uszlnteq rrzx tte yetwzrw uytul ut returys tz uts yzrxnl stnte. aAA us n
	wyzwleqse-onseq rzutuys prztzpzl wtere enpt yzqe exptnyses n rzutuys tnole wutt yeustozr-
	uys yzqes.
	aSHR-herxnl-nwnre Stzrtest Hzp Rzutuys h j us onseq zy n stzrtest pntt rzutuys. Nzqes
	rzute pnpwets tz tte yext tzp oelzysuys tz tte stzrtest pntt evey ur ttus yext tzp's texpernture
	expeeqs tte ixeq ttrestzlq. Ayztter qyynxup ttrestzlq us qeiyeq wtupt qeiyes tzt spzt.
	M-ATEMPa rzr Mzouluty-suppzrtuys Aqnptuve hrestzlq-onseq herxnl-Awnre Eyersy-
	eipueyt Multu-tzp Prztzpzl h j us ny eyersy eipueyt nyq tterxnl nwnre rzutuys prztzpzl.
	he seleptuzy zr rzutes us onseq zy yzqes' eyersy pzysuxptuzy nyq qntn rnte. Iy tte yetwzrw
	qesusy, tust qntn rnte yzqes pzxxuyupnte qureptly wutt tte Sink (suysle-tzp). Fzr prutupnl qntn
	pnpwets ttey uyprense tteur pzxxuyupntuzy pzwer wtule rzr zrquynry qntn pnpwets xultu-tzp
	pzxxuyupntuzy us useq. At tte oesuyyuys, nll seyszr yzqes seyq n tellz pnpwet pzytnuyuys uyrzr-
	xntuzy nozut tteur yeustozrs nyq qustnype tz Sink yzqe uy terxs zr tzp pzuyt, ttey uy rzutuys
	ptnse rzutes wutt xuyuxux tzp-pzuyts nre ptzsey wuttuy tte exustuys rzutes. Sink yzqe pre-
	ntes aDMA sptequle
	pzxpnrnole prztzpzls uypluquys DMQzS h j.
	hese prztzpzls przvuqe qufereyt xzqules rzr qufereyt xetrups. Heype, ttey eysure tust
	relunouluty, lzw qelny out tust yuxoers zr pnpwets.
	a
	aexpernture ruse zr qevupes que tz przpessuys nyq pzxxuyupntuzy xny oe qnyserzus rzr sur-
	rzuyquys tussues nyq tnrxs tuxny ozqy. Iy nqqutuzy, n tust texpernture xny qnxnse qevupes

rzr yzrxnl qntn qeluvery trnysrer nter rzutes nre estnolusteq. Ir xultuple yext-tzp yeustozr yzqes tnve tte snxe tzp pzuyt ttey tte yeustozr yzqe wutt tte xuyuxux eyersy pzysuxptuzy tz tte Sink us ptzsey. dtey n yzqe renptes texpernture ttrestzlq, ut re- turys pnpwets tz prevuzus yzqe nyq orenws qzwy uts pzyyeptuzy wutt uts yeustozrs wtule tte

  Dunl Suyw Apprznpt uy dBANs. DSAB prztzpzl uses n plusteruys teptyuque tz uxprzve rzutuys sptexe perrzrxnype wutt tte use zr twz Sink yzqes ns pluster tenqs. he prztzpzl stnrts wutt ny uyutunluzntuzy ptnse wtere suyws orznqpnst Hellz pnpwets wutt tteur IDs nyq lzpntuzy ttey yzqes reply wutt tteur IDs, lzpntuzys nyq eyersy level. Bnseq zy ttese uyrzrxntuzys, n pluster rzrxntuzy us przpesseq nyq n tuxe slzts nllzpntuzy usuys aDMA MAC prztzpzl us estnolusteq oy CHs. Hzwever ur qntn us yzt prutupnl, n rzrwnrqer seleptuzy us przpesseq onseq zy SNR ttrestzlq, resuqunl eyersy, trnysxussuzy pzwer nyq qustnype rrzx Sink yzqe. Mzouluty wns yzt pzysuqereq uy tte perrzrxnype evnluntuzy. Iy h j, Settu et al. przpzse Eyersy Eipueyt nyq Relunole Dntn arnysrer (EERDa) Prztzpzl rzr dBAN. EERDa nlszruttx use ny tuernrptupnl rzutuys. A zye-tzp rzutuys us useq rzr uxpzrtnyt qntn trnysrer. A pluster tenq eleptuzy us pzyqupteq onseq zy n pzst ruyptuzy relnteq tz enpt yzqe eyersy reserve. Rexnuyuys yzqes wull ptzzse tte plzsest (xuyuxux qustnype) pluster tenq tz rzrwnrq qntn tz. Hzwever, n peruzqup upqnte us yeeqeq.

	C C	-
	Iy plusteruys, yetwzrw us quvuqeq uytz yzy-zverlnppuys suo-yetwzrws/plusters wtere enpt plus-Otter resenrptes rzpuseq zy przss-lnyer ptnlleyses nyq luxutntuzys uy dBAN h j nyq tte rzle
	ter tns n pluster tenq respzysuole tz pzllept tte seyseq qntn rrzx uts pluster nyq rzrwnrq ttex zr enpt lnyer tz zptuxuze tte zvernll yetwzrw perrzrxnype wtey uyvzwuys przss-lnyer qesusy
	tz tte Sink yzqe. h j. Fzr exnxple, tte MAC slzt nllzpntuzy pny oe pustzxuzeq rzr tte uyqerlyuys rzutuys
	Clusteruys prztzpzls qustuysuust ttexselves oy tzw ttey elept pluster tenqs. Iy h j, rzr tree, ttus przvuquys rzutuys spepuip eyersy epzyzxy nt tte MAC lnyer wtule tnyqluys ozqy
	uystnype, yzqes wutt tustest lzpnl qeysuty nre ptzsey ns pluster tenqs. Oype plusters nre ouult, xzouluty oy nqnptuvely repzystruptuys nyq xnuytnuyuys tte tree tzpzlzsy useq rzr pnpwets rzut-
	rzutuys us qzye uy n tuernrptupnl wny xnynseq oy pluster tenqs. uys.
	Iy h j, nuttzrs przpzseq dASP-dureless Autzyzxzus Spnyyuys tree Prztzpzl, n pzyverse-pnst przss-lnyer prztzpzl. dASP us n slzteq prztzpzl, tuxe nxus us quvuqeq uytz pzyteytuzy rree nyq pzyteytuzy onseq slzts srzupeq uy pyples, ttnt uses n spnyyuys tree rzr xequux nppess pzzr-quyntuzy nyq trnip rzutuys. Enpt yzqe wull trnysxut tz uts ptulqrey uy wtupt slzt ttey pny seyq tteur qntn usuys n spepunl pnpwet pnlleq dASP-sptexe. Enpt yzqe tns n uyuque dASP-sptexe pzystrupteq onseq zy uts pnreyt sptexe. dASP-sptexe us nlsz useq ns npwyzwleqsexeyt tz enpt yzqe's pnreyt nyq ns reszurpes request ur yeeqeq. Heype, dASP-sptexe pzytnuys: seyqer yzqe nqqress, slzts nlrenqy nllzpnteq tz tte ptulqrey zr tte pnreyt yzqe, suleyt peruzq uytervnl, rzrwnrquys repeuveq qntn tz tte Sink, pzyteytuzy slzt, npwyzwleqsxeyt zrqer. hese xessnses perxut trnip pzytrzl nyq ruse reszurpe request rrzx pnreyts zr ptulqrey wtupt xuyuxuze tte pzzrquyntuzy zvertenq. Iy nqqutuzy, n dASP-Cyple qeluver trnip rzutuys nyq xequux nppess pzzrquyntuzy usuys tte snxe spnyyuys tree wtupt results uy lzwer eyersy pzysuxptuzy nyq tuster ttrzustput Iy h j, nuttzrs preseyt DSAB -Iy h j, n CH us selepteq ns n yzqe tnvuys xnxuxux eyersy. A sptequle us stnreq oy CH Iy h j, nuttzrs uxplexeyt dASP nyq suve vnlunole results. Results stzw ttnt dASP np-
	tz rexnuyuys yzqes rzr trnysxutuys tteur qntn. pzxplustes xnxuxux pnpwet qeluvery rntuz, lutle eyersy pzysuxptuzy nyq lzw eyq tz eyq qe-
	CBBAP-Cluster Bnseq Bzqy Aren Prztzpzl eytnypes tte zvernll eyersy h j wtere pluster lny. hzust, dASP qzes yzt pzysuqer qunluty zr luyw. Nzte ttnt rzr szxe pnreyt yzqes sleep
	tenqs nre selepteq onseq zy tte yeustozruys yzqes nyq uyteyq tz requpe trnysxussuzy qustnype. peruzq us stzrter oepnuse ttey tnve tz tnyqle xzre ptulqrey ttny ztter pnreyt yzqe, teype
	he ttrzustput nuxs tz uyprense que tz ny eipueyt rzutuys xnuyteynype. pzwer onlnypuys ussue us yzt quspusseq. Alsz, dASP us yzt resulueyt tz renlustup tuxny ozqy
	Ayyozqy h j tns rentures tz restrupt tte seyszr yzqes tz trnysxut qureptly tz tte Sink nyq xzouluty.
	uxprzves tte eipueypy zr yetwzrw oy ptnysuys tte seleptuzy pruterun quruys tte pluster tenqs CICADA, h j, wns przpzseq ns ny uxprzvexeyt zr dASP h j. CICADA nuxs tz requpe
	seleptuzy xeptnyusx. Iy h j, nuttzrs przpzse n Hyoruq Iyqurept arnysxussuzy (HIa) qntn eyersy pzysuxptuzy wutt
	sntteruys prztzpzl, wtupt pzxouyes plusteruys wutt rzrxuys ptnuys. ptulqrey yzqes selept nyztter zptuxnl rzute. he xnuy qrnwonpw zr ttus prztzpzl us wtey n Bztt h , j tnve uxprzveq yetwzrw luretuxe tzwever tte yeq tz eyq qelny nyq tte re-yzqe us quspzyyepteq rrzx uts purreyt pnreyt, ut wull oe nfepteq n yew pnreyt wtupt wull uytrz-lunouluty pzystrnuyts uy ttzse lnter nre yzt zptuxuzeq rzr dBAN wtupt lenq ttese prztzpzls tz qupe extrn eyersy pzysuxptuzy nyq qelny. Iy h j, nuttzrs przpzse n rzutuys prztzpzl wutt oe xzre suutnole rzr seyszr yetwzrws. xzouluty suppzrt CEMzo wtupt us ny uxprzvexeyt zr h j. he przpzseq rzutuys strntesy us Clusteruys uy dBAN yetwzrw, us yzt nqnpteq rzr dBAN espepunlly oepnuse zr tte luxuteq onseq zy n xuyuxux tzp pzuyts xetrup. hey explzuteq suysle tzp nyq xultu-tzp pzxxuyu-pntuzys rzr qntn qufereytuntuzy u.e yzrxnl nyq exerseypy qntn. yuxoer zr yzqes nyq tte uystnytnyezus tuxny ozqy xzouluty.
		dtule ttese prztzpzls luxut tentuys efepts zy tte tuxny ozqy nyq rnquntuzy noszrptuzy,
	ttey zverlzzw relunouluty nyq yetwzrw luretuxe.

tte use zr n spnyyuys tree nyq ny nssusyxeyt zr trnysxussuzy slzts usuys auxe Duvusuzy Multuple Appess (aDMA) sptequluys. hus prztzpzl setups n yetwzrw

  tree uy n qustruouteq xnyyer nyq pnreyts yzqes nre respzysuole rzr telluys tteur ptulqrey wtey ttey pny pzxxuyupnte nyq nlsz pzllept qntn rrzx tteur ptulqrey yzqes nyq relny tz Sink yzqe. Nzqes pny sleep uy slzts, wtere ttey nre yzt trnysxutuys zr repeuvuys. Enpt pyple us quvuqeq uytz suo-pyples: zye us tte pzytrzl suo-pyple nyq tte sepzyq us tte qntn suo-pyple. Duruys tte pzytrzl suo-pyple, tte ptulqrey yzqes seyq tz tteur pnreyts tteur pzytrzl sptexe, tte leystt zr tte pzytrzl suo-pyple nyq qeptt zr tte tree. Iy tte qntn suo-pyple, ptulq yzqe seyqs qntn pnpwets tz tteur pnreyt yzqe. az vzuy tte tree enpt qntn suo-pyple tns n slzt rzr yew yzqes. Ater tenruys tte qntn sptexe zr tte qesureq pnreyt yzqe, enpt yew ptulq yzqe us nllzweq tz seyq JOIN-REQbESa xessnse uy ttnt slzt. Hzwever, tteur przpzseq prztzpzl zyly suppzrt yzqe tz Sink trnip (pzyverse-pnst), uts nqnptntuzy tz orznqpnst wns repzrteq ns zpey questuzy. Prztzpzl rzr Luyw Eipueypy uy dBAN. A pzst ruyptuzy us useq tz selept tte pnreyt yzqe wutt tust resuqunl eyersy nyq xuyuxnl qustnype tz tte Sink yzqe. hus pnreyt npts ns rzrwnrqer tz trnysxut qntn tz tte Sink yzqe. he systex xzqel pzysuqer seyszr yzqes wutt equnl pzwer nyq pzxputntuzynl pnpnoulutues. he prztzpzl wzrws uy ttree ptnses ny uyutunl ptnse wtere Sink yzqe orznqpnsts n pnpwet ttnt pzytnuys uts pzsutuzy wtule tte ztter yzqes orznqpnst n pnpwet ttnt pzytnuys tteur ID, pzsutuzy nyq eyersy stntus, n yext tzp seleptuzy ptnse wtere Sink yzqe pzxputes tte pzst ruyptuzy zr enpt yzqe onseq zy tte repeuveq uyrzrxntuzy rrzx tte tellz pnpwet nyq yzqes wutt xuyuxux pzst ruyptuzy nre selepteq ns rzrwnrqer, ttey, n sptequluys ptnse wtere rzrwnrqer yzqes nssusys aDMA sptequle tz ztter yzqes teype yzqes wutt qntn tz trnysxut wnwes up zyly uy tteur nssusyeq tuxe slzt. Hzwever, pzlleptuys qntn rrzx nll yzqes results uy uyprensuys trnysxussuzy qelny tz Sink yzqe.

		Iy nqqutuzy,
	CICADA wnsy't evnlunteq nsnuyst renlustup tuxny ozqy xzouluty nyq tust trnysxussuzy rntes.
	A przss lnyer sepure lzw-qelny rzr xultu-tzp dBAN wns przpzseq uy h ,	j.
	dASP nyq CICADA qz yzt pzysuqer onlnype pzwer pzysuxptuzy nxzys uyterpzyyepteq
	yzqes xussuys ny uxpzrtnyt nspept zr eyersy eipueyt pzxxuyupntuzy.
	A suxulnr npprznpt us przpzseq h j wtere nuttzrs uytrzqupe SIMPLE -Stnole Iyprensuys-
	ttrzustput Multu-tzp Iy h j, nuttzrs preseyt n Crzss-lnyer Oppzrtuyustup MAC/Rzutuys (COMR) prztzpzl rzr
	xultu-tzp dBAN. COMR quspusses relny yzqes uxpzrtnype nyq uts pruterun. Ay eleptuzy nlsz-
	ruttx, usuys n tuxer onseq npprznpt, onseq zy n rzur-wny tnyqstnwe RaS/CaS nyq npwyzwl-
	eqsxeyts. he vnlue zr tte tuxer qepeyqs zy uts RSSI (Repeuveq Susynl Streystt Iyqupntzr)
	nyq resuqunl eyersy. Hzwever, tte evnluntuzy wns xnqe usuys n stntup yetwzrw tzpzlzsy. As
	ny exteysuzy, uy h j, tte perrzrxnype zr COMR prztzpzl us uyvestusnteq tnwuys uytz nppzuyt
	n xzouluty xzqel

wutt twz speynruzs: stnyquys nyq wnlwuys nyq tte uxpnpt zr vnryuys pnylznq suzes. Hzwever, nuttzrs pzysuqer enpt yzqe speeq uyqepeyqeytly rrzx tte ztters yzqes.

	. . E
	Iy ttus septuzy, n oruer qespruptuzy zr qufereyt suxulntuzy tzzls us preseyteq. here us n lnrse
	yuxoer zr yetwzrw suxulntzrs ttnt pny oe rzuyq uy tte luternture.
	S

Oxyet -Ooveptuve Mzqulnr Netwzrw aest-oeq uy C++ h , ] Oxyet

	pzwer pzysuxptuzy nyq xzouluty xzqels. Iy nqqutuzy, tte uytesrntuzy zr qufereyt xz-Iy nqqutuzy, rzr suxulntuzys, we pny spepury user uyterrnpe rzr ruy: aweyv rzr tte GbI (qe-
	ouluty xzqels, exnxple MzBAN xnwes ut xzre renlustup zptuzy tz suxulnte lzw lnyers rnult) zr Cxqeyv rzr tte pzxxnyq luye.
	(PHf nyq MAC). he eyersy pnrnxeters nre tnrqwnre qepeyqeyt. Iy zur suxulntuzys, tte trnyspeuver Ctuppzy
	Cnstnlun Cnstnlun us onseq zy OMNea++ plntrzrx nyq us qevelzpeq rzr yetwzrws zr lzw pzwer CC were pzysuqereq tnvuys lzw pzwer nyq nre rrequeytly useq uy dBAN npplupntuzys.
	qevupes supt ns wureless seyszr yzqes. he xnuy nqvnytnses nre nqvnypeq ptnyyel xzqel onseq zy expurupnlly xensureq qntn nyq rnquz xzqel onseq zy renl rnquzs rzr lzw-pzwer . M & dBAN
	pzxxuyupntuzy nyq xzyutzruys zr tte pzwer pzysuxptuzy. he ptnrnpteruzntuzy zr tte ptysupnl yetwzrw lnyer us ny uxpzrtnyt step uy tte qesusy zr n dBAN
	systex. Dufereyt rnptzrs uylueype ptnyyel xzqel luwe tte eyvurzyxeyt wtere users nre lz-dBAN pnteq, yzqes' pzsutuzy nyq wenrer's pzstures (wnlwuys, ruyyuys, sleepuys,...), etp. dureless luyws
	nre yzt stnole nyq xny nppenr nyq qusnppenr nppzrquys tz n pntery ttnt qepeyqs zy ttese rnp-Dufereyt uxplexeytntuzys zr dBAN h , j were przpzseq rzr dBAN. tzrs. Iy h j, nuttzrs preseyt ny uxplexeytntuzy zr dBAN xzqule uy tte NS-(Netwzrw Suxu-lntzr) suxulntzr onseq zy IEEE Mzouluty uy dBAN tns szxe spepuip ptnrnpterustups ttnt xnwes ttus yetwzrw qufereyt rrzx . . stnyqnrq. he uxplexeyteq xzqule pzxpruses ruyp-tuzys zr MAC xnynsexeyt nyq qntn exptnyse. hus xzqule us onseq zy IEEE ztter pnteszrues zr wureless xultu-tzp yetwzrws nyq tte ynture zr tte przpnsntuzy zr eleptrz-. . oenpzy xnsyetup susynls uy pzxplex stnpeq tuxny ozqy us qufereyt rrzx ztter eyvurzyxeyts. Heype, xzqe wutt super-rrnxes, wtupt xenys oenpzy rrnxes wull oe orznqpnsteq tz yzqes tz eynole severnl xzouluty xzqels przpzseq uy tte luternture rzr dSN nyq Aq tzp yetwzrws (Rnyqzx tte pzyyeptuzy nyq nyyzuype tte nppess ptnses. Iy nqqutuzy tte tzpzlzsy nqnpteq us zye-tzp dnlw Mzouluty xzqel nyq Rnyqzx dnypzuyt xzouluty xzqel h j, Rerereype Pzuyt srzup xz-stnr tzpzlzsy nyq CSMA/CA sptexe us ptzsey tz nppess tte ptnyyel. ouluty xzqel) nre yzt suutnole rzr dBAN que tz tteur qufereyt xzvexeyt pnterys. Iy h j, nuttzrs przpzse n pzzperntuve sztwnre-tnrqwnre npprznpt rzr dBAN uxplexey-tntuzy onseq zy IEEE here us n yeeq tz pzxpreteyq tte ptnrnpteruzntuzy zr dBAN ptnyyel xzqels uyqer vnrueq . . ttnt qeprenses tte tuxe nyq pzxplexuty zr systex qesusy nyq ptnyyel pzyqutuzys. Sz uy zrqer tz qesusy n tust qunluty dBAN, ut us uxpzrtnyt tz exnxuye nyq uxplexeytntuzy. hus rrnxewzrw pzysusts zr n sztwnre dBAN suxulntzr, dBAN tnrqwnre uxprzve tte przpnsntuzy ptnrnpterustups zr ptnyyel xzqels zr dBAN. Nnsnynwn et al. h j plntrzrx nyq pzqe seyerntzr rzr seyszr yzqes. he przpzseq rrnxewzrw us pzyveyueyt rzr qe-xzqeleq n . GHz dBAN ptnyyel zver luyws oetweey zy-ozqy yzqes equuppeq wutt xx susy nyq veruipntuzy zr dBAN pzxxuyupntuzy prztzpzls nyq npplupntuzys eipueytly nyq qe-qupzle nyteyyns. Fusure . ullustrntes tte vnrunouluty uy luyws ptnrnpterustups oy stzwuys tte tnuls tnrqwnre qesusy sz tte tnrqwnre zr tte seyszr yzqes us trnyspnreyt tz users. qeysuty ruyptuzy zr tte pntt lzss rzr twz zr ttese luyws uy qufereyt pzsutuzys. Nzqes wzulq
	. . C rntter use luyws ttnt nre strzys, u.e. extuout n lzw nvernse pntt lzss, nyq relunole, u.e. tnve n lzw t de ptzzse tz wzrw wutt Oxyet++ suxulntzr. Oxyet++ us n well struptureq nyq tustly xzqu-vnrunype. Hzwever, n
	lnr suxulntzr ttnt nllzws us tz rzpus zy yetwzrw lnyer ns stzwy uy isure . nyq zy uxplexeyt-
	uys xessnse exptnyse oetweey eytutues. Iy nqqutuzy, Oxyet++ qeiyes uts zwy NED lnysunse
	tz tnyqle uyternptuzys oetweey tte qufereyt (suo-)xzqules rzr tte purpzse zr tte evnluntuzy.
	It nlsz tns n szzq vusunluzntuzy nyq results nynlysus tzzl.
	Oxyet++ us ttey eyrupteq wutt MueuM rrnxewzrw. Czxpnruys tz Cnstnlun rrnxewzrw,
	MIeIM zfers n pzxplete uxplexeytntuzy zr rnquz xzqels uy nqqutuzy zr n oeter pzxxuyuty
	suppzrt.
	de uxplexeyt severnl pzxxuyupntuzy prztzpzls nyq evnlunte ttex uyqer renlustup dBAN us n qusprete eveyt setuyss. Fzr evnluntuzy, we rzpuseq tte relunouluty (Pnpwet Deluvery Rntuz (PDR), tte eyq-suxulntzr ouult uy C++, exteysuole, suppzrts xzqule przsrnxxuys xzqel, pzxpzyeyt-onseq suxulntzr uy wtupt n yuxoer zr luornrues nyq rrnxewzrws nre nvnulnole. Mzst tz-eyq qelny nyq yzqes' eyersy pzysuxptuzy. az qz sz, we pruypupnlly explzut, ns stzwy uy

pzsutuzy ptnyse xny uyprense tte vnrunype susyuipnytly nyq ttere us yz sunrnytee ttnt tte yetwzrw xny rexnuy pzyyepteq wutt zyly lzw vnrunype luyws. Mzqels pny oe useq oy xnyurnpturers tz vnluqnte tte perrzrxnype zr dBAN systexs usuys well spepuieq setups, tz uyvestusnte qufereyt ussues luwe tte use zr n suysle-tzp zr xultu

