Paweł Litwin
email: plitwin@prz.edu.pl

Maksymilian Mądziel
email: mmadziel@prz.edu.pl

Dorota Stadnicka
email: dorota.stadnicka@prz.edu.pl

Simulations of Manufacturing Systems: Applications in Achieving the Intended Learning Outcomes

Keywords: industrial problems, simulations, intended learning outcomes

The work describes various problems that can arise in the planning, organization and operation of manufacturing processes. The consequences for the companies resulting from the problems are deliberated together with the proposed remedies. It is important to teach students what kind of problems they may face in their future work and how they can analyze the problems and look for appropriate solutions. The students should also understand how the problems can influence on other companies working in a collaborative network (CN). In the work, the intended learning outcomes that can be achieved are presented. Then, simulations of chosen problems are analyzed and discussed.

Introduction

The manufacturing technologies fast development and dissemination enforces a necessity of quick knowledge acquisition by companies current and future employees. Therefore, adequate learning tools and methods such as simulations [START_REF] Antonelli | Tiphys: An open networked platform for higher education on Industry 4.0[END_REF], [START_REF] Stadnicka | Value stream mapping and system dynamics integration for manufacturing line modelling and analysis[END_REF] virtual reality [START_REF] Liagkou | Realizing Virtual Reality Learning Environment for Industry 4.0[END_REF] or social networks [START_REF] Putnik | Analyzing the correlation between social network analysis measures and performance of students in social network-based engineering education[END_REF] have to be engaged. For each educational program not only teaching methods but also methods using for students' knowledge verification are important [START_REF] Stadnicka | Human factor in intelligent manufacturing systemsknowledge acquisition and motivation[END_REF]. Also companies adapt different learning means, since their employees' knowledge and skills have to be improved continuously. The employees learn to understand better the problems and to know which tools should be applied to solve the problems.

Manufacturing processes (MPs) planning and organization concern many issues that should be analyzed starting from understanding of customers' requirements and ending with customers' satisfaction assessment. The main goal of MPs is to produce on time the ordered quality products. Low quality or delivery delays can cause collaborators to choose another company, that is able to deliver required products. Additionally, since, the clients' requirements can change in time, the manufacturing lines (MLs) has to be adapted. In a collaborative world the problems, which arise in one company can affect other companies in a network. Since, a CN consists of a variety of entities geographically distributed, operating in different environment, having different culture [START_REF] Camarinha-Matos | On reference models for collaborative networked organizations[END_REF], a risk connected with the collaboration can be high. The companies deal with different problems which can influence on a ML operation and potentially on collaborators. Quality issues cause reworking, scraps, delays and waiting and are analyzed with the use of quality tools [START_REF] Juran | Total Quality Management[END_REF] and six sigma projects [START_REF] Pande | The Six Sigma Way: How to Maximize the Impact of Your Change and Improvement Efforts[END_REF]. Machine failures cause stoppages, waiting, delays, nonconforming products and can be minimized by TPM implementation [START_REF] Nakajima | Introduction to TPM: Total Productive Maintenance[END_REF]. Materials delivery delays cause waiting, high material inventory levels. These causes can be minimized by implementation of supermarkets, Kanban System, Just in Time [START_REF] Liker | The Toyota Way to Continuous Improvement: Linking Strategy and Operational Excellence to Achieve Superior Performance[END_REF]. Clients' requirements changes cause scraps and technology changes. These negative consequences can be minimized by improvement of communication system. Excessive work in process causes long lead time, what can be minimized by Supermarkets, Kanban System or FIFO implementation [START_REF] Feld | Lean Manufacturing: Tools, Techniques, and How to Use Them[END_REF]. Unfortunately not all of the problems can be eliminated. Therefore, a company, knowing the scale of the problems, can make a manufacturing system resistant to the troubles to protect client.

This paper is focused on simulation applications in educational process concerning problems that can arise in or influence management of MPs and which can potentially influence company's collaborators in a network. The authors propose an approach based on simulations involving a set of steps to analyze the problems. The goal of this approach is to teach effectively students the methods that can be used in such analyses.

Simulations Applied in Educational Process

System Dynamics (SD) is a method of modeling and simulation systems containing causal relationships with their logic, time delays and feedback loops. Researchers inspired by successful applications of the SD method in various fields (management, engineering, physics, economy) began to apply the SD approach also in the field of teaching and learning. Students can use SD models to perform experiments, which can be easily repeated using various parameters and alternative scenarios. In many cases, the simulation is the only available way to observe the results of the experiment. The first applications of the method in schools showed that SD, in addition to the benefits of understanding cause-and-effect relationships, helps increase students' involvement in voluntary projects, even after school time [START_REF] Nuhoğlu | The effect of the system dynamics approach on understanding causal relationship skills in science education[END_REF]. As a result of the positive adoption of the SD method to schools, a number of educational projects have been developed. Jay Forrester indicates the three main benefits that the SD method used in education gives [START_REF] Forrester | Learning through System Dynamics as Preparation for the 21st Century[END_REF]: [START_REF] Antonelli | Tiphys: An open networked platform for higher education on Industry 4.0[END_REF] develops personal skills such as clarity of thought for good communication, courage for having unconventional opinions; (2) shapes an outlook and personality to match the challenges of the 21st century; (3) allows to understand the nature of systems in which we work and live. This paper presents examples of the third benefit, in particular related to the modeling of supply chain (SC).

The use of the SD method for simulation of the SC dates back to the second half of the 20th century. Model of the production and distribution system to which the "Forrester Supply Chain" (FSC) label is attached [START_REF] Forrester | Industrial Dynamics[END_REF] was the subject of many research works. An overview of research on SC, including, among others, SC design, inventory management, demand amplification, and SC reengineering is presented in [START_REF] Angerhofer | System dynamics modeling in supply chain management: Research review[END_REF]. The SD method was also used to study the impact of the information flow model on the level of stocks of enterprises collaborating in the SC [START_REF] Litwin | Dynamic simulation based optimization of information flow in extended enterprise and its impact on business partners production efficiency and stock replenishment[END_REF].

Discrete event simulation (DES) is another commonly used modelling technique [START_REF] Robinson | Discrete-event Simulation: from the Pioneers to the Present, What Next?[END_REF]. This kind of simulation is an operative research technique that has a great potential to help understand the analyzed system. One of the advantages of using DES over other mathematical models is the simulation capability to model complex flow scenarios [START_REF] Fiallos | Discrete event simulation for student flow in academic study periods[END_REF]. One of the tool which can be applied in DES is Flexim. Flexsim is a virtual mapping of a real system based on real data. It allows to conduct simulation experiments and check different variants of solutions. It is an attractive tool in the student education process because it gives the opportunity to analyze visually modelled object parameters and material flow in real time. Students working in this program may partly feel like in a computer game in which they have a strictly defined goal to achieve. Flexsim software is used for simulation of transport processes, storage and delivery as well as for production-manufacturing purposes [START_REF] Gang | The Optimization and Simulation of Automobile Spread Production Line[END_REF]. Examples of using the Flexsim program for simulation purposes are widely presented in works [START_REF] Wu | Simulation and optimization of production line based on FlexSim, Chinese Control And Decision Conference[END_REF], [START_REF] Tokgöz | Industrial Engineering and Simulation Experience Using Flexsim Software[END_REF]. The use of this program in such a number of industries gives a signal to universities to use it also in the process of student education. Flexsim allows to check the results of calculations in simulation, which gives students additional visual control of the correctness of their calculations. An example of works that describe the use of Flexsim software in the field of student education are presented in [START_REF] Rostkowska | Simulation of production lines in the education of engineers: how to choose the right software?[END_REF]. The mentioned works justify the simulation application in educational process in the context of collaborative networks analyses.

