"An ordinary experience corresponds to everyday life, routine, the past, and the passive acceptance of events." (Carù & Cova, 2003, p. 275) "An extraordinary experience corresponds to 'more intense, framed and stylized practices.'" (Abrahams, 1986, p. 50, cited in Carù & Cova, 2003, p. 275) "Mere experience is simply the passive endurance and acceptance of events." (V. W. Turner, 1986, p. 35) "An experience, like a rock in a sand Zen garden, stands out from the evenness of passing hours and years and forms what Dilthey called 'a structure of experience.'" (V. W. Turner, 1986, p. 35, emphasis in original)

Active entrenchment and reactive interaction

Table I-7. Differentiation between carefree and committed casuals by Tapp and Clowes (2000) Differentiation between carefree and committed casuals by Tapp and Clowes (2000) Attribute Carefree casuals Committed casuals

Distinguishing mark: selfperception loyal supporter Slightly agree or disagree with the notion of being a loyal supporter

Strongly agree with the notion of being a loyal supporter Proportion of casual supporters 57% 43%

Prefer entertainment over winning 88% 62%

Attend matches not involving "their" club 50% 26%

Know when the club's next match is 37% 78%

Watching the club is one option of several 88% 75% (Reichheld & Sasser, 1990).

Psychological connections: From awareness to allegiance

are more profitable than non-loyal customers. (Reichheld & Sasser, 1990) drive profit. (Chaudhuri & Holbrook, 2001;Reichheld, 1993;Reichheld & Teal, 1996) contribute to a greater market share of the firm (Chaudhuri & Holbrook, 2001).

are willing to pay more (Srinivasan et al., 2002).

reduce customer acquisition costs (Reichheld, 2003).

increase the firm's share-ofcustomer (Evanschitzky et al., 2012). Note. In reference to Dick and Basu (1994).

1.2.1

The attitudinal dimension of loyalty Kiesler and Sakumura (1966, p. 349) cited in Mahony, Madrigal, and Howard (2000, p. 18) "[The] effect of commitment is to make an act less changeable." Crosby and Taylor (1983, p. 414) "Psychological commitment refers to a tendency to resist change in preference in response to conflicting information or experience."

E. Anderson and Weitz (1992, p. 19) "Commitment to a relationship entails a desire to develop a stable relationship, a willingness to make short-term sacrifices to maintain the relationship, and a confidence in the stability of the relationship." Moorman et al. (1992, p. 316) "Commitment is enduring, and it reflects a positive valuation of the relationship. In other words, commitment generally does not change often." R. M. Morgan and Hunt (1994, p. 23) "An exchange partner believing that an ongoing relationship with another is so important as to warrant maximum efforts at maintaining it; that is, the committed party believes the relationship is worth working on to ensure that it endures indefinitely." Gundlach et al. (1995, p. 79)

Conceptualisations of the attitudinal dimension of loyalty

Components of the attitudinal dimension of loyalty phases based on Oliver (1999)

Component Characteristic

Cognitive

The preference of a brand is solely based on beliefs from information or past experience.

Affective

Through repeated satisfied usage the individual developed kind of liking towards the object.

Conative

The behavioural intention stage. The individual has developed an intention to continue her/his behaviour.

Action

The commitment of an individual to rebuy a brand with ignoring and or reinterpreting information that does not suit the established attitude.

Note. Oliver (1999) did not explicitly use the label "component". For him these four components are different loyalty stages or phases, which one has to pass, before reaching the "action loyalty phase". In order to stay consistent with our use of the term loyalty, we avoid labels like cognitive loyalty. , 1960).

Informational complexity "Degree of informational complexity of a person's cognitive structure" (McQuiston, 1989).

Confidence "Degree of certainty associated with attitudes and/or behaviours" (I. E. Berger & Mitchell, 1989).

Position involvement

"Is maintained when self-image is linked to brand preference" (Freedman, 1964).

Volitional choice

"Extent to which a decision to pursue a goal or perform an action is based on a person's free choice" (Bagozzi, 1993).

Resistance to change

Preference stability "Refers to the degree of stable and/or 'biased' intention to maintain people's preferences of a brand" (Crosby & Taylor, 1983).

Resistance to counter persuasion

"Reflects strength of resistance or block against persuasive communication which might provide attractive information about alternative choices" (Dick & Basu, 1994;Kiesler, 1971).

Note. Authors mentioned in the table are originally referred to in Iwasaki and Havitz (1998, pp. 263, 264, 268). Cognitive Accessibility "Ease with which an attitude can be retrieved from memory" (p. 102).

Antecedents of the attitudinal dimension of loyalty

Confidence

Degree of certainty that the attitude an object evoked is correct.

Centrality

Level of closeness between an attitude and the value system of an individual.

Clarity

Level of how well-defined an attitude is. Affective Emotions "Lead to focused attention on specific targets and are capable of disrupting ongoing behaviour" (p. 104).

Moods

"May influence loyalty through their impact on accessibility" (p. 104).

Primary affect

Responses to an attitude object independent of cognitions.

Satisfaction

Post purchase response to a brand, through matching expectations to experience.

Conative Switching cost

Cost of switching from one brand to another, financially and/or psychologically.

Sunk cost

Costs that cannot be recovered.

Expectations

Fit between offerings and needs. Pritchard et al. (1999)

Antecedent processes of commitment based on

Processes

Factor Characteristic

Informational Informational complexity

Formation of complex cognitive/informational structures that gird an attitude.

Cognitive consistency

Closely related to informational complexity, as this process defends the cognitive structures build around an object if the attitude is consistent with personal values and self-image. Like a defence mechanism in the informational process that reinterprets, suppresses, or loses information that is inconsistent with the attitude (Tesser & Leone, 1977).

Confidence

Enhancement of confidence in an attitude resulting in a degree of certainty that the attitude an object evoked is correct (Dick & Basu, 1994).

Identification Position involvement

Process of identification with values and self-images represented by an attitudinal object. The choice of this object is guided by social (symbolic) representation and self-identity.

Volitional

Volitional choice

Freedom from constraints and a freedom to choose.

Note. Authors mentioned in the table are originally referred to by Pritchard et al. (1999, pp. 335-337). Oliver (1999)

Confidence

Informational confidence

Confidence

Certainty associated with an attitude or evaluation.

Certainty associated with attitudes and/or behaviours.

Has been described as an evaluative mechanism where consumers assess whether brand beliefs are accurate and their attitude warranted.

Centrality

Informational consistency

Position involvement

Degree to which an attitude toward a brand is related to the value system of an individual.

Congruence between beliefs/ values and attitudes.

Evident when important values or self-images are identified with a particular stand or brand choice. A defense mechanism that reinterprets, suppresses, or loses information that is inconsistent.

Clarity

Readiness to act and overcoming obstacles. Ignoring or deflecting suitors.

Antecedents to attitudinal dimension Facets of attitudinal dimension

Antecedents to attitudinal dimension Facet of attitudinal dimension

Note. The definitions are direct quotes from the authors.

1.2.2

The behavioural dimension of loyalty

Engagement

1.3

A holistic approach to the conceptualisation of loyalty Note. a Inferred from, rather than made explicit in, the relevant research. Reduce of (fan) question cost x x

LOYALTY IN SPORTS

Benefits of a loyal fan base

Note. a Inferred from, rather than made explicit in, the relevant research.

LOYALTY IN FOOTBALL

3.3.1

The Fan commitment -Fan engagement link Note. SPT = Sports Team; SGB = Sport Governing Body. Spectator identification is defined as the extent to which individuals perceive themselves as fans of the team, are involved with the team, are concerned with the team's performance, and view the team as a representation of themselves. et al. (1997, p. 15) Fan identification is defined as the personal commitment and emotional involvement customers have with a sport organization.

Sutton

Gwinner and Swanson (2003, p.

276)

Team identification is defined as the spectators perceived connectedness to a team and the experience of the team's failings and achievements as one's own.

Stevens and

Rosenberger III (2012, p. 222) Fan identification with a sports team is the personal commitment, perceived connectedness and emotional involvement a spectator has with a team, where the team's failings and achievements are experienced as one's own.

Note. The definitions are direct quotes from the authors. Hunt (1994, p. 22) […] trust is central to successful relationship marketing, not power in its ability to 'condition others'.

Ganesan (1994, p. 1) Trust and dependence play key roles in determining the long-term orientation of both retail buyers and their vendors.

Berry (1995, p. 242) Customers who develop trust in service suppliers based on their experiences with them […] have good reason to remain in these relationships: they reduce uncertainty and vulnerability. (1997, p. 36) To make current purchase decisions and long-term relational commitments, buyers must determine the extent to which they can trust suppliers and their salespeople. Johnson (1999, p. 71) Trust generally is viewed as an essential ingredient for successful relationships. (2002, p. 35) Trust is a key factor in the establishment of long-term relationships between service representatives and their customers.

Doney and Cannon

Garbarino and

Coulter and Coulter

Note. The definitions are direct quotes from the authors. (2009, p. 733) We define corporate reputation as an overall evaluation of the extent to which a firm is substantially 'good' or 'bad'.

Note. The definitions are direct quotes from the authors. How do policy makers try to steer organisations rather than commanding them?

Reputation and Trust

Governance

Note. Approaches are adopted from Henry and Lee (2004) and Leftwich (1994).

Chapter II, Section Two -Variables 200

Table II-23. The seven principles of good governance for sporting and other public-welfare-orientated organisations by Henry and Lee ( 2004)

The seven principles of good governance for sporting and other public-welfare-orientated organisations by Henry and Lee (2004) Principle Description

Transparency Clarity in procedures and decision-making, particularly in resource allocation. Organisations charged with care of a public good such as sport have a particular obligation not simply to act in a fair and consistent manner but also to be seen to do so. Thus their inner workings should as far as possible be open to public scrutiny.

Accountability Sporting organisations are not only responsible to financial investors through financial reporting procedures, but also to those who invest other resources in the organisation -athletes, coaches, parents, supporters, sponsors and so on, even where that investment is largely emotional rather than material.

Democracy

Access to representation in decision-making should be available to those who make up the organisation's 'internal constituencies' -with for example representation on Boards of such organisations for constituencies such as players, supporters, and managers as well as owners.

Responsibility For the sustainable development of the organisation and its sport, and stewardship of their resources and those of the community served.

Equity

In treatment of constituencies -for example gender equity in treatment of sports participants and in terms of positions within the organisation; and equity in treatment of sports participants (and employees) with disabilities.

Effectiveness

The establishing and monitoring of measures of effectiveness with measurable and attainable targets.

Efficiency

The achievement of such goals with the most efficient use of resources.

Note. The descriptions of the seven principles are direct quotes from Henry and Lee (2004, pp. 33-34).

Chapter

Research approach

Table III-1. Deduction, induction and abduction

Deduction, induction and abduction

Deduction Induction Abduction

Logic

In a deductive inference, when the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true.

In an inductive inference, known premises are used to generate untested conclusions.

In an abductive inference, known premises are used to generate testable conclusions.

Generalisability Generalising from the general to the specific.

Generalising from the specific to the general.

Generalising from the interactions between the specific and the general.

Use of data

Data collection is used to evaluate propositions or hypotheses related to an existing theory.

Data collection is used to explore a phenomenon, identify themes and patterns and create a conceptual framework.

Data collection is used to explore a phenomenon, identify themes and patterns, locate these in a conceptual frame-work and test this through subsequent data collection and so forth.

Theory

Theory falsification or verification.

Theory generation and building.

Theory generation or modification; incorporating existing theory where appropriate, to build new theory or modify existing theory.

Note. Table adopted and directly quoted from Saunders et al. (2012, p. 144). For the sake of completeness, Blaikie (2000) advanced a fourth research approach called retroductive. Further elaboration on abduction and retroduction is beyond this study's scope. the conclusion, the theory must be false. If the original conjecture does not match the data, it must be rejected.

Findings

Chapter III + IV 6. If, however, the conclusion passes the test, i.e. the data are consistent with it, the theory is temporarily supported; it is corroborated, but not proven to be true.

Hypotheses confirmed or rejected

Chapter IV

Revision of theory

Note. The chapter indications are referring to the present study. The six essential steps of a deductive research approach are direct quotes from Popper (1959, pp. 32-33, cited in Blaikie, 2000, p. 106, emphasis in original). The process of deduction is adopted from Bryman (2012, p. 24).

Methodological

Population B

TV/Screen

Social offline behaviour

Fan commitment

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

Trust

Measurement of Trust [TRU_SPT], [TRU_SGB]

Code Item

TRU_1_1

The leadership of the [country] national team (e.g. captain, coach, team manager) can be trusted.

TRU_2_1

The leadership of the [country] national team (e.g. captain, coach, team manager) can be counted on to do what is right.

TRU_3_1

The leadership of the [country] national team (e.g. captain, coach, team manager) has high integrity.

TRU_1_2

The board of the [SGB] can be trusted.

TRU_2_2

The board of the [SGB] can be counted on to do what is right.

TRU_3_2

The board of the [SGB] has high integrity.

Note. Responses captured through five-point Likert response format: [1] strongly disagree to strongly agree [5].

Satisfaction

Interaction disposition

2.2

Variables influencing trust

Reputation

Measurement of Reputation [REP_SPT], [REP_SGB]

Code Item

REP_1_1

The [country] national team has a positive reputation.

REP_2_1

If I were asked to describe the image of the [country] national team I would say positive things.

REP_3_1

The [country] national team has a reputation that I like.

REP_1_2

The [SGB] has a positive reputation.

REP_2_2

If I were asked to describe the image of the [SGB] I would say positive things.

REP_3_2

The [SGB] has a reputation that I like.

Note.

Responses captured through five-point Likert response format: [1] strongly disagree to strongly agree [5].

Governance

Measurement of Governance [GOV_SGB]

Code Item

GOV_1_2

The conduct of the [SGB] is led by high ethical standards.

GOV_2_2

Confronted with scandals, the [SGB] is dedicated to a full clearance of it.

GOV_3_2

The [SGB] is managed responsibly.

Note. Responses captured through five-point Likert response format: [1] strongly disagree to strongly agree [5].

Chapter III, Section Two -Measurement of variables 251 Note. FRA = France; GER = Germany.

DEMOGRAPHICS AND FURTHER INDIVIDUAL VARIABLES

Demographics

Gender Table III-20. Measurement of Gender [GEN]

Measurement of Gender [GEN] Code Item GEN_1 Male GEN_2 Female GEN_3 Other

GEN_4

Prefer not to answer. Prefer not to answer.

Age

Educational attainment

Employment situation

Individual income

Measurement of Individual income [INI]

Code Item

INI_1 ≤ €20,000 INI_2 €20,001 -€30,000 INI_3
€30,001 -€40,000

INI_4 €40,001 -€50,000 INI_5 €50,001 -€75,000 INI_6
€75,001 -€100,000

INI_7 €100,001 -€150,000 INI_8 ≥ €150,001 INI_9
Prefer not to answer.

Country of residence and postcode area

Further individual variables

Knowledge about team and sport governing body

Measurement of Knowledge [KNO_SPT], [KNO_SGB]

Code Item KNO_1_1 I know a lot about the [country] national team. .00

Distinction of team and sport governing body

SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS FRANCE AND GERMANY

Correlations

.55

.18

.

Confirmatory factor analysis

Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis

4.2

The final structural model

Interaction effects

Summary of key findings and contributions

Key findings Theoretical and managerial contributions

Final FRM Model

Trust in a sport governing body, its reputation and its governance are hardly distinguishable by sport consumers.

