An international strategy and an adapted action plan: 3 objectives 1-An international policy reinforcing scientific priorities and impact.

To develop some major programs combining European and international partnerships, opening these cooperations to training -through partnership with higher education -and to innovation.

2-Strengthening research and expertise capacity on European and global issues.

The aim is to strengthen INRA's research and expertise on a European and global scale, in order to develop its impact, influence and international relevance.

3-Renovated tools of European and international cooperation and attractiveness.

Facilitate the alignment of cooperation instruments in the national, community and international framework, while creating incentive tools that strengthen the participation of INRA teams in these instruments and attractiveness for international PhD students and researchers.

Annual meetings

Scientific partners will attend annual meeting in France or Brazil

Bact-Inflam website

News and results communication

.03

Tools for international cooperation 1-Bilateral. International Associated Laboratory (with higher education) International Joint Unit Joint Linkage Calls (agreement and joint calls for mobility) .09

Inflammatory diseases occur in both humans and animals. The Bact-Inflam project will focus on 2 of them.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)

Ruminant mastitis

Both diseases are serious issues for human and vet medicines.

Context

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Beneficial bacteria (propionic acid-, lactic acid-or commensal-bacteria), and compounds thereof, could serve as complements or alternatives to current anti-IBD treatments and to antibiotics used in the prevention and treatment of mastitis. Bact-Inflam strategy

Context

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The teams

Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics (LGCM)

Department of General Biology. Expertise in molecular bacteriology and genomics (and NGS-based omics approaches) and in bioinformatics and molecular tools applied to bacteria of veterinary (with C. pseudotuberculosis as a model) and biotechnological interest (lactic acid bacteria). Pr Vasco Azevedo, Full Professor at UFMG (1A / CNPq). Member of Brazilian Academy of Science.

Laboratory of Immunopharmacology

Study the recruitment of leukocytes at the sites of inflammation and its functional consequences, in vivo, at the scale of an organ and or of a system using immunopharmacology and molecular biology. Aims at developing new antiinflammatory treatments with reduced side effects. Pr Mauro Martins Teixeira, Full Professeur at UFMG (1A /CNPq). Member of Brazilian Academy of Science and the Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS).

Laboratory of Immunobiology

(Department of Immunology and Biochemistry at ICB). Study the process involved in the physiology and the stimulation of the immune system at the mucosal level with focus on allergy, immunotolerance, immune response sat various stage of life. Pr Ana Maria Caetano de Faria, Full Professor at UFMG (1B /CNPq).

  book chapters Talks in international and national congresses (SBM, SGM…) Seminars in Brazilian universities Supervision: 15+ Brazilian post-docs 20+ Brazilian docs (co-tutorship) Fundings: CAPES-COFECUB, CNPq, Région Bretagne, INRA, EU (MSCA) A long standing and fruitful collaboration .08 « Rien ne se crée sans les hommes, rien ne dure sans les institutions » Jean Monnet, l'un des pères fondateurs de l'Europe. How to turn inter-personal relationships into a wider, perennial structure? LIA : Laboratoire International Associé (LIA) Launched by INRA in 2014

. 011 - 012 *

 011012 To identify bacterial determinants involved in pro-or antiinflammatory processes in various contexts (IBD and mastitis) -To characterize inflammatory processes with, as a start point, our models of mammary gland and gut Bact-Inflam objectives .Characterization of the inflammation process and of the bacteria involved in the inflammation (e.g. S. aureus / mastitis) * Determination of microbiota composition associated to inflamed or healthy organes * Identification of marker species (dysbiosis/inflamed or eubiosis/healthy) * Characterization of these biomarkers at the cellular and molecular levels * Validation on animal models * Development of new therapeutic strategies and or alternatives to allopathic treatments, based on the use of immunomodulatory bacteria or bacterial compounds.

Universidade Feredal de Minas Gerais

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-Final meeting 5 th year (in 2022), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.


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François Casabianca

GI contribution to sustainability: The "terroir" and the agro-ecological practice

• As researcher in Corsica island / in France, Italy, Spain, But also in Viêt-nam, Argentina, Morocco… Terroir ? A definition highly compatible with Agro-ecology

• A terroir is (1) a delimited geographical area (2) where a human community (3) over the course of history generates and accumulates a collective body of production knowledge (4) based on a system of interactions between biophysical and human factors.

(5) The sequence of socio-technical steps involved (6) reveals originality, (7) confers typicity (8) and earns a reputation (9) on a good originating in the geographical area in question.

FAO Seminar Roma 9 May 2018

•

  Ensure the needs of today without endanger the needs of the future generations • A problematic of resources / manage the renewability / only one planet • Care the welfare of the less doted / poverty and precarity to be eliminated • The 3 pillars economical, environmental and social / hard to balance. More a question of trade-offs Sustainable Development = More a pathway than a stable state to reach Enhance Transitions and Overcome Lock-in effects FAO Seminar Roma 9 May 2018 GI definition = a promise of sustainability • GI is more than the protection of the geographical names on the market. An anticipated answer to activities delocalization, to banalization of feeding habits, to the loss of knowledge and culture of urbanized people. • By the notion of « terroir », identifying a placebased production • An heritage building insuring a transmission between generations GI Systems seem to have a lot of advantages for fulfilling the expectations of Sustainable Development Human and social values • Culture and food traditions • Responsible governance • Circular and solidarity economy FAO Seminar Roma 9 May 2018

  In European Working Group on Localized AgriFood Systems (SYAL)• In INAO / national expert for public decision making about PDO and PGI

	FAO Seminar Roma	9 May 2018

• In French Research institutions ANR Agriculture for Sustainable Development /project called PRODDIG Promoting sustainable Development by the Geographical Indications 17 research units • In several Research projects within Europ / Dolphin project Worldwide / Synergi project • Sustainable Development: what is at stake ?

Agro-ecology providing useful questions to GIs

• Place of farmer Farmer first / Rebalance the vision of GI

• Production system is core / the interactions to stimulate More efficient and more resilient

• Reshaping the whole food system at territorial level

• 4 illustrations of such renewed questions FAO Seminar Roma 9 May 2018

Q1 -Diversity vs Specialization

• Terroir = dynamism of interactions within the production system thanks to technical culture… but GIs are using GMO, pesticides and antibiotics.

Local breeds and varieties ? Sustainable management of the diseases and pests ?

Local strains for processed food ? Integration of wildlife into the pastures, the forests, the landscape ? Ecosystemic services Identification of the landscape (ie eco-system functioning) as a real GI production ?

• Successful GIs lead to a risk of specialization. Insure that the large set of products provided by the local GI system are maintained and respected (avoid the risk of territorial geopardize).

Survival and valorization of the co-products put in the shadow of the GI ? How to assess such equity (and not only hope that it may happen) ?

• Distribution within an heterogeneous area ? All the fractions of the area are not equivalent.

Need to make sure that the production is not concentrating in the most favorable parts while difficult parts are depopulating.

How to reach some spatial justice in GIs ?

FAO Seminar Roma 9 May 2018 Q3 -Rooting GI products into their local culture

• Local people are considered as the best experts of the typical products… but the GI system is more oriented by the markets able to produce the major value added, in a globalized world. • GI products not only for export or up-market / include the typical food into the scholar canteens and the public food procurement / make frequent animations toward local people in the several marketplaces • GI product as part of the local heritage / make sure the transmission of culture to the young generation is effective.

• GI food as crucial element of the food sovereignty

Food security needs to increase the capacity of the local population to produce its own food. • Ability to deal with the innovations provided by the regime. Accept (and adapt) some and rejecting other / For example : in PDO Comté, cheese curing machine is accepted while milking robot is rejected.

How to simulate the protection mechanisms of the GI in order to manage and orient the innovation pathway ? • Anticipate and prepare the long term effects of such choices on resources, techniques, production units (Nb, size), market evolution, regulation changes… How to ensure a prospective ability for the GI governance ?

FAO Seminar Roma 9 May 2018

Conclusion

• Transition toward SD : Not only a correction of the supremacy given to economic issue, adding some consideration for environment and society.

