João Gilberto Mendes

Sivanilza Dos Reis

Teixeira Machado

Pedro Luiz De Oliveira

Costa Neto

Irenilza De
email: irenilza@gmail.com

Alencar Naas

Aligning Supply Chain Strategy with Product Life Cycle Stages

Keywords: Agile Supply Chain, Responsive Supply Chain, Flexible Supply Chain, Lean Supply Chain. 4

Product Life Cycle (PLC) has been used to analyze the behavior of a product during its time of production. The success of enterprises depends on its capacity of aligning Supply Chain Strategy (SCS) with PLC. The purpose of this work was to develop a model to align the right SCS with PLC stage. This research shows three case studies and results provides that different companies used diverse approaches on managing life cycle of its products. However, they were successful in reaching competitive advantage due to correct alignment between SCS with PLC.

Introduction

The results of a company are connected directly to the adopted strategy. An enterprise may aspire total quality of its products, but if it uses an aggressive cost reduction strategy, may not achieve the desired result. In fact, it is fundamental to an organization to align market, production and business strategy to reach its goals.

First of all, strategies of enterprise must be established considering the Product Life Cycle (PLC) [START_REF] Tang | Data model for quality in product lifecycle[END_REF] and its correct alignment with strategy of Supply Chain Management [START_REF] Reis | Method for quality appraisal in supply networks[END_REF]. Nowadays, we consider that SCM has four strategy approaches: lean, flexible, responsive and agile [START_REF] Lee | Aligning supply chain strategies with product uncertainties[END_REF]. These strategies are known as an evolution of manufacturing strategy thinking. For this reason, when a company applies a manufacture strategy, this strategy extends all along the supply chain.

This paper aims to analyze the relevance of aligning Supply Chain Strategy (SCS) with Product Life Cycle and the consequences for the companies.

2 Theoretical Background

Supply Chain Strategies

In order to understand the Supply Chain Management Strategies, four approaches were defined [START_REF] Reis | Method for quality appraisal in supply networks[END_REF]:

Lean Supply Chain (LSC) focus on major productivity with cost reduction, through the elimination of wastes [START_REF] Stratton | The strategic integration of agile and lean supply[END_REF].

Flexible Supply Chain (FSC) flexible behavior of system. Involves equipments, workforce and transportation network. The main types of flexibility are represented by the flexibilization of the production systems [START_REF] Sanchez | Supply chain flexibility and firm performance: A conceptual model and empirical study in the automotive industry[END_REF].

Responsive Supply Chain (RSC) corresponds the capacity of response to market needs, considering time and cost. [START_REF] Gunasekaran | Responsive supply chain: A competitive strategy in a networked economy[END_REF].

Agile Supply Chain (ASC) involves the capacity of introducing new products to supply new markets. Agility is the capability of a company to structure the business process in order to answer the new clients' requirements and wishes [START_REF] Pandey | Analysis of interaction among the enablers of agility in supply chain[END_REF].

Each one of these strategies needs to align with demand and supply characteristics. And it is considered whether the product is innovative or functional [START_REF] Reis | Method for quality appraisal in supply networks[END_REF], [START_REF] Lee | Aligning supply chain strategies with product uncertainties[END_REF] and [START_REF] Fisher | What is the right supply chain for your product?[END_REF].

Product Life Cycle

PLC may be defined as the process of existence of a product since its idea and development until its recycling [START_REF] Tang | Data model for quality in product lifecycle[END_REF]. In this process, the product passes through different stages, such as demand analysis, conception, manufacturing, test, execution, evaluation, maintenance and discard [START_REF] Xiao | Modeling framework for product lifecycle information[END_REF]. PLC deals with the evolution of a chain product, that may occur in two ways: a) the creation of a new product in the market, and b) referring to mature products that there are already in the market [START_REF] Tang | Data model for quality in product lifecycle[END_REF]. The PLC function shows four clear stages: introduction, growth, maturity and decline [START_REF] Kotler | Principles of Marketing[END_REF].

Methodology

This article includes the proposition of a model aiming to explain the relation between PLC and SCS and the performance of case studies to check the pertinence of the model in real industrial conditions. To do so, this study was conducted based on these steps:

1. A literature review regarding the concepts of PLC and SCS; 2. Development of model based in Literature Review, using authors such as [START_REF] Tang | Data model for quality in product lifecycle[END_REF], [START_REF] Reis | Method for quality appraisal in supply networks[END_REF], [START_REF] Fisher | What is the right supply chain for your product?[END_REF], [START_REF] Xiao | Modeling framework for product lifecycle information[END_REF], [START_REF] Kotler | Principles of Marketing[END_REF] and [START_REF] Mahapatra | A contingent theory of supplier management initiatives: Effects of competitive intensity and product life cycle[END_REF]; 3. Three case studies were realized using public data, annual management reports of companies, interviews and informations published in the last 30 years; 4. Discussion of the cases considering the data collected and the model proposed.

Introduction Growth Maturity Decline

Fig. 1. Proposed Model

To explain Figure 1, it is necessary to study PLC through its four stages: Introduction: represents launching the product in the market. The product is considered innovative, with high profit margins and no competitors. According to different studies, a product needs to comply with some criteria, to be considered innovative [START_REF] Reis | Method for quality appraisal in supply networks[END_REF], [START_REF] Lee | Aligning supply chain strategies with product uncertainties[END_REF] and [START_REF] Fisher | What is the right supply chain for your product?[END_REF]. However, in this scenario, there is high demand uncertainty, because it is not know how consumers react to new products. On the introduction stage a high supply uncertainty occurs due to the difficulty in finding suppliers.

In addition, the more applicable SCS in this context is Agile Supply Chain [START_REF] Reis | Method for quality appraisal in supply networks[END_REF] and [START_REF] Fisher | What is the right supply chain for your product?[END_REF].

Growth: in this stage, on similar products are put in the market and consumers begin to have options. Competitors develop copies of the product at lower prices, reducing profit margin. However, supply uncertainty starts to reduce, because new suppliers arise. Now the chain perspective is responsiveness, which means to attend clients requirements faster. On the other hand, the enterprise needs to reduce manufacturing and distribution costs. This stage allows new opportunities to reach competitive advantage [START_REF] Christopher | Logistica e o gerenciamento da cadeia de suprimentos[END_REF].

On Growths phase, for a short time period, companies that adopt agile supply chain or responsive supply chain strategies may compete. However, the enterprise that launches a product must decide if it should change its strategy to responsiveness, or maintain agility and production of that item. In doing so, it does not no represent that PLC product is over, because the company may license the product for manufacturing to other enterprises in different countries. Meanwhile, there are companies that keep manufacturing similar products.

Maturity: at this stage, the product is definitively established in the market and starts the transition from innovative to functional. Organizations have knowledge about demand, so demand uncertainty is reduced, whereas supply uncertainty rises due to competition for resources among producers.

Another condition that affects companies is brought by the costumers, who do not accept failures in products on the maturity stage, and also do not pay more for these products [START_REF] Christopher | Logistica e o gerenciamento da cadeia de suprimentos[END_REF]. As competition and supply uncertainties are high and demand is divided among the players, the best way to react is using flexibility in supply chain strategy.

In this scenario, profit tend to establish or decrease, and companies need decide weather to adopt Flexible Supply Chain Strategy to hold in this segment; come back to the previuos stages and launch new producs; or stay in the responsive segment (growth).

Decline: when products reach this phase, the enterprise knows the market, suppliers and competitors. Uncertainty of demand and suppliers decrease to a very low level. Some companies leave the market.

In this context, companies need to embrace a Lean Supply Chain Strategy. They must reduce wastes in the supply chain nodes, to ensure the feasibility of selling the products [START_REF] Womack | The Machine That Changed the World : The Story of Lean Production[END_REF]. Of course, much has been discussed about lean manufacturing after the work of Womack and Jones [START_REF] Womack | The Machine That Changed the World : The Story of Lean Production[END_REF] and the relationship between agility and lean approach [START_REF] Stratton | The strategic integration of agile and lean supply[END_REF], but in this research the focus is put on the relation between the decline stage and lean supply chain strategy.

Case Studies

The alignment between PLC and SCS is an opportunity for enterprises to obtain success in their markets. To illustrate this, three case studies are presented, related to the model proposed in this paper.

FIAT

The Italian Automobile Factory Torino (FIAT) arrived in Brazil in the 70's. After a difficult period, with a lot of questions about quality of its products, the enterprise became the biggest company in selling vehicles for the last twenty years in Brazil.

A reason for this success was the launching of a small vehicle called Uno (one). It was showed for the first time in 1983 and started to be produced in Brazil in 1984. The innovative car got immediate success. Until 1988 the firm sold three millions of these cars in the world [START_REF] Car | [END_REF].

In Brazil, the car spreads in the streets and its production increases with the rise of the so called 'popular cars', in the beginning of the 90's. This kind of vehicle consisted of compact cars without some safety items and comfortable equipments, but with an attractive price. Brazilian government established the price of the popular car in 7.350 american dollars [START_REF] Carplace | [END_REF]. This was interesting for the people and for the producers, since Brazilian currency had parity with the dollar from 1994 to 1999.

Afterwards, the Brazilian scenario of vehicle production changed and popular cars received many versions with different prices. Actually, a car considered popular, without air conditioning and electric power steering costs 10.200 dollars [START_REF][END_REF].