Development of a second-order variable; Credibility of the sport governing body.

A sports teams or sport governing body's Interactivity disposition does not impact Fan commitment.

The actual experience of a two-way communication might be essential to drive Fan commitment.

The drivers for Fan loyalty in France and Germany are highly different.

Countries that seem quite similar (based on Human Development Index and UEFA rankings) do need country-specific Fan loyalty strategies.

For France, from all suggested relationships in the FRM Model only identification with the team has an influence on Fan commitment.

Major contradiction to the existing sports marketing literature. Satisfaction with and trust in the team do not influence Fan commitment.

For Germany, the sport governing body's credibility has an influence on Fan commitment stronger than trust in or satisfaction with the team.

The inclusion of sport governing bodies in FRM is essential. In the formation of Fan commitment, the sport governing body has to realise its responsibility.

Interaction effects

With one exception, there is no interaction effects between the variables measured towards the sports team and variables measured towards the sport governing body.

The variables measured towards the sports team and variables measured towards the sport governing body do not influence each other. If there is an influence, its direct (cf. Credibility of sport governing body).

(Continued)

Chapter IV, Section Two -Contribution 328

Continued.

Key findings Theoretical and managerial contributions

Spectator profiles

Identification of non-loyal, latent loyal, and loyal spectators in both countries.

Influences within the FRM Model are different for both countries -the composition of the spectator profiles is similar, i.e. they show the same levels of Fan commitment and Fan engagement behaviour in the respective profiles.

Flâneur

The postmodern spectator collecting experiences with little or no enduring emotional investment.

Armchair Follower

The most promising spectator profile in terms of numbers and unlocking additional Fan engagement behaviours. Fan commitment is high already, which is a superb baseline to trigger more Fan engagement.

Armchair Supporter A truly loyal spectator that rarely attends matches but never misses a match on TV/Screen, buys merchandise regularly, and shows social online behaviours.

Supporter

A truly loyal spectator that regularly attends matches and is a member of the supporter's club. Co-creates the atmosphere in the stadium. Bienvenue et merci de participer à cette étude.

THE FINAL FRM MODEL AND INTERACTION EFFECTS

Text

The study is part of a trans-European research project that analyses attitudes towards national football teams and national football associations.

L'étude fait partie d'un projet européen dont l'objectif est d'analyser les attitudes des gens envers les équipes et les associations nationales de football.

This study is being conducted by Paul Huiszoon, a PhD Student at University of Lyon, France.

Cette étude est menée par Paul Huiszoon, doctorant à l'Université de Lyon, France.

We greatly appreciate your contribution to this large-scale project.

Nous apprécions hautement votre contribution à ce projet de grande ampleur.

Please take part in the survey even if you do not consider yourself a football or sport fan.

Merci de participer à notre enquête même si vous ne vous considérez pas comme étant vous-même fan de football ou de sport en général.

Your responses are anonymous and will be kept completely confidential.

Vos réponses seront anonymes et resteront confidentielles.

To take part in this survey you have to be 18 or older and consider the England national football team as "your" national football team.

Pour participer à cette enquête vous devez avoir 18 ans ou plus et considérer l'équipe nationale française comme étant « votre » équipe nationale de football.

To contact the research team please send an email to paul.huiszoon@etu.univ-lyon1.fr

Pour contacter l'équipe de recherche responsable de cette étude, envoyez un email à paul.huiszoon@etu.univ-lyon1.fr

Using a computer, it will take you about 10 minutes to complete the survey -using a smartphone/tablet it will take about 15 minutes. The survey consists of three parts:

Répondre à cette enquête ne vous prendra que 10 min depuis un ordinateur, et environ 15 min depuis un smartphone. Il se compose de trois parties :

Part one addresses England men's senior national football team (England national team).

La première partie traite de l'équipe nationale de France masculine de football (l'équipe de France).

Part two is much shorter and prompts questions about the English football association (FA).

La deuxième partie, beaucoup plus courte traite de questions relatives à la Fédération Française de Football (FFF).

Part three asks seven general questions and offers the chance to win an Amazon.co.uk Gift Card.

La troisième partie contient sept questions générales et vous offre la chance de gagner un Chèque-Cadeau Amazon.fr. Question Title Part 1 of 3 Questions about the England men's senior national football team (England national team).

Partie 1 de 3 Questions sur l'équipe nationale de France masculine de football (l'équipe de France).

Part 2 of 3 Questions about the English Football Association (FA).

Partie 2 de 3 Questions sur la Fédération Française de Football (FFF).

Extra Description

Before continuing to the next page, all questions have to be answered.

Avant de passer à la page suivante, veuillez répondre à toutes les questions. Si l'on me demandait de décrire l'image de la FFF, je dirais des choses positives.

Non-transactional

REP_3_2

The FA has an image that I like. La FFF a une réputation qui me plaît.

Governance FA only FFF only

[1] strongly disagree to [5] strongly agree [1] totalement en désaccord à [5] totalement d'accord

GOV_1_2

The conduct of the FA is led by high ethical standards.

La conduite de la FFF est dirigée par des normes éthiques élevées.

GOV_2_2

Confronted with scandals, the FA is dedicated to a full clearance of it.

Face aux scandales et controverses, la FFF démontre un engagement total à les éradiquer ou les solutionner.

GOV_3_2

The FA is managed responsibly. La FFF est gérée de façon responsable. If you have concerns or questions about this study, please contact Paul Huiszoon at paul.huiszoon@etu.univ-lyon1.fr.

Si vous avez des questions ou des préoccupations au sujet de cette étude, veuillez contacter Paul Huiszoon à paul.huiszoon@etu.univ-lyon1.fr.

Please share this survey by selecting one of the buttons below.

Veuillez partager cette enquête en sélectionnant l'un des boutons ci-dessous.

Messages

Survey Closed

The survey you are trying to take is either not live or not available to you.

Le questionnaire auquel vous essayez de répondre n'est pas en ligne ou indisponible.

Page Contains Errors

Please check your answers below and correct them before continuing.

Veuillez vérifier vos réponses ci-dessous et les corriger avant de continuer.

Answer We greatly appreciate your contribution to this large-scale project.

Ihr Mitwirken an diesem umfangreichen Projekt schätzen wir sehr.

Please take part in the survey even if you do not consider yourself a football or sport fan.

Bitte nehmen Sie auch dann an der Studie teil, wenn Sie sich nicht als Fußball-oder Sportfan bezeichnen würden.

Your responses are anonymous and will be kept completely confidential.

Ihre Antworten sind anonym und werden absolut vertraulich behandelt.

To take part in this survey you have to be 18 or older and consider the England national football team as "your" national football team.

Um an dieser Umfrage teilzunehmen, müssen Sie 18 Jahre oder älter sein und die Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft als "Ihre" Fußballnationalmannschaft betrachten.

To contact the research team please send an email to paul.huiszoon@etu.univ-lyon1.fr Falls Sie das Forschungsteam kontaktieren möchten, senden Sie bitte eine Email an paul.huiszoon@etu.univ-lyon1.fr

Using a computer, it will take you about 10 minutes to complete the survey -using a smartphone/tablet it will take about 15 minutes. The survey consists of three parts:

Am Computer werden Sie etwa 10 Minuten benötigen, um den Fragebogen auszufüllen -mit einem Smartphone/Tablet dauert es etwa 15 Minuten.

Part one addresses England men's senior national football team (England national team).

Der erste Teil behandelt die Deutsche Herren Fußballnationalmannschaft (Deutsche Nationalmannschaft).

Part two is much shorter and prompts questions about the English football association (FA).

Der viel kürzere zweite Teil behandelt den Deutschen Fußball-Bund (DFB).

Part three asks seven general questions and offers the chance to win an Amazon.co.uk Gift Card.

Im dritten Teil werden sieben allgemeine Fragen gestellt. Außerdem gibt es die Möglichkeit, einen Amazon.de Geschenkgutschein zu gewinnen.

REP_1_1

The England national team has a positive image.

Die Deutsche Nationalmannschaft hat ein gutes Image (Ruf).

REP_2_1

If I were asked to describe the image of the England national team I would say positive things.

Auf die Frage nach dem Image (Ruf) der Deutschen Nationalmannschaft, würde ich positive Dinge antworten.

REP_3_1

The England national team has an image that I like.

Die Deutsche Nationalmannschaft hat ein Image (Ruf), das ich mag.

NFA DFB

[1] strongly disagree to [5] strongly agree

GOV_1_2

The conduct of the FA is led by high ethical standards.

Der DFB orientiert sich bei seinem Handeln an hohen ethischen Standards.

GOV_2_2

Confronted with scandals, the FA is dedicated to a full clearance of it.

Konfrontiert mit Skandalen, widmet sich der DFB einer vollständigen und glaubhaften Klärung.

GOV_3_2

The FA is managed responsibly. Der DFB wird verantwortungsvoll geleitet.

Identification National team only Nationalmannschaft only

Question Title Please select one of the four following images. Bitte wählen Sie eine der folgenden vier Darstellungen aus. profile for FRA sample (frequency in %)

Figure I- 8 .

 8 Figure I-8. The experience continuum Note. a Carù and Cova (2003); b in reference to Wilhelm Dilthey; Figure in reference to Carù and Cova (2003, p. 282, Fig. 2).

  . lovers g Note. Key characteristics following J. P. Doyle et al. (2013, pp. 23-24). a Hunt et al. (1999), b Giulianotti (2002), c Bourgeon and Bouchet (2001), d Wann and Branscombe (1993), e Tapp and Clowes (2000), f Pons et al. (2006), g Bouzdine-Chameeva et al. (2015).

  Figure I-9. Categorisation of 31 sport spectator typologies Note. a Hunt et al. (1999), b Giulianotti (2002), c Bourgeon and Bouchet (2001), d Wann and Branscombe (1993), e Tapp and Clowes (2000), f Pons

  List of is not exhaustive. Assignment of marketing actions to the various sport spectator typologies is based on the non-exhaustive recommendations by the cited authors. It does not negate the action's successful applicability to other segments. a Based on Funk and James (2001), b based onBourgeon, Bouchet, and Pulh (2003).

Figure

  Figure II-1. Consequences of loyal customers

  adopted Meyer and Allen's (1991) threefold conceptualisation (1) Input component: "an affirmative action taken by one party that creates a self-interest in the relationship and demonstrates something, more than a mere promise." (2) Attitudinal component: "signifying an enduring intention by the parties to develop and maintain a stable longterm relationship." (3) Temporal dimension: "highlighting the fact that commitment means something only over the long term, that is, the inputs and attitudes brought to the relationship must reveal consistency over time." Meyer and Herscovitch (2001, p. 301) "A force that binds an individual to a course of action of relevance to one or more targets. As such, commitment is distinguishable from exchange based forms of motivation and from target-relevant attitudes and can influence behavior even in the absence of intrinsic motivation or positive attitudes." Bansal et al. (2004, p. 235) "(…) an attitude that guides or mediates an individual's overt responses or behavioral intentions to an object."

  Figure II-7. Conceptualisation of loyalty's attitudinal dimension and its antecedentsNote. a Inferred from, rather than made explicit in, the relevant research.

FigureFigure

  Figure II-10. The Fan Relationship Management Model Note. SPT = Sports Team; SGB = Sport Governing Body.

Figure III- 3 .

 3 Figure III-3. Research philosophy as a multidimensional set of continua Note. Illustration partially adopted from Saunders et al. (2012, p. 129).

  Measurement of Identification [IDE_SPT]Code ItemIDE_1_1The blue circle represents your identity (e.g. attributes and values). The white circle represents the identity of the [country] national team. Which of the following set of circles (A, B, C, D, or E) represents best, how much your identity and the [country] national team's identity overlap? way I see myself overlaps _______ with everything the [country] national team stands for. Note. Response to IDE_2_1 captured through five-point Likert response format: [1] not at all to completely [5].

KNO_2_1

  If I were to list everything I knew about the [country] land national team, the list would be quite long. KNO_3_1 I consider myself an expert about the [country] national team. KNO_1_2 I know a lot about the [SGB]. KNO_2_2 If I were to list everything I knew about the [SGB], the list would be quite long. KNO_3_2 I consider myself an expert about the [SGB]. Note. Responses captured through five-point Likert response format: [1] strongly disagree to strongly agree [5].

Figure III- 6 .Figure

 6 Figure III-6. Level of agreement regarding being a loyal fan of the national team Note. FRA sample (inner circle) and GER sample (outer circle).

Figure

  Figure III-8. Social online behaviours on Facebook in FRA sample

22 -

 22 Note. ATT_SPT = Attendance, MER_SPT = Merchandise purchases, TVS_SPT = TV/Screen, FBO_SPT = Social online behaviours on Facebook, TWI_SPT = Social online behaviours on Twitter, SOF_SPT = Social offline behaviours, COM_SPT = Fan commitment, IDE_SPT = Identification with SPT, TRU_SPT = Trust in SPT, TRU_SGB = Trust in SGB, SAT_SPT = Satisfaction with SPT, SAT_SGB = Satisfaction with SGB, INT_SPT = Interactivity disposition of SPT, INT_SGB = Interactivity disposition of SGB, REP_SPT = Reputation of SPT, REP_SGB = Reputation of SGB, GOV_SGB = Governance of SGB, FEB_SPT = Fan engagement behaviours as second order construct. Bold numbers = Latent variables cannot (almost not) be distinguished statistically from another.

  ATT_SPT = Attendance, MER_SPT = Merchandise purchases, TVS_SPT = TV/Screen, FBO_SPT = Social online behaviours on Facebook, TWI_SPT = Social online behaviours on Twitter, SOF_SPT = Social offline behaviours, COM_SPT = Fan commitment, IDE_SPT = Identification with SPT, TRU_SPT = Trust in SPT, TRU_SGB = Trust in SGB, SAT_SPT = Satisfaction with SPT, SAT_SGB = Satisfaction with SGB, INT_SPT = Interactivity disposition of SPT, INT_SGB = Interactivity disposition of SGB, REP_SPT = Reputation of SPT, REP_SGB = Reputation of SGB, GOV_SGB = Governance of SGB, FEB_SPT = Fan engagement behaviours as second order construct; Bold numbers = Latent variables cannot (almost not) be distinguished statistically from another.

Figure

  Figure

-

  a sports team has a positive influence on fan engagement behaviours. ** 2 Identification with a sports team has a positive influence on fan commitment to the sports team. ** 3.1 Trust in a sports team has a positive influence on fan commitment to the sports team. ** 3.2 Trust in a sport governing body has a positive influence on fan commitment to the sports team. a NA 4.1 Trust in a sports team has a positive influence on fan engagement. -4.2 Trust in a sport governing body has a positive influence on fan engagement. a NA 5.1 Satisfaction with a sports team has a positive influence on fan commitment to the sports team. ** 5.2 Satisfaction with a sport governing body has a positive influence on fan commitment to the sports team. -6.1 Satisfaction with a sports team has a positive influence on fan engagement. -6.2 Satisfaction with a sport governing body has a positive influence on fan engagement. -7.1 Interactivity disposition of a sports team has a positive influence on fan commitment to the sports team. -7.2 Interactivity disposition of a sport governing body has a positive influence on fan commitment to the sports team. -b 8.1 Interactivity disposition of a sports team has a positive influence on fan engagement. -8.2 Interactivity disposition of a sport governing body has a positive influence on fan engagement. -9.1 The reputation of the sports team has a positive influence on trust in the sports team. ** 9.2 The reputation of the sport governing body has a positive influence on trust in the sport governing body. a NA 10 Good governance of the sport governing body has a positive influence on trust in the sport governing body. a NA 11 Credibility of the sport governing body has a positive influence on fan commitment to the sports team. c * 12 Credibility of the sport governing body has a positive influence on fan engagement. c

Figure III- 16 .