• A need to reshape the whole food system. More room to the raw material production, the ecosystem services. More attention to equity and democracy Less dependency to globalized markets Higher territorial embeddedness

• GI stimulated by Agro-ecology May become the pioneer of the agricultural transition to SD


text:
Personal experience from various situations But actually some problems to face

• A huge heterogeneity into the GIs / a category ?

• Producing value in the supply chain / only a question of quality and willingness to pay of the customers ?

• Are common-pool resources managed on a sustainable way ?

• Are typical products accessing to valuable markets ?

GIs actors should think about Sustainable Development as a strategic orientation for preparing their own future

Future of terroirs and biodiversity ?

• Terroir = dynamism of interactions within the production system thanks to technical culture… but GIs are using GMO, pesticides and antibiotics. • Local breeds and varieties / preserve and manage the diversity ? • Sustainable management of the diseases and pests ?

• Local strains for processed food / hygiene requirements ?

• Integration of wildlife into the pastures, the forests, the landscape ?

Raw material producers and value share ?

• Virtuous circle is supposed to allow renewing the resources.

• But how to ensure that value is produced ?

• And how to ensure the up-stream producer to obtain a right part of the total value ?

• The way to design the code of practices / some rules able to make the raw material impossible to substitute by other less costly to produce. • Choosing the rules for the high quality result / and at the same time working for reducing exclusion of producers / A question of democracy.

GIs actors may evolve their set of rules in order to ensure value production and be more inclusive

•

  Ensure the needs of today without endanger the needs of the future generations • A problematic of resources / manage the renewability / only one planet • Care the welfare of the less doted / poverty and precarity to be eliminated • The 3 pillars economical, environmental and social / hard to balance. More a question of trade-offs Sustainable Development = More a pathway than a stable state to reach Enhance Transitions and Overcome Lock-in effects GI definition = a promise of sustainability • GI is more than the protection of the geographical names on the market. An anticipated answer to activities delocalization, to banalization of feeding habits, to the loss of knowledge and culture of urbanized people. • By the notion of « terroir », an agro-ecologic dimension a long time before the invention of the word. • An heritage building insuring a transmission between generations GI Systems seem to have a lot of advantages for fulfilling the expectations of Sustainable Development

•

  As researcher in Corsica island / in France, Italy, Spain, Bu also in Viêt-nam, Argentina, Morocco… In INAO / national expert for public decision making about PDO and PGI

	Sustainability -What is at stake ?

• In French Research institutions ANR Agriculture for Sustainable Development /project called PRODDIG Promoting sustainable Development by the Geographical Indications 17 research units • In several Research projects within Europ / Dolphin project Worldwide / Synergi project • In European Working Group on Localized AgriFood Systems (SYAL) •

• GI system is not isolated within the area of production GI = not only a supply chain but a territory.

• Connexions with other actors sharing the same place ? Or the same production system ? Risk of specialization.

• The « Basket of goods and services » = a territorial rent.

The landscape, the cultural values, the image of the region, the tourism activities…

Gis should be more connected to the other actors of the territory Typical products for local people ?

• Local people are considered as the best experts of the typical products… but the GI system is more oriented by the markets able to produce the major value added. • GI products not only for export or up-market / include the typical food into the scholar canteens and the public food procurement / make frequent animations toward local people in the several marketplaces • GI product as part of the local héritage / make sure the transmission of culture to the young generation is effective. • GI food as crucial element of the food sovereignty Food security needs to increase the capacity of the local population to produce its own food.

GIs must be less dependant of the market globalization Thank you.

francois.casabianca@inra.fr


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HAL is a

INTRODUCTION

Biofilm formation in drip irrigation systems using treated wastewater can reduces the efficiency of dripper (Rizk et al., 2017). The geometries of milli-channel labyrinth inside the dripper influences the hydrodynamic and the biofilm kinetic (Ait-Mouheb et al., 2018). Scientific literature is scarce on the kinetic of development and on the microbial composition of these biofilms depending on the dripper used (Zhou et al. • The lab-scale drip irrigation system (c) was supplied with real treated wastewater twice a day during one hour for a total of 4 months.

MAINS RESULTS

OBJECTIVE

Understand the effect of flow behaviors using treated wastewater on:

• the biofouling kinetic in different dippers (1 L.h -1 , 2 L.h - 1 ,4 L.h -1 ), • the associated microbial communities.

BACTERIAL COMMUNITIES DEPEND ON THE DRIPPERS

• Bacterial diversity increased with time, as show by Shannon Index (Table 2).

• At first, bacterial communities are similar between 2 and 4L.h -1 but diverge over time.

• At the end, the bacterial composition are distinct according to the type of dripper. • The inlet channel is the most sensible area to the biofouling development. Drippers with a small hydraulic diameter and low Reynolds number seem to be more sensible to clogging.

• Biofilm's bacterial composition are influenced by the flow behaviours of the drippers, illustrating the complexity of clogging phenomenon.

  de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement Avenue des Etangs • Narbonne • F-11100 • France Tél : + 33 4 68 42 51 51 Courriel : kevin.lequette@.inra.fr www.montpellier.inra.fr/narbonne IRSTEA UMR G-EAU Rue Jean-François Breton • Montpellier • F-34196 • France Tél : + 33 4 68 42 51 51 Courriel : kevin.lequette@irstea.fr http://www.irstea.fr/linstitut/nos-centres/montpellier 12th IWA International Conference on Water Reclamation and

Table 1 .

 1 Dripper parameters • 3 types of commercial flat drippers (a) were placed inside a transparent tube to have an optical access (b) and allowing to follow the biofilm development in time along labyrinth channel by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and by biomolecular methods (Illumina sequencing).

Figure 2 .

 2 Figure2. Biofouling at the first baffle from 1 L.h -1 (red), 2 L.h -1 (green) and 4 L.h -1 drippers (blue).

Figure 1 .

 1 Figure 1. Evolution of the thickness biofilm in 1 L.h-1, 2 L.h-1 and 4 L.h-1 drippers.

Figure 3 .

 3 Figure 3. PCoA ordination plot of bacterial diversity from 1 L.h -1 (red), 2 L.h -1 (green) and 4 L.h -1 (blue) along the time.

Table 2 .

 2 Diversity from dripper biofilms

Kruskal-test and Wilcoxon ad hoc test; letters show Wilcoxon test results.

days 72 days

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Rhone-Mediterranean and Corsica Water Agence (France), project 'Experimental platform for the reuse of treated wastewater in irrigation, Murviel-les-Montpellier'.

Acknowledgments References


R F A Dib

F Ould-Kaddour

D Levesque

Long time behaviour of the velocity autocorrelation function at low density and near critical point of simple fluids

Keywords: numbers: 05, 10, -a, 61, 25, -f

Numerous theoretical and numerical works have been devoted to the study of the algebraic decrease at large times of the velocity autocorrelation function of simple fluid particles. The derivation of this behaviour, so-called the long-time tail, generally based on linearized hydrodynamic makes no reference to any specific characteristic of the particle interactions. However, in the literature, doubts have been expressed on the possibility that by numerical simulations the long-time tail can be observed in all the fluid phase domain of systems where the particles interact by soft-core and attractive pair potentials. In this work, extensive and accurate molecular dynamics simulations establish that the predicted long-time tail of the velocity autocorrelation function exists in low density fluid of particles interacting by a soft-repulsive potential and near the liquid-gas critical point of a Lennard-Jones system. These results contribute to confirm that the algebraic decay of the velocity autocorrelation function is universal in the fluid systems.

INTRODUCTION

The long time tail of the velocity autocorrelation function (VAF), discovered first by the pioneering work of Alder and Wainwright [1] using molecular dynamic (MD) simulation of elastically colliding hard disks and spheres, came as a complete surprise. This result was in contradiction with the prediction of an exponential decay of the VAF supported by the explicit solutions of almost all known solvable models, such as the linearized Boltzmann equation [START_REF] Chapman | The Mathematical Theory of Non-Uniform Gases[END_REF] and the Fokker-Planck equation [START_REF] Chandrasekhar | [END_REF].

