CEA, DEN, M Peybernes
email: mathieu.peybernes@cea.fr

R Le Tellier
email: romain.le-tellier@cea.fr

L Viot

A Drouillet
email: adrien.drouillet@cea.fr

L Saas

Hybrid lumped/distributed parameter model for treating the vessel lower head ablation by corium during a LWR severe accident

Within the context of Severe Accident for Light Water Reactors, the studies of in-vessel corium behavior and associated risk of vessel failure are matters of prime interest. The corium heat flux at the pool interface can lead to the ablation of the steel vessel wall. The ablation kinetics is of prime interest when considering the possible formation of a "thin" metal phase on the top of the pool and the potential vessel failure at that point due to heat flux concentration, in particular when evaluating the chances of success of in-vessel retention (IVR) strategy. In the framework of so-called severe accident codes where fast-running models are used, standard models based on a 2D meshing of the wall can become impractical in particular when a too thin metal phase appears. Thus, this paper is focused on a simplified yet accurate modelling of the wall heating and ablation. It is based on a 1D axial meshing of the wall. For each wall mesh, radial heat fluxes at the wall internal and external boundaries are calculated following a lumped parameter modelling approach while the axial heat fluxes are approximated by a first-order finite difference formula. This model is validated against reference 2D solutions of the heat equation on pure conduction cases starting from a typical in-vessel configuration and constructed from nondimensionalization considerations. Finally, this model is applied to in-vessel corium transient calculations under IVR conditions. 1

INTRODUCTION

The knowledge of in-vessel corium behavior and associated risk of vessel failure are matters of prime interest within the framework of Severe Accident studies for Light Water Reactors (LWRs). Core meltdown during a severe accident can result into formation of a corium pool (oxidic and metallic liquid materials) at the bottom of the reactor vessel.

The volumetric heat generation associated with decay heat induces natural convection in the pool that, combined with phase segregation effects, determines the heat flux distribution at the pool interface. In particular, along the lateral boundary, this heat flux leads to the ablation 504.1 504.2 of the steel vessel wall. The ablation kinetics of the vessel wall is of prime interest when considering the possible formation of a "thin" metal phase on the top of the pool and the potential vessel failure at that point due to heat flux concentration (the so-called focusing effect) [START_REF] Rempe | Potential for in-vessel retention through ex-vessel flooding[END_REF][START_REF] Theofanous | Invessel coolability and retention of a core melt[END_REF] As a consequence, when evaluating the chances of success of in-vessel retention (IVR), the transient ablation of the vessel wall has to be carefully modeled. On one hand, the axial conduction within the wall can only be neglected during the first stage of ablation transients and has to be taken into account when long-term retention of the corium is to be evaluated. On the other hand, when considering a stratified corium pool, the axial meshing of the wall should be fine enough to avoid any smearing of the heat flux associated with the top metal phase. In the general case, as the position of this layer changes with time, a fine mesh is required on a large part of the wall. Consequently, in the framework of so-called severe accident codes where fast-running models are used, standard models based on a 2D meshing of the wall (and, for instance a source-based enthalpy method for the Stefan problem [START_REF] Hu | Mathematical modelling of solidification and melting: a review[END_REF]) can become impractical.

In the frame of the PROCOR software platform development [START_REF] Tellier | Phenomenological analyses of corium propagation in LWRs: the PROCOR software platform[END_REF], so far, the modeling effort in PROCOR has been mainly put on the stratified pool and the associated stratification kinetics [START_REF] Tellier | Transient stratification modelling of a corium pool in a LWR vessel lower head[END_REF] in such a way that the vessel wall discretized by 1D axial meshing was treated in crude way by neglecting the axial conduction as in [START_REF] Tourniaire | the LEONAR code: a new tool for PSA level 2 analyses[END_REF] in such a way that the one-phase Stefan problems associated with the different meshes are decoupled. The system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) associated with the lumped mass and energy conservation equations is then closed by a radial quadratic temperature profile assumption that was proven accurate in the 1D case in [START_REF] Tellier | On the treatment of plane fusion front in lumped parameter thermal models with convection[END_REF].

This paper discusses a possible improvement of this model where the axial conduction is taken into account by approximating the axial heat fluxes by a first-order finite difference formula while keeping the same ODE formulation.

Section 2 summarizes the existing lumped parameter modeling of the wall conduction in PROCOR along with the proposed hybrid treatment of the axial conduction ; in addition, a finite-element discretization of the 2D problem is also presented as it will be used for generating a reference solution in the numerical tests presented in Section 3. These test cases without ablation are based on a typical in-vessel configuration and constructed from nondimensionalization considerations. Finally, the enhanced PROCOR model is tested on an in-vessel corium transient calculation under IVR conditions where the impact of axial conduction is discussed (see Section 4).

CONDUCTION MODELING

The 2D vessel domain is denoted by Ω V . The physical properties of the vessel are: T V the temperature, ρ V the density, λ V the thermal conductivity and C p,V the specific heat capacity. We note γ ext the boundary part of domain Ω V where the temperature T ext is imposed and γ in the boundary part with an imposed heat flux φ in (which can be partly null for the adiabatic parts of the domain boundary).

Finite element 2D discretization

In the vessel, the temperature T V is governed by the heat conduction equation:

ρ V C p,V dT V dt (r, t) -λ V ∆T V (r, t) = 0 for r ∈ Ω V (1)
-λ V ∇T V (r, t) = φ in (r, t) for r ∈ γ in (2) T V (r, t) = T ext (r, t) for r ∈ γ ext (3)
System of Eq. 1 to Eq. 3 are discretized using 2D linear finite elements Q 1 .

1D slab approximation

The vessel geometry is assumed to be rectangular. It is discretized in 1D along the axial direction of the vessel (denoted by the z-axis). The vessel mesh is described by N nodes given nodes. The N cells = N nodes -1 corresponding rectangular cells are denoted by C j for 1 ≤ j ≤ N cells . For each cell, the radial direction is denoted by the x-axis. Its origin is chosen on boundary γ in ∩ C j while the external boundary γ ext ∩ C j is at x = L (see Figure 1). At each cell j, the 1D heat conduction problem given by equations Eq. 1 to Eq. 3 simplified under the 1D assumption is given by:

ρ V C p,V ∂T V,j ∂t (x, t) -λ V ∂ 2 T V,j ∂x 2 (x, t) = 0 for x ∈ [0, L] (4)
-λ V ∂T V,j ∂x (x, t) = φ in (x, z, t) for (x, z) ∈ γ in (5)
T V,j (x, t) = T ext (x, z, t) for (x, z) ∈ γ ext (6)
with T V,j the axial temperature of cell j and where the axial conduction is not taken into account.

Then, the following averaged quantities are introduced:

m V,j (t) = ρ V V j (t) for 1 ≤ j ≤ N cells (7)
T V,j (t) = 1 L x=L x=0 T V,j (x, t) dx for 1 ≤ j ≤ N cells (8) φ j,in (t) = -λ V ∂T V,j ∂x (x = 0, t) for 1 ≤ j ≤ N cells (9) φ j,ext (t) = -λ V ∂T V,j ∂x (x = L, t) for 1 ≤ j ≤ N cells (10)
with V j the volume of cell j.

In this way, the integral formulation of equation Eq. 4 leads to the macroscopic energy conservation equation for each cell j given by

C p,V m V,j (t) dT V,j dt (t) = φ j,in (t) -φ j,ext (t) S j,rad (11)
with S j,in = S j,ext = S j,rad areas of surfaces γ in ∩ C j and γ ext ∩ C j .

Obviously, for practical use, Eq. 11 needs proper closure laws for φ j,in and φ j,ext given by the relatively costly solving of Eq. 4. Proven accurate in 1D case in [START_REF] Tellier | On the treatment of plane fusion front in lumped parameter thermal models with convection[END_REF], a lumped parameter model, based on a radial quadratic temperature profile assumption, allows to bypass this numerical solving to directly deduce φ j,in and φ j,ext .