 16 Figure III-16. The final Fan Relationship Management Model Note. Path coefficients for GER (FRA). SPT = Sports team, SGB = Sport governing body; BX = Behaviour; FBO = Facebook; TWI = Twitter. *p .05, **p .01.

[ 1 ]

 1 Stimme überhaupt nicht zu bis [5] Stimme voll und ganz zuREP_1_2The FA has a positive image. Der DFB hat ein gutes Image (Ruf).REP_2_2If I were asked to describe the image of the FA I would say positive things.Auf die Frage nach dem Image (Ruf) des DFBs, würde ich positive Dinge antworten.REP_3_2The FA has an image that I like. Der DFB hat ein Image (Ruf), das ich mag. strongly disagree to [5] strongly agree [1] Stimme überhaupt nicht zu bis [5] Stimme voll und ganz zu

[ 1 ]

 1 A to [5] E [1] A bis [5] EIDE_1_1The blue circle represents your identity (e.g. attributes and values). The white circle represents the identity of the England national team. Which of the following set of circles (A, B, C, D, or E) represents best, how much your identity and the England national team's identity overlap? Der blaue Kreis stellt Ihre eigene Identität dar (z.B. Eigenschaften und Werte). Der weiße Kreis stellt die Identität der Deutschen Nationalmannschaft dar. Welche der nachfolgenden Doppel-Kreise (A, B, C, D oder E) zeigen am besten, wie sehr Ihre eigene Identität und die Identität der Deutschen Nationalmannschaft übereinstimmen? Question Title Please complete the ensuing sentence by selecting one of the five answer options.Bitte vervollständigen Sie den folgenden Satz. Wählen Sie dazu eine der fünf Antwortmöglichkeiten aus.[1] not at all to [5] completely [1] überhaupt nicht bis [5] KomplettIDE_2_1The way I see myself overlaps _______ with everything the England national team stands for.Die Art wie ich mich selbst sehe überschneidet sich _______ mit allem, wofür die Deutsche Nationalmannschaft steht. Overview of the studies from which the measurement scales for the FRM Model-variables were adopted/adjusted

  Note. MLS = Major League Soccer and represents teams form the United States and Canada; Data retrieved from (CIES Football Observatory, 2016, p. 2). Numbers based on those who participate in sport at least once a week. Table adopted from Repucom (2014, p. 7).

	2	700	THE FOOTBALL INDUSTRY
		600 1200
		500 1000
		400 800
		300 600
		200 400		EXPERIENCE	What marketing calls an experience a
	100 200 Latin America	13,6%
	0 Ordinary experience 17,9% Asia 0 1996/97 2001/02 2002/03 FC Barcelona 47,7% Europe 1992 Figure I-5. Percentage of foreign football players by geographical area 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Manchester United FC Real Madrid CF 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 Abrahams (1986) Extraordinary experience 2015/16 48,5% MLS Mere experience V. W. Turner (1986) b An experience
	2.3		Omnipresence of football in Europe
	2.1 Table I-1. The top 10 worldwide events by average attendance Magnitude of football's hyper-commodification
	The top 10 worldwide events by average attendance

Figure I-3. Revenue evolution of FC Barcelona, Manchester United FC and Real Madrid CF Note. Revenue in € million (Deloitte, 2017, p. 4).

Figure I-4. Revenue evolution of the UEFA EURO Note. Revenue evolution in EURO in € million (first y-axis) and number of participating associations (secondary y-axis; UEFA, 2017a).

Figure I-6. Participation in football per country Note.

Table I -

 I 8. Level of an individual's psychological connection to sport by Funk and James (2001)Level of an individual's psychological connection to sport byFunk and James (2001)

	2.4	Typologies at a glance
		Stage of	Psychological	Connection established	Sport consumer's key
	psychological	connection	and maintained through	characteristics
		connection
		1	Awareness	Extrinsic features	Knowledge of the sports
				(socialising	object but no preference
				agents/media)	yet.
		2	Attraction	Extrinsic/intrinsic	Development of liking for
				features	sports object.
				(dispositional
				influences)
		Awareness	Attraction	Attachment	Allegiance
	Knowledge of the	Development of	Resistant to alternate	Consistent/enduring
	sports object but	liking for sports	options, i.e. a stable	connection + exhibiting fan
	no preference yet.	object.	connection.	behaviours accordingly.
	Temporary fan a	Local fan a	Devoted fan a	Fanatical fan a
					91

Table I-11. The typology by Funk and James (2001) in relation to other authors The typology by Funk and James (2001) in relation to other authors

Table I -

 I 14. Common themes in segment-specific CRM strategies

	Flâneur b Low d RELATIONSHIP MARKETING Fan b Follower b , Supporter c , Moderate d , Committed casuals e , Regular supporters e , Old timers h , Armchair supporters h Section Three -Relationship Marketing Devoted fan a , Fanatical fan a , Dysfunctional fan a , , Supporter b High d , Fanatic supporter e , Super fan f , Passionate fan g , , Club-connected supporters h Common themes in segment-specific CRM strategies 1 Author(s) and typologies CRM strategies Hunt et al. (1999) Funk (2008) a Bouchet et al. (2011) b Die-hard fanatics h Common themes Marketing actions Temporary fan Local fan Devoted fan Fanatical fan Awareness stage Attraction stage Attachment stage Allegiance stage Aesthete Opportunist Interactive Supporter Opportunist c Experience Entertainment -Highlight unique
	Interactive c Strategic management of relationships with Social fan f, h Temporary fan a , Local fan a CRM customers, involving appropriate use of technology. Technology is an important Leisure switchers h , Situational fan f Aesthete c Carefree casuals e Experiential fan f Show-business lovers g Relationship Marketing Strategic management of relationships with all relevant stakeholders. These include not only customers, but also suppliers, influencers, Event followers g referral sources, internal markets, etc.	Celebrities' + fair play admirers g	CRM Relationship Marketing
	enabler but not the focus.
	Customer Management Implementation and tactical management of customer interactions involving aspects such as	Customer Management
	Campaign management, call centre
	management, sales force automation, etc.
			94 96

Figure I-10. Relationship marketing, CRM and customer management Note. Adapted from Payne and Frow (2017, p. 12). Delineations are direct quotes.

Table II

 II

-3. Components of the attitudinal dimension of loyalty phases based on

Oliver (1999)

Table II

 II

	Component	Facet	Characteristic
	Psychological	Informational	Degree of consistency "in a consumer's cognitive
	commitment	consistency	structure characterised by congruence between beliefs
			and attitudes or congruence between values and
			attitudes" (Rosenberg

-4. The two components of attitude based on Iwasaki and Havitz (1998)

The two components of attitude based on

Iwasaki and Havitz (1998)

Table II

 II

	Attitudinal dimension of loyalty Facets	Relative attitude Attitude strength	Attitude differentiation					Psychological commitment Informational consistency	Informational complexity	Confidence	Position involvement	Volitional choice	Resistance to change Preference stability	Resistance to counter	persuasion	Relative attitude a Attitude strength a	Attitude differentiation a
	Antecedent(s) Facets	Cognitive Accessibility, Confidence,	Centrality, Clarity	Affective Emotions, Moods, Primary affect,	Satisfaction	Conative Switching cost, Sunk cost,	Expectations	Involvement Attraction	Sign value	Centrality	Risk probability	Risk consequence				Informational processes Informational complexity,	Cognitive consistency, Confidence	Identification processes Position involvement
	Author(s)	Dick and Basu	(1994)					Iwasaki and	Havitz (1998)							Pritchard et al.	(1999)

-5. Conceptualisation of loyalty's attitudinal dimension and its antecedents Conceptualisation of loyalty's attitudinal dimension and its antecedents

Table II

 II

	Type	Antecedent	Characteristic

-6. Antecedents of relative attitude based on

Dick and Basu (1994)

Antecedents of relative attitude based on

Dick and Basu (1994)

Table II

 II

	Antecedent Facet(s)	Characteristic
	Involvement Attraction	"The perceived importance of interest in an activity or a
		product, and pleasure or hedonic value derived from
		participation of use."
	Sign Value	"The unspoken statements that purchase or participation
		conveys about the person."
	Centrality to	"Encompassing both social contexts such as friends and
	Lifestyle	families centered around activities, and the central role of
		the activities in an individual's life."
	Risk	"Perceived probability of making a poor choice."
	Probability
	Risk	"Perceived importance of negative consequences in the
	Consequence	case of a poor choice."
	Note. Directly quoted from Iwasaki and Havitz (1998, p. 260).

-7. Involvement as antecedent to psychological commitment based on

Iwasaki and Havitz (1998)

Involvement as antecedent to psychological commitment based on

Iwasaki and Havitz (1998)

Table II -

 II 8. Antecedent processes of commitment based onPritchard et al. (1999)

Table II

 II

-9. Comparison of different approaches to the attitudinal dimension of loyalty Comparison of different approaches to the attitudinal dimension of loyalty Dick and Basu (1994) Iwasaki and Havitz (1998) Pritchard et al.

(1999)

Table II -

 II 10. Comparison of engagement conceptualisations used in this study

	Comparison of engagement conceptualisations used in this study
	van Doorn et al. (2010)		Kumar et al. (2010)
	"We posit that customer engagement	"We propose four components of a customer's
	behaviors go beyond transactions, and may be	engagement value (CEV) with a firm. The first
	specifically defined as a customer's behavioral	component is customer lifetime value (the
	manifestations that have a brand or firm focus,	customers purchase behavior), the second is
	beyond purchase, resulting from motivational	customer referral value (as it relates to
	drivers" (p. 254).			incentivized referral to new customers), the
				third is customer influencer value (which
	"CEBs [customer engagement behaviours]	includes the customer's behavior to influence
	include a vast array of behaviors including	other customers, that is increasing acquisition,
	word-of-mouth	(WOM)	activity,	retention, and share of wallet through word of
	recommendations, helping other customers,	mouth of existing customers as well as
	blogging, writing reviews, and even engaging	prospects), and the fourth is customer
	in legal action" (p. 253).		knowledge value (the value added to the firm
				by feedback from customer)" (p. 297).

Table II -

 II 12. Conceptualisations of the behavioural dimension of loyalty in the sport industry

	Conceptualisations of the behavioural dimension of loyalty in the sport industry
		Conceptualisation of the behavioural dimension of loyalty
	Author(s)	Transactional	Non-transactional
	Backman and Crompton	-	Frequency of participation
	(1991)
	Mahony and Moorman	-	Likelihood to watch game on TV
	(1999)
	Mahony et al. (2000)	(a) Games attended
		(b) Purchased season tickets

Table II -

 II 15. Conceptualisations of the behavioural dimension of loyalty in the context of spectator sport services

	Continued. 3.3 Fan Loyalty			Fan engagement present?
	Author(s) Fan commitment	Yes	Yes Conceptualisation of behavioural dimension of loyalty No Transactional Non-transactional Latent Fan loyalty Fan loyalty
	Hart (2015)	present?	(a) Game attendance (b) Purchase merchandise Spurious No Fan loyalty	(a) Discussions with other fans (b) Wear merchandise No Fan loyalty
	Rosenberger III et al. (2015) Figure II-9. Fan-loyalty-hybrid-form-matrix n/a	n/a
	Tachis and Tzetzis (2015) Note. Based on Dick and Basu (1994). cf. H. H. Bauer et al. (2005)	cf. H. H. Bauer et al. (2005)
	Yoshida et al. (2015)	Number of games attended	-
	Conceptualisations of the behavioural dimension of loyalty in the context of spectator sport
	services 3.2.1	Fan Engagement
				Conceptualisation of behavioural dimension of loyalty
	Author(s)		Transactional high	Non-transactional
	Matsuoka et al. (2003)	-		Intention to attend future
		Fan commitment	games Fan loyalty spectrum
	Tapp (2004)	Number of games attended	-
	H. H. Bauer et al. (2005)	(a) Game attendance	(a) Watching game on TV
			(b) Purchase merchandise	(b) Consuming club-related
				low	media	high
					(c) Wear merchandise Fan engagement
					(d) Participation in club-related
		discussions Figure II-8. The two dimensions of Fan loyalty
	Harris and Ogbonna (2008)	-		-
	H. H. Bauer et al. (2008)	cf. H. H. Bauer et al. (2005)	cf. H. H. Bauer et al. (2005)
	Theodorakis et al. (2013)	-		(a) Intention to attend future
					games
					(b) Intention to engage in
					positive word of mouth
	Yoshida et al. (2014)	-		(a) Management cooperation
					(b) Interaction with other fans
					(c) Social media activity
					(d) Wear merchandise
					(Continued)
					173

Table II

 II

	Table II-20. Trust in the relationship management literature
	-19. Common aliases of consumer identification Trust in the relationship management literature
	Common aliases of consumer identification Author Trust linked to successful relationships
	Concept Spekman (1988, p. 79) […] the cornerstone to the strategic partnership is mutual trust. Author(s)
	Self-connection	Fournier (1998)
	Congruence	Sen and Bhattacharya (2001)
	Shared values	R. M. Morgan and Hunt (1994), Heckman and Guskey (1998)
	Self-image congruence	Sirgy et al. (1997), Sirgy and Samli (1985)
	Position involvement	Pritchard et al. (1999)
	Affective commitment	Gruen, Summers, and Acito (2000), Harrison-Walker (2001)
	Note. The presentation of common aliases is based on a summary by T. J. Brown et al. (2005,
	p. 128).
	1.1.2	Trust
	1.1.1.1	Identification and Fan commitment

R. M. Morgan and

Table II -

 II 22. Three approaches to governance

	Three approaches to governance
	Approach	Systematic	Organisational	Political
	Use of	analytic/explanatory	normative/ethical	analytic/explanatory
	concept
	Concerned	How are the	What are the normative,
	with	organisations inter-and	ethical principles an
		intra-linked?	organisation should
			operate on?

Table III -

 III 2. The six essential steps in the process of deductionThe six essential steps in the process of deduction If the test fails, i.e. if the data are not consistent with

	Essential steps of a deductive research approach	Process of deduction	Corresponding Chapters
	1. Begin by putting forward a tentative idea, a	Theory	Chapter I + II
	conjecture, a hypothesis or a set of hypotheses that
	form a theory.
	2. With the help, perhaps, of other previously
	accepted hypotheses, or by specifying the
	conditions under which the hypotheses are
	expected to hold, deduce a conclusion, or a number
	of conclusions.	Hypothesis	Chapter II
		Data	Chapter III
		collection
	5.

3. Examine the conclusions and the logic of the argument that produced them. Compare this argument with existing theories to see if it constitutes an advance in our understanding. If you are satisfied with this examination, then: 4. Test the conclusion by gathering appropriate data; make the necessary observations or conduct the necessary experiments.