Alder and Wainwright found that the VAF long-time tail was well fitted by the analytic form αt -3/2 . They explained this unexpected behaviour by a simple hydrodynamic model, describing the motion of a hard disk or sphere by that of a circular or spherical particle in a continuum fluid formed by the other disks or spheres. The forward motion of the particle gives rise in the fluid to a vortex of size approximately equal to three particle diameter. This vortex mode predominates at long times leading to the long-time tail αt -3/2 of the VAF.

For fluid systems and without reference to the details of the particle interactions, Ernst et al. [4,5] were able to derive the VAF asymptotic time behaviour by assuming the existence of a local equilibrium and using the linearized Navier-Stokes equation. For a system of hard disks and hard spheres, Dorfman and Cohen [6] derived the long-time tail of the VAF from kinetic theory. They showed that a sequence of correlated binary collisions, ring collisions, is the main process responsible for the vortex formation leading to the VAF slow decay.

Light scattering experiments [7,8] or diffusive wave spectroscopy [9,10] indicate the presence of the long-time tail in the VAF of colloidal particles. These experimental results agree with the theoretical description of the Brownian particle motion [11,12]. Neutron scattering experiments [13,14] also indicate that, in atomic liquids, the VAF decreases algebraically at large times. However, present experimental evidences of the VAF long-time tail are restricted to a few type of liquids (colloids, alkaline liquids and liquid argon) and few thermodynamic states. Furthermore in MD simulations, doubts remain about the possibility of observing the long-time tail in a low density fluid of soft-repulsive particles [15] and in Lennard-Jones (LJ) fluid in thermodynamic states close to the liquid-vapour critical point [16]. According to the simulation results [15] it seems that the nonexponential decrease of the VAF with time is easily observed only for systems at moderate densities, since, in this work, the αt -3/2 tail is not found at low densities. The simulations [16] indicate that, for a LJ system, the VAF decays at long times in agreement with the theoretical exponent -3/2 only at high densities, and that, along an isochore close to the critical density, the VAF decreases with an exponent equal to -3.

Motivated by these apparent disagreements between these simulation results and the theoretical derivation of the VAF asymptotic time behaviour, it is shown in this paper, by means of accurate and extensive MD simulations, that the VAF exhibits the αt -3/2 power law decay for a fluid of soft-repulsive particles at low density and for a LJ fluid close to the critical point, confirming the theoretical claim of a universal power law tail of the VAF in all the thermodynamic states of simple fluids [5], independently on the particle interactions.

We give in Sec. II a theoretical overview, and in Sec. III the MD simulation details.

Sec. IV presents and discusses the simulation results for the VAF. The paper ends by a conclusion.

II. THEORETICAL OVERVIEW

The expression of the velocity autocorrelation function for a three dimensional fluid, at large times, is given by [4] :

v(0) • v(t) = 2k B T ρ N m 1 [(4π(D + ν)t] 3/2 = αt -3/2 (1)
where v is the particle velocity vector at time t, k B the Boltzmann's constant, T the temperature, m the mass of the particles, ρ N the particle density, D the self-diffusion coefficient, and ν the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. The angular brackets indicate an equilibrium ensemble average.

The derivation of Eq. ( 1) is made under the general assumption that the approach of non-equilibrium distribution to local equilibrium distribution evolves at long times according to the laws of hydrodynamic [4]. The following arguments, which summarize this derivation, are taken from [17,[START_REF] Hollander | Long time tails in physics and mathematics[END_REF]. We consider a d-dimensional system of N particles in equilibrium, containing a tagged particle with an initial velocity v(0) = v 0 . From this initial non-equilibrium state, the evolution of the system towards equilibrium is supposed to be described by means of linearized hydrodynamic equations :

∂P (r, t) ∂t = D∇ 2 P (r, t), (2)
∂u ⊥ (r, t) ∂t = -ν∇ × (∇ × u ⊥ (r, t)). (3)
where P (r, t) is the probability density for the tagged particle to be at position r at time t and u ⊥ (r, t) is the transverse part of the velocity density field. The longitudinal part of the velocity density field does not appear in the equations because its contribution to the velocity autocorrelation decays exponentially [START_REF] Hollander | Long time tails in physics and mathematics[END_REF].

From the Fourier transforms of Eqs. ( 2) and ( 3), it is shown that :

∼ P (k, t) = e -Dk 2 t , (4)
∼ u ⊥ (k, t) = [v 0 - (v 0 • k)k k 2 ]e -νk 2 t . (5)
With the assumption that, at long times, the tagged particle has the same average velocity as its neighbouring particles, we have :

v(t) = d d rP (r, t) 1 ρ N u ⊥ (r, t) = 1 ρ N 1 (2π) d d d k ∼ P (k, t) ∼ u ⊥ (-k, t). (6)
The insertion of Eqs. ( 4) and ( 5) into Eq. ( 6) gives :

v(t) = 1 ρ N 1 (2π) d d d k[v 0 - (v 0 • k)k k 2 ]e -(ν+D)k 2 t = 1 ρ N d -1 d 1 [(4π(D + ν)t] d/2 v 0 . ( 7
)
where the (d -1)/d coefficient comes from the fact that only the transverse part of the velocity field contributes at large times.

Averaging over v 0 with respect to the Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution :

v(0) • v(t) = 1 ρ N d -1 d 1 [(4π(D + ν)t] d/2 d d v 0 m 2πk B T d/2 v 2 0 e -mv 2 0 /2k B T (8)
leads to the expression of the VAF given by Eq. ( 1) :

v(0) • v(t) = (d -1) k B T mρ N 1 [(4π(D + ν)t] d/2 . ( 9
)
The derivation of Eq. ( 1) from kinetic theory, valid for particle systems with short range repulsive potentials as the hard disk or sphere systems, is more sophisticated [6,[START_REF] Pomeau | [END_REF]20]. As it is mentionned above, the vortex mode responsible of the long-time tail of the VAF finds its origin in the so-called ring-collisions, a sequence of correlated binary collisions where the initial momentum of the tagged particle is transferred to the surrounding particles in a ring-like motion. It can even be found from more complex derivations [START_REF] Pomeau | [END_REF] that the t -3/2 long-time behaviour of the VAF is the first term in an infinite series of general order t -l , where l = 1/2 n -2 with n integer ≥ 1 and -2 ≤ l ≤ -3/2 .

In the expression of the VAF derived by kinetic theory appears the so-called "bare" transport coefficients D 0 and ν 0 [6] corresponding to a "bare" value α 0 of the long-time tail amplitude α. The values of D 0 and ν 0 are close, but not identical to those of D and ν of the hydrodynamical approach. The numerical simulations compute a long time tail with a "bare" amplitude for times between 10 and 50 mean collision times, it is only for longer times that the hydrodynamic amplitude α is obtained [START_REF] Hollander | Long time tails in physics and mathematics[END_REF].

In summary, the asymptotic behaviour of the VAF has been determined either by means of hydrodynamical assumptions, independently of the details of the particle interactions, or by kinetic theory for hard-core particles. The two approaches lead to predict the αt -3/2 long-time tail of the VAF.

III. MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS

To determine the long-time behaviour of the VAF by MD simulation we have to be sure that there is no influence of the periodic boundary conditions of the simulation cell on the VAF computation [20,21]. To achieve this goal, we choose a maximum correlation time t max smaller than the time needed by a sound wave to cross the entire periodic cell, i.e.

t max ≤ (N/ρ N c 3 s ) 1/3 , (10)
where c s is the speed of sound in the fluid. It is expected that, at times greater than t max , the VAF becomes strongly influenced by the sound modes [21]. Thus, before to compute the VAF for any system of arbitrary but reasonably large number of particles (N > 500), it is necessary first to estimate the velocity of sound c s at the phase point we want to study from the formula [START_REF] Huang | Statistical Mechanics[END_REF]:

c s = ∂P ∂ρ T + T ρ 2 ∂E ∂T V ∂P ∂T 2 V , ( 11
)
where P is the pressure, E the total energy and V the volume. Once the value of c s obtained, the maximum correlation time t max is estimated through Eq. (10).