Case Studies

1 st Problem description: In the MP nonconforming products can be identified. It can happen on different stages of a MP. A nonconforming product might be reworked or will be a scrap. Quality level of a MP can be described with the use of First Time Yield (FTY) or First Pass Yield (FPY) [START_REF] Stadnicka | Value stream mapping and system dynamics integration for manufacturing line modelling and analysis[END_REF]. The measures can be calculated on the base of historical data.

Consequences of the 1 st problem: If a product can be reworked, it will go back to the previous process and use additional time for the repeated manufacturing operation. If a product will be a scrap, all previous MPs have to be repeated. It creates additional costs and can lead to delivery delays and clients dissatisfaction what even can lead to exclusion the company from a CN.

Proposed solutions or remedies: To improve the quality on a MP TQM can be implemented. The employees can be involved in identification of quality problems and they can propose solutions connected with better work organization, product or process design etc. That can lead to decreasing quality problems.

Proposed analyses: The analyses proposed for such problems concern assessing how nonconformities can influence on a MP and affect deliveries. For this purpose, DES simulations taking into account FTY and FPY, will be carried out.

Intended learning outcomes: ILO1: Identify potential consequences of nonconforming products, which can be reworked or scraps, in a specified processes in a ML. ILO2: Use standard measures such as FTY and FPY in simulations. ILO3: Understand how a place (a work stand) in which a nonconforming product is identified influences on lead time increasing.

Case study description: The case study presents situation in which a ML consisted of 4 MPs which manufactures three kinds of products operates. In Processes 1, 2 and 3 operators make a quality control after the machining process. Then, after the Process 4 all products go to the control process (Process 5) performed on a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). Initial quality parameters are presented with the use of FTY and FPY. FTY is connected with the products which are assessed to be scraps. FPY is connected with the products which have to be reworked. The input data are presented in Table 1. Tact time equals 15 min. The production material is available from the beginning of the simulation and is released every 15 minutes. First material delivery is realized at time t 0. The ML works for first shift only. Available working time equal 450 min. The number of products that should be delivered to the customer every day is 30 pcs (10 pcs. of each type). The order of performing different types of products is random. Setups are needed only for Processes 4 and 5 on which all three kinds of products are treated. Processes 1, 2 and 3 are dedicated to one type of the product.

Computer model development: Computer model of the ML was developed in Flexim software.

Simulation scenarios: Students perform simulations for the following scenarios: Scenario Q1: A simulation under predetermined parameters and ML organization before quality improvement. Scenario Q2: A simulation in which the ML works also for the second shift, with the same tact time 15 min.

Simulation results: Simulations allow to obtain the following results (Table 2). Discussion and proposed solutions: Performed simulations show that the solution that meets the production assumptions (30 pcs) is Scenario Q2, which consisted of extending the work and adding a second shift in production. The Q1 does not meet the production requirement. If the solution with the second shift was to be considered, other pros and cons of this solution should be deliberated, such as economic analysis, etc. This state of affairs also encourages the student to think and search for another effective solution that would fully meet the assumptions of the work task, because the Q2 exceeds the demand for the products. Students are motivated to propose and implement other changes to the ML to see their influence on the results. 2 nd Problem description: Pull systems require feedback between supply and demand for production volume planning, and simulation can be very helpful in these cases [START_REF] Holweg | Towards responsive vehicle supply: A simulation-based investigation into automotive scheduling systems[END_REF]. Presented problem concerns parts and products flow between a supplier, a producer, a retailer and a client, and illustrates the formation of so-called bullwhip effect, which consists of transferring reinforced changes in demand through the SC.

Consequences of the 2 nd problem: Relatively small fluctuations in the demand reported by the customers increase as the information is communicated upstream to the producer and further the supplier. Information transferred in the form of orders through the SC does not actually reflect changes in demand on the retail market, but contains a number of decisions regarding inventories. This can cause excessive stocks in the SC.

Proposed solutions or remedies: To deal with this problem the companies can, implement modified replenishment policy or redesign the information flow that will improve inventory management throughout the SC.

Proposed analyses: The activities proposed for this problem concern the assessment of the impact of demand fluctuations and stock replenishment policies on the volume of stocks in individual parts of the SC.

Intended learning outcomes: In simulations students are able to obtain the following intended learning outcomes: ILO1: Identify potential consequences of bullwhip effect in SC. ILO2: Assess the impact of demand fluctuations on stock levels in SC. ILO3: Propose a solution that avoids excessive stock in the SC.

Case study description:

The case study presents application of SD method for analyzing the stocks in the SC. The supplier is responsible for the delivery of parts to the manufacturer. The producer manufactures finished products using parts from the supplier. These products are transferred to the retailer and then to customer. The customer's task is to generate demand and collect products delivered by the retailer. Variability of demand is considered one of the main factors responsible for the formation of the bullwhip effect. The effect lies in strengthening demand changes carried upstream the SC. The information is falsified: besides the actual changes in demand it includes the replenishment policy decisions. In the analyzed SC model shaping the level of inventories is based on the assumption that the demand in the next period will be the same as demand in the current period.

Replenishment is only carried out when the level of inventory is lower than required. Formula (1) presents the method of determining the amount of the parts order by the producer: po = IF THEN ELSE((pp<2*pq),2*pq-pp,0) [START_REF] Antonelli | Tiphys: An open networked platform for higher education on Industry 4.0[END_REF] where: po -parts ordered, ppparts stock at producer, pq -production quantity The advantage of the presented formula is its simplicity, however, it has some drawbacks. The selected inventory replenishment policy assumes demand unchanged. In business practice, this assumption may cause some problems. If the demand in the next period decreases significantly -the result will be an excessive accumulation of goods in the SC, and hence an increase of storage costs. There may also be a situation when the demand for the next period will be much higher than the current demand. The result of such a situation will be extended time of order fulfillment.

Computer model development: A modified version of FSC (Fig. 1) contains stocks of supplier, producer retailer and customer. The model shows the impact of the adopted procurement strategy on the levels of stocks of collaborating enterprises. Simulation results: After a short period of simulation the levels of all stocks in D1 scenario stabilized at 5 pcs. The longest period of inventory stabilization concerns the supplier's stock and amounts to 6 days. The maximum level of the supplier's inventory (19 pcs.) is achieved on the second and third day of simulation.

In the D2 scenario, the variability of demand caused changes in stocks in individual parts of the SC. Changes in stock of the part supplier were particularly large. The average supplier stock was 16 pcs. and the maximum reach 38 pcs.

The feature of D3 scenario is strongly variable demand. This resulted in a reinforcement of the bullwhip effect. Maximum retailer's stock level was 44 pcs. and the mean value was 25 pcs. (Fig. 2). The simulation results indicate that the intensity of the bullwhip effect increases with the increase in demand variability. The presented simulations can be used for educational purposes as an effective tool for demonstrating the bullwhip effect. Additionally, with the ability to modify the model, students can implement other stock replenishment policies and examine their impact on stock levels. Finally, students assisted by the teacher can redefine the way of information flows so that each link in the SC uses data on the current market demand. As demonstrated in [START_REF] Robinson | Discrete-event Simulation: from the Pioneers to the Present, What Next?[END_REF], this will significantly reduce the bullwhip effect and its impact on stock levels.

