Inara Opmane

Rihards Balodis

ICT History Study as Corporate Philanthropy in Latvia

Keywords: ICT History, Philanthropy, Sponsorship, Technology Museum

Computing Museum of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science of the University of Latvia. Historical studies can be carried out at museums, institutes and universities, and professional communities. The type of history study funding can also vary. The article describes the possibilities for financing of computer museums. A comparison of museum metrics in the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands and Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia is subject to discussion. This comparison outlines the possible future museum reforms in the Baltic States. The authors review the public and private funding of museum operations. Philanthropy plays an increasing role in

Scope of the Study

A historical study can be broadly defined: education, the application of the mind to knowledge acquisition, research, examination and analysis of historical facts, reflection of technology in society. Researchers are introducing various sources for the conduct of historical studies -archival documents, statistical data, parts of equipment, software packages, computer collections, item exhibits, images, stories, analysis and ways they can be used to interpret and represent the past. We look at history study within the corporate frame of the information and telecommunication industry (ICT), but in some cases we shall also analyze such closely related topics as natural science and technology history museums or general museums in the country. ICT museums are explored as part of the museum's systems. This approach allows gaining wider public information in order to analyze the facts about museums.

In order to ensure the study of ICT history, we analyze various opportunities in Latvia. The most prominent institution for the study of history is the museum, but the operation of museums cannot be supported by the visitors' contributions alone.

Often the work of ICT history studies is carried out by volunteer researchers in research institutions. For many academic employees, history studies are a hobby. Therefore, ICT history study is often linked to technology and science research, often as an ICT historical department in a museum or a university. More or less deliberate and targeted ICT history study work is possible in various institutional forms. Three different forms of the history study organization are identified:

• Preliminary study of history -a particular study undertaken before a larger longterm targeted history study activity. Preliminary study is often a byproduct of actions undertaken for other purposes. • ICT history studied primarily as a hobby and employee volunteer work.

• The study of ICT history, supported by a stable philanthropic funding system institutionalized at the museum.

Public information about computer museums in Europe [START_REF] Nixdorf | [END_REF][2][3][START_REF]Computermuseum der FH Kiel Homepage[END_REF][5][6][START_REF]Technisches Museum in Wien Homepage[END_REF][8][START_REF]The Centre for Computing History Cambridge Homepage[END_REF][10][START_REF]Musee de l'Informatique in Paris Homepage[END_REF][12][13][START_REF]Dansk Datahistorisk Forening Homepage[END_REF][START_REF]The Computer History Museum California Homepage[END_REF][START_REF]The Russian Virtual Computer Museum Homepage[END_REF] is analyzed. Investigative data is collected from public data sources within the wider museum community, not just computer museums [START_REF]EGMUS -The European Group on Museum Statistics Homepage[END_REF][START_REF] Latvia | Ministry of Culture Homepage[END_REF][19][20][START_REF]Cultural map portal[END_REF][START_REF]OECD Homepage, Public and Private Social Expenditure by country[END_REF][START_REF]The OECD Centre on Philanthropy Hompage, Data and Analysis for development[END_REF][START_REF]Giving in Europe country reports Hompage[END_REF][START_REF]The European Research Network on Philanthropy (ERNOP) Hompage[END_REF][26][27], because such statistics are much broader and more accurate. Authors pay special attention to the funding of the operations of the museums. The objective of the authors is to collate data on the financing of museums in Europe and Latvia (in some positions -Lithuania, Estonia), compare that data and draw some conclusions about implementation of museum policies, financial issues and perspectives of development of computer, technology and science museums in Latvia.

The authors' study is based on analytical reviews done by other institutions at the national level (Ministry of Culture, State Administration of Museums, Association of Latvian Museums [START_REF] Latvia | Ministry of Culture Homepage[END_REF]19,20,[START_REF]Cultural map portal[END_REF]), on the transnational level data sources (OECD, ENROP, EGMUS, CAF [START_REF]EGMUS -The European Group on Museum Statistics Homepage[END_REF][START_REF]OECD Homepage, Public and Private Social Expenditure by country[END_REF][START_REF]The OECD Centre on Philanthropy Hompage, Data and Analysis for development[END_REF][START_REF]Giving in Europe country reports Hompage[END_REF][START_REF]The European Research Network on Philanthropy (ERNOP) Hompage[END_REF][26]), and other analytical papers [27][START_REF] Kwatinetz | The Bull & the Ballot Box: Art Museum Economic Strategies[END_REF][START_REF] Alexander | From philanthropy to funding: The effects of corporate and public support on American art museums[END_REF][START_REF]An overview of philanthropy in Europe[END_REF][START_REF]Financing the Arts and Culture in the European Union, Directorate General Internal Policies of the Union European[END_REF][START_REF] Kundzina -Zvejniece | Corporate philanthropy in Latvia[END_REF].

Another aspect relates to the involvement of staff in the ICT history study. The study of ICT history by volunteers (often undertaken by retired academic staff and engineers) is widespread in Latvia. Such activities are carried out at the universities, the Latvian Academy of Sciences and public institutions related to historical research. The authors, being part of the ICT History study volunteers, based their findings on academic work experience. The author's publications of ICT History in Latvia are presented [START_REF] Balodis | Research Directions Profile in the Computing Museum of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science[END_REF][START_REF] Balodis | Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Latvia, and three socio-technological waves of IT[END_REF][START_REF] Balodis | History of Data Centre Development, Reflections on the History of Computing: Processing Memories and Sharing Stories[END_REF][START_REF] Balodis | Collection of Untraditionally Developed Academic IT Services[END_REF][37][START_REF] Balodis | The Convergence of Telecommunications and Information Technologies -Historical View in Latvia, Computer Technology in Russia and in the Former Soviet Union, SoRuCom 2017 Selected Papers[END_REF][START_REF] Opmane | Computing and Communication Convergence Reflection to Legislation System and higher education programs[END_REF].

Computer Museums (Museums) in Europe and Latvia

Let us explain the list of internationally renowned computer museums in Europe [START_REF] Nixdorf | [END_REF][2][3][START_REF]Computermuseum der FH Kiel Homepage[END_REF][5][6][START_REF]Technisches Museum in Wien Homepage[END_REF][8][START_REF]The Centre for Computing History Cambridge Homepage[END_REF][10][START_REF]Musee de l'Informatique in Paris Homepage[END_REF][12][13][START_REF]Dansk Datahistorisk Forening Homepage[END_REF][START_REF]The Computer History Museum California Homepage[END_REF][START_REF]The Russian Virtual Computer Museum Homepage[END_REF]. Computer museums are diverse in various aspects: size of the museum, whether the museum is a legal body or a substructure of a larger museum or university, whether computer exhibits are running in the museum, or whether the museum operates as a technological or science exhibit museum. Computer museums are often specialized in PC, games, and media.

Computer museums are changing. Museums can combine their public service missions with market-based strategies and the creative economy with web-based access to museum exhibits. 1 Museums showcase the latest scientific advances to attract visitors.

Museums can be categorized, for example, as in the Latvian Museums Act or the EGMUS classification [START_REF]EGMUS -The European Group on Museum Statistics Homepage[END_REF]19,27]. It is more appropriate for us to examine statistics in relation to the full range of museums, not just computer museums. We compile information about computer museums in our data collection. Considering the peculiarities of each museum, we have identified the approximate number of computer museums in European countries according to our data collection.

This approximate information shows that the majority of Europe computer museums is located in the United Kingdom, Germany, and the Netherlands (in parenthases we indicate that the minimum number of computer museums in the country; this number is our evaluation point too): United Kingdom [START_REF]Musee de l'Informatique in Paris Homepage[END_REF], Germany (10), the Netherlands (7), Sweden (3), Italy (3), at least two computer museums are in Denmark, France, Switzerland, Spain, Poland, Finland, one computer museum is in Belgium, Croatia, Ireland, Slovenia. Compare this data, for example, with the United States [START_REF]The OECD Centre on Philanthropy Hompage, Data and Analysis for development[END_REF], Canada (4), Latvia (2). In Latvia, we have the Communications Museum at the Riga Technical University and the Computer Museum at the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science of the University of Latvia [START_REF] Balodis | Research Directions Profile in the Computing Museum of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science[END_REF][START_REF] Opmane | Computing and Communication Convergence Reflection to Legislation System and higher education programs[END_REF].

The origins of establishing computer museums stem from universities (Kiel, Cambridge), well-known companies (UNISYS, Nixdorf Siemens), widely used computer components (IBM, Burroughs, Apple, Atari, Commodore), museums established by ICT communities (German Engineering Association, Leibniz Association) or the idea of establishing develops from a philanthropic support of wealthy interested individuals.

The Law on Museums classifies Latvian museums according to their type of ownership: state-funded or local-authority museums. All other museums that have not received funding from the state budget or local authorities in accordance with the Museum Law are private museums and are managed by legal entities. The network of private museums is multifaceted and spacious; they are funded by founders of the museums who are legal entities or private individuals.

For comparison, we have prepared Table 1 showing the museum metrics in Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia in comparison with UK, Germany and the Netherlands as the countries where computer museums are the most popular.

Table 1 is prepared on the basis of the EGMUS data source [START_REF]EGMUS -The European Group on Museum Statistics Homepage[END_REF]. Data in Table 1 should be considered rough and outlines trends since EGMUS data is available in different years, not all countries have submitted data to EGMUS, and the semantics of the data submitted may vary.