  Table III-8. Measurement of matches watched on TV/Screen [TVS_SPT]

	Measurement of matches watched on TV/Screen [TVS_SPT]
	Code	Item
	TVS_1_1	In 2014 the [country] national team played [x] matches at the World Cup and [x]
		other matches. In total, how many did you watch on TV or on screen?
	TVS_2_1	In 2015 the [country] national team played [x] matches. How many did you
		watch on TV or on screen?
	TVS_3_1	In 2016 the [country] national team played [x] matches at the EURO 2016 and
		[x] other matches. In total, how many did you watch on TV or on screen?
	Note. Responses captured through drop down menu [0] to [x].
	1.1.4	Social online behaviour

Table III -

 III 10. Measurement of Social offline behaviour[SOF_SPT]

	Measurement of Social offline behaviour [SOF_SPT]
	Code	Item
	SOF_1_1	I interact with other spectators to talk face to face about issues related to the
		[country] national team.
	SOF_2_1	I encourage others to support the [country] national team.
	SOF_3_1	I support the [country] national team through singing, clapping, cheering, etc.

Note. Responses captured through five-point Likert response format: [1] never to always [5].

Table III

 III

	Code	Item
	COM_1_1	I am committed to my relationship with the [country] national team.
	COM_2_1	I really care about maintaining my relationship with the [country] national team.
	COM_3_1	The relationship that I have with the [country] national team is something I am
		very committed to.
	COM_4_1	I would watch the [country] national team regardless of which team they were
		playing against at that time.
	COM_5_1	I would watch the [country] national team regardless of whether they are

-11. Measurement of Fan commitment [COM_SPT] Measurement of Fan commitment [COM_SPT] playing a tournament (e.g. FIFA-World Cup, UEFA-Euro) or not. Note. Responses captured through five-point Likert response format: [1] strongly disagree to strongly agree [5].

Table III -

 III 12. Overview independent variables

	2.1	Variables influencing Fan loyalty dimensions
	2.1.1	Identification
	Overview independent variables
					Measured
					toward
	Code	Variable	Based on	Number of	SPT SGB
				items
	IDE	Identification	T. J. Brown et al. (2005)	2	x	-
	TRU	Trust	Dagger, Danaher, and	3	x	x
			Gibbs (2009)
	SAT	Satisfaction	Bodet and Bernache-	3	x	x
			Assollant (2009), Gwinner
			and Swanson (2003)
	INT	Interaction disposition	Suh, Ahn, and Pedersen	3	x	x
			(2014), Huiszoon et al.
			(2018)
	REP	Reputation	Keller (2003), Huiszoon et	3	x	x
			al. (2018)
	GOV Governance	Beccarini and Ferrand	3	-	x
			(2006)

Table III-13. Measurement of Identification [IDE_SPT]

Table III

 III

-14. Measurement of Trust [TRU_SPT],

[TRU_SGB]

Table III

 III

-15. Measurement of Satisfaction [SAT_SPT], [SAT_SGB] Measurement of Satisfaction [SAT_SPT], [SAT_SGB] Code Item SAT_1_1 Considering the last 12 months, how satisfied are you with the players' behaviours of the [country] national team? SAT_2_1 Based on you experiences in the last 12 months, how satisfied are you with the quality of the [country] national team's matches? SAT_3_1 Considering the last 12 months, how satisfied are you with the [country] national team? SAT_1_2 Based on your experiences in the last 12 months, how satisfied are you with the work of the [SGB]? SAT_2_2 Compared to other, similar sport associations, how would you rate your satisfaction with the work of the [SGB]? SAT_3_2 In general, how satisfied are you with the work of the [SGB]? Note. Responses captured through five-point Likert response format: [1] very unsatisfied to very satisfied [5].

Table III

 III

-18. Measurement of Governance

[GOV_SGB]

Table III -

 III 21. Measurement of Educational attainment Germany[EDA]

	Measurement of Educational attainment Germany [EDA]
	Code	Item	ISCED	Educational
			level	level
	EDA_1	Hauptschulabschluss	2	Low
	EDA_2	Realschulabschluss	2	Low
	EDA_3	Hochschulreife	3	Medium
	EDA_4	Fachhochschulreife	3	Medium
	EDA_5	Abschluss Lehrausbildung	3	Medium
	EDA_6	Meisterprüfung	5/6	High
	EDA_7	Erzieherausbildung	6	High
	EDA_8	Bachelor	6	High
	EDA_9	Master	7	High
	EDA_10 Diplom	7	High
	EDA_11 Promotion	8	High
	EDA_12 Other	-	-
	EDA_13 Prefer not to answer.	-	-
	Note. Low Education: ISCED 0_Early childhood education, ISCED 1_Primary education, ISCED
	2_Lower secondary education; Medium Education: ISCED 3_Upper secondary education,
	ISCED 4_Post-secondary non-tertiary education; High Education: ISCED 5_Short-cycle tertiary
	education, ISCED 6_Bachelor's or equivalent level, ISCED 7_Master's or equivalent level,
	ISCED 8_Doctoral or equivalent level.

Table III -

 III 22. Measurement of Educational attainment France [EDA]

	Measurement of Educational attainment France [EDA]
	Code	Item	ISCED	Educational
			level	attainment
	EDA_1			Low
	EDA_2	Brevet d'études professionnelles (BEP)		Medium
	EDA_3	Certificat d'aptitude professionnelle (CAP)		Medium
	EDA_4	Brevet professionnel (BP)		Medium
	EDA_5	Baccalauréat professionnel		Medium
	EDA_6	Baccalauréat général et technologique		Medium
	EDA_7	Diplôme de moniteur éducateur		Medium
	EDA_8	Diplôme de technicien de l'intervention sociale et familiale		Medium
	EDA_9	DU et certificats d'écoles post-secondaires		Medium
	EDA_10 Diplôme de capacité en droit		Medium
	EDA_11 Diplôme d'accès aux études universitaires		Medium
	EDA_12 Diplôme universitaire de technologie DUT.		High
	EDA_13 Brevet de technicien supérieur (BTS)		High
	EDA_14 Diplôme des métiers d'art (DMA)		High
	EDA_15 Licence (LMD)		High
	EDA_16 Licence professionnelle		High
	EDA_17 Diplôme ou certificat d'école de commerce		High
	EDA_18 Diplôme ou certificat d'école de commerce bac+5		High
	EDA_19 Diplôme de docteur en médicine, pharmacie et chirurgie		High
		dentaire
	EDA_20 Master (LMD)		High
	EDA_21 Diplôme de docteur		High
	EDA_22		-	-
	EDA_23		-	-
	Note. Low Education: ISCED 0_Early childhood education, ISCED 1_Primary education, ISCED

2_Lower secondary education; Medium Education: ISCED 3_Upper secondary education, ISCED 4_Post-secondary non-tertiary education; High Education: ISCED 5_Short-cycle tertiary education, ISCED 6_Bachelor's or equivalent level, ISCED 7_Master's or equivalent level, ISCED 8_Doctoral or equivalent level.

Table III -

 III 23. Measurement of Employment situation [EMS]

	Measurement of Employment situation [EMS]
	Code	Item
	EMS_1	Employed Full-Time
	EMS_2	Employed Part-Time
	EMS_3	Self-employed
	EMS_4	Unoccupied
	EMS_5	Homemaker
	EMS_6	Retired
	EMS_7	Student
	EMS_8	Apprentice
	EMS_9	Other
	EMS_10

Table III -

 III 24. Measurement of Individual income [INI]

Table III -

 III 25. Measurement Country of residence [COR]

	Measurement Country of residence [COR]
	Code	Item

COR

Is your main place of residence [county]?

Note. Response options:

[1] Yes, No [2],

Prefer not to answer [3].

  Table III-27. Measurement of Attitude toward sport governing body [ATI_SGB]

	Chapter III, Section Two -Measurement of variables
	3.2.1	Attitude toward sport governing body
	Table III-26. Overview further individual variables
	Overview further individual variables
	Measurement of Attitude toward sport governing body [ATI_SGB]	Measured toward
	Code	Code	Variable	Based on	Item		Number of	SPT	SGB
	ATI_1_2	I feel positive when I think about the [SGB].	items/choices
	ATI ATI_2_2 Attitude SGB I like the [SGB] as an organisation. Kulczycki and Koenigstorfer (2016)	3		-	x
	KNO Knowledge	Gladden and Funk		3		x	x
				(2002)
	DIS	Distinction SPT and SGB Huiszoon et al. (2018) 2		-	-
	OSC Official supporter's club	-		2		-	-
		member
	USC	Unofficial supporter's	-		2		-	-
		club member
	SCL	Supporter's club	-		2		-	-
		member of league team
	APM Active, playing football	-		2		-	-
		club member
	PNM Passive, non-playing	-		2		-	-
		football club member
	FWA Football playing without	-		2		-	-
		affiliation to club
	RFL	Regularity of following	-		5		-	-
		league football
									258

ATI_3_2

I think the [SGB] is a good organisation.

Note. Responses captured through five-point Likert response format: [1] strongly disagree to strongly agree

[5]

.

Table III -

 III 28. Measurement of Knowledge [KNO_SPT], [KNO_SGB]

Table III -

 III 29. Measurement distinction of national team and its sport governing body[DIS]

	Measurement distinction of national team and its sport governing body [DIS]
	Code	Item
	DIS	In your opinion, are the [country] national team and the [country] [SGB] one and the
		same thing?
	Note. Response options: [1] Yes and No [2].
	3.2.4	Membership supporters' club, participation, interest in league

Table III -

 III 30. Measurement of membership supporter's club, active/passive participationMeasurement of membership supporter's club, active/passive participation

	Code	Item
	OSC Are you member of the official [country] national team supporters' club?
	USC	Are you a member of any [country] national team football supporters' club?
	SCL	Are you a supporters' club member of a [league name] team?
	APM Are you an active (playing) member of a local football club?
	PNM Are you a passive (non-playing) member of a local football club?
	FWA Are you playing football on a regular basis without affiliation to a local football club?
	Note. Response options: [1] Yes and No [2].

Table III-31. Measurement of Regularity of following league [RFL] Measurement of Regularity of following league [RFL] Code Item RFL During a [league name] season, how regularly do you watch [league name] matches (either live in the stadium, on TV or on screen)? Note. Response captured through five-point Likert response format: [1] never to weekly [5].

Table III -

 III 32. Sociodemographic for French and German sample

	Continued.
			FRA (n = 455)	GER (n = 505)
	Sociodemographic	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage
	Employment situation
	Employed Full-Time		243 53.4		55.25
	Employed Part-Time		10	2.20		7.52
	Self-employed		25	5.50		10.89
	Unoccupied		14	3.10		0.79
	Homemaker		0	0		0.20
	Retired		5	1.10		10.89
	Student		144 31.60		12.08
	Apprentice		2	0.40		0
	Other		1	0.20		1.19
	N/A		11	2.40		1.19
	Individual income p.a. Sociodemographic for French and German sample ≤ €20,000 157 34.51		12.48
	€20,001 -€30,000		FRA (n = 455) 101 22.20	GER (n = 505) 6.14
	Sociodemographic €30,001 -€40,000	Frequency 59 12.97 Percentage	Frequency	Percentage 12.28
	Gender €40,001 -€50,000		41	9.01		12.08
	Male €50,001 -€75,000	341	14	74.95 3.08	354	70.1 16.63
	Female €75,001 -€100,000	112	5	24.62 1.10	149	29.5 6.53
	No answer (N/A) €100,001 -€150,000	2	3	0.44 0.66	2	0.40 4.55
	≥ €150,001 Age ≤ 20 years N/A	51	1 74 16.26 0.22 11.21	10	3.76 1.98 25.54
	21 to 30 years	204		44.84	170	33.66
	31 to 40 years	124		27.25	89	17.62
	41 to 50 years	53		11.65	80	15.84
	51 to 60 years	11		2.42	80	15.84
	> 60 years	5		1.10	69	13.66
	N/A	7		1.54	7	1.39
	Education attained
	Low	2		0.44	48	9.50
	Medium	97		21.32	134	26.53
	High	327		71.87	292	57.82
	Other	20		4.40	20	3.96
	N/A	9		1.98	11	2.18
						(Continued)

Table III -

 III 33. Sociodemographic data of FRA sample compared to EU LFS 2016

	Sociodemographic data of FRA sample compared to EU LFS 2016
		FRA (n = 455)	EU LFS FRA (n = 51.600.975) a,b
	Sociodemographic	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage
	Gender
	Male	341 75	24.606.550 48
	Female	112 25	26.994.425 52
	No answer (N/A)	2	0	-	-
	Age
	18 to 20 years	51 11	2.328.516	5
	21 to 30 years	204 45	7.838.885 15
	31 to 40 years	124 27	8.267.716 16
	41 to 50 years	53 12	9.121.866 18
	51 to 60 years	11	2	8.606.942 17
	> 60 years	5	1	15.437.050 30
	N/A	7	2
	Education attained
	Low	2	0	13.515.6 29
	Medium	97 21	20.015.9 42
	High	327 72	13.649.5 29
	Other	20	4	-	-
	N/A	9	2	149.3	0.3
	Note. a n is based on Eurostat data from 2015 for individuals 18 years (EU LFS, 2016); b n for
	Education attained is slightly different (n=47.330.3) since the dataset provided refers to 15 to
	74 olds.

Table III -

 III 34. Sociodemographic data of GER sample compared to EU LFS 2016 Table III-35. Percent of individuals that watched matches on TV or Screen Percent of individuals that watched matches on TV or Screen

	1.2.3 1.2.4	TV/Screen consumption Social online behaviours
	Sociodemographic data of GER sample compared to EU LFS 2016
					GER (n = 505)		EU LFS GER (n = 68.068.043) a,b
		Sociodemographic	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage
	Gender
		Male					354 70		33.102.121 49
		Female					149 30		34.965.922 51
		No answer (N/A)				2		0		-	-
	Age
		18 to 20 years				10		2		2.480.664	4
		21 to 30 years				170 34		9.911.901 15
		31 to 40 years				89 18		9.764.956 14
		41 to 50 years				80 16		12.401.713 18
	1.2	51 to 60 years Fan engagement Number matches > 60 years	80 16 Percentages of matches watched 12.357.415 18 69 14 21.151.394 31 2014 2015 2016
		N/A			FRA	7 GER	1	FRA	GER	FRA	GER
	Education attained	0	10		6		14	13	7
		Low		1	2	48 10 1	4	4	12.324.6 20 2
		Medium		2	4	134 27 1	5	9	34.711.9 56 1
		High		3	4	292 58 3	6	8	14.987.7 24 1
		Other		4	3	20	3	4	6	10	-	-5
		N/A		5	5	11	4	2	9	13	139.2	0.2 7
	6 Note. a n is based on Eurostat data from 2015 for individuals 18 years (EU LFS, 2016); b n for 3 4 6 11 11 1.2.1 Attendance 7 6 9 7 11 3 Education attained is slightly different (n=47.330.3) since the dataset provided refers to 15 to 74 olds. 8 6 4 13 9 9
				9	2		3		10	14	4
				10	11		13		19	-	11
				11	2		2		-	-	2
				12	9		10		-	-	6
				13	9		4		-	-	6
				14	6		6		-	-	9
				15	19		11		-	-	4
	1.2.2	16 Merchandise purchases 17	--		4 13		--	--	11 -