Summary

The presented work deals with simulations which can be applied in didactic processes to achieve the specified ILOs what is the main paper contributions to the science. The presented approach consisted of a set of steps ensure deep understanding of problem consequences and allow to find the best solution. Additionally, such way of analyses increase students creativity, as they want to check many different solutions, since it is easy to do in computer simulations. Additionally, the students realize that the companies are not the isolated islands and operate in CNs. Being a part of CN gives the company opportunities but also creates responsibilities. The mistakes such as quality issues and delivery delays can cause the company exclusion from a network.

In the future work the authors will also investigate other problems that can be analyzed with the use of simulations and create educational case studies with indicated ILOs. Additionally, in the future works the authors are planning to add another step to the presented approach that is Design of Experiment (DOE), which will allow to look for an optimal solution of an analyzed problem.

Fig. 1 .

 1 Fig. 1. The structure of the tested SC in Vensim. This study presents the application of the SD method for analyzing SC stock levels in conditions of constant and variable demand. Inventory levels are analyzed over a period of 250 days. Simulation scenarios: In experiments, 3 demand distributions were considered: Scenario D1 -Constant daily demand of 5 pcs. Scenario D2 -Random normal distribution (mean -5 pcs, st. dev. -1.6 pcs.). Scenario D3 -Random uniform distribution. In D2 and D3, integer pseudo-random numbers in the range (0 -10) are generated as the demand values. For all scenarios, initial stock levels of 3 pcs. were established.Simulation results: After a short period of simulation the levels of all stocks in D1 scenario stabilized at 5 pcs. The longest period of inventory stabilization concerns the supplier's stock and amounts to 6 days. The maximum level of the supplier's inventory (19 pcs.) is achieved on the second and third day of simulation.In the D2 scenario, the variability of demand caused changes in stocks in individual parts of the SC. Changes in stock of the part supplier were particularly large. The average supplier stock was 16 pcs. and the maximum reach 38 pcs.

Fig. 2 .

 2 Fig. 2. Stocks of the supplier's and retailer. Random normal demand distribution.

Table 1 .

 1 Data concerning the ML; PT -proc. time, QI -values after quality improvement.

	Process	PT [min] Setup [min] FTY FPY FTY-QI FPY-QI
	Process 1 30	0	0.92 0.95 0.93	0.96
	Process 2 30	0	0.95 0.90 0.96	0.91
	Process 3 30	0	0.98 0.95 0.99	0.96
	Process 4 10	5	0.90 0.88 0.91	0.89
	Process 5 5	10	-	-	-	-

Table 2 .

 2 DES simulation results -machine load (ML), average inventory level (AIL), product average stay time in input and output inventories of the processes (AST).

	Process	ML [%] AIL [pcs] AST [min] ML [%] AIL [pcs] AST [min]
		Scenario Q1		Scenario Q2
	Before Process 1 -	3.8	33.2	-	6.4	54
	Process 1	100	4.2	82.3	96.6	8.1	82.2
	Process 2	100	4.2	82.3	96.6	8.1	82.2
	Process 3	80	4.2	82.3	89.9	8.1	82.2
	Process 4	62.2	2.3	25.2	64.4	4.9	55.2
	Process 5	30	0	0	31.7	0	0

Acknowledgments. This work has been partially supported by the "TIPHYS 4.0 -Social Network based doctoral Education on Industry 4.0", project No 2017-1-SE01-KA203-03452 funded by ERASMUS+ of the European Commission.


István Mezgár
email: mezgar@sztaki.mta.hu

Collaborative Networks and ICT Trends for Future CPPS and Beyond

Keywords: Cyber Physical Systems, Brain Computer Interface, Collaborative Networks, Biological Manufacturing Systems

Enterprises are forced to implement continuously new ICT architectures, devices and technologies to react in time to the demands of the market for high quality, individualized products. These demands can be fulfilled only by well-organized and operated networked production systems. Cyber Physical Production Systems (CPPS) represent this type of networks connecting their different components through collaborative networks (CN), using emerging technologies in a very flexible and efficient way. The paper gives a short overview on the trends of CN and CPPS as systems, than the Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is introduced as a new technology for control devices in CPPS. As a next step a new paradigm for future production systems, beyond the CPPS is presented; the biological transformation in manufacturing (BTM), where biology, IC and manufacturing technologies are merged. There are many open questions in reference to BTM that need to be answered from the manufacturing community.

Introduction

The fast evolution of information and communication technologies (ICT) have resulted a new digital economy that has reached a point from where this process can be called as the "fourth industrial revolution". In this environment Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) are interlinked through real and virtual objects and processes. This phase can be characterized with deep interdisciplinary integration of technologies in digital, physical and biological world [START_REF] Schwab | The Fourth Industrial Revolution: What It Means and How to Respond[END_REF]. Manufacturing industry also belongs to those sectors that are basically changing in most of their component systems as new paradigms are involved into the production.

Today Artificial Intelligent (AI) technologies are the most dominant technologies for most sectors of economies, Gartner states that AI will become the biggest megatrend of the next decade [START_REF] Panetta | 5 Trends Emerge in the Gartner Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies[END_REF]. The key AI technologies, e.g. deep learning, deep reinforcement learning, artificial general intelligence, machine learning, and conversational user interfaces appear not only as single applications but in many cases in an embedded, integrated form with other emerging technologies (e.g. AI+IoT, AI+BigData, AI+5/6G). AI research got a big push and it seems that the level of AI applications will define the overall technological level of a country, as AI appears in most sectors of the economy. USA is traditionally dominant in this market, but China is raising radically its investment level (both states invest billions of USD into research founds) [START_REF]EU: Communication Artificial Intelligence for Europe[END_REF]. These AI based technologies can be applied in CPPS as well.

The paper gives a short overview on the trends of CN and CPPS as systems, than the Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is introduced as a new technology for control devices in CPPS. New human-machine communication technologies are in the first line of emerging technologies.

In the next section a new paradigm for future production systems, beyond the CPPS is presented; the biological transformation in manufacturing (BTM), where biology, IC and manufacturing technologies are merged, and the goal is to explore the application possibilities of the knowledge of biological principles in manufacturing processes. According to the predictions of different institutions the realization of highest (third) level of biological manufacturing will be in real industrial use only about after 2030 [START_REF] Byrne | Biologicalisation: Biological transformation in manufacturing[END_REF].

The paper discuss the above technologies only from technical viewpoints, but it is important to mention that there are non-technical fields (e.g. society acceptation, ethical questions) too, that are influenced by these technologies in a great extent and have back-reaction on these technologies as well. The focus of the paper is on human centric technologies and the biologisaton of manufacturing, so some critical questions of these fields can be discussed for future developments:

• What are the main gaps between BTM and traditional manufacturing?

•
In which fields of manufacturing could be involved additional biological methods, processes?

•

What can be the main negative factors in the introduction of BTM?

2 Collaborative Networks and CPPS

Collaborative Networks and Their Challenges for Future Production

In this section the trends of Collaborative Networks and CPPS as a whole system will be presented in connection with Industry 4.0 concept based production systems.

The different collaboration issues in production systems based on the Industry 4.0 concept are analyzed, compared and summarized in a structured way in [START_REF] Camarinha-Matos | Collaborative Networks as a Core Enabler of Industry 4.0. In: Collaboration in a Data-Rich World[END_REF]. Based on this evaluation 13 main group of challenges have been defined for further research. The importance of humans in the systems (in group 4) and the application of nature related disciplines (in group 7) in CNs are defined as well.