From the date of Table 1 we can conclude that the museum's metrics in Latvia and Lithuania are approximately similar, Estonia is slightly different. In Latvia there are fewer private museums as in the United Kingdom, Germany and the Netherlands. Latvia has a high level of state subsidy income, despite the fact that public expenditure per 100 000 inhabitants in Latvia is lower compared to other European countries.

1 For example, take a look at the web museums list in Germany: http://museen.computerarchivmuenchen.de ] have insignificant differences in museum data, which explains the different semantics of these data. According to these data, currently there are 220 museums in Latvia and 18% of the total number consists of science and technology museums.

For comparison, data is collected on nine technology museums in Latvia (see Table 2) and compared with the largest Science Centre in the Baltic States (Estonia). AHHAA is an internationally recognized partner in several organizations in Estonia. In Table 2, data show that in most cases a large industrial company (usually a stateowned enterprise) finances the history museum. In addition to this form of museum funding, there is support from the public sector and sponsorship. In the case of Latvia, we can rarely speak of philanthropy (altruism).

Various Philanthropy Funding for Museum Operations

It is not possible to support an historical study from museum visitors' contributions (money earned by the museum) alone, which ranges from 3 to 15 euro per visitor; for this purpose, historical institutions and historical collections attract funds, projects, and donations. Museums have a permanent strategy how they can combine their public service missions with market-based strategies. Policy makers in U.S. museums recognize that in earlier times, museums were supported by three periods of museum funding:

1. Philanthropic period, characterized by the exclusive support of wealthy individuals 2. Transitional period, in which increasingly professional management increased revenues 3. Funding phase, in which institutions such as corporations and foundations picked up the work previously ascribed to wealthy philanthropists and amplified the pressure toward populism and large-scale exhibitions [START_REF] Kwatinetz | The Bull & the Ballot Box: Art Museum Economic Strategies[END_REF].

Regardless of the diversity of the situation, it can be estimated that there are at least three shares to the funding of a museum: the government (state) budget (20-25%), private (35%), and earned (25%) [START_REF]EGMUS -The European Group on Museum Statistics Homepage[END_REF]. Public funding is determined by politicians or community leaders. They earn a share of the museums themselves, but part of private funding is publicly exposed.

The public part covers direct financial support (subsidies, awards and grants, as well as lottery funds provided by central and lower government levels); state indirect financial support (tax expense); private financial support from non-profit organizations, business organizations, and individual donations. Museums require donations from citizens and corporations. The ENROP 2017 study shows that households are the main source of philanthropic contributions (53%), followed by corporations (25%), foundations (19%) and lotteries (3%) [START_REF]The European Research Network on Philanthropy (ERNOP) Hompage[END_REF].

As can be seen in Table 3, in Latvia, the World Giving Index and the population's charity culture are low. The situation is ameliorated with volunteering. Donations in Latvia most typically reach organizations whose public benefit status allows companies and individuals to receive tax rebates [27]. Individual donations for various charity campaigns are popular, either with a donation phone call or a supermarket cash register with special donation boxes. There are extremely few foundations created by individuals. The public benefit status in Latvia can be granted in nine areas. The following areas overlap with the classification of public benefit activity fields provided by The European Research Network on Philanthropy (ERNOP): education (ICT History study projects), health, culture (ICT History study projects), environment and social welfare (ICT History study projects). Religion and international assistance included by ERNOP but are missing in Latvia. There are different requirements for philanthropy, charity, donations, sponsorship, cash contributions to different countries, in particular for various tax obligations. The situation assessment in Latvia is given in Table 4.

The financing of a historical study meets the corporate social responsibility from commercial sector and public authorities. Typically, funding is as follows: private foundation (includes corporate foundation), public foundation (government related foundation), community foundation, fundraising foundation. philanthropy (corporate philanthropy) and sponsorship (corporate sponsorship) are different. We will analyze four distinctions [START_REF] Opmane | Computing and Communication Convergence Reflection to Legislation System and higher education programs[END_REF]:

1. Corporate sponsorship is a mutual business proposition that offers value in exchange for money. Corporations get a return on their "investment," enhance their profile, associate their brand with a cause, and or attract customers who support that cause. 2. Corporate sponsorship can be managed by most any department within a corporation including: sales, marketing, training and development, etc. 3. Corporate philanthropy is motivated by altruism and supports a socially beneficial cause without financial or material reward to the corporation. 4. Corporate philanthropy is often managed by an internal community relations team or a corporate foundation. The corporation aims to enhance its image and promote goodwill with stakeholders and the community.

The wealthy Latvian state joint-stock company funds are allocated to cultural, sports and educational projects, either managed by the companies themselves as separate projects or by entering into contractual relations with cultural, sports and charitable organizations that organize open tenders to beneficiaries. According to the classical understanding, these funds cannot be called philanthropic foundations. The first priority of a commercial company is economic considerations, which means profitable business, followed by obligations arising from the performance of legal duties, including taxes and other statutory requirements. If the company has met these essential requirements, this may apply to Corporate Social Responsibility, including sponsorship and philanthropy. Obligations of philanthropists are duties that go beyond what is simply needed or considered by the company to be correct. They try to benefit from the community, for example by donating services to community organizations, engaging in projects to support the environment or donate money to charities.

Latvian practice shows that companies start with sponsoring political organizations and individual NGOs, donations for sports and art, and only the next wave is wider philanthropy. Various forms are used to transfer funds for Corporate Social Responsibility and voluntary help, usually in cash, for those who need it: philanthropy, charity, donations, sponsorship and contribution.

There is no strict borderline between sponsorship and philanthropy. The main difference is that there is no direct reward to the donator. Usually the money donor wants direct or indirect benefits, and we are most often talking about sponsorship.

If there are more sponsors, then it is less possible to pinpoint the benefits to the money lender. In our classification in Latvia, if the number of sponsors is more than 6, then we believe that the goals of the philanthropists are fulfilled.

Preliminary ICT History Study Activities in Latvia

We talk very often about history -in everyday life and in events, in various corporate documents. Innovative project proposals often start with a historic background. In corporate events we remember historical facts. We find historical facts in the staff CVs.

In the short term, we usually talk about history. It is an unconscious, indirect gathering and analysis of ICT historical facts. A historical study is another side effect for someone else's purpose. The history study closely reflects science and research activities. Typical historical facts are remembered at scientific and public organization conferences. Let us take a look at organizational events in Latvia, where historical facts are discussed and analyzed indirectly.

a. The University of Latvia organizes Programmer's Days since 1998, and since 2000, students have been awarded the Ada Lovelace and Charles Babbage Prize. b. In 1990, the Latvian Radio Electronics and Communications Engineers Foundation established the J. Linter Prize. But on 20 December 1993, Lattelekom, LMT, and Tele2 founded the J. Linter Foundation. In 18 years, 423 specialists of the electronic communications industry received J. Linter awards. The purpose of the prize is to stimulate the contribution of individuals and groups of individuals to the comprehensive development of the Latvian radio and electronic communications industry. c. Recognition, which can be acquired only once in a lifetime, was founded in 2000, named after Professor Eizens Āriņš, the founder of computer science in Latvia. Corporations (Lattelecom, Latvian Mobile Operators LMT, Tele2) hold annual professional conferences -Technology Days -to talk about future innovative technologies and history before and discuss the annual success of the corporation and the state.

ICT History Study as Volunteering (as a Hobby)

Why are Latvian (Eastern Europa) ICT museums and ICT development history important internationally? a. Since the 1990s, Latvia has rapidly changed its economic system to a market economy. The subject of the ICT history study is how the economic restructuring reflects to following changes in the technology platform. b. In the late 1960s, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic brand of computers were replaced by development of mass production of the ES EVM (United System Electronic Computing Machines), which is a cloned prototype of the IBM computers.12 At the beginning of the 1990s, the technology platform was changed back to the original Western products. Which conclusions could be received from that? c. What can we say about ICT convergence in both economic systems? Nowadays, historical study had engaged corporations retired academics and authoritative engineers. However, such a historical study model in the long term is exposed to high risk of being discontinued.

The following activities in Latvia are mainly based on volunteer's work (no salaries or tiny salaries for involved employees); all these activities are characterized by a minor annual budget. A similar situation in the ICT history study is found in the universities and historical studies supported by associations: in Latvia. Introduction of accounting system for computing resources usage mainly has two goals: optimizing operating systems performance and billing tracking as well as invoicing customers for use of computing services. This problem becomes obvious with the introduction of time-sharing systems. In the era of personal computers, the accounting problem disappeared, but now due to the development of cloud computing it has renewed. The paper proposes to discuss the accounting systems for different computing resources -virtual machines, high-performance computing and data storage, accounting for use of different applications and development today [37]. f. The Convergence of Telecommunications and Information Technologies -Historical View in Latvia. The article identifies the main cornerstones in the history of ICT convergence process in Latvia. The technological basis for convergence is the transition from analog to digital communication and processing of all incoming information in digital computer devices. The authors of the article analyze the transformation of the higher education in industry sector and structural changes of company's employees in the process of convergence. The analysis of the transformation in education programs is carried out on the basis of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Curricula Recommendations in different times and different disciplines. Concept of computing and communication convergence has many years of history -as strategic concept it started about 1977 and yet has many definitions. The idea behind convergence concept is mostly related to convergence between computing and telecommunication common technologies, services and service provider's business models. In this academic position paper some less significant obstacles of influence-reflection of convergence to legislation system, higher education programs and industry labor market are discussed [START_REF] Balodis | The Convergence of Telecommunications and Information Technologies -Historical View in Latvia, Computer Technology in Russia and in the Former Soviet Union, SoRuCom 2017 Selected Papers[END_REF][START_REF] Opmane | Computing and Communication Convergence Reflection to Legislation System and higher education programs[END_REF].