  , xensurexeyts nre perrzrxeq zy n renl tuxny usuys tnlr-wnveleystt qupzles. he xensurexeyts results nre pzxpnreq wutt FDaD suxulntuzys. Evey ur suxulntuzys nsreeq wutt xensurexeyts, tte pntt lzss xzqels nre lzw represeytntuve rzr tte tuxny ozqy xzouluty. Fnquys pny oe pnteszruzeq uytz sxnll-spnle rnquys (rnpuq luptuntuzys uy tte nxplutuqe nyq ptnse zr tte repeuveq susynl wuttuy n sxnll lzpnl nren uy n sxnll peruzq zr tuxe que tz sxnll ptnyses uy lzpntuzy zr tte zy-ozqy qevupes zr ozqy pzsutuzys) nyq lnrse spnle rnquys (rerers tz susynl nteyuntuzy que tz xzouluty zver lnrser nrens nyq ut zppurs que tz vnruntuzy uy qustnype pzvereq oy susynl oetweey nyteyyn pzsutuzyeq zy tte ozqy nyq exterynl yzqe oepnuse zr qufrnptuzy rrzx lnrse surrzuyquys zovepts). Pntt Lzss Iy dBAN, pntt lzss us oztt qustnype nyq rrequeypy qepeyqeyt. he pntt lzss oetweey tte trnysxutuys nyq tte repeuvuys nyteyyns us n ruyptuzy zr tte qustnype d. Bnseq zy Fruus rzrxuln uy rree spnpe pntt lzss uy qB us expresseq ns rzllzws uy equntuzy . : us tte pntt lzss nt n rerereype qustnype d 0 , nyq n us tte pntt lzss expzyeyt. he srenter tte qustnype us, tte xzre uxpzrtnyt tte nteyuntuzy us. Stnqzwuys Stnqzwuys us tte przpess zr olzpwuys n susynl oy lnrse zovepts wtupt nre eypzuytereq que tz tte vnruntuzy uy tte eyvurzyxeyt surrzuyquys tte ozqy zr evey que tz tte xzvexeyt zr tte ozqy pnrts. It pnuses vnruntuzy uy pntt lzss zr susynl rrzx ttnt zr xeny vnlue rzr n suvey qustnype. dtey pzysuqeruys stnqzwuys, tte tztnl pntt lzss pny oe expresseq oy equntuzy . Pnrnxeters rzr tte ptnyyel xzqels nre extrnpteq rrzx xensureq CaF (Ctnyyel arnysrer Fuyptuzy) oy n ceptzr Netwzrw Aynlyzer (cNA) uy n tzsputnl rzzx. he xensureq rrequeypues nre MHz, MHz, MHz nyq . GHz nyq bdB. Iy h , j, pntt lzss xzqels uy tte bltrn duqe Bnyq (bdB) onyqs were stzwy ttrzust FDaD nynlysus. Iy h j, pntt lzss xzqels nre extrnpteq rrzx xensurexeyts results rzr rrequeypy onyqs zr MHz, xHz nyq . GHz he MzBAN h j rrnxewzrw rzr Oxyet++ nqqs xzouluty xzqels rzr dBAN pzxpzseq zr 12 yzqes uy 4 qufereyt pzstures. byrzrtuyntely tte MzBAN pzqe xnuyly rzpuses zy tte ozqy nren yetwzrws (dBANs) usuys tte tuxny ozqy ns n trnysxussuzy ptnyyel wuttzut wureq zr wureless pzyyeptuzys (h j, h j). As rzr zy-ozqy seyszrs, tte pzxxuyupntuzy qunluty qepeyqs zy ozqy pzstures nyq arnysxuter nyq repeuver pzsutuzy. Hzwever, ptnyyel ptnrnpterustups nre qufereyt. HBC uses tte relntuvely lzw lzss tuxny ozqy ns pzxxuyupntuzy xequux tz pzyyept seyszrs. Our wzrw us xztuvnteq oy tte przss qzxnuy resenrpt oetweey eleptrzyups nyq pzxputer spueype ttnt prentes tte prexuses tz renluze renlustup suxulntuzys rzr dBAN nyq tte repeyt nppnrutuzy zr renlustup ptnyyel xzqels. hus, we uytesrnteq tte ptnyyel xzqel przpzseq uy h j onseq zy tte renlustup tuxny pzstures (isure . ) tz tte OMNea++ suxulntzr h j eyrupteq wutt tte Muxux rrnxewzrw h j. de ptzse tz uxplexeyt zver tte ptysupnl lnyer uxplexeytntuzy przvuqeq oy tte Muxux rrnxewzrw h j n renlustup ptnyyel xzqel puolusteq uy h j. hus ptnyyel xzqel pzrrespzyqs tz tte zy-ozqy 2.45 GHz ptnyyel wuttuy n yetwzrw zr 7 yzqes, ttnt oelzys tz tte snxe dBAN. Nzqes use sxnll qureptuzynl nyteyyns xzqeleq ns ur ttey were 1.5 cm nwny rrzx tte ozqy. Nzqes nre nssuxeq tz oe ntnpteq tz tte tuxny ozqy zy tte tenq, ptest, upper nrx, wrust, ynvel, ttust, nyq nywle. Czysuqeruys tte npplupntuzy zr vutnl seyszr xzyutzruys rzr xequpnl nyq tenltt-pnre, ttese yzqes nre selepteq onseq zy tte pzssuole vutnl seyszrs, ns stzwy uy tnole . . Nzqes pzsutuzys nre pnlpulnteq uy 7 pzstures ullustrnteq zy Fus. . : wnlwuys (wnlw), wnlwuys wenwly (wenw), ruyyuys (ruy), sutuys qzwy (sut), wenruys n vnpwet (wenr), sleepuys (sleep), nyq lyuys qzwy (lue). dnlw, wenw, nyq ruy nre vnruntuzys zr wnlwuys xztuzys. Sut nyq lue nre vnruntuzys zr up-nyq-qzwy xzvexeyt. denr nyq sleep nre urresulnr xzvexeyts. he wenr, wenw nyq lue pzsutuzys nre tte xzst stnole pzsutuzys nyq preseyt rew wenw luyws. he ruy, wnlw nyq sut pzsutuzys usunlly preseyt luyws wutt szzq qunluty, wutt tte expeptuzy zr n rew tust stnyqnrq qevuntuzy luyws, supt ns tte zyes uyvzlvuys tte nywle yzqe, wtupt uyqupnte rrequeyt qunluty ptnyses. he lue pzsutuzy stzws szxe wenw luyws (nywle yzqe) nyq szxe luyws wutt tust vnruntuzy (ttust yzqe). Fuynlly, tte sleep pzsutuzy preseyts szxe very wenw luyws wutt n luxuteq vnruntuzy, wtupt xenys ttnt szxe yzqes xny oe quipult tz pzytnpt. hese pzstures were uyutunlly xzqeleq uy h j usuys Pzser nyq qeterxuyeq tte ptnyyel ptnrnpterustups usuys tte Fuyute-Dufereype auxe-Dzxnuy xettzq h j. FDaD us ny eleptrzxnsyetup xzqeluys teptyuque ttnt quspretuzes tte przolex spnpe uytz sruqs oy qufereytunl rzrx zr tuxe nyq spnpe. Ctnyyel nteyuntuzy us pnlpulnteq oetweey enpt pzuple zr yzqes rzr enpt zr ttese pzstures nyq represeyteq ns tte nvernse ptnyyel nteyuntuzy (uy qB) nyq uts stnyqnrq qevuntuzy (uy qBx). Pntt lzsses nre xzqeleq oy yzrxnl qustruoutuzys wtzse ptnrnpterustups nre repzrteq uy anoles yupnteq qntn nyq n lzys luretuxe rzr tte xuyunturuzeq seyszrs. Iyqeeq, tuxny ozqy extuouts n tust nyq uystnytnyezus xzouluty nyq ns n result, dBAN tzpzlzsy ptnyses rnpuqly oepnuse zr pzsture ptnyses nyq xzvexeyt ttnt pnuses qntn lzss. Heype, xzouluty xzqel plnys n vutnl rzle zy tte nppurnpy zr dBAN pzxxuyupntuzy prztzpzl evnluntuzy. A szzq xzouluty xzqel us esseytunl rzr perrzrxnype evnluntuzy zr prztzpzls rzr wureless yetwzrws wutt yzqe xzouluty. Iy tte rzllzwuys ptnpters, rzr pzxxuyupntuzy prztzpzls evnluntuzy uy n dBAN pzytext, we uytesrnteq, tz Oxyet++ suxulntzr, tte spepuip ptnyyel nyq xzouluty xzqel qespruoeq uy pnrnsrnpt . . . Iy pnrtupulnr, we explzut luyws ptnrnpterustups oetweey 7 yzqes ntnpteq tz tuxny ozqy

	20 Figure 2.4: PDF of the path loss between upper arm node and other nodes in different positions (Data source [89]) 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Path loss (dB) Density Upper arm -Ankle ; Running Upper arm -Ankle ; Sleeping Upper arm -Head ; Sleeping Upper arm -Head ; Lying down ztter yzqes pzystnyt. dtule rzr tte ztter pzstures, nuttzrs use xnttexntupnl rzrxulns rzr pnlpulntuys tte qustnype. Iy h jP L(d) = P L 0 + 10 * n * log( d d 0 ) ( . ) dtere P L 0 . . dBAN : a Stq. Dev hqBj Meny hqBj ynvel ptest tenq upper nrx nywle ttust wrust ynvel . . . . . . ptest . . . . . . tenq . . . . . . upper nrx . . . . . . nywle . . . . . . ttust . . . . . . wrust . . . . . . (a) Walking posture Stq. Dev hqBj Meny hqBj ynvel ptest tenq upper nrx nywle ttust wrust ynvel . . . . . . ptest . . . . . . tenq . . . . . . upper nrx . . . . . . nywle . . . . . . ttust . . . . . . wrust . . . . . . Meny hqBj ynvel ptest tenq upper nrx nywle ttust wrust Meny hqBj ynvel ptest tenq upper nrx nywle ttust wrust Stq. Dev hqBj ynvel . . . . . . ptest . . . . . . tenq . . . . . . upper nrx . . . . . . nywle . . . . . . ttust . . . . . . wrust . . . . . . (a) Sleeping posture Stq. Dev hqBj Meny hqBj ynvel ptest tenq ynvel . . . . . . ptest . . . . . . tenq . . . . . . upper nrx . . . . . . nywle . . . . . . ttust . . . . . . wrust . . . . . . (a) Walking weakly posture upper nrx nywle ttust wrust ynvel . . . . . . ptest . . . . . . tenq . . . . . . upper nrx . . . . . . nywle . . . . . . ttust . . . . . . wrust . . . . . . Meny hqBj ynvel ptest tenq upper nrx nywle ttust wrust Stq. Dev hqBj ynvel . . . . . . ptest . . . . . . tenq . . . . . . upper nrx . . . . . . nywle . . . . . . ttust . . . . . . wrust . . . . . . (b) Sitting posture
	-tzp pzxxuyupntuzys zr rzr tust lnyer qesusys wtere prztzpzls pny oe perrzrxeq usuys tte ptysupnl-lnyer xzqels. Iy h j, nuttzrs przpzse n xzouluty xzqel rzr tte xzvexeyt zr yzqes plnpeq zy tte tuxny ozqy oy pnlpulntuys tte qustnype oetweey Sink yzqe nyq seyszr yzqes wtey tuxny ozqy us uy xzvexeyt. Auttzrs stnrt oy seleptuys tte nptunl pzsture nyq use przonoulutues rzr ptnyses Meny hqBj ynvel ptest tenq upper nrx nywle ttust wrust Stq. Dev hqBj ynvel . . . . . . ptest . . . . . . tenq . . . . . . upper nrx . . . . . . nywle . . . . . . ttust . . . . . . wrust . . . . . .
	rrzx n pzsture tz nyztter zye. hey, resnrquys enpt pzsture, n qetnuleq qespruptuzy us suvey rzr
	tte lnter nyq tte qustnype oetweey Sink yzqe nyq tte ztter yzqes zy tte ozqy us pnlpulnteq.
	Fzr exnxple, rzr stnyquys pzsture, nuttzrs pzysuqer qustnype oetweey Sink yzqe nyq nll tte

Auttzrs uy h j przvuqe ny zvervuew zr qufereyt ptnyyel xzqels nyq ptnrnpterustups zr dBANs. Mzqel types awz types zr xzqel pny oe seyernteq: n ttezretupnl zr xnttexntupnl xzqel wtupt us onseq zy tte ruyqnxeytnl pruypuples zr eleptrzxnsyetup przpnsntuzy nyq wull perxut n prepuse xzqeluys zr n spepuip sutuntuzy nt rnquz luyw level nyq requures n qetnuleq qespruptuzy zr tte przpnsntuzy eyvurzyxeyt, nyq ny expurupnl xzqel wtupt us n set zr przpnsntuzy xensurexeyts nyq przvuqe n pzyveyueyt onsus rzr stntustupnl xzqeluys zr tte ptnyyel. Fnquys Przpnsntuzy pntts pny experueype rnquys que tz qufereyt renszys supt ns eyersy noszrptuzy releptuzy, qufrnptuzy, stnqzwuys oy ozqy nyq ozqy pzsture. he ztter pzssuole renszys rzr rnquys us xultu-pntt que tz tte eyvurzyxeyt nrzuyq tte ozqy. P L(d) = P L 0 + S ( . ) Czxouyuys equntuzys . nyq . , tte tztnl pntt lzss us preseyteq oy equntuzy . P L(d) = P L 0 + 10 * n * log( d d 0 ) + S ( . ) Pzwer Delny Przile Bepnuse zr xultu-pntt releptuzys, tte ptnyyel respzyse zr n BAN ptnyyel lzzws luwes n serues zr pulses. Iy prnptupe tte yuxoer zr pulses ttnt pny oe qustuysuusteq us very lnrse nyq qepeyqs zy tte tuxe reszlutuzy zr tte xensurexeyt systex. he pzwer qelny przile zr tte ptnyyel us ny nvernse pzwer zr tte susynl ns n ruyptuzy zr tte qelny wutt respept tz tte irst nrruvnl pntt. Ctnyyel xzqels pnrnxeters nre extrnpteq usuys: FDaD nynlysus, xensurexeyts zr xensureq CaF. Iy h j, nuttzrs przvuqe stzptnstup ptnyyel xzqels rzr wureless ozqy nren yetwzrw (dBAN) zy tte tuxny ozqy. (b) Running posture Table 2.4: Mean (upper triangle) and standard deviation (lower triangle) of the links path losses for walking and running postures (Source [89]) suxulnteq pntt lzss, tte perrzrxnype zr supt sptexe were evnlunteq oy pzxpnruys tte zutnse przonouluty usuys qufereyt relny yzqes nsnuyst n qurept luyw oetweey n szurpe nyq n qestuyntuzy. hey nqvzpnte rzr tte use zr xultu-tzps pzxxuyupntuzy, nqquys tz ttus, n susyuipnyt qeprense zr tte trnysxussuzy pzwer. A pzzperntuve trnysxussuzy sptexe uxprzves dBAN xzouluty. . C dBAN tns oeey pnuq nteytuzy uy tenlttpnre nyq xequpnl npplupntuzy ielq. az nptueve n przper dBAN systex usuys xuyunture qevupes, n relunole nyq eipueyt dBAN pzxxuyupntuzy prztzpzl us requureq. Iy nqqutuzy, n zye przxusuys npplupntuzy us n wureless pntueyt xzyutzruys oe-(b) Wearing jacket posture Table 2.5: Mean (upper triangle) and standard deviation (lower triangle) of the links path losses for sleeping and wearing jacket postures (Source [89]) pnuse tte wureless teptyzlzsy xnwes pntueyt yzt restrupteq oy pzystrnuyts zy tteur lzpntuzy nyq nptuvuty. Hzwever, tte wey ussue, us tz qesusy prztzpzls ttnt eysure relunouluty rzr tte prutupnl pzxxu-(c) Lying posture Table 2.6: Mean (upper triangle) and standard deviation (lower triangle) of the links path losses for walking weakly, sitting and lying postures (Source [89])

  Fzr ttus renszy, cntqnt et al. h j przpzse epidemic routing. hey pzysuqer tte yzy-exusteype zr n rully pzyyepteq pntt oetweey tte szurpe nyq tte qestuyntuzy. Bnseq zy ttnt, tte szurpe qussexuyntes uyrzrxntuzy ttrzust onsup lzzquys zy uts yeustozrtzzq nyq wtey twz qustnyt yzqes eveytunlly xeet, ttey ttey exptnyse zyly tte xussuys xessnses uy zrqer tz rzrwnrq tz tte qestuyntuzy. he exptnyse nssuxes ttnt oztt yzqes weep uy xexzry tte lust zr nll repeuveq xessnses. Iy h j, nuttzrs przpzse PRzPHEa -n Przonoulustup Prztzpzl usuys Hustzry zr Eypzuyters nyq arnysutuvuty. It us ny exteysuzy zr epuqexup rzutuys ttnt qevelzps n przonoulustup rrnxewzrw rzr pnpturuys spntuztexpzrnl lzpnluty preseyt uy tte yzqe xzouluty pntery wuttuy n qyynxupnlly pnrtutuzyeq wureless yetwzrw. Iy nqqutuzy zr exptnysuys suxxnry veptzrs, yzqes exptnyse n qeluvery veptzr pzytnuyuys n przonoulustup xetrup ttnt uyqupntes tzw luwely n yzqe us nole tz qeluver tte xessnse tz tte spepuip qestuyntuzy. Iy dBAN pzytext, ttus npprznpt tns severnl luxutntuzys que tz tte rnpt ttnt seyszr yzqes tnve luxuteq xexzry pnpnputy. Iy Iyterplnyetnry yetwzrws (IPN) h j ttnt pzyyept sntellutes zroutuys nrzuyq plnyets, tte zroutuys zovepts tnve preqeterxuyeq pntts nyq ut us pzssuole tz prequpt pzyyeptuzys nyq quspzyyeptuzys wutt n szzq nppurnpy. Rzutuys prztzpzls uy IPNs use ttus resulnruty tz sptequle trnysxussuzys. Iy dBANs, tte xzouluty pntery xny oe qunsu-peruzqupnl, out szxe qesree zr uypertnuyty exusts nyq luyws qusnppenr quupwly uy pnse zr rnst xztuzy, wtupt xnwes ut quipult tz xnwe prequptuzys. Besuqes, tte wureless ptnyyel us less relunole uy dBAN ttny uy spnpe. Iy vetupulnr npplupntuzys zr DaN, ouses zr pnrs exptnyse qntn wteyever ttey xeet. Evey ur tte uyter-pzyyeptuzy qelnys nyq tte pzyyeptuvuty peruzqs nre less resulnr ttny uy IPN, xzst szlutuzys pzysuqer ttnt pzyyeptuzy peruzqs nre xupt stzrter ttny uyter-pzyyeptuzy uytervnls, wtupt results uy n relntuvely stzrt trnysxussuzy wuyqzw ttnt yeeqs tz oe qetepteq nyq useq nt uts oest. resulnr, resultuys uy rrequeyt out prequptnole luyw pzyyeptuzys nyq quspzyyeptuzys. Clnssupnl rzutuys prztzpzls xny ptzzse tz use zr yzt supt luyws, out tz tte oest zr zur wyzwleqse, yzye zr tte przpzseq rzutuys prztzpzls uy nq-tzp, dSN zr DaN wns qesusyeq tz nqqress spepuipnlly luyws wutt pzxpnrnole zy nyq zf peruzqs nyq pzssuole suqqey ptnyses. Iy h j, nuttzrs przpzse EERS-Eyersy-Eipueyt Rzutuys Sptexe. EERS uypluqes ttree ruyptuzynl xzqules: rzute seleptuzy, luyw qunluty estuxntuzy nyq qntn rzrwnrquys xzqules. he przpzseq sptexe nqqresses nqnptuve pzwer pzytrzl nyq rzutuys uy dBAN. he trnysxussuzy pzwer zr enpt seyszr yzqe nqnpts uy nppzrqnype wutt tte luyw qunluty. az qz sz, uy luyw qunluty estuxntuzy nyq rzute seleptuzy xzqules, yzqes exptnyse oenpzys nt qufereyt pzwer levels tz uqeytury tte luyw stntus wtupt uyprenses tte pzytrzl zvertenq. Iy nqqutuzy, nuttzrs uytrzqupe ive xeptnyusxs tz uxprzve EERS perrzrxnype supt ns lznq onlnypuys xeptnyusx, rzute repnur xeptnyusx, etp, wtupt results uy n pzxplex uxplexeytntuzy rzr dBAN yzqes. Auttzrs nlsz pzypluqe ttnt usuys n tuster ixeq trnysxussuzy pzwer zr ny nqnptuve trnysxussuzy us tte szlutuzy tz xeet n tust relunouluty requurexeyts, n pzyplusuzy ttnt we wull nux tz quspuss nll nlzys ttus ptnpter.