Hybrid 1D/2D approximation

Because of the 1D slab approximation made at each cell j, the axial heat conduction between cells is neglected. As a remedy, axial heat fluxes are approximated using the average temperatures along the axial direction calculated by the 1D slab approximation along the radial direction, hence the hybrid 1D/2D approximation. Then, they are added to the macroscopic energy conservation Eq. 11.

At cell j, in between cells j -1 and j + 1, axial heat fluxes through surfaces C j-1 ∩ C j and C j ∩ C j+1 with area S j-1,j = S j,j+1 = S j,ax are given by1

φ j-1,j (t) = - 2λ V,j-1 λ V,j λ V,j e j-1 + λ V,j-1 e j T V,j-1 -T V,j (12)
φ j,j+1 (t) = - 2λ V,j λ V,j+1 λ V,j+1 e j + λ V,j e j+1 T V,j -T V,j+1 (13) (14)
with e j-1 , e j and e j+1 the respective heights of cells j -1, j and j + 1. For Then, the macroscopic energy conservation equation for the 1D/2D approximation is given by

C p,V m V,j (t) dT V,j dt (t) = φ j,in (t) -φ j,ext (t) S j,rad + φ j-1,j (t) -φ j,j+1 (t) S j,ax (15)
with average radial heat fluxes given by Eqs. 9 and 10 under the quadratic temperature profile assumption.

BENCHMARKING ON PURE CONDUCTION TESTS

A nominal test case was constructed from a typical in-vessel configuration of interest for light water reactor severe accident analysis. In such a case, the maximum effect of axial conduction is expected to be at the top of the corium pool where, the flux onto the wall undergoes its largest discontinuity (the flux being zero above the pool when neglecting radiative heat trasfer to the vessel wall). The simple configuration reproducing such a flux discontinuity that has been used in these tests is depicted at Figure 1) with height H = 0.5 m, width L = 0.15 m and constant physical properties for the vessel wall. The initial uniform temperature of the vessel is set to 600 K. The fusion temperature of the vessel is set to an important value in such a way that ablation of the vessel never occurs during the transient. A constant temperature T ext = 400 K is imposed at boundary γ ext (x = L) of the vessel corresponding to the saturation temperature of water. The input heat flux φ in imposed at boundary γ in of the vessel is given by

φ in = 0.5 MW/m 2 if x = 0 ∧ z ≤ H in 0 MW/m 2 if x = 0 ∧ z > H in or z = H ( 16
)
with 0 < H in < H a parameter used for the sensitivity analysis.

To be more generic, the cases of study are selected with respect to a nondimensionalization of the heat conduction equations Eq. 1 to Eq. 3 solved in the vessel with a 2D rectangular geometry (with axis x and y) as in Figure 1.

The following notations are used for the nondimensionalization of these equations :

• the scaling quantities : time t , width x and height z , temperature T and heat flux φ .

• the dimensionless variables :

τ = t/t , χ = x/x , ζ = z/z , χ L = L/x , ζ H = H/z , θ = T /T , θ ext = T ext /T , ψ = φ/φ , ψ in = φ in /φ
• the dimensionless numbers : the Fourier number

Fo = λ V t ρ V C p,V x 2 = αt x 2 , the Biot number Bi = φ x λ V T
, the width-height ratio Γ = x /z . Then, the dimensionless heat conduction equation and associated dimensionless boundary conditions are given by

dθ V dτ -Fo ∂ 2 θ V ∂χ 2 + Γ 2 ∂ 2 θ V ∂ζ 2 = 0 for (χ, ζ) ∈ 0, χ L × 0, ζ H (17) ∂θ V ∂χ , Γ ∂θ V ∂ζ T = - 1 Bi ψ in for χ = 0 ∨, ζ = 0 ∨ ζ = ζ H (18) θ V = θ ext for χ = χ L (19)
Then, the dimensionless time t is taken as the heat conduction characteristic time in such a way that Fo = 1 and the nondimensionalized equations only depends on Bi , Γ numbers and ζ H . Since the dimensionless derivative of the temperature dθ V dζ is directly proportional to Γ (see Eq. 17 and Eq. 18) and the dimensionless heat fluxes ∇θ V is inversely proportional to Bi (see Eq. 18), the two following sensitivity analyses are considered: varying Bi while maintaining Γ constant and varying Γ while maintaining Bi constant. In any case, ζ H has been kept as constant.

In these test cases, the dimensionless numbers were evaluated with x = L, z = H in , T = T ext , φ = max γ in φ in . In addition to the nominal test case, four test cases have been defined by modifying the geometrical and physical properties of the vessel:

• in two of these test cases (denoted by α Bi = 0.33 and α Bi = 3), the vessel conductivity λ V has been modified to increase or decrease Bi while maintaining Γ constant and Fo = 1.

• in the two other test cases (denoted by α Γ = 0.33 and α Γ = 3), parameter y = H in in Eq. 16 has been modified to increase or decrease Γ while maintaining Bi constant and Fo = 1 (H has also been scaled accordingly to H in ).

These test cases, associated Bi and Γ values, characteristic times of conduction t x cond = t and t z cond in the radial (x-axis) and axial (z-axis) directions and modified geometrical and physical properties of the vessel are given in Table 1. For all cases, the reference model is based on a implicit Euler scheme in time and a finite element discretization in space of Eq. 17 to Eq. 19 with a prescribed time step δt = 1.0 s, mesh sizes of ∆x = 0.01 m and ∆z = 0.0125 m respectively along the x-axis and the z-axis. The multi-0D and hybrid models are solving the nondimensional ODE systems based on the integral formulation of Eq. 17 to Eq. 19 with an explicit Runge-Kutta scheme (RK4) with δt = 1.0 s and mesh size ∆z = 0.0125 m along the z-axis.

Case Bi Γ t x cond (s) t z cond (s) λ V (W.K -1 .m -1 ) H in (
For all cases, the comparison between the multi-0D and hybrid models with the reference model (when necessary, 2D values are projected on the z-axis) is presented in terms of • the relative error in L 2 norm (denoted by rel.

L 2 ) for the average cell temperatures θ V,j and left boundary temperatures θ V,j (x = 0) along the z-axis.

• the relative error in L 1 norm (denoted by rel.

L 1 ) for the cell upper axial heat fluxes ψ j,j+1 and cell right boundary heat fluxes ψ j,ext along the z-axis.

Results for the nominal case at one instant of the transient (t = t x cond /2) and close to steady-state (t = t z cond ) are given by Table 2. This nominal case gives a general view on the performance of the hybrid model in comparison to the multi-0D model. Other cases (increasing or decreasing the Biot and Gamma numbers) follow a seemingly monotonic trend : the smaller these numbers are, the better the results. For small values of Bi , temperature gradients inside the vessel are smaller (see Eq. 18) while for small values of Γ , evolution of the temperature inside the vessel is moslty due to gradient along the x-axis (see Eq. 17 and Eq. 18). For both these cases, the axial conduction plays a lesser role that explains the observed trend.

The discrepancies of the average cell temperatures θ V,j between the multi-0D and the reference models are important : at steady-state (resp. during the transient), relative errors are of 31.4% (resp. 23%) for the nominal case and can reach 58% (resp. 47%) for an increased Biot number. These discrepancies are significantly reduced by the hybrid model with a relative error of 5.3% (resp. 2.4%) and only reach a maximum value of 9.8% (resp. 4.6%) for an increased Biot number. For all cases, the same improvement is observed for the left boundary temperatures θ V,j (x = 0).

These improvements are made possible by the hybrid model which takes into account the axial heat fluxes ψ j,j+1 . Modification of Bi or Γ does not seem to affect these heat fluxes (relative errors remain close to the nominal relative error of 20%).

