Jiayang Li

Alan C Andrade

Lukas Mueller

Glenn Bryan

René Klein Lankhorst

Sanwen Huang

Chuanyou Li

New Zealand Jeanne Jacobs

Sandra Knapp

Dani Zamir

As in past years, SOL 2013 would bring together a spectrum of scientists working on different aspects of Solanaceae ranging from biodiversity, genetics, development and genomics. With the availability of the high-quality genome sequence of tomato, studies of the SOL community have extended from structural genomics into virtually every aspect of functional genomics. SOL 2013 would be a forum to discuss the impact of this reference genome on different aspects of Solanaceae studies. Meanwhile, a battery of highthroughput technologies, including transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, are leading the way in providing new insights into the inner workings of plant cells. Importantly, the cell biology toolbox, which is previously mainly restricted to animal and yeast cells, has finally been built up in the Solanaceae allowing researchers to establish the fundamental linkage between genotypes (geno) versus phenotypes (pheno). The conference would also provide a forum to sit together and create a roadmap for the future of the Solanaceae Community.

The conference website (www.sol2013.org) will provide you with up-to-date information i.e. registration, abstract submission, hotel accommodation, pre-and post-tours etc.

October is the best season to visit Beijing as well as the rest of the country. You can expect plenty of sunny weather, fairly low levels of rainfall and pleasant temperatures.

scientific projects at the national level and was leader of the module on the organoleptic quality of the EUSOL project.

GLENN BRYAN, SOL co-chair since 2009. Glenn leads the Potato Genetics group at The James Hutton Institute (JHI) in Dundee, Scotland. He obtained his BSc degree at London University in Genetics and a Masters in Applied Genetics at Birmingham University. He studied for his PhD at Washington University in St Louis, USA, where he worked on the transposable element Mariner in Drosophila. Before his graduate work he worked as a dairy cattle quantitative geneticist for four years. In 1992 he started working on plants, with the late Mike Gale at the John Innes Centre, where he developed molecular markers for wheat and rice. In 1996 he moved to SCRI to start a potato molecular genetics programme. In 2009 he became the leader of the Potato Genetics group at JHI, which was formed in 2011. He is also the lead contact for JHI's Centre for Research on Potato and other Solanaceous plants. He organized the SOL2010 meeting in Dundee. His main research interests are: potato breeding, the genetics of resistance and tuber traits in potato, and potato domestication and evolution.

MATHILDE CAUSSE, Sol co-chair since 2009.

Mathilde is a French plant geneticist. She got her PhD from the University of Paris, but did all her research project in Ivory Coast on African rice genetic resources. Then she continued as a postdoc on rice mapping in Steve Tanksley's laboratory (Cornell U, USA). In 1990, she was recruited by the French research institute of Agronomy (INRA), where she first worked on maize genetics and QTL mapping in Orsay. In 1995, she moved to Avignon to develop a program on tomato fruit quality. Since 2004 she is head of the research unit on Genetics and Breeding of fruit and vegetables of Avignon (a lab with more than 100 people working on 8 species, which includes tomato, pepper, eggplant, and potato). Her main scientific interest is in plant breeding, natural genetic diversity of complex traits, and the use of molecular markers to improve breeding efficiency and answer consumer requests for better tomatoes.

Afri-Sol Members Meet and Launch a New Website

Damaris Odeny, John Jagwe, Elizabeth Kizito, Martin Yeboah, Felistus Chipungu, Abdoulaye Seck, Richard Mithen, René Klein Lankhorst

Afri-Sol is a network of scientists and other stakeholders with interest in African Solanaceae species. The network was created in early 2011 and brings together a multidisciplinary team of stakeholders with the goal of unlocking the potential of African solanaceous species biodiversity for the improvement of nutrition, health and income. With funding from the Platform for African-European Partnerships in Agricultural Research and Development (PAEPARD), a representative team from Afri-Sol, together with two European partners met in Kampala, Uganda (June 11 -13, 2012) with the goal of defining the scope of Afri-Sol, as well as establishing an African -European partnership. During the meeting, Afri-Sol members highlighted the following as the major focus areas of the network:

1. Gathering Indigenous Knowledge: Different local communities all over Africa use plants of the Solanaceae family for various purposes. A comprehensive database on the uses, production, processing and informal market systems for the various crops will not only enhance their value, but also promote their use across different regions. 2. Assessment of Genetic Resources: It will be important to determine the extent of germplasm collections, explorations, and conservation that have been done in the past, or are on-going in the region. Such information will form the basis for future work on genetic resources including explorations and more exhaustive collections, characterization, establishing core collections, germplasm sharing, preliminary screening, gene mining and breeding. 3. Basic Biology: Due to limited research, very little is known on the basic biology of these species. There is need to undertake more comprehensive studies on the cytogenetics, biochemical and molecular components, as well as develop molecular tools and proper ontology for the future characterization of African Solanaceae. 4. Nutrition and Health: Unknown to many, some African nightshades, including Solanum scabrum and Solanum villosum are edible and very nutritious but also have medicinal and industrial value. The increasing concerns on narrowing food diversity and the recognition of the potential role of vegetables in combating micronutrient deficiencies, call for renewed research interest in underutilized nutritious vegetables such as those of the Solanaceae family. There is therefore a need to determine and document the micronutrient and bioactive components of these plants, as well as establish systems for human intervention and social economics studies. 5. Seed systems: Seed systems remain an important aspect of improving crop production and will be an invaluable component of enhancing the utilization of African solanaceous crops. There is need to identify relevant stakeholders in seed production, seed markets, quality management and regulation, as well as determine optimum seed management conditions for the benefit of the producers and consumers. 6. Value addition and Markets: Beyond the fact that many local communities have been utilizing these plants for a long period of time, can we also demonstrate that there is real demand for them in both formal and informal markets? Are there any known product development efforts in the region and/or elsewhere? What are the post-harvest and industrial applications of these crops? What are the consumer preferences and how can those preferences be linked to crop improvement? 7. Capacity building: There is generally lack of expertise in Africa for advanced research that would enhance knowledge of the African solanaceous species. There is particularly need to build capacity in taxonomy, the "Omics" (genomics, proteomics, metabolomics), human intervention studies, bioinformatics and biochemistry. Building infrastructure and

Research Updates

ROOTOPOWER (www.rootopower.eu), a KBBE (Knowledge Based Bio-Economy) project funded under the 7 th Framework Programme of the European Union (grant number 289365), is innovating in the field of root-science research in Europe. Its consortium, made up of 13 partners from countries such as Spain, United Kingdom, Germany, and Turkey, gathers top research scientists from a wide array of root-related fields.

ROOTOPOWER aims to develop new tools, targeted to roots, to enhance agronomic stability and sustainability of dicotyledonous crops under multiple and combined stress conditions. Central to its approach is the use of tomato as a model species, since its Members at the workshop also defined the network structure and appointed key leaders and regional representatives. The network currently has six international advisory board members. For more information on Afri-Sol, and to register as a member, or provide feedback, visit www.Afri-Sol.net. You can also follow us on Twitter: @AfriSolnet.

Workshop participants, from left: Richard Mithen (advisory board member), John Jagwe (private sector representative), René Klein Lankhorst (advisory board member), Damaris Odeny (chairperson), Dennis Bisase (FarmGain Africa), Elizabeth Kizito (secretary), Martin Yeboah (West African regional representative)

Update from Steve Stack's Lab at Colorado State University

Lindsay Shearer

The Stack lab at Colorado State University has used fluorescence in situ hybridization on tomato pachytene synaptonemal complex spreads to place a total of 499 BACs on the tomato FISH map. Fifty-two of these BACs have been placed on the FISH map since the last edition of the Sol Newsletter. A majority of the new BACs are on the borders of sequenced scaffolds on chromosomes 2, 4, 7, 8, and 11. The distance between each pair of scaffolds has been estimated for each of these chromosomes.

In addition, ten of the new BACs are chromosome 0 BACs that cannot be associated with the sequence on any existing scaffolds. By FISH, we have observed that these BACs are in gaps between scaffolds. This being the case, these chromosome 0 BACs should be entrées to sequencing the gaps in which they are found. The 499 localized BACs are distributed at 509 loci among the chromosomes as follows: 1 -108; 2 -44; 3 -59; 4 -39; 5 -28; 6 -19; 7 -43; 8 -31; 9 -24; 10 -55, 11 -34, 12 -25. The total number of loci reflects the fact that there are now ten BACs that have each been localized to two positions

The figure illustrates FISH labeling of three BACs on the long arm of chromosome 2. BAC SL_s0101F18 (white) and SL_EcoRI0034J17 (green) are at the borders of two adjacent scaffolds (SL2.40sc03665 and SL2.40sc03766 respectively).

We have estimated the unsequenced area between these two scaffolds to be approximately 1.3 Mb.

One of the chromosome 0 BACs, SL_MboI0010K24 (red), falls within the unsequenced gap between the two scaffolds. genome sequence is already available and it can be very easily grafted.