In order to give a proper answer to these challenges emerging technologies should be applied: extensive application of AI in decision making and in organization of CNs, collaborative censor fusion, collaborative robot -human work (corobots), and new interfaces are needed (e.g. BCI).

Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS)

CPSs can be applied in many fields of economy, in healthcare, different fields of industry, agriculture. In the field of production/manufacturing the specialized CPS is called CPPS and focus on operating highly effective, flexible production system. Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS), relying on the newest and foreseeable further developments of computer science (CS), information and communication technologies (ICT), and manufacturing science and technology (MST) [START_REF] Monostori | Cyber-Physical Systems[END_REF]. CPPS can be characterized by strong collaboration of systems both among machine and human agents that results intensive communication.

There are numerous surveys, studies and whitepapers published on the challenges, trends of future manufacturing systems and CPPS. In the most important fields the predictions are overlapping each other, only the accents are put in different points. A few word summaries of the results of two studies are introduced especially only those points of the works that can be connected to the topic of this position paper.

In the whitepaper of [START_REF] Taisch | Future trends and Research Priorities for CPS in Manufacturing[END_REF] the following main Research Priorities for Cyber-Physical Manufacturing have been defined (2 points are selected from 14 on the list): RP2. Worker at the center in manufacturing systems; RP7. Cyber Native Factories.

The Report of the ManuFUTURE -EU High-Level Group [START_REF]ManuFUTURE Vision 2030 A Competitive, Sustainable and Resilient European Manufacturing, Report of the ManuFUTURE -EU High-Level Group[END_REF], contains 10 groups of trends for future manufacturing systems in Europe, in four of them are reference on humans and biology: "AI will support all human's activity in manufacturing", "Biotech transformation of products and processes", "Collaboration and integration between humans and technology", "New interfaces between humans and machines will enable new levels of collaboration".

In the "Implementation Roadmap" chapter the bio based eco-systems are mentioned that although biotechnology has already significant developments these concepts call for a significant R&D effort and the mass implementation of the results will be a mid to long term target (2030-2040 for the 3rd level biologisation).

Human Machine Cooperation and Interfaces (BCI)

In the operation of highly digitalized production systems humans have a central role. Besides the conventional interfaces (e.g. keyboard and touch-screen, voice and gesture based techniques) BCI can be applied as well. In the literature many experts define the human machine interfaces (HMI) as critical technology and BCI is the interface that is handled with great expectations [START_REF] Lazarou | EEG-Based Brain-Computer Interfaces for Communication and Rehabilitation of People with Motor Impairment: A Novel Approach of the 21st Century[END_REF]. In the past years BCI is used in a growing extend in applications for healthy people (e.g. gamers, AR/VR applications) and now it appeared in the manufacturing world too.

Definition, Main Characteristics

BCI is a technology that allows the direct communication between the brain and an external device. A BCI can be described on a lower technical level as an artificial intelligence system (pattern recognition, machine learning) that can recognize a certain set of patterns in brain signals following five consecutive stages; signal acquisition, pre-processing or signal enhancement, feature extraction, classification, and the control interface. The controlled device can then send feedback to the user either via normal sensory pathways (screens, sounds) or directly through brain stimulation, thereby establishing a closed control loop.

BCI systems can be divided into three groups according to the placement of the electrodes used to detect and measure neurons firing in the brain; invasive-, semiinvasive and non-invasive techniques. The most sophisticated BCIs are bi-directional that can both record from and stimulate the nervous system.

There are also new and potentially dangerous situations in connection with BCI security. In BCI a hacker is no longer limited in access to machines and systems, but rather has the potential, to access partially the minds of living individuals [START_REF] Bonaci | App Stores for the Brain: Privacy & Security in Brain-Computer Interfaces[END_REF]. New methods, processes have to develop to avoid these critical and dangerous situations.

BCI Applications in Manufacturing

There are examples of BCI applications in the field of manufacturing control as well.

In the field of human-robot collaborative assembly has been applied BCI described in [START_REF] Wang | Brainwaves driven human-robot collaborative assembly[END_REF]. The human thought is realized as the desired robot movement to assist the human. This solution is an extension of multimodal communications (e.g. voice, gesture, haptic) and can realize more effective assembly.

In the paper [START_REF] Balderas | Alternative Classification Techniques for Brain-Computer Interfaces for Smart Sensor Manufacturing Environments[END_REF] two classification algorithms are proposed by the authors for Brain Computer interfaces. The two algorithms are the Restricted Boltzmann Machines and the Long Short time Memory. The classification accuracy obtained from the two proposed methods showed similar accuracy than for the common Artificial Neural Network, opening the possibility to be used in manufacturing systems.

Manufacturing Related Advantages, Disadvantages and Trends of BCI

The advantages of BCI in manufacturing are: (1) BCIs can create direct communication between a human brain and any external devices; (2) EEG technique and neurochips make easier building BCI applications; (3) BCI stimulates researchers by generating new challenges.

The following features can be listed as disadvantages: (1) EEG technique needs extensive training for the users, (2) BCI techniques are slow and high costs, (3 ) Security/privacy problems are unsolved, (4) Ethical issues can be raised that can prevent further intensive BCI development.

The trends of BCI represent the raising of the theme. Intensive researches have been started in BCI field in the last years that resulted new HW elements as well, e.g. a BCI chip specially designed for decoding brainwave information.

Taking into consideration the research trends industrial application of BCI is predicted by the Gartner in more than 10 years [START_REF] Panetta | 5 Trends Emerge in the Gartner Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies[END_REF].

4

Beyond CPPS; Biologisation in Manufacturing

Biologisation

There are significant improvements in the digitalization of manufacturing, both in the field of products and production in all phases of their life cycles. But taking into consideration the problems in connection with the limited resources of energy and material, new solutions have to be found for the industry. In this way the increased usage of practical solutions generated by the nature, e.g. from the biology came to light and can be handled as templates. The new solutions require the convergence of advanced technologies; require the knowledge of biologically inspired processes and aspects of sustainability. Inter-and trans-disciplinarity will be the defining features of future economy and production systems and these can create in this way a new age, a new paradigm.

Definition of Biologicalisation

The basic term for involving biology to the production is "biological transformation" ("Biological Transformation in Manufacturing"-BTM) but there are several other terms for the same concept. The authors in [START_REF] Byrne | Biologicalisation: Biological transformation in manufacturing[END_REF] apply the expression "biologicalisation" and define "biologicalisation in manufacturing" as "The use and integration of biological and bio-inspired principles, materials, functions, structures and resources for intelligent and sustainable manufacturing technologies and systems with the aim of achieving their full potential." According to a simplified definition it can be given as "the systematic application of the knowledge of biological processes aiming at optimizing a production" [START_REF] Dieckhoff | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V[END_REF].

Main Characteristics of Biologicalisation

Three levels of biological transformation can be distinguished starting with the inspiration-level which is followed by the integration-level and finally the level of interaction, [START_REF] Dieckhoff | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V[END_REF]. The levels are defined according to the merge-rate of biologicaland technological paradigms.

On the inspiration-level biological concepts are transferred to value creation networks, called bio -inspired manufacturing. Bio inspired concepts are well known in technology and have been applied for years (e.g. swarm/ant algorithms). The integration-level is the next layer, given as bio-integrated manufacturing. In this level biological systems are actually integrated into manufacturing systems, e.g. the substitution of chemical processes by biological processes [START_REF] Dieckhoff | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V[END_REF]. The level of interaction is the last level towards a huge leap to biological transformation of manufacturing systems. This layer represents the final step towards a fully biointelligent value creation network (bio intelligent manufacturing) which is the result of a completely new production paradigm. On the interaction-level technological, biological and information systems converge and collaborate.