However, for all cases, while being reduced with the hybrid model, cells right boundary heat fluxes ψ j,ext errors remain important (30% for the hybrid model against 108.5% for the multi-0D model at steady state for the nominal case). While the error for the multi-0D model is associated to the neglected axial heat fluxes in the power balance, the hybrid model accuracy on ψ j,ext is actually limited by the quadratic temperature profile assumption imposed along the xaxis in each cell. Indeed, near the input heat flux φ in discontinuity along the z-axis, taking into account the axial heat transfer lowers the average cell temperature in the heated region in such a way that the convexity of the quadratic profile (uniquely defined by the cell average temperature, the left input heat flux and the right imposed temperature, see Section 2) is modified in a nonphysical way and the right boundary heat flux is underestimated. As a consequence, although this profile allows for a precise calculation of the left boundary temperature of the vessel (which can be important if ablation of the vessel is to be considered), another profile will have to be studied in future work for a better calculation of the external heat fluxes (note that this quadratic profile assumption is a common limitation for multi-OD and hybrid models and thus it is independent of the axial conduction model presented in this work).

APPLICATION TO IN-VESSEL MELT CORIUM RELATED CALCULATIONS

In this final Section, some calculations are shortly presented in order to highlight the use of this approximate treatment of the axial conduction for calculating the vessel wall ablation during in-vessel corium retention transients.

These calculations are based on a variation of the transient benchmarks proposed in the frame of the H2020 European project IVMR (In-Vessel Melt Retention) and further discussed in [START_REF] Carénini | Main outcomes from the ivr code benchmark performed in the IVMR project[END_REF]. Considering an hemispherical vessel lower head (radius is 2m with a cylindrical top part of 1m-height) whose wall thickness is 15cm and initial temperature is 600K, the postulated initial corium configuration is a two-layer pool composed of a 1.5m-height oxidic pool (74wt% UO 2 , 18wt% ZrO 2 , 8wt% Zr) and a 10-cm thick molten steel layer. Both layers are at their liquidus temperatures (2950K for the oxidic layer, 1600K for the steel one). The associated decay heat power is 14MW. The vessel is cooled on its outside surface by water and the water saturation temperature is used for the associated Dirichlet boundary condition. The number of axial meshes for the vessel wall is 150.

For the sake of simplicity in this paper, a transient without considering the possible thermochemical interactions between the oxidic and steel layers has been calculated. As a consequence, the structure of the two-layer pool is not modified during the transient and the scope of this calculation is limited to the heat-up of the pool, the vessel wall heat-up and partial melting, the relocation of the molten steel from the wall to the top of the pool. Table 3 compares the steady-state results regarding the steel molten layer of the multi-0D and hybrid models while Figure 2 presents the heat flux and wall thickness profiles at t = 12100s, close to steady-state.

In [START_REF] Jung | Evaluation of heatflux distribution at the inner and outer reactor vessel walls under the in-vessel retention through external reactor vessel cooling condition[END_REF], 2D stationary conduction calculations for the vessel wall were performed based on imposed heat flux profiles associated with two-layer pool configurations extracted from severe accident scenario calculations for the APR1400 reactor. While the ablation transient was not calculated, an element-birth-and-death technique was used to take into account the vessel wall thickness change. In this work, without feedback of the vessel calculation onto the pool mass and energy balance, the maximum heat flux at the focusing region was decreased by 10% to 20% when considering the 2D heat conduction in the vessel wall. We can hope that the vessel ablation is more precisely calculated by the hybrid model since discrepancies of the left boundary temperature of the vessel wall are reduced with this model in comparison to the multi-0D model (see Section 3). For the considered case of corium pool stratification, it seems that the axial conduction in the vessel wall has only little impact on the vessel ablation (-0.73% at steady state of vessel mass ablated added to the corium pool).

The hybrid model allows for a better calculation of the external heat flux : more heat is removed from the vessel wall in region on top of the corium pool (z >= 1.7 in Figure 2b) due to conduction heat transfer from the high-heat-flux region (1.4 < z < 1.7) corresponding to the molten steel layer of the corium pool. However, considering the axial conduction in the highheat-flux region seems to go against the quadratic profile assumption (in particular on the right boundary -it is the same scenario as in Section 3) leading to external heat fluxes only poorly calculated (it should not be higher than the imposed internal heat flux). This explains why the maximum heat fluxes at the focusing region were not reduced in our work (in comparison to calculations found in [START_REF] Jung | Evaluation of heatflux distribution at the inner and outer reactor vessel walls under the in-vessel retention through external reactor vessel cooling condition[END_REF]). This does not invalidate the proposed axial conduction model but encourages us to couple it with a more accurate temperature model in this region (other temperature models are proposed in [START_REF] Myers | Optimal exponent heat balance and refined integral methods applied to stefan problems[END_REF] for example).

CONCLUSION

Within the framework of Severe Accident studies for Light Water Reactors (LWRs), invessel corium behavior and associated risk of vessel failure are matters of prime interest. In the frame of the PROCOR software platform development [START_REF] Tellier | Phenomenological analyses of corium propagation in LWRs: the PROCOR software platform[END_REF], the vessel wall discretized by 1D axial meshing was treated in crude way by neglecting the axial conduction as in [START_REF] Tourniaire | the LEONAR code: a new tool for PSA level 2 analyses[END_REF] in such a way that the one-phase Stefan problems associated with the different meshes are decoupled.

In this paper, an improvement of the vessel wall conduction model is proposed by taking into account the axial conduction. In Section 3, test cases without ablation (based on a typical in-vessel configuration) have shown that, in comparison to a 2D conduction model solved with finite elements taken as reference, the proposed hybrid model allows us to greatly reduced discrepancies in terms of average temperature and boundary temperature of the vessel wall. However, these test cases have also highlighted a pathology associated with the temperature model used in each mesh leading to imprecise calculation of the heat fluxes at the external vessel wall.

In Section 4, this pathology has been found again in the high-heat-flux region of the vessel wall on an in-vessel corium transient calculation under IVR conditions. This does not invalidate the proposed axial conduction model but encourages us to adapt, in future work, the temperature model in this region (other temperature models are proposed in [START_REF] Myers | Optimal exponent heat balance and refined integral methods applied to stefan problems[END_REF] for example).

Figure 1 :

 1 Figure 1: Notations for the vessel discretization

hFigure 2 :

 2 Figure 2: Vessel associated quantities at steady-state (t = 12100s) for both the multi-0D and hybrid wall models

Table 1 :

 1 Values for the pure conduction benchmark test cases

	m)

Proceedings of the International Conference Nuclear Energy for New Europe, Portorož, Slovenia, September 10-13, 2018

Table 2 :

 2 Nominal test case

Table 3 :

 3 Molten steel layer associated quantities at steady-state

			m ablated steel (t)	h steel (cm)	P lat steel (MW)	φ lat steel (MW.m -2 )
	multi-0D model	8.795	20.48	4.832	1.878
	hybrid model	8.731 (-0.73%) 20.41 (-0.34%) 4.830 (-0.04%) 1.883 (+0.27%)
	m ablated steel	mass of molten steel form the vessel wall

Proceedings of the International Conference Nuclear Energy for New Europe, Portorož, Slovenia, September 10-13, 2018

For the sake of simplicity, the equations are presented for a rectangular geometry (i.e. not partially ablated) in such a way that the average temperature taken into account in the axial fluxes evaluations are directly the dependent variables of Eq. 11. In the general case, average temperatures over a restriction of C j to S j,j+1 is used for the evaluation of φ j,j+1 .Proceedings of the International Conference Nuclear Energy for New Europe, Portorož, Slovenia, September 10-13,

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work has been carried out within the framework of the PROCOR platform development funded by CEA, EDF and AREVA.