This surgical technique attaches histologically shoot and root systems that are genetically different, allowing precise assessment of the effect of altering root genotype on crop performance of the grafted variety. This project will analyze and exploit the natural genetic variability existing in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from a cross between Solanum lycopersicum and S. pimpinellifolium and other selected mutants and functional lines (used as rootstocks) for their performance under multiple abiotic stresses and for their biotic interaction with natural soil microorganisms (mycorrhiza and rhizobacteria). ROOTOPOWER will obtain genetic information and physiological understanding of mechanisms vital for high-performing root systems.

With an initial budget of circa 3,000,000M€ and a foreseen duration of 4 years, ROOTOPOWER seeks to improve crop stress resistance and develop more resource-efficient crops, thus helping producers and breeders deal with the predicted impacts of climate change and to overcome the consequences of unsustainable agricultural practices that are causing soil degradation and depleting natural resources.

Highlight Articles

Early history and iconography of the Solanaceae: 3. Tomato 1 Marie-Christine Daunay (a) & Jules Janick (b) (a) INRA UR1052, France; (b) Purdue University, Indiana, USA 1 This SOL paper is the third in the series on the early history and iconography of the Solanaceae. The first covered mandrake (Janick & Daunay, 2007, SOL Newsletter 14), the second covered potato (Daunay & Janick, 2008, SOL Newsletter 21) and the present paper covers tomato. A more detailed treatment can be found in [START_REF] Daunay | Iconography of the Solanaceae from Antiquity to the XVIIth Century: a Rich Source of Information on Genetic Diversity and Uses. In Solanaceae VI: Genomics meets Biodiversity[END_REF]Daunay et al. ( , 2008)). The tomato images displayed here, as well as a few more, will be made available from SGN website. However, the use for publication of the images displayed here and originating from manuscripts requires the previous authorization from the libraries where these manuscripts are located.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is now one of the most important world crops and is widely consumed fresh and processed with a production of 152 millions tonnes (FAO, 2010). The ancestral form of the cultivated tomato was originally confined to the Peru-Ecuador area and spread north possibly as a weed in pre-Columbian times, but was not extensively domesticated until it reached Mexico, and from there the cultivated forms were disseminated [START_REF] Jenkins | The origin of the cultivated tomato[END_REF]. The wide genetic diversity found in Mexico in both wild and cultivated forms indicated an ancient introduction in this country. De Candolle (1890) suggests a Peruvian domestication, but [START_REF] Harlan | Crops and man[END_REF] assumes that the biloculed domesticated forms found in southern Mexico and Guatemala are the oldest cultivated types. The original site of domestication of cultivated tomato still remains speculative [START_REF] Peralta | History, origin and early cultivation of tomato (Solanaceae)[END_REF].

Tomato is first mentioned in the European literature in a chapter on mandrake [START_REF] Matthioli | Dacui potra ciascuno facilmente acqui stare la vera cognitione de semplicic non solamente scritti da Dioscoride, ma da altri an tichi, & moderni scrittori, et massimamente da Galeno. La cui dottrina intorno a tale faculta tutta sedelmente interpretata si ritrova posta ne proprii luogui … Et dello Illustriβ[END_REF], with the following description:

Another species [of Mandrake] has been brought to Italy in our time, flattened like the melerose [a type of pink apple] and segmented, green at first and when ripe of a golden colour, which is eaten in the same manner [as the eggplant-fried in oil with salt and pepper, like mushrooms].

The association of tomato to mandrake by Matthioli can be explained by the similarity of their globular golden berries, since the tomato fruits observed in 1544 were yellow. In his later 1554 publication, Matthioli adds that the Italian name for tomato is Pomi d'oro, and its Latin equivalent Mala aurea, and takes note of a red type.

