The Effect of Interpretive Media Packages on Political Engagement: a new framework

Keywords: Engagement politique, médias sociaux, participation politique, contraintes structurelles, restrictions de contenu Political engagement, social media usage, political participation, structural constraints, content restrictions, interpretive media packages

The aim of this theoretical paper is to review peer review journal articles related to the impact of social media usage on political engagement and to propose a framework for future empirical research. Six facets of the interpretive media packages seem have an effect on political engagement. These facets included three structural constraints (on authorship, citation, and influence) and three content restrictions (on frames, signatures, and emotion). Future research can intend to empirically test the proposed framework and fill the gap of knowledge by measuring how interpretive media packages affect political engagement.

Les effets des réseaux sociaux sur l'engagement politique : un nouveau model

Authors : Hanya Riad, Claudio Vitari

Résumé :

Le but de cet article théorique est de revisiter la littérature concernant l'impact de l'utilisation des médias sociaux sur l'engagement politique et de proposer un cadre pour de futures recherches empiriques. Des caractéristiques récemment identifiées des réseaux sociaux pourraient avoir un effet, encore inexploré, sur l'engagement politique. Ces caractéristiques concernent les paquets interprétatifs et comprenaient trois contraintes structurelles (sur l'auteur, la citation et l'influence) et trois restrictions de contenu (sur les cadres, les signatures et les émotions) des réseaux sociaux. Nous proposons des pistes de recherches futures qui peuvent avoir pour objectif de tester de manière empirique le cadre proposé et de combler le manque de connaissances en examinant l'impact du contenu et de la structure des paquets interprétatifs sur l'engagement politique, tout en mesurant l'effet de médiation de l'utilisation des médias et de la communication des citoyens. L'objectif est de comprendre quels sont les principaux facteurs qui affectent l'utilisation des médias, la communication des citoyens et l'engagement politique. Par le biais des paquets interprétatifs, les organisations régissant les réseaux sociaux et les médias plus en général influenceraient la compréhension d'un problème par le public et l'orientation des débats. L'objectif est de comprendre quels sont les principaux facteurs qui affectent l'utilisation des médias, la communication des citoyens et l'engagement politique.

Introduction

In recent years, the role of social media has gained increased recognition as the consequences have become more visible. The rapid development of social media has prompted numerous studies that have used social media as a data source to discover various types of information in fields as diverse as politics, finance, and education [START_REF] Vaughan | Uncovering information from social media hyperlinks: An investigation of twitter[END_REF]. The link between social media and politics was examined in many studies [START_REF] Diehl | Political persuasion on social media: Tracing direct and indirect effects of news use and social interaction, new media & society[END_REF][START_REF] Wang | Six P's of youth social media from a young consumer's perspective[END_REF][START_REF] Lee | Can Social media change your mind? SNS use, Cross-cutting Exposure and discussion and Political View Change[END_REF]. Scholars have previously studied the impact of Internet use on overall knowledge and political knowledge and explored its different dimensions [START_REF] Hochschild | If democracies need informed voters, how can they thrive while expanding enfranchisement?[END_REF][START_REF] De Vreese | News, political knowledge and participation: The differential effects of news media exposure on political knowledge and participation[END_REF][START_REF] Ripberger | Reconsidering the relationship between cultural theory, political ideology, and political knowledge[END_REF]. The objective of a theoretical review paper is to help the researchers understand the existing body of knowledge, provide a theoretical foundation for the empirical studies and substantiate the presence of a research problem [START_REF] Levy | A systems approach to conduct an effective literature review in support of information systems research[END_REF]. The objective of a theoretical review paper is to help the researchers understand the existing body of knowledge, provide a theoretical foundation for the empirical studies and substantiate the presence of a research problem [START_REF] Levy | A systems approach to conduct an effective literature review in support of information systems research[END_REF]. Although the fragmented state of research on political engagement was not conducive to readily identifying or resolving this conundrum, by juxtaposing these partial findings in a reformulated model, the contradictory findings were reconciled and a more complete and parsimonious theoretical model is proposed. The analysis presented in this article thus advances the understanding of political engagement by suggesting that previous conclusions may have been incomplete and by pointing to the potential importance of interpretive media packages.

Online activity is changing young people's engagement with politics. Nowadays the Internet has become a leading force when it comes to how campaign funds are raised, information is accessed, perspectives are shared and discussed, and individuals are mobilized to act politically [START_REF] Kahne | The Political Significance of Social Media Activity and Social Networks[END_REF]. Social media is now a tool to change political behavior, and motivate many people to be more involved or to express their political opinions. The availability of political information on social media made it easier for all users or citizens to discuss or to stay informed and aware of all news. It also made conversations and discussions easier and therefore people are exposed to many differing views [START_REF] Diehl | Political persuasion on social media: Tracing direct and indirect effects of news use and social interaction, new media & society[END_REF].

Scholars have previously studied the impact of Internet use on overall knowledge and political knowledge and explored its different dimensions [START_REF] Hochschild | If democracies need informed voters, how can they thrive while expanding enfranchisement?[END_REF][START_REF] De Vreese | News, political knowledge and participation: The differential effects of news media exposure on political knowledge and participation[END_REF][START_REF] Ripberger | Reconsidering the relationship between cultural theory, political ideology, and political knowledge[END_REF]. Political discussions are rational conversations where deliberative exchange of arguments and suggestions occur among partakers [START_REF] Negm | Investigating the Impact of Various Social Ties during Egypt's Governmental Transition[END_REF]. As people converse, they encounter different political views and knowledge. Thus, diverse political talks and expressions (voicing opinions on controversial matters) allow some issues to arise for reflection [START_REF] Scheufele | Being a citizen online: New opportunities and dead ends[END_REF]. The Internet has provided more opportunities for political participation, including online voting, opinion survey, debating, and blogging, therefore, the Internet is seen as a facilitator of the democratic process [START_REF] Ward | Introduction: The Potential of the Internet Revisited[END_REF]).

Among the researches on social network sites, Miranda et al., in 2016 attempted to understand how and to what extent digital mass media are emancipatory (permitting widespread participation in public discourse and surfacing of diverse perspectives) versus hegemonic (contributing to ideological control by a few), they focused their empirical investigation on the structure and content of interpretive media packages. An interpretive media package is a discourse participant's social construction of an issue, oriented toward justifying the status quo or a desired change (d'Anjou 1996).

While the individual is on social media, the interpretive media package composed of structural constrains and content restrictions may affect the way this individual is engaged or involved with the issue. Focusing on structural and content facets of the interpretive media packages, [START_REF] Miranda | Are Social Media Emancipatory or Hegemonic? Societal Effects of Mass Media Digitization in the Case of the SOPA Discourse[END_REF] developed two sets of propositions about social media effects on emancipation and hegemony on rich and lean social media. They considered interpretive media packages concerning the structure (how people interact) and content (what people say) of a news account, as the constitutive components of emancipation or hegemony of public discourse. After considering future research directions of Miranda et al., and thoroughly reviewing all the related literature on social media dimensions and political opinion, we found that there is a gap in the literature concerning the effects of interpretive media packages (structure and content) on political engagement.

Definitions

Social Media

Social media is a general term for Web 2.0 technology, which allows consumer-generated content and includes blogs, wikis, RSS feeds, as well as social network sites (SNS) such as Facebook, LinkedIn, Flickr, or YouTube [START_REF] Ratliff | A profile of social media use by fortune 500 and inc. 500 corporations[END_REF]. Social media exists entirely on the Internet or portals that can access the Internet (computers, tablets, and cell phones). The social media applications are different technological mechanisms to connect people and information. The most popular and well-known social media applications are social network sites (SNS). SNS are a subset of social media and meet the following three broad criteria: (1) they are an online service that allows users to build a profile within the network, (2) they allow users to build a list of other users that they share a connection with, and (3) they allow users to view and to navigate the information created by other users on the social network [START_REF] Boyd | Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship[END_REF].

Political Engagement and media

Engagement is defined as having an interest in, paying attention to, or having knowledge, beliefs, opinions, attitudes, or feelings about either political or civic matters, whereas 'participation' is defined in terms of political and civic participatory behaviors (Barret and Brunton-Smith, 2014).

When conceptualizing the dynamics of online activity that may foster augmented political engagement, several theoretical distinctions appear valuable. Some scholars (Gerbner et al. 1980a;de Vreese 2005; de Vreese and Elenbaas 2008) who see a negative impact of media on political participation are concerned that the media may instigate distrust or cynicism from the audiences, thus alienating them from political or civic activities. But on the other hand, many studies have shown that media use has a positive impact on both political knowledge and political participation (Brynin and Newton 2003;[START_REF] Mcleod | Community, Communication and Participation: The Role of Mass Media and Interpersonal Discussion in Local Political Participation[END_REF][START_REF] Pinkleton | Individual Motivations, Perceived Media Importance, and Political Disaffection[END_REF][START_REF] Pasek | America's Youth and Community Engagement: How Use of Mass Media Is Related to Civic Activity and Political Awareness in 14-to 22-Year-Olds[END_REF]).