B Dinh

S Grandjean

A Salvatores

P Baron

POTENTIALITES OF SIMULATION TOOLS FOR NRTA

For the design of purification cycles using liquid-liquid extraction techniques, a process development approach based on process modelling was chosen. This approach involved the development of a qualified simulation tool, which had been successfully used for process flowsheet design of industrial plants, and safety analysis of plant operation. Possible software applications to aid plant operation using this qualified simulation code were proposed, including: automatic flowsheet calculations; simulation tools for process monitoring or control; and a diagnostic tool. This third application allows detection of the occurrence of a process malfunction from data obtained in monitoring the state of process parameters. A combination of calculations, using the process simulation code and neural network techniques, is used to determine the nature of the malfunction (i.e. which operating parameter has changed), the amplitude of the parameter change, and the time at which the malfunction has occurred. Such a diagnostic application is possible because of the reliability and speed of the process simulation. The tool's ability, following detection of a malfunction, to identify the changes in operating parameter responsible for the malfunction using an appropriate process monitoring treatment could be an example of a feature of interest for NRTA purposes. This paper will present the process simulation tool and the diagnostic tool, to illustrate what could be achieved using existing qualified simulation tools. There are still further developments required, but the application is considered worthy of further consideration.

1.

THE PAREX CODE [START_REF] Sorel | A powerful tool to model and simulate solvent extraction operations[END_REF] Process development in CEA is based on a modelling approach which results in a qualified numeric code for solvent extraction operations simulation. The PAREX code is able to simulate the behaviour of the species of interest in the different solvent extraction operations of the PUREX process, in steady or transient state. It takes into account the specificity of the different types of contactors used in the process for a good simulation of their mass transfer efficiency.

Before its use for industrial applications, this code was qualified by confrontation with appropriate experimental data. The models of the main phenomenon embedded in the code (distribution models for species of interest, kinetics of mass transfer or of redox reactions) were qualified at first. Flow sheet experiments performed in or pilot of different scales, using different type of contactors (mixers-settlers, pulsed column or centrifugal contactors) were used for this purpose. The concentration profiles measured in steady-state are confronted to simulation results. Severe malfunction leading plutonium build-up and leakage were performed. The transient response of the process was compare to simulation results [START_REF] Dinh | PAREX, a numeric code for process design and integration[END_REF].

The PAREX code was used for the design of the industrial nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in La Hague. These tasks mainly included flowsheet design and optimisation of the solvent extraction purification cycles [3] [4] and safety analysis of their operation. This latter task consist in the determination of the available operating margin. Steady state simulations of the process with increasing deviations applied to operating parameters are performed to determine the level of deviation leading to the occurrence of critical events like plutonium build-up and leakage. These steady-state parametric simulation reveals also the process-state indicators, valuable for the design of the process monitoring system. Transient simulation are then performed in case of severe malfunction to select the process state indicators that allow early detection in order to allow in time corrective actions. The PAREX code is also used on the La Hague site as an aid for plant operation either for safety considerations (operating margin evaluation in specific operating conditions) but also for process trouble shooting. Its ability of process simulation can help to analyse peculiar process deviation from nominal behaviour, thus giving a valuable insight of the process operation useful to decide for a corrective actions when needed [START_REF] Dinh | PAREX, a numerical code for plant operation assistance[END_REF].

THE DIAGNOSTIC TOOL

A diagnostic tool has been developed based on the PAREX code [START_REF] Allanic | Realisation of a system for process control aid for reprocessing plant of nuclear fuel[END_REF]. Its purpose was to detect the occurrence of a malfunction and propose a diagnostic of its origin, by the monitoring of process state indicators. The diagnostic given includes the nature of the malfunction (which operating parameter (s) has changed), the amplitude of the change and the time of occurrence. This work was done in the frame of a PhD thesis. These features are obtained using the PAREX code combined with a neural network technique, consisting in the establishment of a set of associative memories.

Figure 1-Principle of the diagnostic tool

The scheme presented in Figure 1 shows how the tool works. All possible process perturbations are defined in the perturbation space. For instance, a process perturbation is defined by an operating parameter of the process, its range of value, the time of its occurrence. The process dynamic responses corresponding to each of perturbation of the perturbation space will be calculated in a defined time frame using the PAREX code, generating the process response space.

The first step for the diagnostic tool is the learning step. It consists in associating the simulated process responses to the perturbation at its origin using different set of associative memories. A set of associative memories is used to associate an operating parameter to a process indicator. For one parameter the number of associative memories sets is equal to the number of process indicators to consider. In the diagnostic phase, the measured process indicator responses are send to the tool and the associative memories will determine the most probable perturbation that has occurred, precising which parameter is concerned, the magnitude of the parameter deviation and moreover, the time at which it has occurred. This result is obtained by confronting these experimental values to the set of associative memories available after the learning step.

The algorithms for learning used to fit associative memories parameters to effectively "associate" the process response to the perturbation applied on the process is based on 3D-image transformations. To each perturbation that has occurred at a given time t, defined by the nature of the deviated parameter (an input), and the process indicator (output), all the transient responses of the latter simulated over a time frame pre-defined corresponding to different values of the parameter are put together forming a 3D-image as shown in FIG 2

FIG 2-Example image associating an operating parameter to the transient responses of a process indicator

The association of this type of response to deviations applied to the considered operating parameter are determined so as to transform the so constructed 3D-image into a plane image as shown in FIG 3), corresponding to a given value (P_value )of the operating parameter. Consider the image obtained by filling the area with the same curve. The treatment of this new image by the associative memories related to (P, Ind) give a new image. The comparison of this new image with the flat image obtained at the learning stage will only coincide at the parameter value (P_value) of the chosen response as an input for the diagnostic.

To allow the determination of the time of occurrence of an operating parameter change sets of associative memories are considered for different hypothesis of time occurrence. The results of the diagnosis are expressed through charts of the type shown in FIG 5 for a given choice of an operating parameter and a process indicator. Each square on the chart correspond to a perturbation defined by the parameter value (x axis) and time of the occurrence of the parameter change (y axis). The coloration of the squares represents the difference with the "flat" image: dark colorations means very weak difference (very probable perturbation hypothesis) and clear coloration very great difference (very improbable hypothesis).

The diagnostic tool has been tested to diagnostic a malfunction due to a sharp decrease in nitric acid concentration of the scrub phase in an extraction-scrubbing flow sheet of PUREX process. The diagnostic results are given on FIG 6. This malfunction was correctly detected considering the acid nitric of the scrub phase as input parameter and variation of the aqueous plutonium concentration in the last scrubbing stage (inlet of scrub phase). The right part of the chart give the output response corresponding to the supposed perturbation. This response fit well with experimental results in the case of hypothesis 1 (most probable perturbation) but not in the case of hypothesis 2. POTENTIALITIES FOR NRTA APPLICATION

The perturbation space as well as the response space can be re-defined as to adapt the diagnostic tool to a different purpose, NRTA for example.

We have considered in the previous section a perturbation as a stepwise change of one operating parameter, but the perturbation could be re-defined to meet a specific diagnostic for NRTA purpose for example. It could be any combination of the available input of the process (operating parameter). Different forms of parameter change different from stepwise change could also be taken into account. This could be interesting to detect specific exploitation procedures. As the process perturbations are associated to their impact on all the available process indicators, the coherence of the process indicators can be checked, consolidating the diagnostics. For one perturbation, charts giving the probabilities of occurrence of this perturbation can be obtained using the different available process indicator. The superposition of their results can give a synthetic probabilities chart for this perturbation. Moreover, it could be also a way to detect abnormal response of one process indicator.

CONCLUSIONS

The diagnostic tool presented based on the use of a qualified process simulation tool and neural network technics proved to be efficient in process malfunction detection and is able to give precise valuable information about the perturbation, its nature, magnitude and time of occurrence. It could be interesting to adapt the proposed features for NRTA purpose by redefining the type of perturbations are worth to detect and analysed. This work is still to be done. But it is an interesting path that worth to be further developed for NRTA purpose.

  FIG 3.