First Records

In a set of decorated spindle whorls (dated 900-1500 CE), one type from Colombia dated 500 to 1000 (Fig. 1) may represent a tomato flower [START_REF] Mcmeekin | Representations of pre-Columbian spindle whorls of the floral and fruit structure of economic plants[END_REF], but this interpretation is controversial. Tomato was common is Mexico at the time of the conquest by Hernán Cortés in 1521, and Estrada Lugo (1989) mentions the use of tomatoes by the Aztec as a medicinal plant in the Florentine Codex (Sahagun, 1540(Sahagun, -1585)). A doubtful pre-Columbian image entitled Tomazquitl and depicting a plant with entire leaves and bunches of five globular red fruits is present in the Codex Badianus [START_REF] Walcott Emmart | The Badianus manuscript (codex Barberini, Latin 241), an Aztec Herbal of 1552[END_REF]. The Spanish friar Diego Duran, describing the Aztec ways of life before 1521 from direct witnesses notes that tomato was common in religious offerings and markets (Hodge, 1994, p.64). Hernán Cortés, in a letter dated September 3, 1526, mentions tomatoes (Charnay, 1996, p.404). J. de Acosta (1589) notes that tomatoes were used for preparing sauces. All these brief mentions of tomato provide evidence that tomato was common in the New World, although it should be pointed out that there is confusion in the early literature between tomato and other solanaceous species, in particular Physalis spp., both being referred to by the Aztec name tomatl. The precise date of the first European image of tomato is unknown because contemporary images were produced by several Renaissance herbalists, some being published mid-16 th century, and the others unpublished for centuries until their "discovery" during the 20 th century. [START_REF] Dodoens | Trium Priorum de Stirpium Historia Commentariorum imagines ad vivum expressae. Una cum indicibus, Graeca, Latina, Officinarum, Germanica, Brabantica[END_REF] is the first to have published a woodcut of tomato, but the image is mediocre and the fruits barely visible (Fig. 2). In the Oellinger manuscript which was completed before 1553 and only published in microfiches in 1996, two tomato drawings show fruits in clusters; the fruits are large, deeply ribbed, and turning from green to either red, folio 541 (Fig. 3, left) or orange, folio 543 (Fig. 3, middle). The third drawing displays a plant with small globular light yellowish fruits, folio 545 (Fig. 3, right). In Vienna codex, Fuchs provides an image that was published by [START_REF] Baumann | Die Kräuterbuch-Handschrift des Leonhardt Fuchs[END_REF] This image, painted by Albrecht Meyer between 1549 and 1556 (Fig. 4) displays single erect fruits of various shapes (globular, globular, and flattened, with or without ribs), sizes (small and large), green, yellow, or red. Gesner's images (Fig. 5 and Fig. 6), respectively, dated 1553 and 1565, display details of flowers and fruit. [START_REF] Dodoens | Histoire des plantes. En laquelle est contenue la description entière des herbes, c'est-à-dire leurs espèces, forme, noms, tempérament, vertus et opérations : non seulement de celles qui croissent en ce païs mais aussi des autres estrangères qui viennent en usage de médecine[END_REF] describes the fruits as large apples, flat, ribbed, of red, whitish, or yellow color, and the woodcut, the same as in the 1553 edition, shows small ribbed and flattened fruits. In his later publications (1574, 1608), Dodoens used another more realistic woodcut with lateral shoots and clustered large flat and ribbed fruits. A colored illustration in the Camerarius' Florilegium (MS 2764) dated 1576-1589, represents a branch with leaves, a truss of flowers, and globular slightly flattened green and red fruits.

In 1585, Durante published a stylized drawing, with globular flattened and ribbed fruits. [START_REF] Matthioli | De plantis epitome utilissima[END_REF] displayed on a single woodcut several fruit types (small or large, globular or flattened, ribbed or smooth. The simplified painted image by Aldrovandi (second half of the 16 th century) represents only a branch with two flattened, ribbed, reddish and green fruits, one inflorescence and four leaves. A tomato illustration dating to the close of the 16 th century can be found in The Drake Manuscript written by an anonymous Frenchman (Fig. 7) [START_REF] Janick | Revelations from Histoire Naturelle des Indes known as The Drake manuscript[END_REF]. Realistic tomato fruits (still large, globular, flattened and ribbed) as well as clearly recognizable leaves, are found on a bronze door of the Pisa cathedral (Fig. 8) dated to 1601. The texts by Gerard (1597) and [START_REF] Parkinson | Paradisi in sole, paradisus terrestris[END_REF] describe fruits of sizes varying between a goose egg and a large apple, bright shining red, pale reddish, yellow or pale yellow. Several authors mention the "foul" odor of tomato vegetation.

Names

The name tomate (Spanish, French) and tomato (English) derive from tomatl, tomates, or miltomates in the Nahuatl language [START_REF] Estrada-Lugo | El codice Florentino su informacion etnobotanica[END_REF]). However, this name was applied to different solanaceous plants, including species of Solanum (Lycopersicon), Physalis, and Saracha.

There were many names for tomato in 16 th century Europe. Some authors thought that the plant was the Lykopersikon mentioned by the Greek physician Galen (131ca. 200), or the Glaucium of Dioscorides. Solanum pomiferum and other similar denominations are found in various herbals, such as Pomum amoris, Poma amoris, Pomum aureum, Pomum aureiium, Solanum pomiferum vel amoris, Solanum pomiferum aureum, Mala aurea, Aurea Apffelkraut, Gulden Appelen (High and Low German); and Golden Apples, Amorous apples, Apples of love, Love apples (English). mala, Lycopersicum (Latin); Pomi d'oro (Italian); Pommes d'amours and Pommes dorées (French); Gold Oppffel, Goldt Apffelkraut, Gulden Appelen (High and Low German); and Golden Apples, Amorous apples, Apples of love, Love apples (English).