To test the theoretical prediction αt -3/2 of the behaviour of the VAF at long times against the simulation results, we have to make an estimate of α which depends on the diffusion coefficient and kinematic viscosity. We use the Green-Kubo integral formula [START_REF] Hansen | Theory of Simple Liquids[END_REF] to calculate the self-diffusion coefficient :

D = 1 3N N i=1 ∞ 0 v i (0) • v i (t) dt = 3k B T m ∞ 0 dt vaf(t) (12)
where the average over all the particles is used to reduce the statistical uncertainty on the normalized velocity autocorrelation function vaf(t). The kinematic viscosity ν is obtained through the shear viscosity η given by [START_REF] Hansen | Theory of Simple Liquids[END_REF] :

η = lim tu→∞ η(t u ) = 1 k B T V tu 0 σ xz (t)σ xz (0) dt, (13)
where σ xz is an off-diagonal element of the stress tensor

σ xz = N i=1 mv ix v iz + 1 2 N j =i x ij F z ij , (14)
with F z ij the z-component of the force between particles i and j and x ij the x-component of the vector joining particles i and j.

In this paper, we use the reduced quantities: T * = k B T / , ρ * = ρσ 3 , t * = t /mσ 2 , and r * = r/σ, where and σ are the energy and length parameters of the LJ potentials v LJ (r).

The unit of time is thus τ 0 = mσ 2 / .

We have considered two systems : a low density system, at ρ * = 0.2 and T * = 2.07, of 32000 particles interacting via a soft-repulsive potential

v(r) = v LJ (r) + = 4 [( σ r ) 12 -( σ r ) 6 ] + for r ≤ 2 1 6 σ (15)
= 0 for r > 2

1 6 σ , (16)
and a LJ system near the liquid-vapour critical point at ρ * = 0.3 and T * = 1.35 of 10976

particles interacting by a LJ potential truncated at a cutoff distance equal to r * =6.5. This value of the cutoff is the same as that used in the work of Meier et al [16] in which a t -3 behaviour of the VAF was reported near the critical point.

The simulations were realized at constant energy using the standard Verlet algorithm with a time step ∆t * = 0.003 for the low density fluid and ∆t * = 0.001 at the critical point to insure the stability of the total energy value to within 0.01%. The simulations were carried out for 100 000 equilibration time steps followed by 10 10 6 time steps during which the VAF or the stress correlation function, were computed over blocks of 2000∆t * to allow an evaluation of the statistical errors.

For the soft-repulsive particle system at ρ * = 0.2 and T * = 2.07, the computed thermodynamic properties are : P * = 0.632, E * total = 3.242 and c s = 2.682σ/τ 0 and, near the LJ critical point at ρ * = 0.3 and T * = 1.35 : P * = 0.153, E * total = -0.15 and c s = 2.09σ/τ 0 . From Eq. ( 10), we find the maximun correlation time t * max equal to 20.2 in the first case and 15.8 near the LJ critical point. The derivatives on P and E in Eq. ( 11) were computed from canonical ensemble MD simulations performed at densities and temperatures close to those of the considred thermodynamiques states.

IV. VELOCITY AUTOCORRELATION RESULTS

We give in Fig. 1 the normalized VAF multiplied by t * 3/2 for the studied systems. The maximum correlation times are those fixed previously from the computation of c s . The statistical error on the normalized VAF is estimated to be ±2. 10 -5 which gives a relative error of 10% on the asymptotic part of the VAF. The data clearly indicates the existence of t -3/2 behaviour in both cases.

For the soft particle system, the asymptotic tail appears above t * =10. This explains why, in the similar work of McDonough et al [15], it was not possible to observe the long time tail at a density ρ * =0.25 because it occurs at larger time than the maximum correlation time considered in this work equal to ∼5. Noticing that the system size being equal to 4000 particles, it was not possible to consider correlation times higher than 7 due to the coupling between diffusion and sound modes [21]. Fig. 2 shows a log-log plot of the VAF versus reduced time for the soft-repulsive fluid. A linear fit of the data in the range 11 < t * < 18 gives : log vaf(t) = (-4.05 ± 0.08) -(1.50 ± 0.03) log t * , leading to a value of α f it = 0.0174 ± 0.0015. In order to test the theoretical value of α, we have computed the diffusion coefficient from the integral of the VAF (cf. Eq. ( 12)) up to t * = 11 in agreement with the remark quoted above [START_REF] Hollander | Long time tails in physics and mathematics[END_REF]. The value found was D * = 0.294 ± 0.001. A similar computation was for the kinematic viscosity. Fig. 3 shows the stress correlation function Eq. ( 14) computed up to a correlation time equal to 5, beyond which the stress correlation function is zero within the statistical error. It is important to remark that the statistical error on the vaf(t) due the average on the particles is smaller than that on the stress correlation function by almost two orders of magnitude. In addition, since the integral is truncated at t * = 5, a contribution to η(t) is missing which is due to the long time part of the stress correlation function. This contribution can account to about 15-20% of the η value as it was shown [START_REF] Ould-Kaddour | [END_REF]. In Fig. 3, the plot of the integral η(t u ) over the stress tensor correlation is also included. The plateau gives the value of η and that of the kinematic viscosity equal to ν * = 1.71 ± 0.08 to which we should add a systematic error of ∼0.3. The corresponding calculated value for the amplitude α cal = 0.026 ± 0.006 including the systematic error on ν * . Then, the agreement between the fitted and theoretical values of α is correct. The difference of 20-30% between the α estimates, reported in the literature [15,25], seems probably due to the uncertainty on ν * . 1) leads to a value of α cal = 0.02. The difference between the fitted and calculated values amounts in this case to 13% which stays within the statistical and systematic errors on ν * following the discussion made above. This result confirms the universality of the t -3/2 behaviour at long times of the VAF also in the temperature and density domain close to the liquid-vapour critical point.

V. CONCLUSION

The velocity autocorrelation function has been computed by constant energy MD simulations for a fluid of soft-repulsive particles at low density and for a LJ system near the critical point. By using larger systems, and by correlating over a longer time than those used of the literature [15,16], we show that the velocity autocorrelation function presents the universal asymptotic behaviour αt -3/2 as predicted by the theory. The uncertainty between the computed and fitted values of the amplitute α of the asymptotic part of the VAF is mainly due to the uncertainty in the computation of the kinematic viscosity.

These results remove all the ambiguities related to the existence of the long time tail in almost all domain of the fluid phase. However, close to triple point, the onset of longlived damped oscillations in the VAF due to the backscattering of particle by their next neighbours [START_REF] Hansen | Theory of Simple Liquids[END_REF], precludes the computation of the long time tail. Therefore the observation of the VAF asymptotic behaviour in these thermodynamic states stays a challenge.

Fig. 4

 4 Fig. 4 gives a log-log plot of the VAF versus reduced time for the LJ fluid near critical point. A linear fit of the data in the range 9 < t * < 15 gives : log vaf(t) = (-3.66 ± 0.05) -(1.53 ± 0.02) log t * , leading to a value of α f it = 0.0258 ± 0.0015. Similarly to the previous system, the computation of the diffusion coefficient and kinematic viscosity gives the values: D * = 0.620 ± 0.007 and ν * = 1.20 ± 0.06. The stress tensor correlation function versus reduced time is given in Fig. 5 together with its integral. Thus incorporating these values of D * and ν * into Eq. (1) leads to a value of α cal = 0.02. The difference between the

2 FIG. 1 :

 21 FIG. 1: Plots of the normalized VAF multiplied by (t/τ 0 ) 3/2 . Dashed-dotted line and black square : system of soft-repulsive particles at ρ * = 0.2 and T * = 2.07, dashed line and black circle : LJ system at ρ * = 0.3 and T * = 1.35.

FIG. 2 :FIG. 3 :

 23 FIG.2: Log-log plot of the normalized VAF of the soft-repulsive particle system at ρ * = 0.2 and T * = 2.07 : black circle and error bars. Thick line : linear fit.