For ordinary people, mass media serve as the major means to gain political knowledge [START_REF] Scheufele | Being a citizen online: New opportunities and dead ends[END_REF] as well as a forum for public discussion [START_REF] Mutz | Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative versus Participatory Democracy[END_REF]). The media promote not only an interest in politics but also awareness of other viewpoints and options for involvement. Media consumption and sources of information gathered by individuals also provide the basis for citizens to achieve a common goal and engage in collective action (Shah and Gil de Zúñiga 2008). It has been argued that media's influence on political engagement varies among different types of media that serve different functions [START_REF] Shah | Communication, Context and Community: An Exploration of Print, Broadcast, and Internet Influences[END_REF]. The positive impact of newspaper reading on political and civic participation has been consistently found in various studies [START_REF] Mcleod | Community, Communication and Participation: The Role of Mass Media and Interpersonal Discussion in Local Political Participation[END_REF][START_REF] Shah | Communication, Context and Community: An Exploration of Print, Broadcast, and Internet Influences[END_REF] and shown as significant across all generations, including the youth.

Research shows that the informational use of social media motivates political and civic engagement (Gil de Zúñiga, Jung, and Valenzuela 2012; Skoric and Poor 2013). For example, Holt and his colleagues (2013) found that the use of social media for political purposes increased political interest and offline political participation over time. Gil de Zúñiga, Jung, and Valenzuela (2012) found that the informational use of SNS for news had a positive association with both online and offline political participation. These findings accentuate the potential of digital media, especially interactive media outlets, to mobilize young people into more active engagement with civic and political life.

There is considerable research available suggesting that while using social media individuals will have more chances to come across diverse information and viewpoints (Lee et al., 2014). Previous studies showed that media use contributes to political engagement positively (Jung et al., 2011;Schmitt-Beck, 2003;[START_REF] Shah | Campaign ads, online messaging, and participation: Extending the communication media-tion model[END_REF]Sotirovic & McLeod, 2001;Tian, 2011;Willnat et al., 2013).

Ease of access to much more information through the use of new online media contributes to increased political engagement, due to reducing the individual cost to get information (Park & You 2015). Online communication is associated with online political participation (Valenzuela, Kim, & de Zuniga, 2012), and the influence that online communication has on political engagement is stronger than that between offline communication and political engagement (de Zuniga & Valenzuela, 2011).

Therefore, we propose that media usage will increase citizen communication that is likely to affect political engagement of citizens.

Interpretive media package definitions and dimensions

An interpretive media package is a discourse participant's social construction of an issue, oriented toward justifying the status quo or a desired change (d'Anjou 1996). Through interpretive packages, media organizations influence public understanding of an issue and strive for agendas [START_REF] Gamson | Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach[END_REF][START_REF] Gamson | Media Discourse as a Symbolic Contest: The Bomb in Political Cartoons[END_REF]. The Interpretive Package Structure is composed of Authorship, Citation, and Influence, and Interpretive Package Content is composed of Frames, Signatures, and Emotion. Authorship constraints in mass media limit the interpretive packages dissemination, increases selection bias, decreases inclusion and suppress exposure of truths inimical to media interests [START_REF] Miranda | Are Social Media Emancipatory or Hegemonic? Societal Effects of Mass Media Digitization in the Case of the SOPA Discourse[END_REF]. Unconstrained citation refers to the absence of bias in source selection. As mass media mediate between message sponsors and the public who consume the news, mediation represents a potential source citation constraint [START_REF] Gamson | Media Discourse as a Symbolic Contest: The Bomb in Political Cartoons[END_REF].

Unconstrained citation refers to the absence of bias in source selection. Citation constraints increase the likelihood of a source bias. Source citation constraints stymie democratization and limit the public's ability to uncover the truth [START_REF] Miranda | Are Social Media Emancipatory or Hegemonic? Societal Effects of Mass Media Digitization in the Case of the SOPA Discourse[END_REF]. Unconstrained influence refers to the ability of any actor to be influential in the discourse. Influence in public discourse can be concentrated with mass media. Such influence constraints limit democratization, because influence is limited to power elites. Influence constraints undermine community enhancement [START_REF] Miranda | Are Social Media Emancipatory or Hegemonic? Societal Effects of Mass Media Digitization in the Case of the SOPA Discourse[END_REF]. A frame "is a device for organizing material that emphasizes some aspects of an issue and downplays or ignores others" [START_REF] Fredin | Frame Breaking and Creativity: A Frame Database for Hypermedia News[END_REF]. Frames "help people understand complex issues" (Soule, 2009), but also bias their perspectives to align with those of framers, who accentuate certain information and de-emphasize other [START_REF] Benford | Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment[END_REF]. According to [START_REF] Miranda | Are Social Media Emancipatory or Hegemonic? Societal Effects of Mass Media Digitization in the Case of the SOPA Discourse[END_REF] unrestricted signatures refer to authors' use of interesting, imagery-eliciting, and sensory elements to make messages more "likely to attract and hold our attention and to excite the imagination".

Unrestricted emotion refers to authors' communication of emotional content, which influences audience judgment by supplying actionable information about others' reactions to an issue or shaping audience attention to, interpretation of, or recall of associated information. Emotion infused into interpretive packages influences the public directly, by conveying information about authors' and sources' sentiments which audiences may adopt, and indirectly, by priming audiences' attention to, encoding, and retrieval of the information [START_REF] Forgas | Mood and Judgment: The Affect Infusion Model (AIM)[END_REF], increasing prosocial behavior [START_REF] George | Understanding Pro-social Behavior, Sales Performance, and Turnover: A Group-Level Analysis in a Service Context[END_REF], and enhancing the sense of community. ., Unrestricted emotion refers to authors' communication of emotional content, which influences audience judgment by supplying actionable information about others' reactions to an issue or shaping audience attention to, interpretation of, or recall of associated information.

A New Model: The Central Role of interpretive media packages in political engagement

Based on an integrative analysis of existing theory and empirical findings, this article proposes a new model of the determinants of political engagement. In this model, we propose to measure all interpretive media packages variables on political engagement. Furthermore, the analysis of the usefulness of this new model reveals a means for reconciling the ambiguities in past research about the influence of social media dimensions on political engagement.

Concerning the role of interpretive media packages, as it was noted, authors have examined the role interpretive package content and interpretive package structure on media in general. However, the conceptualized model suggests that these characteristics of social media outlets, have direct effects on political engagement. This conceptualization reflects the observation that previous approaches do not

Discussion

The model of political engagement proposed here builds directly on previous theories of political behavior. Scholars have previously noted the roles of social media usage for news, social media usage for interaction, exposure, and network heterogeneity as direct influences on political persuasion, as well as the importance of political knowledge to democratic discourse, and the importance of political efficacy as well as the relationship between social media and political efficacy. Researchers also investigated the structure and dimensions of social media and their effect on democratization in general. Therefore, the most important contribution of this article is that it draws together these previously unrelated streams of research and shows how they provide the foundation for a theoretical model of political engagement and interpretive media packages that can complete previous models.

Political engagement

Interpretive package content

Unrestricted Frames Unrestricted signatures Unrestricted emotion factors that were previously considered to have a direct influence on political engagement are hypothesized instead to influence through interpretive media packages. This implies that, in the future, scholars who wish to explore whether political engagement is influenced by objective or perceived situational characteristics need to take into account (or at least control for) the effects the unconstrained structure and unrestricted content on social media, which most past work does not measure.

One of the reasons for formalizing the proposed theory in the form of a causal model is to facilitate cumulative empirical research in this area. In part, this is in response to the observation that a great deal has been learned within relatively narrow specialized subareas of information systems and political opinion, but that there has been relatively little integration across the historically discrete theoretical perspectives. The ideas proposed in this article are meant to provide preliminary evidence of the value of such cross-specialty research, and it is hoped that this framework can stimulate additions, revisions, and challenges to this analysis.

Conclusion

A sizeable body of prior theoretical and empirical research appeared to support the primary influence of information systems components on political behavior. Yet the reconceptualization presented in this article suggests that the earlier works and the seemingly contradictory results they generated can be explained by a theory in which social media structure and content has a dominant influence on political engagement. By providing new variables as determinants of political engagement, this article not only draws together and challenges the conclusions of a number of theories that have not previously been compared, but also highlights opportunities for future theoretical and empirical work, by highlighting new relationships.