The name Lycopersicon, also spelled Lycopersicum, means peach (persikon) of wolf (lykos) and indicates some distrust toward this plant. The name was taken from the Galen's Lykopersikon which designated a plant from Egypt whose sap was malodorous. In the 18 th century, the species was named Solanum lycopersicum by Linnaeus, and then as Lycopersicon esculentum by Miller, but modern taxonomy has brought tomato back to the genus Solanum [START_REF] Spooner | Chloroplast DNA evidence for interrelationships of tomatoes, potatoes, and pepinos (Solanaceae)[END_REF].

While the majority of tomato fruits cultivated at present are red, the appellation gold or yellow which was commonly used in the past, indicates that many of the early tomatoes introduced were yellow. Why it was named Love apple is unclear. This popular name could be linked to the red color, which is associated with the flush of passion. [START_REF] Parkinson | Paradisi in sole, paradisus terrestris[END_REF] reported that he had tomatoes in his garden only for curiosity and for the amorous aspect or beauty of the fruit.

Uses

Tomatoes are described as medicinal plants in the Florentine Codex. Dodoens (1557) noticed that the plant was found only in the gardens of some herbalists; flowered in July and August, and ripe in August and September. Gerard (1597) stated that the Apples of love grew in Spain, Italy, and such hot countries. [START_REF] Dodoens | Histoire des plantes. En laquelle est contenue la description entière des herbes, c'est-à-dire leurs espèces, forme, noms, tempérament, vertus et opérations : non seulement de celles qui croissent en ce païs mais aussi des autres estrangères qui viennent en usage de médecine[END_REF] and Gerard (1597) considered tomato of a "cold" nature and quite different from the dangerous mandrake.

Gerard (1597) believed that the fruits brought very little nourishment to the body, while Dalechamps (1653) affirms that this food was bad and corrupted. In 1600 Olivier de Serres suggested that the fruits, although not good for eating, were appropriate as medicine and were pleasant to handle and smell.

Despite some negative opinions, tomatoes clearly were consumed from the beginning of their presence in Europe, first in sauces, according to Olivier de Serres (1600, ed. 1804). Matthioli (1544) as well as Gerard (1597) and Dalechamps (1653) noted that they were commonly fried in or boiled with oil, salt, and pepper. They were eaten in Spain and Italy with oil, vinegar, and pepper as a sauce for meat (Gerard, 1633).

Conclusion

The tomato was well known by the Aztecs, but it is difficult, in the absence of New World iconography, to ascertain when tomato is involved in the textual sources, given that the common Nahuatl word tomatl was used for several solanaceous plants, including tomato. The first European description of tomato is by [START_REF] Matthioli | Dacui potra ciascuno facilmente acqui stare la vera cognitione de semplicic non solamente scritti da Dioscoride, ma da altri an tichi, & moderni scrittori, et massimamente da Galeno. La cui dottrina intorno a tale faculta tutta sedelmente interpretata si ritrova posta ne proprii luogui … Et dello Illustriβ[END_REF], while the first published illustration is by Dodoens and dates to 1553. Renaissance iconography shows that a great diversity of fruit shapes, sizes, and colors was early available in Europe, with a dominance of large multiloculate, ribbed fruits. The common use of names involving "gold" suggests that many early introductions had yellow fruits. The early naturalists clearly knew that tomato was related to the European nightshades, and hence they considered it with some suspicion in view of the European antipathy toward these plants. The many tinted early tomato illustrations, such as those of Oellinger, Fuchs, and Gesner demonstrate that botanists were eager to include this new species into their medico-botanical treatises. Soon after, tomato was rapidly adopted as a food crop in southern European countries where it well adapted.

in the coming years, access to and characterization of germplasm are going to be strategic steps, and from the research standpoint, there is clearly a need to strengthen interaction with the community of Solanaceae germplasm holders.