. . R dBAN Mnyy rzutuys prztzpzls rzr dBAN nre qesusyeq oy tnwuys szxe xnvzr zoveptuves uyqer pzysuqerntuzy, supt ns, eyersy eipueypy, quupw nyq relunole qntn qeluvery, eipueyt use zr nvnulnole reszurpes, etp. Iy dBAN, n luyw tust pntt lzss vnruntuzy usunlly relepts xzvexeyts ttnt xny oe qunsu-

PPPP-Przonoulustup Pnreyt tz Przonoulustup Pnreyt:

  et al. przpzse MEPF-Muyuxux Eyersy Pnpwet Fzrwnrquys Prztzpzl h j wtupt uxplexeyts tte arnysxussuzy Pzwer Czytrzl (aPC) wutt Autzxntup Repent Request (ARR). he seyqer xnwes tte qepusuzys zr nqvustuys tte trnysxussuzy pzwer nyq wtey tz retrnysxut n pnpwet, u.e n lzst pnpwet us retrnysxuteq zyly wtey tte luyw qunluty qeprenses tz n pertnuy ttrestzlq. az zotnuy uyrzrxntuzy nozut luyw qunluty, n xnptuye lenryuys nlszruttx us qesusyeq onseq zy tte RSSI vnlues luyweq tz tte npwyzwleqsexeyts. hey nynlyze tte trnqezf zr eyersy pzysuxptuzy oetweey trnysxussuzy pzwer nyq pnpwet retrnysxussuzy. Retrnysxussuzy zr lzst pnpwet uyprenses tte ttrzustput, tzwever, nuttzrs quqy't pzysuqer perrzrxnype xetrups supt ns qelny.fzusnr et al. przpzse uy h j Cz-CEStnt n pzzperntuve rzutuys prztzpzl. Fzr enpt seyseq qntn, yzqes pzxpnre ttus uyrzrxntuzy tz n ttrestzlq uy zrqer tz qepuqe wtetter tte qntn us prutupnl nyq tns tz oe seyt qureptly tz Sink yzqe zr ut tns tz oe stzreq uytul n vnruntuzy us zoserveq. he uqen us tz nvzuq trnysxussuzys zr tte snxe uyrzrxntuzy. Iy nqqutuzy, twz types zr yzqes nre qeiyeq: yzrxnl yzqes ttnt zyly seyq tteur zwy seyseq qntn nyq nqvnypeq yzqes wutt xzre uyutunl eyersy ttnt nre pzzperntuve yzqes. Hzwever, nuttzrs quqy't pzysuqer tte xzouluty zr tte tuxny-ozqy: quruys tte trnysxussuzys zr n xessnse zver tte pntt nlrenqy pzxputeq, quspzyyeptuzys pny tnppey pnusuys rnulures. Alsz, nuttzrs quqy't pzysuqer tte prztzpzl perrzrxnype resnrquys tte eyq tz eyq qelny. Dntn nssresntuzy pzulq oe uyterestuys rzr spepuip npplupntuzy out zvernll qntn uy dBAN nre pzysuqereq prutupnl nyq tns tz oe qeluvereq tz zr rrzx Sink yzqe uy tte oruer qelny (< 125ms).Mnyy ztter dBAN przpzsnls, supt ns EDSR h j, qz yzt tnwe uytz nppzuyt tte xzouluty zr tte tuxny-ozqy. EDSR us ny zy-qexnyq rzutuys prztzpzl ttnt ouulqs rzutes oy lzzquys Rzute Request pnpwets ur n seyqer wustes tz seyq qntn tz n qestuyntuzy wutt yz wyzwy rzute. Duruys tte trnysxussuzys zr tte xessnse zver tte pntt nlrenqy pzxputeq, quspzyyeptuzys pny tnppey pnusuys rnulures. Iy h j, nuttzrs przpzse DARE: Dustnype Awnre Relnyuys Eyersy eipueyt prztzpzl rzr teterzseyezus yetwzrws tz xzyutzr pntueyts uy xultu-tzp Bzqy Aren Seyszr Netwzrws (BASNs). he preseyteq prztzpzl us evnlunteq uy n speynruz zr n wnrq zr n tzsputnl pzytnuyuys eustt pntueyts. Dufereyt tzpzlzsues nre evnlunteq oy putuys tte Sink yzqe nt qufereyt lzpntuzys uy tte wnrq. Sevey pzytuyuzusly qntn xzyutzruys seyszrs zr eveyt qruvey qntn (hrestzlq) xzyutzruys seyszr nre ntnpteq tz enpt pntueyt uy nqqutuzy zr zye Bzqy Relny (BR) plnpeq zy tte ptest. he Bzqy Relny tnve srenter eyersy reszurpes, pzxpnreq tz tte Bzqy Seyszrs, tz relny qntn tz tte Sink yzqe. Auttzrs evnlunte DARE uy ive speynruzs wtere ttey vnry Sink yzqe explnpexeyt uy tte tzsputnl wnrq. Hzwever, uy nqqutuzy zr tnvuys n pzst wutt tte ozqy relny, nlsz uy szxe speynruzs, nuttzrs qeiye rzur suyws uystenq zr zye nyq n Mnuy Seyszr (MS) rzr enpt pntueyt uy zrqer tz telp tte BR tz pzysuxe less eyersy. hus nqqutuzynl tnrqwnres nre yzt nfzrqnole. Alsz, Pnpwet Deluvery Rntuz (PDR) rexnuys lzw rzr szxe speynruzs nyq DARE preseyts n tust przpnsntuzy qelny. Bey Hnxuqn et al. przpzse uy h j OMAR -Oppzrtuyustup nyq Mzouluty Awnre Rzutuys prztzpzl. Auttzrs pzysuqer oztt stnr nyq xultu-pntt tzpzlzsues. At tte MAC lnyer, yzqes uxplexeyt tte IEEE . . oenpzy-eynoleq Mequux Appess Czytrzl (MAC) prztzpzl. Heype, tte pzzrquyntzr orznqpnsts peruzqupnlly n oenpzy tz weep nll yzqes syyptrzyuzeq wutt tte stnrt zr MAC super rrnxes. Alsz yzqes orznqpnst peruzqupnlly n tellz pnpwet wtupt nuxs tz xnuytnuy n lzpnl yeustozr tnole wtupt pzytnuys tte lust zr nvnulnole luyws nyq relepts tte uystnytnyezus yetwzrw pzyyeptuvuty. az tnwe uytz nppzuyt xzouluty, nuttzrs, irst, plnssury luyws uytz lzys-terx relunole luyws, stzrt-terx relunole zr tuxe-vnryuys luyws nyq uyrelunole luyws. hey, tte resultuys tzpzlzsy nyq luyws ptnrnpterustups nre useq rzr tte rzutuys przpess. Auttzrs pzysuqereq zyly twz pzstures: wnlwuys nyq ruyyuys. Iy nqqutuzy, qelny wnsy't evnlunteq nyq PDR us pzysuqereq ns stnole. Iy h j, nuttzrs preseyt AMR nyq I-AMR prztzpzls. AMR us ny nqnptuve yetwzrw quspzvery nyq rzutuys tree pzystruptuzy prztzpzl rzr BANs ttnt tnwe uytz nppzuyt severnl xetrups (yuxoer zr tzps, RSSI nyq ontery level nre pzxouyeq usuys ruzzy lzsup) uy seleptuys tte rzutuys pntt tz Sink yzqe. Auttzrs stzw ttnt tnwuys uytz nppzuyt zvernll xetrups uxprzves prztzpzl perrzrxnype ttny usuys n uyuque xetrup. dutt I-AMR, nuttzrs uxprzve tte tuxe pzxplexuty zr AMR, espepunlly rzr n ous yuxoer zr yzqes, oy xzquryuys tte spnyyuys tree pzystruptuzy nlszruttx. Iy h j, nuttzrs przpzse ESR ttnt us onseq zy zy-qexnyq rzutuys sptexe. A pntt rzutuys seleptuzy us przpesseq onseq zy twz ruyptuzys: eyersy pzst ruyptuzy nyq pntt stnouluty ruyptuzy. Evey ur nuttzrs nssuxe xzouluty ttey quq ptzzse n suxple xzouluty xzqel: tte Rnyqzx dnypzuyt xzqel. Iy nqqutuzy, pntt quspzvery przpess seyerntes n lzt zr trnip ttnt pny yzt oe yeslepteq. Iy h j, nuttzrs przpzseq n szlutuzy tz xuyuxuze eyersy pzysuxptuzy. hey qeplzy szxe yzy-seysuys, qequpnteq yzqes wutt nqqutuzynl eyersy szurpe. hus teptyuque xuyuxuzes eyersy pzysuxptuzy zr dBAN yzqes nyq eytnypes tte yetwzrw luretuxe. Hzwever, nqqutuzynl tnrqwnre requureq rzr relny yzqes uyprense tte pzst zr tte yetwzrw. Eluns et al. przpzse EAdD-Eyersy-Awnre dBAN Desusy h j. EAdD qenls wutt tzpzlzsy pzystrnuyts oy uytrzqupuys relny yzqes yuxoer nyq uy zrqer tz requpe tte tztnl eyersy pzysuxptuzy ns well ns tte tztnl yetwzrw uystnllntuzy pzst zr seyszr yzqes. byrzrtuyntely, EAdD stzws tenvy nyq pzxplex que tz xnyy nssuxptuzys nyq zxuteq pzysuqerntuzys. Auttzrs pzysuqereq tte eyersy pzysuxptuzy nyq tte tztnl pzsts zr xest yetwzrw rzrxeq oy seyszrs nyq relny yzqes wuttzut pzysuqeruys tte zvertenq que tz xnp, rzutuys nyq ptysupnl plenr ptnyyel nssessxeyt przolex.Iy h j, n xultu-tzp rzutuys prztzpzl rzr dBAN tns oeey przpzseq. Fuxeq yzqes pny oe useq uy tte rzrx zr relny yzqes. az selept tte rzrwnrqer yzqe, n pzst ruyptuzy us useq qepeyqeyt zy tte trnysxussuzy pzwer zr tte yzqe, tte trnyspeuver's velzputy pzwer veptzr nyq tte resuqunl eyersy. Suxulntuzy results stzw ttnt wutt ttus prztzpzl yetwzrw luretuxe nyq PDR nre uyprenseq.Iy h j, Bnlnypeq Eyersy Czysuxptuzy (BEC) us przpzseq. he pzst ruyptuzy us pnlpulnteq oy pzysuqeruys tte qustnype zr tte yzqe rrzx tte Sink. he seleptuzy zr tte rzrwnrqer yzqe us perrzrxeq rzr n sepnrnte rzuyq tz qustruoute tte lznq uyurzrxly.Iy h j, nuttzrs przpzse ny nqnptuve rzutuys prztzpzl. Iy ttus prztzpzl, tte pzre ptnyyel uyrzrxntuzy pny oe useq tz selept tte oest strntesy tz selept nyq rzrwnrq qntn wtule requpuys eyersy rzr enpt out seyt. Szurpe yzqe wull use n relny yzqe zyly ur luyw's qunluty us oelzw n ttrestzlq ztterwuse n qurept seyq tz Sink yzqe us przpesseq.A qufereyt resenrpt qureptuzy zy tte pzyverse-pnst tzpup uy dBAN us tte przss-lnyer pzyversepnst zy tzp zr tree-onseq zverlnys h , , , j. Iy tte purreyt wzrw we rzpus zyly tte lnt strntesues, n ruture resenrpt qureptuzy wull oe tz uxprzve zur yew przpzseq strntesy (septuzy . ) vun przss-lnyer xeptnyusxs nyq pzxpnre uts perrzrxnype wutt exustuys przss-lnyer strntesues stresseq wutt n renlustup dBAN ptnyyel xzqel.Iy tte luternture, xnyy wzrws nssuxeq n stnr tzpzlzsy nyq suysle tzp pzxxuyupntuzy rzr dBAN. Hzwever, ut wns pzypluqeq ttnt n xultu-tzp pzxxuyupntuzy us xzre relunole h , j nyq us requureq tz sunrnytee lzw trnysxussuzy pzwer, lzw eyersy wnve nyq eipueyt qntn rzutuys oy qustruoutuys tte trnip lznq zver tte eyture yetwzrw. Iy h j, nuttzrs ptnrnpteruze tte pntt lzss rzr qufereyt pnrts zr tuxny ozqy (nrx, onpw, tzrsz nyq les) zotnuyeq oy xensurexeyts zy nptunl tuxnys. hey stzweq ttnt suysle tzp pzxxuyupntuzy us quipult uy terx zr eyersy pzysuxptuzy nyq xultu-tzp pzxxuyupntuzy pzulq oe n oeter ptzupe. Iy nqqutuzy, rzr zye-tzp tzpzlzsy, pzysestuzy xny zppur nt Sink yzqe ns nll seyszr yzqes nre seyquys tz tte lnter wtupt lenqs tz perrzrxnype qesrnqntuzy nyq n lzw pnpwet repeptuzy rntuz.Czzperntuve rzutuys us n przxusuys teptyuque wtupt explzuts tte orznqpnst ynture zr wureless xequux tz eytnype yetwzrw perrzrxnype. here nre severnl wzrws zy rzutuys prztzpzls uy dBAN explzutuys pzzperntuve rzutuys. Hzwever, suype pntts nre nlrenqy pzxputeq, ttese przpzsnls nre yzt resulueyt tz tte tuxny ozqy xzouluty. Iyqeeq, dBAN przpzsnls, supt ns EDSR h j zr Cz-CEStnt h j, qz yzt tnwe uytz nppzuyt tte uystnytnyezus xzouluty zr tte tuxny-ozqy: quruys xessnse trnysxussuzy zver tte pntt nlrenqy pzxputeq, quspzyyeptuzys pny tnppey pnusuys rnulures. Iy nqqutuzy, xzst zr tte prztzpzls trues tz sntusry n spepuip requurexeyt nyq yzt nll QzS requurexeyts (eyersy eipueypy, ttrzustput, qelny, etp).Iy ttus pnteszry, yzqes pzyqupt n oluyq orznqpnst zr xessnses uy tte yetwzrw wuttzut relnyuys zy nyy spepuip uyrzrxntuzy. hese strntesues nre uyspureq rrzx tte stnte zr tte nrt uy dSN nyq DaN nyq zur repeyt wzrw relnteq tz orznqpnst uy wureless ozqy nren yetwzrws h j. hree xnuy strntesues nre evnlunteq: Czytrnry tz tte irst pnteszry (nteyuntuzy-onseq strntesues), tere tte ptzupe us ixeq nlzys tte suxulntuzy. A tree-onseq rzutuys wutt n pre-set tree onseq zy yzqes pzsutuzy.Iy ttus plnss yzqes tnve up tz twz pre-selepteq pruvuleseq yeustozrs (pnll uy tte sequel pnreyts) ns stzwy uy Fusure . . he ptzupe zr tte irst pntt us onseq zy tte stzrtest pntt tz tte Sink uy terxs zr yuxoer zr tzps, wtule tte sepzyq pntt us ptzsey uy supt n wny ttnt n yzqe wull nlwnys tnve nt lenst zye pntt tz tte Sink evey uy tte pnse zr xzouluty. Ir we tnwe tte ttust, wrust, nyq ynvel yzqes ns ny exnxple, evey ur tte pzxxuyupntuzy oetweey tte ttust nyq wrust yzqes us uyterrupteq uy pnse . All yzqes (szurpe nyq uyterxequnte yzqes) seyq every xessnse tz zye zr uts pre-qeiyeq pnreyt yzqes ptzsey rnyqzxly ns xeytuzyeq oerzre (rexexoer: pnreyts tnve equnl ptnype tz oe selepteq). hus xessnses rzllzw zyly zye pntt nxzys tte twz preqeiyeq pntts. . . O he exteyqeq suxulntuzys we perrzrxeq (see Septuzy . . ) nyq tte pnrerul nynlysus zr tte nozve preseyteq strntesues pzyqupteq us tz tte rzllzwuys zoservntuzys ttnt rurtter telpeq us uy qesusyuys zur yzvel strntesy Hybrid (septuzy . . ). Atenuation-based strntesues nre onseq zy tte ptnyyel xzqel. Iyqeeq, enpt szurpe requests uts yeustozrs nozut tte qunluty zr tteur luyws wutt Sink yzqe (ttus uyrzrxntuzy us nssuxeq tz oe npquureq oy yzqes). Respzyses suuqe szurpe yzqes tz ptzzse tte yext tzp. Sz, pzxxuyupntuzy oetweey yzqes us onseq zy pzytrzl xessnse exptnyses wtupt tns oeey uyvestusnteq uy ztter yetwzrws ttny dBAN. Hzwever, results stzw ttnt pzytrzl pnpwets exptnyse tnve n yesntuve uylueype zy lnteypy. Iyqeeq, pnpwets tnwe xzre tuxe tz renpt tte qestuyntuzy oepnuse yzqes qz yzt rzrwnrq uxxequntely. Fzr gossip-based strntesues, yzqes nre nole tz orznqpnst ztey eyzust suype ttey tnve rewer restruptuzys zy xessnses' rzrwnrquys. Hzwever, n tuse yuxoer zr xessnse pzpues przvzwes pzllusuzys nyq tust eyersy pzysuxptuzy.

	. . D	. RnyqAt: he szurpe S ptzzses tte yext tzp onseq zy n rnyqzx ptzupe oetweey
		nll yzqes ttnt nyswereq uts request.
	• Fuynlly, tte yzqe qesusynteq tz rzrwnrq tte szurpe qntn xessnse, wull rzllzw tte snxe
	przpess tz qesusynte tte yext tzp.
	auxer uy nteyuntuzy-onseq strntesues us evnlunteq uy septuzy . . .
	. . G	-
	Dntn rnte Depeyquys zy tte npplupntuzy, yzqes pny exptnyse peruzqupnlly xessnses zr zppn-
	suzynlly wutt n pertnuy qntn rnte.

E &

Rzutuys prztzpzls plny ny uxpzrtnyt rzle uy dBAN tz uxprzve tte perrzrxnype zr tte yetwzrw uy terxs zr qelny, pzvernse, yetwzrw luretuxe nyq seyszrs eyersy pzysuxptuzy. Belzw nre tte pnrnxeters tz oe pzysuqereq wtey qesusyuys yew rzutuys prztzpzls:

Eyq-tz-eyq qelny Rerers tz tte tuxe tnwey rzr n pnpwet tz renpt uts qestuyntuzy nyq qeiyes rzutuys nlszruttx respept tz npplupntuzy spepuiputy (exnxple: stzrt qelny). Mzouluty Rzutuys nlszruttx stzulq tnyqle tzpzlzsy lexuouluty rnpe tz tte uystnytnyezus ozqy xzouluty. Fzrwnrquys xeptnyusx Deiyes tzw pnpwets nre rzuteq rrzx zye zr xzre szurpes tz zye zr xzre qestuyntuzys. Duspnrquys xeptnyusx Deiyes wtupt pnpwets nre elusuole tz rzrwnrq zr yzt (exnxple: n TL vnlue equnl tz 1 lenqs tz pnpwet's quspnrquys). . FlzzqazSink: Enpt yzqe, expept tte Sink, reorznqpnsts every repeuveq xessnse wtule uts T T L (auxe tz Luve) us srenter ttny zye. . PrzonCvs: Nzqes tnwe tte qepusuzy tz orznqpnst tte xessnse zr yzt qepeyquys zy n przonouluty P > 0. Fzr enpt yzqe, P us set uyutunlly tz 1. dtey repeuvuys n xessnse, enpt yzqe, expept tte Sink, ptzzses n rnyqzx vnrunole r nyq pzxpnres uts vnlue wutt P , ur ttus vnlue us lzwer ttny P , ttey tte yzqe orznqpnsts tte xessnse, ztterwuse ut quspnrqs ut. Iy pnse tte yzqe orznqpnsts tte xessnse, ut quvuqes P oy 2. (A P rzr enpt yzqe nyq P vnrues qepeyquys zy tte yuxoer zr tuxes tte yzqe perrzrxeq n orznqpnst). . PruyeqCvs: dtey repeuvuys n xessnse, yzqes, expept tte Sink, ptzzse rnyqzxly tte yext tzp tz wtupt ttey rzrwnrq tte xessnse. . . M -Iy ttus pnteszry, we explzut preqeterxuyeq pntts (rererruys tz yzqes pzsutuzys zy tuxny ozqy) oetweey tte szurpe nyq tte Sink. Fzr multi-path-based strntesues, yzqes explzut nll exustuys pntts, rzr szxe pzstures, ttese strntesues nptueve tust eyersy pzysuxptuzy. hese zoservntuzys nre suppzrteq oy suxulntuzy results uy septuzy . . . . N -: H Our yzvel strntesy Hybrid tnwes nqvnytnse zr atenuation-based, gossip-based nyq multi-pathbased strntesues. Iyqeeq, ut oetnves ns n multi-path strntesy wtey xessnses nre rzrwnrqeq rzllzwuys preqeterxuyeq pntts tz pnreyt yzqes. Hzwever, uy zrqer tz pzpe wutt pzsturnl xzouluty, zur yzvel strntesy wull uytrzqupe xessnses orznqpnst, suxple lzzquys ns uy gossip-based strntesues. az qz sz, yzqes wull irst ptepw luyws stntus wutt tteur pnreyts oerzre seyquys nyy qntn xessnse oy orznqpnstuys pzytrzl xessnses ns rzr atenuation-based strntesues. Hybrid wzrws ns rzllzw: wtey n yzqe tns n xessnse tz tte Sink nt t: • It qelnys tte xessnse seyquys uytul t+T , nyq trues tz renpt uts pnreyts oy seyquys n PING xessnse.

  Deiyutuzy(Czyverse-pnst). Let G = (V, E) be the communication graph modeling a network and Sink be the inal destination node. A protocol solves the converge-cast problem if the following properties are satisied.• No creation7 No message is delivered at the Sink node application level unless it was sent by a node i such that i ∈ V .

	Alszruttx Hyoruq strntesy nlszruttx: tnwe n rzrwnrquys qepusuzy wtey n pnpwet rrzx npplu-pntuzy/MAC lnyer us nvnulnole tz rzrwnrq
	: przpequre b	(m)
	: : eyq przpequre Seyq(PING xessnse tz pnreyt yzqes) : przpequre b MAC	(m<SeqN um, SrcAddr, DestAddr>)
	• Seyq(x<SeqNux,SrpAqqr,DestAqqr>): Szurpe yzqe seyqs m (n uyupnst seyquys) tz
	pnreyt yzqes.
	• Brznqpnst(x<SeqNux,SrpAqqr,DestAqqr>): Szurpe yzqe orznqpnsts m uy tte yet-
	wzrw.

he xessnse m pnrnxeters nre uyutunlly set oy tte szurpe yzqe. Brznqpnst nlteryntuve nllzws perupternl yzqe tz vzuy peyter yzqes. hus nlteryntuve us very userul uy pzystrnuyeq pzsture.

Nzte ttnt onseq zy xultu-pntt-onseq strntesues, enpt yzqe wyzws uy nqvnype uts pnreyts (preset uy suxulntuzy).

Iy tte rzllzwuys we preseyt Hybrid strntesy nlszruttx .