Examples of Biologicalisation in Manufacturing

Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS) are a good example for the inspirationlevel biological system as they have a similar structure to natural ecosystems with their sub-elements/systems with the connected specific tasks and system behavior and interconnection (complex communication, flexible exchange of resources) [START_REF] Neugebauer | A New Generation Of Production With Cyber-Physical Systems -Enabling The Biological Transformation In Manufacturing[END_REF]. By an abstraction the characteristic of natural systems can be transferred to CPPSs to make use of their optimized way of performance.

The use of microorganisms in machining processes is a good example for the integration-level. In [START_REF] Istiyanto | Profile characteristics of biomachined copper[END_REF] and [START_REF] Hocheng | Metal removal by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans through cells and extra-cellular culture supernatant in biomachining[END_REF] possible utilizations of microorganisms for micromachining has been introduced. A bacterium has been used that metabolize metal for their energy production. Another example is when microorganisms can be integrated into the metal working fluids (MWF) to replace mineral-oil-containing MWFs and thus reduce the pollution of the environment [START_REF] Meyer | Microbial-based metalworking fluids in milling operations[END_REF]. In the field of product development the virus-built batteries, protein-based water filters, cancer-detecting nanoparticles can be listed as examples. [START_REF] Hockfield | The Age of Living Machines: How Biology Will Build the Next Technology Revolution[END_REF].

An example on interaction-level is the EVOLOPRO project [START_REF] Degen | Evolutionäre Selbstanpassung von komplexen Produktionsprozessen und Produkten, EVOLOPRO, Projektantrag Fraunhofer Leitprojekt[END_REF]. The goals of the project are to develop methods for increased productivity, more robust processes and the improvement of products by using biological principles of diversity of variants and the theory of facilitated variation for complex self-adapting technological processes.

Main Advantages of Disadvantages of Biological Manufacturing Systems

The advantages of BTM are as follows: environment friendly, energy saving, lower cost, more efficient.

The following characteristics can be listed as disadvantages: research/experiments have to be done, longer installation time, risk of introducing a system/process, alternative technologies exist, not the best solution-better than the previous.

Future trends forBiological Manufacturing Systems

Future trends cannot define exactly for Biological Manufacturing Systems as they are very complex systems, very diverse disciplines are involved. The trends of component technologies can be estimated and as a second step can be predicted the introduction of a BMS. Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) are fundamental techniques in many fields of BMSs.

Selecting some AI related technologies their estimated industrial application time by the Gartner are as follows: Deep Neural Nets -Deep Learning, 5G between 2-5 years, Digital twin, Quantum computing, Smart Fabric, IoT Platform, Edge AIbetween 5-10 years, BCI, Smart Dust, Biotech -more than 10 years. [START_REF] Panetta | 5 Trends Emerge in the Gartner Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies[END_REF].

Conclusions

The CPPS will remain dominant production system type in the future as well. The IC technologies applied in CPPS operation will develop quickly and this can modify the structure, the architecture, the way of communication, their collaboration in a great extent. As human beings have central role in these production systems the communication between humans and different devices have special emphasis. The BCI can help humans in the field of manufacturing system as well and within a few years BCI can get higher role especially in collaborative robotics.

A new paradigm, the biologisation of manufacturing (biologicalisation) can be the next step beyond CPPS in the field of production. In the biologisation of manufacturing the applied technologies are the result of deep integration of fully different fields (biology, ICT, manufacturing). These high level interdisciplinary technologies can apply more efficient, energy saving, green technologies, but parallel can generate challenges that are not easy to answer. The acceptation of these new technologies from the side of individuals, companies and the society, solving the connected moral/ethical problems are the biggest challenges for the future. Some of these challenges have been introduced in the paper and these have to be discussed by the manufacturing community to give proper answers in time.

Acknowledgement

This research has been supported partially by the Ministry of National Economy of Hungary through the GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00002 grant on an "Industry 4.0 research and innovation centre of excellence" project.


A Luis Osório

Luis M Camarinha-Matos

Hamideh Afsarmanesh
email: h.afsarmanesh@uva.nl

Adam Belloum
email: a.belloum@uva.nl

Towards a Mobility Payment Service based on Collaborative Open Systems

Keywords: Complex Informatics Systems, Distributed Systems, Collaborative Networks, Integrated Mobility Services, Integrated System of Systems

There is a need for a new strategy and approach to effectively develop mobility services in Europe. These services should be seen by customers as integrated services which are offered by a payment service provider using direct debit payments as established by the European Central Bank. The mobility service would enable a citizen to use multimodal transportation means including public transportation, tolling, parking lots, bicycle rental, etc. in Europe under a single contract. Competing mobility service providers need to be trusted and supervised by authorities based on digital supervision and auditing processes. Digital platforms need to smoothly deal with heterogeneous infrastructures of the different operators which validate utilizations using a variety of means such as card, mobile phone, or automatic vehicle identification systems. All transportation-related events need to be reliably communicated to the payment service providers. Detected failures need a clear and easy to follow resolution procedure. The variety of existing technologies and methodologies to develop informatics systems and processes automation make it difficult to reach such objectives and also an obstacle for authorities to effectively supervise the processes. An open system of systems framework approach combined with a collaborative network support infrastructure to facilitate information exchange and coordination among all involved stakeholders is proposed as a promising way to address these challenges. This paper further develops previous research in this area, better clarifying the challenges, and recommending a development strategy which has been proved in a number of partial implementations.

Introduction

Digital transformation is likely to have a profound impact in the mobility sector, leading to better services to the citizen. Initial ideas for a European-wide payment system for collaborative multimodal mobility services were introduced in [START_REF] Osorio | On Reliable Collaborative Multimodal Services[END_REF]. The base concept relies on a payment service covering public transportation, tolling in highways and bridges, parking lots, bicycle rental, and fuel payment, all under a single contract involving direct bank debit. A new type of operator, the Collaborative Mobility Service Provider (CMSP) emerges as the entity that offers integrated services to the customer and ensures that providers of individual services follow the contractual provisions. The technological support to such services requires an open complex informatics systems of systems (ISoS) [START_REF] Osorio | Agnostic Informatics System of Systems: The Open ISoS Services Framework[END_REF].

Many existing approaches throughout Europe, such as the model recently adopted in Lisbon and Porto, offer a partial solution (e.g. an intermodal transportation pass for citizens against the payment of a monthly fixed fee). However, such approaches are typically limited to a regional level, are not comprehensive enough in terms of the offered services, and the infrastructure operators maintain control of their clients. Such partial adoption is as an intermediate step for the proposed service mobility model, but further research towards a European unified mobility service is needed.

Progressing towards more integrated mobility services is aligned with a number of general policies aims at European level:

-Improving quality of service, namely in terms of convenience and experience, without geographical borders, can contribute to re-enforce a European identity. -Facilitation of mobility policies, facilitating different business models, e.g. discounts above certain level of usage, variable prices depending on the period of the day, reduced prices for seniors and students. -Facilitate increased use of public transportation through smooth integration with tolling and parking payment services. -Contributing to SEPA vision (Single Euro Payments Area) and cost reduction through increased openness to more operators. -Contributing to the European ICT industry by actively promoting "replaceability" of systems / sub-systems / services. By eliminating vendor lock-in constraints, this strategy also reduces the risks of adopting solutions from smaller companies, thus facilitating their access to this market. One important challenge relates to the implementation of an accreditation framework:

-Payment services need that the corresponding providers are accredited / recognized by regulating authorities, namely in order to provide guarantees to the customer. -Considering wide geographical spaces, involves large numbers of customers and transactions, which represents a significant level of complexity. -The whole mobility services provision requires supervision and auditing mechanisms to be performed digitally by regulators. This is particularly challenging in case of a large diversity and heterogeneity of technological infrastructures.