During the SOL 2011 meeting held in Kobe, Japan, it was pointed out that there is a discrepancy between sequencing experiments across species and platforms, which share fundamental data and similar analysis tools, whereas phenotyping experiments have few common standards. The existence of standardized solanaceous crops descriptors set up by Bioversity International (see above) deserves to be promoted among the communities of researchers and germplasm holders. Conversely, germplasm holders need to be made aware of the phenotypic traits that are most needed by "omics" research. In the last few years, the SGN project (http://solgenomics.net) has developed vocabularies for the description of phenotypes [Solanaceae Phenotype ontology (SP)], and to allow interfacing with the larger initiatives of the database community [Gene Ontology (GO), http://geneontology.org], Plant Ontology (PO, http://plantontology.org/) and Phenotype and Trait Ontology (PATO). Some of the Bioversity vocabularies have been mapped to the SP ontology. SGN could therefore play a central role in coordinating phenotypic descriptors and data, and collaboration via common projects would be beneficial to both germplasm and research communities, and contribute solving the post-genomic era problem of linking the phenome (a wide set of phenotypic data) to the genome.

A minimal step towards a better interaction between European Solanaceae germplasm holders and "omicians" is to provide links between the ECPGR Solanaceae Working Group and SGN websites (already available at www.ecpgr.cgiar.org/networks/vegetables/solanaceae.html), between the Potato Working Group and SGN, and conversely. Beyond this first step, there is a need to establish a dialogue between the ECPGR Solanaceae Working Group, the Potato Working Group and the ECPGR Documentation and Information Network on one hand, and SGN on the other hand, in order to start building fruitful and sustainable interactions, including improved germplasm access and phenotyping. This could be initiated for instance via a round table to be organized at the 2013 SOL conference in Beijing, involving representatives of all sides.

  She has coordinated several SANWEN HUANG, Sol co-chair since 2009. In 2005, Sanwen Huang obtained his Ph.D. from the Graduate School of Experimental Plant Sciences in Wageningen University and Research Centre, the Netherlands. In 2005, he established the Laboratory of Vegetable Genomics at the Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS). Since 2007, he coordinates the International Cucumber Genome Initiative that has successfully sequenced the 367Mb genome. His team sequenced the genome of a monohaploid potato genotype, a critical contribution to the Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium. He is also on the steering committees of both the International Potato and Tomato Sequencing Consortium and a co-chair of SOL since 2009. He is now working on genomics of plant breeding, using cucumber, tomato, and potato as subjects in particular. He is the principal investigator of several national research projects, including the recent 973 project "The genomics and molecular breeding of vegetable quality traits (2012-2016)" granted by the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, which is a teamwork from 12 institutions nationwide. JEANNE JACOBS, SOL co-chair since 2009. Jeanne is a plant geneticist and the team leader for Genome Analysis in the Breeding & Genomics group at The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research (P&FR), based in Christchurch. She was born, raised, and educated in the Netherlands. She first started working on Solanaceae during her PhD in Plant Breeding at Wageningen University when she developed a molecular genetic map of potato. With an interruption for post-doctoral research into disease resistance in lettuce (at UC Davis) and apomixis in the weed Hieracium (Crop & Food Research, NZ), she has worked on Solanaceae ever since. Jeanne is the New Zealand PI for the Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium and an active member of the PGSC steering committee. In recent years, she helped instigate the joint Australia/New Zealand genome sequence project on Nicotiana benthamiana. Her main interests are genomics and genetics of potato, especially exploring natural allelic variation for a variety of traits, and implementing this knowledge into the P&FR breeding programme to achieve "Better cultivars faster TM ". by the Peter Raven Outreach Award by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists and awarded the UK National Biodiversity Network's John Burnett Medal. Her current projects include Flora Mesoamericana, a world-wide taxonomic monograph of the megadiverse genus Solanum (Solanaceae), collaborative research in phylogenetics and genomic evolution of Solanaceae, and field guides for conservation in the Neotropics. She has coordinated several scientific projects in the UK and internationally and led the programme of outreach and education in the EU-SOL project.

  SANDY KNAPP, new chair of Co-Chairs 2012, joint SOL chair with Dani Zamir from 2005-2007. Sandy is a plant taxonomist working at the Natural History Museum in London, UK. She got her PhD at Cornell University (not working in the Tanksley Lab, but in the Bailey Hortorium on the taxonomy of a large group of South American species of Solanum!); while doing her PhD she spent much of her time collecting plants in South and Central America. She went to the Natural History Museum in 1992 to head Flora Mesoamericana -an international Spanish-language project that is describing all of the vascular plants in the region between the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in México to the Panamá/Colombia border. Mesoamerica is the last land bridge on Earth, and is home to approximately 18,000 species of flowering plants and ferns. She is an expert on the Solanaceae, and has spent her career discovering and describing the diversity of the members of this most fascinating of families. To date she has described more than 100 new species of Solanum, and there are more in the works. She is also the author of several popular books on the history of science and botanical exploration, including the award-winning Potted Histories (2004). In 2009 she was honored by the Peter LUKAS MUELLER, new SOL co-chair. Lukas studied biochemistry at the Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich, Switzerland, and obtained his PhD in Biochemistry at the University of Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1997. After postdoctoral studies with Prof Virginia Walbot in Stanford, he joined the Arabidopsis database, TAIR (http://arabidopsis.org/), as a scientific curator. In 2003, he moved to Cornell University in Ithaca, NY, in the laboratory of Prof. Steven Tanksley, were he lead the SOL Genomics Network (SGN, http://solgenomics.net/), a major database for Solanaceous plants, including tomato, potato, pepper, eggplant, and petunia. In 2008, he became a group leader at the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research (http://bti.cornell.edu/), where he heads a bioinformatics group, with the SGN database being a continued focus of his work. A major theme of the present database work is the genotype to phenotype problem, and its application to breeding. He has been involved with the tomato genome-sequencing project since its inception, and contributes to other genome projects from the Solanaceae and other plant families.