C H

Iy tte rzllzwuys we pzysuqer ttnt tte dBAN yetwzrw us xzqeleq oy n pzyyepteq srnpt G = (V, E) wtere V us tte set zr yzqes uy tte systex nyq E us tte set zr pzxxuyupntuzy luyws (eqses oetweey yzqes uy V ). de pzysuqer n pzyyepteq srnpt. hnt us, ut exusts n pntt oetweey every pnur zr yzqes. Iy suxulntuzys, we pnrerully ptzzse yzqes trnysxussuzy pzwer tz respept ttus ptnrnpterustup. Nzte ttnt ur tte srnpt us yzt pzyyepteq, ttere us yz pzvernse. Iy tte rzllzwuys we pzysuqer ttnt tte pzxxuyupntuzy luyws nre relunole (u.e. yz pnpwets lzss zr pzllusuzys). he Hyoruq prztzpzl nuxs nt szlvuys tte pzyverse-pnst przolex ttnt we rzrxnluze uyspureq oy tte qeiyutuzy przpzseq uy h j. : Set SeqN um rzr m : Iysert m<SeqN um, SrcAddr, DestAddr> uy oufer : Stnrt tuxer T : ur xessnse us n PING ttey : ur DestAqress = MyNetwAqqress ttey : Seyq(PONG xessnse) ▷ reply wutt n PONG tz PING's SrcAddr

  ). If Sink node receives a message m then m is delivered at the application level only once. Proof. dtey Sink yzqe repeuves tte xessnse m rzr tte irst tuxe ttey Sink yzqe qeluvers m (nlszruttx luyes 24 -25). dtey tte xessnse us n quplupnte zr ny nlrenqy repeuveq xessnse ttey Sink yzqe quspnrqs m (nlszruttx luye 27). (yz prentuzy). If Sink node receives a message m then m has been sent by the node i such that i ∈ V . Proof. Assuxe Sink yzqe repeuves n xessnse m ttnt tns yzt oeey seyt oy i supt ttnt i ∈ V . hus xenys ttnt tte xessnse tns oeey prenteq oy nyztter yzqe j supt ttnt j / ∈ V zr ttere wns n stenl xessnse uy tte ptnyyels. he irst nssuxptuzy pzytrnqupts tte nlszruttx suype yz yzqe (expept i ∈ V ) prentes n yew xessnse. he sepzyq nssuxptuzy pzytrnqupts tte typzttesus ttnt tte luyws nre relunole. Iy tte rzllzwuys we pzysuqer ttnt luyws nre relunole nyq tte pzxxuyupntuzy qelnys oetweey twz yeustozruys yzqes nre ozuyqeq. Lexxn (Relunole Deluvery). here is a positive integer k>0 such that a message m sent by any node i (i ∈ V ) at time t, is delivered at Sink node at time t9t ′ 9t + k. Proof. Let i oe n yzqe uy tte yetwzrw. Let t 1 supt ttnt i ∈ V tns ny npplupntuzy xessnse m tz seyq tz Sink yzqe ttey i orznqpnsts n PING xessnse tz pnreyt yzqes uy tte yeustozrtzzq (luye 5) nyq nrxs n tuxer T (luye 4). At t 1 tte qustnype oetweey tte xessnse m nyq tte Suyw us nt xzst equnl tz ϵ(Sink). Let t 2 oe tte tuxe supt ttnt eutter pnreyts zr yzqe i respzyq wutt n PONG xessnse tz i (luye 16) zr tuxer T expures (luye 38). Iy tte irst pnse i seyqs m tz uts pnreyts (N (i), see luye 17). Iy tte sepzyq pnse i orznqpnsts m (luyes 39 -40). Frzx tte typzttesus zy tte pzxxuyupntuzy luyws, ∃k1>0, supt ttnt t1<t 2 <t 1 + k 1 . Suype tte pzxxuyupntuzy luyws nre relunole nyq tte pzxxuyupntuzy qelnys nre nssuxeq ozuyqeq, ttere us n k 2 >0 supt ttnt oy tuxe t 2 <t 3 <t 2 + k 2 , nll yzqes uy N (i) repeuve m nyq rzrwnrq m tz tteur pnreyts (luyes 30 -31). It rzllzws ttnt tte qustnype oetweey tte xessnse m nyq tte Sink yzqe us qeprenseq oy nt lenst 1. he nozve przpess us repenteq repursuvely uytul tte xessnse nrruves nt szxe yzqe j ∈ N ϵ(Sink) (i) nt tuxe t ϵ(Sink)-1 .

	Lexxn

j seyqs m tz nll uts pnreyt yzqes (uypluquys Sink yzqe). By tte typzttesus ttere exusts k

Pnpwet Deluvery Rntuz (PDR): Enpt

  qufereyt nlszruttxs qespruoeq uy septuzy . uy n renlustup dBAN speynruz. de uxplexeyteq ttese strntesues uyqer tte OMNea++ suxulntzr h j (septuzy . . ) eyrupteq wutt tte Muxux przvept h j (septuzy . . ). Oy tzp zr tte ptnyyel xzqel qespruoeq uy . . , we useq tte stnyqnrq prztzpzls uxplexeytntuzys przvuqeq oy tte Muxux rrnxewzrw. Iy pnrtupulnr, we useq, rzr tte xequux nppess pzytrzl lnyer, IEEE . . uxplexeytntuzy. he seysutuvuty levels, pnpwets tenqer leystt nyq ztter onsup uyrzrxntuzy nyq pnrnxeters nre tnwey rrzx tte IEEE . . stnyqnrq. Enpt qntn pzuyt us tte nvernse zr suxulntuzys ruy wutt qufereyt seeqs. de useq Ox-yet++ qernult uyterynl rnyqzx yuxoer seyerntzr, u.e. tte Merseyye awuster uxplexeytntuzy (pMerseyyeawuster ; Ma ) rzr tte uyurzrx qustruoutuzy, wutt qufereyt uyutunluzntuzy seeqs rzr enpt ruy, nyq tte yzrxnl qustruoutuzy seyerntzr (pNzrxnl) rzr tte susynl nteyuntuzy. Suxulntuzys nre perrzrxeq wutt zyly zye pnpwet trnysxussuzy rrzx enpt yzqe tz tte Sink yzqe (tte lnter us pzsutuzyeq nt tte ptest). Berzre pzxpnruys nlszruttxs, we yeeq tz selept seyernl pnrnxeters vnlues uy zrqer tz przvuqe n rnur pzxpnruszy. hus uypluqes szxe prztzpzl-spepuip pnrnxeters qespruoeq nozve supt ns tuxers vnlue, ns well ns xzre seyernl pnrnxeters supt ns tte yzqes trnysxussuzy pzwer, zr tte xnxuxux nllzweq TL. Luve (TL) us n ielq zr tte pnpwet. Its vnlue us uyutunluzeq oy tte szurpe yzqe nyq us qeprenseq nt enpt tzp. hus xeptnyusx luxuts pnpwets retrnysxussuzys. A tust TL vnlue results uy n tuse yuxoer zr pnpwets trnveluys uy tte yetwzrw, przvzwuys queueuys nyq pzllusuzys, wtule n lzw vnlue luxuts tte qepusuzy pzwer zr tte qufereyt nlszruttxs. Setuys ttus vnlue uy n lzw qunxeter xzoule yetwzrw xny oe uyensy, ttnt's wty we rely zy suxulntuzy results tz iyq n rnur vnlue. Iy zur uxplexeytntuzy, tte TL us qeprexeyteq rrzx tte irst trnysxussuzy, wtupt xenys ttnt n pnpwet wtzse uyutunl TL vnlue us equnl tz wull zyly oe exuteq zype nyq yever oe rzrwnrqeq. Suxulntuzys nre pzyqupteq uy wnlw pzsture wutt n trnysxussuzy pzwer equnls tz -50dBm. Fusures . nyq . stzw tte perpeytnse zr PDR uy ruyptuzy zr TL. Iy tte irst srzup, PrunedCvg nyq RandAt strntesues stzw tte lzwest perpeytnse wtey TL us equnl tz 1. Pnpwet us seyt zyly zype tz n rnyqzxly ptzsey yzqe wutt n lzw przonouluty ttnt tte lnter us tte Sink yzqe. de nlsz yztupe ttnt FloodToSink strntesy perrzrxnype qeprenses wtule TL vnlue uyprenses. A tust TL vnlue seyerntes n lzt zr pnpwets uy tte yetwzrw wtupt prentes pzllusuzys nyq pnpwets lzss. A snxe oetnvuzr rzr ProbaCvg wutt n less qrnstup qeprense uy tte PDR wutt TL uyprense.

	. . S	S t							MinAtt BothMinAtt	FloodToSink PrunedCvg
	he auxe-az-1 2 Packet Raception Ratio (%) de evnlunte tte a -a -L (TL) t 3 4 Time to live (hops) 5	6	7	8	Packet Raception Ratio (%)	60 70 80 90 100	1	2 CloseToMe 3 Time to live (hops) 4 5 Zoom RandAtt ProbaCvg 6	7	8
	• Nuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys: Bepnuse pzxxuyupntuzy us pzysuqereq ns
	n tust eyersy pzysuxer. hus wey pnrnxeter suves us ny estuxntuzy zr eyersy pzysuxp-
	tuzy.

seyszr yzqe seyqs zye xessnse wutt iynl qestuyntuzy tte Sink yzqe. de ttererzre pnlpulnte tte yuxoer zr repeuveq xessnses nt tte Sink yzqe level preseyteq ns n perpeytnse uy tte srnpts uy septuzy . . . Lzw perpeytnse xenys yzqes' xessnses quqy't renpt tteur iynl qestuyntuzy (u.e. ttey quqy't renpt Sink yzqe).

• Lnteypy: he eyq tz eyq qelny us tte nvernse tuxe n xessnse tnwes tz renpt tte iynl qestuyntuzy (u.e. tte Sink yzqe).

  Iy tte sepzyq srzup, PPAP nyq PPPP stzw tte lzwest PDR. he irst trnysxussuzy tnrsets zyly zye pnreyt yzqe. he lnter us eynole tz rzrwnrq tte pnpwet tz Sink yzqe suype TL us equnl tz 1. Hzwever, wutt T T L > 1, PPAP zutperrzrxs PPPP. Atenuation-based strntesues stzw tte oest perrzrxnype wutt TL equnls tz 1. byluwe, Multipath-based strntesues, Sink yzqe pzulq oe renpteq rrzx tte irst trnysxussuzy ntexpt ur tte lnter respzyqs tz tte nteyuntuzy request orznqpnsteq oy szurpe yzqe. TL parameter will be set to 5 in our simulations. Stnrtuys rrzx ttus vnlue, perrzrxnype zr xzst zr tte strntesues qzesy't ptnyse. N t de pzxpnre tte perrzrxnype zr tte qufereyt strntesues uy senrpt rzr tte xuyuxux trnysxussuzy pzwer ttnt nllzws renszynole pzxxuyupntuzy rzr n repeuver seysutuvuty zr -100 dBm pzy-suqeruys tte ptnyyel nteyuntuzy. de seew rzr tte vnlue zr tte trnysxussuzy pzwer ttnt eysures tte yetwzrw us pzyyepteq zver tuxe, wtule luxutuys eyersy pzysuxptuzy nyq qevupes texpernture. Iy nqqutuzy, n pzxpnruszy wutt n zye tzp strntesy us pzyqupteq. Fusures . & . stzw tte perpeytnse zr PDR wtey tte trnysxussuzy pzwer uyprenses rrzx -qBx tz qBx uy wnlwuys nyq sleepuys pzstures. Repnll ttnt quruys suxulntuzy tte TL us set tz 5. Iy sleepuys pzsture, wutt -55dBm, n zye-tzp trnysxussuzy renptes renptes 70% wtule Hybrid strntesy renptes 95% zr suppessrully repeuveq pnpwets. Iy suysle-tzp pzxxuyupntuzy, yzqes use xzre eyersy tz renpt Sink yzqe wterens uy xultutzp pzxxuyupntuzy tte eyersy pzysuxptuzy zr tte rzrwnrquys yzqes ttnt nre plzser tz tte Sink yzqe uyprenses. Heype, zur uyvestusntuzy tz uqeytury tte oest strntesy ttnt eysures tte trnqe-zf oetweey relunouluty nyq eyersy pzysuxptuzy.

  ToMe strntesues, uy BothMinAt strntesy yzqes tnrset twz yeustozrs uy zrqer tz uyprense pzyversepnst przpess przonouluty zr suppess, ttey, results stzw ttnt rzr szxe pzstures, BothMinAt strntesy tns tte tustest eyq tz eyq suppess rnte. Fzr RandAt strntesy tte rnyqzx ptzupe oetweey nll tte respzyses lenqs tz n lzw PDR. Frzx isure . , multi-path-based strntesues preseyt n tuster PDR ttny gossip-based strntesues nyq lzwer ttny Atenuation-based strntesues. Hzwever, isure . stzws ttnt APAP strntesy pzxpetes wutt Atenuation-based strntesues. APAP zutperrzrxs gossip-based strntesues rzr nll pzstures. Snxe rzr APPP strntesy expept rzr urresulnr pzstures luwe sleepuys zr wenruys vnpwet wtere ProbaCvg stzws oeter results. Fzr multi-path-based strntesues, PPPP strntesy tns tte lzwest PDR. dutt ttus strntesy, pnpwets nre rzrwnrqeq nlzys n suysle pntt nyq yext tzps nre ptzsey rnyqzxly. Czxpnreq tz APAP nyq APPP strntesues, ttus stzws tte uxpzrtnype zr xultu-pntt tz eysure relunouluty. It nlsz rnuses tte uxpzrtnype zr tte irst pnpwet's trnysxussuzy uy tte yetwzrw. Iyqeeq, wutt APAP nyq APPP, nt tte irst ntexpt tz seyq tte xessnse, tte szurpe ptzzses oztt preqeiyeq pnreyts wtule wutt PPPP tte szurpe ptzzses zyly zye pnreyt ns yext tzp. Our yzvel strntesy Hybrid stzws n szzq PDR. Fzr twz pzstures walking and lying, ut tns tte tustest rntuz. Fzr tte ztters pzstures, uts us tte plzsest tz tte oest suppess rnte releptuys n less susyuipnyt vnruntuzy qepeyquys zy wenrer pzsture.

  Iy tte stntup nyq urresulnr pzstures (e.s. sleep nyq wearing jacket) xessnses speyq xzre tuxe tz renpt tte Sink yzqe ttny uy pzstures wutt tuster xzouluty (e.s. running). Iy n stntup pzsture, pnreyt yzqes pzulq oe uyrenptnole rzr szurpes, teype pnpwets nre lzst nyq qelny uyprenses. Run pzsture preseyts tte tustest xzouluty pzsture: evey wutt ny uyterxuteyt pzyyeptuvuty, yzqes nre nole tz repeuve nyq rzrwnrq xessnses tz qufereyt yeustozrs wtupt uyprenses tte przonouluty tz renpt Sink yzqe. Dufereytly, uy pnse zr gossip-based, ttus zverlznqs tte yetwzrw nyq pnuses pnpwets lzss nyq tust lnteypy. Fzr zur yzvel strntesy, rzr nll pzstures, ut yever preseyts tte tustest eyq tz eyq qelny nyq us very plzse tz tte oest qelny. hus lenqs tz pzypluqe ttnt Hybrid strntesy us xzre lexuole nyq relunole tz tuxny ozqy pzstures. Fusure . preseyts eyq tz eyq qelny per yzqe. Aywle yzqe us tte xzst pzyperyeq oy n tust eyq tz eyq qelny. Iyqeeq, uts pzsutuzy xnwes ttnt uts pnpwet us yepessnruly rzrwnrqeq oy ny uyterxequnte yzqe tz Sink yzqe. he yzqe nt tustt us tte yext zye tz oe pzyperyeq. Suxulnr tz results per pzsture, atenuation-based strntesues stzw tte tustest lnteypy rzr nll yzqes. Fzr multi-path-based strntesues, yzqes, luwe uy tenq nyq upper nrx, ttnt nre plzse tz Sink yzqe, stzw ny uysusyuipnyt qelny. Fzr exnxple wutt APAP strntesy, Sink yzqe us zye zr tte pre-qeiyeq pnreyts, teype, pnpwet us qureptly rzrwnrqeq tz uts iynl qestuyntuzy. arnip lznq us represeyteq ns tte yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys. It relepts tte ptnyyel lznq nyq suves uyqupntuzys nozut eyersy pzysuxptuzy, qevupes nutzyzxy nyq seyszrs pnpnouluty tz rely zy n requpeq suze ontery.Fusure . pzxpnres trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys yuxoer per pzsture rzr enpt strntesy, wtule isure . stzws yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys per yzqe.Atenuation-based strntesues preseyt n lzw yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys oepnuse qntn pnpwets rzllzw n uyupnst pzxxuyupntuzy. Expept rzr BothMinAt strntesy ttnt stzws n tuster yuxoer oepnuse enpt yzqe rzrwnrqs tte xessnse tz twz yeustozrs pzytrnry tz tte ztter atenuation-based strntesues. Repnll ttnt tte yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys uypluqes zyly qntn pnpwets.Fzr gossip-based strntesues, FloodToSink nyq ProbaCvg strntesues preseyt n tuse yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys rzr nll pzstures. Fzr FloodToSink, us ttree tuxes xzre, uy nvernse, ttny tte ztter strntesues oepnuse yzqes pzytuyue tz rzrwnrq enpt repeuveq xessnse wtule uts TL us srenter ttny 1. arnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys yuxoer qeprenses wutt ProbaCvg strntesy ttnyws tz tte przonouluty zr trnysxussuzy P , out ut us stull tust pzxpnreq tz tte ztter strntesues. Fzr PrunedCvg strntesy, rzrwnrquys tte pnpwet tz zyly zye rnyqzxly ptzsey yext tzp, qeprenses susyuipnytly tte yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys. Hzwever, lzzwuys onpw tz results nozut PDR, ttus pny yzt oe pzysuqereq ns ny nqvnytnse.Czysuqeruys multi-path strntesues, tte yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys us renszynole. Fzrwnrquys pnpwets onseq zy preqeiyeq pntts nllzws tz pzytrzl pnpwets pzpues uy tte yetwzrw. APAP strntesy stzws n tust yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys wuttuy nll tte pzstures

			1		1
			0.8		0.8
		Latency (s)	6	Latency (s)	0.4 0.6
					0.2
					0
			M in A t t B o t h M in A t t C lo s e T o M e R a n d A t t F lo o d T o S in k P r u n e d C v g P r o b a C v g A P A P A P P P P P A P P P P P H y b r id		M in A t t B o t h M in A t t C lo s e T o M e R a n d A t t F lo o d T o S in k P r u n e d C v g P r o b a C v g A P A P A P P P P P A P P P P P H y b r id
			(a) Navel node		(b) Head node
			1		1
			0.8		0.8
	a	Latency (s)	0.4 0.6	Latency (s) -	0.4 0.6
			0.2		0.2
			0		0
			M in A t t B o t h M in A t t C lo s e T o M e R a n d A t t F lo o d T o S in k P r u n e d C v g P r o b a C v g A P A P A P P P P P A P P P P P H y b r id		M in A t t B o t h M in A t t C lo s e T o M e R a n d A t t F lo o d T o S in k P r u n e d C v g P r o b a C v g A P A P A P P P P P A P P P P P H y b r id
			(c) Ankle node		(d) Upper arm node
			1		1
			0.8		0.8
		Latency (s)	0.4 0.6	Latency (s)	0.4 0.6
			0.2		0.2
			0		0
			M in A t t B o t h M in A t t C lo s e T o M e R a n d A t t F lo o d T o S in k P r u n e d C v g P r o b a C v g A P A P A P P P P P A P P P P P H y b r id		M in A t t B o t h M in A t t C lo s e T o M e R a n d A t t F lo o d T o S in k P r u n e d C v g P r o b a C v g A P A P A P P P P P A P P P P P H y b r id
			(e) Thigh node

(f) Wrist node Figure 3.12: Latency per node for all converge-cast strategies

Table 3 . 1 :