In the 90's, the opening of the market by the Brazilian government, caused an invasion of many companies. Firms like Renault, Honda and Hyundai changed the national market and became a concern to the four local automobile factories previously installed in the country, Volkswagen, Fiat, Ford and General Motors. So, Fiat was forced to launch new models, while maintaining its major success. For that, the company changed the name Uno to Mille, readjusting the car in the market. The name represents an analogy with the engine that had a cylinder capacity to 1.000 cubic metric centimeters. Some years ago, Fiat introduced a vehicle called 'New Uno', but it was a totally new product with new lines and another concept. However, the Mille was produced until 2013, when, with legislation change in Brazil, its production became unfeasible. The problem was the impossibility of including airbag systems and ABS brake in the project, an obligation for vehicles produced in Brazil since 2014.

When we analyzed Fiat SCS linked to PLC, the model connects perfectly with the case Fiat Uno/Mille. When Fiat launched Uno in Brazilian market, the vehicle changed the paradigm of car production, creating one of the products with longest longevity of the country. This allowed to the company an immense return of investment along thirty years of production. The Uno's success made competitors enter in the segment with models like Gol (Volkswagen), Chevette (General Motors) and Escort (Ford). As a result, Fiat needed to adequate itself to answer new market challenges and establish a Responsive Supply Chain strategy. To do this, the company launched many different products, such as the sedan Premio, Station wagon Elba, and sporting models of Uno. The increase of consumption in Brazil, motivated by economic stability, made the Brazilian market very attractive and concurrent. This fact also made the company change its strategy to a Flexible Supply Chain, as a reaction to a scenario of maturity for the product and segment. In doing so, Fiat assembly lines became more flexible to produce different kind of products. Suppliers oriented their stocks and production to supply Fiat according to factory programmation.

In the XXI century, the major objective of the firm was to make Mille the cheapest car in the country, so the company needed to reduce costs and wastes. With this aim, Fiat applied the Lean Supply Chain strategy, with the purpose to maintain the product competitive in the market.

Apple

Apple is a company known around the globe and its founder, Steve Jobs, is the image of tireless search for better results and a shining mind capable of creating innovations constantly, characteristics that built a very profitable company even after Jobs' death. Innovative products have a natural uncertainty of demand and supply, due to the uncertain supplier capacity to respond to all the requirements of the new products.

Authors argue that innovative products have a short PLC [START_REF] Kotler | Principles of Marketing[END_REF], [START_REF] Car | [END_REF]. However, when we analyze for instance, the longevity of battery radios, it may be seen that this is not an absolute truth. What happens is that some products, even when its inventor loses interest in production, are still produced by many other firms, and although this is a way of survive, these producers are not entitled to ask for patents.

An enterprise in constant innovation process has its image connected to this performance and, in doing so, maintains high profitability margins. In this case, we can infer that Apple used an opposite strategy than Fiat. The company kept itself in an innovative way and established an Agile Supply Chain Strategy. For example, the IPAD [17], the tablet of 10 inch launched in 2010, may be considered a reference Very quickly it became a successful innovation by Apple. So this market called attention of enterprises like Samsung, that launchedan concurrent tablet called Galaxy to dispute in this new market. The evolution of products in PLC context required Apple to decide between applying an Agile Supply Chain Strategy or change its strategy to Responsive Supply Chain. The decision is clearly known; the company opted to continue with innovation of its products and maintain an Agile Supply Chain Strategy.

In 2011, Apple launched IPAD II and started the PLC of a new product. Despite the exterior similarity of the products, in conception they are really completely different. The demand for these new tablets did not prevent its previous generation's demand. In fact, there are a lot of people in the world that want to be inserted in a technologicalogic market, but have not money enough to pay for the products. For this reason, some enterprises keep on producing items of ancient generation and extend its PLC to the following stages using Flexible and Lean Supply Chain Strategies. Many Chinese companies are acting in this segment. Meanwhile, Apple continues its process of creating and innovating. The IPAD is now in the fifth version.

Intel

The North American company Intel was founded in 1960. This company embraced a hybrid strategy between Fiat and Apple. The firm was the first bigger processors manufacturing in the world and is not the only one, because it did not establish patents for its products in the 286, 386 and 486 versions. These processors were copied by other companies using reverse engineering.

In 1993 Intel launched the Pentium Processor, which started a new era of processors, adding value to the brand and changing competition scenario [18]. The product followed the same PLC of IPAD in Apple, however in a slower way. The company adopted an Agile Supply Chain Strategy, and although it continued to create innovative products, it realized that it could establish different strategies to processors.

The company understood that its products were really good for a significant part of world population. Many people use computer for simple things, such as to send an email, type a text or make a calculation, and they do not need a modern processor. With this idea in mind, the company perceived that it could launch a new processor, while maintaining the old one.

Different from the Apple case, competition in manufacturing processors is very limited, only two players respond to major demand around the world. So when Intel launched Pentium II in 1997 [18], it decided to keep two lines of products with the same main name. However, this was not good for its business image, because Intel was a technology and innovative company. The image of an innovative company is not in agreement with the dichotomy high technologies and old product altogether, because consumers see this as a second category product, an item not 'so good enough'. So, in 1998 Intel launched a new generation of processors, the ,Celeron'. Indeed, Celeron line was a Pentium I in a new format with some modifications. The negative image of using a second line product was substituted by the pleasant image of an economic and efficient processor. In doing so, the company was able to prolong PLC cycle and apply different supply chain strategies without harming the brand. So, Intel could adopt the Agile Supply Chain Strategy to new products of Pentium line and a different Responsive Strategy to the Celeron line.

The strategy reduced risks of stolen technology, and as a result, Intel is nowadays the major processors producer of the world and continues with innovation processes in many other types of processors and brands.

Conclusion

This paper deals with the alignment between SCS and PLC. A model was proposed and discussed in practice, through three case studies with different kind of enterprises. Our analysis indicates that these firms used different approaches to the strategies and alignments with good results. However, it may be considered that, in all cases, the profitability of the companies was related with adequate alignment between SCS and PLC.

Despite of the results presented in this paper, new studies in other companies shall be conducted to better validate the model. So, the next steps of this research is to analyze other companies using the proposed model. This is an interesting and very present discussion, which does not finish with the examples here presented. The authors remain in the research of the problems referent to supply chain aspects, and will be glad there are other persons interested in interacting with them on these issues.


Samuel Dos Santos

Oduvaldo Vendrametto
email: oduvaldov@uol.com.br

Miguel León González
email: miguel.leon@uol.com.br

Samuel Dereste
email: samuel_dereste@yahoo.com.br

Santos

An Overview of Design Tools Applied in Civil Construction Area at Brazilian Southeast Region

Keywords: CAD, BIM, Brazilian Southeast productivity, sustainability

des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Introduction

The civil construction industry in Brazil is one of the most important in the country under different aspects. The huge territorial extension combined with the poor infrastructure requires the direct application of the civil area resources. However, when compared to the other industry sectors, is still considered delayed because of the particularities of organization, work division, productive process and product characteristics.

The informatics tools have gained great importance in this scenario. As a direct replacement of the clipboard and handmade draws, the CAD tools -Computer Aided Design -mean a revolution in the design process, making it more productive and effective. Moreover, CAD-Based solutions favor the exchange of tools among the professionals what cover various technological areas such as aeronautics, mechanics and construction. However, the CAD model, specifically for buildings, presents bottlenecks which are difficult to overcome, and thus, the BIM tools -Building Information Modeling -emerge as an option to this problem.

BIM technology has appeared with a different concept. While CAD technology is based on vector information, BIM is based on parametric objects. In this case, it al-lows the designer to define a series of objects that make the process more interactive and rich, solving several problems before construction. Furthermore, BIM architecture uses the same file under different disciplines, such as facilities, structure, masonry, foundations, etc. As a result, the higher compatibility among the files improves significantly the project process. This technology has been deployed worldwide in order to adjust its parameters According to [START_REF] Migilinskas | The Benefits, Obstacles and Problems of Practical Bim Implementation in 11th International Confer-ence on Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques[END_REF][START_REF] Meireles | Estratégia para uma integração avançada do BIM no processo construtivo in 3º Seminário BIM -Sinduscon[END_REF], the implementation of BIM systems requires the adjustment of variables that need to be carefully studied to obtain a better project performance.

In Brazil, BIM technology has been also gaining greater visibility. The Brazilian Army has applied such technology to improve the military projects. Moreover, the Foundation for the Education Development of Sao Paulo State -FDE -has been developing a database to make all its projects using BIM solutions. In addition, builders and developers are increasingly investing on the technology, seeking the benefit of the integration of the construction process and post-construction [START_REF] Song | Development of a BIM-based structural framework optimization and simulation system for building construction in Computers in Industry[END_REF].

Despite the benefits, it is difficult to estimate the technology acceptation degree in the Brazilian building industry. In order to answer this question, the goal of this paper is to analyze the profile of the project offices in Brazilian Southeast, trying to find how kind of technology they are using and its features. The strategy to develop this work is based on a technical review focused on periodical papers as well as a survey that was applied online to experts in projects of the southeast region of Brazil.

2

Technical Review

-The production of projects and their importancea national and international context

The concepts of project management and project production are very important and need be carefully studied. In general, many different professionals are involved in the production of buildings, and each one is responsible for a specific part of the process. The production of projects in Brazil is quite different when compared to other countries.

Current construction projects are becoming even more complex and requiring more labor time, especially as the amount of project data and active project participant increase [START_REF] Chou | Cost simulation in an item-based project involving construction engineering and management in Internacional Jornal of Project Management[END_REF][START_REF] Wu | A framework for facilitating multi-dimensional information integration, management and visualization in engineering projects in Internacional Jornal of Project Management[END_REF]. Besides, both projects and management can be defined in a number of ways, but a reasonable view would be that projects are the creation or the extension of assets, and management is the conduct of controlling this activity. Project management can then be seen as the controlled direction of the use of resources in order to achieve this creative process [START_REF] Campbell | Project management and the civil engineer in Internacional Jornal of Project Management[END_REF].