  at various research and higher learning institutes will significantly enhance the utilization of these crops and promote their contribution to poverty alleviation and food security.

Figure 1 .

 1 Figure 1. Colombian spindle whorl (500 -1000 CE) reproducing tomato flower features. Source: McMeekin 1992.

Figure 2 .

 2 Figure 2. First published tomato image. Source: Dodoens 1553. Courtesy: Library of Missouri Botanical Garden.

Figure 4 .

 4 Figure 4. Tomato, Fuchs' Vienna Codex 11 122, 2(3), folio 161, painted by A. Meyer 1549-1556. Source: Meyer et al. 1996. Copyright: Austrian National Library, picture archive, Vienna.

Figure 3 .

 3 Figure 3. Tomato, Oellinger 1553, Manuscript 2362: (Left) folio 541; (Center) folio 543; (Right) folio 545. Source: Erlangen, University library.

Figure 5 .

 5 Figure 5. Tomato, Gesner, Ms 2386, folio 42, dated 1553. Source: Erlangen, University Library.

Figure 6 .

 6 Figure 6. Tomato. Gesner, Ms 2386, folio 37v, dated 1565. Source: Erlangen, University Library.

Figure 7 .

 7 Figure 7. Illustration of tomato in the Drake manuscript (end of 16 th century). Source: The Drake manuscript.

Figure 8 .

 8 Figure 8. Large, ribbed tomato with leaves on bronze door of the Pisa cathedral, Italy, 1601. Source: J. Janick.

Acknowledgements

The authors are pleased to acknowledge L. Maggioni and J. Engels (ECPGR, Rome, Italy), J. Prohens (COMAV, Universitat Politèchnica de València, Spain), Ch. Sauvage and M. Causse (INRA, UR1052, France) for their helpful comments on draft versions of this paper.

for applied coffee breeding and the establishment of a Genome Wide Selection program for coffee. He is also involved in teaching, taking part of the graduate program on plant biotechnology at the University of Lavras. He was the coordinator of the Coffee Biotechnology Program of the Brazilian Consortium of Coffee R&D and also took part in coordinating the Brazilian Coffee-EST project. In 2005, he was among the founding members of The International Coffee Genomics Network-ICGN and is a member of the steering committees of ICGN, The International Coffee Genome Sequencing Consortium, and the National Institute of Science and Technology of Coffee (INCT-Café).

Medici Library, Florence, Italy (Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana). Florentine Codex (1540[START_REF] Durante | Herbario nuovo configure che rappresentano le vive piante che nascono in tutta Europa, et nell'Indie[END_REF], by Sahagún, Bernardino de. Med. Palat.220 [Source: [START_REF] Dibble | General history of the things of New Spain, Fray Bernardino de Sahagun, Book 11-Earthly Things[END_REF][START_REF] Estrada-Lugo | El codice Florentino su informacion etnobotanica[END_REF].

The Morgan Library & Museum, New York, USA The Drake manuscript, 1996. (Facsimile). André Deutsch Limited, London. http://www.Themorgan.org/collections/works/drake.

University Library, Bologna, Italy (Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna).

Il Teatro della Natura, Aldrovandi U. Second half of the 16 th century. [Source: www.filosofia.unibo.it/aldrovandi].

Vienna National Library, Austria (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek). Vienna Codex 11117-11125 (LXX.C.12): Fuchs codex, known as Codex vindobonensis Palatinus. Dated 1542-1565. [Sources: [START_REF] Meyer | The great herbal of Leonhardt Fuchs: Di Historia stirpium commentarii insignes[END_REF][START_REF] Baumann | Die Kräuterbuch-Handschrift des Leonhardt Fuchs[END_REF].