Table III -

 III 36. Overview data analysis methodologies and statistical software packages

	2.1 2.2.1 3 Continued. Variable-centred approaches Mahalanobis distance DESCRIPTIVE MEASURES AND MEASUREMENT MODEL FRA GER VALIDATION Latent variable Mean SD Mean SD
	3.1	Means and standard deviations Variables influencing trust
	Reputation
		SPT			3.33**	0.92	4.14**	0.74
		SGB			2.52	0.85	2.61	0.93
	2.1.3 Governance Structural equation modelling SGB	2.58	0.87	2.48	0.92
	2.1.1 Note. * , ** = Means differ significantly at *p Confirmatory factor analysis	.05 or **p	.01 level.
	Table III-37. Means and Standard Deviations for FRA and GER samples
	Means and Standard Deviations for FRA and GER samples
					FRA	GER
			Latent variable	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
	Fan loyalty dimensions Overview data analysis methodologies and statistical software packages Fan engagement behaviours
		Attendance		0.36**	1.48	0.70**	1.93	Sample
	Analysis type Merchandise Software		Aim 1.89**	2.25	2.92**	FRA GER 3.62
	TV/Screen Variable-centred approaches CFA Mplus Social online MCFA Mplus 2.1.2 Social offline Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis 8.60 Validate measurement model 2.00** Explore factor invariance of scores across countries 4.55 8.10 0.88 1.43** 3.04 1.09 3.16 Fan commitment	3.94 0.66 0.99	x x	x x
	SEM I	SPT	Mplus	Test initial structural model 3.13**	1.11	3.52**	0.98		x
	SEM II, III	Mplus	Test follow-up structural models					x
	SEM III SEM IV 2.2.2 Variables influencing fan loyalty dimensions Mplus Validate final structural model Mplus Examine interaction effects between IVs of SPT and SGB Latent profile analysis Identification SPT 2.43** 0.94 2.61** 0.93	x x	x
	Person-centred approaches Trust
	MD	SPT	SPSS	Prepare LPA, detect outliers 3.35**	0.87	3.80**	0.77	x	x
	LPA I 2.2	Mplus Person-centred approaches Select the number of profiles SGB 2.49	0.85	2.51	0.92	x	x
	LPA II Satisfaction SPT Note. CFA = Confirmatory factor analysis; MCFA = Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis; SEM = Mplus Include covariates, examine confounding variables x x 3.55** 0.79 3.88** 0.61 SGB 2.84 0.80 2.93 0.82 Structural equation modelling; MD = Mahalanobis distance; LPA = Latent profile analysis; FRA = France; GER = Germany; SPT = Sports team; SGB = Sport governing body; IV = Independent Interaction disposition
	variable. SPT			3.17	0.77	3.16	0.84
		SGB			2.81	0.80	2.70	0.89
							(Continued)
									274

Table III

 III

																			-
																		-	.24
																	-	. .94	.18
																-	.43	.38	.49
															-	.37	.77	.80	.08
														-	.73	.53	.45	.48	.19
													-	.43	.65	.41	.81	.79	.15
												-	.40	.46	.38	.66	.37	.41	.50
											-	.39	.78	.45	.78	.39	. .93	1 1.00	.21
										-	.43	.65	.36	.51	.35	.75	.39	.42	.47
									-	.55	.34	.56	.34	.43	.35	.52	.38	.37	.66
								-	.69	.63	.32	.60	.27	.32	.21	.66	.31	.34	.84
							-	.74	.59	.42	.19	.44	.13	.17	.07	.44	.16	.21	.89
						-	.18	.17	.13	.10	.04	.10	.03	.04	.02	.10	.04	.05	.20
					-	.08	.36	.34	.27	.19	.09	.20	.06	.08	.03	.20	.07	.10	.41
				-	.27	.14	.60	.56	.45	.32	.14	.34	.10	.13	.05	.33	.12	.16	.67
			-	.32	.20	.10	.43	.40	.32	.23	.10	.24	.07	.09	.04	.24	.09	.12	.48
		-	.19	.27	.16	.08	.35	.33	.26	.19	.08	.20	.06	.07	.03	.20	.07	.10	.40
	Variable	ATT_SPT	MER_SPT	TVS_SPT	FBO_SPT	TWI_SPT	SOF_SPT	COM_SPT	IDE_SPT	TRU_SPT	TRU_SGB	SAT_SPT	SAT_SGB	INT_SPT	INT_SGB	REP_SPT	REP_SGB	GOV_SGB	FEB_SPT
		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	Note.

-39. Correlation matrix of variables for GER sample Correlation matrix of variables for GER sample

Table III -

 III 40. Cut-off criteria for model fit indexes for CFA and SEM

	Table III-42. Reliability measures for fan loyalty dimensions of FRA sample
	Reliability measures for fan loyalty dimensions of FRA sample
	Latent and manifest variables	EST	ERV	AVE
	Fan engagement behaviours [FEB_SPT] a			.69	.98
	ATT_SPT		.11	.99
	MER_SPT		.36	.87
	TVS_SPT		.86	.27
	FBO_SPT		.54	.71
	TWI_SPT		.53	.72
	SOF_SPT		.76	.43
	Attendance [ATT_SPT]				.87	.95
	ATT_1_1		.93	.14
	ATT_2_1		.98	.04
	ATT_3_1		.88	.22
	Merchandise [MER_SPT]				.45	.71
	Cut-off criteria for model fit indexes for CFA and SEM Table III-41. Model fit information for confirmatory factor analyses MER_1_1 .72 .48
	MER_2_1 Model fit information for confirmatory factor analyses MER_3_1	Schreiber et al. .73 .47 .55 .70	Weston and Gore
	Indexes Root mean square error of Sample RMSEA TV/Screen [TVS_SPT] FRA .046 TVS_1_1 TVS_2_1 approximation Root mean square error of approximation 90% Confidence RMSEA 90% C.I. Shorthand RMSEA .043 .048 interval RMSEA 90% C.I. Standardized root mean square SRMR GER .041 .038 .043 TVS_3_1 Social online [SON_SPT] b Note. RMSEA = Root mean square error of approximation, RMSEA 90% C.I. = Root mean (2006) (2006) < .06 < .06 SRMR CFI TLI .89 .96 2 p-value .064 .93 .92 .95 .10 .00 .94 .11 < .06 to .08 -≤ .08 ≤ .08 .059 .94 .94 .93 .13 .00 Facebook [FBO_SPT] .59 .85 square error of approximation 90% confidence interval, SRMR = Standardized root mean FBO_1_1 .71 .50 square residual, CFI = Comparative fit index, TLI = Tucker-Lewis Index, 2 = Chi-square. FBO_2_1 .83 .31
	residual FBO_3_1		.75	.43
	Comparative fit index FBO_4_1 Twitter [TWI_SPT] TWI_1_1	CFI	≥ .95 for acceptance .77 .40 .82 .32	≥ .95 for .80 acceptance .92
	Tucker-Lewis Index TWI_2_1	TLI	≥ .95 for .97	.05	-
	TWI_3_1		acceptance .89 .21
	Chi-square p-value Social offline [SOF_SPT] SOF_1_1 Ratio of 2 value to 2 DF SOF_2_1 SOF_3_1	2 p-value -	-.69 ≤ 2 or 3 .80 .80	.52 .36 .36	.59 ≥ .05 for acceptance .81 -
	Akaike information criterion a Fan commitment [COM_SPT] AIC	Smaller the	-.62	.89
	COM_1_1		better .79	.37
	Bayes information criterion a COM_2_1 COM_3_1 COM_4_1	BIC	Smaller the .76 .42 .85 .29 better .77 .41	-
	Note. a Used for model comparison only, not applied in CFA, just in assessment of the COM_5_1 .77 .41
	structural model (cf. 4 Model analysis and interaction effects); DF = Degrees of freedom. Note.

a Fan engagement behaviours as second order construct, b Social online behaviours as notion for Social online behaviours on Facebook and/or on Twitter; EST = Estimates, ERV = Estimates residual variance, AVE = Average variance extracted, = Dillon-Goldstein's rho.

Table III -

 III 43. Reliability measures for variables influencing fan loyalty dimensions and trust of FRA sampleReliability measures for variables influencing fan loyalty dimensions and trust of FRA sample

						.93	ATT_1_1	.14
	Latent and manifest variables Identification [IDE_SPT] IDE_1_1 IDE_2_1 Trust [TRU_SPT] TRU_1_1 TRU_2_1 TRU_3_1 Credibility [CRE_SGB] a TRU_1_2 TRU_2_2 TRU_3_2 REP_1_2 REP_2_2 REP_3_2 GOV_1_2 GOV_2_2 GOV_3_2 Satisfaction [SAT_SPT] SAT_1_1 SAT_2_1 SAT_3_1 Satisfaction [SAT_SGB] SAT_1_2 SAT_2_2 SAT_3_2 Interactivity [INT_SPT] INT_1_1 INT_2_1 INT_3_1 Interactivity [INT_SGB] INT_1_2 INT_2_2 INT_3_2 Reputation [REP_SPT] REP_1_1 REP_2_1 REP_3_1 COM_1_1 COM_2_1 COM_3_1 COM_4_1 COM_5_1 .77 .41 .41 .37 .42 .29 .77 .85 .76 .79 IDE_1_1 IDE_2_1 .29 .26 .84 .86 TRU_1_1 TRU_2_1 TRU_3_1 .28 .32 .37 .80 .83 .85 TRU_1_2 TRU_2_2 TRU_3_2 .20 .27 .30 .85 .88 .91 REP_3_2 .32 .83 GOV_1_2 GOV_2_2 GOV_3_2 .36 .46 .34 .81 .74 .80 SAT_1_1 SAT_2_1 SAT_3_1 .49 .43 .10 .95 .76 .71 SAT_1_2 SAT_2_2 SAT_3_2 .24 .32 .09 .95 .82 .87 INT_1_1 INT_2_1 INT_3_1 .57 .58 .32 .83 .65 .65 INT_1_2 INT_2_2 INT_3_2 .56 .36 .47 .73 .80 .66 REP_1_1 REP_2_1 .38 .32 .83 .79 Note. FEB_SPT COM_SPT INT_SGB REP_SPT IDE_SPT TRU_SPT SAT_SPT SAT_SGB INT_SPT CRE_SGB REP_1_2 REP_2_2 .43 .23 .88 .76	EST .84 .86 .85 .83 .80 .91 .88 .85 .76 .88 .83 .80 .74 .81 .71 .76 .95 .87 .82 .95 .65 .65 .83 .66 .80 .73 .79 .83 .88 FBO_SPT SOF_SPT ATT_SPT MER_SPT TVS_SPT TWI_SPT .36 .11 .86 .54 .53 .76	ERV .29 .26 .28 .32 .37 .20 .27 .30 .43 .23 .32 .36 .46 .34 .49 .43 .10 .24 .32 .09 .57 .58 .32 .56 .36 .47 .38 .32 .24 .43 .99 .87 .27 .71 .72	.88 .98 .55 .73 .72 .93 .94 .95 .97 .82 .80 .80 .69 .77 .75 .83 .71 .89	AVE .72 .68 .68 .66 .78 .51 .54 .69 ATT_2_1 ATT_3_1 MER_1_1 MER_2_1 MER_3_1 TVS_1_1 TVS_2_1 TVS_3_1 TWI_1_1 TWI_2_1 SOF_1_1 SOF_2_1 SOF_3_1 FBO_1_1 FBO_2_1 FBO_3_1 FBO_4_1 TWI_3_1	.84 .86 .95 .85 .91 .75 .78 .87 .04 .22 .48 .47 .70 .10 .11 .13 .32 .05 .52 .36 .36 .40 .43 .50 .31 .21
	.24	REP_3_1	.88

a New latent variable, because of the linear dependency between TRU_SGB, REP_SGB, GOV_SGB; EST = Estimates, ERV = Estimates residual variance, AVE = Average variance extracted, = Dillon-Goldstein's rho.

Figure III-13. Factor loadings for FRA sample Note. For reasons of clarity the covariates are not indicated.

Table III -

 III 44. Reliability measures for fan loyalty dimensions of GER sample

	Reliability measures for fan loyalty dimensions of GER sample
	Latent and manifest variables	EST	ERV	AVE
	Fan engagement behaviours [FEB_SPT] a			.70	.98
	ATT_SPT	.40	.84
	MER_SPT	.48	.77
	TVS_SPT	.67	.55
	FBO_SPT	.40	.84
	TWI_SPT	.20	.96
	SOF_SPT	.89	.21
	Attendance [ATT_SPT]			.86	.95
	ATT_1_1	.90	.19
	ATT_2_1	.94	.12
	ATT_3_1	.95	.10
	Merchandise [MER_SPT]			.60	.82
	MER_1_1	.68	.54
	MER_2_1	.72	.48
	MER_3_1	.91	.18
	TV/Screen [TVS_SPT]			.82	.93
	TVS_1_1	.92	.15
	TVS_2_1	.87	.24
	TVS_3_1	.93	.14
	Social online [SON_SPT] b
	Facebook [FBO_SPT]			.67	.89
	FBO_1_1	.73	.46
	FBO_2_1	.88	.22
	FBO_3_1	.80	.36
	FBO_4_1	.85	.28
	Twitter [TWI_SPT]			.74	.89
	TWI_1_1	.86	.26
	TWI_2_1	.98	.04
	TWI_3_1	.72	.48
	Social offline [SOF_SPT]			.51	.76
	SOF_1_1	.63	.60
	SOF_2_1	.76	.43
	SOF_3_1	.75	.44
	Fan commitment [COM_SPT]			.60	.88
	COM_1_1	.83	.32
	COM_2_1	.89	.21
	COM_3_1	.87	.24
	COM_4_1	.58	.66
	COM_5_1	.66	.57
	Note.

a Fan engagement behaviours as second order construct, b Social online behaviours as notion for Social online behaviours on Facebook and/or on Twitter; EST = Estimates, ERV = Estimates residual variance, AVE = Average variance extracted, = Dillon-Goldstein's rho.

Table III -

 III 45. Reliability measures for variables influencing fan loyalty dimensions and trust of GER sampleReliability measures for variables influencing fan loyalty dimensions and trust of GER sample

						.90	ATT_1_1	.19
	Latent and manifest variables Identification [IDE_SPT] IDE_1_1 IDE_2_1 Trust [TRU_SPT] TRU_1_1 TRU_2_1 TRU_3_1 Credibility [CRE_SGB] a TRU_1_2 TRU_2_2 TRU_3_2 REP_1_2 REP_2_2 REP_3_2 GOV_1_2 GOV_2_2 GOV_3_2 Satisfaction [SAT_SPT] SAT_1_1 SAT_2_1 SAT_3_1 Satisfaction [SAT_SGB] SAT_1_2 SAT_2_2 SAT_3_2 Interactivity [INT_SPT] INT_1_1 INT_2_1 INT_3_1 Interactivity [INT_SGB] INT_1_2 INT_2_2 INT_3_2 Reputation [REP_SPT] REP_1_1 REP_2_1 REP_3_1 COM_1_1 COM_2_1 COM_3_1 COM_4_1 COM_5_1 .66 .57 .66 .32 .21 .24 .58 .87 .89 .83 IDE_1_1 IDE_2_1 .33 .32 .82 .83 TRU_1_1 TRU_2_1 TRU_3_1 .27 .33 .36 .80 .82 .86 TRU_1_2 TRU_2_2 TRU_3_2 .21 .22 .25 .87 .89 .89 REP_3_2 .27 .86 GOV_1_2 GOV_2_2 GOV_3_2 .30 .36 .23 .88 .80 .84 SAT_1_1 SAT_2_1 SAT_3_1 .39 .39 .17 .91 .78 .78 SAT_1_2 SAT_2_2 SAT_3_2 .17 .29 .15 .92 .84 .91 INT_1_1 INT_2_1 INT_3_1 .45 .43 .34 .81 .75 .74 INT_1_2 INT_2_2 INT_3_2 .28 .29 .37 .79 .84 .85 REP_1_1 REP_2_1 .40 .29 .85 .77 Note. FEB_SPT COM_SPT INT_SGB REP_SPT IDE_SPT TRU_SPT SAT_SPT SAT_SGB INT_SPT CRE_SGB REP_1_2 REP_2_2 .30 .26 .86 .83	EST .82 .83 .86 .82 .80 .89 .89 .87 .83 .86 .86 .84 .80 .88 .78 .78 .91 .91 .84 .92 .74 .75 .81 .85 .84 .79 .77 .85 .89 FBO_SPT SOF_SPT ATT_SPT MER_SPT TVS_SPT TWI_SPT .48 .40 .67 .40 .20 .89	ERV .33 .32 .27 .33 .36 .21 .22 .25 .30 .26 .27 .30 .36 .23 .39 .39 .17 .17 .29 .15 .45 .43 .34 .28 .29 .37 .40 .29 .21 .21 .84 .77 .55 .84 .96	.95 .94 .91 .72 .68 .93 .87 .92 .98 .86 .75 .76 .63 .85 .80 .88 .73 .72	AVE .68 .68 .73 .68 .80 .59 .68 .70 ATT_2_1 ATT_3_1 MER_1_1 MER_2_1 MER_3_1 TVS_1_1 TVS_2_1 TVS_3_1 TWI_1_1 TWI_2_1 SOF_1_1 SOF_2_1 SOF_3_1 FBO_1_1 FBO_2_1 FBO_3_1 FBO_4_1 TWI_3_1	.81 .87 .96 .86 .92 .81 .87 .87 .12 .10 .54 .48 .18 .15 .24 .14 .26 .04 .60 .43 .44 .28 .36 .46 .22 .48
	.21	REP_3_1	.89

a New latent variable, because of the linear dependency between TRU_SGB, REP_SGB, GOV_SGB; EST = Estimates, ERV = Estimates residual variance, AVE = Average variance extracted, = Dillon-Goldstein's rho.