The construction engineering process presents three stages: planning, design and execution [START_REF] Chou | Cost simulation in an item-based project involving construction engineering and management in Internacional Jornal of Project Management[END_REF]. Each stage is equally important, and carelessness during any stage can cause budget overruns, improper design and construction, and work delays. If the routine planned procedures can be simulated using a reliable data, construction costs can be reasonably estimated, thus providing feedback that can help to control the annual budget, increasing the resource allocation efficiency.

The concepts of [START_REF] Chou | Cost simulation in an item-based project involving construction engineering and management in Internacional Jornal of Project Management[END_REF][START_REF] Wu | A framework for facilitating multi-dimensional information integration, management and visualization in engineering projects in Internacional Jornal of Project Management[END_REF] shows that the organization of the process is aligned to this different actors, that completes the idea of [START_REF] Campbell | Project management and the civil engineer in Internacional Jornal of Project Management[END_REF], whose definitions are the bases of the controlling process. All this concepts are linked to effective tools, and informatics tools can be one answer for these questions.

Besides, the importance of the project in the building conception process is very important to avoid errors and minimize the costs and failures. In Brazil, some entrepreneurs understand that the project is a mere expense in the production system, and most of the projects start without all the projects finished [START_REF] Franco | Aplicação de diretrizes de racionalização construtiva para evolução tecnológica dos processos construtivos em alvenaria estrutural não armada[END_REF][START_REF] Peralta | Um modelo do processo de projeto de edificações, baseado na engenharia simultânea, em empresas construtoras incorporadoras de pequeno porte[END_REF]. According to [START_REF] Peralta | Um modelo do processo de projeto de edificações, baseado na engenharia simultânea, em empresas construtoras incorporadoras de pequeno porte[END_REF], a largest investment in the project (in all steps) (fig. 1) could reduce the non-provided costs and also can aggregate more quality to the final product. Moreover, it permits a better financial management with reduction of the payments (non-provided mainly) during the process.

-Informatics tools used in the project development

To define the most common tools used in the development of projects in the civil construction, it is necessary to study the importance of CAD and BIM tools for the project of buildings.

-CAD Tools

Early applications of computers to assist the stages of engineering began in 1950, when the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) started the discussion about Computer Aided Designtechnology. CAD systems of that generation were limited to the description of two-dimensional geometric entities, creating and manipulating drawings in monochrome graphics terminals. Right now [START_REF] Souza | Tecnologia CAD/CAM -Definições e estado da arte visando auxiliar sua implantação em um ambiente fabril in XXIII Encontro Nacional de Engenha-ria de Produção -ENEGEP[END_REF], CAD systems present several advantages: ─ Ability to send and receive drawings electronically; ─ Better management of drawings and information; ─ Accuracy in sizing; ─ Faster recovery, modification and update of drawings During the 60s and 80s, the use of CAD systems was limited to large companies, such as aerospace and automotive due to the high costs, involving software, hardware and qualification level of the operators However, at the end of 90s, with the development of the Windows Operating System, there was a migration of the companies to use Windows-Based tools. As a result, the costs reduced as well as the necessity of the highly skilled users [START_REF] Souza | Tecnologia CAD/CAM -Definições e estado da arte visando auxiliar sua implantação em um ambiente fabril in XXIII Encontro Nacional de Engenha-ria de Produção -ENEGEP[END_REF].

For the project offices in Brazil, with the popularization of computers was responsible to the gradual migration of manual design processes (clipboard) to the computer and with the advent of the internet, the process became even more streamlined and integrated when compared to the previous stage. This fact has made the *.DWG interface the most popular of all CAD tools into nowadays [START_REF] Souza | Tecnologia CAD/CAM -Definições e estado da arte visando auxiliar sua implantação em um ambiente fabril in XXIII Encontro Nacional de Engenha-ria de Produção -ENEGEP[END_REF].

-BIM Tools

According to [START_REF] Migilinskas | The Benefits, Obstacles and Problems of Practical Bim Implementation in 11th International Confer-ence on Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques[END_REF] the definitions of BIM are broad and do not have a widely accepted definition. The initial concepts of BIM date back to the first attempts of optimization of information within the CAD platforms (fig. 3). This is a threedimensional model enriched by additional intelligence (information associated with graphic or parameters). The basis of this technology consists of the graphical information of the model, which includes the construction of the geometric model, its physical characteristic, properties, names and functional peculiarities of the components. BIM systems are adequate to support the simulation of a construction project in a virtual environment, with the advantage of using software, which means to perform several steps in advance of the construction process, allowing the necessary adjustments before the real work. The assembly instructions can be associated with BIM components. So the visual context of the specific location on the 3D model can assist the communication of such instructions.

The BIM tools involves modeling of information surrounding the production of a building by creating a digital model that integrates all the interfaces that make up a building, covering the entire life cycle of the building, which starts in the project, involves the implementation, use, rehabilitation and demolition.

According to [10], BIM systems have been gradually applied in the worldwide panorama of AEC -Architecture, Engineering and Construction-industries. However, there is no uniformity in the use of the tool. The low demand for BIM customers also becomes a major obstacle to the widespread use of the tool in Canada, with an absorption of 30%. Besides that, in the United States, the AEC market has a greater use of the tool (50%) viewing the adoption of BIM as an excellent return on investment.

Case Study

In order to estimate a degree about the acceptation level of CAD and BIM software in the Brazilian Southeast Context, a survey was applied using a Survey Server (www.surveymonkey.com) to understand the particularities of the design process.

-Sampling

Twenty-three companies in the Southeast Region of São Paulo were interviewed, being formed by medium and large companies. The profile of the companies (fig. 4) shows that 20% are involved with Residential Building Construction, 42.5% with Commercial Building Construction, 16% with Infrastructural Projects of Roadwork and 22.5% with Infrastructural Projects in general. 40% of the respondents were small/individuals companies and 35% big ones (fig. 5).

-Time spent on project development

Analyzing the time spent on project development (fig. 6), is possible to see that BIM tools require more time in the project (52%) when compared with CAD tools (40%). This can be explained by the necessity that the BIM user needs to develop the projects. The project routine in CAD tools permit the omission of several information that cannot be omitted in BIM tools.

-Labor Productivity Coefficients

To know the efficiency of the tools, the labor hour of each solution was compared as presented in fig. 7. This analysis shows that the users of BIM tools spent 50% more time in the development of the project due to the time needed to define all instances. The 4 most cited BIM software in the Brazil Southeast are Revit Architecture ® , Revit Structure ® and Revit MEP ® , from Autodesk Corporation, with 27.5%, 25% and 25%, respectively. Vector Works is used only for 2.5 % of the users. Other specific software solutions were cited by 19% (fig. 8).

Discussion

The CAD and BIM tools have particularities that need to be analyzed before comparing both solutions. Nowadays, in Brazil, the construction market is familiarized with the routines and specifications of CAD tools, and the most part of the actors uses this technology proficiently. This characteristic can explain the differences between them.

In the project process, the customer needs different degrees of information, and at this point, CAD tools are more efficient because it needs less information to generate the final product. For BIM tools, is necessary to insert/define more information from the beginning of the project, what requires more time. On the other hand, for the next steps, BIM tools also require less information to continue the development of the projects, what could compensate this time lost at the beginning of the process.

Conclusions

Design processes in the civil construction area are very specific because they present some particularities that makes it different from another areas. CAD tools were the first tool applied in large-scale that transformed the project processes, while the BIM tools are considered the CAD evolution. In Brazil the offices are initiating the implementation of BIM tools, increasing the spent time of the users in order to use the tool in the correct way. Besides that, the construction market in Brazil is accustomed with less information projects, where a lot of details are resolved later. This practice increases the price of the products and, in a competitive market, is difficult to take gain.

The construction market in Brazil has grown in the past seven years and the challenge for the growing continuity is to become more efficient with a better quality product. To achieve this issue, is necessary to use more effective tools with the possibility to manage different variables and parameters. BIM tools present such characteristics and they permit the Brazilian offices to improve their projects.

Fig. 1 .Fig 2 .

 12 Fig. 1. Investment in Projects [8] Fig 2. Costs and Monthly Payments [8]

Fig 3 .

 3 Fig 3. Costs and Monthly Payments [10]

Fig. 4 - 5 -

 45 Fig. 4 -Expertise of the Company Fig. 5 -Size of the Company

Fig. 6 -

 6 Fig. 6 -Spent time in Projects Development

Fig. 7 - 8 -

 78 Fig. 7 -Labor/project Fig. 8 -The most cited software

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to thank CAPES (Coordenação de aperfeiçoamento de pessoal de nível superior) and Paulista University (UNIP) for the financial support to develop this work.


Nélio Fernando Dos Reis
email: neliofernandodosreis@ig.com.br

Cristina Corrêa De Oliveira

Liliam Sayuri Sakamoto

André Gomes De Lira

Jair Minoro

Paraconsistent Method of Prospective Scenarios (PMPS)

Keywords: Prospective Scenarios, Paraconsistent Annotated Evidential Logic E, Method

This work presents the Paraconsistent Method of Prospective Scenarios (PMPS) in order to support organizations in their strategic planning, being a useful tool, as it serves a noble task. The method is based on non-classical logic, called the Paraconsistent Annotated Evidential Logic E (Logic E ), this logic is excelling in the fields of research and it's main characteristics are set by the thought of experts, generating input parameters and been consolidated by the collective way that translates into mathematical terms. Logic E is not trivial and has the capacity to manipulate imprecise and conflicting information.