FIG 3 -

 3 FIG 3-Association of an operating parameter P and the transient responses of a process indicator: transformation of the 3D initial image into a flat image

FIG 4 - 5 FIG 6 -

 456 FIG 4 -Illustration of diagnostic treatment: determination of the parameter value

IAEA-CN-267 [

  Right hand page running head is the paper number in Times New Roman 8 point bold capitals, centred]


K Caillaud

N Boisseau

Gaël Ennequin

V Chavanelle

M Etienne

Xiaojian Li

Philippe Denis

Dominique Dardevet

Alain Lacampagne

P Sirvent

Neuregulin 1 improves glucose tolerance in adult and old rats

à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.


Paola Roman

Giovanni Saverio Santangelo

Pierre Collé

Mercier Rousseau

Favart Le Baculard D'arnaud

Fenouillot Blanc

-1801): Italian translations of French plays in Venice

The Teatro Moderno Applaudito (1796

volumes of the Teatro Moderno Applaudito that correspond to the two initial collection periods, with a particular focus on the volumes that appeared during Venice's short-lived democratic government. This analysis will allow us to determine the tastes of a Jacobin publisher operating within an old oligarchical Venetian system. It will also enable us to measure any changes in editorial strategy within a political and cultural context that, because it was fresh and revolutionary, favoured new critical reception dynamics. Finally, we take a brief look at the last part of the collection, corresponding to its 'Austrian' phase, which, as we will see, was essentially characterised by a 'return to order' in contrast to the more liberal period that had preceded it. It should be noted that the size of the corpus prevents us from taking a translation-centred approach. With the exception of a few cases, we have not carried out a linguistic and stylistic comparison of the French and Italian texts. While it is clear that this type of analysis would prove most useful in terms of understanding cultural transfer, it falls outside the scope of this study.

Although 'national' Italian output accounts for the majority of the 60 volumes of the Teatro Moderno Applaudito, representing 55% of the titles (135 of the 244 plays published), almost all of the foreign plays selected for the collection are French. The 101 French plays translated into Italian thus correspond to 41% of the total number of plays, a substantial proportion in comparison with the seven German (2.8%) and three Spanish plays (1.2%). The French plays are spread over all three periods of the Teatro Moderno Applaudito, attesting the continued interest of Italian readers. Of the total 101, 14 were published during Stella's management, 14 during the Jacobin period and 73 in the remaining volumes. This corresponds to an average of between 1.3 and 1.7 French plays out of 4 per volume during the first and third phases and two out of four during the democratic interregnum. There is no doubt that the Italian public's love of all things French, which had been encouraged during the second half of the eighteenth century, was given a substantial boost by the Teatro Moderno Applaudito. The French plays selected for the collection were relatively contemporary. Only seven out of the 101 dated from the seventeenth century, 21 from the first half of the eighteenth century, 53 from the period 1750 to 1789 and 14or 16% of the totalfrom the period 1789 to 1799. This latter period is, unsurprisingly, particularly well represented during the Jacobin period (seven out of the 14 plays). Finally, our statistical breakdown by genre of the entire French corpus shows the success of short plays, which were small one-act prose comedies that generally incorporated arias (a total of 37, or 36.7% of the corpus). These were systematically classified as 'farces' in the Teatro Moderno Applaudito. This figure reflects the reality of French theatre production in the eighteenth century, where there were at least two maybe three times more short than long comedies' written. In order of representation after the short plays come the drames bourgeois (24 titles, or 24%), the tragedies (21 titles, or 21%) and finally the comedies (19 titles, or 18.3%). It is worth noting that the tragedies and, to a lesser extent, the comedies appeared mainly (18 out of a total 21 and 15 out of 19 respectively) from 1798 onwards in the third part of the collection, which is much more conservative than the first two. The short plays and drames bourgeois were, from the outset, the main attractions for the Teatro Moderno Applaudito's Italian readership. The collection promised its readers 'acclaimed' theatre, meaning plays that had enjoyed success with French audiences. While this selection criterion certainly seems to have been applied to the majority of the plays, there are nevertheless also a number of counterexamples. Among them are Dumaniant's comedy Isaure et Gernance ou les Réfugiés, which was staged only twice in Paris at the Palais des Variétés in 1794, Merinval by Baculard d'Arnaud, which is only documented as having been performed once in Paris and once in Caen in 1792 and Mercier's Olinde et Sophronie and Natalie, both performed only once on a French stage. 5 It is clear that, in addition to other possible factors that have sometimes been put forward, such as the circulation of French plays in Venice or the influence of French collections and specialist periodicals,6 the authors and texts selected for the collection reflect the aesthetic and ideological tastes of the editors and translators. Stella, who was a theatre aficionado and the former husband of an Italian opera singer, highlighted such biases in his introduction to the Teatro Moderno Applaudito. He also adopted a hostile approach to fantastical theatre, such as the Commedia dell'Arte tradition, but remained open to modern influences that were linked to the drame bourgeois, which he classed as 'superior' comedy next to the comedy genre ('average' comedy) and farce genre ('inferior' comedy). Furthermore, Stella insisted that the collection should have a pedagogical goal, or a kind of 'theoretical and practical theatrical poetics' that future Venetian playwrights could draw on. The repetition of these critical topoi that had characterised the discourse on Italian theatre for decades was nothing new. What was new, however, was the specific focus the editor gave to the French theatre being performed in Venice. A quarter of the plays in the collection (21 out of 101) originated from the repertoires of the troupes performing in Venice during the same period. 7 This link with the reality of theatre halls is particularly visible in the first 11 volumes of the Teatro Moderno Applaudito. The success of the musical adaptation of Houdard de la Mothe's Ines de Castro (43 productions) as well as the plaudits most notably received by Marsollier de Vivetières' Nina ou la Folle par amour, which was set to music by Paisiello (33), Hoffman's Secret (17), Fuzelier's La foire de Fées (7) and Monvel's Clémentine et Dorvigny (performed four times in a Capacelli adaptation) were key to determining their inclusion in the collection. Conversely, however, French plays that had failed in Venice, such as Audinot-Arnould's Musicomanie, were still also taken into account. The world of Venetian and Italian theatre also found its way into the collection. For example, Ducis' translation of Hamlet served to eulogise the actor Francesco Menichelli, whom Stella compared to the famous Molé, and Poullain de Saint-Fox's translation of Oracle, which was written by one of the most famous intellectuals of the time, Melchiorre Cesarotti, pays homage to 'Anna Fiorilli Pellandi, the prodigy of theatrical declamation'. 8 Theoretically speaking, Stella rates the drame bourgeois most highly. This is symbolically represented by the fact that his opening play in the French series of the collection is Beaumarchais' Eugénie. However, it is clear the editor prefers the one-act comedies by Pont-de-Veyle, Patrat and Beaunoir, whose works were translated as Le Somnambule, Le Fou raisonnable and Le Danger des liaisons respectively. This brief introductory review of the two tragedies, two sentimental drames bourgeois and nine sentimental, exotic or supernatural short plays paints a picture of French theatre in the 1720s, 1730s and 1770s, and alongside the roll call of actors, it reflects the aesthetic preferences of Stella's favourite scholarly translators, namely Gritti, Bordoni, Cesarotti and Capacelli, who were all well-known among the educated public. While other far less well-known translators also contributed to the Teatro Moderno Applaudito (such as the actor and impresario Pietro Andolfati and the novelist and journalist Antonio Piazza), the emergent figure was the marquis Albergati Capacelli, who was the author of three published translations (in addition to his own plays). This playwright, amateur actor and friend of Voltaire and Goldoni was responsible for the Italian versions of the aforementioned Ines de Castro and Somnambule. Most significantly, however, he translated Collin d'Harleville's Optimiste. It is worth taking a closer look at this play, which was famous for the political debate it sparked in Paris following its public and critical success in 1788. While it is extremely difficult to find comments on subjects other than those concerning aesthetics and dramaturgy in any of the translators' notes to the plays, Ottimista provides us with a happy exception. It should be noted first of all that this play is especially interesting because of its sociopolitical implications (which have been expertly documented by Laurent Loty, which are linked to the 'theological optimism' of the main character, Monsieur de Plinville, a nobleman who is always happy with his lot and constantly referring to Providence, which guarantees that 'everything happens for the best'. For the French audience in 1797, the play cannot be disassociated from Pigault-Lebrun's polemic response in his Pessimiste ou l'homme mécontent de tout, which was written and performed in 1789, or more especially from Fabre d'Eglantine's virulent attack in 1791, denouncing it as an 'école anti-sociale, où le fort apprend à tout oser et le foible à tout souffrir'. 9 It is hardly surprising that no reference was made to d'Eglantine's denunciation in the Teatro Moderno Applaudito; Venetian censorship was known for being flexible in all areas except politics. It also comes as no surprise that a large part of the commentary on the Italian translation extols the literary qualities of this theatrical 'masterpiece'. However, it is interesting to note that in publishing Capacelli's highly faithful translation, Stella, in contrast to d'Eglantine, eulogised the optimist de Plinville by 'depoliticising' his 'philosophy'. According to Stella, the reader's admiration for 'la facilité de l'optimiste de se résigner de tout' can be explained by the timeless and universal nature of his optimism. Far from being dependent on the 'circumstances of the times or the vices and faults of particular societies' or even on 'the philosophies and maxims of the day', his optimism reflects a general psychological attitude that 'constitutes the happiness of humankind'. Stella's extolment of this quality of resignation appears contradictory in relation to the hopes that would presumably have been inspired in a future member of the democratic municipality by the imminent arrival of the French army. It was no doubt imposed on him by censorship, but it might also be put down to an extremely prudent attitude or, quite simply, the sign of a confident ideological moderantism. Whichever the case, Stella's caution in his critique of d'Harlebille's Optimiste seems to have disappeared from the next volume that was published, the first tome of which appeared after the fall of the oligarchical republic.