 31 Average PDR, latency and traffic load for all converge-cast protocols he tturq srzup, pzytnuyuys MinAt, CloseToMe. Bztt zr ttex represeyt uyu-pntt pzyversepnst, rrzx szurpe tz Sink yzqe. dtey lzzwuys tz tte PDR, MinAt zutperrzrxs slusttly Close-ToMe, tzwever, lzzwuys tz tte lnteypy, wutt CloseToMe, n tuster eyq tz eyq qelny us zoserveq. hus us que tz tte rnpt ttnt wutt ttus lnter, szurpe yzqes xny yzt ptzzse tz rzrwnrq tte pnpwet tz Sink yzqe oepnuse nyztter yzqe plzser tns respzyqeq tz tte request tzz.he lnst srzup, pzytnuyuys BothMinAt, APAP nyq Hybrid. Our yzvel pzyverse-pnst strntesy Hybrid stzws n pzxpetutuve nvernse eyq tz eyq suppess rnte. Its perrzrxnype expeeqs ttzse zr gossip-based uy terxs zr PDR, APAP strntesy uy terxs zr eyersy pzysuxptuzy nyq atenuationbased strntesues uy terxs zr qelny evey ur oztt, atenuation-based strntesues nyq Hybrid strntesy, use n tuxer nyq qelny trnysxussuzys.Iy ttus ptnpter, we uxplexeyteq nyq evnlunteq ttrzust exteysuve suxulntuzys tte perrzrxnype zr 11 vnruzus dSN nyq DaN-uyspureq pzyverse-pnst strntesues ttnt we plnssuieq tz ttree qurrereyt npprznptes: Gzssup-onseq, Ateyuntuzy-onseq nyq Multu-pntt-onseq strntesues.Our suxulntuzys were pzyqupteq wutt OMNea++ suxulntzr eyrupteq wutt tte Muxux rrnxewzrw nyq n dBAN renlustup ptnyyel xzqel repeytly przpzseq uy h j nyq qetnuleq uy septuzy . . . Lzzwuys tz suxulntuzy results, we zoserveq ttnt atenuation-based strntesues stzw n tust eyq tz eyq suppess rnte. hus qelny us que tz tte exptnyse zr pzytrzl xessnses oerzre tnwuys tte qepusuzy tz rzrwnrq zr yzt qntn xessnse.Gossip-based strntesues stzw n lzw PDR uy nqqutuzy zr ny uxpzrtnyt trnip lznq. de pzypluqe ttnt ttese strntesues nre yzt nqnpteq rzr pzyverse-pnst uy dBAN eyvurzyxeyt. A lzw eyq tz eyq suppess rnte que tz pzllusuzys nyq n tust eyersy pzysuxptuzy nre uynppeptnole uy n dBAN pzytext.Iy multi-path-based strntesues, APAP strntesy stzws n szzq perrzrxnype qespute n slustt uyprense uy trnip lznq.de rurtter przpzseq n yzvel pzyverse-pnst strntesy pnlleq Hybrid ttnt preseyts n szzq pzxprzxuse uy terxs zr eyq-tz-eyq qelny, resulueype tz xzouluty nyq eyersy pzysuxptuzy.Hybrid pzyverse-pnst sptexe us onseq zy: ny atenuation-based npprznpt wutt PING orznqpnst, n multi-path-based npprznpt wutt pre-qeiyeq pntts, nyq n gossip-based npprznpt wutt orznqpnst ur pnreyt yzqes nre yzt uy rnyse. Czysequeytly, Hybrid strntesy sets tz renpt n oeter PDR ttny gossip-based, n oeter lnteypy ttny atenuation-based strntesues nyq n less trnip lznq ttny APAP strntesy. A trnqe-zf us respepteq wutt zur yzvel prztzpzl Hybrid. Severnl ruture qureptuzys nre zpeyeq oy zur resenrpt. he irst qureptuzy us tz uqeytury tte uxpnpt zr MAC lnyer uy zrqer tz uxprzve tte oest zr zur strntesues oy pzxouyuys ttex wutt przss-lnyer teptyuques qevelzpeq rzr dBAN h , , j. Ayztter qureptuzy us tz nqq tz tte stuqueq strntesues tte tztnl-zrqer rentures. Alttzust ttus przolex us prupunl rzr xequpnl npplupntuzys ut tns yever oeey uyvestusnteq uy dBAN pzytext. Brznqpnstuys us ruyqnxeytnl rzr tte npplupntuzy level, rzr repzyisurntuzy zr rzr trnysxuttuys exerseypy xessnses, ns well ns, rzr yetwzrw-level zperntuzy luwe rzute quspzvery, xnuyteynype zr tte rzutuys tree ur yeeqeq. azwnrq zptuxuzuys tte orznqpnst, twz wey rentures zr wureless pzxxuyupntuzys stzulq oe pnrerully nqqresseq. Oye us tte orznqpnst ynture zr wureless xequux; n trnysxussuzy zr n xessnse pzulq oe tenrq suxultnyezusly oy xultuple yeustozruys yzqes wtupt pny speeq up tte orznqpnst przpess. he ztter zye us wureless uyterrereype/pzllusuzy; n yzqe pny yzt repeuve n xessnse ur xzre ttny zye yeustozruys yzqe nre trnysxutuys nt tte snxe tuxe. de uxplexeyt nyq nynlyze tte oetnvuzr zr 7 orznqpnst strntesues nqnpteq rrzx DaN nyq dSN luternture. hey, we przpzse twz nlteryntuve strntesues rrzx tte nynlysus zr tte streystts nyq wenwyesses zr tte qufereyt npprznptes. de explzuteq zy-ozqy pnpwet orznqpnstuys ussues zy tte preseype zr ultrn-stzrt wureless rnyse nyq pzsturnl ozqy xzvexeyts. de stzw ttrzust suxulntuzy ttnt pzxxuyupntuzy strntesues pzxuys rrzx tte DaN nyq dSN nrens pnyyzt oe trnyspzseq wuttzut nqnptntuzy. de eyrupteq tte Oxyet++ suxulntzr wutt n dBAN-spepuip ptnyyel xzqel (septuzy . . ) nyq use ttus xzqel tz evnlunte tte 9 orznqpnstuys nlszruttxs, uypluquys zur zwy przpzsnls, wutt respept tz tteur nouluty tz pzver tte wtzle yetwzrw, tteur pzxpletuzy qelny, tteur pzst uy terxs zr eyersy pzysuxptuzy nyq tteur pnpnouluty tz preserve xultuple pnpwets zrqer (u.e. FIFO zrqer orznqpnst). Our stuqy stzws ttnt ttere us n suotle pzxprzxuse tz iyq oetweey verozse strntesues ttnt nptueve szzq perrzrxnype nt tte pzst zr yuxerzus trnysxussuzys, ultuxntely przvzwuys pzllusuzys nyq xzre pnutuzus szlutuzys ttnt xuss trnysxussuzy zppzrtuyutues oepnuse zr xzouluty. he ptnpter us zrsnyuzeq ns rzllzws: septuzy . uytrzqupes tte pzytext nyq tte orznqpnst przolex nyq preseyts relevnyt relnteq wzrws. Septuzy . preseyts tte vnruzus orznqpnst strntesues, uypluquys twz zrusuynl pzytruoutuzys, ttnt we tnve pzxpnreq ttrzust suxulntuzy uy septuzy . . Septuzy . preseyts nyq pzxpnres suxulntuzy results zr tte orznqpnst strntesues wutt respept tz yetwzrw pzvernse, lnteypy, trnip vzluxe nyq eyersy pzysuxptuzy. dissemination (zr looding) nlszruttxs requure yz pnrtupulnr wyzwleqse zr tte yetwzrw versus knowledge-based nlszruttxs, wtupt use szxe uyrzrxntuzy zr tte yetwzrw xzouluty tz prequpt spntuztexpzrnl pzyyeptuvuty nyq tz requpe tte yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys. Dussexuyntuzy nlszruttxs teyq tz seyernte xultuple pzpues zr tte snxe xessnse, wtupt explzre nll pntts uy pnrnllel nyq uxprzve xeptnyupnlly tte qeluvery przonouluty wtule requpuys tte qelny uytul pzysestuzy nppenrs. Supt strntesues seyernte n lnrse yuxoer zr uyyepessnry trnysxussuzys nyq nre yzt eyersy-eipueyt. byqerstnyquys nyq usuys tte yzqes xzouluty pntery lenqs tz n oeter eipueypy, out npquuruys tte yepessnry uyrzrxntuzy tns n pzst nyq ttere us n suotle onlnype tz iyq oetweey quplupnte qntn pnpwets nyq pzytrzl xessnses. Iy tteur pnpers h , j, Nu et al. nyq aseys et al. ynxe nyq nynlyze tte broadcast storm przolex ttnt tnppeys uy xzoule nq-tzp yetwzrws: oluyq lzzquys seyerntes yuxerzus trnysxussuzys nll zver tte yetwzrw, pnusuys pzllusuzys, uyprensuys pzyteytuzy nyq requyqnyt trnysxussuzys. az nllevunte ttus efept, enpt yzqe pny pzyqutuzy uts retrnysxussuzy tz n pzystnyt przonouluty nyq tnwes n rzrwnrquys qepusuzy onseq zy tte yuxoer zr pzpues repeuveq quruys n pertnuy tuxe rrnxe, zy tte qustnype oetweey tte szurpe nyq tte qestuyntuzy zr zy tte lzpntuzy zr tte yzqes ur ut us nvnulnole. hey nlsz exnxuye tte efept zr pnrtutuzyuys tte yetwzrw uytzps plusters, tte pluster tenqs rzrxuys n qzxuyntuys set nxzys tte yetwzrw. he qzxuyntuys sets-onseq npprznptes wull oe tte szurpe zr yuxerzus pzytruoutuzys, out us yzt renlly relevnyt uy dBANs, ns tte suze nyq tte qunxeter zr tte yetwzrw rexnuy luxuteq. Hzwever, que tz tte yzqe xzouluty ns well ns tte uyqerlyuys rnyqzxyess zr orznqpnst przpess supt yuxoer xny vnry susyuipnytly zver qufereyt yzqes nyq pny nlsz oe tnrq tz estuxnte xnwuys tte zptuxuzntuzy zr rzrwnrquys przonouluty quipult. Mnyy wzrws tnve explzreq tte przonoulustup lzzquys npprznpt, nlsz pnlleq gossiping. Hnns et al. h j uqeytury tte exusteype zr n ttrestzlq zy tte rzrwnrquys przonouluty oelzw wtupt szssupuys rnuls tz qeluver tte xessnse. Auttzrs nlsz preseyt twz ztter qeruvntuves strntesues rrzx tte onsup szssupuys prztzpzl. Iy tte irst zye, ttey uytrzqupe ttrestzlq zy tte yuxoer zr yeustozrs nyq rzr tte sepzyq zye ttey uytrzqupe n ttrestzlq zy tte yuxoer zr tte seyqers zr enpt xessnse. Snsszy et al., uy h j use perpzlntuzy ttezry tz ptnrnpteruze ttus ptnse trnysutuzy ttrestzlq zy rnyqzx srnpts. Neutter zr ttese wzrws nre qureptly npplupnole tz dBANs, ns tte xzouluty pntery us very qufereyt, out ttey oztt stzw ttnt tte yetwzrws stnpe nyq qyynxups tnve ny uylueype zy tte zptuxnl rzrwnrquys przonouluty. Iy h j, anys et al. preseyt R 2 , n orznqpnst prztzpzl. R 2 spluts tte xessnse uytz xuyuxessnses nyq ttey pzuples n iye-srnuyeq Rnyqzx sptequluys wutt Rnyqzx luyenr yetwzrw pzquys rzr orznqpnstuys tte xuyu-xessnses tz nptueve ny zptuxnl orznqpnst lnteypy pzxpnruys tz n rnyqzx sptequluys ns uy h , j. A rnyqzx sptequluys us npplueq zy xuyu xessnses usuys n uyurzrx rzrwnrquys przonouluty. hey xuyu xessnses nre trnysxuteq uy Rnyqzx sptequluys wutt Rnyqzx luyenr yetwzrw pzquys rnstuzy u.e nll yzqes rzrwnrq pzqeq xuyu-xessnses rzrxeq rrzx rnyqzx luyenr pzxouyntuzys zr nll prevuzusly repeuveq xessnses. Auttzrs tnwe uytz nppzuyt xzouluty pzystrnuyts uy MANEa yetwzrws oy pzysuqeruys n rnpuq ptnyse uy yetwzrw tzpzlzsy nyq stzw ttnt R 2 pny nptueve ny zrqer-zptuxnl orznqpnst lnteypy. Auttzrs rzpus zy lnteypy tzwever tte pzst uy terxs zr yetwzrw zverlznq wns yzt quspusseq. cntqnt et al., uy h j were nxzys tte irst tz pzysuqer ttnt eyq-tz-eyq pzyyeptuvuty wns yzt sunrnyteeq perxnyeytly. hey rntter pzysuqer n yetwzrw rzrxeq zr qufereyt pzyyepteq srzups zr yzqes ttnt eveytunlly xeet. hey uytrzqupe epidemic routing, wtzse irst step pzysusts uy qussexuyntuys uyrzrxntuzy uysuqe n srzup ttrzust onsup lzzquys. dtey twz yzqes xeet, ttey exptnyse n summary vector pzytnuyuys tte xessnses ID ttey nlrenqy pzssess nyq ttey exptnyse zyly tte xussuys xessnses ttnt wull przpnsnte ttrzust yew plusters ttus wny. Iy h j, Muynz et al. przpzse n orznqpnst prztzpzl ttnt us onseq zy n rnult-tzlernyt tzpzlzsy pzytrzl nlszruttx tz eytnype relunouluty nyq ttnt uses zvertenruys, npprzprunte tuxezut nyq tnole stnruys sptexe tz requpe uyyepessnry trnysxussuzys nyq teype tz requpe eyersy pzysuxptuzy. Hzwever, nuttzrs nssuxe ny uqenl MAC lnyer nyq xzouluty wnsy't quspusseq. Iy DaN, yzqes pny pzxxuyupnte evey ur ttere us yz qurept luyw oetweey n pzuple zr yzqes, DaN use xzouluty tz pnrry tte uyrzrxntuzy. Iy h j, tte nuttzrs pzxpnreq vnruzus strntesues rzr pzytrzlluys lzzquys uy qelny tzlernyt yetwzrws, nssuxuys ttnt yzqes tnve yz wyzwleqse nozut tteur lzpntuzy zr tteur xzouluty. hey pzxpnre perrzrxnype zr przonoulustup npprznptes wutt qufereyt npprznptes luxutuys lzzquys uxpnpt usuys n tuxe tz luve, expresseq eutter uy yuxoer zr tzps, zr ns ny expurntuzy qnte. bysurprusuysly ttey stzw ttnt ttese strntesues pny efeptuvely requpe tte lznq uyqupeq oy lzzquys tte yetwzrw wuttzut uyprensuys susyuipnytly tte pzxpletuzy qelny, zr tte rnulure przonouluty. Sprny nyq dnut, h j, us ny zrusuynl rzutuys strntesy ttnt qepzxpzses tte trnysxussuzy przpess uy twz ptnses. Iy tte sprny ptnse, xultuple pzpues zr tte xessnse nre seyt uy tte yetwzrw wutt n lzzquys-luwe xeptnyusx. hey tte yzqes wtz tzlq pzpues zr tte xessnse stnrt wnutuys uytul ttey xeet tte qestuyntuzy tz wtupt ttey wull trnysxut tte xessnse qureptly. Sprny nyq Fzpus h j szes zye step oeyzyq oy letuys yzqes ttnt tzlq zye zr tte xessnse pzpues rzrwnrq ut usuys ny utuluty ruyptuzy, rntter ttny wnutuys tz xeet tte qestuyntuzy. hese strntesues nre yzt lzzquys strntesues, tzwever ttey stzw tzw pzytrzlluys nyq luxutuys tte yuxoer zr pzpues zr tte snxe xessnse ttnt trnvel uy tte yetwzrw nfepts tte qeluvery perrzrxnype. Iy tte k-neighbor orznqpnst sptexe h j, n pnpwet us retrnysxuteq ur nyq zyly ur tte yuxoer zr yeustozrs preseyt expeeq n ttrestzlq, K, nyq ur nt lenst zye zr ttese yeustozrs quq yzt repeuve tte xessnse yet. Evey ur tte uxplexeytntuzy us qufereyt, we iyq onpw tere tte pzypepts oetuyq epuqexup rzutuys nyq tte yztuzy zr yzt systexntupnlly trnysxutuys n pnpwet tz requpe tte yuxoer zr trnysxussuzy. Iy h j, Rzs et al. quspuss relunole nyq eipueyt orznqpnstuys uy vetupulnr nq tzp yetwzrws wtupt us ny nqnptntuzy zr tte pnrnxeterless orznqpnst uy stntup tz tustly xzoule nq tzp yetwzrws prztzpzl h j. heur prztzpzl uses peruzqup oenpzy xessnses tz npquure lzpnl pzsutuzy uyrzrxntuzy. hese uyrzrxntuzy relueve wtetter pnrs oelzys tz n pzyyepteq qzxuynteq set zr yzt. Iy pnse yes, vetupulnr pnrs use stzrter wnutuys peruzq oerzre pzssuole retrnysxussuzys. Iy nqqutuzy, nuttzrs use ny npwyzwleqsexeyt xeptnyusx oy nqquys uyrzrxntuzy nozut lnst repeuveq xessnses pussyonpweq tz tte oenpzys wtupt nvzuq uyyepessnry retrnysxussuzys. A suxulnr npprznpt us useq wutt tte uxplexeyteq strntesy EBP. Iy dBAN, orznqpnstuys us yzt tte pruxnry trnip pntery pzyperyeq uy tte luternture h , , j. Mzst wzrws nozut pzxxuyupntuzy prztzpzls h , j use orznqpnst tz exptnyse pzytrzl xessnses nyq tz eynole rzute quspzver oetweey n szurpe nyq n qestuyntuzy. Iy nqqutuzy, xzst zr ttex rerer tz n suxple lzzquys prztzpzl.

	. C	&

  qesusyntes tte suxplest strntesy: yzqes rzrwnrq enpt repeuveq pnpwet ns lzys ns tte pnpwet's TL us srenter ttny 1 nyq qeprexeyt ttus vnlue uy tte pnpwet oy 1 upzy trnysxussuzy. P . he ptzupe zr tte pzrrept vnlue rzr ttus ttrestzlq qepeyqs zy tte speynruz, wtupt xnwes ttus type zr szlutuzy quipult tz nqnpt uy prnptupe. Fzr zur evnluntuzy speynruzs, we renluzeq suxulntuzys rzr vnruzus vnlues zr tte P pnrnxeter ttnt stzw tte snxe treyq: tte lzwer tte przonouluty, tte wzrse tte yetwzrw pzvernse us. Iy ttus pnper, we ptzse tz preseyt results rzr n przonouluty P = 0.5 tz stzw tte pzxprzxuse oetweey n very pnutuzus strntesy rnuluys tz pzver tte yetwzrw (e.rzrxntuzy us, zr pzurse, qufereyt rzr qufereyt uystnypes zr tte snxe pnpwet nyq ussues relnteq tz tte xnxuxux pnpwet suze pny oe usyzreq suvey dBAN's plnssupnl qunxeter. Enpt yzqe uses ttus uyrzrxntuzy tz rzrwnrq pnpwets zyly tz yet uypzvereq yzqes, wtupt requures yzqes tz uqeytury tteur yeustozrs nyq, ns uy Pruned Flooding, xny trnysrzrx tte orznqpnstuys przpess uytz xultuple uyupnst trnysxussuzys. Nzqes exptnyse every I sepzyqs Hello pnpwets pzytnuyuys tteur uqeytuipntuzy nyq tte lust zr pnpwets ttey nlrenqy repeuveq, wtupt pny oe luxuteq tz tte lnst sequeype yuxoer repeuveq qepeyquys zy tte npplupntuzy. awz xnps nre useq: Neustozr-xnp tz snve tte nqqress zr nll tte "yeustozr" yzqes rrzx wtupt ut repeuves n xessnse (oztt qntn nyq tellz xessnses uyqupnte tte preseype uy tte yzqe rnquz-rnyse) nyq rzr enpt yeustozr ur ut us nlrenqy pzvereq, nyq dnut-xnp tz stzre tte xessnses wtupt nre wnutuys tz oe orznqpnsteq. Enpt tuxe n xessnse us repeuveq, tte yeustozr xnp us upqnteq nyq ttey uts suze us pzxpnreq wutt n ttrestzlq K. Ir tte yuxoer zr yeustozrs (tte suze zr tte xnp) us equnl tz zr tuster ttny K nyq nt lenst zye zr tte yeustozrs tns yzt yet repeuveq tte qntn xessnse, ttey, tte repeuveq xessnse (nyq tte ztter xessnses stzreq uy tte wnut-xnp) nre orznqpnsteq, ztterwuse tte xessnse repeuveq us stzreq uy tte wnut xnp.

	Plnuy Flzzquys us xzre restruptuve: usuys sequeype yuxoer, n repeuveq pnpwet us qeluvereq tz tte npplupntuzy lnyer nyq rzrwnrqeq ur nyq zyly ur ut tns yever oeey repeuveq oerzre. Re-quyqnyt pzpues nre quspnrqeq nyq enpt yzqe exuts enpt pnpwet nt xzst zype. Przonoulustup Flzzquys (P= . ) : yzqes orznqpnst pnpwets nppzrquys tz n pzystnyt przonoul-repeuveq tte pnpwet yet. . . N uty, EBP (Eipueyt Brznqpnst Prztzpzl) (I; K) h j: yzqes zyly orznqpnst n pnpwet wtey ttey MBP: M B P
	nre surrzuyqeq oy nt lenst K yeustozrs, nyq ur nt lenst zye zr ttese yeustozrs tns yzt

s. P = 0.3) nyq lzzquys (P = 1) Przonoulustup lzzquys (P new =P old / ) : yzqes qepuqe tz orznqpnst enpt pnpwet nppzrquys tz n przonouluty P ttnt us quvuqeq oy 2 every tuxe tte snxe pnpwet us re-orznqpnsteq. he przonouluty qepeyqs zy enpt yzqe nyq us yzt exoeqqeq uy tte pnpwets; yzqes xnuytnuy n lzpnl tnole zr pnpwets uqeytuipntuzy nyq nsszpunteq przonoulutues. Iy zur suxulntuzys, tte uyutunl rzrwnrquys przonouluty us set tz 1. Pruyeq Flzzquys (K) : enpt yzqe rzrwnrqs enpt pnpwet zyly tz K yeustozrs, ptzsey rnyqzxly per pnpwet nppzrquys tz ny uyurzrx qustruoutuzy. he ptzupe zr tte pnrnxeter, K tns n strzys uylueype zy tte prztzpzl perrzrxnype, ns pzyirxeq oy zur suxulntuzys. hus strntesy requures n yzqe tz uqeytury uts yeustozrs nyq teype uyqupes pzytrzl trnrip. It nlsz trnysrzrxs tte orznqpnstuys przpess uytz xultuple uyupnst trnysxussuzys, out pny, uy prnptupe, oe uxplexeyteq zver n orznqpnst xequux oy exoeqquys tte qesusynteq yeustozrs lust uy enpt pnpwet's tenqer. anou Flzzquys : enpt pnpwet pzytnuys tte lust zr yzqes ut tns oeey rzrwnrqeq oy. hus uy-he yeustozr-xnp tuxe us setnole: ut's tte tuxe nter wtupt tte szurpe nqqress zr n yeustozr us qeleteq rrzx tte yeustozr xnp. Iy tte zrusuynl EBP, tte ttrestzlq vnlue, K, wns pzysuqereq pzystnyt nyq uyurzrx nprzss tte yetwzrw. Iy n dBAN eyvurzyxeyt, nqnptuys ttus vnlue tz tte lzpntuzy zr yzqes uy tte yetwzrw seexs ynturnl, ns szxe yzqes nre xzre ynturnl rzrwnrqers ttny ztters. Iy tte uxplexeytntuzy we evnlunte uy ttus wzrw, K us set tz 2 rzr tte Sink yzqe (ptest), tz 2 rzr tte tenq nyq nywle (perupternl yzqes) nyq tz 1 rzr tte ztter yzqes (peyter yzqes). awz Hello rrequeypues I nre pzysuqereq quruys suxulntuzys: every I = 0.25 s nyq I = 0.5 s. (N H; Q; T ) : we przpzseq ttus strntesy uy h j ns n xux oetweey tte dissemination-based nyq knowledge-based npprznptes. he orznqpnst oesuys ns n onsup lzzquys nlszruttx (u.e Flooding strntesy). dtey n yzqe repeuves n xessnse, ut ptepws tte yuxoer zr tzps δ ttus xessnse tns trnveleq suype uts exussuzy oy tte Gateway, eutter exoeqqeq uy pnpwets ns ny expluput vnlue, zr usuys tte TL, nyq pzxpnres ut tz n ttrestzlq, N H:

  seyernl uqen zr ttus nlszruttx us tz luxut pnpwets trnysxussuzys wutt respept tz lzzquys wuttzut nyy nqqutuzynl pzytrzl trnip, e.s. tz uqeytury yeustozrs. he twz pzuyters (cptGlobal nyq CptLocal) npt ns uyqupntzrs zr tte oetnvuzr zr tte pnpwet nyq nre useq tz nvzuq pnpwets trnveluys n tzz lzys nyq requyqnyt rznq (cptGlobal) nyq tz nvzuq puys-pzys efepts oetweey plzse yzqes (CptLocal). Optimized Flooding luxuts orznqpnstuys oy pzxpnruys pnpwets cptGlobal vnlues wutt lzpnl CptLocal vnlues. dtey cptGlobal us lzwer ttny CptLocal, tte pnpwet uystnype repeuveq tns trnveleq n stzrter pntt ttny n prevuzus uystnype nyq us requyqnyt. Bztt pzuyters nre luxuteq oy n xnxuxux vnlue, cptMax, wtupt luxuts pnpwets vzuryeys. Iy n pzyservntuve npprznpt cptMax us set oy qernult tz tte yuxoer zr yzqes uy tte yetwzrw. bpzy repeptuzy zr n orznqpnsteq pnpwet, enpt yzqe npplues nlszruttx . hus nlszruttx qzes yzt yeeq uyrzrxntuzy nozut yzqes yeustozrs nyq teype relues zyly zy qntn pnpwets. It tzwever requures tz weep trnpw zr tte yzqes ttnt rzrwnrqeq uystnypes zr tte pnpwets, nyq xny requure stzruys n lust zr rzrwnrqers uy enpt pnpwet tenqer. he uytuutuzy oetuyq ttus nlszruttx pzxes rrzx tte Flooding strntesy. he lnter stzws tte oest perrzrxnype zr relunouluty nyq lnteypy, tzwever ut stzws n very lnrse yuxoer zr exptnyseq xessnses. Sz tte uqen zr Optuxuzeq lzzquys us tz luxut ttus yuxoer zr exptnyses wuttzut uylueypuys tte ztter perrzrxnypes.dutt cptGlobal, we luxut tte retrnysxussuzys nter tte tztnl pzvernse zr tte yetwzrw (pzxpnreq tz cptMax) wtule wutt cptLocal we luxut tte retury zr tte xessnse oetweey twz strzysly pzyyepteq yzqes nyq nlsz we xnwe sure ttnt tte yzqes reorznqpnst tte xessnse uy tte pnse wtere ttere us yew uyrzrxntuzy tz pzxxuyupnte ynxely tte yuxoer zr pzvereq yzqes. E) wtere V us tte set zr yzqes uy tte systex nyq E us tte set zr pzxxuyupntuzy luyws (eqses oetweey yzqes uy V ). de pzysuqer n pzyyepteq srnpt. hnt us, ut exusts n pntt oetweey every pnur zr yzqes. Iy suxulntuzys, we pnrerully ptzzse yzqes trnysxussuzy pzwer tz respept ttus ptnrnpterustup. Nzte ttnt ur tte srnpt us yzt pzyyepteq, ttere us yz pzvernse. Iy tte rzllzwuys we pzysuqer ttnt tte pzxxuyupntuzy luyws nre relunole (u.e. yz pnpwets lzss zr pzllusuzys).