Introduction

This study aims to present the paraconsistent method of prospective scenarios, proposing a new way of constructing based on non-classical logic with technical and operational criteria, in such way that future studies can take the contradictions into consideration and can be not only reliable but also operationally efficient.

This method presents numerical output generated by the model, so that they are easily understood by the decision makers. It shows results of strategic topics between truth and falsehood, answering the following question: is it possible to develop future prospectives scenarios with conflicting and paracomplete data?

The paraconsistent method was developed with Paraconsistent Annotated Evidential Logic E Logic E ). The main advantages of using the Logic E are due to the fact of the input parameters are set by the structure of the thinking of experts, consolidating a collective logic translated into mathematical terms.

Literature Review

Throughout history many philosophers incited debates about the future. The medieval philosopher Augustine of Hippo who lived between 354-430, also known as St. Augustine, approached the so-called "problem of time", he considered it impossible to forecast the future [1]. The nature link between past, present and future, according to Kant, makes the story to be deterministic [START_REF] Hegel | Filosofia da História[END_REF]. Hegel states that "man's immediate action can contain something beyond what is in the will and consciousness of the author" [START_REF] Kant | Textos seletos[END_REF] and also that "reason rules the world, and, therefore, the universal history is also a rational process" [START_REF] Kant | Textos seletos[END_REF]. Philosophy, therefore, does not give us a definitive answer about the future.

Help companies make decisions in the present with eyes on the future is the large role of prospective scenarios. The reflection on how future situations can impact the production management is a way to prepare for the future.

Godet says that currently "the Futurists have exaggerated scenarios and poorly built projects" [START_REF] Godet | Future memories[END_REF]. Ringland argues that prospective scenarios have two key roles in supporting the organizations strategy in an uncertain environment, "mental models and serve as a methodology to allow exploration of the future" [START_REF] Ringland | The role of scenarios in strategic foresight[END_REF].

Scenarios should represent a set of internally consistent pictures of futures and nature states based on logic and rationality [START_REF] Vacik | Scenarios as a Strong Support for Strategic Planning[END_REF]. Scenario construction may be used to valuable functions in companies. "Scenarios refer to narratives of possible futures that might arise beyond the control of the company" [START_REF] Schoemaker | Integrating organizational networks, weak signals, strategic radars and scenario planning[END_REF].

To Schoemaker, scenarios should reflect a wide range of viewpoints from inside and outside the organization, so that, together they represent a broad spectrum of future possibilities. Milestad, Svenfelt and Dreborg assert that "the central element of scenarios is the focus on conditions beyond the control of the main actors" [START_REF] Milestad | Developing integrated explorative and normative scenarios: The case of future land use in a climate-neutral Sweden[END_REF].

For Ramirez and Wilkinson prospective scenarios have value greater than a mathematical matrix. The challenge of the purpose and use of scenarios is often overlooked when choosing method of scenarios construction: "Given the diversity of the different thought traditions and methods of scenarios construction, the potential for methodological confusion and misunderstanding is considerable" [START_REF] Ramirez | Rethinking the 2 × 2 scenario method: Grid or frames?[END_REF].

We observe, therefore, that the subject conquer room and meaning in academic and professional circles, especially when it comes to the future of organizations. The emphasis on the matter is due to environmental instability and the issue of competitiveness.

The first logician to build a system of paraconsistent propositional calculus, between 1948 and 1949, was the Polish Stanislaw Jaskowski , following the suggestion of £ukasiewicz [START_REF]On the principle of contradiction in Aristotle[END_REF]. He called his system of Discussive logic (or Discursive).

But who is acknowledged as the inventor of Paraconsistent Logic is the Brazilian Newton Carneiro Affonso da Costa [START_REF] Abe | Lógica Paraconsistente Anotada Evidencial E . Santos[END_REF]. This is due, mostly, to the independent manner in which, since 1958, developed the ideas that led to the construction of several paraconsistent systems, not only in propositional level but also at the level of predicates (with and without equality).

A logical (or calculation) is called paraconsistent if it can be the underlying logic of paraconsistent theories (inconsistent but non-trivial) [START_REF] Abe | Lógica Paraconsistente Anotada Evidencial E . Santos[END_REF]. Therefore, in paraconsistent theories exist A formulas such that, from A and A, does not follow any formula B, in other words, there is always a B formula from a set of all sentences such that B is not theorem of the theory. The Paraconsistent Annotated Logic allows handle subjective real-world data in precise data with numeric outputs [START_REF] Reis | Construção de Cenários através da Lógica Paraconsistente Anotada Evidencial E . 121[END_REF]. One of its advantages is to perform the translation of natural language (linguistic terms) used in daily communications in mathematical expressions. This is achieved through the properties of the lattice of annotations. According to Da Silva Filho and Abe [START_REF] Silva Filho | Paraconsistent analyzer module[END_REF], benefits in the development of paraconsistent systems are: how quickly the system construction is carried out in relation to those based on "fuzzy" (common or Boolean) logic models and to make no longer necessary the knowledge or development of a mathematical model.

According to De Carvalho and Abe say that logics E associates to each proposition p, a pair ( ), representing by the Greek letters mi ( ) e lambda ( ), representing by the following way: p ( ) . and varies in the real closed interval [0, 1]. The pair (

) belongs to the Cartesian product [0, 1] x [0, 1]. Intuitively, represents the degree of favorable evidence expressed in p, and the degree of contrary evidence (or degree of disbelief) expressed by p. The pair ( ) is called annotation constant. The logic E atomic propositions are the type p ( ) [START_REF] De Carvalho | Tomadas de decisão com ferramentas da lógica paraconsistente anotada[END_REF].

One can interpret the pair as follows [START_REF] Dill | Corporate Profitability Analysis: A Novel Application for Paraconsistent Logic[END_REF]: (0; 0) indicates the total absence of favorable evidence or maximum contrary evidence to p (it translates a logical state called paracompleteness);

(1; 0) means, extreme point of favorable evidence and no contrary evidence to p (it translates a logical condition called truth);

(0; 1) represents no favorable evidence and maximum contrary evidence to p (it translates a logical condition called falsehood);

(1; 1) means, simultaneously, maximum favorable evidence and maximum contrary evidence to p (it translates a logical condition called inconsistency);

De Carvalho and Abe [START_REF] De Carvalho | Tomadas de decisão com ferramentas da lógica paraconsistente anotada[END_REF] claim that "all the constants annotations ( ) can be represented in Cartesian coordinate system by the unit square [0, 1] x [0, 1], called Unit square in the Cartesian plane (USCP) ".

As a result of the foregoing, it appears that the perfectly defined line (PDL) and a perfectly indefinite line (PIL) divides the USCP into four regions, as shown in the figure below. Some initial considerations are required due to the generic use of language, not being separated the concepts of straight line AB, line AB, or segment AB; or line segment AB "connects" to the points A and B; when it "crosses" from point A to point B; or "on" the line BC. Will also be used expressions like "almost true", "maximum truth", "maximum falsehood", etc.

Note that the line segment CD "connects" to points C and D in the figure above, in which there are situations of perfect definition (truth or falsity). Therefore, the segment CD is called a perfectly definite line (PDL). The equation is -1 = 0 [START_REF] De Carvalho | Tomadas de decisão com ferramentas da lógica paraconsistente anotada[END_REF]. ) as H cert = It is thus a model of atomic propositions easily understood, without being trivial. Recently, Jair Minoro Abe and other researchers have developed applications for Logic E , highlighting the viability analysis [START_REF] De Carvalho | Paraconsistent annotated logic in analysis of viability: in approach to product launching[END_REF] and decision making [START_REF] De Carvalho | Decision Making based on Paraconsistent Annotated Logic[END_REF].

In the pioneering work of De Carvalho et al [START_REF] De Carvalho | Decision making Based on Paraconsistent annotated Logic and Statistical Method: a Comparison[END_REF] makes comparisons with inductive logic by using the statistical method and also with the Fuzzy Logic stating that: "by fixing the same value for the level of demand, the fuzzy decision gets stronger than paraconsistent" [START_REF] Abe | Lógica Paraconsistente Anotada Evidencial E . Santos[END_REF]. The use of Annotated Paraconsistent Logic, however, is practical and without need of complex math calculations [START_REF] Reis | Cenários Empresariais: a construção lógica de futuros possíveis nas empresas. São Paulo[END_REF].

Methodology

This study methodology used techniques and processes on a systematic way to objectively achieve the knowledge of the proposed subject. Research empirically applied, after literature review, with exploratory purpose. The phases of the methodological process used in this study were as follows:

1) Issue formulation:

-How to develop prospective scenarios working with contradictory data? 2) Hypothesis formulation: -To use logic that does not exclude contradiction in prospective scenarios.

3) Literature review:

-Theoretical background of prospective scenarios and Logic E Data gathering: -Specialists systems, invited randomly, six (06) of which have volunteered and were divided into three groups:

-A: 02 (two) economists; -B: 02 (two) executives; -C: 02 (two) professors. -extensive direct observation through measure of specialists opinion. These specialists identified 50 (fifty) Future Facts Carriers, which are actual facts existing at present and will continue to impact our environment in the future.