Conclusion

Preliminary

  Dedicated to the history of the railway and its development in Latvia, subdivision of the LR.Direct administration institution under the Ministry of Health.

Table 1 .

 1 Museum metrics in the UK, Germany, the Netherlands, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania.

		2012			2016
				The
			Ger-	Nether-			Lithua-
		UK	many	lands	Latvia	Estonia	nia
	Number of	1,712	6,712	694	151	246	103
	museums
	State-owned	58	431	61	41	78	19
	museums	3.3%	6.4%	8.8%	27.15%	31.7%	18.4%
	Regional-	581	2,585	-	95	86	54
	owned	33.5%	38.5%		62.9%	35%	52.4%
	museums
	Other public-	83	441	-	10	-	22
	owned	4.8%	6.6%		6.6%		21.3%
	museums
	Private-owned	910	2,995	633	5	82	8
	museums	53%	44.6%	91.2%	3.3%	33.3%	7.8%
	Museums per	2.75	8.17	4.10	7.6	18.7	-
	100.000
	inhabitants
	Public	-	-	3,021,358 1,634,004 3,321,156	-
	expenditure
	per 100,000
	inhabitants
	Science and	-	-	158	-	22	-
	technology			22.7%		8.9%
	museums	Highest: Belgium 35.8%; lowest; Sweden 7.6%; average: 20%
	Public	-	-	49.5%	80.8%	58.1%	-
	subsidies
	income
	National sources [20, 21

Highest: Luxembourg 8,069,000 EUR; lowest: Slovakia 195,101 EUR. Latvia, according to EGMUS data, is in third-lowest position before Slovakia and Bulgaria

Table 2 .

 2 Table 2 includes museums that are well-known in the community and are accredited in the museum register Well-known in the community technology museums in Latvia.

	Museum	Sponsorship	Philanthropy	Income
	Riga Motor	CSDD	Road	CSDD	Society	CSDD >5
	Museum 2		Transport			partners
	LR History	LR	Railway	LR	Society	LR
	Museum 3
	Museum for	Legal	Health	No	Society	The Minis-
	history of	body	sector	reward		try, >13
	medicine 4					supporters
	Anatomy	RSU	RSU	RSU	RSU	RSU
	Museum 5	(Health)
	Kurzeme	Ventspils	Municipal-	Municipal-	Society	Philan-
	Demo cen-	High	ity	ity		thropy, >8
	tre 6	Technol-				companies
		ogy Park
	Jaunmokas	Legal	Forests	Reward to	LSF	LSF
	technology	body	community	LSF
	museum 7
	Museum of	Legal	Society	No reward	Society	The Minis-
	Natural His-	body				try, >14
	tory 8					sponsors
	Museum of	IMCS UL IMCS UL	Week re-	IMCS UL	UL, IMCS
	Science and			ward to UL		UL
	Technology 9
	Telecommu-	RTU	RTU	Week re-	RTU	RTU con-
	nications			ward to		tribution
	museum 10			RTU
	AHHAA 11	Tartu	TU	Week re-	TU	Philan-
		Univer-		ward to TU		thropy, >12
		sity (TU)				supporters
	Historic Vehicle exposition with multimedia solutions, highlighting the museum's collections
	and unique exhibits.

Table 3 .

 3 Data from the World Giving Index published by the Charities Aid foundation (2011).

				The
				Neth-
			Ger-	er-		Esto-	Lithu-
		UK	many	lands Latvia	nia	ania
	People giving money to	73%	49%	77%	16%	12%	4%
	charities
	People volunteering time	29%	28%	39%	18%	15%	6%
	for an organization in the
	last month
	People who have helped a	58%	56%	46%	34%	37%	33%
	stranger in the last month
	World giving index score	53%	44%	54%	23%	21%	14%
	(average)

Table 4 .

 4 Assessment of charity in Latvia.

		Philanthropy	Donation	Sponsorship
	Type of supporter	Private persons,	Private persons,	Companies
		funds	companies
	Support motives	Altruism	Altruism, tax	Supports the
			rebates	motive with the
				ability to achieve
				their goals
	Cooperation with	Partly	No	Yes
	the supported
	Sport	Very rare	Rare	Dominant
	Culture	Dominant	Often	Often
	Social area,	Often	Dominant	Rare
	ecology
	Media	No	No	Dominant
	Political parties	No	Dominant	No
	NGO	Often	Dominant	No
	Design maker	Private companies	Financial system	Company board

•

  Baltic Association of the History and Philosophy of Science (Conferences & Seminars, The journal Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum, publishing articles of the history and philosophy of natural and social sciences), from the Latvian branch of Association of History of Science; • Latvian Association of History of Medicine; • Baltic Association of Historians of Pedagogy.Authors are volunteers too, and their competence in ICT Historical Study is presented in publications, for instance" a. Computing Museum of Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Latvia (IMCS UL). The museum has 7,372 exhibits. In 2017, there were 239 visitors per year. IMCS Computers and IT museum was established 1984. Historical documents, computer parts and photos are collected in the museum. History of computer use in IMCS UL to the middle of the 1990s and the transformation from computing center to research institution. History of collaboration with Nordic Countries that provided political, scientific and technological support [33]. b. IMCS UL and three socio-technological waves of IT (from 1959). The first wave-the formation of industrial computer production in Russia(1960)(1961)(1962)(1963)(1964)(1965)(1966)(1967)(1968)(1969)(1970). These were the first original computers of the Soviet production of the BESM series and Minsk. The second wave is the production of the EC EVM computers cloned from IBM's developments. The third wave (last) -the use of personal computers, the rapid development of the Internet, the globalization of IT. For Latvia, this wave was accompanied by significant social changes by integration into the European Union[START_REF] Balodis | Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Latvia, and three socio-technological waves of IT[END_REF]. c. History of Data Centre Development. Publication describes the history of data center development. In the beginning of the computer era, computers were installed in computing centers because all computing centers have specific requirements according to which their operation is intended for[START_REF] Balodis | History of Data Centre Development, Reflections on the History of Computing: Processing Memories and Sharing Stories[END_REF]. d. Way of Internet development in Eastern Europe. Collection of Untraditionally Developed Academic IT Services and development of Internet in Eastern Europe. Deep and radical social reforms of the last century's nineties in many Eastern European countries caused changes in Information Technology's (IT) field. Compared to the international practice, academic services were developed in Eastern Europe in an untraditional way, which provided positive technological changes [36]. e. Accounting System for Computing Resources Usage -History and Development

  ICT History Study activities are performed by state institutions or professional associations, mainly engaging retired scholars or highly skilled engineers in historical research and analytics. Today, the main business case for ICT (science, technology) historical study in Latvia is based on volunteers (possibly, the same is true throughout Eastern Europe). Utility sectors (such as the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development, the Ministry of Transport, The Ministers for Agriculture) ensure the maintenance of museums directly or through the State Joint Stock Companies. A more stable ICT historical study business model is based on sponsorship or the next phase of Corporate Social Responsibility -Philanthropy. Today, Corporate Social Responsibility is related to sponsorship for political parties, NGOs (for example, ICT professional associations support over 100 corporations), sports, art, but the authors believe that support of the Museum (ICT History Study) is expected only at the next level.

See Kitov, "Main Teleprocessing Monitors," this volume.

Acknowledgement. The publication has been supported by European Regional Development Fund within the project No. 1.1.1.5/18/I/016 University of Latvia and Institutes in the European Research Area -Excellence, Activity, Mobility and Capacity.

museum operation. Currently in Latvia, museums indirectly receive public government funding from the State Joint Stock Companies or municipalities. carried out by retired academics and authoritative engineers as volunteers. Such volunteering is the main part of developed philanthropy in Latvia. Universities play an important role in ICT history research that can be considered as one particular corporate philanthropy.


Anatoly Kitov

Victor Glushkov

Olga V Kitova
email: kitova.ov@rea.ru

Vladimir A Kitov

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence Systems, Automated Management Information Systems, Digital Automation of Computer Architecture, Digital Economy, Informatics, Information Society, Red Book, State Automated Management

Recent work in the history of computing published in English might lead scholars to believe that there was little worthwhile research in computers during the cold war in the USSR. This article is devoted to the history of the development of the digital economy and automated information systems for managing the national economy in the Soviet Union. This history shows that the Red Book and OGAS projects were not failures given their impact on the development of the digital economy in Russia. Particular attention is paid to the contribution of two great Soviet scientists, Anatoly Kitov and Victor Glushkov, to the development of the automation of the Soviet economy, as well as the works of computer pioneer V. M. Glushkov in the field of informatics and the information society, artificial intelligence systems, and the creation of computers. The international renown of these scholars and the continuing work of their students to develop their ideas shows that Kitov and Glushkov's basic research had an important and lasting impact.

Introduction

At present, the world is experiencing an active penetration of digital technologies into all spheres of life, the information society and the digital economy developing rapidly.

In 2017, Russia approved the federal program "Digital Economy of the Russian Federation," which later became one of the Russian national projects 1 . Also there is the Russian federal program "Information Society" (2011-2020) 2 .

The digital economy and the information society in Russia, along with the corresponding models, methods and instruments, did not develop from scratch. They rely on the achievements of Soviet science and technology, the experience of implementing in the USSR management information systems (MIS, in Russian АСУ -ASU), industry management information systems (IMIS, in Russian ОАСУ -OASU), and the draft State Management Information System (SMIS, or OGAS from the Russian ОГАС).