  Figure 1: Conceptual model

  The proposed theoretical model argues for changes in how management researchers should theorize interpretive media packages. Previous work has been criticized for positing associations among variables without presenting adequate causal mechanisms. In response, this article is an attempt to move theorizing about interpretive media packages (content and structure) forward by conceptualizing the determinants of political engagement so as to make explicit and testable the underlying mechanisms by which various factors (interpretive media packages structure and content) could come to cause a change in political opinion on social media. More specifically, the list of



  Ball-Rokeach, S. J. (1985). "The Origins of Individual Media-System Dependency a Sociological Framework," Communication Research (12:4), pp. 485-510.  Barrett M., and Brunton-Smith I., (2014) Political and Civic Engagement and Participation: . G., and Gibson, D. E. (1998). "Group Emotion: A View from Top and Bottom," Research on Managing Groups and Teams (1), pp. 81-102.


Antoine Crinière

Jean Dumoulin

Laurent Mevel

Management of local multi-sensors

Keywords: Data Management, Long term infrared monitoring, OGC, Outdoor conditions

Introduction and context

Being able to perform full field easily non invasive diagnostics for surveillance and monitoring of transport infrastructures and structures is a major concern for many technical offices. Among all the existing electromagnetic methods, longterm thermal monitoring by uncooled infrared cameras is a promising technique.

Anyway, moving camera from laboratory set-up to real field measurements configuration (i.e. outdoor environmental conditions) requires efforts in system architecture design (i.e. hardware and software) but also in black monitoring environmental parameters during acquisition for further in-line or off-line measurement corrections. Though, infrared system manufacturers have made a strong standardization effort for the implemented communication protocol used in their uncooled infrared camera, their commercial software concerned mainly laboratory applications. So, addressing in parallel in-situ thermal infrared and environmental measurements, for long term thermal monitoring, requires to address interoperability between sensors and multiple data types management. In a second step, solving such measurement architecture issue, will help in studying and developing new analysis methods in a context of massive data production.

The present paper focuses on the first aspect, new system architecture dedicated to long term thermal monitoring, and intends to show how standards can be addressed to favour high computing processing in a near future (for instance to reconstruct the inner 3D thermal field of structures.

Following research works initiated in the European project ISTIMES [START_REF] Proto | Transport infrastructure surveillance and monitoring by electromagnetic sensing: the istimes project[END_REF][8], the project Cloud2SM (Cloud architecture design for Structural Monitoring with in-line Sensors and Models tasking) [START_REF] Criniere | The cloud2sm project[END_REF], has been launched to develop a robust information system able to assess the long term monitoring of civil engineering structures as well as interfacing various sensors and data. The specificity of such architecture is to be built upon the notion of data processing through physical or statistical models. Thus the data processing, whether material or mathematical, can be seen here as a resource of the main architecture. The project can be divided in various items as the sensors and their measurements processes, the storage resources, the computational resources, the models themselves, the user interface, and the structures themselves. The project intends to be standardized by following the Open Geoscience Consortium (OGC - [START_REF] Ogc | Sensor web enablement: Overview and high level architecture[END_REF]) recommendations for its web interfaces and for example the Hierarchical Data Format (Hdf5 - [START_REF] Hdf | High level introduction to hdf5[END_REF]) for its local data format. Figure 1 presents a global schematic view of Cloud2SM project.

Cloud2IR [12] represents the infrared and environmental sensor side of Cloud2SM project, i.e. its connection to the data side. This paper will introduce standardized data concepts used to produce a generic sensor interface on wich Cloud2IR is based. Then the specialization process of Cloud2IR is presented as well as two deployments on real test sites. Preliminary results are discussed and finally, conclusion and perspectives are proposed.

2 Used standard

Standardized access for infrared camera (Genicam)

The Generic Interface for Cameras (GenICam) is a generic programming interface for machine vision (industrial) cameras. The goal of this standard is to decouple industrial camera interfaces technologies, such as GigE Vision or Camera Link etc., from the user Application Programming Interface (API) [START_REF] Hogan | Will changing machine vision standards cut costs and boost performance?[END_REF]. The GenICam standard is administered by the European Machine Vision Association (EMVA - [START_REF] Dierks | Genicam standard generic interface for cameras[END_REF]). Any manufacturers which follow the Genicam standard provide a Genicam descriptive scheme (in XML format) which allow then any camera to be interfaced with various generic software independently from the technology used, see Figure 2. A growing number of infrared camera manufacturers replace their proprietary solution by a GenICam implementation [START_REF] Flir | Genicam icd flir ax5 camera -pc[END_REF] which allows to define lighter drivers through an external library (ex: Aravis [START_REF] Pacaud | Aravis reference manual[END_REF], Pleora TM , ...) to get data and send setup requests to the infrared camera .

Data standardization for improved exchange

In a world where a lot of actors (industrial, academics, public policy...) produce and aggregate massive data flows, the data standardization is one of the keys to insure the interoperability between systems. A growing number of solutions are developed to give scientists an access to those data and to computing systems [START_REF] Wyborn | The big challenge in big earth science data: Maturing to transdisciplinary data platforms that are relevant to government, research and industry[END_REF][START_REF] Ip | Unleashing geophysics data with modern formats and services[END_REF]. From that point of view raw data exist into various formats (matlab, csv, text, binary, proprietary...). Those are called legacy data and have to be a posteriori shaped into intelligible format like Hdf5 [START_REF] Hdf | High level introduction to hdf5[END_REF], Network Common Data Form (NetCDF) from OGC [START_REF] Ogc | Network common data form (netcdf) core encoding standard version 1.0[END_REF], standard data base systems (i.e. SQL), Observation and Measurements encodings [START_REF] Iso | Geographic information -observations and measurements[END_REF][START_REF] Ogc | Observations and measurements -xml implementation[END_REF], normalized encoding for Geographical Information System (GIS - [START_REF] Specht | Reflecting on dr. roger tomlinsons contributions to gis[END_REF]), etc... The main objective of this development action plan is to propose a fully inter-operable system in terms of data as well as metadata.

Hdf5 as a raw format

Firstly proposed by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications and now developed by the HDF Group [START_REF] Hdf | High level introduction to hdf5[END_REF], the Hierarchical Data Format is a generic data container able to structure and describe a huge amount of data. Available in BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution License) open source, the HDF library is common to multiple systems and programming languages (Matlab, C/C++, Java, Python). Various versions of the format have been proposed, the Hdf5 (the last one) simplifies the structure, as well as the access strategies to the data contained in the file. The Hdf5 file structure includes only two major types of objects (Datasets and Groups) for which metadata can be specified:

• The Datasets which are multidimensional arrays of homogeneous type.

• The Groups which are structured containers that can hold datasets and other groups.

• The Metadata stored as attributes and attached to groups and datasets.

Figure 3 summarizes the Hdf5 architecture. This results in a truly hierarchical, filesystem-like data format, in the same way as any modern operating system, and proposes the same access philosophy. This file format presents at least three main advantages, the external typing and sizing of the data which allows the auto-generation of datasets, the tree structure facilitating the data access and the metadata management which enforces the interoperability with other systems. Note also that the Hdf5 natively provides a compression algorithm (i.e in case of a large amount of IR raw data). The Hdf5 container can be contained itself in a NetCDF format, another highly used standard for raw data. Such file can be directly sent and used by most of the HPC (High Performance Computer/Computing) centers. Once the system is able to produce standardized raw data, it will be able to interact with other ISO compliant solutions as well as the OGC sensor observation and measurement.

OGC Sensors Observation and Measurement web service (SOS)

The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) is an international voluntary consensus standards organization, originated in 1994. In the OGC, more than 500 commercial, governmental, nonprofit and research organizations worldwide collaborate in a consensus process encouraging development and implementation of open standards for geospatial content and services, Geographical Information System (GIS) [START_REF] Specht | Reflecting on dr. roger tomlinsons contributions to gis[END_REF] data processing and data sharing. One of the main aim of this consortium is to promote open standards able to create wide information systems. OGC acts as a link between the accepted standards like ISO and the information technologies as the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The OGC provides various standards 4. From the sensor side the main paradigm is resumed by the Sensor Web Enablement (SWE). The SWE standards [START_REF] Ogc | Sensor web enablement: Overview and high level architecture[END_REF] enable developers to make all types of sensors, transducers and sensor data repositories discoverable, accessible and usable via the Web.