FIG. 4 :FIG. 5 :

 45 FIG. 4: Log-log plot of the normalized VAF of the LJ system at ρ * = 0.3 and T * = 1.35 : black circle and error bars. Thick line : linear fit.


Stlopendays

single and monodisperse droplet experiments

published or not. The documents may come

Understanding and modelling of dairy protein drying based on single and monodisperse droplet experiments

Step 1

Step 2 Establishing the Reaction Engineering Approach (REA) energy curve to the dairy colloids pure or in mixes.

Coupling REA and Energy Map Model to better understand the mechanisms of skin formation and deformation of droplet.

Step 3

Thickening deformation


domain: math info

text:
Cell (i, j) and (i, j ) must be different

SAT is the simplest More sophisticated/practical function description propositions over theories SAT Modulo Theory non Boolean variables Constraint Satisfaction, Constraint Programming numerical output Weighted MaxSAT 25 /CSP, 5 Graphical models SAT is the simplest More sophisticated/practical function description propositions over theories SAT Modulo Theory non Boolean variables Constraint Satisfaction, Constraint Programming numerical output Weighted MaxSAT 25 /CSP, 5 Graphical models What can we do with SAT, CP et al.? NP-complete: can express all NP-complete problems the logical puzzles you like (Sudoku, Nonograms…) or not (configuration, scheduling, test pattern generation…) robot planning digital circuit verification (Bounded Model Checking) or software verification (FOL, grounding, abstraction)

The modern world needs rigourous logic

(x 177 ∨ x 169 ∨ x 161 ∨ x 153 ∨ • • • ∨ x 17 ∨ x 9 ∨ x 1 ∨
(x 1 ∨ L l 1 ∨ • • • ∨ l n ) (¬x 1 ∨ R r 1 ∨ • • • ∨ r m ) (L ∨ R) (L or R empty) (x 1 ) (¬x 1 ∨ R r 1 ∨ • • • ∨ r m ) (R) (L or R empty) (x 1 ) (¬x 1 ∨ R r 1 ∨ • • • ∨ r m ) (R)
A clause is shortened by one litteral (L or R empty)

(x 1 ) (¬x 1 ∨ R r 1 ∨ • • • ∨ r m ) (R)
A clause is shortened by one litteral This may create new unit clauses (propagation) (L or R empty) Long line of research in "symbolic" Artificial Intelligence [START_REF] Bruynooghe | Deduction revision by intelligent backtracking[END_REF][START_REF] Dechter | Enhancement schemes for constraint processing: Backjumping, learning, and cutset decomposition[END_REF][START_REF] João P Marques-Silva | GRASP: A search algorithm for propositional satisfiability[END_REF][START_REF] David | An Outlook on Truth Maintenance[END_REF][START_REF] Schiex | Nogood recording for static and dynamic constraint satisfaction problems[END_REF] Trace back failure to guesses through propagation a

(x 1 ) (¬x 1 ∨ R r 1 ∨ • • • ∨ r m ) (R)

Do backward resolution from conflict

Add a new implied clause to the set of clauses a Richard M Stallman and Gerald J Sussman. "Forward reasoning and dependency-directed backtracking in a system for computer-aided circuit analysis". In: Artificial intelligence 9.2 (1977)

  ¬x 185 ) 10012 10013 10014 10015 10016 10017 10018 10020 10021 10022 10023 10024 10025 10026 10027 10028 10029 10031 10032 10033 10034 10035 10036 10037 10086 10087 10088 10090 10091 10092 10093 10094 10095 10096 10097 10098 10099 10101 10102 10103 10104 10105 10106 10107 10108 -55 -54 53 -52 -51 50 10047 10048 10049 10050 10051 10235 -10236 000 ≈ 3.1 10 15,051 Solved in one second How does it work?Consensus/Resolution (1960's)[START_REF] Davis | A computing procedure for quantification theory[END_REF][START_REF] Alan | A machine-oriented logic based on the resolution principle[END_REF]

A

  clause is shortened by one litteral This may create new unit clauses (propagation) If the empty clause appears: no solution Logic: Try to guess and reconsider (DPLL 7 ) SAT state-of-the-art in 1990 Hundreds of variables Thousands of clauses Logic: Learn from failure

  , pp. 135-196. When one splits N in 2, one part must contain a Pythagorean triple (a 2 = b 2 + c 2 )

	Intuition: Choose a variable and try to guess its value 2017: proving an "alien" theorem? Final messages
	A lot of free data and free code… International competitions (> 50, 000 benchmarks with many A conjecture in combinatorics Asymptotes: size matters	∞
	Learning by "Activity based heuristics" 26 real problems) NP is not exactly as we tend to think
	On-line estimation of how often a variable is involved in recent clauses/failures Open source solvers (autocatalytic) AIs have made drastic progress in their logical capacities
	Try guessing this variable first This progress also comes from (gradient-free) learning
	More progress is needed to supplement our limited human capacities
	Learns weak spots in the problem as it is solved Strong French presence Forces to reconsider an earlier guess Prevents refailing for a related reason Award winning solvers Synergies between Logic and Intuition Constraint programming solver/startup Logic can analyze and exploit learnt models	(safe) (Glucose, 2 toulbar2 15 ) (safe generalization) (Choco) (not only Neural Nets)
	Learns a more effective formulation of the problem as it solves it Strong presence in international conferences Intuition can help logic without tainting it	(# of accepted papers in CP 4 ) (guidance)

Boolean Constraint Propagation (BCP): unit clauses[START_REF] Davis | A machine program for theorem-proving[END_REF]

Thanks AI/toulbar2 S. de Givry (INRA) G. Katsirelos (INRA) M. Zytnicki (PhD, INRA) D. Allouche (INRA) H. Nguyen (PhD, INRA) M. Cooper (IRIT, Toulouse) J. Larrosa (UPC, Spain) F. Heras (UPC, Spain) M. Sanchez (Spain) E. Rollon (UPC, Spain) P. Meseguer (CSIC, Spain) G. Verfaillie (ONERA, ret.) JH. Lee (CU. Hong Kong) C. Bessiere (LIMM, Montpellier) JP. Métivier (GREYC, Caen) S. Loudni (GREYC, Caen) M. Fontaine (GREYC, Caen) Protein Design A. Voet (KU Leuven) D. Simoncini (INSA, Toulouse) S. Barbe (INSA, Toulouse) S. Traoré (PhD, CEA) C. Viricel (PhD) RosettaCommons (U. Washington) W. Sheffler (U. Washington) PyRosetta (U. John Hopkins) B. Donald (U. North Carolina) K. Roberts (U. North Carolina) T. Simonson (Polytechnique) J. Cortes (LAAS/CNRS)

New catalysts for biomass transformation (biofuels, food and feed, cosmetics…), New drugs for medicine New components for nanotechnologies 20 n sequences! intractable for experimental techniques CPD: From bits to atoms From information to functional matter mind blowing mass 3d printing-like capacities at atomic level (bacterias) structural and functional purposes (powerful origami) produced new folds, [START_REF] Kuhlman | Design of a novel globular protein fold with atomic-level accuracy[END_REF] catalysts, [START_REF] Röthlisberger | Kemp elimination catalysts by computational enzyme design[END_REF] nano-components [START_REF] Arnout | Computational design of a self-assembling symmetrical β-propeller protein[END_REF] Protein Design as the inverse of folding Showed that an highly tuned biased Monte Carlo increasingly fails to find the optimal sequence a Deciphering genomic DNA with EuGene Optimization + decomposable probability distribution (Semi-CRF) [START_REF] Lafferty | Conditional random fields: Probabilistic models for segmenting and labeling sequence data[END_REF] Derived from an actual human processor (S. Rumbauts, PhD) a


text:
Charrier François
email: francois.charrier@inra.fr

Keywords:

Guidelines for the report

This report (a maximum of 10 pages excluding annexes) aims at allowing the steering committee and the scientific advisory board of the metaprogram GISA to follow the results, ouputs and outcomes of the funded projects. In this respect, the report will be made available to the members of these committees.