In this article, we tell about two great Soviet scientists, Anatoly Kitov and Victor Glushkov, and their contribution to the development of the digital economy, informatics, and the information society. The research uses a biographical approach based on an analysis of the scientific papers of Glushkov [START_REF] Glushkov | Sintez cifrovyh avtomatov (Синтез цифровых автоматов)[END_REF][START_REF] Victor | Synthesis of Digital Automata[END_REF][START_REF] Glushkov | Vvedenie v kibernetiku (Введение в кибернетику)[END_REF][START_REF] Glushkov | Vvedenie v ASU (Введение в АСУ)[END_REF][START_REF] Glushkov | Makroekonomicheskie modeli i principy postroeniya OGAS (Макроэкономические модели и принципы построения ОГАС). Statistika[END_REF][START_REF] Glushkov | Chto takoe OGAS? (Что такое ОГАС?)[END_REF][START_REF] Glushkov | Osnovy bezbumazhnoj informatiki (Основы безбумажной информатики)[END_REF][START_REF] Glushkov | Algebra, yazyki, programmirovanie -2-e izd., pererab (Алгебра, языки, программирование[END_REF][START_REF] Glushkov | Kibernetika, vychislitelnaya tekhnika, informatika (Кибернетика, вычислительная техника, информатика. Избранные тр. в трех томах. Т. 1. Математические вопросы кибернетики. Т. 2. ЭВМ -техническая база кибернетики. Т. 3. Кибернетика и ее применение в народном хозяйстве)[END_REF] and Kitov [START_REF] Sobolev | Basic features of cybernetics // Issues of Philosophy[END_REF][START_REF] Kitov | Electronic digital machines // Soviet radio[END_REF][START_REF] Kitov | Electronic computers // All-union Society[END_REF][START_REF] Berg | On the possibilities of automating the management of the national economy / / was presented by A.I[END_REF][START_REF] Kitov | Cybernetics and management of the national economy / / "Cybernetics -for the service of communism[END_REF], as well as the works of well-known historians S. Gerovich [START_REF] Gerovitch | InterNyet: Why the Soviet Union Did Not Build a Nationwide Computer Network[END_REF], B. Peters [START_REF] Benjamin | How Not to Network a Nation: The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet (Information Policy)[END_REF], B. N. Malinowski [START_REF] Malinovsky | Pioneers of Soviet Computing[END_REF][START_REF] Malinovsky | Istoriya vychislitelnoy tekhniki v litzah (История вычислительной техники в лицах)[END_REF], Yu. V. Kapitonova and A. A. Letichevskii [START_REF] Kapitonova | Paradigmy i idei akademika V.M. Glushkova (Парадигмы и идеи академика В[END_REF], A. V. Kuteinikov [START_REF] Kuteynikov | Na zare computeroy ery: predystoriya razrabotki proekta Obshchegosudarstvennoy avtomatizirovannoy systemy upravleniya narodnym hozyaystvom SSSR (OGAS) (На заре компьютерной эры: предыстория разработки проекта Общегосударственной автоматизированной системы управления народным хозяйством СССР (ОГАС)// Istoriya nauki I tekhniki[END_REF], V. V. Shilov [START_REF] Kitov | Trente ans ou la vie d'un scientifique[END_REF][START_REF] Kitov | Anatoly Kitov and ALGEM algorithmic language[END_REF][START_REF] Kitov | Anatoly Kitov -Pioneer of Russian Informatics[END_REF][START_REF] Kitov | Lichnost' cherez prizmu dokumentov (Анатолий Иванович Китов: Личность через призму документов)[END_REF], and A. Y. Prihod'ko [START_REF] Grigor | Osnovopolozhnik otechestvennoj voennoj informatiki (Основоположник отечественной военной информатики)[END_REF]. The authors used the materials of the funds in the State Polytechnical Museum of Russia, materials of the Virtual Computer Museum (http://www.computer-museum.ru), archives of the Institute of Cybernetics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, archives of Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, and the Glushkov and Kitov family archives. Family memories of the present authors also made a certain contribution to the research (V. A. Kitov is the son of A. I. Kitov, and O. V. Kitova is the daughter of V. M. Glushkov).

The names of A. I. Kitov and V. M. Glushkov are inextricably linked with each other. They were not only the founders of and fighters for the automation of the management of the Soviet economy. In their life they were connected by friendship and fruitful scientific cooperation, working on joint projects. In particular, they together created the industry management information system (OASU) of the Ministry of Radio Industry: Glushkov was the scientific leader of this project, and Kitov was the chief designer. This system became a model for the nine defense ministries of the USSR.

This article expands conclusions made in papers [START_REF] Gerovitch | InterNyet: Why the Soviet Union Did Not Build a Nationwide Computer Network[END_REF][START_REF] Benjamin | How Not to Network a Nation: The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet (Information Policy)[END_REF][START_REF] Malinovsky | Pioneers of Soviet Computing[END_REF][START_REF] Malinovsky | Istoriya vychislitelnoy tekhniki v litzah (История вычислительной техники в лицах)[END_REF][START_REF] Kapitonova | Paradigmy i idei akademika V.M. Glushkova (Парадигмы и идеи академика В[END_REF][START_REF] Kuteynikov | Na zare computeroy ery: predystoriya razrabotki proekta Obshchegosudarstvennoy avtomatizirovannoy systemy upravleniya narodnym hozyaystvom SSSR (OGAS) (На заре компьютерной эры: предыстория разработки проекта Общегосударственной автоматизированной системы управления народным хозяйством СССР (ОГАС)// Istoriya nauki I tekhniki[END_REF][START_REF] Kitov | Trente ans ou la vie d'un scientifique[END_REF][START_REF] Kitov | Anatoly Kitov and ALGEM algorithmic language[END_REF][START_REF] Kitov | Anatoly Kitov -Pioneer of Russian Informatics[END_REF][START_REF] Kitov | Lichnost' cherez prizmu dokumentov (Анатолий Иванович Китов: Личность через призму документов)[END_REF][START_REF] Grigor | Osnovopolozhnik otechestvennoj voennoj informatiki (Основоположник отечественной военной информатики)[END_REF][START_REF] Dudnik | Istoki ehkonomicheskoj kibernetiki i medicinskoj kibernetiki v SSSR (Истоки экономической кибернетики и медицинской кибернетики в СССР)[END_REF] about the successes of the Soviet school of computer science and about the problems in constructing of a nationwide computer network to drive the Soviet economy, caused by the reluctance of the Soviet bureaucracy to change existing management methods. The non-existence of a Soviet internet, what Gerovich [START_REF] Gerovitch | InterNyet: Why the Soviet Union Did Not Build a Nationwide Computer Network[END_REF] has described the "internyet," has been the focus of other work. Peters [START_REF] Benjamin | How Not to Network a Nation: The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet (Information Policy)[END_REF] also focuses on the uneasy history of the Soviet Internet not paying enough attention to the impact made by Kitov and Glushkov on the development of Russian IT industry and modern Russian projects in the field of digital economy and information society, to their influence on the modern computer science. Malinovsky [START_REF] Malinovsky | Pioneers of Soviet Computing[END_REF][START_REF] Malinovsky | Istoriya vychislitelnoy tekhniki v litzah (История вычислительной техники в лицах)[END_REF], Kapitonova and Letichevskii [START_REF] Kapitonova | Paradigmy i idei akademika V.M. Glushkova (Парадигмы и идеи академика В[END_REF], Kuteynikov [START_REF] Kuteynikov | Na zare computeroy ery: predystoriya razrabotki proekta Obshchegosudarstvennoy avtomatizirovannoy systemy upravleniya narodnym hozyaystvom SSSR (OGAS) (На заре компьютерной эры: предыстория разработки проекта Общегосударственной автоматизированной системы управления народным хозяйством СССР (ОГАС)// Istoriya nauki I tekhniki[END_REF], Shilov [START_REF] Kitov | Trente ans ou la vie d'un scientifique[END_REF][START_REF] Kitov | Anatoly Kitov and ALGEM algorithmic language[END_REF][START_REF] Kitov | Anatoly Kitov -Pioneer of Russian Informatics[END_REF][START_REF] Kitov | Lichnost' cherez prizmu dokumentov (Анатолий Иванович Китов: Личность через призму документов)[END_REF], and Prihod'ko [START_REF] Grigor | Osnovopolozhnik otechestvennoj voennoj informatiki (Основоположник отечественной военной информатики)[END_REF] also tell about Kitov and Glushkov's research and projects without proper connection with modern research and projects in Russia and worldwide. It is astounding that the obvious application of computing to maintain the Soviet state was not accomplished, and the fact that the project was promoted by two academics with strong research records makes it even more curious. Nevertheless, even if the project had been accomplished, it would not have been similar to CYCLADES, ARPANet, or any other cold war era network. Thus, to dismiss Soviet computing misses the point of basic scientific research and fails to explain how the Russian Federation succeeded in computing after the fall of the USSR. The article reveals the close connection of the Soviet school of computer science with the national scientific mathematical and technical schools, connecting biographical facts with the history of science and the history of the country. First, by understanding the biographies of Kitov and Glushkov, and then by reviewing the wide scope of their research, one comes to appreciate how their work went far beyond what one might say was an effort to "network the nation."