Figure III-14. Factor loadings for GER sample Note. For reasons of clarity the covariates are not indicated.

Table III -

 III 46. Model fit information for tests of multiple group measurement and structural invarianceModel fit information for tests of multiple group measurement and structural invariance

	4	STRUCTURAL MODEL ANALYSIS AND INTERACTION
		EFFECTS
									RMSEA
			Free		Scale		p-		90%	RMSEA
	Model		Parms	Value	factor	DF	value RMSEA	C.I.	p-value SRMR CFI
	Configural		498	6614.891 1.0824 2470 0	.059	.057	0	.207	.88
									.061
	Metric		460	6850.236 1.1071 2508 0	.060	.058	0	.233	.87
									.062
	Strong		407	8395.138 1.1047 2561 0	.069	.067	0	.235	.83
									.071
	Partial		421	7231.744 1.1045 2547 0	.062	.060	0	.236	.86
	strong								.064
	Partial strict	382	7529.032 1.1326 2586 0	.063	.061	0	.241	.85
	4.1		.065 Initial structural model and follow-up structural models

Table III -

 III 47. Model fit information

		DF RMSEA RMSEA 90% C.I. SRMR CFI TLI AIC BIC Adjusted BIC		2407.49** 1283 .042 .039 .044 .061 .94 .93 62891.39 63740.52 63102.53		2415.25** 1289 .042 .039 .044 .063 .94 .93 62890.28 63714.07 63095.12	2355.66** 1275 .041 .038 .044 .055 .94 .94 62804.04 63686.97 63023.59		2524.66** 1275 .046 .044 .049 .067 .92 .92 60784.67 61645.80 60982.50		3168.48** 1753 .042 .040 .044 .061 .92 .91 72047.19 73126.71 72295.20	3064.52** 1752 .039 .036 .041 .054 .93 .93 75125.70 76236.76 75401.97
	Model fit information	Analysis stage Sample Model	Initial test	GER SEM I	Follow-up	GER SEM II	GER SEM III	Cross-validation	FRA SEM III	Interaction	FRA SEM IV	GER SEM IV	Note. *p .05, **p .01.

Table III-48. Overview hypotheses acceptance Overview hypotheses acceptance

Table III -

 III 49. Path coefficients for the initial model and two follow-up model using the GER samplePath coefficients for the initial model and two follow-up model using the GER sample

	Dependent latent variables	Independent latent variables	SEM I	SEM II SEM III
	Fan engagement behaviours	Fan commitment	.88**	.84**	-
		Trust SPT	-.11	-	-
		Credibility SGB	.11	-	-
		Satisfaction SPT	.08	-	-
		Satisfaction SGB	-.11	-	-
		Interaction SPT	-.01	-	-
		Interaction SGB	-.10	-	-
	Attendance	Fan commitment	-	-	.31**
	Merchandise	Fan commitment	-	-	.38**
	TV/Screen	Fan commitment	-	-	.58**
	Social online behaviours FBO	Fan commitment	-	-	.31**
	Social online behaviours TWI	Fan commitment	-	-	.13**
	Social offline behaviours	Fan commitment	-	-	.76**
	Fan commitment	Identification SPT	.49**	.49**	.49**
		Trust SPT	.29**	.27**	.27**
		Credibility SGB	.30*	.33**	.33**
		Satisfaction SPT	.20**	.21**	.21**
		Satisfaction SGB	-.10	-.12	-.12
		Interaction SPT	.07	.07	.07
		Interaction SGB	-.36*	-.39**	-.39**
	Trust SPT	Reputation SPT	.79**	.79**	.79**
	Note. *p .05, **p .01.

Table III -

 III 50. Path coefficients for the validated final model with GER sample in comparison to FRA sample Path coefficients for the validated final model with GER sample in comparison to FRA sample

			SEM III		R 2
	Dependent latent variables	Independent latent
		variables	GER	FRA	GER	FRA
	Attendance	Fan commitment	.31**	.17**	.09**	.03**
	Merchandise	Fan commitment	.38**	.34**	.14**	.12**
	TV/Screen	Fan commitment	.58**	.79**	.34**	.62**
	Social online behaviours FBO Fan commitment	.31**	.47**	.09**	.22**
	Social online behaviours TWI Fan commitment	.13**	.44**	.02	.19**
	Social offline behaviours	Fan commitment	.76**	.71**	.58**	.51**
	Fan commitment	Identification SPT	.49**	.73**	.65**	.65**
		Trust SPT	.27**	.08
		Credibility SGB	.33**	.02
		Satisfaction SPT	.21**	.05
		Satisfaction SGB	-.12	-.05
		Interaction SPT	.07	.08
		Interaction SGB	-.39**	-.13
	Trust SPT	Reputation SPT	.79**	.65**	.62**	.43**

Note. SPT = Sports team, SGB = Sport governing body; BX = Behaviour; FBO = Facebook; TWI = Twitter. *p .05, **p .01.

Table III -

 III 51. Path coefficients for interaction effects of SPT and SGB within final model for both samples

	5 5.1.1	PROFILE APPROACH Detecting multivariate outliers
	Path coefficients for interaction effects of SPT and SGB within final model for both samples
	5.1	Latent profile analysis	FRA	GER
	Dependent latent variables 5.1.2 Spectator profiles in FRA sample Independent latent variables	SEM IV	SEM IV
	Attendance			Fan commitment	.17**	.31**
	Merchandise		Fan commitment	.34**	.38**
	TV/Screen			Fan commitment	.79**	.59**
	Social online engagement FBO Fan commitment	.47**	.31**
	Social online engagement TWI Fan commitment	.44**	.13**
	Social offline engagement	Fan commitment	.71**	.76**
	Fan commitment		Identification SPT	.72**	.48**
					Trust SPT	.09	.31**
					Credibility SGB	.04	.27*
					Trust SPT x Credibility SGB	.02	.16*
					Satisfaction SPT	.06	.22**
					Satisfaction SGB	-.05	-.10
					Satisfaction SPT x Satisfaction SGB	.04	-.03
					Interaction SPT	.10	.09
					Interaction SGB	-.14	-.38**
					Interaction SPT x Interaction SGB	.06	.05
	Trust SPT			Reputation SPT	.66**	.80**
	Note. *p	.05, **p	.01.

Table III -

 III 52. Fit Indices for Latent profile analysis models with 1-5 Classes for FRA sample

	Fit Indices for Latent profile analysis models with 1-5 Classes for FRA sample
	No. of classes	1			2		3	4	5
	No. of free		12			19		26	33	40
	parameters
	Log likelihood	-4404.07	-4034.32	-3869.48	-3693.77	-3580.10
	AIC		8832.14	8106.64	7790.97	7453.54	7240.19
	BIC		8881.24	8184.38	7897.34	7588.55	7403.85
	ABIC Entropy 5.1.3	8843.15 NA a Spectator profiles GER sample 8124.08 0.87	7814.83 0.90	7483.83 0.94	7276.91 0.94
	LRT		NA a	-4404.07**	-4034.32	-3869.48*	-3712.59
						Engages
						maximal in
			Spends EUR			Social offline	Watches 12
	Attends one	50 on	Engages in	BXs when	matches on	Relative
	match per	merchandise	Social online	watching a	TV/Screen per	Maximal	maximal Fan
	year		per year	BX daily	match		year	committed	loyalty
	Attends no	Does not buy	Never	Never		Never watches	Not	No Fan loyalty
	matches	merchandise	engages in	engages in	matches on	committed
				Social online	Social offline	TV/Screen
				BXs		BXs
			Class 1 (Flâneur)			Class 2 (Armchair Followers)
			Class 3 (Armchair Supporters)	Average

Note. Bold entries reflect selected model. AIC = Akaike Information Criterion; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion; ABIC = Adjusted BIC; LRT = Lo, Mendell, and Rubin Likelihood Ratio Test. a Entropy and LRT not available for the one-class model. *p .05, **p .01.

Figure III-17. Spectator profiles in French sample Note. Class 1 (Flâneur): 140, Class 2 (Armchair Followers): 256, Class 3 (Armchair Supporters): 46.

Table III -

 III 53. Fit Indices for Latent profile analysis models with 1-6 Classes for GER sample

	5.2	Latent profile analysis with covariates
						Engages
						maximal in
			Spends EUR			Social offline	Watches 11
	Attends five	60 on		Engages in	BXs when		matches on	Relative
	matches per	merchandise	Social online	watching a		TV/Screen per	Maximal	maximal Fan
	year	per year		BX daily	match		year	committed	Loyalty
	5.2.1	Spectator profiles with covariates FRA sample
	Attends no	Does not buy		Never	Never		Never watches	Not	No Fan loyalty
	matches	merchandise		engages in	engages in		matches on	committed
				Social online	Social offline	TV/Screen
					BXs	BXs
	Fit Indices for Latent profile analysis models with 1-6 Classes for GER sample Class 1 (Flâneur) Class 2 (Armchair Supporters)
	No. of classes	1 Class 3 (Supporters) 2	3	4 Class 4 (Armchair Followers) 5	6
	No. of free	12 Average	19	26		33	40	47
	parameters Log likelihood -5184.62 Figure III-18. Spectator profiles in German sample -4851.05 -4632.36		-4441.92	-4369.47	-4271.64
	AIC Note. Class 1 (Flâneur): 165, Class 2 (Armchair Supporters): 37, Class 3 (Supporters): 24, Class 10393.24 9740.10 9316.72 8949.83 8818.95 8637.28
	BIC 4 (Armchair Followers): 265. 10443.60		9819.84	9425.83		9088.31	8986.80	8834.51
	ABIC		10405.51		9759.53	9343.31		8983.57	8859.84	8685.33
	Entropy		NA		0.98	0.85		0.89	0.89	0.92
	LRT		NA		-5184.62*	-4851.05** -4632.36** -4441.92* -4357.78

Note. Bold entries reflect selected model. AIC = Akaike Information Criterion; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion; ABIC = Adjusted BIC; LRT = Lo, Mendell, and Rubin Likelihood Ratio Test. a Entropy and LRT not available for the one-class model. *p .05, **p .01.

Table III -

 III 54. Logistic regression coefficients for the FRA three-class model with eight covariates

	Continued. 5.2.2 Spectator profiles with covariates GER sample
	Covariates	Logistic regression coefficients	p-values	Odds ratio	Odds ratio interpretation
	Armchair Followers vs. Armchair Supporters
	Identification SPT	-.76	.02	.47	2.13
	Trust SPT	-.42	.13	.66	1.52
	Credibility SGB	-.93	.00	.39	2.53
	Satisfaction SPT	-.40	.19	.67	1.50
	Satisfaction SGB	-.62	.02	.54	1.86
	Interaction SPT	-.74	.03	.48	2.09
	Interaction SGB	-.60	.01	.55	1.82
	Reputation SPT	-.73	.01	.48	2.08
	Armchair Followers vs. Flâneur
	Identification SPT	1.89	.00	6.60	.15
	Trust SPT	.70	.00	2.02	.49
	Credibility SGB	.16	.28	1.17	.85
	Satisfaction SPT	.97	.00	2.63	.38
	Satisfaction SGB	.09	.53	1.09	.92
	Interaction SPT	.47	.00	1.60	.63
	Interaction SGB	-.09	.52	.91	1.09
	Reputation SPT	1.20	.00	3.33	.30
	Logistic regression coefficients for the FRA three-class model with eight covariates
	Covariates	Logistic regression coefficients	p-values	Odds ratio	Odds ratio interpretation
	Flâneur vs. Armchair Supporters
	Identification SPT	-2.64	.00	.07	14.01
	Trust SPT	-1.13	.00	.32	3.08
	Credibility SGB	-1.09	.00	.34	2.97
	Satisfaction SPT	-1.37	.00	.25	3.94
	Satisfaction SGB	-.71	.01	.49	2.03
	Interaction SPT	-1.21	.00	.30	3.35
	Interaction SGB	-.51	.02	.60	1.66
	Reputation SPT	-1.94	.00	.14	6.93
					(Continued)

Table III -

 III 55. Logistic regression coefficients for the GER four-class model with eight covariatesLogistic regression coefficients for the GER four-class model with eight covariates