After identifying these facts, brainstorming sessions were conducted to identify three (03) strategic topics to trial. After identifying the topics was built the strategic proposition which is a hypothesis of future occurrences of events identified based on a strategic issue. The proposition is for setting strategic goals, organizing a Delphi survey and identify future alternatives. The topics and propositions are presented in the board below.

Board 1. Topics and Strategic Propositions

Factors

Strategic Topics Strategic Proposition

F1

Public Finances Reduction of indebtedness as a proportion of GDP, so that the net public debt stays below 30% of GDP by 2022.

F2 Higher Education

Expansion of Higher Education System, to include, by 2012, about 40% of the population, aged 18 to 24.

F3 Brazilian Exportation

Increase in exports, so that Brazil will respond, in 2022, for about 2% of the world's exports value. This phase of prospective analysis was made in two (02) Delphi rounds that sought to: identify the sure of the topic occurrence the consultation was conducted by a form via e-mail -in two rounds. The major difference between them is that, in the second round, was informed the answer's results of each question in the first round, giving the answerer an opportunity to revise their earlier answers, if he so wished.

The query was organized in three (03) strategic topics, and for each one there was a brief ambiance about the subject and a proposition about the future (p): "the issue occurs in 2022".

Application

Regarding the factors must be reason that they are independent of each other. Therefore, we attempted to assign degrees of favorable evidence ( ) and contrary evidence ( ) according to the specialists, as below. F1 1,0 0,0 0,5 0,3 0,0 1,0 0,2 0,7 0,3 0,6 0,6 0,3 F2 0,1 1,0 0,1 0,7 0,3 0,7 0,2 0,8 1,0 0,0 0,9 0,1 F3 0,5 0,6 0,6 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,1 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,0

Based on the database of the specialist's evidence (Table 1), we can extract the opinions of specialists about the prospective scenarios. They are shown in Table 2 using OR and AND rules.

Maximization (OR) and minimization (AND) rules

The next step was to apply the rule of maximizing (OR) and minimization (AND) from Logic E to the opinions of specialists for each one of the strategic topics. the rule of maximizing the intra-group favorable evidence is applied so that the connective (OR) is used in the favorable evidence and the connective (AND) in contrary evidence within each group, and the rule of minimizing favorable evidence between the groups is applied using the connective (AND) for favorable evidence and the connective (OR) for contrary evidence for the results obtained at both groups (betwen groups), clustered according to table 2, in other words:

[(Specialist1) OR (Specialist 2)] AND [(Specialist 3) OR (Specialist 4)] AND [(Specialist 5) OR (Specialist 6)]

Results analyses

We analyze these final results, after applying the rules of maximization and minimization, by the device para-analyzer. Therefore, it is necessary to plot it in USCP, in which, to have more accuracy in conclusion, was adopted as the limits of truth and falsehood the lines determined by degree of certainty H cert = 0,6 and as limits of paracomplete and indeterminacy, the lines determined by the degree of contradictions G cont = -0,6. Thus, there is a scenario of evidence favorable or contrary the certainty of occurrence of topic, if there is a module degree of certainty equal to or greater than 0,6.

In short, the division criterion is: a) Hcert 0,6 Truth (V), the topic happens; b) Hcert -0,6 Falsehood (F), the topic does not happen; c) -0,6 < Hcert < 0,6 Area between Truth and Falsehood. The database was treated with OR and AND connectives and the results of the three topics are shown in the table below.

Table 2. Resulting evidence degrees by application of the OR and AND rules

Observing the degrees of favorable and contrary evidence resulting from the application of the rules of maximization (OR) and minimization (AND) the opinions of specialists in the study of future, we note that the degree of certainty (H cert ) of F1 (public finances) and F3 (Brazilian exportations) are below 0,6 as established in the criteria for certainty of occurrence. For example, though the specialist 1 of F1 and the specialist 5 of F3 assigned evidence ( 1,0 ; 0,0 ) which is a statement of (V) truth, namely, certainty of occurrence, when taking into account other evidences of other specialists, the result is neither (V) truth nor (F) falsehood of occurrence's certainty of the strategic topic for 2022. However, it can be said in which region of certainty they are, as shown in the figure below. The F1 topic are plotted in ( 0,2 ; 0,7 ) at area OHTI= Almost (F) falsehood, tending to ( ) paracompleteness and the F3 topic are plotted in ( 0,3 ; 0,3 ) at area OEMK= Almost ( ) paracomplete, tending to (V) truth. F2 (higher education) has its collective evidence in the region (F) falsehood, that is, the proposition of the strategic topic will not occur in 2022, as shown below.

Hcert Gcontr Decision

F1 1,0 0,0 0,2 0,7 0,6 0,3 0,2 0,7 -0,5 -0,1 almost (F), tending to F2 0,1 0,7 0,3 0,7 1,0 0,0 0,1 0,7 -0,6 -0,2 (F) doesn't happen F3 0,6 0,3 0,3 0,1 1,0 0,0 0,3 0,3 0,0 -0,4 almost ( ), tending to V If there is need of a more stringent criteria for decision making, for a more reliable, safer decision, it is necessary to increase the requirement level by approaching the lines PQ and TU from C and D points, respectively, also may be used a larger number of specialists, or even to consider the evidence assigned depending on the weight of each specialist.

So, the development of prospective scenarios with the Paraconsistent Annotated Evidential Logic E allows to determine possible data inconsistencies and verify to what extent they are acceptable or not in decision rules.

Final Considerations

A major advantage of this method is its great versatility. The specialists may suffer influence, but in general it is not the same for everyone. Certainly, in a moment of depression, the specialist tends to disbelieve the future and more than believing and the opposite can happen as well in moments of euphoria or joy, but hardly all specialists will be experiencing the same emotions. Finally, virtually all problems where uncertainty, ambiguity or the natural language of human being is relevant are favorable situations for the method application. This method has many advantages, among which we reaffirm briefly: versatility, precision, reliability and trustworthiness, and allows dealing with contradictory data.

Figure 1 .

 1 Figure 1. USCP divided in four regions by lines PDL AND PIL (Source: DE CARVALHO and ABE, 2011)

  Abe [14] says it is very reasonable to define the contradiction degree of an annotation ( ) as: G contr = -1, called perfectly indefinite line (PIL) the line AB of USCP. The equation of line AB is = 0. Defining this way the degree of certainty (H cert ) of an annotation (

Figure 2 :

 2 Figure 2: Application of para-analizer device at USCP.

AMN=

  Paracompleteness area ( ) BRS= Inconsistency area (T) CPQ= Truth area (V) DTU= Falsehood area (F) OFSL= Almost (T), tending to F OHUL= Almost (F), tending to T OHTI= Almost (F), tending to OENT= Almost ( ),tending to F OEMK= Almost ( ),tending to V OGPK= Almost (V), tending to OGQJ= Almost (V), tending to T OFRJ= Almost (T), tending to V

Table 1 .

 1 Database of specialist's evidences

		GROUP A	GROUP B	GROUP C
	FACTORS	Specialist	Specialist	Specialist	Specialist	Specialist	Specialist
		1 (E1)	2 (E2)	3 (E3)	4 (E4)	5 (E5)	6 (E6)


Uwe Dombrowski
email: u.dombrowski@tu-bs.de

Anne Reimer
email: anne.reimer@tu-bs.de

Christoph Riechel
email: c.riechel@tu-bs.de

Evaluation of existing work system models with particular consideration of demographic change

Keywords: Work System, ergonomics, demographic change

Ergonomics and the focus on human resources are widely accepted solutions to improve the performance of enterprises. Especially the influence of demographic change raises the relevance of such approaches. In the past years, different approaches were developed to realize those scientific solutions more efficiently. But which of those scientific approaches offers the optimal solution for enterprises in a turbulent market? To answer this question, this paper shows a state of the art review of different approaches of work systems. The main goal is to clarify the differences between the approaches and illustrate the academic void.