2

Anatoly Ivanovich Kitov Pioneer of Russian informatics Anatoly Ivanovich Kitov (1920Kitov ( -2005) ) spent his school years in Tashkent (now in the Republic of Uzbekistan). At school, he was the best student. In the sixth grade Anatoly chose the brilliant French scientist Blaise Pascal as a model for imitation. It was then that Anatoly told his family that he was going to become a scientist in the future. He regularly compared his actions and achievements with the biography of Pascal, constantly asking himself the question "Did Pascal know this and did he know how to do it when he was at my present age?" In Tashkent, the Kitov family, in which there were five children, lived very poorly. From the age of 13, Anatoly began to earn money by tutoring children of high-ranking Communist officials of Tashkent in various disciplines. Anatoly regularly became the winner of republican and city competitions in mathematics, physics, and a number of other disciplines. Another of Anatoly's passions was sports. He played tennis and volleyball, and also participated in city swimming and chess competitions. He was the champion of Tashkent in gymnastics among schoolchildren. He was engaged in the section of aircraft modeling, and he regularly made hiking or cycling trips to the Chimgan mountains.

In 1939, Kitov graduated with honors from high school and decided to become a nuclear physicist. He enrolled in the Central Asian University, where he studied for only two months, because he was called to the Red Army. Kitov was on the front lines of World War II from June 1941 to May 1945. He moved from anti-aircraft gunner to the commander of an anti-aircraft battery, and he was wounded twice. In the intervals between battles he studied higher mathematics, physics, and other university disciplines. In 1943, twenty-two-year-old senior lieutenant Kitov came up with a new method of shooting enemy aircraft. This was his first scientific work. In 1956, Kitov published the first in the USSR book on computers and programming, Electronic Digital Machines [START_REF] Kitov | Electronic digital machines // Soviet radio[END_REF]. The final third of the book is devoted to non-arithmetic use of a computer for managing production processes, solving problems of artificial intelligence, machine translation, etc. The book was translated into several foreign languages and was published in the U.S., China, Poland, and Czechoslovakia.

At that time, Kitov developed the basis for building automated information systems for defense purposes and formed a new scientific direction, the development of information retrieval systems. He published a number of articles in the field of military cybernetics and computer science: "The Military Value of Computers," "Mathematics in Military Affairs," "Electronic Computer Science and Its Military Applications," "Cybernetics in Military Affairs," etc.

In 1956, Kitov published the co-authored book Elements of Programming. In the brochure "Electronic Computers" (1958), he described how to use computers in mathematical calculations, automation of production management, and the solution of economic problems [START_REF] Kitov | Electronic computers // All-union Society[END_REF]. In this brochure for the first time in the USSR he outlined the prospect of integrated automation of information processing and administrative management processes in the country on the basis of the Unified State Network of Computing Centers (USNCC; in Russian, ЕГСВЦ or EGSVTS). In the same year, in co-authorship with N.A. Krinitsky, he published another book, Electronic Computers, which was also published in a number of foreign countries.

In 1959, the State Commission adopted M-100, a specialized computer developed under the leadership of Kitov, working at a speed of 100,000 operations per second, which was at that time the fastest in the Soviet Union and one of the most powerful in the world. In this computer, for the first time, an arithmetic device with conveyor processing of machine instructions was realized, which was patented in the same year. Also in 1959, Kitov, in co-authorship with N.A. Krinitsky, published a classic textbookmonograph Electronic Digital Machines and Programming. This was the first textbook in the country on the computers and programming officially admitted by the Ministry of Education of the USSR for training in technical universities. The book was published in many countries of the Central and Eastern Europe. In November of that year at the All-Union Conference on Mathematics and Computer Science, Kitov presented the first in the Soviet Union report on the creation of computer-based management information systems.

In Kitov had a reputation that extended beyond the USSR. In the 1970s, he was the official representative of the USSR in authoritative international organizations in the field of medical informatics. He was an official member of Technical Committee 4 of IFIP, which later became the International Federation of Medical Informatics (Me-dINFO) . Kitov also represented the USSR in MedINFO. Kitov was one of the seven leaders of the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA). He participated in the organization of IFIP forums in Sweden (1974), Canada (1977), and Japan (1980). At the forum IFIP-1977 he was the chairman of section T2 (Biomedical Research General). He took an active part in organizing the MEDIS'78 conference (Tokyo-Osaka). He was a member of the MedInfo-1980 program committee.

Overall, Kitov was the author of 12 monographs, which have been translated into nine foreign languages. Over forty of his Russian and foreign students completed their dissertations. He was an outstanding man, full of bold scientific ideas, burning with a high desire to benefit his homeland. Kitov is one of the founders of Russian cybernetics, computer science and programming, the creator of the first computers and management information systems, the author of the first textbooks and monographs on computer technology and programming. Particularly noteworthy is the scholarly and civilian courage of the scientist, who boldly and with risk for his career put forward projects on new approaches to the management of the troops and the national economy of the USSR.

Some books and articles by Kitov are presented below [START_REF] Sobolev | Basic features of cybernetics // Issues of Philosophy[END_REF][START_REF] Kitov | Electronic digital machines // Soviet radio[END_REF][START_REF] Kitov | Electronic computers // All-union Society[END_REF][START_REF] Berg | On the possibilities of automating the management of the national economy / / was presented by A.I[END_REF][START_REF] Kitov | Cybernetics and management of the national economy / / "Cybernetics -for the service of communism[END_REF]. Biography of A. I. Kitov and his scientific achievements are reflected in a number of works [START_REF] Malinovsky | Istoriya vychislitelnoy tekhniki v litzah (История вычислительной техники в лицах)[END_REF][START_REF] Kapitonova | Paradigmy i idei akademika V.M. Glushkova (Парадигмы и идеи академика В[END_REF][START_REF] Kuteynikov | Na zare computeroy ery: predystoriya razrabotki proekta Obshchegosudarstvennoy avtomatizirovannoy systemy upravleniya narodnym hozyaystvom SSSR (OGAS) (На заре компьютерной эры: предыстория разработки проекта Общегосударственной автоматизированной системы управления народным хозяйством СССР (ОГАС)// Istoriya nauki I tekhniki[END_REF][START_REF] Kitov | Trente ans ou la vie d'un scientifique[END_REF][START_REF] Kitov | Anatoly Kitov and ALGEM algorithmic language[END_REF][START_REF] Kitov | Anatoly Kitov -Pioneer of Russian Informatics[END_REF].

3

Victor Mikhailovich Glushkov V. M. Glushkov solved the generalized fifth problem of Hilbert, which was the subject of his doctoral dissertation, "Topological Locally Nilpotent Groups." As is known, in 1900 Hilbert formulated 23 major and complex problems of mathematics, the solution of each of which became a world sensation in science.

After the successful defense of his doctoral dissertation in 1955, Glushkov received several appointments, among which he chose the sphere connected with computer science. He moved to Kiev, where, starting in 1956, he was the head of the laboratory of Computer Science and Mathematics at the Institute of Mathematics of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Later, the laboratory that he headed turned into the Computing Center of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, and in December 1962, the Institute of Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine was established. with Glushkov as it permanent director. Today, it is known as the V. M. Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Under Glushkov's leadership, the Institute became the largest center in the Soviet Union and one of the largest in the world in the field of computer science, cybernetics, computer technology, and management information systems (MIS). More than 5,000 employees worked with him in this center.

The scientific activity of Glushkov in the period 1956-1982 was connected with the theory of informatics, cybernetics, computer technology, programming, and automated management information systems and was based on a powerful foundation of the national mathematical schools.

In 1961, Glushkov published the famous monograph "Synthesis of Digital Automata" [START_REF] Glushkov | Sintez cifrovyh avtomatov (Синтез цифровых автоматов)[END_REF], later translated into English and published in the United States [START_REF] Victor | Synthesis of Digital Automata[END_REF] and other countries. It created the basis for the work on the theory of automata with the use of algebraic methods. In 1964, for a series of works on the theory of automata, Glushkov was awarded the Lenin Prize. The value of these works cannot be overestimated, as the use of the term "machine" as a mathematical abstraction structures and processes inside computers, opened up entirely new possibilities in the technology of computers.

Glushkov built the necessary mathematical tools and showed how the components of a computer can be submitted by algebraic expressions. With the help of this theory, the Kiev Institute of Cybernetics became the leader in the development of computers on a scientific basis. Modern computer-aided design systems of computers use these ideas everywhere. A number of interesting computers were designed in Glushkov's laboratory. From his department came a number of famous scientists (Yu. V. Kapitonova, A. A. Letichevsky, etc.), who became the core of Glushkov's school in the field of digital computers.

Based on Glushkov's theoretical research, a language was developed at the Institute of Cybernetics to describe the algorithms, computer structures and the computer design methodology that were implemented in a number of unique PROJECT systems (CAD systems). With the help of these systems, different computers were developed for both general and special purposes (e.g., military computers). In the field of programming theory and systems of algorithmic algebras, Glushkov made a fundamental contribution in the form of the algebra of regular events. In the framework of the development of this theory, Glushkov anticipated the well-known concept of structural programming proposed by the Dutch scientist Dijkstra in 1968, and proved a fundamental theorem on regularization (reduction to the structured form) of an arbitrary algorithm, in particular a program or microprogram [START_REF] Glushkov | Kibernetika, vychislitelnaya tekhnika, informatika (Кибернетика, вычислительная техника, информатика. Избранные тр. в трех томах. Т. 1. Математические вопросы кибернетики. Т. 2. ЭВМ -техническая база кибернетики. Т. 3. Кибернетика и ее применение в народном хозяйстве)[END_REF].

