Audrey Didier

Marion Deloche

Lionel Bardy

François Balfourier

The French Genetic Resources Centre on Small Grain Cereals: a tool-box for prebreeding

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The French Genetic Resources Centre on Small Grain Cereals: a tool-box for prebreeding Didier A., Deloche M., Bardy L., Balfourier F.

INRA-UBP, UMR 1095 -Genetic, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals 5 chemin de Beaulieu 63039 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 2

The small grain cereals Genetic Resources Centre (GRC) gathers accessions of major species of agricultural interest belonging to genus Triticum (wheat), Hordeum (barley), Secale (rye), Triticosecale (triticale), Avena (oat), and there wild relatives. About 25 000 accessions composed by patrimonial genetic resources as landraces, breeding lines, registrated cultivars, are held in INRA Clermont-Ferrand. All these genetic resources constitute a useful genebank as well, for basic, genomic studies and applied breeding approaches.

Different genetic analyses have contributed to describe the genetic diversity of the GRC collections. The main result was the definition of a core collection (F. Balfourier, et al., 2007) which is now highly genotyped for more than 120 000 SNP and phenotyped for a hundred of agronomical and technological descriptors (Bordes et al., 2008(Bordes et al., , 2011(Bordes et al., , 2013)). A part of the bread wheat collection is also evaluated in precompetitive national project "Breedwheat" and in the European project "Whealbi".

Genetic Resources Centre is a part of different kind of network at national level, in the national networks for cereal crop genetic resources, and at European level, in ECPGR Cereals Networks.

The implementation of a quality management system is in progress, with a first quality-label from a French organization IBiSA in 2013 and CRG engages itself in a certification process.

A part of small grains cereals collection is available online on SIReGal database (http://urgi.versailles.inra.fr/siregal) and request of seeds samples can be done directly by SIReGal or by mail. This database is a part of a global portal (GnpIS) which allows crossing and exchanging data from genomic, proteomic and phenotypic evaluations. Balfourier et al. 2007TAG 114:1265-1275Bordes et al. 2008JCS 48(3): 569-579 Bordes et al. 2011JCS 54:137-147. Bordes et al. 2013 TAG 126 (3): 805-822


domain: sdv shs

text:
Mombasa

Sustainable Projects: kilimo endelevu was ''the sustainability of anything that continues over a long period of time'' It is a science -how the flavor, color, and liquor determine quality. Yet, tea is tea is tea -it is the market that discerns quality. ''explore the relevant strengths of these worlds, their drawbacks and their limitations'' (Law and Mol 2011, 2).

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 One of the core limitations of all of these standards is their inability to change how producers enact SustainabiliTea -why would we expect them to?

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  The use of standards to guide performances makes some technical and political stakes visible while rendering others invisible (Lampland and Star 2009; Bowker and Star 1999).  Standards create spaces of debate over what sustainability IS in different contexts.  SustainabiliTea is not a project of standardization or discourse management, but a struggle for market survival. © Luponde Tea, 2009 LOCONTO / SUSTAINING AN ENTERPRISE, ENACTING SUSTAINABILITEA The Performative Nature of Ideas Performation (Callon 1998, 2007) -is about the mobilisation of calculative devices that either make or do not make changes in empirical reality  Differences found in practices are due to the enrollment of specific devices that have perceptible effects on the network. 'objects come into being-and disappear-with the practices in which they are manipulated'' (Mol 2002, 5).  Different enactments are not merely differences in interpretation perception, or enrollment, but instead are the ''doing'' of different Realities (Law and Mol 2011; Law 2008; Mol 2002) Standards are guides for action & collective systems that legitimize these actions through enactment and enforcement (Ponte and Gibbon, 2005; Busch, 2011)  The power to set standards translates into the ability to write the script for a desired reality and the ability to certify and accredit other actors as means to enforce this reality.Paying attention to residual categories and performances of (in)visibility in order to understand how standards enact values(Bowker and Star 1999; Lampland and Star, 2009) "the ETP members share a vision of a thriving industry that is socially just and environmentally sustainable" (ETP 2010b)"transparency, partnership and participation, representative democracy, and equal exchange" (FLO 2010)"health, ecology, fairness and care" (IFOAM 2010) "economy, ecology and ethics" (RA 2010)

  Discourses of sustainable development in the standards  Economic sustainability the least standardized, but most performed (in)visibilities  Gifts, tea quality and projects rendered visible and contested  Environmental and social aspects not-problematized in action  Lack of focus on quality by the standard conceals all but the market Standards are performative, as they provide tangible expectations, scripts, and evaluations of practice in a neat, market-driven package. SDOs expect their standards to be able to change practices and not just ''represent'' changes -yet SustainabiliTeas are the norm in practice LOCONTO / SUSTAINING AN ENTERPRISE, ENACTING SUSTAINABILITEA Conclusions -Sustaining an enterprise But a singular SustainabiliTea does emerge from the analysis  It is a hybrid of discourse and practice that explains the attempts by different value chain actors to sustain their enterprises by nurturing tea quality and adapting to socio-technical changes  This singular SustainabiliTea is a 'non-substantive' use of the word -a moral judgment on the type of agriculture that can be called sustainable (Thompson, 2007).

  think Fairtrade is going to disappear in the end (...) Fairtrade to the third world -that is poppycock -but that is not what it is about. It should be about quality, about competitiveness. So, I must say that I would like to see Fairtrade finished. I would like to see it go away, even though we benefit so much from it. I would like to see it, through

the natural course of business, disappear. And that we be competitive because we are naturally fair: we treat our workers well, we look after the environment, we don't put oil or fuel in the rivers. And that's what I would like to see and we don't really have to pay for that.

 We don't have sections that really relate to the economic aspect of sustainability, like other schemes really make a point to distinguish the three pillars. But for us the economic sustainability of organic has really been proven by the development of the market. So it really works, it is the biggest certified system in most sectors and fast growing so sustainability is there from an economic point of view.

 Unless we somehow manage to persuade more people to drink more tea, which is what we are trying to do of course, but that is the reality of an over supply market, and that would be a damn good solution, it would be, to persuade more people to drink more tea.