In the introduction to the twelfth volume of the collection, which pays tribute to the fall of the 'Vandalic barriers that oppose the talents and ideas of men', 10 we can clearly see the desire to make the Teatro Moderno Applaudito an agent in the regeneration of the theatre, which had 9 See Fabre d'Eglantine, Philinte de Molière ou la Suite du Misanthrope (1791), Préface, p.V, cited in Laurent Loty, 'L'Optimiste de Collin d'Harleville ou l'idéologie de la soumission à l'inégalité: succès, procès et réécritures (1789-1805)' in Le théâtre sous la Révolution française: politique du répertoire (1789-1799), edited by Martial Poirson (Paris, Desjonquères), p.440-45, particularly p.45. 10 Teatro Moderno Applaudito, t. 12, June 1797, Discorso dell'editore, p.3: 'Superate le vandaliche barriere frapposte ai talenti ed ai pensieri degli uomini, la felicità dei popoli formerà nelle contrade rigenerate l'unica meta a cui tenderanno gli studi di ogni puro ed utile scrittore drammatico' (Once past the vandalic barriers that oppose the talents and ideas of men, the happiness of the people will develop in the regenerated lands, which is the only goal every pure-hearted, useful playwright's studies strive to achieve). become an indispensable cornerstone in the education of the people and the consolidation of the new political order. Although it is difficult to know who was managing the collection during this period, the series of 14 French to Italian translations that were included reveals a desire to create a homogenous and coherent ethical horizon using plays from the French theatre. There is no need to dwell on Capacelli's translations of Legrand's L'Aveugle clairvoyant or La Noue's La Coquette corrigée except to note that in the latter work, there is a noticeable divide between the mentality of the translator and the democratic spirit that permeates the play's commentary. Capacelli, who was almost in his seventies, was a representative of the Italian aristocracy, immersed in the culture of the Enlightenment. The gap between the two narrows solely on the topic of misogyny, which is the only common ground the play seems to offer. Capacelli's misogyny is frivolous and trivial while that of the Jacobin commentator is peremptory and moralising. The commentator writes that 'While the habits and customs of the marquises and counts may have changed in France, those of the Julies have not', and he concludes in a disappointed tone that 'The coquettes, whatever the principles of government, will never be eradicated '. 11 The primary focus of Pigault-Lebrun's L'Orphelin is 'the terrible example that is presented for the weaker sex to see '. 12 This play shows the torment of 'Citizen' Dericourt, who is trying to prevent a marriage between her two children, one being the secret product of her adultery when she was a teenager. The familial and republican ethics depicted in this play are complemented by other virtuous examples taken from plays centred around a mother figure. For example, de Vivetières' Marianne, ou Amour maternelle is 'based on the purest of morals',13 namely that of self-sacrifice, where a mother plays along with becoming her daughter's housemaid in order to keep her from destitution. There is also Favières' musical drame bourgeois Lisabeth, which portrays a father's clemency towards his young daughter, an unmarried mother, in the name of a humanity that surmounts old prejudices. 14 These plays by Pigault-Lebrun, de Vivetières and Favières opened up the collection to post-revolutionary French theatre for the first time. Before we move on to consider other translations of this kind, we should point out the homage to Voltaire 'who honours our collection for the first time' 15 with the translation of his tragedy Mérope and more particularly the praise given to Louis-Sébastien Mercier, whose tragedy Les tombeaux de Vérone begins the 'democratic' series of the Teatro Moderno Applaudito. This play, which was unknown on the French stage but which had been 'shown for years in Italian theatres', is presented as the expression of a 'philosophy' that was valued for its 'moral principles' as well as for its 'portrayal of inherited hatred'. There is some reservation, however, over 'the particular explanation of paternal and filial rights', which were deemed to have swung 'a bit too far in favour of the latter'. The commentator, who was more of a traditionalist than Mercier in terms of the limits that should be imposed on the sons' will, highlights the playwright's value as a new intellectual model on account of his dual role as a dramatist and 'representative at the Convention Nationale'. 16 However, it is interesting to note that four months after this first play by Mercier was published in the October 1797 volume, there was a significant shift in the way in which he was judged and in the evaluation criteria that were applied to his work. Mercier, who also wrote L'Habitant de la Guadeloupe (the translation of which is a reprint of the text published by Caminer Turra three years earlier), is presented as a 'mediocre genius' who tries 'to spread himself too thinly over too many subjects'. The commentary, which is mostly negative, then focuses on the literary qualities of the translation, which it judges to be inadequate, remarking that they could 'be far better'. 17 These two very divergent appraisals can undoubtedly be attributed to the two different commentators and to the fact that one was writing at the beginning of the period of 'liberty' and the other at its end, when the dark clouds had already gathered over the democratic dreams of the Venetian municipality with the negotiations and the subsequent signing of the Treaty of Campo Formio. They nonetheless express a palpable tension between the new radical, ideological authorities and the literary and aesthetic conformism of most intellectuals at the time. The fresh approach seems to have been brought, first and foremost, by new translators, such as Giuseppe Ramirez (Les Tombeaux de Vérone by Mercier), Giovanni Battista Armani, (La vraie bravure by Picard), Girolamo Savorgnan (Isaure et Gernance by Dumaniant) and the enigmatic Pio, who had been completely unknown in the literary world before he translated Médiocre et Rampant by Picard and who disappeared again just as quickly. Whether these individuals were committed Jacobins or polygraphs who were prepared to put their quills into action in the service of the new system, they adopted relaxed translation practices, which were, it would seem, marked by conferring absolute primacy on the plays' political messages to the detriment of maintaining any respect for literary conventions. The comments on their practices in the Teatro Moderno Applaudito, either shared their innovative spirit or, more frequently, fully aligned themselves with conventional literary criticism. The translation of Picard's La vraie bravoure is an example of the former. This patriotic, one-act play, written in 1793 and subsequently performed continuously on the Parisian stage, 18 exalts the courage of Lieutenant Firmin, who was a model of republican military virtues. The Italian version of the play was performed five times in Venice by the Teatro Civico's company of amateur actors, who were democrats, in July 1797. By all accounts, this production was inspired by the publication of the text in the Teatro Moderno Applaudito in June of the same year. The rather shoddy version produced by Armani was a rough translation, which was full of Gallicisms, where the urgency of transmitting the content took precedence over any concern for linguistic exactitude. Upholding the translator's position, the commentator also maintained that what mattered was the play's inherent social 'opportunity'. It was aimed at a new audience of 'citizen- 16 Cfr. Teatro Moderno Applaudito, t. 12, June 1797, Louis-Sébastien Mercier, Le Tombe di Verona, p.72: 'Il cittadino Mercier si rende ancor più benemerito con le sue opere filosofiche e politiche e coll'esercizio di funzionario pubblico come deputato alla Convenzion [sic] nazionale'. (Citizen Mercier was more renowned for his philosophical and political works as well as his pubic office as a representative at the Convention Nationale). 17 Cfr. Teatro Moderno Applaudito, t. 16, October 1797, Louis-Sébastien Mercier, L'Abitante della Guadaluppa, p.81: 'Ebbe la sorte comune a tutti quei geni mediocri che applicar si vogliono a troppi oggetti' (He had the same fate as any mediocre genius who tries to spread himself too thinly over too many subjects) and p.84: 'Le sue traduzioni potrebbero essere assai migliori, singolarmente nel genere comico, e tra queste L'abitante della Guadaluppa' (His translations could be far better, particularly where the comic genre is concerned, including that of L'Habitant de la Guadeloupe). 18 A total of 252 productions according to César. soldiers', which would form as soon as 'the interim municipalities and the new governments call their citizens to arms in the name of freedom'. 19 It was left to Antonio Piazza, the French to Italian translator for the Teatro Moderno Applaudito and journalist for the Gazzetta urbana veneta, to reduce the ideological significance of the play by way of a linguistic analysis. Piazza only managed to state that Armani's text 'does not match up to the merits of the original'. Through a critical topos that was used a great deal in relation to French plays but which was extremely ill-suited to the qualities of Picard's La Vraie bravoure, Piazza links this play to its use by the French army rabble, which had surprisingly become a model 'of good taste, sense and decent, instructive, amusing leisure pursuits' 20 during the Venetian Gazzetta. The permanence of the traditional aesthetic and literary filter is also visible in the commentary on another of Picard's plays, Médiocre et Rampant. However, reading between the lines of this unremarkable critique, we can see the emergence of new elements, which reveal some kind of shift in critical information due to the capacity of the original text to destabilise certain beliefs. It is clear that the satirical vigour of this 1797 play, which was targeted at the parvenus, or the 'nouveaux venus en politique' typical of French Directory members, 21 completely captivated the commentator, who presents the comedy as 'one of a number of plays that merit a more careful examination than the rest'. It was more difficult for him to generate interest in a theatrical text. He wrote 'I do not know what could be so dazzling as to remove all means of forming a sound judgement of it from a first reading or performance'. This 'blindness' was, however, quickly absorbed by a more conventional review that limited itself to challenging the author's choice of title: 'If [the author] wants to propose the correction of these vile insects that unfortunately infest the governments and cabinets, why does he take so false a title that, just hearing it, makes virtue and morals tremble? '. 22 This ambivalence is more marked still in Girolamo Savorgnan's translation of Dumaniant's Gernance et Isaure ou les Réfugiés (1794), another play that is full of patriotic tirades in the 19 Teatro Moderno Applaudito, t. 12, June 1797, Louis-Benoît Picard, La vera bravura, p.35: 'Mentre le nuove provvisorie Municipalità ed i nuovi Governi che in Italia si stabiliscono eccitano i rispettivi loro cittadini ad armarsi in difesa del miglior dono del Cielo, della Libertà, opportunissima ci sembrò questa farsa' (While the interim municipalities and the new governments call their citizens to arms in the name of freedom, the greatest gift from God, this farce seems most opportune) and p.36: 'Cittadini soldati, che stringete l'armi in difesa della libertà, se aspirate alla vera gloria, se volete dar prova di vero coraggio, se amate veramente la patria, imitate Firmino' (Citizen soldiers, you who clutch your weapons ready to defend freedom, if you aspire to true glory, if you want to show real courage, if you truly love your country, do like Firmino does). 20 Gazzetta urbana veneta, n. 58, 22 July 1797, cited in Cesare De Michelis , 'Teatro e spettacolo durante la Municipalità provvisoria di Venezia, maggio-novembre 1797' in Venezia e lo spazio scenico edited by Manlio Brusatin e Aldo De Poli (Venezia, Edizioni 'La Biennale di Venezia', 1979), p.55-68, particularly p.63: 'La traduzione del cittadino Giovan Battista Armani non corrisponde al merito dell'originale. [...] ma ad onta di tutto ciò conosco in pratica una verità, di cui sempre ho temuto, che ci sia una gran difficoltà a far gustare a questo popolo le belle cose che ci vengono dalla Francia per il teatro, e son modelli di gusto, di sensatezza, di trattenimento decente, instruttivo e piacevole' (Citizen Giovan Battista Armani's translation does not match up to the merits of the original […] However, regardless of all that, I know the practical reality, which I have always feared, (namely) that it is very difficult to make these people appreciate the beautiful things that come to us from France, in other words the models of good taste, sense and decent, instructive, amusing leisure pursuits). 21 On the play, see Philippe Bourdin, Fustiger le parvenus: autour du Médiocre et Rampant de Louis-Benoît Picard, dans Le théâtre sous la Révolution française : politique du répertoire (1789-1799), cit., p. 227-242, en partic. p. 233. 22 Teatro Moderno Applaudito, t. 18, December 1797, Louis-Benoît Picard, Mediocrità e bassezza, p.86: 'Questa commedia [...] è una di quelle opere che meritano forse più di molte altre un attento esame, mentre porta seco un certo non so che di abbagliante, che toglie il modo di formarne un sano giudizio ad una sola lettura, o rappresentazione', and p.88: 'Se si propone la correzione di questi vili insetti, che pur troppo infestano i governi e i gabinetti, perché prende un titolo così falso, e che al solo enunciarlo fa tremare la virtù e la morale'. historical context of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (when it was revisited to meet the demands of the republican war). On the one hand, the commentator uses the words of the French playwright to recall the usefulness of a dramaturgical text that both denounces 'the criminal mistakes of one of our tyrants' and makes us 'feel the advantages and benefits of a Revolution that redresses their injustices'. On the other, however, he calls its value into question, pointing out its rhetorical excesses: 'the poet reveals his intellect in the enunciation of his ideas'. Neither this play by Dumaniant nor Picard's Médiocre et Rampant nor the other translations that appeared in the Teatro Moderno Applaudito during the municipal government were performed on the Venetian stage. The only exception was Picard's La vraie bravoure, which was performed at the Teatro Civico, Venice's patriotic theatre. This theatre's members made a point of filling their repertoire with French plays, which accounted for more than a third of their productions (26 out of a total of 77). The Teatro Moderno Applaudito would most certainly have provided the texts for the production of Patrat's Fou raisonnable (three performances) and Hoffmann's Secret (nine performances), which were published in the volumes edited by Stella. The actors themselves preferred Voltarian tragediessuch as La Mort de César (five performances) and Mahomet ou le fanatisme (four performances), which, according to the patriotic Monitore Veneto, was perfectly 'fitting in the current circumstances'to the contemporary French theatre that was valued by the new editors of the Teatro Moderno Applaudito. When the short-lived democratic municipal government came to an end, the collection continued to be published as the Austrians entered Venice in January 1798. The majority of the translations of the French plays appeared in the Teatro Moderno Applaudito (73 out of 101) during this period. We can see two main trends in this collection of works that were selected by a group of anonymous professional writers. First, we note a desire to transform the collection into an apotheosis of French theatrical tradition since it included classics from the seventeenth century (Racine, Corneille, Molière) and the first half of the eighteenth century (Destouches, Crébillon, Nivelle de La Chaussée) as well as the masters of the Enlightenment (particularly Voltaire but also Diderot and Beaumarchais). Second, the collection also includes a series of republications, most notably those of the translations by Caminer Turra (12) and Capacelli (five). These two important intermediaries for the French theatre in Italy thus became the most featured translators in the collection. It is therefore their tastes and predilections that we see reflected in the genresnamely tragedies, bourgeois tragedies and drames bourgeoisthat are offered to the reader. In the case of Caminer Turra, these include four plays by Mercier, two by Fenouillot de Falbaire and one each by Beaumarchais, Dormont de Belloy, Desforges, Saurin, Baculard d'Arnaud and Perreau. In Capacelli's case, the translations are of Racine, Le Mierre, Andrieux and Mercier. Undoubtedly forced to use already-published materials because of the difficulties of circulating works during wartime and with censorship reimposed, it seems the volumes of the Teatro Moderno Applaudito undertook an ideological and literary normalisation of the French plays, which aimed to marginalise to a large extent the plays published after 1789 (six out of 73) within a city that had moreover become 'Austrian'. There are a number of plays within this restricted group that enjoyed success on the contemporary Venetian stage. These include Jean Nicolas Bouilly's historical and philanthropic drame bourgeois L'Abbé de l'Epée (1799), which was brought to Venice from Milan in 1801 (10 performances) and de Vivetières' Les deux petits savoyards (1789), which was put on stage as Costanzo e Michieletta (11 performances), an adaptation by Venetian Antonio Simone Sografi. Less well-received plays also feature in this group, such as d'Harleville's Les châteaux en Espagne (one production), Dejaure's L'incertitude maternelle ou le Choix impossible (1790), Desforges's Le sourd ou l'Auberge pleine (1793) and finally Picard's third play Le cousin de tout le monde (1793), which made him the most published post-revolutionary author in the collection.