This final report will be prepared in two steps. A first version of the report will be requested about 3 or 4 months after the end of the project. Two years later, the steering committee will ask you to review the first version and complete the highlights and results, as several outcomes could emerge at a fair distance from the completion of the initial project. Published articles and others outputs of the project will be updated at this moment.

The steering committee reserves the right to use the highlights given in this report to promote the activities of the metaprogram GISA. In case of confidential results or under intellectual property rules, please tick the relevant box on the corresponding page.

For communication purposes, please summarize the main results, outputs and outcomes on a four or five slides show.

The report is divided in 4 parts: 1/ General description of the project 2/ Overview of the consortium 3/ Ex-post positioning of the project in the six finalities and three ambitions of GISA 4/ Highlights Please, during the redaction of the report be aware that non-specialist of the involved disciplines will consult the report. Consequently, try to prepare this report to make it understandable by non-specialists. Illustrations (picture, graph…) are welcome.

Objectives

Main objectives

Remember the main objectives of the project The project dealt with the issue of how to build animal disease collective management strategies, by taking into account the complexity of the "human-animal-ecosystem" interface (the pathosystem : a pathogen shared by several biological compartments, under certain conditions, considering that compartments are managed by human organizations that are more or less coordinated), and the growing involvement of stakeholders on sanitary issues (or the growing consideration of the necessity to involve stakeholders). The project was based on the idea that pathogen cycle realisation occurs differently from a territory to another according to environmental conditions (e.g. there is no badger in Corsica, so the bovine tuberculosis epidemiological cycle is not the same that in another territory in Continental France), and stakeholders' practices (e.g. free ranging farming systems are based on practices that can play a role in pathogen transmission). Consequently, collective instruments to manage pathogen must fit with local situation. The project was structured around three complementary objectives:

-Obj 1. Understanding how biological compartments are connected, under stakeholders' practices -Obj 2. Understanding how existing collective strategies are implemented in a territory, and how their implementation reveals mismatch (or gaps) between strategy designers and stakeholders (receivers). -Obj 3. Testing a participatory approach to build a new collective strategy, by involving stakeholders in the design process. These three objectives are complementary as understanding stakeholders' practices is a key issue to design and implement management strategies. Revealing stakeholders' practices (Obj 1.) and the mechanisms of mismatch construction (Obj 2.) produced results to be integrated in our participative approach (Obj 3.).

Achievement of planned objectives Describe the activities that have been performed to meet the objectives set in the proposal

To reach these three objectives, three corresponding work packages were designed, in which several tasks were carried out.

-WP1: understanding the infectious interaction between compartments o T1.1. Stakeholders' practices and representations of interaction between domestic pigs and wild boars: using a semi-structured interviews approach (targeting hunters and farmers).

o T1.2. Specific approach on Hepatitis E virus (HEV): using molecular epidemiology to identify shared genome strains between compartments (pigs, wild boars, consumption products, humans).

o T1.3. Pathogen dynamics regarding farming practices: a double scale approach (Corsica area and microregional area), we compared the dynamic of two different pathogens (HEV and Aujeszky virus) in wild boars and domestic pigs.

These tasks were conducted with PACMAN partners: Cirad (coordination with ASForce project), Anses (Several units: Ploufragran for Aujeszky virus, Maison-Alfort for HEV, Nancy for wild fauna) and ONCFS.

-WP2: Analysing existing strategies This WP encompassed 4 case studies plus another one being implemented in partnership with Risksur project (FP7 program). The 4 case studies are based on a genealogical analysis of each strategy (synchronic and diachronic analysis of management events) and analysis of the instrumentation process (how instruments are designed and implemented, which effect they trigger, how they are adapted,…). o T2.5. African Swine Fever (ASF) surveillance system (in association with Risksur project): we conducted workshops with various stakeholders in order to test participative tools to assess ASF surveillance system.

Results from the 4 case studies are to be integrated in a comparatist approach to extract generic principles on disease management strategy designing and implementation.

These tasks were mainly conducted by INRA LRDE, in association with INRA EpiA and Cirad on T2.5.

-WP3: testing a participatory approach to design a new collective management strategy A participative approach was carried out to design a new collective strategy to manage Aujeszky disease situation in Corsica. It was structured in 3 steps: ex-post analysis of the situation (stakeholders interviews, aiming at indentifying themes to be discussed in workshops); deconstruction workshops (aiming at deconstructing the Aujeszky problem and at formulating solutions); co-construction workshops (aiming at producing a strategy). In this task, mainly drived by INRA LRDE, we integrated results from WP1 (T1.3.) and WP2 (T2.4.).

Problems and changes in objectives

Describe any difficulties and problems that have hindered the achievement of the planned objectives and any alternative plans or changes with respect to the original proposal.

-WP1: we experienced strong human management difficulties with a non-permanent staff recruited in 2013. He was supposed to work on Pacman WP1, but we had to redirect his work on other project. This had a consequence on work distribution within LRDE, conducting to a strong involvement of F. Charrier (WP2 & 3) on WP1, and thus, to stagger (to delay?) the implementation of different tasks of the project. -WP1: GPS protocol implemented in ASForce project could not be carried out as first results were disappointing regarding to efforts made (implementing this type of protocol is Corsican mountains was difficult). We thus relocate activities on understanding pathogens dynamics regarding farmers' practices (Hepatitis E virus & Aujeszky virus). -WP2: OASIS approach to be interrogated: partner involved in this task disengaged. We replace this part by our participation to a phd work, held in the RISKSUR project (EU FP7 program) aiming at testing participatory tools to assess animal disease surveillance systems (C. Calba, CIRAD). We conducted participative workshops with the phd student on the African Swine Fever surveillance system in Corsica. -WP3: the choice of the disease was not decided at the time we write Pacman proposal. We did not mention Aujeszky disease in the proposal. Given the evolution of local situation, this disease appeared to be the most relevant (end of the experimental plan that failed, absence of solution after this failure…), in comparison with the ones we mentioned in the proposal (BTV situation too "explosive", hydatidosis not considered as a problem…).

Strength and weakness of a research project in the framework of a multidisciplinary GISA project

Please give your opinion and illustrate with concrete situations.

Difficulties or problems encountered

We faced few difficulties regarding to the terminology in each scientific discipline. Some discussion during the project were about clarifying the terms used by some of us.

A concrete example is about the terms "Risk factors", mainly used by epidemiologists, and the use of the term "risk": whereas it represents a probability for a danger to occur (quantified data), it can be used to "name" many phenomena, not necessarily quantified. As a result, in comparison with the overall description of Pacman project, where the term of risk is heavily used, we progressively shifted towards a terminology that is more used in social sciences, through the notion of "mode of existence" (of the pathogen, of the instruments,…), as it allowed us to be more holistic in our approach (taking into account stakeholders' practices, knowledge, instrumentation,…).

Values added allowed

Just a quote can be meaningful: "through PACMAN, you succeeded in making epidemiologists and social scientists to speak together" (S. Rossi, ONCFS).

Solutions

Strength and weakness of the research project within the partnership

Please give your opinion and illustrate with concrete situations.

Difficulties or problems encountered

PACMAN suffered from an unbalanced partnership between social sciences and eco-epidemiology/virology. Few forces were available on WP2 & 3. This had for consequence a delay to implement tasks on different case studies. PACMAN also had quite a large number of scientific partners, who are not based in Corsica. This resulted in difficulties in coordination.

Values added allowed

PACMAN partnership is characterized by a large number of discipline & competencies: specialists of diseases at Anses (Ploufragran for Aujeszky disease, Maison-Alfort for HEV for instance), specialists on wild fauna at Anses (Nancy), ONCFS and Cirad, specialist in epidemiology at INRA and Cirad, in animal sciences at INRA and social sciences at INRA and Cirad. The configuration of this consortium was a strength to conduct the type of research we wanted to perform (case studies).

Solutions

To gather such a heterogeneity of disciplines, we drove our project on a type of research: the "problem oriented researches" (in opposition to "theory-oriented research"). Such a scientific posture, based on problems formulated from "the field", brings researchers "watch over" the boundaries of their disciplines.