	Set qestuyntuzy nqqress destAddr : Brznqpnst(m) . . P C O Iy tte rzllzwuys we pzysuqer ttnt tte dBAN yetwzrw us xzqel oy n pzyyepteq srnpt G = ▷ A orznqpnst nqqress F pnpwet (V, Alszruttx Optuxuzeq Flzzquys nlszruttx: tnwe n rzrwnrquys qepusuzy wtey repeuvuys n : przpequre b (m<SeqN um, T T L, CptGlobal>)

• CptLzpnl us n per-pnpwet vnrunole lzpnl tz enpt yzqe. It us n lzpnl pzpy zr tte xnxuxux vnlue zr cptGlobal ttnt tte yzqe tns seey sz rnr. he Optimized Flooding uxplexeyts tte rzllzwuys pruxutuves: • Deluver(m<SeqN um, T T L, CptGlobal>): Enpt yzqe qeluvers m tz tte npplupntuzy level upzy repeuvuys m rzr tte irst tuxe. • Brznqpnst(m<SeqN um, T T L, CptGlobal>): All yzqes uy tte yetwzrw perrzrx n orznqpnst zr tte xessnse m uy tte yetwzrw. Alszruttx Optuxuzeq Flzzquys nlszruttx rzr Sink yzqe upzy repeuvuys ny npplupntuzy xessnse m : Set T T L : Set SeqN um : : ur bpzy repeuvuys rzr tte irst tuxe ttey ▷ onseq zy SeqN um

  Suppzse ttnt ttere us n yzqe j supt ttnt j quqy't repeuve tte xessnse m. hus uxplues ttnt nll yeustozrs zr j quqy't orznqpnst tte xessnse.Let i ∈ N (j) supt ttnt i repeuveq m out quqy't orznqpnsteq m (tte pnse wtere i quqy't repeuveq tte xessnse us quspusseq lnter). here nre tte rzllzwuys pnses: pnse : cptLocal i > cptGlobal (Luye 16) =⇒ i nlrenqy orznqpnsteq m wutt cptGlobal = cptLocal. hus nyq tte perrept pzxxuyupntuzy luyws uxply ttnt j repeuveq m . Frzx ttese pnses ut rzllzws ttnt ur n yeustozr zr j repeuveq tte xessnse ttey nlsz j repeuveq ut. Suppzse yzw ttnt yz yeustozr zr j repeuveq tte xessnse. Let k oe n yeustozr zr j uy ttus sutuntuzy nyq let d tte stzrtest qustnype rrzx k tz tte Sink. By npplyuys tte snxe renszyuys ns prevuzusly, ut rzllzws ttnt yzye zr yeustozrs zr k repeuveq tte xessnse. Sz, yz yeustozr zr k nt qustnype d-1 rrzx tte Sink repeuveq tte xessnse. Applyuys repursuvely tte snxe renszyuys ut rzllzws ttnt yzqes nt qustnype 1 rrzx tte Sink quq yzt repeuve tte xessnse wtupt pzytrnqupts Lexxn . Lexxn (yz quplupntuzy). If a node i receives a message m then m is delivered at the application level only once. Proof. dtey n yzqe i repeuves tte xessnse m rzr tte irst tuxe ttey i qeluvers m (Luye 5 ). dtey tte xessnse us n quplupnte zr ny nlrenqy repeuveq xessnse ttey i trussers eutter n orznqpnst zr n quspnrq, qepeyquys zy cptGlobal nyq cptLocal vnlues, nyq qzes yzt qeluver (Luyes 9 -27). If a node i receives a message m then m then m has been broadcasted by the Sink. Proof. Assuxe i repeuves n xessnse m ttnt tns yzt oeey orznqpnsteq oy Sink. hus xenys ttnt tte xessnse tns oeey prenteq oy nyztter yzqe zr ttere wns n stenl xessnse uy tte ptnyyels. he irst nssuxptuzy pzytrnqupts tte nlszruttx suype yz yzqe (expept tte Suyw) prentes n yew xessnses. he sepzyq nssuxptuzy pzytrnqupts tte typzttesus ttnt tte luyws nre relunole. Berzre nptunlly pzxpnruys nlszruttxs, we yeeq tz selept seyernl pnrnxeters vnlues uy zrqer tz przvuqe rzr n rnur pzxpnruszy. hus uypluqes szxe prztzpzl-spepuip pnrnxeters qesprueq nozve, ns well ns xzre seyernl pnrnxeters supt ns tte yzqes trnysxussuzy pzwer, zr tte xnxuxux nllzweq TL. de irst testeq tte qufereyt prztzpzls rzr tte orznqpnst zr n suysle qntn pnpwet rrzx tte szurpe. hus elexeytnry speynruz nllzws us tz pzxpnre prztzpzls seyernl oetnvuzr expluquys spnlnouluty ussues. Enpt qntn pzuyt us tte nvernse zr suxulntuzys ruy wutt qufereyt seeqs. de useq Oxyet++ qernult uyterynl rnyqzx yuxoer seyerntzr, u.e. tte Merseyye awuster uxplexeytntuzy (pMerseyyeawuster ; Ma ) rzr tte uyurzrx qustruoutuzy, wutt qufereyt uyutunluzntuzy seeqs rzr enpt ruy, nyq tte yzrxnl qustruoutuzy seyerntzr (pNzrxnl) rzr tte susynl nteyuntuzy. Oy tte tzp zr tte ptnyyel xzqel qespruoeq uy septuzy . . , we use tte stnyqnrq prztzpzl uxplexeytntuzys przvuqeq oy tte Muxux rrnxewzrw. Iy pnrtupulnr, we useq, rzr tte xequux nppess pzytrzl lnyer, tte IEEE . . uxplexeytntuzy. he seysutuvuty levels, tenqer leystt zr tte pnpwets nyq ztter onsup uyrzrxntuzy nyq pnrnxeters nre tnwey rrzx tte IEEE . . stnyqnrq.

	. . S
	Lexxn (yz prentuzy). . P
	de uxplexeyteq tte nlszruttxs qespruoeq uy septuzy . uy n dBAN speynruz uy tte Oxyet++
	suxulntzr h ,	j. Oxyet++ przvuqes n set zr xzqules ttnt spepuipnlly xzqel tte lzwer
	yetwzrw lnyers zr dSN nyq dBAN, ttnyws tz tte Muxux przvept h j. It uypluqes n set zr
	przpnsntuzy xzqels, eleptrzyups xzqels nyq pzwer pzysuxptuzy xzqels, ns well ns quverse
	xequux nppess pzytrzl prztzpzls.

Sink broadcasts a message, m, then nodes in N (Sink) eventually receive m. Proof. Suppzse Sink orznqpnsteq tte xessnse m. Assuxe ∃j ∈ N (Sink) supt ttnt j quqy't repeuve m. hus nssuxptuzy us rnlse suype we nssuxe ttnt luyws nre relunole (yz lzst xessnses). Lexxn . If a node i broadcasts a message m then nodes in N (i) eventually receive m. Proof. Suppzse i orznqpnsteq tte xessnse m. Assuxe ∃j ∈ N (i) supt ttnt j quqy't repeuve m. hus nssuxptuzy us rnlse suype we nssuxe ttnt luyws nre relunole (yz lzst xessnses). Lexxn (vnluquty). If the Sink broadcasts a message m, then all nodes in V eventually receive m. Proof. pnse : cptGlobal = cptM ax = |V | (Luye 13) =⇒ ∀k ∈ V w repeuveq tte xessnse m. hus uxplues ttnt nlsz j repeuveq m. pnse : T T L = 1 (Luyes 6, 19) =⇒ T T L ⩾ ϵ(Sink) ttey ttere us n xessnse m wutt T T L > 1 nlrenqy orznqpnsteq oy i. It rzllzws ttnt j repeuveq tte xessnse m.

  tte qufusuzy ns Flooding, wtupt explnuys tteur szzq perrzrxnype. Optimized Flooding us n out xzre nqnptnole nyq ultuxntely renptes n stzrter lnteypy ttny MBP oepnuse ut zyly eluxuyntes zoszlete pzpues zr tte xessnses wuttzut uxpnptuys tte qelny. Pruned Flooding rzr K = 4 nlsz tns n oetnvuzr plzse tz Flooding que tz tte yetwzrw nvernse qesree. Tabu Flooding tns n rnur perrzrxnype. As ut tnrsets uypzvereq yzqes, ttese yzqes rnpuqly oepzxe n senrpt tnrset rzr xultuple yzqes nyq tte przonouluty ttnt tte xeet zye yzqe renqy tz trnysxut tte pnpwet tz ttex us lnrse. Probabilistic Flooding (P new =P old / ) strntesy stzws n tuster eyq-tz-eyq qelny ttny Flooding que tz tte qeprensuys orznqpnst ntexpts. But stull lzwer ttny Probabilistic Flooding (P= . ). EBP perrzrxs oeter uy tte tust xzouluty pzstures. Iyqeeq, n penw us yztupeq uy sleep pzsutuzy wtere szxe yzqes nre yzt uy luye zr sustt, seyqer yzqes qepuqe tz yzt orznqpnst tte xessnse nyq weep ut uytul nll pzyqutuzys nre sntusieq. Iy ztter tnyq, Flooding, Optimized Flooding nyq MBP nre tte less nfepteq oy tuxny ozqy pzstures. Hzwever, we yztupe oeter results (plzsest tz Flooding) nyq less vnruntuzys uy ruyptuzy zr tte pzstures wutt Optimized Flooding ttny wutt MBP. a de xensureq tte lznq uyqupeq oy tte qufereyt strntesues ns tte tztnl yuxoer zr exussuzys nyq repeptuzys rzr enpt yzqe. hus xensure, wtupt qzes yzt uypluqe zvertenruys yzt zyly suves ny uqen zr tte wureless ptnyyel zppupnypy, out nlsz zr tte eyersy pzysuxptuzy -pzxpnrnole eyersy oeuys speyt rzr exussuzy nyq repeptuzy zr pnpwets nyq teype tte qevupes nutzyzxy nyq tteur pnpnouluty tz rely zy n requpeq suze ontery -nyq zr tte level zr eleptrzxnsyetup eyersy ttnt wenrers nre expzseq tz. Fusure . pzxpnres tte tztnl yuxoer zr exussuzys nyq repeptuzys per yzqe rzr nll tte stuqueq nlszruttxs nyq Fusure . stzws ttese isures rzr enpt pzsture. hese isures zyly pzxpnre tte vzluxe zr qntn pnpwets, lenvuys nsuqe tte pzytrzl trnip (Hellz, npwyzwleqsxeyts, ...) hese isures stzw, wuttzut surpruse, ttnt yzqes plzser tz tte ptest, uypluquys tte ptest utselr, nre xzre szluputeq ttny perupternl yzqes, ns ttey nre xzre ynturnl rzrwnrqers nyq tnve xzre nptuve yeustozrs zy nvernse. Czxpnruys tte pzstures, we pny yztupe ttnt xzst prztzpzls nre strzysly uylueypeq oy tte yetwzrw qyynxups, ns tte yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys uyprenses rnpuqly wutt tte luyws vnrunype. de pny pnteszruze zype nsnuy tte qufereyt nlszruttxs uy ttree plusters. A irst pluster, pzxpzseq zr Pruned Flooding rzr K ≥ 3, Tabu Flooding nyq Flooding, sntters tte xzst verozse prztzpzls. hese prztzpzls, trnqe tteur szzq perrzrxnype uy terxs zr pzvernse nyq lnteypy rzr n tust yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys. dutt Flooding, ttere us yz luxutntuzy rzr yzqes zy orznqpnst oesuqes tte TL, wtule Pruned Flooding nyq Tabu Flooding evey uypur xzre trnip

  sepzyq srzup, pzxpzseq oy Plain Flooding, Probabilistic Flooding (P= . or P new =P old / ), MBP rzr N H ≤ 2 nyq Optimized Flooding, nre usunlly relntuvely suleyt. hey requure nozut tuxes less trnysxussuzys ttny Flooding, out pny ttus lzw trnip vzluxe wutt n requpeq perrzrxnype, expept rzr Optimized Flooding wtupt nptueves n szzq pzxprzxuse. Probabilistic Flooding (P new =P old / ) perrzrxs oeter ttny Flooding nyq Pruned Flooding. Oye zr tte xnuy wenwyesses zr tte lzzquys nlszruttxs ttnt tteur perrzrxnype strzysly qepeyqs zy tte TL. Iyprensuys tte TL lets tte tztnl nxzuyt zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys ruse very quupwly. hus ussue us pnrtunlly szlveq uy tte nqnptuve Probabilistic Flooding (P new =P old / ): tte przonouluty qeprense wzrws ns ny nutzxntup ornwe, qrnstupnlly requpuys tte trnysxussuzy przonouluty. Iyqeeq, tte peytrnl yzqes tnppey tz trnysxut xzre ttny tte ztters yzqes zy tte yetwzrw, out tteur yeustozrs wull luxut tteur trnysxussuzy przonouluty uxxequntely, resultuys uy n lzwer yuxoer zr repeptuzys. hus nlszruttx ttererzre oeter qustruoutes tte pzysuxptuzy nprzss tte yetwzrw. Betweey ttese twz extrexes, prztzpzls luwe EBP, MBP rzr N H = 3 zr Pruned Flooding rzr K = 2 seyernte xzqernte trnip uy xzst sutuntuzys. de yztupe, rzr nll strntesues, tte tustest yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys us rzr RbN nyq SIa pzstures. Iy rnpt, RbN pzsture represeyts tte tustest xzouluty pzsture, evey wutt rrequeyt quspzyyeptuzys, yzqes nre nole tz xeet xzre rrequeyt tz exptnyse pnpwets. Iy SIa pzsture, yzqes nre plzse tz enpt ztter sz ttey nre nole tz exptnyse pnpwets wutt n xuyuxux lzss.

Table 4 .1:

 4 Average network coverage, latency and traffic load for all broadcast protocolsIy ttus set zr suxulntuzys, we przsressuvely uyprense tte trnip lznq tz evnlunte tzw prztzpzls renpt uyqer qufereyt trnip pzyqutuzys. dtey tte lznq uyprenses, pnpwets xny eutter oe qrzppeq oerzre oeuys exuteq que tz n rull MAC-level queue, zr set exuteq out oe lzst tz szxe repeuvers oepnuse zr pzllusuzys nyq pzysestuzy xny preveyt szxe yzqes tz nppess tte xequux. Iy nll pnses, szxe pnpwets wull yever renpt tteur qestuyntuzy, zr oe repeuveq ttrzust nlterynte, usunlly lzyser, pntts, wtupt xny qusrupt tte pnpwets repeptuzy zrqer.

	. . P	-I	a	L

Table 4 . 2 :

 42 zr pnpwets/s. de let exuter seyernte pnpwets, xzst zr wtupt nre qrzppeq uy tte seyqer's queue, ns tte wureless ptnyyel pnyyzt sustnuy supt n lznq. Fusures repzrteq uy tte tnole nre tte nvernse zver suxulntuzys rzr enpt speynruz. Number of successfully received packets in function of the posture -saturated scenario hese isures pzyirx ttnt sleepuys us, oy rnr, tte xzst ptnlleysuys pzsutuzy rzr tte qufereyt prztzpzls, rzllzweq oy wenruys vnpwet. Czyperyuys prztzpzls, Flooding, MBP, Pruned Flooding, Probabilistic Flooding (P= . ) nyq Tabu Flooding tnve lzwer suppess rntes ttny Plain Flooding, Probabilistic Flooding (P new =P old / ) nyq Optimized Flooding. hus uyqupntes ttnt yeutter tte tzz verozse szlutuzys yzr tte zyes ttnt rely zy yeustozrs uqeytuipntuzy qenl pzrreptly wutt n tust lznq, wtupt us lzsupnl ns oztt rnxulues seyernte n tust qntn zr pzytrzl trnip. Iyqeeq, tte szzq rnywuys zr Plain Flooding evey sussests ttnt n suysle trnysxussuzy rrzx nll yzqes us suipueyt uy xzst pzsutuzys, expept rzr Sleep wtere Optimized Flooding oetnves slusttly oeter. anole . repzrts tte yuxoer zr qustuypt pnpwets repeuveq oy enpt yzqe, nvernseq zver suxulntuzys nyq zver nll pzsutuzys, truypnteq tz qusut. he vnlue rzr ptest represeyts tte yuxoer zr pnpwets ttnt nre repeuveq onpw rrzx yeustozrs rzrwnrquys nyq xny qzes yzt tnve nyy npplupntuzy-level xenyuys. hus pzyirxs ttnt tte xzst quipult yzqes tz renpt nre tte zyes lzpnteq nt lenst twz tzps nwny rrzx tte szurpe (Aywle nyq ttust). Here we pny see ttnt Plain Flooding us tte xzst eipueyt prztzpzl wtey ut pzxes Ayq tnole . repzrts tte snxe isure per yzqe, nvernseq zver tte pzstures. Furst, ut us wzrtt yztuys ttnt pzllusuzys nyq xequux lznq evzlve tzsetter, wtupt us expepteq zy n suysle ptnyyel. Czxpnruys prztzpzls, ttese results nre pztereyt wutt tte ztter stntustups: verozse prztzpzls supt ns Flooding, Tabu Flooding, Pruned Flooding nyq MBP nre xzre przye tz uyprense tte xequux lznq. Plain Flooding nyq Probabilistic Flooding (P= . or P new =P old / ), zy tte zppzsute, tnve n lustter uxpnpt zy tte ptnyyel zppupnypy, wtule Optimized Flooding seyerntes n quute tust lznq. Czyperyuys pzsutuzys, tte nxzuyt zr pzllusuzy us lzwer uy pzsutuzys wtzse suppess rnte us lzw, wtupt uyqupntes ttnt tte suppess rnte us xzre relnteq tz renptnouluty zr tte yzqes ttny tz ny expessuve pzllusuzys nxzuyt.dtey orenwuys qzwy tte qrzps per yzqe, evey ur we pny see vnruntuzys nxzys tte yzqes, tte vzluxe zr pzllusuzys nyq pnpwets qrzppeq nter rnuluys tz nppess tte ptnyyel rexnuys relntuvely uyurzrx nprzss tte yetwzrw. de pny yztupe ttnt peytrnl yzqes sufer rrzx relntuvely lzw

							/ )
		Flzzquys	MBP	Optuxuzeq	Plnuy	Przonoulustup (P= . )	=P old Przonoulustup (P new	Pruyeq	anou	Avernse
	dnlwuys Ruyyuys denwly Sutuys Lyuys Sleepuys denruys Avernse	.		.	.	.		.	.	. . . . . . .

Table 4.3: Number of successfully received packets per node -saturated scenario ; all postures average tz renptuys ttese "quipult" yzqes, rzllzweq oy Probabilistic Flooding (P new =P old / ) nyq Optimized Flooding. D anoleFusure . repzrts tte yuxoer zr qrzppeq pnpwets que tz pzllusuzys nyq ousy ptnyyel (qrzp oerzre seyquys) per pzsture.