	Continued.
	Covariates	Logistic regression coefficients	p-values	Odds ratio	Odds ratio interpretation
	Covariates Satisfaction SGB Interaction SPT	Logistic regression coefficients -.17 .09	p-values .56 .70	Odds ratio .84 1.10	Odds ratio 1.19 interpretation .91
	Interaction SGB Flâneur vs. Armchair Followers Identification SPT Reputation SPT Table IV-1. Summary of key findings and contributions .10 -1.60 -1.44	.63 .00 .00	1.11 .20 .24	.90 4.95 4.20
	Trust SPT Credibility SGB Armchair Supporters vs. Supporters Satisfaction SPT Identification SPT Satisfaction SGB Trust SPT Interaction SPT Credibility SGB Satisfaction SPT	-1.29 -.52 -1.65 -.31 -.57 -.10 -.51 -.22 .65	.00 .00 .00 .40 .00 .85 .00 .53 .38	.27 .59 .19 .73 .57 .90 .60 .80 1.91	3.64 1.68 1.36 5.22 1.11 1.76 1.24 1.67 .52
	Interaction SGB Reputation SPT Satisfaction SGB Interaction SPT		-.22 -1.71 -.26 .07	.09 .00 .52 .85	.80 .18 .77 1.07	1.25 1.29 5.55 .93
	Armchair Supporters vs. Armchair Followers Interaction SGB -.01	.98	.99	1.01
	Identification SPT Reputation SPT		.17 -.68	.55 .24	1.19 .51	.84 1.97
	Trust SPT		.17	.71	1.19	.84
	Credibility SGB		-.32	.25	.73	1.37
	Satisfaction SPT		.72	.28	2.06	.49
	Satisfaction SGB		-.65	.03	.52	1.92
	Interaction SPT		-.53	.10	.59	1.71
	Interaction SGB		-.33	.19	.72	1.40
	Reputation SPT		-.96	.06	.38	2.60
	Supporters vs. Armchair Followers
	Identification SPT		.48	.07	1.62	.62
	Trust SPT		.27	.44	1.31	.76
	Credibility SGB		-.10	.68	.90	1.11
	Satisfaction SPT		.07	.84	1.08	.93
	Satisfaction SGB		-.40	.18	.67	1.49
	Interaction SPT		-.61	.01	.55	1.83
	Interaction SGB		-.33	.10	.72	1.38
	Reputation SPT		-.28	.42	.76	1.32
	Flâneur vs. Armchair Supporters
	Identification SPT		-1.77	.00	.17	5.87
	Trust SPT		-1.46	.00	.23	4.32
	Credibility SGB		-.20	.47	.82	1.23
	Satisfaction SPT		-2.37	.00	.09	10.74
	Satisfaction SGB		.09	.77	1.09	.92
	Interaction SPT		.02	.95	1.02	.98
	Interaction SGB		.11	.67	1.12	.90
	Reputation SPT		-.76	.18	.47	2.13
	Flâneur vs. Supporters
	Identification SPT		-2.08	.00	.12	8.01
	Trust SPT		-1.57	.00	.21	4.78
	Credibility SGB		-.42	.10	.66	1.52
	Satisfaction SPT		-1.73	.00	.18	5.62
						(Continued)

  The profiles' positions in the matrix are averages of the FRA and GER samples. BBC Four) with Prof Simon Goldhill (Professor at King's College, University of Cambridge) in Geniuses of the Modern World Season 1, Episode 2: Nietzsche

	2 1 1.4 2	SPECTATOR PROFILES AND PROFILE BELONGINGNESS Latent Fan loyalty Fan Loyalty High LIMITATIONS Lack of previous studies RESEARCH PERSPECTIVE APPENDICES
	1.1 1.1.2 1.2 2.1 Level of Fan Theoretical contribution Managerial contribution Theoretical contribution Cross-national differences Latent Fan loyalty Flâneur (GER) Armchair Followers (GER) High commitment Figure IV-2. Fan loyalty matrix with spectator profiles Armchair Followers (FRA) Armchair Supporters (GER) Supporters (FRA) Supporters (GER) Fan Loyalty Armchair No Fan loyalty Spurious Fan loyalty Flâneur Minimal Simple/Sporadic Complex/Regular Complexity and regularity of Fan engagement behaviours 3 1.1 Data collection method Note. Supporters Armchair Followers Armchair Supporters commitment 1 Level of Fan 2 Section Three -Limitations and research perspective 1.3 Conceptualisations and measurements of variables Title Welcome and thank you for participating in this Interview Bettany Hughes (Introduction study.
			Flâneur (FRA)
				Spurious Fan
		Minimal	No Fan loyalty	loyalty
	2.2	Simple/Sporadic Managerial contribution	Complex/Regular
			Complexity and regularity of Fan engagement behaviours
	Figure IV-1. Fan loyalty matrix for French and German sample 2.1.4 Supporters
	Note. Flâneur (140/165), Armchair Followers (256/265), Armchair Supporters (46/37),
	Supporters (0/24). 2.1.1 Flâneur
	1.1.1	Cross-national similarities
	2.1.2 2.1.3 1.2	Armchair Followers Armchair Supporters Sample size, generalisability and time horizon
				336 345 391

  Stimme überhaupt nicht zu bis [5] Stimme voll und ganz zuINT_1_2I believe that the FA appreciates the fans' input on its social media channels.Ich glaube, dass der DFB die Beiträge von Fans auf seinen sozialen Netzwerkseiten wertschätzt.INT_2_2In my opinion, the communication channels of the FA enable a two-way communication between fans and the association.

	TWI_2_1	How frequently do you like or retweet FA	Wie regelmäßig liken oder retweeten Sie Tweets, DFB
	Probing_T2 TWI_3_1 INT_3_2 Probing_T3 Reputation Non-transactional behaviour (3) Question Title	something on Twitter that is related to the England national team when the team is participating in a tournament (e.g. FIFA-World Cup, UEFA-Euro)? cf. Probing_F1 How frequently do you tweet something on Twitter that is related to the England national team when the team is participating in a tournament (e.g. FIFA-World Cup, UEFA-Euro)? [1] strongly disagree to [5] strongly agree I think that the FA is interested in interacting with individuals outside the association. cf. Probing_F1 National team National team [1] strongly disagree to [5] strongly agree Please indicate your appropriate frequency to	bezüglich der Deutschen Nationalmannschaft, wenn die Mannschaft an einem Turnier teilnimmt (z.B. FIFA-Weltmeisterschaft, UEFA-Europameisterschaft)? cf. Probing_F1 [1] Meiner Meinung nach ermöglichen die Wie regelmäßig verfassen Sie eigene Tweets, Kommunikationskanäle des DFBs einen Dialog bezüglich der Deutschen Nationalmannschaft, wenn zwischen Fans und dem Verband. die Mannschaft an einem Turnier teilnimmt (z.B. Ich denke, der DFB ist interessiert daran, in einen FIFA-Weltmeisterschaft, UEFA-Dialog mit Personen außerhalb des Verbandes zu Europameisterschaft)? treten. cf. Probing_F1 Nationalmannschaft Nationalmannschaft [1] Stimme überhaupt nicht zu bis [5] Stimme voll und Bitte geben Sie an, wie oft folgende Aussagen auf ganz zu
		the following statements.	Sie zutreffen.
	Extra	When watching matches of the England national	Wenn ich ein Spiel der Deutschen
	Description	team (in the stadium, on TV, or on screen),	Nationalmannschaft sehe (im Stadion, im TV oder
			auf einer Leinwand), …
	Social offline	[1] never to [5] always	[1] nie bis [5] immer
	SOF_1_1	I interact with other spectators to talk face to	spreche ich mit anderen Zuschauern über Themen,
		face about issues related to the England	die im Zusammenhang mit der Deutschen
		national team.	Nationalmannschaft stehen.
	SOF_2_1	I encourage others to support the England	ermuntere ich andere, die Deutsche
		national team.	Nationalmannschaft zu unterstützen.
	SOF_3_1	I support the England national team through	feuere ich die Deutsche Nationalmannschaft durch
		singing, clapping, cheering, etc.	singen, klatschen, jubeln, etc. an.
	Question Title	Please indicate your level of agreement to the	Inwieweit stimmen Sie folgenden Aussagen zu?
		following statements.
	Commitment	National team	Nationalmannschaft
		[1] strongly disagree to [5] strongly agree	[1] Stimme überhaupt nicht zu bis [5] Stimme voll
			und ganz zu
	COM_1_1	I am committed to my relationship with the	Ich fühle mich der Deutschen Nationalmannschaft
		England national team.	verbunden.
	COM_2_1	I really care about maintaining my relationship	Meine Verbundenheit zur Deutschen
		with the England national team.	Nationalmannschaft möchte ich stets
	Conditional COM_3_1 Branching Qualifier	Before you start, five brief questions: The relationship that I have with the England Yes/No committed to. national team is something I am very	aufrechterhalten. Bevor Sie starten, fünf kurze Fragen: Meine Beziehung zur Deutschen Nationalmannschaft Ja/Nein liegt mir am Herzen.
	CBR_1 COM_4_1 CBR_2 COM_5_1	Have you watched at least one match of England's national team on TV or on screen in the time period January 2014 to today? I would watch the England national team regardless of which team they were playing against at that time. Have you watched at least one match of England's national team live in a stadium in the time period January 2014 to today? I would watch the England national team regardless of whether they are playing a tournament (e.g. FIFA-World Cup, UEFA-Euro) or not.	Haben Sie im Zeitraum Januar 2014 bis heute Ich würde mir Spiele der Deutschen mindestens ein Spiel der Deutschen Nationalmannschaft ansehen, unabhängig davon Nationalmannschaft im TV oder auf einer Leinwand gegen welche Mannschaft sie spielt. gesehen? Ich würde mir Spiele der Deutschen Haben Sie im Zeitraum Januar 2014 bis heute Nationalmannschaft ansehen, unabhängig davon, ob mindestens ein Spiel der Deutschen sie ein Turnier (z.B. FIFA-Weltmeisterschaft, UEFA-Nationalmannschaft live im Stadion gesehen? Europameisterschaft) spielt oder nicht.
	CBR_3 Attitude CBR_4 CBR_5 ATI_1_2	Have you spent money on England national team-related merchandise in the time period January 2014 to today (e.g. jersey, scarf, cup)? The football association (FA) [1] strongly disagree to [5] strongly agree Do you have a Facebook account? Do you have a Twitter account? I feel positive when I think about the FA.	Haben Sie im Zeitraum Januar 2014 bis heute Geld Deutscher Fußball-Bund (DFB) für Fanartikel der Deutschen Nationalmannschaft [1] Stimme überhaupt nicht zu bis [5] Stimme voll ausgegeben (z.B. Trikot, Schal, Tasse)? und ganz zu Haben Sie einen Facebook Account? Ich habe positive Gefühle, wenn ich an den DFB Haben Sie einen Twitter Account? denke.
	ATI_2_2	I like the FA as an organisation.	Ich mag den DFB als Organisation.
	ATI_3_2	I think the FA is a good organisation.	Ich denke, der DFB ist eine gute Organisation.

Chapter I, Section Two -The demand side

Sur la base de votre expérience au cours des 12 derniers mois, êtes-vous satisfait du travail de la FFF ?SAT_2_2Compared to other, similar sport associations, how would you rate your satisfaction with the work of the FA?En comparaison avec d'autres fédérations sportives françaises similaires, êtes-vous satisfait du travail de la FFF ?SAT_3_2In general, how satisfied are you with the work of the FA?En général, êtes-vous satisfait du travail de la FFF ?

INF_07 INF_10 DEM_01 DEM_02 DEM_03 DEM_04 DEM_05 DEM_06 DEM_07 DEM_07_1 TBE_ATT TBE_MER NBE_TVS NBE_SON NBE_SOF COM_NFT TRU_NFT INT_NFT REP_NFT SAT_NFT IDE_NFT KNO_NFT ATI_NFA TRU_NFA INT_NFA REP_NFA GOV_NFA SAT_NFA KNO_NFA; USEVARIABLES ARE ID NBE_01 NBE_02 NBE_03 NBE_0405 NBE_0607 NBE_0809 NBE_1011 NBE_1213 NBE_1415 NBE_1617 NBE_18 NBE_19 NBE_20 TBE_01 TBE_02 TBE_03 TBE_04 TBE_05 TBE_06 COM_01_1 COM_02_1 COM_03_1 COM_05_1 COM_06_1 TRU_01_1 TRU_02_1 TRU_03_1 INT_01_1 INT_02_1 INT_03_1 REP_01_1 REP_02_1

REP_03_1 SAT_01_1 SAT_02_1 SAT_03_1 IDE_01_1 IDE_02_1 TRU_01_2 TRU_02_2 TRU_03_2 INT_01_2 INT_02_2 INT_03_2 REP_01_2 REP_02_2 REP_03_2 GOV_01_2 GOV_02_2 GOV_03_2 SAT_01_2 SAT_02_2 SAT_03_2; IDVARIABLE = Id; MISSING are all(999); ANALYSIS: ESTIMATOR IS MLR; MODEL: TBE_ATT by TBE_01 TBE_02 TBE_03; TBE_MER by TBE_04 TBE_05 TBE_06; NBE_TVS by NBE_01 NBE_02 NBE_03; NBE_FBO by NBE_0405 NBE_0607 NBE_0809 NBE_1011; NBE_TWI by NBE_1213 NBE_1415 NBE_1617; NBE_SOF by NBE_18 NBE_19 NBE_20; COM_NFT by COM_01_1 COM_02_1 COM_03_1 COM_05_1 COM_06_1; IDE_NFT by IDE_01_1 IDE_02_1; TRU_NFT by TRU_01_1 TRU_02_1 TRU_03_1; CRE_NFA by TRU_01_2 TRU_02_2 TRU_03_2 REP_01_2 REP_02_2 REP_03_2 GOV_01_2 GOV_02_2 GOV_03_2; SAT_NFT by SAT_01_1 SAT_02_1 SAT_03_1; SAT_NFA by SAT_01_2 SAT_02_2 SAT_03_2; INT_NFT by INT_01_1 INT_02_1 INT_03_1; INT_NFA by INT_01_2 INT_02_2 INT_03_2; REP_NFT by REP_01_1 REP_02_1 REP_03_1; FEB_NFT by TBE_ATT TBE_MER NBE_TVS NBE_FBO NBE_TWI NBE_SOF; FEB_NFT on COM_NFT TRU_NFT CRE_NFA SAT_NFT SAT_NFA INT_NFT INT_NFA; COM_NFT on IDE_NFT TRU_NFT CRE_NFA SAT_NFT SAT_NFA INT_NFT INT_NFA; TRU_NFT on REP_NFT; OUTPUT: SAMPSTAT; STAND; MODINDICES(10); RESIDUAL; TECH4; MISSING are all(999); ANALYSIS: ESTIMATOR IS MLR; MODEL: TBE_ATT by TBE_01 TBE_02 TBE_03; TBE_MER by TBE_04 TBE_05 TBE_06; NBE_TVS by NBE_01 NBE_02 NBE_03; NBE_FBO by NBE_0405 NBE_0607 NBE_0809 NBE_1011; NBE_TWI by NBE_1213 NBE_1415 NBE_1617; NBE_SOF by NBE_18 NBE_19 NBE_20; COM_NFT by COM_01_1 COM_02_1 COM_03_1 COM_05_1 COM_06_1; IDE_NFT by IDE_01_1 IDE_02_1; TRU_NFT by TRU_01_1 TRU_02_1 TRU_03_1; CRE_NFA by TRU_01_2 TRU_02_2 TRU_03_2 REP_01_2 REP_02_2 REP_03_2 GOV_01_2 GOV_02_2 GOV_03_2; SAT_NFT by SAT_01_1 SAT_02_1 SAT_03_1; SAT_NFA by SAT_01_2 SAT_02_2 SAT_03_2; INT_NFT by INT_01_1 INT_02_1 INT_03_1; INT_NFA by INT_01_2 INT_02_2 INT_03_2; REP_NFT by REP_01_1 REP_02_1 REP_03_1; TBE_ATT on COM_NFT; TBE_MER on COM_NFT; NBE_TVS on COM_NFT; NBE_FBO on COM_NFT; NBE_TWI on COM_NFT; NBE_SOF on COM_NFT; COM_NFT on IDE_NFT TRU_NFT CRE_NFA SAT_NFT SAT_NFA INT_NFT INT_NFA; TRU_NFT on REP_NFT; OUTPUT: SAMPSTAT; STAND; MODINDICES(10); RESIDUAL; TECH4;