Strength and weakness of the research project with stakeholders

Please give your opinion and illustrate with concrete situations.

Difficulties or problems encountered

The main difficulty was to get stakeholders interested by the project. As it is a research problem, the necessity of an output for stakeholders appears to be essential. Another difficulty was the stakeholders' limited availability to participate to our workshops, especially pig farmers and veterinarians. It resulted in an extension in time of the operations (3 workshops in 2015 and 3 in 2016).

At last, we mainly addressed, in Pacman, diseases that are regulated (Aujeszky disease, BTV, BTB,…) : This lead to negotiations with State authorities to get an "authorization" to work on these diseases, especially for Aujeszky disease (WP3).

Values added allowed

The Pacman posture, which is "problem oriented", allowed to have a particular attention from stakeholders, as they are the first to formulate problems. The implementation of Pacman allows us to highlight:

-The fact that state authorities acknowledge that "classical" disease management strategies are limited (failure situation) -The fact that research has a role to play in this transition process, characterized by the need to create territorial tools to manage animal health.

Stakeholders' participation brought many results:

-Stakeholders' knowledge:

-Stakeholders'' legitimation in designing process:

-Stakeholders" concerning and empowerment:

Solutions

What did facilitate conducting interdisciplinary research (give 2 examples maximum) and, on the contrary, can you give 2 examples of barriers that could not be broken through or were particularly difficult to overcome in order to achieve interdisciplinarity?

Problem oriented research (problem coming from situations) Difficulty to make scientific partners involved on tasks where there scientific discipline is non dominant?

Have you come up with solutions for an integrated management of animal health with your research project? (in 10 to 12 lines maximum)

Main scientific outputs are the formulation of 4 principles in designing & implementing disease management strategies: i) micro-regional approach (local coordination of the strategy); ii) simultaneity & step by step process (the need to solve a group of problem before addressing others); iii) conditionality (objectives to be reached before triggering following stages of the strategy); iv) stakeholders empowerment (local organisation to be created, involving leading stakeholders such as farmers…). An important stage in designing disease management strategies is the deconstruction of the situation, aiming at bringing stakeholders to formulate problems and solutions. It allows to "shorten" the distance between sanitary instruments (to be designed and implemented) and local farming systems (which exist in a complex environment). At last, Pacman project brings elements of methodology to achieve different stages of a design process involving stakeholders.

If so, which practical solutions can you propose?

Private partners

Fédération Régionale des Groupements de Défense Sanitaire du Bétail de Corse (FRGDS, Regional association for livestock sanitary defense) : Mélanie Gallois (FRGDS coordinator) was involved in WP3. She participated to the final interpretation of collective workshops.

International partners

Ex-post positioning of the project in the six finalities and three ambitions of GISA

Ambitions addressed by the project

Now the project is ended, objectively and on the base of the work achieved please tick ex-post the relevant boxes in comparison to the initial ambitions; it can be within a unique ambition or at the interface between two ambitions.

Please comment any ambition which has been achieve and was not foreseen at the beginning:

Aims addressed by the proposal

Now the project is ended, objectively and on the base of the work achieved please tick the relevant boxes and precise what can be considered as a contribution to the aim.

x Controlling livestock diseases ☐ Foreseeing and analysing emerging diseases ☐ Producing respecting public health and environment ☐ Producing respecting the animal ☐ Adapting to global change the management of livestock health and welfare x Understanding the decisions and aims of the stakeholders for health management, predict the social and economic consequences

Please comment any aim significantly achieved:

On the objective "Understanding the decisions and aims of the stakeholders for health management, predict the social and economic consequences" and 'Controlling livestock diseases", we specifically highlighted trade off & lock-in effects between the implementation of collective disease management strategy (designed by State authorities) and stakeholders sociotechnical systems. And while WP2 brought knowledge on this mechanisms, WP3 brought collective solutions.

Highlights

In few words and with bullet points give the main highlights obtained during the project or allowed by the project. For more detailed highlights, please use the appendix part

Main activities and achievements of the consortium

Give the main scientific results of the project (15 lines + 1 or 2 illustration(s))

WP1 produced results on how animal compartments are connected (e.g. HEV strains shared between domestic pigs, wild boars, products and humans), under the conditions of stakeholders' practices: management of reproduction (reproductive sows are separated from the herd), number of visits (farmer visiting his herds in the mountains), female castration,… It also showed that same practices do not have the same effect from a pathogen to another (Aujeszky virus and Hepatits E virus). WP2 produced knowledge on strategic framing to manage animal diseases in territories: the non-neutrality of instruments and the mechanisms of stakeholders' coordination are pointed out: lack of collective moments in the case of Aujeszky disease management strategies; the BTV steering committee as a collective arena where instruments and stakeholders are tested; the BTB strategy relying on new instruments adapted to territory characteristics (micro-regional experimentation); trichinosis control through slaughterhouse, showing tensions between sanitary instruments and socio-technical systems. Using results from WP1 & 2, WP3 allowed us to highlight framing principle to design and implement disease management strategies: micro-regional approach; step by step process; conditionality principle; stakeholders' empowerment. It also brought methodological results to design collective strategies (3 steps method: ex-post analysis; deconstruction workshops; co-construction workshops). Finally, PACMAN project produced knowledge in eco-epidemiology (infectious interaction between domestic and wild fauna), participative epidemiology (stakeholders' knowledge to produce epidemiological data), and organizational studies (the role of instruments in designing process, unexpected effects of instruments, strategy framing as a set of coordinated instrumentation, role of territory characteristics and socio-technical systems in strategy design and implementation process). Ljubljana, SVN (2013-10-10 -2013-10-12). Other, precise below -WP1: understanding the infectious interaction between compartments o T1.1. Stakeholders' practices and representations of interaction between domestic pigs and wild boars: using a semi-structured interviews approach (targeting hunters and farmers), we produced knowledge on how infectious interaction occurs (direct contact like sexual interaction at a specific time of the year or indirect contact like consumption of sides-off) and which farming practices play a role in enhancing or controlling these different type of interaction (herd surveillance, female castration, reproduction management practices,…). We highlighted the fact that some farming systems are more at risk than other, especially according to targeted markets, production logics, etc. We established a typology of these systems and practices (Relun et al, 2015;Jori et al, 2014). Also, this work demonstrated the relevancy of using data collecting methods inspired from social sciences methods (semi-structured interviews and inductive posture) on eco-epidemiological issues, in comparison with other methods such as GPS to monitor animal movements (expansive and difficult to implement).

Outputs and outcomes of the project

o T1.2. Specific approach on Hepatitis E virus (HEV): we demonstrated, through molecular epidemiological approaches (analyse of RNA sequences) that the virus is shared between several compartments: human, wild boars & pigs (Pavio et al, 2016). But we also highlight the role of breeding practices, especially through the role of cross-bred wild boars (Jori et al, 2016).

o T1.3. Pathogen dynamics regarding farming practices: a double scale approach (Corsica area and microregional area), we compared the dynamic of two different pathogens (HEV and Aujeszky virus) in wild boars and domestic pigs. We show that dynamics are different, especially according to the breeding practices and the proximity between hunting areas and pasture lands (Charrier et al, paper being written).