SWE can be divided into two essential components. On the first hand the encodings (O&M [START_REF] Ogc | Observations and measurements -xml implementation[END_REF], Sensor Model Language [START_REF] Ogc | Sensorml: Model and xml encoding standard[END_REF] etc...) made to represent data, sensors and their metadata in XML format. On the second hand the SWE provides various web services like the Sensor Observation Service (SOS) [START_REF] Ogc | Ogc sensor observation service interface standard v2.0[END_REF] which allows real-time query of sensor data, all described by the encodings presented below. Such sensor web paradigm first defined in [START_REF] Delin | The sensor web: A new instrument concept[END_REF] and [START_REF] Delin | Sensor webs in the wild[END_REF], is here addressed by the common definition of the OGC SWE namely "Sensor Web is an infrastructure enabling access to sensor networks and archived sensor data that can be discovered and accessed using standard protocols and application programming interfaces". The OGC standards are mainly based on the web service idea (SOAP and Rest communication protocols), which beside its apparent complexity allows a generic use of their proposed resources, in the SOS case the measurements and the sensor description itself. Figure 5 shows an example of how such a system can be used to exchange and present various

Networking operation and data exchange

Our initiative in this project is to provide sensor architectures and frameworks able to produce standardized data. The Hdf5 allows to store locally and externally a huge amount of data. For that purpose, this file format is well adapted to the thermal long term monitoring of civil engineering structures. As the Hdf5 file follows the ISO recommendations for metadata, it can be easily converted into cloud information data based on the OGC-SOS web service [START_REF] Iso | Geographic information -observations and measurements[END_REF]. In the end, the system will be able to produce raw data (Hdf5) sent through a network (step 1 Figure 6) and provide redundancy of critical data by duplicating it as cloud data (SOS) (step 3 Figure 6). As civil engineering structures are not always connected to the network, the raw data should also be externally converted into SOS web format (step 2 Figure 6). This type of implementation allows maintainer to build a critical redundancy system, data are duplicated in both formats. In common use, the SOS database can be tasked by standard SOS client which can print augmented data (value and their metadata) while Hdf5 database provides access to raw data for scientific use.

Local management of multi sensors 4.1 Highlight needs of modularity

For many years now our team has used a complete system called IrLaw to control IR cameras and various environmental sensors [START_REF] Dumoulin | The detection and thermal characterization of the inner structure of the musmeci bridge deck by infrared thermography monitoring[END_REF][7][6] [START_REF] Criniere | Civil engineering structure daily monitored through IR Thermography and environmental measurement[END_REF]. IrLaW has been built for local experiment and on a legacy ubuntu, over time this system has shown its limits for a long term easy use. Two of them were problematic. The HMI (Human Machine Interface) which consumes computing and power resources. Moreover the system needed high development costs for maintenance operations and adaptation to each experiment specificities. Within the Cloud2SM project it has been decided to develop a system according to a few guidelines:

• Reusing part of the IrLaW software and manage technical debt

• No HMI

• Provide a generic and modular development framework to adapt effortlessly the system for each experiment

• Insure the data standardization Formerly in IrLaW, real-time sensors (like IR cameras) were controlled by a hard coded setup inside system core, other non real-time sensors were then demonized by a specific service and their data stored inside read-only registers. Now in Cloud2IR this philosophy has been conserved but real-time sensors have been also demonized in order to improve the modularity of the whole architecture, (see Figure 7). As it have been presented, the modularity of the system is the key to adaptation, so it has been developed in order to cut down software integration time which facilitates the system configuration to each experiment specificity. We propose a bi-headed architecture with a specialized part which represents the sensor specific development as well as their drivers and their different fixed configurations, and a generic part, which can be seen as the data management side.

Data Management of Local MultiSensor paradigm (DaMa-LoS)

DaMaLos stands for Data Management of Local multiSensors, it corresponds to the generic part of the system. Based on the Hdf5 external data typing (see below), this module can be seen as a generic framework to manage data produced by the sensors. It instantiates through a generic interface all the sensors and control the data access loop (not the requesting). This side of the system is weakly coupled with the sensor side. It can be seen as a general framework able to aggregate any sensor data, type or size and automatically encapsulate them in various generic data format as HDF5 or cloud data as OGC SWE standard. This whole part is also responsible of the acquisition scenario, the local storage management and the network management through SFTP or SOAP for the OGC frame. The framework is mainly composed by:

• The Sensor interface, where each external sensor attaches its bytes data and specify its type, size or need for compression.

• The data standardization, auto generation of Hdf5 data files and in the future OGC O&M compliant data.

• The local data management, users can specify the amount of data they want on local backup

• Network management, the framework manages all the networking operations.

• The acquisition strategy, for now the system can only sub-sample data

The whole configuration is achieved by an XML file. The main goal of such strategy is to build modular applications, easy to connect to the internet and where the resources are fully focused on the sensors and other experimental requirements instead of generic data aggregation mechanisms, see Figure 8.

Few words about meta-data

A certain amount of data over long time periods is addressed. It is relevant to be able to retrieve data and attach right information onto them. That is why the metadata management is a key issue.

As [START_REF]Understanding metadata[END_REF] defines it, Metadata is structured information that describes, explains, locates, or otherwise makes it easier to retrieve, use, or manage an information resource. In fact , metadata is a fundamental requirement to ensure that resources will survive and continue to be accessible in the future (like DOI for scientific papers archive for example). But according to the James Frews empirical laws [START_REF] Pebesma | An algebra for spatio-temporal information generation[END_REF] • Scientists don't write metadata

• Any scientist can be forced to write bad metadata In fact it is often time-consuming to think about the right metadata and the right scheme to use. Presented developments are geared towards the use of the Hdf5 and OGC O&M standards which are build to support geographical metadata scheme [START_REF] Iso | Geographic information -metadata -part 1: Fundamentals[END_REF]. For now the system produces autonomously basic metadata thanks to the definitions of the used standards (Name, type, size, time, position etc...). Future developments will have to partly focus on the metadata management, for example with the support of the dublin-core scheme [START_REF]Understanding metadata[END_REF], in order to propose, as part of the sensor interface a dynamic and autonomous management of the metadata able to help and guide users'.

Cloud2IR: An infrared and environmental SHM information system

Cloud2IR (C2IR) represents the sensor system used inside the Cloud2SM project.

For each experiment we have different sensors and needs, as the data management is already achieved by DaMaLoS the effort is then focused on the sensor drivers if they are not already built. The resources can now be oriented to specific treatment as computing algorithm or for the IR camera the redirection of their video flux to a streaming server (RTSP), this is achieved with the help of the Live555 library. Another example of Live555 deployment can be found in [START_REF] Wei | Applications of a streaming video server in a mobile phone live streaming system[END_REF] . Once each driver is attached to DaMaLoS through the sensor interface, the data management is automatically done and Hdf5 files are directly shaped.

Following a typical custom implementation of the system designed for an outdoor long term experiment, the system implements a weather station, a pyranometer, a GPS and an uncooled IR Cam using GiGe Genicam standard and the synchronous update strategy inherited from IrLaW.

Figure 9 presents the architecture. As the data management does not need specific resources, development was focused on drivers conception and embedded RTSP system building, to access to the infrared stream without disturbing the acquisition process. Another point is that we connect to our register database a light TCP/IP client which can also provide data to an external proprietary server (different from the Cloud2SM one). Those functionalities reveal our former needs of modularity. 6 Test beds and results

The Sense-City experimental test site

The Sense-City Equipex (see Figure 10 While waiting the full site availability a first demonstrator has been built in 2015 at the IFSTTAR headquarter office (Figure 10 (b)). This first site is fully instrumented (smart road, energy consumption efficiency, GPR test site...) and this is where the long term infrared monitoring system has been deployed during more than a year (Figure 10 (c) and(d)). The IT system runs on a zotac mini PC under ubuntu. Composed of an infrared camera FLIR A65sc model R , a weather station VAISALA WXT 520 R , a pyranometer DELTA-T SPN1 R , and a GPS UBLOX R , the system is designed to operate on normal or emergency power supply. Figure 11 presents four infrared images taken on March the 13 rd of 2016.