Glushkov saw ways to improve the technology of program development in the development of algebra of algorithmic languages. In this problem, he invested the general mathematical and even philosophical sense, considering the creation of the algebra of the language of a specific area of knowledge as a necessary stage of its mathematization. Glushkov claimed that the development of common algorithmic languages and the algebra of such languages would lead to the fact that today's computer programs will become as familiar, understandable and convenient as today's analytical expressions. In this case, the difference between analytic and general algorithmic methods will virtually disappear, and the world of computer models will become the main source of development of new modern mathematics, as it is now.

Outside the USSR, Glushkov was recognized as leader in the field of cybernetics. He formed -on the basis of the works of N. Wiener, K. Shannon, A. I. Kitov, S. L. Sobolev, and others -his own understanding of cybernetics as a scientific discipline, its methodology, and structure of research sections. Cybernetics was interpreted by Glushkov broadly as a science on general laws, principles and methods of information processing and management of complex systems. Computer technology was considered as the main technical instrument of cybernetics. This understanding was reflected in the first in the world Encyclopedia of Cybernetics, created on the initiative of V. M. Glushkov and published in 1974 under his editorship [START_REF] Glushkov | Entsiklopediya kibernetiki (Энциклопедия кибернетики)[END_REF].

Glushkov was elected academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1964) and Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1961); he was a member of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina; a foreign member of the Academy of Sciences of Bulgaria, the GDR, and Poland; an honorary doctor of the University of Dresden, and an honorary member of the Polish cybernetic society. From 1962 until the end of his life, he was vice-president of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. He was a member of the USSR State Committee for Science and Technology and the Committee on Lenin and State Prizes under the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

In 1963, Glushkov became chair of the Interdepartmental Scientific Council on the introduction of computer technology and economic and mathematical methods in the national economy of the USSR under the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on Science and Technology. He was a consultant to the governments of Bulgaria, the GDR, and Czechoslovakia in the field of computer technology, computer science, and automated systems for managing the national economy.

Glushkov was a member of the 8-10 convocations of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. He had the titles of Hero of Socialist Labor (1969) and Honored Scientist of the USSR (1978). He was winner of the Lenin Prize and two State Prizes of the USSR. He was awarded many government orders and medals, including three Orders of Lenin, the Order of the October Revolution, the Order of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, the Order of the "Banner of Labor" of the GDR, and others.

Glushkov was the author of over 700 works on algebra, computer science, cybernetics, philosophy, the digital economy and the information society, dozens of patents for inventions, the creator of several scientific schools in the field of computer design and artificial intelligence, programming, automated management information systems, under his leadership more than a hundred dissertational works were defended. He was an ideologist and scientific leader of the automated management information systems industry in the USSR and the creator of the project of the State Automated Management Information System for the Soviet economy (in Russian, ОГАС or OGAS).

At the IFIP Congress in 1974 in Stockholm, Glushkov, on the decision of the General Assembly of IFIP, was awarded a Silver Core Award. Thus, the scientist's great contribution to the work of this organization was noted as a member of the Program Committee of the Congresses of 1965 and 1968, and also as Chairman of the Program Committee of the Congress of 1971. Glushkov was an adviser to the UN Secretary-General for Cybernetics.

The international organization IEEE Computer Society in 1996 posthumously awarded Glushkov a Computer Pioneer medal "for digital automation of computer architecture" [START_REF][END_REF].

Glushkov was an encyclopedically educated person, fluent in English and German, loving poetry and music, and was an excellent orator. He was also a sportsman: a master boxer and a swimmer of long distances. He was devoted to science, was a patriot of his country, and selflessly served it. Some books and articles by Glushkov are presented below [START_REF] Glushkov | Sintez cifrovyh avtomatov (Синтез цифровых автоматов)[END_REF][START_REF] Victor | Synthesis of Digital Automata[END_REF][START_REF] Glushkov | Vvedenie v kibernetiku (Введение в кибернетику)[END_REF][START_REF] Glushkov | Vvedenie v ASU (Введение в АСУ)[END_REF][START_REF] Glushkov | Makroekonomicheskie modeli i principy postroeniya OGAS (Макроэкономические модели и принципы построения ОГАС). Statistika[END_REF][START_REF] Glushkov | Chto takoe OGAS? (Что такое ОГАС?)[END_REF][START_REF] Glushkov | Osnovy bezbumazhnoj informatiki (Основы безбумажной информатики)[END_REF][START_REF] Glushkov | Algebra, yazyki, programmirovanie -2-e izd., pererab (Алгебра, языки, программирование[END_REF][START_REF] Glushkov | Kibernetika, vychislitelnaya tekhnika, informatika (Кибернетика, вычислительная техника, информатика. Избранные тр. в трех томах. Т. 1. Математические вопросы кибернетики. Т. 2. ЭВМ -техническая база кибернетики. Т. 3. Кибернетика и ее применение в народном хозяйстве)[END_REF]. Biography of Glushkov and his scientific achievements are reflected in a number of works of historians and experts in the field of computer science [START_REF] Gerovitch | InterNyet: Why the Soviet Union Did Not Build a Nationwide Computer Network[END_REF][START_REF] Benjamin | How Not to Network a Nation: The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet (Information Policy)[END_REF][START_REF] Malinovsky | Pioneers of Soviet Computing[END_REF][START_REF] Malinovsky | Istoriya vychislitelnoy tekhniki v litzah (История вычислительной техники в лицах)[END_REF][START_REF] Kapitonova | Paradigmy i idei akademika V.M. Glushkova (Парадигмы и идеи академика В[END_REF][START_REF] Kuteynikov | Na zare computeroy ery: predystoriya razrabotki proekta Obshchegosudarstvennoy avtomatizirovannoy systemy upravleniya narodnym hozyaystvom SSSR (OGAS) (На заре компьютерной эры: предыстория разработки проекта Общегосударственной автоматизированной системы управления народным хозяйством СССР (ОГАС)// Istoriya nauki I tekhniki[END_REF].

The Works of A. I. Kitov on the Use of Computers in the Economy: the Red Book Project

In the second half of the 1950s, Kitov, with his initiatives and scientific publications, strongly insisted on the state necessity of using computers for making calculations when solving problems of economic management and planning the activities of Soviet enterprises. Already in the first positive Soviet article on the cybernetics, "The Main Features of Cybernetics" [10] S. L. Sobolev, A. I. Kitov, and A. A. Lyapunov pointed to the possibility of using computers in various fields of the economy. The last third of Kitov's book Electronic Digital Machines [START_REF] Kitov | Electronic digital machines // Soviet radio[END_REF], which he named "Non-arithmetic Applications of Electronic Digital Computers," was devoted to prospects of using computers in the economy. In his brochure Electronic Computers [START_REF] Kitov | Electronic computers // All-union Society[END_REF], published in the USSR in mass circulation, he outlined the basic directions of using computers in industry and other areas. In this work, Kitov talks about the urgent need to create a number of computing centers in the country for carrying out production, economic, and planning calculations and that in the future it would be expedient to combine these many computing centers into the Unified State Network of Computing Centers (USNCC, EGSVC in Russian).

Being passionate propagandist of new approaches in the economy, Kitov on January 7, 1959 addressed a letter to the head of the USSR, N.S. Khrushchev, in which proposed a radical restructuring of the management system of the entire Soviet economy by moving from the administrative-command style of leadership to a scientific one based on the widespread use of economic and mathematical methods and computers that would be gradually combined in the USNCC. Kitov's proposal for the creation a national computer network on the basis of the USNCC (the prototype of the modern Internet) was the first in the world. Consideration of Kitov's letter to Khrushchev was assigned to L.I. Brezhnev. Brezhnev favorably treated this letter and created for its careful consideration the Governmental Commission chaired by A.I. Berg, well-known specialist in cybernetics. All the proposals of this letter by A.I. Kitov were approved by the leaders of the USSR with the exception of his proposal for the establishment of the USNCC. The historians of Soviet informatics believe that this letter was a catalyst for expanding the production and use of computers in the USSR and played an important role in preparing further decisions of the Government of the USSR on computers [START_REF] Gerovitch | InterNyet: Why the Soviet Union Did Not Build a Nationwide Computer Network[END_REF][START_REF] Kuteynikov | Na zare computeroy ery: predystoriya razrabotki proekta Obshchegosudarstvennoy avtomatizirovannoy systemy upravleniya narodnym hozyaystvom SSSR (OGAS) (На заре компьютерной эры: предыстория разработки проекта Общегосударственной автоматизированной системы управления народным хозяйством СССР (ОГАС)// Istoriya nauki I tekhniki[END_REF][START_REF] Kitov | Anatoly Kitov -Pioneer of Russian Informatics[END_REF][START_REF] Kitov | Lichnost' cherez prizmu dokumentov (Анатолий Иванович Китов: Личность через призму документов)[END_REF]. Unfortunately, the main proposal of Kitov on the creation of a nationwide network of computer centers (USNCC) for managing the economy of a large country was not perceived as necessary by the Soviet leadership. At the same in 1959, Kitov spoke at the All-Union Conference on the use of computers with a report "On the Possibilities of Computerization of the Management of the National Economy." This was the first report on the need to create in the country a statewide automated system for the management and planning of the national economy.