-WP2: Analysing existing strategies o Trichinosis control instruments: by investigating why a part of corsican breeders do not slaughter their pigs (for meat production) in slaughterhouses, where sanitary controls take place, we highlight the tensions between instruments of the slaughterhouse (negative effects of the slaughtering procedure on sanitary procedure).

o Blue tongue crisis management strategy (2013-2014): through observatory participation and semistructured interviews, we show how the strategy to eradicate BTV face difficulties in its implementation, and how it is progressively partially adapted to fit producers' conditions. We particularly show that the steering crisis committee is a key instrument, that might inspiring for designing long-term territorial instruments to manage animal health -WP3: designing a new disease management strategy, by involving stakeholders o A 3-steps participatory method (ex-post analysis of the situation, deconstruction stage, co-construction stage): WP3 methodology gives some highlight of what is important to consider in such process: for example, the deconstruction of the situation, in an arena where discussions are opened, is an important issue as it is the moment when stakeholders collectively formulate problems and solutions.

o Deconstruction of a complex situation: this work allowed us to produce knowledge on how to build the situation to be managed: it revealed to complexity of a sanitary situation and the multiple problems, at different levels, to be dealt with: financial, organizational, technical, regulatory problems, are to be dealt in a certain order (systemic approach), and concerns all stakeholders (necessity of a step by step strategy and coordination between stakeholders).

o A new strategy to be implemented: WP3 main output is a new strategy involving every type of stakeholders, based on innovative organizations (local steering committees in micro-regions) and instruments (local database, formations,…). This new strategy is to be presented to State authorities and farmers' associations in order to be implemented.

o Framing strategy designing and implementing processes: main scientific outputs are the formulation of 4 principle in designing & implementing disease management strategies: i) micro-regional approach (local coordination of the strategy); ii) simultaneity & step by step process (the need to solve a group of problem before addressing others); iii) conditionality (objectives to be reached before triggering following stages of the strategy); iv) stakeholders empowerment (local organisation to be created, involving leading stakeholders such as farmers…).

o Stakeholders' participation & legitimation into new form of designing process: our process showed that stakeholders have knowledge to share (and sometimes more that sanitary authorities), knowledge that is relevant to design an operation or to formulate a problem. Hence, our approach allowed us to bring legitimacy to stakeholders, especially farmers, to have a role in strategy designing process.

Part 2: additional impacts of the project -The Regional Association of the local pig breed (ARGPRC), who participated to our collective workshops, initiated the conception of a disease control strategy, involving breeders (to avoid the spread of diseases by animal movements). It is considered as an indirect impact of our work. -SRAL considered to use key elements of our methodology (collective workshops) to address the problem of BTB in Corsica.

what prevented you from achieving the required level of integrated management of animal health?

	Cf supra CIRAD If not, UMR 1161 Anses-INRA-ENVA Virologie Unité virologie immunologie porcines UR Animal et Gestion Intégrée des Risques (AGIRs) UMR Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs ONCFS Unité Sanitaire de la Faune	Laboratoire de santé animale de Maisons-Alfort Laboratoire de Ploufragan / Plouzané Environnement et Sociétés (ES) Environnement et Sociétés (ES)	Maison-Alfort Pavio Nicole Ploufragan / Plouzané Lepotier Marie-Frédérique Montpellier Jori Ferran Calba Clémentine Montpellier Figuié Muriel GAP Rossi Sophie	Virologist Virologist Epidemiologist Epidemiologist (phd student) Sociologist Epidemiologist	WP1: analysis of pig and wild boars samples (HEV) + research work WP1: analysis of pig and wild boars samples (Aujeszky virus) + research work WP1: infectious interaction between wild boars & domestic pigs WP2: test of participatory tools to assess ASF surveillance system WP2: BTB case study WP1: infectious interaction between wild boars & domestic pigs

  Possible Foodborne Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus from Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars from Corsica. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 22 (12). -Jori, F., Laval, M., Maestrini, O., Casabianca, F., Charrier, F., Pavio, N. (2016) Assessment of Domestic Pigs, Wild Boars and Feral Hybrid Pigs as Reservoirs of Hepatitis E Virus in Corsica, France. Viruses 2016, 8, 236 -Calba, C., Charrier, F., Antoine-Moussiaux, N., Hendrikx, P., Saegerman, C., Peyre, M., Goutard, F. (2015). . Applying participatory approaches in the evaluation of surveillance systems: A pilot study on African swine fever surveillance in Corsica. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 122 (4), 389-398 -Relun, A., Charrier, F., Trabucco, B., Maestrini, O., Molia, S., Chavernac, D., Grosbois, V., Casabianca, F., Etter, E., Jori, F. (2015). . Multivariate analysis of traditional pig management practices and their potential impact on the spread of infectious diseases in Corsica. Preventive

		number	List and details (join pdf when relevant)
	Publications
	France -peer-reviewed journal	1	-Charrier F., Ducrot C. 2017. Vie et mort
			d'un instrument de gestion d'une crise
			sanitaire en élevage : le cas du comité de
			pilotage régional de la crise de la fièvre
			catarrhale ovine survenue en Corse en 2013.
			Annales Méditerranéennes d'Economie (sous
			presse) Veterinary Medicine, 121 (3-4), 246-256
	France -book or chapter
	France -conference International -book or chapter	4	-Charrier, F., Casabianca, F. (2015). La mise
	International -conference	2	en dispositif de la lutte contre la maladie -Charrier, F., Casabianca, F., Maestrini, O.
			d'Aujeszky en Corse : le poids des (2016). Designing problems and solutions to
			instruments. Presented at 9. Journées de build disease management strategies:
			Recherches en Sciences Sociales (JRSS), experiencing participative approach against
			Nancy, FRA (2015-12-10 -2015-12-11). Aujeszky disease in Corsica. 9th Symposium
			-Charrier F., Laval M., Maestrini O., Jori F., on Mediterranean pig, Portalegre, oct 2016.
			Pavio N., Casabianca F. (2016). Virus de -Trabucco, B., Charrier, F., Jori, F.,
			l'hépatite E en Corse : une maladie Maestrini, O., Cornélis, D., Etter, E., Molia,
			émergente interrogeant les approches à S., Relun, A., Casabianca, F. (2013).
			l'interface « homme-animal-écosystème ». Stakeholder's practices and representations
			Summer School of infectious diseases, of contacts between domestic and wild pigs:
			Cargèse 14-16 novembre 2016. a new approach for diseases risk
			-Charrier F., Casabianca F., Hannachi M., assessment?. Presented at 8th International
			Babier M. (2017). Rendre possible symposium on the Mediterranean pig,
			l'impossible: décider ensemble dans une
			démarche de co-construction d'un dispositif
			de gestion de la maladie d'Aujeszky en
			Corse. Submitted to OPDE Symposium, oct
			2017.
			-Charrier F. (2017). Towards new forms of
			organizations to manage animal diseases.
			Local Seminar, Corte, april 2017.
	International -peer-reviewed journal	5	-Charrier F., Casabianca F., Pailhes N.,
			Maestrini O. (2017). First steps to build an
			animal disease management strategy:
			collective approach to deconstruct problem.
			Archivos de zootecnica.

-Pavio, N., Laval, M.,

Maestrini, O., Casabianca, F., Charrier, F., Jori, F. (2016)

.

  (Charrier et Ducrot, 2017) o Bovine tuberculosis management strategy(2014)(2015): The analysis of the strategy implemented in Corsica reveals that stakeholders are resourceful to adapt existing instruments to territory conditions. And whereas BTB regulations are strict, State authorities manage to adopt original strategies, such as experimenting a set of instrument in a particular micro-region, involving local stakeholders.

	o Aujeszky experimental plan (2011-2013): our work shows that regulation instruments play a role in
	designing the disease management strategy. By seeking to reach complementary objectives, designers
	implement additional measures, which penalized the whole strategy, resulting in a partial failure of the
	strategy (Charrier et Casabianca, 2015).
	o African Swine Fever surveillance system (Risksur project): through participative workshops, we
	demonstrate that participative tools are relevant to assess surveillance systems, especially by highlighting

other types of criteria that classical methodologies, such OASIS (criteria on acceptability, on trust,…).

Calba et al, 2015)

.

Disciplines involved

Choose the discplines in the list, if you need more than 4 pre-selected disciplines, please use the appropriate number of lines for the unit concerned.

Others, precise LRDE SAD livestock systems Choisissez un élément. Choisissez un élément. Choisissez un élément. Management sciences

Lisis

SAD sociology

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EpiA

SA epidemiology

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Moisa

Details of INRA staff involved

Permanent Staff

Precise number of agents, independently of working time Please don't forget to summarize the main results, outputs and outcomes on a two slide show. (1 slide of presentation, 2-3 slides of results and 1 slide of conclusion)

Non-permanent Staff

Appendix

In the Appendix, we wish to detail some results for each WP (part 1) and additional impact of the projects that we judge important to highlight (part 2)