It is interesting to see the sun path influence, especially on sunrise where only the main side of the lodge is heated and where it can be seen the shadow of the second lodge. On the Figure 11 (b) and(c) the effects of the local atmosphere and insulation inside the lodge are clearly visible and roof superstructure can be discriminated. During the night insulating faults which have been included on the lodge wall can be clearly discriminated. Figures 12 and13 present the digital levels evolution of four characteristic pixels over a week and also the air temperature and solar heat flux evolution with time. The four pixels are respectively located on the front wall (left wall with a window on the thermal image), on the insulating defect (visible on Figure 10 (e)), on the roof and on the opposite side of the lodge. Over this seven days it appears that the insulating flaw has a slight effect (above the ambient noise) mainly visible on the relaxation phases, especially when the weather seems cloudy. As the lodge is east oriented, the opposite side is sunbathed once a day at sunrise and during few hours, whereupon it enters in relaxation phase. Following this observation it will certainly be interesting to induce another insulating defect on the opposite side. The roof presents the highest day-night range of temperature variations, its solar orientation as its apparent emissivity, and the fact that the inner roof is thermally insulated can induce such behaviour. Figure 14 sums up all the quantities measured such as the prevalent wind direction for a given week.

Inria office buildings test site

A second test site has been instrumented at the Inria office in Rennes (France). This test bed differs from the first one, as the building currently in use presents various facades with different orientations and is composed of multi-materials, see Figure 15. Those particularities make this test bed unique and a promising site for future experiments. For now the site is composed of just an uncooled IR camera and runs since the beginning of 2016.

Figure 16 shows multiple digital level maps acquired on February 25 th of 2016. Unlike Figure 15 those maps have been cropped in order to focus on the Inria buildings. By comparison with the Sense-City test bed, it can be seen that the inner structure of the building appears on IR data during the night but without treatment it does not clearly appear at sunset for example, also data on the left building appear hard to interpret which highlights the multi-material specificity of such test bed.

As the building orientation are North East and South East it is interesting to see in Figure 16 (top right) the impact of the sun path when it goes down.

Figure 17 shows the evolution of two pixel values belonging to each buildings. Both pixels are East oriented so they are sunbathed at least in the morning, but (as for the lodges on the Sense-City test site) the building oriented North East has a smaller solar contribution the rest of the day. Another point is that the third and fourth day, the South East building thermal evolution seems particularity eroded, only its amplitude appears perturbed.

Figure 18 presents some environmental variable measured at the Rennes airport (about 10 Km from the test site). Theses data have been obtained thanks to www.infoclimat.fr. By looking at February the 27 th and 28 th , the external temperature and humidity do not appear to have a different behavior than the other days. However the wind speed increases and the wind orientation is about zero degree (0 and 360 correspond to the North) and does not change for a while. Crossing the available data it appears that the south east oriented building faces a strong wind on February the 27 th and 28 th affecting its surface Complementary instrumentation will be installed on this second test site, in order to develop quantitative analysis.

Cloud2IR software outcomes

This new software architecture has allowed us to reduce time for deployment in real site. The preparation and the set-up of measurements scenarios (i.e. amount of additional sensors) were also simplified. As no native graphical interface is implemented in the core of Cloud2IR, remote control of the system is lighter and requires less data communication bandwidth. In particular, the Sense-City experiment has permitted to test a double database feeding configuration, one in CSV file format (only for environmental parameters and located in a private network) and a second one in HDF file format (all data including infrared images and located in a different network at Inria Rennes). Moreover, the Inria test bed, was a proof of concept of deploying the system in an existing internet network architecture (institutional one) by setting-up the infrared camera on a building roof and the hardware part (hosting Cloud2IR) inside a different building. Premises of interoperability with alternative and accessible existing environmental measurements data were drawn. Finally, such experi-

Conclusion and perspectives

This paper has introduced various standards used to insure the interoperability of the measurement process during in the field system deployment. Based on such standards a new software architecture Cloud2IR, mainly used to assess the long term thermal monitoring of civil engineering structures, has been presented. This development has been motivated by the need of engineers and researchers to focus on the experimental specific operations and not on the IT process nor the data formating. This gain in autonomy and therefore in deployment time is mainly achieved by "DaMaLoS" the main core of the system. Then the Cloud2IR architecture can be easily tuned according to experimental needs only. In this case, as the main sensor is a thermal camera, an embedded real time streaming server based on the Genicam standard has been added to the whole infrastructure with the lowest integration time. The robustness of this new architecture is still under evaluation in two test sites, and in the future on a third one (real bridge). Thanks to the large dataset acquired on the Sense-City test site and the measurement of environmental parameters at each time step of thermal image acquisition, investigation on an adapted lock-in approach will be initiated. Statistical approach could also be investigated on such large dataset. Finally, we also have the opportunity on this test site to follow the ageing of some building material. The second test site allows to test IR long term monitoring on a building with a higher thermal inertia than the Sense-City Lodges. The configuration of this second test site is also helpful to develop radiative correction models in presence of a non-negligible reflective object in the scene. For both experiments, it is planned to make cross-analysis with local sensors that are or will be added to the buildings in a near future. The next development may focus on the full integration of observation and measurement standard as well as the externalization of the DaMaLoS framework

Figure 1 :

 1 Figure 1: Cloud2SM architecture principle.

Figure 2 :

 2 Figure 2: GenICam principle schematic illustration.

Figure 3 :

 3 Figure 3: HDFfile format hierarchy.

Figure 4 :

 4 Figure 4: OGC standards schematic view. Definition available at http://www. opengeospatial.org/standards/http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/

Figure 5 :

 5 Figure 5: Sensor observation service (Data exchange use).

Figure 6 :

 6 Figure 6: System future integration.

Figure 7 :

 7 Figure 7: From IrLaW to Cloud2IR.

Figure 8 :

 8 Figure 8: Schematic representation the presented paradigm.

Figure 9 :

 9 Figure 9: Sense-City implementation.

  (a)) is a large scale equipment which has received support from the French government in the framework of the Programme d'Investissement d'Avenir (Future Investment Programme). This project is led by the French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR) with ESIEE-Paris, the Laboratory of Physics of Interfaces and Thin Films (LPICM) and the Scientific and Technical Centre for Building (CSTB) as consortium partners. The Sense-City project is a collection of high-quality facilities for the design, the prototyping and the evaluation of performance and risks of innovative micro-and nanotechnology based sensors devoted to measurements in urban environment.The building of the large scale testing facility in controlled environment was initiated in 2016. The Equipex is fully operational since April 2018 and is currently used to test a first mini-city scenario.

Figure 10 :

 10 Figure 10: (a) Next Sense-City test site , (b) presented first demonstrator, (c) deployed system, (d) hardware system , (e) Digital levels infrared image acquired at sunrise.

Figure 11 :

 11 Figure 11: Digital levels infrared images acquired on March the 13rd of 2016, clockwise top left: around sunrise, noon, sunset and during the night

Figure 12 :

 12 Figure 12: Evolution of four points from the 10 to the 16 March 2016.

Figure 13 :

 13 Figure 13: Evolution of solar heat flux density and external temperature from the 10 to the 16 March 2016

Figure 14 :Figure 15 :

 1415 Figure 14: Viewing interface

Figure 16 :

 16 Figure 16: Digital levels infrared images acquired on February the 25 th of 2016 clockwise top left sunrise, noon, sunset and during the night.

Figure 17 :

 17 Figure 17: Digital levels evolution of two pixels from the 25 to the 29 February 2016.

Figure 18 :

 18 Figure 18: Environmental variable measured at the airport.

Acknowledgement

Authors want to thanks G. Andrade-Barroso from the Inria Rennes Service d'Expérimentation et de Développement (SED) who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research.


Razvan Dinu

Tiberiu Stratulat

Jacques Ferber

A formal model of agent interaction based on MASQ

MASQ (Multi-Agent Systems based on Quadrants) is a generic metamodel that integrates many of the concepts issued from the research in the multiagent systems field by defining four perspectives over agent-based interaction according to two axes: internal/external and individual/collective. The aim of this paper is to provide a formal description of MASQ by specifying clear relations between the basic elements of the four quadrants and by analysing the dynamics of a multi-agent system through its transitions and through the classical mind cycle. The proposed formal model has been designed as a theoretical framework and therefore the specifications of many components of a multi-agent system such as the internal architecture of minds, the casual laws of environments or the social laws in organizations and institutions are intentionally left generic to allow for many further concretizations.

Introduction

MASQ (Multi-Agent Systems based on Quadrants) [START_REF] Stratulat | MASQ: towards an integral approach to interaction[END_REF] is a very generic meta-model for the agent-based interaction that takes its inspiration from the 4-quadrant model by Wilber [START_REF] Wilber | An integral theory of consciousness[END_REF] in social sciences and psychology. MASQ integrates many of the concepts issued from the research in the multi-agent systems field by defining four perspectives over agent-based interaction according to two axes: internal/external and individual/collective. It considers equally the concepts of actions, environments [START_REF] Weyns | Environments for multiagent systems : State-of-the-art and research challenges[END_REF], organizations and institutions and integrates them into the same conceptual framework.