In the fall of 1959, Kitov sent a second letter to Khrushchev, containing the innovative project he developed, which consumed his time for several decades. It was called "The Creation of a National Network of Computer Centers to Improve Governance in the Armed Forces and the National Economy," otherwise known as the Red Book project on the creation throughout the Soviet territory Unified State Network of "dualpurpose" computing centers for managing the economy and the Armed Forces. The project was rejected, and its author was expelled from the Communist Party and removed from the prestigious position in Computing Center No. 1 of the Ministry of Defense because of the criticism of the existing management system and proposals for its change based on use of scientific methods and digital technologies.

Nevertheless, Kitov continued to fight for the recognition of his ideas of restructuring the Soviet economy management on the basis of the establishment of the USNCC and mathematical methods. In 1961, Kitov published a fundamental article, "Cybernetics and National Economy Management," in which it was proposed to create a large number of regional computing centers in order to collect, process and reallocate economic data for effective planning and management. The unification of all these centers in a nationwide network would, he said, "lead to the creation of a single centralized automated system for managing the national economy of the whole country."

In the 1960s, Kitov was the chief designer of the Industry Automated Management System of the Ministry of Radio Electronics Industry, which was recognized as a model industry automated management system for all defense ministries, he and published the basic scientific articles on management of the country's economy on the basis of computers and economic and mathematical methods. He developed a new method,"associative programming," which was an effective way of solving information-logical problems. He led the creation of a new algorithmic language, ALGEM, for programming the economic and mathematical problems used in hundreds of enterprises of the USSR and countries of Eastern Europe. The results of these works were reflected in Kitov's book Programming Information-Logical Problems (1967) and the book Automation Programming System ALGEM (1970), written by the team led by him. In 1971, he published another fundamental monograph, Programming of Economic and Managerial Tasks.

In addition to military cybernetics, Kitov stood at the origins of Russian medical informatics. He laid the foundations for automation of information processing and management in healthcare and carried out a lot of work on the practical implementation of these systems. The results of this pioneering work were described in his monographs Automation of Information Processing and Management in Healthcare (1976), Introduction to Medical Cybernetics (1977) and Medical Cybernetics (1983), which were recognized in the USSR and abroad.

Victor M. Glushkov, a Theorist of the Information Society and the OGAS Project

Beginning in the 1960s, Glushkov was the chief ideologist, scientific leader and one of the main creators of the automated management information systems (AMIS, in Russian АСУ or ASU) industry in the USSR. Glushkov and his school developed a wide range of applications: automated process control systems (APCS), systems for automation of scientific research and testing of complex industrial facilities, automated management information systems (AMIS). Together with his students and associates, Glushkov made a great contribution to the formation and implementation of the ideas for the creation of an automated process control system, the development of an appropriate theory, mathematical, software and special technical means for managing technological processes in microelectronics, metallurgy, the chemical industry, and shipbuilding. Automation of experimental scientific research in the early 1960s was associated with the automation of measurements and processing of information obtained with the help of the Kiev and Dnepr computers. Computers from Kiev managed steel smelting in the Bessemer converter at a metallurgical plant in Dneprodzerzhinsk and a carbonization column at a soda plant in Slavyansk.

Then, Glushkov proposed to develop automated problem-oriented laboratories, which had to include measurement systems, computers (micro-or minicomputers), and measurement processing programs. He planned five or six such standard laboratories for X-ray analysis, mass spectrography, and other methods of experimental research used in chemistry, physics, and biology. To process the results of complex nuclear experiments, such laboratories were connected to remote computers such as BESM-6 or ES-1060. Because most of the scientific experiments were not limited to the collection and processing of data, but required the exact adjustment of the experimental setup itself, Glushkov set the task of automating the tuning operations of these installations. The specialists of the Institute of Cybernetics automated the tests for mechanical fatigue of materials at the Institute of Strength Problems of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, experimental studies at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, the Institute of Oncology Problems of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Works on automation of testing of complex industrial facilities were carried out for the navy and aviation. For the future, Glushkov saw in this area the prospects for developing algorithms for deductive constructions so that the system not only processed the results of measurements, but also checked hypotheses and built theories on this basis, i.e., acted as an artificial intelligence system in a given domain.

The development of automated management information systems for enterprises (ERP-systems) was started under the leadership of Glushkov in 1963[START_REF] Glushkov | Vvedenie v kibernetiku (Введение в кибернетику)[END_REF]. In 1967, the first automated management information system for the enterprise with a mass character of production "Lviv" was launched at the Lviv television plant "Electron." In 1970, when the system was already successfully exploited, its creators Glushkov, V. I. Skurikhin, A. A. Morozov, V. V. Shkurba and others were awarded the State Prize of Ukraine. After the creation of the "Lviv" system, Glushkov set the task of creating not an individual, but a standard automated management information system for machinebuilding and instrument-making enterprises. In the early 1970s, work was completed on the Kuntsevo system (for the Kuntsevo radio plant), which Glushkov proposed as model for the creation of automated management information systems on enterprises of nine defense ministries.

In 1965, Glushkov developed the concept of a specialized operating system designed for systems with a regular stream of tasks, in contrast to IBM/360 universal computer operating systems that solve random task flows and were good for packet mode of computing centers. Glushkov's monograph "Introduction to Automated Management Information Systems" [START_REF] Glushkov | Vvedenie v ASU (Введение в АСУ)[END_REF], which was mainly devoted to the systems of organizational management, was published in the second edition in 1974. It systematized the original results he obtained in 1964-1968.

The work on the creation and implementation of the automated management information systems into practice had problems. The reasons for this phenomenon lay in the sphere of the planned socialist economy that was then operating in the USSR, forcing enterprises to "drive the product shaft," not caring about optimizing the technical and economic indicators of production, the quality of manufactured products, and scientific and technological progress.

In the late 1960s, the creation of industrial automated management information systems (IOMIS) became necessary. Glushkov, as the most qualified and authoritative expert in this field, became the scientific adviser and consultant of many large IOMIS projects in the 1970s, in particular in the defense industry. When the Interdepartmental Committee (IAC) of nine defensive ministries was established and the Board of Directors of the main institutes for management, economics and informatics of the defense industries was created, Glushkov became the scientific head of the Committee and of the Board of Directors.

In 1962, on the orders of A. N. Kosygin, at that time the Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Glushkov began to develop a project, which later became the State Automated Management Information System for national economy (SAMIS, in Russian OGAS). Starting to create the OGAS project, Glushkov personally studied the work of more than a thousand objects of the national economy: plants and factories of various industries, mines, railways, airports, and higher management bodies (Gosplan, Gossnab, the Ministry of Finance, etc.). He worked on the application in OGAS of macroeconomic models and instruments to improve the methods of management, which was reflected in his monograph "Macroeconomic Models and Principles of Building OGAS" [START_REF] Glushkov | Makroekonomicheskie modeli i principy postroeniya OGAS (Макроэкономические модели и принципы построения ОГАС). Statistika[END_REF]. Glushkov proposed the concept of OGAS as a unified system for collecting reporting information on the national economy, planning and managing the national economy, and an information base for modeling various options for the development of the national economy.

The Unified State Network of Computing Centers (USNCC) was required to become the technical basis of the OGAS. In the draft design of the USNCC, Glushkov suggested and substantiated the construction of a network of approximately 100 large centers in industrial cities and centers of economic regions, united by broadband communication channels with message switching and connected with 20,000 centers of enterprises and organizations. It was planned to create a distributed data bank and to develop a system of mathematical models of economic management.

Of course, Glushkov understood that with his plan he challenged the Soviet canons in governing the economy. Indeed, the draft of OGAS, submitted to the government in 1964, met with sharp demagogic objections based on creation complexity and high cost from the leadership of the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR (V. N. Starovskiy), then for a long time was processed into the USSR Central Statistical Bureau, the State Planning Committee of the USSR, but it was never implemented. It has often been said that main reasons were the incompetence of the top management of the country, the reluctance of the average bureaucratic unit to work under strict control of computer systems, the unpreparedness of society as a whole, the imperfection of the existing means of computing and communication, the lack of understanding, or even opposition from the scientists-economists. In fact, the concepts of OGAS and USNCC, correctly reflecting in the technical plan the rigidly centralized structure of the Soviet social system, met the resistance of the social system itself. Why was the project of Glushkov threatening? Party leaders -Brezhnev, Kosygin and others -could lose power, because they did not correspond to the new era. However, this points to an additional consideration: to administer the Soviet Union in the digital era, it was necessary to admit young technocrats. The structure of the state, formed in the early part of the twentieth century, no longer corresponded to the current processes in the economy. The ideology and political system of the country also needed serious renewal. In addition, the enemies of the USSR organized publications that ridiculed Glushkov and his idea of OGAS. They said he was going to replace the Politburo with a computer, and "the card would control the Kremlin" [START_REF] Kuteynikov | Na zare computeroy ery: predystoriya razrabotki proekta Obshchegosudarstvennoy avtomatizirovannoy systemy upravleniya narodnym hozyaystvom SSSR (OGAS) (На заре компьютерной эры: предыстория разработки проекта Общегосударственной автоматизированной системы управления народным хозяйством СССР (ОГАС)// Istoriya nauki I tekhniki[END_REF].