Introduction

How will work systems change in the future and which influence factors have to be considered? To answer this question, it is necessary to clarify how the enterprise environment will change in the next years. On this knowledge base, the company's framework can be defined and different models of work systems are analyzed. However, research institutes took care of this topic. In a variety of studies, different megatrends were identified. Megatrends are characterized by prominent features of global politico-economic changes. It can be defined as a pattern of changes that will profoundly impress the future of producing enterprises. [START_REF] Choudhury | Global megatrends and the community[END_REF] If the results of the studies are summarized, the following five trends can be identified. [START_REF] Choudhury | Global megatrends and the community[END_REF][START_REF] Hughes | Demographic Changes and Megatrends[END_REF][START_REF] Tikkanen | Innovative Capability and Productivity: What has Demographic Change to do with it?[END_REF][START_REF]Megatrend "Global Demographic Change[END_REF] (1) Individualization and flexibility is the first megatrend. It describes the fact that the customer needs for individualization affects the product development and growing variety of product variants. A direct result of this development is a compression of information. This increases the complexity in the whole value chain. [START_REF] Choudhury | Global megatrends and the community[END_REF][START_REF] Hughes | Demographic Changes and Megatrends[END_REF][START_REF] Tikkanen | Innovative Capability and Productivity: What has Demographic Change to do with it?[END_REF][START_REF]Megatrend "Global Demographic Change[END_REF][START_REF] Dombrowski | Methodenframework der Fabrikplanung (MeFa)[END_REF] The (2) globalization as a further megatrend describes the expansion of the industrialization in the threshold countries. New markets and new customers need to be identified. Especially the influence of the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) and the Next Eleven (Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, Turkey, South Korea and Vietnam) increase influence factors which need to be taken into account. This results in a higher product variety for most of the enterprises. [START_REF] Choudhury | Global megatrends and the community[END_REF][START_REF] Hughes | Demographic Changes and Megatrends[END_REF][START_REF] Tikkanen | Innovative Capability and Productivity: What has Demographic Change to do with it?[END_REF][START_REF]Megatrend "Global Demographic Change[END_REF] Besides the globalization, the megatrend (3) technology and innovation influences the products as well as the production process and the organization. With regard to product life cycles of e.g. mobile phones that is less than one year, the influence of technological innovation on the product life cycles has already enforced. Every new product requires also new processes and with it the recognition in shorter planning cycles. [START_REF] Choudhury | Global megatrends and the community[END_REF][START_REF] Hughes | Demographic Changes and Megatrends[END_REF][START_REF] Tikkanen | Innovative Capability and Productivity: What has Demographic Change to do with it?[END_REF][START_REF]Megatrend "Global Demographic Change[END_REF] The megatrend (4) climate change and resource scarcity outlines the change of the climate on earth and the impact on finite resources. Companies which make sustainable use of energy, water and other natural resources will achieve a competitive advantage, but also take a risk by not recognizing this megatrend. [START_REF] Choudhury | Global megatrends and the community[END_REF][START_REF] Hughes | Demographic Changes and Megatrends[END_REF][START_REF] Tikkanen | Innovative Capability and Productivity: What has Demographic Change to do with it?[END_REF][START_REF]Megatrend "Global Demographic Change[END_REF] The named megatrends affect a work system in the way that demands on the employee increase. Especially complexity increase, technological advances and growing flexibility in the production process are leading to a higher sphere of competence. However, the greatest impact on work systems has the fifth megatrend. [START_REF] Bruhn | Komplexität bei Dienstleistungen[END_REF] The fifth megatrend describes the (5) demographic change of the society. The demographic change sets challenges to the enterprises performance and global competitiveness. [START_REF] Dombrowski | Demografiefeste Arbeitssystemgestaltung: Am Beispiel eines adaptiven Arbeitsplatzes[END_REF] Especially in Europe, many companies are facing this problem. [START_REF] Tivig | Mapping Regional Demographic Change and Regional Demographic Location Risk in Europe[END_REF] For the future, other countries with high industrialization have to take the consequences of demographic change into account. On the one hand, the consequences are about manpower and the guarantee having enough working age employees on the shop floor to realize a highly efficient production process. On the other hand, the challenge is about knowledge creation and lifelong learning to secure the process of innovation and productiveness of national economies. [START_REF] Choudhury | Global megatrends and the community[END_REF][START_REF] Hughes | Demographic Changes and Megatrends[END_REF][START_REF] Tikkanen | Innovative Capability and Productivity: What has Demographic Change to do with it?[END_REF][START_REF]Megatrend "Global Demographic Change[END_REF] By summarizing all the effects caused by the megatrends, it can be stated that a high impact on enterprises is expected or already has to be taken into account. In particular, the demographic change is already a challenge for the European enterprises. [START_REF] Dombrowski | Arbeitswissenschaft in Deutschland: Bedeutung, Entwicklung und zukünftige Herausforderungen[END_REF] To face those challenges, it is necessary to continuously improve and develop the methods and tools, which support the planning and operating teams within the companies. An essential requirement for this development or improving process is the definition of a state of the art work systems which takes all upcoming challenges into account.

Work Systems in Germany

The selection of the presented work system definitions was based on an extensive national and international research. On basis of the established research results and science based evaluation, an expert team selected the following work system definitions. These definitions represent the current national state of research.

The MTM (method time measurement) association defines the work system as a socio-technical system which is described by certain variables. The variables of this descriptive model include a task (describes the purpose of the work system), the resources which are person and work medium, input and output, the procedure (spatiotemporal interaction of the resources in the input-output transformation) and the environment. Micro work systems represent single-users, the macro-work systems teams, manufacturing cells, etc. [START_REF] Bokranz | Produktivitätsmanagement von Arbeitssystemen: MTM-Handbuch[END_REF] The REFA Association characterizes a work system as an operational unit in which a person (or several) uses resources, material and information to fulfill the work under certain conditions. Work systems are the physical building units of any organization and operational processes and a core component of the process-oriented work organization. [START_REF] Hammer | Wörterbuch der Arbeitswissenschaft: Begriffe und Definitionen[END_REF] The German Institute for Standardization (DIN) defines in its DIN EN ISO 6385 standard a work system as a system which includes the interaction of one or more users with the work equipment to fulfill the function of the system within the working space and the working environment under the conditions prescribed by the work tasks. [START_REF]Grundsätze der Ergonomie für die Gestaltung von Arbeitssystemen[END_REF] Schlick et al. characterize a work system by the elements working person(s), work assignment, work task, input, output, tools, work items and environmental influences. All those elements are interconnected and any change in the system will affect all elements. [START_REF] Schlick | Arbeitswissenschaft[END_REF] This brief introduction of work system models shall just give an overview on the various models. For the future, it is important to lay a focus on the introduced megatrends in the work system models. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a framework in which the work system models and the impact of megatrends are assessed. For this, the four introduced work system models are used and an evaluation is conducted on the requirements of the megatrends. The choice of the evaluation characteristics is described in the next section.

Methodology

As shown in the previous section, there are already models which describe work systems. In order to evaluate those models with focus on the requirements caused by megatrends, it is necessary to define characteristics of a work system. Since there is no common consent on how a framework for work systems is defined, two possible approaches are introduced. The choice was made on the basis of the influence of the introduced megatrends. Especially the consideration of the demographic change as a key influence was crucial for the choice of the approaches. The first approach is developed by Dul et al., presenting the findings of the Future of Ergonomics Committee, which was established by the International Ergonomics Association (IEA) in 2010. [START_REF] Dul | A strategy for human factors/ ergonomics: developing the discipline ad profession[END_REF] The aim of the paper was not to provide an operational plan for human factors/ergonomics (HFE), but to give an overview on the current status in HFE. [START_REF] Dul | A strategy for human factors/ ergonomics: developing the discipline ad profession[END_REF] Fundamental characteristics were derived from the definition of HFE and HFE specialists by the IEA, which are the following:

"Ergonomics (and human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of the interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theoretical principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize well-being and performance." [START_REF] Iea | The Discipline of Ergonomics[END_REF] "Practitioners of ergonomics, ergonomists, contribute to the planning, design implementation, evaluation, redesign and continuous improvement of tasks, jobs, products, technologies, processes, organisations, environments and systems in order to make them compatible with the needs, abilities and limitations of people." [START_REF] Iea | The Discipline of Ergonomics[END_REF] The identified fundamentals are that HFE is a systems approach and that it is design driven. In addition, HFE focuses on two related outcomes, which are performance and well-being. [START_REF] Dul | A strategy for human factors/ ergonomics: developing the discipline ad profession[END_REF] The characteristics are explained in the next paragraphs.

Seeing HFE as a systems approach, it is important to define the term 'system'. Generally, a system is defined as a set of interacting and interdependent components that form an integrated whole. As shown in the previous section, HFE systems consist of humans and their environment designed to focus on relevant aspects, e.g. cognitive or environmental factors, in order to create a holistic and human-centered work system. [START_REF] Karwowski | The discipline of Human Factors and Ergonomics[END_REF] The holistic view includes various level of the system, specifically for HFE the micro, meso and macro-level. Thus, a broader view is taken to the discipline and, consequently, bringing together the various levels and the human-centered system. Related to the system approach and the improvement of the outcomes is the characteristic that HFE is design driven. HFE is always connected to the process design and can be applied at all stages of the process, although those stages do not necessarily appear in a certain order. However, what all stages have in common is the design planning which is brought into the process by HFE specialists.

The third characteristic is the focus on the outcomes performance and well-being. Those two outcomes are interdepending which can result in trade-offs in achieving the anticipated goals. [START_REF] Neumann | Human factors: spanning the gap between OM and HRM[END_REF] Hence, it is essential that a HFE specialist is involved in the process planning and to balance the two outcomes by finding an optimal solution.

A more detailed approach was introduced by Wilson who established a framework for key characteristics of systems HFE. [START_REF] Wilson | Fundamentals of systems ergonomics/ human factors[END_REF] He identified six features which are the following: Systems focus (a), Context (b), Interactions (c), Holism (d), Emergence (e) and Embedding (f). Those features are explained and described in the next paragraphs.

Systems focus (a) is similar to the described systems approach of the first framework approach. The focus lies on the design of a system where humans interact with their environment. The design can either be of the interactions with or within the system or of the system itself.

Context (b) is considered important to HFE, because human performance and behavior is dependent on the setting or rather environment. Nowadays, context is given in a complex social or socio-technical system. Consequently, context is part of a system and it is necessary to identify relevant elements for further analysis or development.

Interaction (c) between different elements of the system is the key characteristic of HFE. Therefore, the goal is not to design components but interactions between different system elements like a person-team-organization or person-device-person interaction. Additionally, interaction is strongly connected to system complexity which effects HFE analysis and understanding.

Holism (d) is another significant characteristic to HFE since various viewpoints are combined to get an appropriate overview on the situation. Consequently, the possibility is given that human characteristics like social or physical features are analyzed and then interactions with different system elements are designed and optimized.

Emergence (e) has to be part of the fundamentals of HFE because it describes the uncertainty of human behavior. [START_REF] Grote | Adding a strategic edge to human factors/ergonomics: Principles for the management of uncertainty as cornerstones for system design[END_REF] In this context, effects can occur which are not considered in the design process, e.g. people find solutions for disadvantageous designs or even create new exploitabilities which were not considered in advance.