MASQ is built on five basic elements (Figure 1): minds in quadrant I (individualinterior), objects and bodies in quadrant II (individual-exterior), spaces in quadrant III (collective-exterior) and cultures in quadrant IV (collective-interior). In addition, a set of relations between the basic elements, that actually form the link between the four quadrants, and a set of laws that describe its dynamics are proposed.

MASQ is an intuitive map to understand the agent-based interaction. The complete scenario in MASQ consists of a mind that acts through a body in a space, where it interacts with other objects or bodies. The culture in which the minds are immersed allows them to collectively interpret the interaction and construct the institutional reality, as proposed by Searle [START_REF] Searle | The Construction of Social Reality[END_REF]. We acknowledge that among the first proposals of modeling agents with concepts inspired from Searle are [START_REF] Artikis | Animated specifications of computational societies[END_REF] and [START_REF] Jones | A formal characterisation of institutionalised power[END_REF] in the context of institutionalized power. From this point of view, a close research effort is [START_REF] Tinnemeier | Roles and norms for programming agent organizations[END_REF], but it is only oriented on roles and organizations. Also, in [START_REF] Boella | Regulative and constitutive norms in normative multiagent systems[END_REF] a detailed description of types of norms inspired from Searle's typology of institutional rules is given.

MASQ has been successfully used both in modeling multi-agent systems for real world scenarios and for social simulations. [START_REF] Hiel | Modeling warehouse logistics using agent organizations[END_REF] is a good example of using MASQ Fig. 1. MASQ meta-model to model the logistics of a warehouse and show, using the MASQ concepts, what are the most important decisions when implementing such a system. In [START_REF] Dignum | Simulation of intermediation using rich cognitive agents[END_REF], a multi-agent framework based on MASQ, called Agent-based Business Coordination Lab (ABC Lab), is implemented as a plugin for the Repast Symphony simulation framework and it allows the simulation of trading networks in order to study the role and impact of intermediation. In both [START_REF] Dignum | Simulation of intermediation using rich cognitive agents[END_REF] and [START_REF] Hiel | Modeling warehouse logistics using agent organizations[END_REF] the MASQ meta-model is chosen because it allows on one hand the explicit modeling of individual, economic, social and material factors and on the other hand the design of models that are both modular and extensible.

Even though MASQ has been successfully applied in MAS modeling and simulations it is still used in an ad-hoc manner and every approach makes its decisions about how the different MASQ elements should work together. For instance, the communication between the minds and their bodies is usually neglected or is left as an implementation detail for other underlying frameworks. Also, different existing frameworks, such as OperA [START_REF] Dignum | A Model for Organizational Interaction: based on Agents, founded in Logic[END_REF] (in [START_REF] Dignum | Simulation of intermediation using rich cognitive agents[END_REF] and [START_REF] Hiel | Modeling warehouse logistics using agent organizations[END_REF]) and AGR [START_REF] Ferber | Alaadin: a meta-model for the analysis and design of organizations in multi-agent systems[END_REF], are used for the collective quadrants but it is not clear how the elements of these frameworks map to the MASQ concepts. The aim of this paper is to make a first step in addressing this issue by proposing a formal characterization of MASQ preserving as much as possible from its generality. Having a clear formal description of MASQ will allow us to better understand the MASQ meta-model, how to construct a model based on MASQ and how to integrate, in an unambiguous way, with different existing frameworks.

In [START_REF] Dinu | A formal approach to MASQ[END_REF] a first step is made towards a formal description of MASQ by identifying a set of seven principles that must be followed when using the MASQ meta-model. Also it discusses the most important design choices that have to be made when creating a formal model based on MASQ and shows that these choices introduce new constraints that were not originally present. That is why in this paper we try to make as few choices as possible. The theoretical framework we propose is therefore very generic so that it could be further concretized with a specific environment and features. It should be noted that some parts of our formalization, especially those related to the relationship between individual and collective intentionality, deal with aspects that are still in open debate in philosophy and social sciences.

In sections 2 and 3 we begin with a clear formal description of the exterior quadrants and their relationship with the mind. In order to be able to go further and define the concepts of the cultural quadrant, in section 4 we propose GMS (Generic Mind based on Strings) as model of a mind and a representation language (RL). They allow us to introduce, in section 5, the ethos of a group as well as some concepts inspired from Searle's work [START_REF] Searle | The Construction of Social Reality[END_REF] such as count-as relation, constitutive and regulative rules and finally institutions.

Minds and environment

In this section we give clear definitions of objects, their state and the relations between them. We regard minds in the most generic way, as simple elements, and their structure is discussed in more details in section 4. Also, we show exactly what elements link the first two quadrants, actions and data sensors. Finally, a complete description of the environment is given and how it evolves.

To make things more clear, throughout this section we will use the example of a ping-pong game in which two agents use two rackets and a ball to play on a table. Minds represent the central element of quadrant I and objects of quadrant II. We suppose that we are given two sets, not necessarily finite, of them. The importance of µ and ! will be outlined in the following sections.

In the ping-pong example we have two players, player one and player two, M = {p 1 , p 2 , µ} and a few objects O = {room, table, racket 1 , racket 2 , ball, !}.

Definition 23. A binary relation "v" ⇢ O ⇥ O is a containment relation and o i v o j is read as "o i is contained in o j " if "v" has the following properties: 1. 8x, y, z 2 O, x 6 = ! such that x v y ^x v z then we have y v z or z v y. 2. 8x 2 O, x 6 = ! 9!s 2 O such that 8y 2 O x v y ) s v y. 3. 9!U 2 O such that U v U; U is the universe element.
The containment relation has three properties which we will discuss now. The first one states the an object cannot belong to two branches of inclusion. As it will be more clear in the following section, after defining what a space is, this means that spaces can only include each other and not intersect.

The second property says that for any object o there is a unique smallest object s that contains it and consequently it is included in all other objects that o is included in. Admitting that there are no infinite branches of containment it can be proven that the U element in property 3 contains all other objects.

The "v" containment is actually the connection between the exterior quadrants (II and III) of the MASQ meta-model.

In our example we have the following relations:

ball v table, racket 1 v table, racket 2 v table, table v room, room v room. Definition 24. A binary relation "⇠" ⇢ M⇥O is an embodiment relation and m i ⇠ o j is read as "m i is embodied in o j " if "⇠" has the following property: 8m i , m j 2 M, 8b 2 O we have m i ⇠ b ^mj ⇠ b ) m i = m j
The "⇠" embodiment relation represents the connection between the individual quadrants (I and II) of the MASQ meta-model. In our example we have: p 1 ⇠ racket 1 and p 2 ⇠ racket 2 . is not yet embodied by any real mind, but it can be".

Spaces and bodies

One last thing to notice is that an object o 2 O can be a body and a space at the same time. This offers a great amount of flexibility when designing a multi-agent system and contributes to the genericity of our framework.

In our example we have O S = {room, table} and O B = {racket 1 , racket 2 }.

States and Attributes

Besides its relations with other objects or minds an object is characterized by a state which is associated with a set of attributes. The role of attributes is very important as they represent the basic unit of perception for objects' states. A mind will not be able, through bodies, to perceive the whole state of an object but only a set of attributes corresponding to the state of the object.

In our example we won't go into the details of the state of all objects. We just give two examples: {color, position} ⇢ A, {"color = red"} ⇢ ↵( ball ), {"position = 50, 100"} ⇢ ↵( racket2 ).

Actions

Now we continue with the part of the environment that allows mind's interaction. The first thing we define is an action:

C = { o | o 2 ⌃ O , ( o ) 6 =
o } be the context in which can be applied. The above definition of an action is very generic. We leave to the designer of a MAS to choose a more concrete description of actions and also, very important, how minds understand what actions do in order to decide which one to perform. Actions can be associated with bodies and form behaviors. The behavior of a body is actually the set of commands a mind can use to influence the environment. This fits perfectly with the Influence/Reaction principle which states that an agent cannot directly modify the environment but only influence it and wait for its reaction [START_REF] Ferber | Influences and reactions: A model of situated multi-agent systems[END_REF].

In our example we have = {move up , move down } and racket1 = racket2 = .

Brute Percepts

As described until this point the environment is composed of objects with states that contain attributes and actions associated to bodies that form behaviors. Objects can be included in other objects called spaces and minds can be embodied in bodies. Below we give the definition of brute percepts which is the form under which a mind perceives its environment.

Definition 211. Let P b be a set of elements called brute percepts.