Nevertheless, Glushkov did not retreat during the rest of his life. Convinced he was absolutely right, he proposed even more than 40 years ago the task of digitization and computerization of the country. At that time, he could not do anything without largescale decisions of the government and the Communist Party Central Committee, which became a barrier on this path. In Glushkov's archive, there are copies of many notes to high party and government bodies on questions of the policy of development and use achievements in computer technology and automated systems in the economy, defense capacity, etc. On average, there is one note every two months in the period 1968 to 1980. Reviewing his notes, it is possible to compile a list of cases that could not be carried out within the functioning social system, e.g., using the decision-support system DISPLAN created by Glushkov and his team to manage Soviet economy [START_REF] Glushkov | Kibernetika, vychislitelnaya tekhnika, informatika (Кибернетика, вычислительная техника, информатика. Избранные тр. в трех томах. Т. 1. Математические вопросы кибернетики. Т. 2. ЭВМ -техническая база кибернетики. Т. 3. Кибернетика и ее применение в народном хозяйстве)[END_REF]. This was a tragic component of his life. Like no one else, he understood and told to his relatives that this led to the death the social system and, as further historical events showed, the country as a whole.

Glushkov's academic position was active. His more than 250 publications in popular scientific and public journals and newspapers, as well as the regular cycles of lectures for the top management of the country and the public, testify to this. Glushkov was not only the pioneer of digital economy but also a theorist of the information society, the author of works on the philosophy of scientific knowledge and the application of artificial intelligence systems in various fields. He came up and realized new ideas for building artificial intelligence systems such as "eye-hand," natural text reading, and an automation system for mathematical proofs. He worked on computer simulation systems for such intellectual activity processes as decision making in economic, technical, biological and medical fields. The approaches proposed by Glushkov for using natural language tools in information systems have been developed. Glushkov actively promoted a practical approach to the problem of artificial intelligence as a matter objectively evoked to life by the growing power of computers and their penetration into all spheres of human activity.

Even today, students and followers of Glushkov successfully develop his ideas and are engaged in research on structural pattern recognition, methods of analysis of images and speech signals, methods of structural analysis of scenes in the field of view of robots, are engaged in neurocomputer technologies and medical information systems.

Glushkov believed that the consistent accumulation of knowledge and effective ways of processing it, the development of intellectual capabilities of the computer, would provide a breakthrough in the development of civilization and ensure the transition of humanity to the information society. More than 40 years ago, he talked about the digital immortality of a human being. "Fundamentals of Paperless Informatics" is the name of his last monograph, published in 1982 [START_REF] Glushkov | Osnovy bezbumazhnoj informatiki (Основы безбумажной информатики)[END_REF]. This book described a mathematical apparatus and a set of ideas related to the problems of digitization of all aspects of life and the transition to the information society. He paid special attention to the digitization of education.

The OGAS concept largely anticipated the ideas of e-government and the digital economy in the world and in Russia. Fundamentally new approaches, methods, models and technical systems developed by Glushkov have made a great contribution to the development of informatics and the information society.

Conclusion

The foregoing analysis of the scientific biography of Anatoly Kitov and Victor Glushkov shows the successes of the Soviet school of computer science, which were based on strong connection with national scientific mathematical and technical schools, strong support from the state due to the importance of this field to national defense. Unfortunately, construction of a nationwide computer network to drive the Soviet economy and OGAS project were unsuccessful due to reluctance of the Soviet bureaucracy to change existing management methods and some other reasons mentioned above. Even though national networking was a success in other countries, it is simplistic to dismiss Soviet computing because it did not make a similar accomplishment. The many different developments of Kitov and Glushkov indicate that their work had a different focus. The Red Book and OGAS projects have influenced the creation of the Soviet IT industry, which employed about 700,000 people and the use of automated management information systems in major industries and agriculture. This was the basis for the development of informatics and IT in Russia and the creation of the national project Digital Economy, which is ideologically connected with the works of Glushkov and Kitov. Indeed, the failure to build a nationwide computer network does not reflect a failure of their careers. Their many honors, their international reputations, and the legacy of work that continues into the present day demonstrate the richness of Soviet computing contemporary with networking projects in other countries. The development of the digital economy and the information society in Russia is based on a powerful foundation laid by a glorious cohort of Soviet scientists, and Kitov and Glushkov are in the first row. Their work in the field of computer theory and practice, programming, mathematical modeling and computer applications in various fields of activity, their great projects of automation of the Soviet economy -the Red Book and OGAS -laid the foundations for the development of the digital economy. Their students continue to work in scientific centers around the world. The Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics of NAS of Ukraine continues its work, as well as created by V. M. Glushkov Department in the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, founded with his participation Faculty of Cybernetics in Taras Shevchenko Kiev National University, departments and faculties in other universities in the expanses of the former USSR. Some important ideas of A. I. Kitov and V. M. Glushkov in the field of computer science, artificial intelligence, the development of digital economy and information society are still waiting for implementation.

Fig. 1 .

 1 Fig. 1. Colonel Anatoly Ivanovich Kitov (1957).

  After the war in 1945, Kitov entered the Artillery Military Academy and began immediately on the second course. In the academy, in addition to studying,Kitov was actively engaged in scientific work. He was the author of a number of articles on missile ballistics and a patent for the invention of a new type of jet weapon. Kitov participated in the creation of the first Soviet R-1 rocket. Kitov graduated from Artillery Military Academy in February 1950 with a gold medal and was appointed to work as a scientific consultant to the President of the Academy of Artillery Sciences, Chief Marshal N. N. Voronov. In 1951, after reading Norbert Wiener's book Cybernetics in the secret library of the Academy, Kitov immediately appreciated the enormous potential of this science, which at that time communist ideologists officially proclaimed "pseudoscience." 3 He wrote a fundamental article "The Main Features of Cybernetics," the first positive work on cybernetics in the USSR. This article, of which Academician S.L. Sobolev and professor A. A. Lyapunov were co-authors, was published in 1955 in the main ideological journal of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Questions of Philosophy [10]. This article was broadly discussed, and it was the beginning of recognition and further development of cybernetics in the USSR. At the same time, the journal Radio published another article by A.I. Kitov, "Technical Cybernetics." These publications were preceded by public lectures by Kitov and his associates in Moscow and Leningrad. In 1952, Kitov was appointed the head of the first department of computers in the USSR created by him in the Academy of Artillery Sciences. In the same year, Kitov defended his Ph.D. thesis on programming called "Programming Problems of External Ballistics for Long-Range Missiles." In 1953, he published pioneer scientific article "The Use of Electronic Computers."

Fig. 2 .

 2 Fig. 2. A. I. Kitov, pioneer of Soviet cybernetics, head of the Computing Center No. 1 of the Ministry of Defense.

  1967, A. I. Kitov published a monograph "Programming Information-Logical Problems" and in 1970 a book The Automation System for Programming ALGEM, written by the team he led. In 1971, he published another fundamental monograph, "Programming of Economic and Managerial Tasks." Starting in 1971, Kitov began to engage in a new field of activity, the creation of computer information systems for healthcare. From 1976 to 1983, Kitov published monographs "Automation of Information Processing and Management in Healthcare" (1976), "Introduction to Medical Cybernetics" (1977), and "Medical Cybernetics" (1983). From 1980 to 1997, Kitov worked as head of the Informatics Chair and professor at the Moscow Institute of National Economy (now the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics).

Fig. 3 .

 3 Fig. 3. Computer pioneer Victor Mikhailovich Glushkov (1964).

Fig. 4 .

 4 Fig. 4. Glushkov and Kapitonova study a computer block created with the help of the PROJECT system Glushkov made a great contribution in the development of new architectures of computers and systems. Under his leadership, the computers Dnepr, Kiev, Promin, MIR-1, MIR-2 and MIR-3, ES-2701 and others were created. In 1974, at the IFIP congress in Sweden, Glushkov made a presentation on a recursive computer. He expressed the opinion that only the development of a fundamentally new non-von-Neumann architecture of computing systems would solve the problem of creating supercomputers whose performance could increase unlimitedly with the buildup of hardware. The idea of constructing a recursive computer, supported by a powerful mathematical apparatus of recursive functions, was ahead of its time and remained unrealized due to the lack of the necessary technical base. At the end of the 1970s, Glushkov proposed the principle of the macroconveyor architecture of a computer with many command and data streams (MIMD architecture according to the modern classification) as a principle of realization of the non-von-Neumann architecture and received the patent for this invention. The development of a macroconveyor computer was carried out at the Institute of Cybernetics under the leadership of Glushkov by team of scientists. Machines ES-2701 (in 1984) and the computer system EU-1766 (in 1987) became the most powerful computer systems in the USSR with a nominal capacity exceeding the boundary of 1 billion operations per second. They had no peers in the world and were the original development of the ES series of computers in the direction of high-performance systems.In the field of programming theory and systems of algorithmic algebras, Glushkov made a fundamental contribution in the form of the algebra of regular events. In the framework of the development of this theory, Glushkov anticipated the well-known concept of structural programming proposed by the Dutch scientist Dijkstra in 1968,

Fig. 5 .

 5 Fig. 5. Kitov and his project of Unified State Network of Computing Centers.

Fig. 6 .

 6 Fig. 6. V.M. Glushkov -pioneer of informatics and information society (1979).

https://strategy24.ru/rf/projects/project/view?slug=natsional-nyy-proyekt-tsifrova-ekonomika&category=communication

2 http://fcp.economy.gov.ru/cgi-bin/cis/fcp.cgi/Fcp/ViewFcp/View/2012/369

See Doležel and Smutný, "The Emergence of Computing Disciplines in Communist Czechslovakia," this volume.

Acknowledgement. This research was performed in the framework of the basic part of the scientific research state task in the field of scientific activity of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation; project name "Intellectual Analysis of Big Textual Data in Finance, Business, and Education by Means of Adaptive Semantic Models"; grant no. 2.9577.2017/8.9.