Table 4 . 4 :

 44 Drop causes per posture for all broadcast protocols pzllusuzys level evey ur ttey nre relntuvely xzre przye tz sufer rrzx n ousy ptnyyel. hus pny oe explnuyeq oy tte rnpt ttnt ttnt ttese yzqes npt xzre ztey ns exuters ttny tte ztters. he wrust yzqe nppenrs tz oe suferuys rrzx oztt efepts, wtule tte nywle yzqe nppenrs xzre uszlnteq. he tenq, upper nrx tnve qufereyt out nvernse prziles. b anole . repzrts tte nvernse yuxoer zr requyqnyt pzpues zr enpt pnpwet repeuveq oy enpt yzqe.hese isures nre tte nvernse zver suxulntuzys nyq zver nll pzstures. de pny see ttnt yzqes wtupt nre qurept yeustozrs zr tte szurpe, supt ns tte ynvel, out nlsz tte ptest, tenq nyq upper nrx, nre xzre expzseq ttny tte ztters. hese isures nre szxetzw pztereyt wutt tte suppessrul pnpwets rntuz preseyteq uy anole . , wtupt seexs tz uyqupnte ttnt tte yzqes seeuys

								/ )
			Flzzquys	MBP	Optuxuzeq	Plnuy	Przonoulustup (P= . )	=P old Przonoulustup (P new	Pruyeq	anou	Avernse
	Navel Chest Head Up. Arm Ankle high Wrist Average	Collisions Busy channel Collisions Busy channel Collisions Busy channel Collisions Busy channel Collisions Busy channel Collisions Busy channel Collisions Busy channel Collisions Busy channel	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 4 . 5 :

 45 Drop causes per node for all broadcast protocols tte xzst trnip nre nlsz tte oeter pzvereq zyes, yet tte isures rzr tte ptest yzqe, rzr uystnype, zr tte tenq yzqe qz yzt rzllzw ttus pntery. Ctest rnyws tt uy terxs zr pzvernse out yq uy terxs zr requyqnyt repeptuzys, wtule tenq nyq, tz n sxnller exteyt, wrust nre ztey pzvereq nyq zyly experueype xzqernte requyqnyt repeptuzys. dtey ut pzxes tz prztzpzls pzxpnruszy, we pny pzyrzrx zur prevuzus pzyplusuzys: Flooding nyq Tabu Flooding nre very verozse rzllzweq oy MBP nyq Pruned Flooding, wtule Plain Flooding nyq Probabilistic Flooding (P= . or P new =P old / ) nre tte xzst suleyt nlteryntuves. Optimized Flooding spzres rnurly. Czxpnreq tz tte zye suysle pnpwet speynruz, we pny yztupe ttnt Tabu Flooding useq tz tnve n szzq perrzrxnype uy terxs zr trnip lznq nyq yzw spnles pzzrly que tz tte qepzxpzsutuzy zr tte orznqpnst uytz xultuple uyupnst trnysxussuzys.

							/ )
		Flzzquys	MBP	Optuxuzeq	Plnuy	Przonoulustup (P= . )	=P old Przonoulustup (P new	Pruyeq	anou	Avernse
	Nnvel Ctest Henq bp. Arx Aywle hust drust Avernse	. . . . .	. . . . . .	. . . . . . .	. . . . . . .	. . . . . . . .	. . . . . . .	. . . . . . .	. . . . . .	. . . . . . .

Table 4.6: Number of redundant receptions per node -saturated scenario ; all postures average P Fusure . preseyts tte nvernse per yzqe zr tte przpzrtuzy zr qe-sequeypeq pnpwets, u.e. pnpwets ttnt xnynse tz renpt tte qufereyt yzqes uy tte yetwzrw, out nter n suosequeyt pnpwet tns nlrenqy oeey repeuveq.

  h j, Eltnqv et al. preseyt n Nzqe Mnynsexeyt Eytuty (NME) nyq n Huo Mnynsexeyt Eytuty (HME) nrptuteptures onseq zy IEEE . . stnyqnrq. he twz nrptuteptures pzxouye przss nyq xzqulnr qesusy nrptutepture tz eysure yetwzrw relunouluty nyq eytnype tte dBAN Qunluty zr Servupe (QzS). Alttzust nuttzrs tnve trenteq qntn teterzseyeuty, tteur przpzsnls wtupt nre onseq zy IEEE . . stnyqnrq sufer rrzx tust eyersy pzysuxptuzy que tz uqle lusteyuys. Lntlzu et al. preseyt EEAdD h j, n MAC-Netwzrw przss lnyer eyersy zptuxuzntuzy xzqel rzr dBAN. EEAdD wns uytrzqupeq tz pzpe wutt EAdD h j luxutntuzys ttnt que yzt tnwe uytz nppzuyt tte xequux nppess pzytrzl nyq ptysupnl lnyer spepuipntuzys. dutt EEAdD, nuttzrs uytrzqupe twz trnip plnsses (yzrxnl nyq exerseypy), nyq pzysuqer n pseuqz xzouluty xzqel. Auttzrs zyly rzpuseq zy eyersy eipueypy pnrnxeter qespute ztters.

  et al. uytrzqupe SIMPLE -Stnole Iyprensuys-ttrzustput Multu-tzp Prztzpzl rzr Luyw Eipueypy uy dBAN h j. A pzst ruyptuzy us useq tz selept tte pnreyt yzqe wutt tust resuqunl eyersy nyq xuyuxnl qustnype tz tte Sink yzqe. he systex xzqel pzysuqers seyszr yzqes wutt equnl pzwer nyq pzxputntuzynl pnpnoulutues. he Sink yzqe orznqpnsts n pnpwet wtupt pzytnuys uts pzsutuzy wtule tte ztter yzqes orznqpnst n pnpwet wtupt pzytnuys tteur ID, pzsutuzy nyq eyersy stntus. hey, Sink yzqe pzxputes tte pzst ruyptuzy zr enpt yzqe onseq zy tte repeuveq uyrzrxntuzy rrzx tte tellz pnpwet. he pzst ruyptuzy us trnysxuteq tz nll yzqes nyq zyly yzqes wutt xuyuxux pzst ruyptuzy nre selepteq ns rzrwnrqer. hus seleptuzy us przpesseq rzr enpt rzuyq. Fuynlly, rzrwnrqer yzqes nssusy aDMA sptequle tz ztter yzqes teype yzqes wutt qntn tz trnysxut wnwe up zyly uy tteur nssusyeq tuxe slzt. Iy h j, Gnruqnqru et al. przpzse n przss-lnyer sptexe onseq zy npplupntuzy nyq MAC lnyer uyternptuzys. hey rzpus zy trentuys tte ussues zr eyq-tz-eyq pnpwet lzsses que tz luyw qeteruzrntuzy, uyterrereype, pzysestuzy nyq systex lznq. he pnpwet lzss xutusntuzy npprznpt us onseq zy tte exersuys susynl przpessuys pzypept, tte pzxpresseq seysuys, wtereuy susyuipnytly rew seyszr xensurexeyts pny oe useq tz repzver susynls wutt nroutrnruly iye reszlutuzy. Lzst pnpwets nre uqeytuieq nt tte npplupntuzy lnyer vun n sequeype yuxoer ielq uy tte pnpwet tenqer zr tte lzwer lnyers. Hzwever, nuttzrs tnve yzt pzysuqereq yeutter trnip teterzseyeuty yzr yzqe syyptrzyuzntuzy. Iy h j, Dnvnsluzslu et al. preseyts CLOEE -Crzss-Lnyer Optuxuzntuzy rzr Eyersy Eipueypy tz qeterxuye tte PHf nyq MAC lnyer pnrnxeters: zptuxnl pnylznq suze (rrnxe leystt) nyq yuxoer zr pulses. Auttzrs stuqy IEEE . . ultrn-wuqeonyq (bdB) ttnt use uxpulse rnquz (IR). CLOEE zptuxuzes reszurpe nllzpntuzy rzr eyersy eipueypy nyq ttrzustput. Bey Eltnqv et al. preseyt n przss-lnyer onseq qntn qussexuyntuzy nlszruttx rzr IEEE . . h j. Auttzrs pzysuqereq n twz-tzp exteyqeq stnr tzpzlzsy suype tteur wzrw us onseq zy IEEE . . stnyqnrq. Auttzrs nqzpt n suxple reverse tree rzute quspzveruys npprznpt rzzteq nt tte pzzrquyntzr rzr n twz-tzp tzpzlzsy yetwzrw usuys tellz oenpzys exptnyse. he pzzrquyntzr (u.e Sink yzqe) stnrts wutt n oenpzy orznqpnst. Benpzy xessnses nre ttey rzrwnrqeq zyly zype oy nll seyszrs. Enpt yzqe ttnt repeuveq zye zr xzre oenpzys wull ptzzse n yext tzp tz tte pzzrquyntzr onseq zy tte stzrtest pntt uy terxs zr qelny. Iy nqqutuzy, nuttzrs uytrzqupe qntn trnip pruzrutues nyq n pre-exptuve queuuys xzqel nt n dBAN yzqe. Hzwever, tust pruzruty pnpwets pny pzyteyq reszurpes nyq lzw pruzruty pnpwets pny oe olzpweq nt tte MAC oufer. az pzpe wutt ttus przolex nuttzrs qeiye tte xnxuxux tuxe ttnt n pnpwet pny wnut uy tte oufer. Lnteypy stulls ny ussue. Ay exteyqeq wzrw zr h j wns preseyteq uy h j, nuttzrs preseyt n Pruzruty-onseq Crzss Lnyer Rzutuys Prztzpzl (PCLRP) nlzys wutt n Pruzruty-onseq Crzss lnyer Mequux Appess Ctnyyel (PCLMAC) rzr tenlttpnre npplupntuzys. PCLRP us ny nqnptuve prztzpzl resnrquys tte slzt nssusyxeyt teptyuque. It pzxouyes aDMA nyq pruzruty sunrnyteeq CSMA/CA npprznptes tz nppess tte ptnyyel nyq qeiyes n syyptrzyuzntuzy sptexe tz nvzuq pzllusuzys, qntn lzss nyq uqle lusteyuys nyq rnpe tzpzlzsy ptnyses. PCLRP qeiyes ttree trnip plnsses: Geyernl xzyutzruys pnpwets, qelny seysutuve pnpwets nyq exerseypy pnpwets, wtule, PCLMAC zperntes uy pzxplunype wutt tte qeiyeq trnip pnteszry. PCLRP uypzrpzrntes ny uyternptuzy oetweey tte npplupntuzy, MAC, yetwzrw nyq ptysupnl lnyer. Iyqeeq, tte MAC slzt nllzpntuzy us pustzxuzeq rzr tte uyqerlyuys rzutuys prztzpzl tnwuys uytz nppzuyt tte QzS requurexeyts zr tte tenlttpnre npplupntuzy nyq ptysupnl pnrnxeters. PCLRP explzuts tte exptnyseq MAC rrnxes tz ouulq tte rzutuys sptexe wuttzut n rzute quspzvery xessnse exptnyse. Mzrezver, tte rzutuys nlszruttx explzuts yzqe's ontery level nyq tte MAC rrnxe strupture (aDMA yuxoer zr slzts) uy tte relny seleptuzy przpess. Nzte ttnt przss-lnyer npprznpt stzweq n szzq pzxprzxuse oetweey relunouluty, eyersy eripueypy, QzS requurexeyts, etp. Hzwever, przpzseq prztzpzls, quspusseq enrluer, rzpus zyly converge-cast (xultuple szurpe yzqes seyq pnpwets tz n uyuque qestuyntuzy Sink). az tte oest zr zur wyzwleqse we tnve, yz pnper tns quspusseq orznqpnst uy dBAN explzutuys n przss-lnyer npprznpt. Iy nqqutuzy, ttese przpzsnls tnyqle ozqy xzouluty oy repzystruptuys nyq upqntuys tte tree tzpzlzsy useq rzr pnpwet rzutuys. Iy zur wzrw, we pzysuqer ny tzxzseyezus trnip wtere nll seyseq qntn nre pzysuqereq wutt tte snxe pruzruty level nyq requures % relunouluty. Czysuqeruys qntn qufereyt level zr pruzruty us ny uyterestuys npprznpt out zyly rzr spepuip npplupntuzys. Iy ttus septuzy, we uytrzqupe zur yew przss lnyer orznqpnst prztzpzl CLPB. CLPB tnyqles oztt tte pzytrzl xequux nppess nyq tte orznqpnst przpess. CLPB us n slztteq prztzpzl ttnt ouulqs zy tzp zr n pruyeq pzxxuyupntuzy srnpts pzystrupteq onseq zy tte ptnyyel xzqel h j qespruoeq uy septuzy . . . Sink yzqe orznqpnsts pnpwets uy tte yetwzrw nqqresseq tz nll yzqes nlzys qufereyt ozqy pnrt. he ultuxnte sznl us tz eysure ttnt nll yzqes repeuve nll pnpwets uy tte stzrtest qelny pzssuole nyq wutt tte lenst eyersy pzysuxptuzy. Our prztzpzl tnwes uytz nppzuyt yuxoer zr pnpwets tz oe orznqpnsteq nyq tteur trnysxussuzy rrequeypy. Iy zrqer tz uypluqe tte ptnyyel xzqel spepuiputues uy tte orznqpnst przpess, CLPB yeeqs n preprocessing ptnse. he preprzpessuys ptnse us zyly tnyqleq nt tte oesuyyuys nyq zyly nt tte Sink yzqe level. Ater ttus preprzpessuys ptnse, Sink orznqpnsts pnpwets ttnt wull pnrry oztt qntn nyq pzytrzl uyrzrxntuzy (e.s. slzts nssusyxeyt, syyptrzyuzntuzy uyrzrxntuzy, etp). de setleq zy n peytrnluzeq preprzpessuys ptnse pzyqupteq zy tte Sink yzqe. It us xzre eipueyt tz tnyqle tte preprzpessuys ptnse peytrnluzeq uy zye uyuque yzqe suype zur wzrw nqqresses sxnll spnle yetwzrws (up tz yzqes). A qustruouteq preprzpessuys ptnse usuys rzr exnxple pzytrzl xessnse exptnyse wzulq tnve tenvy pzsts espepunlly suvey tuxny ozqy xz-ouluty. Iy nqqutuzy, n qustruouteq preprzpessuys ptnse wzulq oe xzre uyterestuys uy n lnrse spnle yetwzrw. Alsz, we tnrset xequpnl prutupnl npplupntuzys wtere dBAN yetwzrw us prepusely uyspepteq oy xequpnl stnf, yzqes pzsutuzy us pnrerully selepteq nppzrquys tz tte qesureq npplupntuzy. . . P he nux zr preprzpessuys ptnse us tz uqeytury, rzr enpt pzsture nyq rzr enpt yzqe N i , zye zr xzre relunole pntts rrzx Sink yzqe tz N i , u.e pntts wutt tte tustest suppess trnysxussuzy przonouluty. hus ptnse us exeputeq zyly oy Sink yzqe oerzre stnrtuys tte orznqpnst przpess. he iynl nllzpntuzy result wull oe uypluqeq zy tte suosequeyt pnpwets. he xzouluty xzqel, we nre usuys, suves us susynl nteyuntuzy oetweey enpt pzuple zr yzqes rzr qufereyt pzstures ns tte nvernse nteyuntuzy (uy qB) nyq tte stnyqnrq qevuntuzy (uy qBx). de uyvzlve ttese ptnyyel ptnrnpterustups uy zur prztzpzl qesusy.

	. CLPB: C	L	P	B	dBAN

  S 1 us tte set zr qureptly pzyyepteq yzqes tz tte Sink yzqe nyq n 1i ∈ S 1 . ∀n 1i ∈ S 1 oe S 2 tte set zr qureptly (zye-tzp) pzyyepteq yzqes tz n 1i nyq n 2i ∈ S 2 . n 1i us selepteq ns n seyqer zyly ur S 2 ̸ = ∅ nyq n 2i / ∈ S 1 . Sink nssusys n slzt tz enpt seyqer zutputeq oy tte preprzpessuys ptnse (see septuzy . . ). A yzqe us nllzweq tz rzrwnrq prevuzusly repeuveq pnpwets zyly ur ut us n seyqer nyq tte purreyt slzt wns nssusyeq tz ut.hey, Sink yzqe orznqpnsts pnpwets wtupt uypluqe qntn nyq n medium access and synchronization scheme. he orznqpnsteq pnpwets wull pnrry oztt qntn nyq pzytrzl uyrzrxntuzy (e.s. slzts nssusyxeyt, syyptrzyuzntuzy uyrzrxntuzy, etp).

	. . CLPB P	O
	Ater tte preprzpessuys ptnse,

  ur xzre pnpwets nre expepteq, onseq zy Sink yzqe trnysxussuzy rnte, ttey ut pzxputes tte yext pyple nyq szes onpw tz sleep nt tte eyq zr tte purreyt pyple. Otterwuse, ut sleeps qeiyutely.dtey n yzqe wnwes up zy uts nssusyeq tuxe slzt tz trnysxut prevuzusly repeuveq qntn, ut trnysxuts uytul tte eyq zr uts slzt. Ater ttus pzuyt, ut qelnys tte rexnuyuys pnpwets tz oe orznqpnsteq uy tte yext pyple.Nzqes nlterynte oetweey: repeptuzy, sleep nyq trnysxussuzy xzqes. Hzwever, qufereytly rrzx ztter suxulnr teptyuques, we struve tz requpe tte yuxoer zr stnte swutptes nyq tte quty pyple qurntuzy.As stzwy uy Fusure . , nter repeuvuys n pnpwet, yzqes 0 nyq 6 sleep wnutuys tteur tury tz orznqpnst onseq zy tte sptequluys sptexe. Alsz, yzqe 3 sleeps nter orznqpnstuys tte pnpwet. Lenr yzqes, yzqes 2 nyq 4, sleep nter repeuvuys nll pnpwets wtule seyqer yzqes sleep nter trnysxutuys nll repeuveq pnpwets.Nzte ttnt uy ttus exnxple, we suppzse zyly zye pnpwet us orznqpnsteq uy tte yetwzrw sz yzqes sleep nter repeuvuys tte uyuque pnpwet. Ir xzre ttny zye pnpwet us expepteq, yzqes sleep nt tte eyq zr tte purreyt pyple nyq wnwe up tte yext pyple.

	pnpwet us qeluvereq tz tte npplupntuzy lnyer nyq reorznqpnsteq zyly zype. Otter pzpues
	nre quspnrqeq.
	Iy tte rzllzwuys, we preseyt CLPB nlszruttx .
	CLPB uxplexeyts tte rzllzwuys pruxutuves:
	• Seyqbp(x): Enpt yzqe seyqs up m tz tte yetwzrw level upzy repeuvuys m.
	• Brznqpnst(m): All seyqer yzqes perrzrx n orznqpnst zr tte xessnse m uy tte yetwzrw
	quruys tteur tuxe slzt.
	c: Set zr nll yzqes uy tte yetwzrw; Nzqe i ∈ V
	. P
	Iy ttus septuzy, we pzxpnre lnt orznqpnst strntesues stuqueq uy ptnpter nyq puolusteq uy h j
	(nyq uts pzxpnyuzy teptyupnl repzrt h j) nyq tte yew przss lnyer prztzpzl CLPB.
	Iy ptnpter , we nqnpteq, uxplexeyteq nyq pzxpnreq 9 xultu-tzp orznqpnst strntesues h ,
	j wutt qufereyt levels zr wyzwleqse nyq exteysuvely evnlunte ttex nsnuyst renlustup tuxny
	ozqy xzouluty uy n speynruz ttnt us represeytntuve zr n renl dBAN.
	he rzllzwuys us n repnll zr tte pzysuqereq orznqpnst strntesues:

Eyq tz eyq qelny: he

  • Przonoulustup lzzquys (P new = P old /2) Nzqes qepuqe tz orznqpnst nppzrquys tz n przonouluty P ttnt us quvuqeq oy 2 every tuxe n pnpwet us orznqpnsteq. Iy zur suxulntuzys, tte uyutunl rzrwnrquys przonouluty us set tz 1. • MBP: Muxeq Brznqpnst Prztzpzl Przpzseq uy h j, ttus strntesy us n xux oetweey tte dissemination-based nyq knowledge-based npprznptes. he orznqpnst oesuys ns n onsup lzzquys nlszruttx (u.e Flooding strntesy). dtey n yzqe repeuves n xessnse, ut ptepws tte yuxoer zr tzps N H ttus xessnse tns trnveleq suype uts exussuzy oy tte Sink, eutter stzreq ns ny expluput vnlue, zr onseq zy tte TL, nyq pzxpnres ut tz n ttrestzlq, ∆. As n result, yzqes ptzzse eutter tz orznqpnst tz ut yeustozrs uy rnyse, tz wnut rzr npwyzwleqsexeyts zr tz npwyzwleqse. hus nlszruttx qepeyqs zy twz xnuy pnrnxeters tz pzytuyue zr stzp tte orznqpnst: ∆, tte ttrestzlq zy tte yuxoer zr tzps trnveleq sz rnr nyq Q, tte yuxoer zr expepteq npwyzwleqsxeyts. Bztt pnrnxeters tnve ny uylueype zy tte nlszruttx perrzrxnype ttnt we evnlunteq ttrzust suxulntuzy. Czyperyuys Q, we qeterxuyeq ttnt tte oest perrzrxnype wns nptueveq wutt qufereyt vnlues nppzrquys tz yzqe pzsutuzy: rzr exnxple, rzr yzy ynturnl rzrwnrqer yzqes luwe tenq nyq nywle yzqes, Q stzulq oe set tz 0. Iy septuzy . , we stzw results rzr ∆ equnls tz 1, 2 nyq 3. • OptFlzzq: Optuxuzeq Flzzquys hus prztzpzl wns przpzseq uy h j. It ouulqs up zy plnssupnl lzzquys, wtupt extuouts expelleyt perrzrxnype uy terxs zr yetwzrw pzvernse nyq pzxpletuzy qelny, wtule ntexptuys tz weep tte yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys lzw tz preserve eyersy nyq ptnyyel reszurpes. OptFlzzq xnuytnuys, nsszpunteq tz enpt pnpwet, twz pzuyters: cptGlobal,exoeqqeq uytz tte pnpwet utselr (zr uy nll uts pzpues) nyq every tuxe tte pnpwet us repeuveq oy n yzqe ttnt tnq yzt repeuveq ut prevuzusly, tte yzqe uyprenses ttus pzuyter vnlue tz relept tte rnpt ttnt tte pnpwet renpteq n yew yzqe, nyq CptLocal, wtupt us n per-pnpwet vnrunole lzpnl tz enpt yzqe nyq ut us n lzpnl pzpy zr tte xnxuxux vnlue zr cptGlobal ttnt tte yzqe tns seey sz rnr. he evnluntuzy rzpuses tte speynruz wtere n spepuip yzqe uy tte yetwzrw, tte Sink, seyqs n suysle pnpwet tz nll tte yzqes uy tte yetwzrw. Our evnluntuzy tnrsets tte pnrnxeters oelzw: • Relunouluty: Perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes Nzte ttnt Sink yzqe us zur uyuque szurpe zr pnpwets. de ttererzre pzxpute tte yuxoer zr yzqes ttnt tnve repeuveq tte xessnse nyq preseyt results ns tte perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes. nvernse qelny n pnpwet tnwes tz renpt n yzqe. Fzr QzS, tte lnteypy uy prutupnl xequpnl npplupntuzys stzulq oe less ttny 125ms h j. • arnip lznq: ns ny uyqupntzr zr eyersy pzysuxptuzy wtupt us n xnuy pzypery uy dBAN. Eyersy pzysuxptuzy us preseyteq ns tte yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys. Septuzy . . preseyts suxulntuzy results wtey strntesues nre stresseq wutt n Sink yzqe trnysxussuzy rntes rrzx 2 tz 1000 pnpwets/s. he sznl zr stuqyuys strntesues perrzrxnype wutt vnruzus trnysxussuzy rntes nyq qufereyt MAC oufer suzes us tz tustlustt tte tuqqey uxpnpt zr szxe pnrnxeters luwe MAC oufer suze zy strntesues perrzrxnypes. Our suxulntuzy pzyirxs ttnt n przss-lnyer npprznpt zfers tte oest perrzrxnype. Septuzy . . rzpuses tte pnse wtey Sink yzqe orznqpnsts zyly 1 pnpwet. he results pzyirx ttnt evey rzr lzw rntes, tte przss-lnyer npprznpt zfers tte oest perrzrxnype. Enpt qntn pzuyt us tte nvernse zr 50 suxulntuzys ruy wutt qufereyt seeqs. de useq Ox-yet++ qernult uyterynl rnyqzx yuxoer seyerntzr, u.e. tte Merseyye awuster uxplexeytntuzy (pMerseyyeawuster ; Ma ) rzr tte uyurzrx qustruoutuzy, wutt qufereyt uyutunluzntuzy seeqs rzr enpt ruy, nyq tte yzrxnl qustruoutuzy seyerntzr (pNzrxnl) rzr tte susynl nteyuntuzy. he trnysxussuzy pzwer us set nt tte xuyuxux luxut level -55 dBm h j ttnt eysures n luxuteq eyersy pzysuxptuzy, requpes wenrers eleptrzxnsyetup expzsutuzy nyq nllzws ny uyterxutteyt pzxxuyupntuzy suvey tte ptnyyel nteyuntuzy nyq tte repeuver seysutuvuty -100 dBm. Fzr CLPB prztzpzl, slzt qurntuzy us set tz 5ms wutt n outrnte equnl tz 1M b/s. CLPB strntesy zutperrzrxs tte lnt strntesues. Mzrezver, CLPB szzq perrzrxnype us xnuytnuyeq up tz 200 pnpwets/s wtule tte ztter strntesues perpeytnse qrzps stnrtuys rrzx 10 pnpwets/s.NFusure . preseyts tte perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes uy ruyptuzy zr Sink trnysxussuzy rnte. hus rnte us preseyteq ns tte yuxoer zr orznqpnsteq pnpwets per sepzyq.All lnt orznqpnst strntesues oetnve suxulnrly: Gzuys tz 1000 pnpwets/s, tte perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes nlxzst luyenrly qeprenses tz renpt 10%. At 100 pnpwets/s, zyly 50% zr tte yetwzrw us pzvereq.dutt Flooding strntesy, tte perpeytnse qeprenses stnrtuys rrzx 5 pnpwets/s. dutt ttus strntesy, yzqes orznqpnst enpt repeuveq pnpwet wuttzut restruptuzys. Iy tte yetwzrw tte uxpzrtnyt nxzuyt zr pnpwets zverlznqs tte yetwzrw nyq prentes pzllusuzys.Fzr Pruned Flooding nyq MBP, tte perpeytnse qeprenses stnrtuys rrzx 5 pnpwets/s tzz. dutt Pruned Flooding, evey ur yzqes nre restrupteq tz orznqpnst tz zyly K yzqes, stull, wutt K = 3 xnyy pnpwets pzpues nre seyernteq nyq tte yetwzrw us zverlznqeq. Alsz, oepnuse zr tte rnyqzx ptzupe zr tte yext tzps, szxe yzqes nre yzt qunluieq rzr rzrwnrquys. dutt MBP, orznqpnst us zyly qelnyeq tz suve tuxe rzr tte ztter yzqes tz repeuve nyq npwyzwleqse pzrrept repeptuzy. hus qelny nllzws MBP tz nvzuq yetwzrw zverlznquys nyq teype luxuts pzllusuzys nyq eysures n oeter perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes ttny Flooding nyq Pruned Flooding strntesues.Iy sleepuys pzsture, Flooding nyq MBP strntesues nre nole tz xnuytnuy n szzq perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes equnl tz 91% up tz 10 pnpwets/s. Due tz lzw xzouluty nyq less nvnulnole luyws, yetwzrw us less zverlznqeq sz less pzllusuzys nyq less pnpwets lzss. Hzwever, uy xzre xzoule nyq qeyse pzstures, perrzrxnype qeprenses, rzr exnxple, uy ruyyuys pzsture, Flooding strntesy stzws 82% zr pzvereq yzqes rzr 10 pnpwets/s nyq 75% uy sutuys pzsture.CLPB xnuytnuys n szzq perpeytnse, srenter ttny 90%, up tz 350 pnpwets/s. Iyqeeq, wutt 350 pnpwets/s, Sink tns zye pnpwet tz seyq enpt 0.00285s. Iy zur setuyss, n pyple lnsts 5 tuxe slzts wutt n tuxe slzt qurntuzy equnls tz 5xs. At tte eyq zr tte pyple, Sink yzqe tns 8 pnpwets wnutuys uy oufer rzr orznqpnst. Or, wutt n out rnte equnls tz 1M bs, Sink yzqe pny seyq up tz 5Kos quruys uts tuxe slzt. A pnpwet suze us equnl tz 544 outs ttey Sink yzqe pny seyq up tz (5Kos/544 outs) pnpwets u.e 9 pnpwets per tuxe slzt. Beyzyq tte rnte 350 pnpwets/s, perrzrxnype rnlls tz

	. . I
	B		/ -MAC
	Iy ttus septuzy, we stress tte qufereyt strntesues wutt Sink yzqe trnysxussuzy rnte up tz 1000 • FIFO Orqer: Perpeytnse zr qe-sequeypuys he perpeytnse zr pnpwets repeuveq uy n pnpwets/s nyq n MAC oufer suze equnls tz wtupt us tte qernult vnlue uy tte IEEE . . qufereyt zrqer ttny tte seyquys zrqer. hus pnrnxeter us evnlunteq zyly uy tte pnse wtey stnyqnrq. Sink trnysxussuzy rnte us srenter ttny 1packet/s. Iy nll ozqy pzstures,
	• Lnteypy: . . S	S t
	de use tte qusprete eveyt suxulntzr Oxyet++ h j nyq tte Muxux rrnxewzrw h j eyrupteq
	wutt tte qespruoeq ptnyyel nyq xzouluty xzqel uy septuzy . . .
	Aozve tte ptnyyel xzqel, we useq stnyqnrq prztzpzl uxplexeytntuzys przvuqeq oy tte
	Muxux rrnxewzrw h j. Iy pnrtupulnr, we useq, rzr tte xequux nppess pzytrzl lnyer, tte IEEE
	. . uxplexeytntuzy (	versuzy, yzy-oenpzy xzqe). Seysutuvuty levels, pnpwets tenqer
	leystt nyq ztter onsup uyrzrxntuzy nyq pnrnxeters nre onseq zy IEEE	. . stnyqnrq.

  30% zr pzvereq yzqes oy 1000 pnpwets/s. Nzqes nre yz xzre nole tz orznqpnst nll wnutuys pnpwets, ttey yew repeuveq pnpwets nre qrzppeq oepnuse oufer us snturnteq nt MAC level.MAC oufer suze uxpnpts strntesues perrzrxnype. Fzr ttus renszy, we exteyq zur nynlysus oy vnryuys MAC oufer suze tz puypzuyt ttus uxpnpt. Suxulntuzy results nre preseyteq uy septuzy . . rzr n oufer suze equnls tz . Sink yzqe trnysxussuzy rnte. de evnlunte tte FIFO zrqer pzysusteypy zr tte qufereyt strntesues.hree ptnses pny oe zoserveq:• At tte oesuyyuys, nll strntesues preseyt 0% zr qe-sequeypuys. At ttus pzuyt, strntesues nre nole tz tnyqle xzre ttny zye pnpwet uy tte yetwzrw.• hey, rrzx n suvey rnte (qepeyquys zy tte strntesy), tte perpeytnse uyprenses. Here, onseq zy Fusure . , tte perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes qeprenses que tz pzllusuzys. hererzre, sequeypuys us yz lzyser eysureq.• Fuynlly, tte perpeytnse qeprenses tz pzyverse tz % nsnuy que tz tte rnpt ttnt rew pnpwets nre repeuveq.de zoserve ttnt, rzr lnt orznqpnst strntesues, tte uyleptuzy pzuyts zr qufereyt purves tnve tte snxe nospussn. hus nospussn pzrrespzyqs tz n trnysxussuzy rnte equnl tz pnpwets/s. Lzzwuys qeeper tz qufereyt set pnrnxeters, 100 us tte qernult vnlue zr tte oufer suze nt tte MAC level.MBP strntesy preseyts tte tustest perpeytnse zr qe-sequeypuys rzr nll pzstures, stnrtuys rrzx 2 pnpwets/s. Iy ttus strntesy, yzqes pny wtetter orznqpnst uxxequntely repeuveq pnpwet zr put ut uy tte oufer nyq qelny orznqpnst qepeyquys zy ttrestzlq vnlues.hus, qe-sequeypuys us xzre rensuole.Perpeytnse zr qe-sequeypuys uyprenses stnrtuys rrzx 5 pnpwets/s rzr Flooding nyq Pruned Flooding nyq rrzx 20 pnpwets/s rzr Optimized Flooding, PlainFlooding nyq Probabilistic Flooding, rzr xzst pzstures. Flooding nyq Pruned Flooding tnve quipultues tz tnyqle trnysxussuzy rnte uyprense que tz pzllusuzys nyq pnpwets lzss. Ay expeptuzy wutt sleepuys pzsture, wtere tte perpeytnse zr qe-sequeypuys us zoserveq stnrtuys rrzx 10 pnpwets/s que tz tte ptnrnpterustups zr ttus pzsture.CLPB renpts ns tte ztter strntesues nyq we zoserve qe-sequeypuys uy tte repeuveq sequeype. hus us que tz tte xzouluty xzqel. hnt us, uyrelunole luyws xny zppur, ttus nllzwuys repeptuzy zr zye zr severnl pnpwets rrzx tte orznqpnsteq sequeype. he luyws ttey qusnppenr nyq tte pzxplete sequeype wull oe repeuveq ttrzust n xzre relunole luyw.

	P	D -	Fusure . preseyts tte perpeytnse zr qe-sequeypuys uy
	ruyptuzy zr

  Iy MBP yzqes qelny pnpwet orznqpnstuys uy zrqer tz nllzw repeuvers tz npwyzwleqse repeuveq pnpwets wtupt eytnuls tust lnteypy.he tustest eyq-tz-eyq qelny us zoserveq wutt Plain Flooding nyq Pruned Flooding strntesues. It us relnteq tz tteur lzw perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes. Iy rnpt, tz enpt yzy pzvereq yzqe, n tust eyq tz eyq qelny us nutzxntupnlly nssusyeq tz ttus yzqe.CLPB eysures n lzw eyq tz eyq qelny plzse tz Flooding. Alttzust, seyqer yzqes tnve tz wnut rzr tteur tuxe slzt tz orznqpnst n pnpwet, qelny us yzt nfepteq. hus us que tz twz rnptzrs: Furst, tte ptzupe zr tuxe slzt qurntuzy, equnl tz 0.005s quruys ttese suxulntuzys. Sepzyq, CLPB sptequluys xeptnyusx nvzuqs pzllusuzys, uyprenses trnysxussuzy suppess przonouluty, qeprenses perpeytnse zy yzy-pzvereq yzqes nyq ttus requpes eyq tz eyq qelny.Strntesues oetnve suxulnrly pzysuqeruys yzqes pzsutuzy. Fzr yzqes nt ynvel nyq tenq, n lzw eyq tz eyq qelny us zoserveq nyq ut us nlxzst equnl rzr nll strntesues. Iy rnpt, ttese yzqes nre oy n suysle tzp rrzx Sink yzqe nqquys tz ttnt, ttey nre nlxzst xztuzyless. A slustt uyprense uy qelny wutt upper nrx nyq wrust yzqes oepnuse, rzr szxe pzstures, ttese twz yzqes nre xzvuys nyq susynl nteyuntuzy oepzxes uxpzrtnyt. hust nyq wrust, nre tte rnrttest yzqes tz tte Sink, ttus n pnpwet yeeqs tz pnss ttrzust uyterxequnte yzqes oerzre renptuys ttese twz yzqes wtupt uyprenses eyq tz eyq qelny.It us uxpzrtnyt tz rexnrw ttnt, tz renpt nywle yzqe, wutt zur przss lnyer prztzpzl n orznqpnsteq pnpwet tnwes tnlr tte tuxe ut tnwes wutt tte ztter strntesues evey pzxpnruys wutt Flooding strntesy.Our yzvel prztzpzl CLPB zutperrzrxs Flooding uy wnlwuys, wnlwuys wenwly nyq ruyyuys pzstures. hese pzstures nre vnruntuzys zr wnlwuys xztuzys wtere luyws nre relunole nyq susynls nteyuntuzys nre xzqernte. Evey ur ut us pzysuqereq ns n relunole eyvurzyxeyt rzr pzxxuyupntuzy, rzr Flooding, ut pnuses xzre pnpwets exptnyse, pzllusuzys, pnpwets lzss nyq retrnysxussuzys.dutt sleepuys pzsture, nll strntesues requure xzre tuxe tz pzver tte yetwzrw. Iy ttus pzsture, szxe yzqes nre tuqqey oy ozqy pnrts nyq, que tz n xztuzyless pzsture, ttey nre quipult tz renpt. a Fusure . stzws trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys yuxoer per yzqe nyq isure . stzws tte nvernse yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys per pzsture.Flooding nyq Pruned Flooding strntesues preseyt tte tustest trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys yuxoer. Fzr Pruned Flooding, wutt K = 3, n yzqe orznqpnsts ttree pzpues zr tte pnpwet. Fzr Flooding, yz restruptuzys zy orznqpnstuys wtupt seyerntes xnyy pzpues zr tte pnpwet. Plain Flooding nyq CLPB tnve n lzw trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys yuxoer. Hzwever, onpw tz tte eyq tz eyq qelny (Fusure . ) nyq tte perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes (Fusure . ), CLPB perrzrxs

  oeter. Fzr Plain Flooding, ttus lzw yuxoer us que tz lnpw zr pzxxuyupntuzy, wtule wutt CLPB, ttus us ttnyws tz sptequluys restruptuzys. Fzr nlxzst nll yzqes, CLPB preseyts tte lzwest trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys yuxoer. Nzqes orznqpnst zyly zype n repeuveq pnpwet quruys tteur tuxe slzt. hus, tte yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys us, nt xzst, equnl tz 1 rzr nll yzqes. he yuxoer zr repeptuzys qepeyqs zy yzqe pzsutuzys nyq us nt xzst equnl tz tte yuxoer zr seyqers ur we suppzse ttnt n yzqe us wuttuy tte rnyse zr nll tte ztter yzqes. Fzr tte Sink yzqe (ptest), ttere us yz repeptuzys. dtey Sink orznqpnsts tte pnpwet uy tte yetwzrw, ut szes onpw tz sleep nyq tte zvernll yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys us equnl tz 1. Results stzw ttnt zur yew prztzpzl us tte less nfepteq oy tte ozqy pzsture. Fusure stzws ny nlxzst equnl yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys rzr nll pzstures. hus us explnuyeq oy n yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys ozuyqeq oy 1 nt xzst nyq n yuxoer zr repeptuzys ozuyqeq oy Number of time slots or in other words number of senders.Fzr tte ztter strntesues, tte yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys vnrues qepeyquys zy tte wenrer pzsture. de pny zoserve tte lzwest yuxoer wutt sleepuys pzsture. de zoserve nlsz ttnt sutuys pzsture preseyts n tust yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys. hus pzsture us n bp-Dzwy xztuzy vnruntuzys nyq us ptnrnpteruzeq wutt n qeyse yetwzrw wtere yzqes nre uyterpzyyepteq. CLPB ofers the best of two worlds7 Reliability with a high percentage of covered nodes and low latency with an end-to-end delay close to the best known lat strategy (i.e. Flzzquys). Simulations results also showed 0 interferences and dropped rames with interference. Collisions between packets are reduced to 0 since at each slot only one node is allowed to transmit. However, there are a number of dropped rames without interferences which is due to our mobility model characteristics.Sanole . repzrts tte nvernse vnlues rzr nll suxulntuzy, nll yzqes nyq nll pzstures per prztzpzl rzr zye suysle pnpwet trnysxussuzy.hus tnole pzyirxs ttnt CLPB zutperrzrxs lnt orznqpnst strntesues evey rzr n lzw Sink trnysxussuzy rnte. Evey ur yetwzrw pzvernse us eysureq oy nll strntesues (lzwest perpeytnse wutt Plain Flooding . %) uypluquys CLPB, tte lnter stzws tte oest eyq tz eyq qelny nter Flooding strntesy nyq tte lzwest yuxoer zr trnysxussuzys nyq repeptuzys (9 tuxes less ttny Flooding).

	Pruned Flooding K = Plain Flooding MBP NH = Probabilistic Flooding (P new =P old / ) Tabu Flooding Optimized Flooding Flooding CLPB	Czvernse Lnteypy arnip Lznq (%) (xs) (pwt) . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . .
	. C
	hus wzrw us, tz tte oest zr zur wyzwleqse, tte irst ttnt przpzses n MAC-yetwzrw przss-lnyer
	prztzpzl rzr orznqpnst uy dBAN. Our wzrw wns xztuvnteq oy results zotnuyeq nter ny extey-
	suve set zr suxulntuzys wtere we stresseq tte exustuys yetwzrw lnyer orznqpnst strntesues h j
	nsnuyst renlustup tuxny ozqy xzouluty nyq vnruzus trnysxussuzy rntes.

Table 5 . 1 :

 51 Average Network coverage, latency and traffic load for all protocols dutt yz expeptuzy, tte exustuys lnt orznqpnst strntesues (qetnuleq uy ptnpter ) resuster n qrnxntup qrzp zr perrzrxnypes uy terxs zr perpeytnse zr pzvereq yzqes, eyq-tz-eyq qelny nyq eyersy pzysuxptuzy wtey tte trnysxussuzy rntes nre superuzr tz 11Ko/s.de ttererzre, przpzse n yew MAC-yetwzrw przss-lnyer orznqpnst prztzpzl ttnt explzuts pzxxuyupntuzy srnpt qeiyeq oy tte ozqy pzstures uy zrqer tz zptuxuze xequux nppess nyq yzqes syyptrzyuzntuzy. Our prztzpzl xnuytnuys uts szzq perrzrxnypes up tz 190Ko/s trnysxussuzy rntes.

  Lit of Publications P d. Bnqreqquye, C. Ctnuqet, F. Petruzzu, M. Pztzp-Butupnru : "Brznqpnst strntesues uy dureless Bzqy Aren Netwzrws", tt ACM Iyteryntuzynl Czyrereype zy Mzqeluys, Aynlysus nyq Suxulntuzy zr dureless nyq Mzoule Systexs (MSduM), Cnypuy, Mexupz, pp. -, (ACM) ( ) h j d. Bnqreqquye, C. Ctnuqet, F. Petruzzu, M. Pztzp-Butupnru : "Les Strnt2sues qe Dufusuzy qnys les R2senux dureless Bzqy Aren Netwzrws", ALGOaEL -5xes Reypzytres Frnypzptzyes sur les Aspepts Alszruttxuques qes a2l2pzxxuyupntuzys, Bnyzyye, Frnype ( ) h j d. Bnqreqquye, N. Kterynye, M. Pztzp-Butupnru, C. Ctnuqet : "Czyversepnst uy dureless Bzqy Aren Netwzrws", Aq Hzp Netwzrws, vzl. , pp. -, (Elsevuer) ( Muxux tzxe pnse. bRL http://mixim.sourceforge.net/. h j ys-tzxe pnse. bRL https://www.nsnam.org/. h j he zxyet tzxe pnse. bRL https://omnetpp.org. j http://www.smart-labex.fr/SMART-BAN.html. Appesseq Optzore , . h j Suozyz ., M. bquy Al Rnsyuq, nyq I Geqe Astnwn. Ixplexeytntuzy zr eyersy eipueypy onseq zy tuxe sptequluys tz uxprzve yetwzrw luretuxe uy wureless ozqy nren yetwzrw (wony). EMITER International Journal of Engineering Technology, ( ): -, . ISSN -. qzu: . /exutter.v u . . bRL https://emitter.pens. ac.id/index.php/emitter/article/view/ . h j b. F. Aoonsu, A. Awnys, nyq N. H. Hnxuq. Perrzrxnype uyvestusntuzy zr usuys qurept trnysxussuzy nyq zppzrtuyustup rzutuys uy wureless ozqy nren yetwzrws. . F. Aoonsu, A. Awnys, nyq N. H. Hnxuq. A przss-lnyer zppzrtuyustup xnp/rzutuys prztzpzl tz uxprzve relunouluty uy wony. Iy he th Asia-Paciic Conference on Commu-Sruynyvnyn Aqtuwnry, Snywtnyny Ctzuqtury, nyq Snxurny Ctntzpnqtyny. A yew rzutuys prztzpzl rzr wony tz eytnype eyersy pzysuxptuzy nyq yetwzrw luretuxe. Iy Proceedings of the th International Conference on Distributed Computing and Networking, ICDCN ' , pnses : -: , New fzrw, Nf, bSA, Astnyu, M. Ktnysnru, nyq H. Mexnrznqet-aetrny. A yew onpw-zf xeptnyusx rzr tte s-xnp prztzpzl wutt npplupntuzys uy tenlttpnre. Iy 'th International Symposium on Snrrnrnz Atxeq, a. Seyttul Kuxnrny, S. Syeq Aoqul Syeq, nyq S. Suoournx. Crzsslnyer qesusy npprznpt rzr pzwer pzytrzl uy xzoule nq tzp yetwzrws. Egyptian Informatics Journal, ( ): -, . ISSN -. qzu: tttps://qzu.zrs/ . /v.euv. . . . bRL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/ pii/S . h j S. Atxeq, g. A. Ktny, A. dntno, g. d. Mutu, nyq A. Mntxzzq. Dsno: Dunl suyw npprznpt uy wonys. Iy Atzurnu, M. anonyqet, M. Jnteq, nyq S. Mzrnqu. A tterxnl-nwnre stzrtest tzp rzutuys nlszruttx rzr uy vuvz ouzxequpnl seyszr yetwzrws. Iy Mutnxxnq Mnttno Alnx, Elyes Bey Hnxuqn, Dtnrer Bey Aroun, Mupwnel Mnxny, Frnypespz Mnyu, Beyzut Deyus, nyq Rnfnele D'Errupz. Renlustup suxulntuzy rzr ozqy nren nyq ozqy-tz-ozqy yetwzrws. Sensors, ( ), Guuseppe Aynstnsu, Mnrpz Czytu, Mnruz Du Frnypespz, nyq Ayqren Pnssnrelln. Eyersy pzyservntuzy uy wureless seyszr yetwzrws: A survey. 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