Adherence to an open reference infrastructure model could thus be a crucial facilitator and a requirement for the process of operators' certification by authorities. -The need for an open reference infrastructure comes also from the need for collaboration among the various service providers, which use different infrastructures and different identification mechanisms (cards, mobile phones, car identification devices, automatic car plate identification, etc.). All mobility service usage events need to the properly communicated to the payment service operators. Detected failures need a clear and easy to apply resolution procedure, while conflicts can be mediated by authorities if access to real data can be guaranteed. Furthermore, a distributed responsibility among operators / service providers also needs to rely on an open infrastructure framework. This context requires a high-level of automation and thus a collaboration among technological sub-systems of the different stakeholders, which should interact without or reduced human intervention.

Currently, regulators / supervision authorities face big obstacles as it is not easy for them to cope with a large diversity of infrastructures and implementations. Changes in policies may also lead to an increasing dependency on a few stakeholders that can afford large investments.

The maturing of the digital networked society requires that technology artifacts are developed and managed under unified frameworks and regulated public policies. However, the state of legacy and current implementations often establishes dependencies from single-vendor or single integrator. Public European decisionmakers too often apply "exceptions" to the public tendering, which leads to continuously contracting the same supplier with the argument that assets are not replaceable by competing alternatives. Such (over)used exceptions motivate our research for agile vendor-agnostic distributed infrastructures, which should be simple to develop, to maintain, and evolve. The notion of "openness" is used as a principle that any technological artifact, being a system or an element of a system, must be replaceable [START_REF] Osorio | Agnostic Informatics System of Systems: The Open ISoS Services Framework[END_REF] under a safe migration process preserving the underlying responsibility. Open also means that in the limit, any European public tender shall be free to decide among competing products (technology artifacts or services).

As shown by previous research, the "imposition" of an open technology framework proved to be a mechanism to reduce costs resulting from an increase in competition. This was observed, for instance, in the Brisa case which adopted a service-oriented electronic toll collection such that roadside equipment elements no longer were depending on a single provider [START_REF] Osorio | Open Multi-Technology Service Oriented Architecture for ITS Business Models: The ITSIBus Etoll Services[END_REF].

In this paper we farther discuss an approach for the service payment provider model by adopting and extending previous research contributions considering two main dimensions: i) structuring the intra-organization infrastructure by adopting the ISoS framework [START_REF] Osorio | Agnostic Informatics System of Systems: The Open ISoS Services Framework[END_REF], and ii) pursuing the collaborative networked perspective by adopting Enterprise Collaborative Network (ECoNet) [START_REF] Osorio | ECoNet Platform for Collaborative Logistics and Transport[END_REF].

In the next section, we briefly present and discuss the difficulty of realizing innovation under a philosophy of replaceable technical systems. The difficulties are discussed considering both scientific research and industry contributions towards vendor agnostic solutions. In Section 3 we revisit previous research on the Modeldriven Engineering Open Systems (MDEOS) initiative and in particular the ISoS (organization) and ECoNet (networked organizations) frameworks, which provide the base for the proposed approach. In Section 4 we discuss the proposed paradigm shift from a software engineering to a systems engineering thinking when addressing complex application problems. Section 5 summarizes the discussion and presents further research needs.

Brief Overview of Industry Trends

There is increasing awareness about liability, security, and even brand image risks associated to the development of integrated informatics solutions for complex application domains. Given the lack of vendor-neutral development and operation frameworks, most existing technology landscapes are maintained and evolved under proprietary technology setups. The frequent need for unplanned changes as a consequence urgent business challenges is a reason for deepening specificities and therefore dependencies. Furthermore, the trend for establishing collaborative networks also contributes for an additional complexity. For both dimensions, there is a need for reference models on how to structure the involved integration. Additionally, there is a difficulty associated with the adoption of innovations supported by unique "opportunity windows" since "technology and its context of use tend to congeal" [START_REF] Tyre | Windows of Opportunity: Temporal Patterns of Technological Adaptation in Organizations[END_REF]. The question is thus: how to elaborate in advance a suitable mobility service provider model that can guide a strategy to generate opportunities for the European industry by "imposing" an open digital technology framework led by the need of collaboration, digital auditing and service quality enforcement? It seems that in this sector we are facing an opportunity similar to that of the Korean leapfrog on digital TV and mobile phones that happened when the government "imposed" a digital communication standard [START_REF] Lee | Emerging digital technology as a window of opportunity and technological leapfrogging: Catch-up in digital TV by the Korean firms[END_REF]. The leadership role of public investment seems the key, not only through investing in R&D but also by "imposing" the public interest towards valuing a potential competing industry.

The acquisition of technology companies by major organizations as a strategy to address the development of such complex composites of technology artifacts is an indicator of the problem. The recent decision of Ikea [START_REF] Daugherty | The Post-Digital Era is Upon Us ARE YOU READY FOR WHAT'S NEXT[END_REF], a large ready-to-assemble furniture retailer, of buying the innovative software development TaskRabbit is paradigmatic. This acquisition results from the need to develop a new concept of managing professional services to guarantee quality craft in assembling products. The relationship started with an initial subcontract to develop a mobile application with augmented reality for clients to match products in client's homes. The problem, in this case, is the difficulty of developing a call for tenders since the vision exists but not complete specifications and technical decisions. Technical decisions are not easy to make in advance since they depend on the technological culture of the contractor. The Brisa case we have been following for years [START_REF] Osorio | Open Multi-Technology Service Oriented Architecture for ITS Business Models: The ITSIBus Etoll Services[END_REF] followed a similar approach, in this case through the creation of a technology company, Brisa Innovation and Technology (BIT, now A-To-Be). But in spite of their investment in R&D and innovation, and its commitment to MDEOS [START_REF] Osorio | Towards Vendor-Agnostic IT-System of IT-Systems with the CEDE Platform[END_REF] initiative, current BIT products still do not follow-up any open source software dynamics.

Other approaches exist, like the inference of complex development patterns from analysis of change in logs, as proposed in [START_REF] Hassan | The Chaos of Software Development[END_REF]. Research on modularity dates back to 1970's with a work about software complexity questioning how to modularize software making components testable and maintainable [START_REF] Thomas | A Complexity Measure[END_REF]. Despite important developments for about half a century, this and other questions concerning how to structure software developments remain an issue. In [START_REF] Northrop | Ultra-Large-Scale Systems -The Software Challenge of the Future[END_REF] it was recognized some years ago that "with respect to current large software-intensive systems, our aspiration to establish software development as an engineering discipline is, to a significant extent, still an aspiration". This book discusses the need for abstraction mechanisms, modularity, and composition as a strategy to cope with large software systems. Another example, [START_REF] Stoicescu | Architecting resilient computing systems: A component-based approach for adaptive fault tolerance[END_REF] discusses a component strategy to cope with resilience but without exploring the computing system part. However, along the discussion, terms such as system, dependable system, resilient system, operating system, and distributed system, are used without a clear definition.