Let ⇡ : O[ v [M[ ⇠ [ [ (O B ⇥ ) [ A [ (O ⇥ A) ! P b be a brute projection function such that: 8o 2 O ) ⇡(o) = o ⇡ 8o v s ) ⇡(o v s) = (o ⇡ , s ⇡ ) 8m 2 M ) ⇡(m) = m ⇡ 8m ⇠ b ) ⇡(m ⇠ b) = (m ⇡ , b ⇡ ) 8 2 ) ⇡( ) = ⇡ 8 2 b ) ⇡((b, )) = (b ⇡ , ⇡ ) 8a 2 A ) ⇡(a) = a ⇡ 8a 2 ↵( o ) ) ⇡((o, a)) = (o ⇡ , a ⇡ )
One very important thing to notice from the definition of ⇡, which projects the environment into the set of brute percepts, is that a mind can perceive another mind (the existence of m ⇡ and (m

⇡ , b ⇡ ) in P b )
. This means that a mind is capable of "sensing" there is another mind behind an object, or in other words, a mind can make distinction between objects and bodies. But it can perceive absolutely nothing about what's inside another mind.

Data sensors

Sensors operate on a state of the environment so before giving the definition of a sensor we will define what an environmental state is. ✏ m represents the brute reality that m perceives through its bodies and it is constructed by the union of all brute percepts from all sensors from all bodies.

In our example the only sensors needed are position sensors that will be able to transmit to a mind the coordinates of the two rackets and the ball (⇢ } be the context in which r can be applied. Also, let R be the set of all reaction laws.

racket1 = ⇢ racket2 = = {position} 2.
In our example we have the following reaction laws R = {move law , reflection law , colision law }.

Definition 217. An environment is a tuple E =< E , ⇢, R > where E is an environmental state, ⇢ is a responsiveness function on the set of bodies in E and R ⇢ R is a set of reaction laws.

The evolution of the environment is seen as a continuous change of its E environmental state through reaction laws. As it can be seen from its definition, a reaction law can change just about everything in the environment except for the set of reaction laws.

Multi-Agent Systems

Now we are able to give a complete definition of what a multi-agent system is: Definition 218. A multi-agent system is a tuple S =< M, ✏, E > where M ⇢ M is a set of minds, ✏ is a brute environment function on M and E is an environment.

Environment dynamics

This section analyzes the dynamics of a multi-agent system as it was described in the previous section. We use the classical system-transitions approach. There are three main types of transitions:

-transitions. When a mind wants to perform a set of actions (send commands to its bodies). r-transitions. When a reaction law is applied in the environment.

-transitions. When a mind receives data from its bodies.

Internal evolution

If there are no active agents in an environment the only way it can change its state is by means of reaction laws. Let S =< M, ✏, E > be a multi-agent system and r a reaction rule.

Rule 31. Reaction law

S =< M, ✏, E >, E =< E , ⇢, R >, r 2 R E 2 C r , 0 E = r( E ) S !< M, ✏, < 0 E , ⇢, R >>

Actions and responses

After deliberating, a mind decides on a set of actions that it wants to perform through its bodies. Let m be a mind and B m the set of its bodies. Then the system can move to a state < M, ✏, E 0 >, by a -transition, where the state of the bodies of m have changed.

Rule 32. Action S =< M, ✏, E >, E =< E , ⇢, R >, E =< O, , , v, ⇠> m 2 M, m = {b : }, b 2 B m , 2 (b), (b) 2 C 0 : O ! ⌃ O , 0 (x) = ⇢ (x) if x 6 = b ( (b)) if x = b 0 E =< O, 0 , , v, ⇠> E 0 =< 0 E , ⇢, R > S !< M, ✏, E 0 >
The data sensors that are attached to bodies send data back to the mind and update the brute reality it perceives. Then the system can move to a state < M, ✏ 0 , E >, by a transition, where the brute reality of m has changed.

Rule 33. Response

S =< M, ✏, E >, E =< E , ⇢, R >, m 2 M, B m = {b 2 B|m ⇠ b} ✏ 0 m = [ b2Bm [ 2⇢(b) (b, E ) ✏ 0 : M ! 2 P b , ✏ 0 (x) = ⇢ ✏(x) if x 6 = m ✏ 0 m if x = m S !< M, ✏ 0 , E >

Request/Drop body

We also have two special types of transitions: request and drop body.

Let S =< M, ✏, E > be a multi-agent system, m be a mind and b a body. When m requests the body b the system moves to a state < M, ✏, E 0 >, by a request body transition, the body b will be assigned to m if it isn't assigned to another mind.

Rule 34. Request body. S =< M, ✏, E >, E =< E , ⇢, R >, m 2 M, b 2 O, µ ⇠ b 0 E =< O, , , v, (⇠ \(µ, b)) [ (m, b) > S !< M, ✏, E 0 >
When m drops body b then the system moves to a state < M, ✏, E 0 >, by a drop body transition, where the body b will be assigned to null mind if it is assigned to m.

Rule 35. Drop body. S =< M, ✏, E >, E =< E , ⇢, R >, m 2 M, b 2 O, m ⇠ b 0 E =< O, , , v, (⇠ \(m, b)) [ (µ, b) > S !< M, ✏, E 0 >

Interior of a mind

The previous two sections described the exterior quadrants from the MASQ perspective. The reasoning process of minds is responsible for -transitions of a MAS. Even though MASQ makes no assumption about the internal structure of minds, we need a minimal formal model of a mind that will serve us as support to clearly explain how the perception, reasoning and acting phases happen in the mind of an agent and also to introduce the concepts of the forth quadrant: Searle's count-as relation, constitutive and regulative rules, and institutions. In this section we introduce a simple and generic mind model called GMS (Generic Mind based on Strings) that continues in a natural way the formal description of the environment in the previous sections by using a simple and generic representation language RL.

Reactive agents

Reactive agents are agents that have no memory and act guided by a set of rules. A reactive agent's mind will work directly with the set of brute percepts ✏ m ⇢ P b . Formally, a reactive mind can be associated with a function react : 2 P b ! 2 O B ⇥ that maps brute percepts into actions on bodies.

Symbols and attitudes

On the other hand, cognitive agents will interpret the brute percepts they receive from their bodies by using symbols and attitudes.

Definition 41. Let S be a set of elements called symbols. They are virtual representations that exist only in agents' minds. Symbols are the basic elements for constructing institutional realities.

As example of symbols we can take a goal, a fault or an off-side in a football match. They do not exist in the brute reality, they are symbols associated with specific situations or things. Most of the symbols will be created by interpreting brute reality and this will be explained in more details in section 5.3.

Definition 42. Let ⇤ be a set of elements called attitudes. An attitude can be thought of as the position an agent has towards something. An agent can have attitudes over brute facts, over institutional facts and even over other attitudes.

As example of attitudes we have: knowledge (K), belief (B), desire(D), goal (G), intention (I), acceptance(A), etc.

A special set of attitudes is ⇤ D = {O, P, I} ⇢ ⇤ which is called the set of deontic attitudes (obligation, permission, prohibition). Its role will be highlighted in section 5.1.

Representation language

Before we propose our model of a mind we need to specify how the brute percepts, on one side, and symbols on the other side come to co-exist inside a mind and also how attitudes fit in. For this purpose we define a language (RL) in which we can describe both the exterior world (the perceived data through sensors), the institutional reality and the agent's attitudes over them.

The set of atomic symbols for the RL language is composed of brute percepts (o ⇡ , m ⇡ , etc.), symbols, a set of key words and a few additional atoms.

Definition 43. Let K = {included, embodied, action, attribute} be a set of key words. Let V ariables = {x 0 , x 1 , x 2 , . . . } be a set of elements called variables. The set of atomic symbols for our language is represented by

Let V alues = O ⇡ [ M ⇡ [ ⇡ [ A ⇡ [ S
Atoms = V alues [ V ariables [ K [ ⇤ [ {(, ), ^, !}.
Definition 44. The RL representation language is defined by the following BNFs:

' ::= ' b | ' ^' | (') ! (') | (') | m ⇡ (') | g('). ' b ::= s | ' o | ' m | ' | ' a | included(' o , ' o ) | embodied(' m , ' o ) | action(' o , ' ) | attribute(' o , ' a ). ' o ::= o ⇡ | x. ' m ::= m ⇡ | x. ' ::= ⇡ | x. ' a ::= a ⇡ | x.
where s, g 2 S are symbols, 2 ⇤ is an attitude symbol, x is a variable, o ⇡ 2 O is an object and so on. '

b is called a basic string and contains a value, a variable or relation (included, embodied, etc.) between two values or variables.

Both the atomic symbols ^and ! are used to create a new well formed string from two well formed strings and their use will be outlined in the following sections.

We will denote by RL the set of all valid strings in the previously defined language.