Embedding (f) as a key characteristic describes the integration of HFE in the overall system. Essential for ergonomics is the participatory character meaning the integration of all key stakeholder and experts of the system. Yet, the organization has to decide on how to implement ergonomics in its present organization.

Comparing the two introduced approaches, the second approach is advantageous to evaluate the existing work system models due to the range of characteristics. The disadvantage of the first approach from Dul et al. is its general character and its intention to give a current status on HFE. [START_REF] Dul | A strategy for human factors/ ergonomics: developing the discipline ad profession[END_REF] There are only three general fundamentals identified which give a first overview on important features of work systems. However, those features are not efficient for evaluation. Therefore, the second approach from Wilson provides a further range of fundamentals and allows a more detailed evaluation of the working system models.

The four introduced work systems of the previous section and the identified characteristics of Wilson are now combined to form a framework for the evaluation. A matrix is spanned with the working systems in a row and the necessary features of Wilson in the columns. The matrix is shown in figure 2.

Fig. 1. Evaluation matrix for different work system models

Within a research assistant team of the group factory planning and ergonomics , the different degrees of coverage were identified and will be explained in the following section. For this evaluation, all features are weighed equally as the focus lies on the comparison of the different work systems. The coverage degrees are divided into three categories which are full, partial and no coverage of the particular feature. In detail, it explains the matching degree between the feature definition and the definitions made in the work system models.

Results

The results of the evaluation are shown in figure 2. For each model, a coverage degree of the feature is assessed which will be explained in this section.

Obviously, there are two features which have the same coverage in all models. On the one hand, in every model the feature interaction is fully covered. This can be derived from the fact that all models have the focus on humans and the existing environment. In this environment, the person interacts with different things and turns the input, e.g. raw materials, into an output, e.g. products, by using tools. [START_REF] Bokranz | Produktivitätsmanagement von Arbeitssystemen: MTM-Handbuch[END_REF][START_REF] Hammer | Wörterbuch der Arbeitswissenschaft: Begriffe und Definitionen[END_REF][START_REF]Grundsätze der Ergonomie für die Gestaltung von Arbeitssystemen[END_REF][START_REF] Schlick | Arbeitswissenschaft[END_REF] Besides the person-device-interaction, all models describe an interaction on an organizational level, e.g. between teams. On the other hand, all models do not cover the feature emergence. This is due to the fact that no possibility of other usage of the designed process is considered and no possibility of a continuous improvement process is included in a work system. One potential to cover the feature emergence can be a knowledge feedback as an input of the process.

The other features vary in the degree of coverage in the different models. System focus is only covered fully by the models of MTM and Schlick. The reason is that both models consider, in addition to the micro level, the macro level as well. MTM includes the macro-level in its definition of work systems whereas Schlick includes the macro-level in the extended model of a work system. [START_REF] Bokranz | Produktivitätsmanagement von Arbeitssystemen: MTM-Handbuch[END_REF][START_REF] Schlick | Arbeitswissenschaft[END_REF] REFA and DIN do not fully consider systems focus since those two models do partially include macrolevels of systems. REFA uses its work system by definition to describe the work. [START_REF] Hammer | Wörterbuch der Arbeitswissenschaft: Begriffe und Definitionen[END_REF] It is not referred to the macro-level as it is in MTM or Schlick. More apparent is it in the definition in the DIN norm. There is no reference to the macro-level. [START_REF]Grundsätze der Ergonomie für die Gestaltung von Arbeitssystemen[END_REF] Holism is fully covered by two models as well. Here, REFA and Schlick integrate this feature, by definition, the best. Those two models use different viewpoints in their work systems, for instance emotional or physical, to evaluate the system. Therefore, a holistic overview of the system can be derived. In comparison, MTM and DIN do consider the feature partly, but not in depth as the other two models.

The features context and embedding are the most heterogeneous features. For the feature embedding, only REFA covers it fully. This is due to the definition of REFA that the work system is integrated in the overall organization. The other models do not refer to it explicitly and therefore only cover it partially. Context is only fully covered by REFA as well. It is related to the feature embedding and the integration in the organization. With this, it is possible to evaluate the influences of the environment on a human. The other models do only partially cover the feature embedding and, consequently, it cannot give a complete overview as in the REFA model.

It is shown that the REFA work system model covers four out of six features and receives the best results in this evaluation. In comparison, the models of MTM and Schlick cover only three or respectively two features fully. The DIN norm only covers one feature fully. This result is due to the fact of the inherent character of a norm and its general application for any case. However, there is no model which covers all features. Especially the changing environment caused by megatrends and its impacts on the work system are not described. In addition, no integration of possible emergence and continuous improvement processes are given. As a consequence, work system models are changed from a static to a dynamic model by implementing a feedback cycle. This can be advantageous as early changes in a process can be done with little effort and cost. [START_REF] Hauser | The house of quality[END_REF]

Conclusion

The requirements on work systems are changing due to the identified megatrends. These five megatrends have a big impact not only on the company itself but on the employee and the work system as well. Especially the demographic change will become important because people will get older and work longer in their lives. Hence, it is important to examine and evaluate work systems. There are just few models which consider a work system. Those depicted models do all have a different structure and vary in their definitions. Thus, a framework has to be defined in order to evaluate the existing models. Two possibilities were given and examined whereas the approach by Wilson showed to be the best choice for an evaluation framework. The features of the framework were evaluated for the models by an expert team. It was shown that no model can cover all the features to a full extent. As a result, none of those models do consider all aspects which will become important for the future. Thus, we are developing a work system model which is able to include all features of the framework and cover those to a full extent. The model will be introduced in further publications.


Samuel Dereste
email: samuel_dereste@yahoo.com.br

Santos

Miguel León González
email: miguel.leon@uol.com.br

Mário Mollo Neto

Efficiency of informatics tools to project development in project-based learning activities for collaborative engineering

Keywords: Project Based Learning, Building Information Modeling, Computer Aided Design; collaborative engineering

Informatics tools are very important for project development in the civil engineering area. CAD -Computer Aided Design -tools are freely used in different project routines, but BIM -Building Information Modeling are gaining space to allow the development of objects with a larger number of parameters and permit a collaborative engineering. Besides, the PBL -Project Based Learningtools can be effective for teaching, allowing students to combine prior knowledge and aggregates skills in a collaborative model in engineering area. The objective of the paper is analyzing software applications in a PBL activity focusing the results of CAD and BIM tools utilization in project development. The methodology adopted was a technical review and a case study of 21 PBL projects developed by students of a civil engineering graduation course. The results shows that PBL is a good strategy for project development, and BIM tools are more efficient when compared with CAD tools.

-Introduction

The use of computer tools in an undergraduate course in civil engineering aims to develop projects in software available in the market, establishing a bridge between what is taught in the university with is developed in the professional life. Specifically about tools for project developing, in a first moment as a direct replacement of the clipboard and handmade draws , the CAD tools -computer aided design -meant a revolution in the design process, making it more productive and enabling the exchange and use of information quite effectively, covering various technology areas such as aeronautics, mechanics and construction.

Besides CAD tools, the BIM -Building Information Modeling -was developed, specifically for the project of buildings, and have another concept. The CAD technology is based on vector information and BIM in parametric objects. It allows to the Efficiency of informatics tools to project development in project-based learning activities for collaborative engineering designer to define a series of objects that make the process more interactive and rich, allowing it to resolve several problems prior to construction. Furthermore, its architecture allows the same file under different disciplines, such as facilities, structure, masonry, foundations, etc. The production of the project information is simultaneously and significantly decreases the work for project´s compatibilization.

The formation process of a civil engineer consists of a basic curriculum, like Physics, Chemistry and Calculus, to give the basic reasoning and elementary tools for the continuity of the course. In the specific curriculum, the objective is to give the knowledge necessary for the professional life. One challenge in this context is aligning with the new challenges and consequences of globalization, like a humanist, critical and reflexive formation, enabling the development new technologies and contributions to attend the society demands.

One strategic tool that can be applied to aggregate competences in graduation courses are Project Based Learning -PBL -activities. This methodology focuses in project development and has the objective of simulating the real life. In the PBL, the center of the learning process is the student, whose role is to find information and aggregate knowledge, which is a paradigm shift.

The objective is to analyze software application in a PBL activityinside a civil engineering graduation course -focusing the results of CAD and BIM tools utilization. The methodology was a technical review about informatics tools and Project Based Learning, besides a case study of 20 project developed by students in a PBL activity, whose results was ranged to be analyzed in the context.

-Technical Review

Informatics Tools used in the development of projects

To define the most common tools used in the development of projects in civil construction, it is necessary to study the importance of CAD and BIM tools in the context.

CAD tools

The first applications of computers to assist the stages of engineering began in 1950, when the Massachusetts Institute of Technology -MIT -started the discussion about CAD -Computer Aided Design -technology. The CAD systems of this generation were limited to the description of two-dimensional vector geometrics entities for creating and manipulating drawings. The CAD tools denoted the transfer of manual draws to an electronic platform, with the advantages like electronically sent and received drawings, better management of the information, best currency in size and fast drawing modification.

At the end of the 90s, with the development of the Windows Operating System, there was a migration of the companies for Windows tools. This fact reduced the cost of hardware / software and the need for highly skilled users, popularizing the tool. [START_REF] Souza | Tecnologia CAD/CAM -Definições e estado da arte visando auxiliar sua implantação em um ambiente fabril in XXIII Encontro Nacional de Engenharia de Produção -ENEGEP[END_REF]. The DWG interface is one of the most popular interface in civil construction planning offices, but the difficulties with files communication made the development of another software and formats to become the project process more efficient. One of these interfaces are BIM -Building Information Modelingtools.