In conclusion, it is important to highlight the fact that the translations of the French plays in the Teatro Moderno Applaudito broadened the Italian audience's knowledge of eighteenth-century French theatre. With more than half the plays dating from the period 1750 to 1789, the collection was, above all, a means of disseminating the dramatic works of the more or less 'politically engaged' Enlightenment authors (Voltaire, Diderot, Mercier, Beaumarchais, Saurin, Fenouillot de Falbaire, Perreau, Patrat and Vigée, among others). As is the case with any collection that has to guarantee the periodicity of its publications and, moreover, satisfy the Gallicised tastes of the largest number of readers possible, the collection favoured quantity over quality. The editors seem to have been open to all kinds of including Venetian stage productions, contributions from accredited translators as well as from journalists and troupe directors, plays sourced from French periodicals, translations that had already been published, and so on. This all resulted in a collection that appears heterogeneous at first glance with its combination of different types of authors and plays. While this can admittedly be attributed to the three management changes that occurred during the publication's history, it is also tempting to propose a sort of proportionally inverse correlation between quantity (which was essential to the collection as a genre) and (ideological, dramaturgical) coherence. In this article, we have attempted to shed light on the ideological positions expressed in the choices made in the Teatro Moderno Applaudito collection, such as the moderate and prudent intellect of its first editor, Stella, through his commentary on d'Harleville's Optimiste. Plays impregnated with the sans-culotte ideals are rare in the collection, with the only examples being Picard's La vrai bravoure and Dumaniant's Gernance et Isaure ou les Réfugiés. Rarer still are contemporary French plays, which are concentrated, as one would expect, in the collection's democratic period. However, the commentary on such a play as Picard's Médiocre et Rampant demonstrates the author's appeal and the power of the text to shift, if only within the limited space of a brief commentary, an aesthetic that is ultimately traditional. During its brief democratic period, Venice was characterised by an absence of the most politically engaged plays in its theatre halls, such as Marie-Joseph Chenier's Charles IX and Fénelon and Monvel's Les Victimes cloîtrées, which were all performed in the democratic theatres of Milan, Bologna and Genoa. This moderate mentality is reflected in the Teatro Moderno Applaudito collection and, moreover, confirmed by the quite extraordinary rash of 'patriotic' Venetian plays that were hastily published in the collection. 23 Venice, a conservative city par excellence, seems to be far removed from the possibility of even conceiving of one truly revolutionary idea. The first official democratic proclamation declares that 'Revolution in the Republic does not mean the destruction of the Republic or the subversion of religion, justice, property [...] but rather the reform of our government that has become flawed over time'. 24 • In the construction of the democratic myth of a revolution as a 'return to one's origins', it is above all local history that is called upon for the stage and the printed page, which inevitably leaves less space for French revolutionary theatre.