4.4 Types of strings in RL Now we will outline the most important types of strings in RL language.

A string of the form ('), m ⇡ (') or g(') is called an attitude string and let RL ⇤ be the set of all such strings. A string which is not an attitude string is an information string. One particular type of information string is a string that contains no symbols, attitudes or variables and it's called a brute fact string. Brute fact strings correspond to an objective description of the environment. Example of brute fact strings: ball, room, included(ball, room), attribute(ball, red), etc.

On the other hand, attitude strings correspond to a subjective description, from a mind's perspective. Examples of attitude strings: K(included(ball, room)), B(attribute(ball, red)), A(attribute(ball, blue)), etc.

Generic Mind based on Strings

The model we propose is called Generic Mind based on Strings (GMS) and has four modules:

Data is a set of strings in RL language. For a mind m it is denoted by Data m and the fact that a string ' 2 Data m is read "' exists in the mind m". It is a key module of the model as it actually represents the link between the following three modules.

Interpret module is responsible for receiving the brute percepts from bodies and insert them into Data m under the form of brute fact strings. Reasoning/Learning module handles all the reasoning and learning performed by a mind. Its input is the current set of strings in Data m and its output are changes to Data m (adding or removing of strings). Action module is responsible for sending actions to bodies by analyzing the current set of strings in Data m . The main idea of GMS is to have a module for each of the three phases of the classical mind cycle and to link them through a common set of data under the form of strings in RL. The language RL is very important as we will make use of different forms of strings in order to introduce the concepts in the cultural quadrant.

There are three different types of strings that haven't been discussed so far. Symbolic fact strings contain symbols and no attitudes (i.e. goal, fault ^penalty), institutional fact strings will be defined in section 5.1 and composite fact strings represent any string which is an information string but is not of any of the other three types.

Collective interior

In the previous section we have chosen a very generic model of a mind in order to keep the MASQ generality and we have shown how the classical mind cycle happens in the MASQ perspective. In this section we will use the RL representation language, whose main concepts are symbols, attitudes and strings, to provide a clear definitions of the concepts in the forth quadrant: constitutive and regulative rules, groups and finally institutions.

Count-as rules

Count-as rules, in the MASQ meta-model, provide the basis for common interpretation and common behavior for a group of agents. We will introduce a special attitude called count-as attitude and it will be denoted by " ) " 2 ⇤. Definition 51. An attitude of the from ) ((' c ) ! (')) is called a count-as rule, where ' c 2 RL is called the context in which the rule can be applied and ' 2 RL is called the content of the rule.

Count-as rules represent the core element of norms and institutions. Before going any further we need to detail what it means for a mind m to apply a count-as rule.

Definition 52. For a mind m a count-as rule r of the form ) ((' c ) ! (')) is applied if and only if whenever an instance ' 0 c = instance C (' c ) 2 Data m then we have ' 0 = instance C (') 2 Data m . Otherwise it is said that that rule is not applied.

Institutions

Inspired by Searle [START_REF] Searle | The Construction of Social Reality[END_REF] who defines an institution as "a set of count-as rules" and Tuomela who says "we can view institutions in terms of the ethos of a social group [...] ethos normatively directs the functioning of the group members, some of the norms being constitutive" [START_REF] Tuomela | The Philosophy of Sociality: The Shared Point of View[END_REF] we define an institution as follows:

Definition 57. An institution is an ethos that contains only count-as rules.

Due to space restrictions we will not develop on the use of groups and institutions in the MASQ model.

Conclusions

This paper is the first to give a clear formal description of the MASQ meta-model which was, until now, introduced and applied only in an informal manner.

Clear definitions have been given to the elements belonging to the exterior quadrants and we have shown how they are linked to the first quadrant through actions and data sensors. A simple and generic mind model has been used as a support to explain the classical perception, reasoning, action cycle in the MASQ perspective. Based on a simple representation language we have provided formal definitions for Searle's countas relationship, constitutive and regulative rules, groups and institutions which are key elements of the cultural quadrant.

Having a formal description of MASQ will allow future works to create more specialized MAS models based on MASQ and also to analyze how the MASQ concepts relate to other existing MAS frameworks, especially in the collective quadrants.

2. 1

 1 Minds and objects Definition 21. Let M = {m 0 , m 1 , . . . } [ {µ} be a set of elements m i called minds. µ is called the null mind. Definition 22. Let O = {o 0 , o 1 , . . . } [ {!} be a set of elements o i called objects. ! is called the null object.

Fig. 2 .

 2 Fig. 2. Ping-pong game environment

  Definition 210. A set of actions b = { b0 , b1 , . . . } ⇢ is called a behavior, where is the set of all actions. If B ⇢ O B then a function : B ! 2 is called a behavior function on B and associates each body b 2 B with its behavior b = (b).

Definition 212 .

 212 An environmental state is a tuple E =< O, , , v, ⇠> where O ⇢ O, is a state function on O, is a behavior function on O \ O B , "v" is a containment relation and "⇠" is an embodiment relation. Let ⌃ E be the set of all such tuples. Definition 213. A data sensor is a function : O B ⇥⌃ E ! P b and it extracts, on behalf of a body, some data from an environmental state under the form of brute percepts. Let be the set of all data sensors. Definition 214. A set of data sensors ⇢b = { b0 , b1 , . . . } ⇢ is called responsiveness. If B ⇢ O B then a function ⇢ : B ! 2 iscalled a responsiveness function on B and associates each body b 2 B with its responsiveness ⇢ b = ⇢(b). An important thing when introducing sensors is the principle of locality of perception. It is realized by the data sensor (that is why it is defined on O B ⇥ ⌃ E , to take into account a body too). Definition 215. Let M ⇢ M be a set of minds. A function ✏ : M ! 2 P b is called a brute environment function on M and associate each mind m 2 M with its set of brute percepts of the environment ✏ m = ✏(m).

Fig. 3 .

 3 Fig. 3. Environment and relation to minds

Fig. 4 .

 4 Fig. 4. Generic Mind based on Strings

  Definition 27. Let ⌃ O be a set of elements called states. If O ⇢ O then a function : O ! ⌃ O is called a state function on O and associates each object o 2 O with its state o = (o). The state o of an object can encapsulate any type of information about the object (a set of name-value pairs, place in a topology, etc.). Type information can be included here too. Definition 28. Let A be a set of elements called attributes. A function ↵ : ⌃ O ! 2 A is called an attribute function and associates each state with its set of attributes.

  be a set whose elements are called values. In other words, all symbols s 2 S and all brute percepts o

	considered values.	⇡ , m ⇡ ,	⇡ , a	⇡ 2 P	b are

So, in other words, the above definition says that whenever an instance of the context (' c ) exists so must the corresponding instance of the content (') of the rule (by corresponding we mean using the same C = {x0 : v0, x1 : v1, . . . }).

One important thing to remember is that "!" does not mean "implication" as in logic. It is only a special symbol in the RL language.

Depending on the form of ' in definition 51 we can identify two types of count-as rules: constitutive rules as Searle defines them and regulative rules also called norms.

Constitutive rules

Constitutive rules allow the creation of institutional facts by interpreting the brute reality or other institutional facts.

Definition 53. A count-as rule in which ' has the form ' = ('

Constitutive rules are the basic elements for construction of an institutional reality. One important thing is the definition of an institutional fact.

Definition 54. A string of the form ('

x ) ! (' y ) is called an institutional fact.

Regulative rules

Regulative rules (norms), are used in multi-agent systems to regulate agents' behavior.

Definition 55. A count-as rule in which ' is a deontic attitude (' = (' d ) and 2 ⇤ D ) is called a regulative rule (norm).

Groups

When talking about groups there are two aspects that need to be considered. On one hand a group, in its classical sense, can only exist in the third quadrant, when minds interact through bodies and get to form a group. On the other hand we need to be able to tell what characterizes a group, besides the set of bodies of agents inside of it. Tuomela calls this the ethos of a group as in [START_REF] Tuomela | The Philosophy of Sociality: The Shared Point of View[END_REF] : "The ethos of group g in its strict sense is defined as the set of constitutive goals, values, beliefs, standards, norms, practices, and/or traditions that give motivating reasons for action".

Definition 56. A set e ⇢ RL ⇤ of attitude strings is called ethos. If (') 2 e, where ' 2 RL and e is the ethos of some group g, we say "group g has attitude over information or attitude '" and write g ('). A mind m can become member of a group g with ethos e only if it adopts e. There are two ways a mind can adopt an ethos: a) 8 (') 2 e we have (') 2 Data m ; b) 8 (') 2 e we have g(') 2 Data m . The former corresponds to what Tuomela calls I-mode groups and the latter to WEmode groups. Discussion of the difference between the two modes is not within the scope of this article.