-BIM Tools

The first concepts of BIM dates to the first attempts of data optimization at CAD platforms. This is a three-dimensional model enriched by additional intelligence (parameters). The basis of this technology consists of the graphical information, which includes the geometric model construction, its physical characteristic, properties, names and functional peculiarities of its components [START_REF] Migilinskas | The Benefits, Obstacles and Problems of Practical Bim Implementation in 11th International Conference on Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques, MBMST[END_REF].

BIM systems are adequate to support the simulation of a construction project in a virtual environment, with the advantage of using software to perform several steps of the construction process, allowing it to make the necessary adjustments. The assembly instructions can be associated with BIM components, so the visual context of the specific location on the 3D (three dimension) model can assist with the communication of instructions [START_REF] Souza | Tecnologia CAD/CAM -Definições e estado da arte visando auxiliar sua implantação em um ambiente fabril in XXIII Encontro Nacional de Engenharia de Produção -ENEGEP[END_REF].

The BIM tools involves information modeling surrounding the production of a building by a digital model that integrates all the interfaces, covering the entire life cycle of the building, which starts in the project, involves the implementation, use, rehabilitation and demolition [START_REF] Porwal | Building Information Modeling (BIM) partnering framework for public construction projects in Automation in Construction[END_REF].

Project Based Learning -PBL

Project Based Learning -PBL -is defined as a competence-based education that integrates knowledge, skills and values. The models integrating project-based learning have their scientific basis in generating learning processes in which students are not passive recipients of knowledge. Following the trends in psychology of knowledge, project-based learning is grounded in the belief that humans construct new knowledge over a base of what we already know and of what we have experienced, which we make available through active participation and interaction with others [START_REF] Ríoz | Project-based learning in engineering higher education: two decades of teaching competences in real environments in[END_REF].

The development of the PBL was originated in 1900, when John Dewey (1859-1952) presented the "learning by doing", valuing the capacity of students by thinking relative knowledge to solve real problems in projects, developing the emotional, intellectual and physical aspects. [START_REF] Masson | Metodologia de Ensino: Project-Based Learning in COBENGE -XL Congresso Brasileiro de Ensino de Engenharia[END_REF] The PBL has been a major focus of discussion, as not only an active learning approach, but also how to develop alternative curriculum and adopting innovative practices in engineering education. Requires a teacher to reflect on the teaching activity and change their traditional stance of content specialist for coach learning, and that students assume greater responsibility of their own learning, with the understanding that the knowledge gained from your personal effort lasts longer than that obtained only by third-party information [START_REF] Ríoz | Project-based learning in engineering higher education: two decades of teaching competences in real environments in[END_REF][START_REF] Masson | Metodologia de Ensino: Project-Based Learning in COBENGE -XL Congresso Brasileiro de Ensino de Engenharia[END_REF].

The main features of this methodology are that the student is the center of the process, the work is developed in tutorial groups, it is characterized by being an active, cooperative, integrated and interdisciplinary process oriented student learning. For a Efficiency of informatics tools to project development in project-based learning activities for collaborative engineering good learning process in this methodology, is necessary to be aware of what the student knows and what he needs to learn and motivate the search for relevant information, stimulate the student's ability to learn to learn to work in teams, to hear other opinions, inducing him to take an active and responsible role for their learning and help students achieve the project objectives, which are: learn how to make an analytical and thorough examination of a problem, identify learning objectives, seek relevant information and learn to work in groups [START_REF] Ríoz | Project-based learning in engineering higher education: two decades of teaching competences in real environments in[END_REF][START_REF] Masson | Metodologia de Ensino: Project-Based Learning in COBENGE -XL Congresso Brasileiro de Ensino de Engenharia[END_REF].

The learning projects favor the relationship of various contents making it easier for students to build their knowledge with the integration of different disciplinary knowledge in an interdisciplinary philosophy, seeking to pursue a meaningful learning. A study case about this methodology will be studied in the sequence.

-Case Study

The case study is about an exercise developed by 21 groups in a civil engineering graduation course on 6 th semester. The conceptual bases for development were a PBL methodology in the development of a Residence and a Residential Building. Into this moment of the course, the students had disciplines about Topography, Construction Technology, Construction Materials, Technical Drawings and Architecture and Urbanism. In the last two, they studied CAD and BIM tools specifically.

To the development of the activities, there was proposed a scope, with these characteristics (Table 1

Roof

Technical Area Roof

Work Groups and Orientation

These activities were supervised and oriented by 3 professors of design and project area. The groups were divided in 4 or 5 students, who have a scale of orientation with the professors.

3.2

Software Adoption

The students had, prior this activity, the disciplines of Technical Drawing and Architecture and Urbanism whose objective was introduce and practice CAD and BIM tools. The groups should choose between CAD or BIM tools by themselves to develop the activities. The professors would give support in both cases.

Activity Development

To develop the activities, 6 groups adopted BIM technologies, and 15 adopted CAD technologies. The groups, based on the scope, started the activities. Every group had weekly an orientation of 1 hour during 12 weeks. The tutors gave support of what was being developed and the prosecution. On the 13rd and 14rd week, they presented the projects to expose the results.

Activity Results

Each group presented the work to the professors, defending and discussing their ideas. Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 are examples of some works that were developed. All teams developed the proposed activities. The PBL model permitted to some students to learn some topics and change knowledge between colleagues, becoming the process very rich. Both tools permitted the analysis of all project instances (structure, masonry, electricity and hydraulics) with a good precision. Besides, the teams who adopted BIM solutions had more efficient projects representation than the teams that used CAD tools, what could inflict that the software could interfere in the process of project development. To investigate this fact, there was made, by the professors of the activity, a criteria analysis to understand this fact.

Software Analysis Criteria

To establish a criterion, all the results were scored on a Likert Scale from 1 to 5, being 1 the worst quality and 5 the best quality. There was calculated a Standard De-Efficiency of informatics tools to project development in project-based learning activities for collaborative engineering viation (%) for each product. It was analyzed the Graphic Representation -technical details of the execution of technical drawings norm in the construction area; Humanized Presentation -humanization of drawings for submission of the initial idea to the client, which is very important in professional life; Notations -sizes of text, dimensions, directions and projections for the proper understanding of technical drawing.

Results of Software Analysis Criteria

The result of the analysis of each project was rated in Table 2, with the respective evaluation of Graphic Representation, Humanized Presentation and Notation for BIM Teams and CAD Teams. The Fig. 5 shows the score evaluation by technology to demonstrate the difference between each product at different technologies. The Fig. 5 shows the Score Evaluation by Product, to show the impact of the technology above each product. All the results of table 1 were analyzed in a Pearson correlation whose results are shown at table 3.

-Discussion

The analysis of the data in Table 1 and Fig. 5 demonstrate that the development of a project with BIM tools is more efficient than CAD tools. The first tool had a score of 4.5 while the second had an average score of 3.5. This data demonstrates that, for a group of users with the same prior-knowledge, the utilization of BIM enhances the quality of the final product.

Analyzing the scenario set out in Fig. 6, it's possible to discern that, specifically for sections and elevations design, the use of BIM generates an increase of approximately 35 % on the final quality of the products developed. It can be explained by the parametric software interface that allows changing the 2D/ 3D interface, allowing the realization of more efficient work by the user.

Students have great difficulty in implementing sections and facades. The use of BIM make this process more didactic and efficient, allowing the project adjusting to solve the problems presented while the execution of sections and facades.

-Conclusions

The challenges to the use of PBL tools in an undergraduate course are many. Not all students have the same level of knowledge, which significantly interferes with the quality of the projects that are developed. But the use of these tool permits the simulation of what will be developed in the working life.

In the proposed case study, the use of BIM tools demonstrated to be more efficient when compared to CAD tools. Assuming that all students involved possessed the same level of knowledge about the tools in use, the use of BIM proves to be more efficient.

Taking into account that the essences of BIM tools are integration, its use in an undergraduate course opens up a range of different exercise possibilities, allowing better simulation of what is developed in real life. In real life, the professional will deal with different professionals, and BIM tools have possibilities of collaborative engineering, which puts the tool in evidence for market evolution. The Data Set analyzed showed a >0.50 Pearson Correlation (moderate correlation) which validates the data analyzed in this case.

Acknowledgment

Fig. 3

 3 Fig. 3 -Perspective Fig 4 -Humanized Sections

Fig. 5 .

 5 Fig. 5. -Score Evaluation by Technology

Table 1 .

 1 ) Scope of the activity

		Residence	Residential Building
	Building Sit	10 x 25 meters	Building Sit	50 x 25 meters
	1 st floor	-Living Room	Common	-Entrance / Lobby
		-Lavabo	area	-Hall
		-Dining Room		-Elevators / Escalators
		-Kitchen		-Party's Room
		-Laundry		-Technical Room
		-Maid Room		-Collective Bathroom
		-Maid Bathroom		-Pool
				-Changing Room
	2 nd Floor	-TV room	Apartment	-2 dormitory
		-2 dormitory		-Living Room
		-1 suite		-Kitchen
		-Collective Bathroom		-Laundry
				-Common Area
	Technical
	Area

Table 2 .

 2 -Score Evaluation of the Products developed by groups

Table 3

 3

	-Pearson Correlation	Fig. 6 -Score Evaluation
	in Data Series Analyzed	by Product

The authors would like to thank CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de pessoal de nível Superior) and the Paulista University (UNIP) for the financial support to develop this work.