It seems that an abstract (implementation independent) conceptual framework, able to cope with the growing networked complexity and following an independent vendor framework, is still a need.

Revisiting ISoS, ECoNet and CEDE Concepts

Base Concepts

The example of developing a mobile service provider concept as discussed in [START_REF] Osorio | On Reliable Collaborative Multimodal Services[END_REF] provides a promising endeavor for progressively aggregating research contributions involving technology, engineering, business, economic, and sociological viewpoints. The approach considers the development of replaceable informatics systems (Isystems) as a target goal. As an underlying initiative, the Model Driven Engineering of Open Systems (MDEOS) is a coordinated effort focusing both an open structuration for the computing-related artifacts (ISoS) and some "unification" or alignment of the development "culture" (CEDE), as depicted in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Open Replaceable Informatics Systems in MDEOS framework

The mobility service provider case is an opportunity to "impose" convergence mechanisms, led by European authorities, in order to facilitate the development and adoption of novel smart solutions, contributing to value creation. As initially proposed in [START_REF] Osorio | On Reliable Collaborative Multimodal Services[END_REF], the Collaborative Mobility Service Provider concept foresees a pan-European payment of mobility services. This case offers interesting research challenges considering the multidimensional risks involved in materializing the single euro payment area and the direct debits scheme for the collaborative service provision model. To bring further clarification, the initial formulation in [START_REF] Osorio | On Reliable Collaborative Multimodal Services[END_REF] can be expanded by considering the following additional challenges:

• The mobility service provider needs to consider collaboration with complementary industry or services sectors and its standardization dynamics: banks, payment mediation providers, transports and mobility, and government (regulation authorities); • The need for reducing mediation, as stated by the single European payment initiative, which is hampered by technology interoperation difficulties and debt risks associated with direct interactions between service providers and banks; • The diversity of infrastructure operators across Europe, which requires to find common mechanisms to make clients perform the payment of mobility related infrastructures. Validation and enforcement mechanisms to be designed to cope with the diversity of cases, from small transport companies in a small village, to large transport systems in large • Involved stakeholders need to be prepared to scale up and to manage failure situations since the reliance on the overall solution depends on its availability and recovery mechanisms. For instance, an attendance help-desk mechanism is needed for clients with difficulty in using the service; • Considering the inhabitants of the EU-28, 509.4 million 1 , as potential service users, just one percent share represents five million clients, and if in average a client makes five transactions a day, a service provider must manage 25 million transactions (utilization events) a day. The corresponding technological solution thus needs to scale up, maintaining the quality of services. The proposed mobility service provider scenario is thus a complex engineering system of systems. The stakeholders, service provider, infrastructure operators, mobility and bank authorities, as depicted in Fig. 2, involve complex distributed collaborative services, which are operationalized through complex collaborative business processes [START_REF] Osorio | Distributed process execution in collaborative networks[END_REF]. The transport and mobility authorities should be able to interact through auditing events (a-events) with the infrastructure operator and mobility service provider. The infrastructure operator and service provider interact through usage events (u-events). The mobility service provider interacts with banks through debit and transfer events (d-events or t-events). The bank authorities interact with this environment through electronic auditing events (e-audit), a form of "digital auditing".

Fig. 2. Collaborative Networked Stakeholders in the mobility service provision case

1 Source: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained

Common Organization's Technology Framework

The mobility service provider case requires the participating stakeholders to implement common auditing and enforcement services. The propose ISoS framework, depicted in Fig. 3 considers the organization's computing landscape formed by one or more Isystems.

Fig. 3. The SysML model of the ISoS Isystem concept

The ISoS framework suggests the need to develop reference models validated through reference implementations, which contribute to make Isystems replaceable. The development of reference models follows the proposed Reference Implementation concept of the FIWARE framework [START_REF] Zahariadis | FIWARE Lab: Managing Resources and Services in a Cloud Federation Supporting Future Internet Applications[END_REF]. The ISoS framework facilitates the investment on reference models and respective validation implementations since formal technology independence is guaranteed through the Cooperation Enabled Services (CES) concept [START_REF] Osorio | Cooperation Enabled Systems for Collaborative Networks[END_REF]. An Isystem is a composite of one or more CES, as depicted in Fig. 4. The CES abstraction is a composite of one or more services and like an Isystem can also have an associated Reference Model to support replaceability.

Fig. 4. The SysML model of Isystem and its relation to CES

The CES composite is the atomic concept to cope with legacy or novel technologies. CES follows the new trend of microservices while elementary functionalities and as Isystem's element hiding different implementations. The microservices [START_REF] Cerny | Contextual Understanding of Microservice Architecture: Current and Future Directions[END_REF] "emphasize lightweight virtual machines" and point to autonomous computing entities. There are other contributions under SOA very similar to microservices. The example of the JINI framework [START_REF] Waldo | Alive and well: Jini technology today[END_REF], adopted by the ITSIBus [START_REF] Osorio | Open Multi-Technology Service Oriented Architecture for ITS Business Models: The ITSIBus Etoll Services[END_REF], in the construction of open autonomous modularity can be considered aligned to the microservices trend. As discussed in [START_REF] Cerny | Contextual Understanding of Microservice Architecture: Current and Future Directions[END_REF], the fast-growing role of virtualization and in particular the approach followed by docker, reusing an old mechanism natively available in the Linux kernel (cgroups and namespaces), establishing efficient, lightweight, isolated execution environments [START_REF] Thalheim | Cntr: Lightweight OS Containers[END_REF], is already used in SOA contexts. In our model, CES's services can deploy to a lightweight container and, in this way, establish an isolated, autonomous computing entity. CES is, therefore, a composite of one or more Services, as depicted in Fig. 5. Like an Isystem, also a CES can have a Reference Model, making it a replaceable implementation. The key feature of an ISoS Service that makes it different from related works is the independence from a specific technology.

Fig. 5. The SysML model of CES and composite Services

As depicted in Fig. 5, by calling the CES selfAwareness() method, the set of implemented Services are obtained, beyond other attributes. Each Service has an associated couplingData, represented by the Generic Modeling Entity (GME) type. GME abstracts specificities of the Service implementation. The decoding of the couplingData content depends on the MIME-Type tag, as depicted in Fig. 6.

The MIME-Type uses the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) concept, an IETF standard used here to discriminate available technology implementations. The MIME-Type values classify (identify) specific technology implementation as a preestablished convention for the model of the dataObject attribute, an instance of the GME entity. Beyond the contentType and other attributes, the metaData object also contains a digitalSignature to trust the Service through some certifying organization. For security and responsibility reasons, it is important to guarantee the integrity of the adopted Service implementation. As the model is applied in products developments by the industry, further open specifications are expected to be detailed or proposed.

Fig. 6. The SysML model of the Service Generic Modeling Entity (GME)

After establishing the organization's technology framework based on Isystem/CES/service and the selfAwareness() method of both Isystem and CES, which we designate by Adaptive Coupling Infrastructure (OACI) [START_REF] Osorio | Agnostic Informatics System of Systems: The Open ISoS Services Framework[END_REF], the next section discusses the interaction between Isystems in the Collaborative Networks context.