TITLE: SEM IV; DATA: FILE is /Users/paulhuiszoon/Desktop/31_GER.txt; VARIABLE: NAMES ARE ID QUA_01 QUA_02 QUA_03 QUA_04 QUA_05 NBE_01 NBE_02 NBE_03 NBE_04 NBE_05 NBE_0405 NBE_06 NBE_07 NBE_0607 NBE_08 NBE_09 NBE_0809 NBE_10 NBE_11 NBE_1011 NBE_FBO NBE_12 NBE_13 NBE_1213 NBE_14 NBE_15 NBE_1415 NBE_16 NBE_17 NBE_1617 NBE_TWI NBE_18 NBE_19 NBE_20 TBE_01 TBE_02 TBE_03 TBE_04 TBE_05 TBE_06 COM_01_1 COM_02_1 COM_03_1 COM_04_1 COM_05_1 COM_06_1 TRU_01_1

TBE_ATT by TBE_01 TBE_02 TBE_03; TBE_MER by TBE_04 TBE_05 TBE_06; NBE_TVS by NBE_01 NBE_02 NBE_03; NBE_FBO by NBE_0405 NBE_0607 NBE_0809 NBE_1011; NBE_TWI by NBE_1213 NBE_1415 NBE_1617; NBE_SOF by NBE_18 NBE_19 NBE_20; COM_NFT by COM_01_1 COM_02_1 COM_03_1 COM_05_1 COM_06_1; IDE_NFT by IDE_01_1 IDE_02_1; TRU_NFT by TRU_01_1 TRU_02_1 TRU_03_1; CRE_NFA by TRU_01_2 TRU_02_2 TRU_03_2 REP_01_2 REP_02_2 REP_03_2 GROUPING = COUNTRY (1=FRA 2=GER); IDVARIABLE = ID;

MISSING are all(999); ANALYSIS: ESTIMATOR IS MLR; MODEL: !Factor loadings all freely estimated, just labelled !Except first item of each variable, constrained to 1; TBE_ATT by TBE_01@1.00; TBE_ATT by TBE_02 (L2); TBE_ATT by TBE_03 (L3); TBE_MER by TBE_04@1.00; TBE_MER by TBE_05 (L5); TBE_MER by TBE_06 (L6); NBE_TVS by NBE_01@1.00; NBE_TVS by NBE_02 (L8); NBE_TVS by NBE_03 (L9); NBE_FBO by NBE_0405@1.00; NBE_FBO by NBE_0607 (L11); NBE_FBO by NBE_0809 (L12); NBE_FBO by NBE_1011 (L13); NBE_TWI by NBE_1213@1.00; NBE_TWI by NBE_1415 (L15); NBE_TWI by NBE_1617 (L16); NBE_SOF by NBE_18@1.00; NBE_SOF by NBE_19 (L18); NBE_SOF by NBE_20 (L19); COM_NFT by COM_01_1@1.00; COM_NFT by COM_02_1 (L21); COM_NFT by COM_03_1 (L22); COM_NFT by COM_05_1 (L23); COM_NFT by COM_06_1 (L24); IDE_NFT by IDE_01_1@1.00; IDE_NFT by IDE_02_1 (L26); TRU_NFT by TRU_01_1@1.00; TRU_NFT by TRU_02_1 (L28); TRU_NFT by TRU_03_1 (L29); CRE_NFA by TRU_01_2@1.00; CRE_NFA by TRU_02_2 (L31); CRE_NFA by TRU_03_2 (L32); CRE_NFA by REP_01_2 (L33); CRE_NFA by REP_02_2 (L34); CRE_NFA by REP_03_2 (L35); CRE_NFA by GOV_01_2 (L36); CRE_NFA by GOV_02_2 (L37); CRE_NFA by GOV_03_2 (L38); SAT_NFT by SAT_01_1@1.00; SAT_NFT by SAT_02_1 (L40); SAT_NFT by SAT_03_1 (L41); SAT_NFA by SAT_01_2@1.00; SAT_NFA by SAT_02_2

L43); SAT_NFA by SAT_03_2 (L44); INT_NFT by INT_01_1@1.00; INT_NFT by INT_02_1 (L46); INT_NFT by INT_03_1 (L47); INT_NFA by INT_01_2@1.00; INT_NFA by INT_02_2 (L49); INT_NFA by INT_03_2 (L50); REP_NFT by REP_01_1@1.00; REP_NFT by REP_02_1 (L52); REP_NFT by REP_03_1 (L53);

Section Three -Data analysis techniques and results

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Survey

I see the guys have been jesting that they think a Scotsman would be interested in the England team, deary me! I did go through your survey though and it looks fine (we get ones that are spam, self-promotion and advertising occasionally).

Post the link to your survey in the General Football section as thats where they all go. Be aware you may not get any responses to your survey as we are getting surveys daily just now and members are getting fatigued with them.

Good luck to you however Frank, hope your project goes well even if it is on the bloody England team. ;)

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To stop receiving email, please edit your contact preferences. http://www.onefootballforum.co.uk/index.php National team Équipe nationale

Question Title

Please indicate your appropriate frequency to the following statements.

Veuillez indiquer votre fréquence appropriée aux énoncés suivants.

Extra Description

When watching matches of the England national team (in the stadium, on TV, or on screen), Lorsque je regarde les matchs de l'équipe de France (dans le stade, sur la télévision ou sur l'écran), …

Social offline [1] never to [5] always [1] jamais [5] toujours SOF_1_1 I interact with other spectators to talk face to face about issues related to the England national team. j'échange avec d'autres spectateurs sur des questions relatives à l'équipe de France.

SOF_2_1

I encourage others to support the England national team. j'encourage les autres à soutenir l'équipe de France.

SOF_3_1

I support the England national team through singing, clapping, cheering, etc.

je soutiens l'équipe de France en chantant, applaudissant, acclamant, etc.

Question Title

Please indicate your level of agreement to the following statements.

Veuillez indiquer votre désaccord ou accord sur les énoncés suivants.

Commitment

National team Équipe nationale

[1] strongly disagree to [5] strongly agree [1] totalement en désaccord à [5] totalement d'accord COM_1_1 I am committed to my relationship with the England national team.

Je suis engagé dans mon lien avec l'équipe de France.

COM_2_1

I really care about maintaining my relationship with the England national team.

Je me soucie d'entretenir un lien avec l'équipe de France.

COM_3_1

The relationship that I have with the England national team is something I am very committed to.

Le rapport que j'ai avec l'équipe de France est quelque chose qui me tient à coeur.

COM_4_1

I would watch the England national team regardless of which team they were playing against at that time.

Je regarderais jouer l'équipe de France quel que soit son adversaire.

COM_5_1

I would watch the England national team regardless of whether they are playing a tournament (e.g. FIFA-World Cup, UEFA-Euro) or not.

Je regarderais jouer l'équipe de France indépendamment du fait qu'elle joue un tournoi (p.ex. FIFA-Coupe du Monde, l'UEFA Euro) ou non.

Attitude

The football association (FA) Fédération française de football (FFF)

[1] strongly disagree to [5] strongly agree [1] totalement en désaccord à [5] totalement d'accord ATI_1_2 I feel positive when I think about the FA. J'éprouve des sentiments positifs lorsque je pense à la FFF.

ATI_2_2 I like the FA as an organisation. J'apprécie la FFF en tant qu'organisation.

ATI_3_2

I think the FA is a good organisation. Je pense que la FFF est une bonne organisation.

Trust

National team Équipe nationale

[1] strongly disagree to [5] strongly agree [1] totalement en désaccord à [5] totalement d'accord

TRU_1_1

The leadership of the England national team (e.g. captain, coach, team manager) can be trusted.

La direction de l'équipe de France (p.ex. capitaine, entraîneur, manager de l'équipe) est digne de confiance.

TRU_2_1

The leadership of the England national team (e.g. captain, coach, team manager) can be counted on to do what is right.

On peut compter sur la direction de l'équipe de France (p.ex. capitaine, entraîneur, manager de l'équipe) pour faire ce qui est juste.

TRU_3_1

The leadership of the England national team (e.g. captain, coach, team manager) has high integrity.

La direction de l'équipe de France (p.ex. capitaine, entraîneur, manager de l'équipe) fait preuve d'une grande intégrité.

FA FFF

[1] strongly disagree to [5] strongly agree

TRU_1_2

The board of the FA can be trusted. Le conseil d'administration de la FFF est digne de confiance.

TRU_2_2

The board of the FA can be counted on to do what is right.

On peut compter sur le conseil d'administration de la FFF pour faire ce qui est juste.

TRU_3_2

The board of the FA has high integrity.

Le conseil d'administration de la FFF fait preuve d'une grande intégrité.

Knowledge

National team Équipe nationale

[1] strongly disagree to [5] strongly agree [1] totalement en désaccord à [5] totalement d'accord KNO_1_1 I know a lot about the England national team. Je connais beaucoup de choses à propos de l'équipe de France.

KNO_2_1

If I were to list everything I knew about the England national team, the list would be quite long.

Si je devais énumérer tout ce que je sais au sujet de l'équipe de France, la liste serait assez longue.

KNO_3_1

I consider myself an expert about the England national team.

Je me considère comme un expert de l'équipe de France.

FA FFF

[1] strongly disagree to [5] strongly agree

KNO_1_2

I know a lot about the FA. Je connais beaucoup de choses à propos de la FFF.

KNO_2_2

If I were to list everything I knew about the FA, the list would be quite long.

Si je devais énumérer tout ce que je sais au sujet de la FFF, la liste serait assez longue.

KNO_3_2

I consider myself an expert about the FA. Je me considère comme un expert au sujet de la FFF.

Interactivity

National team Équipe nationale

[1] strongly disagree to [5] strongly agree [1] totalement en désaccord à [5] totalement d'accord

INT_1_1

I believe that the England national team appreciates the fans' input on its social media channels.

Je crois que l'équipe de France apprécie l'apport des fans sur ses pages de réseaux sociaux.

INT_2_1

In my opinion, the communication channels of the England national team enable a two-way communication between fans and the team.

À mon avis, les modes de communication de l'équipe de France permettent un échange entre les fans et l'équipe.

INT_3_1

I think the England national team is interested in interacting with its fans.

Je pense que l'équipe de France est intéressée par les échanges avec ses fans.

FA FFF

[1] strongly disagree to [5] strongly agree [1] totalement en désaccord à [5] totalement d'accord

INT_1_2

I believe that the FA appreciates the fans' input on its social media channels.

Je crois que la FFF apprécie l'apport des fans sur ses pages de réseaux sociaux.

INT_2_2

In my opinion, the communication channels of the FA enable a two-way communication between fans and the association.

À mon avis, les modes de communication de la FFF permettent un échange entre les fans et l'association.

INT_3_2

I think that the FA is interested in interacting with individuals outside the association.

Je pense que la FFF est intéressée par les échanges avec des personnes en dehors de l'organisation.

Reputation

National team Équipe nationale

[1] strongly disagree to [5] strongly agree

REP_1_1

The England national team has a positive image. L'équipe de France a une bonne réputation.

REP_2_1

If I were asked to describe the image of the England national team I would say positive things.

Si l'on me demandait de décrire l'image de l'équipe de France, je dirais des choses positives.

REP_3_1

The England national team has an image that I like. L'équipe de France a une réputation qui me plaît. Have the chance to win an Amazon.co.uk Gift Card (2x£ 25) by leaving your email address.

Si vous voulez tenter de gagner un chèque-cadeau sur Amazon.fr (2x25€), merci de donner une adresse e-mail valide.

All information to this section is optional. Toutes les informations dans ce domaine sont en option.

Extra Description

If you elect to participate in the draw, your survey responses will not be anonymous, but they will be confidential. The winners will be contacted by February 2017.

Si vous choisissez de participer au tirage au sort, vos réponses ne seront pas anonymes, mais elles seront confidentielles. Les gagnants seront contactés d'ici Février 2017.

Your email address will not be shared with a third party, nor will it be sold or used for advertising purposes.

Votre adresse e-mail ne sera pas partagée avec un tiers, ni vendue ou utilisée à des fins publicitaires.

TRU_1_1

The leadership of the England national team (e.g. captain, coach, team manager) can be trusted.

Der Führung der Deutschen Nationalmannschaft (z.B. Kapitän, Trainer, Team-Manager) kann man vertrauen.

TRU_2_1

The leadership of the England national team (e.g. captain, coach, team manager) can be counted on to do what is right.

Man kann sich darauf verlassen, dass die Führung der Deutschen Nationalmannschaft (z.B. Kapitän, Trainer, Team-Manager) tut was richtig ist.

TRU_3_1

The leadership of the England national team (e.g. captain, coach, team manager) has high integrity.

Die Führung der Deutschen Nationalmannschaft (z.B. Kapitän, Trainer, Team-Manager) besitzt hohe Integrität.

FA DFB

[1] strongly disagree to [5]

Extra Description

Before submitting, all general questions have to be answered. Whereby, there is always a "Prefer not to answer" option.

Bitte beantworten Sie alle allgemeinen Fragen. Falls Sie eine Frage nicht beantworten möchten, haben Sie immer die Option "Keine Angabe" auszuwählen.

Demographics

Please answer the following general questions.

Bitte beantworten Sie folgende allgemeine Fragen. Sie haben die Möglichkeit einen Amzon.de Geschenkgutschein (25€) zu gewinnen, indem Sie Ihre E-Mail-Adresse hinterlassen.

GEN

All information to this section is optional. Dies ist optional.

Extra Description

If you elect to participate in the draw, your survey responses will not be anonymous, but they will be confidential. The winners will be contacted by February 2017.

Wenn Sie an der Verlosung teilnehmen, werden Ihre Antworten nicht mehr komplett anonym, aber vertraulich sein. Die Gewinner werden im Februar 2017 kontaktiert.

Your email address will not be shared with a third party, nor will it be sold or used for advertising purposes. Vielen Dank, dass Sie an dieser Umfrage teilgenommen haben.

If you have concerns or questions about this study, please contact Paul Huiszoon at paul.huiszoon@etu.univ-lyon1.fr.

Wenn Sie Bedenken oder Fragen zu dieser Studie haben, kontaktieren Sie bitte paul.huiszoon@etu.univ-lyon1.fr.

Please share this survey by selecting one of the buttons below.

Bitte teilen Sie diese Umfrage in sozialen Netzwerken.

Messages Survey Closed

The survey you are trying to take is either not live or not available to you.

Die Umfrage, an der Sie teilnehmen möchten, ist entweder nicht mehr online oder sie haben keine Berechtigung darauf zuzugreifen. Contains Errors Please check your answers below and correct them before continuing.

Es scheint als haben Sie eine oder mehrere Fragen übersehen/ausgelassen. Bitte überprüfen Sie den Hinweis/die Hinweise unten und füllen Sie bitte unbeantwortete Fragen aus.

Answer Required An answer to this question is required.

Um fortzufahren, beantworten Sie bitte diese Frage. The sport website facilitates two-way communication between visitors.

Buttons

.94

The content of the sport website encourages me to provide feedback.

.93

The Sport governing body gives me the feeling that they are interested in communicating with me.

. The Sport governing body responds on comments and questions of me.

.79

The Sport governing body appreciates my effort to get in touch with them.

.74

Reputation

The Sport governing body has a clear image.

. The Sport governing body has an image that I like.

.90

The Sport governing body has a positive image.

.88

Governance OL is well managed.

.

83

.77

LKT 1-6 512 Influences of club image and fan's motives. (Beccarini & Ferrand, 2006) Preceding qualitative study.

OL was not impacted by scandals.

.82

OL has a good training centre.

.82

The Sport governing body is a transparent organisation.

. The Sport governing body is organised democratically.

.71

The Sport governing body is managed responsibly.

.79

The Sport governing body does everything to fight corruption.