APPENDIX 1

French Theatre translations in the Teatro Moderno Applaudito (Venice, 1796-1801)

In order: French author's name, Italian translation title, French play title and year of publication, Italian translator's name (if mentioned), volume number, number of productions in Venice during this period.

Between square brackets: anonymous authors who have been identified in the Teatro Moderno Applaudito.

The data on the performances have been drawn from the César database.

For example, the Petite bibliothèque des théâtres, published between 1783 and 1789 in Paris in

volumes, cited in the Teatro Moderno Applaudito, t. 6, December 1796, in the commentary to Musicomanie, p.45. 7 For the productions, see Appendix II. 8 Teatro Moderno Applaudito, t. 4, October 1796, Jean-François Ducis, Amleto, p.71 'Francesco Menichelli […] seppe ricordare il gran Molé' and t. 8, February-March 1797, Germain-François Poullain de Saint-Fox, L'Oracolo, p.22: 'Anna Fiorilli Pellandi, il prodigio della declamazione scenica'.

Teatro Moderno Applaudito, t. 13, July 1797, De La Noue, La civetta punita, p.82: 'Se gli usi e i costumi dei Marchesi e dei Conti sono cangiati in Francia, non sono cangiati già quelli delle Giulie. Le civettuole, qualunque sieno i principi del governo, non ne verranno mai del tutto estirpate'.

Teatro Moderno Applaudito, t. 14, August 1797, Pigault-Le-Brun, L'orfano, p.67: 'il terribile esempio che si presenta agli occhi del debole sesso [...] deve interessare, commuovere ed impegnare l'attenzione di qualunque siasi spettatore' (the terrible example that is presented for the weaker sex to see[…] has to be both interesting and moving and attract the attention of each and every spectator).

Teatro Moderno Applaudito, t.

14, August 1797, Marsollier des Vivetières, Marianna ossia la buona madre, p.43: 'Fondata sulla morale la più pura'.14 See Teatro Moderno Applaudito, t. 17, Favières, Elisabetta.15 Moderno Applaudito, t. 14, Voltaire, Merope, p.71: 'Voltaire la prima volta onora questa collezione'.

On the republican theatres in Italy, see Paolo Bosisio, Tra ribellione e utopia. L'esperienza teatrale nell'Italia delle repubbliche napoleoniche(1796)(1797)(1798)(1799)(1800)(1801)(1802)(1803)(1804)(1805) (Roma, Bulzoni, 1990).

Monitore Veneto, n. 2, 20 May 1797, cited in De Michelis, 'Teatro e spettacolo', p.55: 'La rivoluzione nella Repubblica non significa dunque la distruzion della Repubblica, né la sovversion della religione, della giustizia, della proprietà, dell'onore […] ma significa anzi la riforma del governo divenuto col tempo difettoso'.

APPENDIX II

The French Theatre adaptations produced on stage in Venice (1795-1802) that were published in Teatro Moderno Applaudito: author's name, Italian title, genre and number of productions*


Pascal Colson

Anne Virsolvy

Philippe Gaudard

Azzouz Charrabi

Maithé Corbani

Maxime Manière

Sylvain Richard

Gilles Guillon

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