Collaborative Networked Organizations Technology Framework

The ECoNet framework and platform [START_REF] Osorio | ECoNet Platform for Collaborative Logistics and Transport[END_REF] is proposed as a contribution to structure the underlying collaborative environment and make it easier for an organization to get prepared to join a collaborative network. An issue is the diversity of adapters that nowadays are necessary to establish interactions between Isystems of different organizations as discussed in [START_REF] Osorio | On Reliable Collaborative Multimodal Services[END_REF]. In this paper, we detail the ECoNet framework and the proposed ECoM as the Isystem that into each networked organization is responsible for managing business exchanges between Isystems of different Organizations. To discuss the need of the ECoNet for the mobility service provider, we revise the ECoNet architecture based on its SysML model as depicted in Fig. 7.

Fig. 7. The SysML model of the ECoNet organization's network

Each service provider stakeholder needs to install an ECoM Isystem obtained from the ECoNet coordination. As proposed in [START_REF] Osorio | ECoNet Platform for Collaborative Logistics and Transport[END_REF], an organization can register at ECoNet coordinator and select a business provider of a supported ECoM implementation. With an ECoM Isystem, specialized in managing collaborative network interactions, a service provider stakeholder is prepared to interact with business partners, based on the required Collaboration Contexts (CoC). Any organization's Isystem can integrate with the ECoM through the ISoS logical integration bus [START_REF] Osorio | Agnostic Informatics System of Systems: The Open ISoS Services Framework[END_REF], i.e., through the CoC selfAwareness() method since a Collaborative Context is, in fact, a CES composed of the Services necessary to operate and manage the required business exchanges. Fig. 8 depicts the SysML model of the ECoM Isystem.

Fig. 8. The SysML model of the ECoM Isystem

A collaboration context is equivalent to the existing adapters used to manage specific interactions between Isystems of business partners. However, by adopting ECoNet, i.e., by installing an ECoM, the adapters are wrapped into services of a collaboration context (CoC). A specific collaboration context establishes a virtual collaboration context with virtually all business partners that join a specific collaboration context. The Virtula Collaboration Context zero (VCC0) is a kind of shared space among all organizations sharing a common collaboration context. Any business partner can create its own VCC and invite business partners to join the created virtual collaboration context. Each VCC establishes a multi-tenant secure collaboration space. The services implemented by the collaboration context establish the interaction mechanisms to be accessed by the organization's Isystems that need to exchange data or coordination information among ECoNet nodes.

4

From Software to System's Paradigm Shift

Computer science and engineering need to evolve from a software to a systems-centric approach. Even if the SCRUM methodologies [START_REF] Kuhrmann | Software and system development in practice: Waterfall, Scrum[END_REF] are important in organizing software development, the diversity of computing paradigm used by different organizations establishes complex interdependencies difficult to manage. Such complexity suggests the term software system can be abstracted by the informatics system (Isystem) concept, which combines ideas from areas like information systems, distributed systems, database systems, operating systems, web systems, and so forth. In our formulation, the notion of informatics system is central in abstracting computing related paradigms under a unified approach. It establishes a responsibility centered on computing elements, but it can include other specializations or elements from other knowledge bodies. Therefore, by adopting the Isystem concept a move from software to system's thinking is promoted in mapping business requirements and formal highlevel concepts with clear responsibility boundaries. Systems thinking is considered a key approach to the study and development of System of Systems and SoS Engineering where interactions among system elements are of paramount importance [START_REF] Keating | Systems thinking: Foundations for enhancing system of systems engineering[END_REF]. Developing complex and reliable systems is difficult since dependencies among a large number of software modules without formal isolation mechanisms make difficult the identification of potential problems. Moreover, there is a recurrent difficulty in making a clear separation between (business) processes or the "what" is intended, and the structuration of the technology landscape or the "how" to proceed. The difficulty results from the lack of a general framework able to cope with the complex interdependencies among the required computing elements.

The mobility service context requires an automated organization where persons and technology fit well under pleasant and cost-effective (sustainable) symbiosis. An approach where any person "sees" the mechanisms he/she need to fulfill social and professional activities and be manageable under a sustainable model. User's expectation is to hold the right tools and facilities to pursue activities under "perfect" operation and fulfillment. However, the problem is that existing technology artifacts have been evolving, pushed by fierce market competition and without a well-defined open and independent supplier model able to position each artifact independently of its dimension/complexity in cooperation and under a unified managed (coordinated) technology landscape.

To the question if state of the art is ready for the mobility service provider challenge, the answer is no. However, if the question is about the readiness of technology the answer would be yes. The difference is that with state of the art the approach to such a mobility service provider challenge would follow proprietary approaches and a suite of adapters to integrate the participating technology systems. Following the MDEOS strategy, both ISoS and ECoNet have been evolving, under an open specification and co-financed by projects with the industry and Public Authorities (Brisa/A-To-Be, Galp, BP, Road Authority, Ports Authority) converging smoothly for adoption in production.

We argue that the European Public interest, represented by the mobility and bank authorities, shall lead a project to support the mobility service provider vision based on a strong commitment from the research community, and with the participation of interested companies. It is of paramount importance the establishment of ontologies establishing reference models based on standard Isystem or CES in promoting multiple supplying. The social value by pushing the multi-supplier paradigm based on the replaceability principle shall be the investment motivation. From the cases studied in previous research leading to the proposed framework, a recurrent result was the cost reduction resulting from the promotion of market competition [START_REF] Osorio | Agnostic Informatics System of Systems: The Open ISoS Services Framework[END_REF], [START_REF] Osorio | On Reliable Collaborative Multimodal Services[END_REF].

Conclusions and Further Research

This paper further explores previous research on ISoS and ECoNet frameworks to support a collaborative mobility service provider. This involved detailing the strategy to develop open reference models, guided by digital auditing from transport and mobility and bank authorities. The potential failure and performance (scalability) risks of current distributed computing technology systems suggest the adoption of an independent technology approach. The proposed ISoS framework was demonstrated in various projects to make viable the adoption of different technology paradigms. The proposed Isystem, CES, and Service concepts make it possible to develop adaptive modular informatics systems and, in this way, offer promising solutions for the identified business processes. For the networked dimension, the ECoNet platform is proposed to unify collaborative business exchanges of both data and control. The collaborative contexts and virtual Collaborative Contexts, managed by the ECoM Isystem, are part of a unified strategy to manage business interactions under a common framework. The organization's Isystems integrate with ECoM to automate collaboration processes and, in the mobility service provider case, to establish the base for a common digital auditing strategy for both transport and mobility and bank authorities.

The complexity of the discussed endeavor requires further research answering several open questions, namely, how to:

i. Implement fault tolerance mechanisms for interactions mediated by a collaboration context (a CoC of the ECoM Isystem); ii. Coordinate monitoring systems responsible for the generation of explanations for complex exceptions and errors that might happen; iii. Maintain and evolve the proposed MDEOS open specifications, and reference implementations on the assumption that operational and business risks need to be assumed by a clear leadership; and iv. Balance the pressure of innovation, frequently led by the market motivated by the advantage to maintain a "windows of opportunity" [START_REF] Tyre | Windows of Opportunity: Temporal Patterns of Technological Adaptation in Organizations[END_REF], and the need to converge for replaceable solutions or parts of solutions.

Acknowledgments. Special thanks to Paulo Borges, as a research fellow leading the development of ISoS in a pre-stage for an open specifications and open source initiative under SOCOLNET scientific network and its ARCON-ACM initiative. This work has been partially supported by BP Portugal through the research project HORUS, by the A-to-Be (Brisa Innovation and Technology) with MOBICS/CITS project and SITL-IoT a PT-2020 Research Project with FORDESI Isystems and services development company. Partial support also from the Center of Technology and Systems -UNINOVA, and the Portuguese FCT-PEST program UID/EEA/00066/2019.