Towards a better interaction between European Solanaceae germplasm holders and Solanaceae Omics researchers

Marie-Christine Daunay (1) , Willem van Dooijeweert (2) , Roel Hoekstra (2) , Lukas A. Mueller (3) (1) INRA, UR1052, Montfavet, France (2) Centre for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands (CGN), Wageningen, The Netherlands In Europe, the collaboration between germplasm holders of agricultural and industrial crops has been organized and coordinated by the European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources (ECPGR, www.ecpgr.cgiar.org) for over 30 years. ECPGR has also established the European Genebank Integrated System (AEGIS) initiative (http://aegis.cgiar.org/), which is formalizing the long-term commitment of the European countries for conservation and management of crop germplasm. For each crop, including solanaceous crops, the AEGIS initiative is creating a decentralized "European collection" consisting of unique accessions in the public domain, being held by any of the germplasm holders accepting the commitment for long-term conservation on behalf of AEGIS.

ECPGR is structured into crop and thematic groups, including the Solanaceae Working Group (www.ecpgr.cgiar.org/networks/vegetables/solanaceae.html) and the Potato Working Group (www.ecpgr.cgiar.org/networks/sugar_starch_fibre_crops/potato.html), which set up work plans and meet periodically. ECPGR products are accessible on-line (e.g. for cultivated potato and wild potato, tomato, capsicum peppers, eggplant, pepino, tree tomato, and ground cherry), including centralized crop databases, that are progressively completed. Key activities include the creation of guidelines for seed regeneration and storage, and identification of key (minimum) phenotypic descriptors to be used by the genetic resources community and entered into the European Central Crop Databases. These agreed minimum lists of descriptors have been selected from the full descriptor lists (www.bioversityinternational.org/publications/search.html) of Bioversity International (formerly IBPGR, IPGRI) which, for solanaceous crops, were published in 1977 (cultivated potato), 1985 (potato variety descriptors), 1990 (eggplant), 1995 (pepper), 1996 (tomato), and 2004 (pepino). The descriptor list for Tree tomato is in press.

Many European public germplasm holders get insufficient national support for the maintenance, characterization and long-term security of the collections, with damaging consequences in some cases, such as aging seeds, no safety duplication, or even loss of accessions. As a way to remedy to this situation, INRA and CGN organized cooperation between breeding companies for the evaluation and regeneration of germplasm accessions held respectively in France and The Netherlands. This model may also be considered by other germplasm holders. Furthermore, better interactions with the scientific research community are important for determining the value of the germplasm. Possibly also the cost of germplasm maintenance and use in research and breeding can be shared.

On the side of research, the structuring of the international scientific community investigating Solanaceae genetics and "omics", is more recent. The International Solanaceae Initiative was initiated by Cornell University in the early 2000s, and under its supervision the consortium Solanaceae Genomics Network -SGN-works at enhancing international collaboration and at facilitating exchange of information between scientists working on solanaceous crops, in particular via its website and the annual workshops organized since 2004. While research was anchored in only one or a few genotypes until recently, the capacity of the high throughput and next generation technologies now allow working at the level of germplasm collections. For instance, allele diversity can now be characterized at the species level and new alleles of specific traits can be discovered via association genetics. Hence,

Job Announcements

SENIOR Tomato Breeder

SEMILLAS FITO is a multinational seed company established in 1880 and family owned. It is organized in four divisions: Vegetables, Field Crops, Hobby and Turf. We believe in Innovation, Research and Development as our main pillars and drivers of our growth.

We are currently looking to recruit a competent and confident professional into the position of Senior Tomato Breeder to be based in California close to Mexico.

Position Summary

University graduate in Agriculture or similar with a large experience in breeding (15 years) ready to join an international seed company and lead our tomato breeding programs for Mexico and Brasil.

Main Responsibilities:

• Proposes and implements breeding programs in Culiacan for Saladette and Bolas types for Mexican and Brazil markets.

•

Develop and supervise tomato breeding programs in Culiacan and probably in California.

•

Set up tomato trials in Mexico and Brazil. Work jointly with Development team in both countries.

•

To be the R&D antenna in US and create contacts and synergies with Universities, research centers and Germplasm Banks.

•

Report to R& Director and Tomato Crop Manager

Education, Skills, and Experience Required

• University degree (Agriculture or Plant Breeding).

• A track record in vegetables breeding • Readiness to travel across the area • Ability to build effective relationships with all levels of management.

• Proficiency in MS Office applications.

• Fluency in English, Spanish will be a plus

To apply:

Send your CV's to rrhh@semillasfito.com Last application date is 10/31/12

Solanaceae Recipes

Beer and Coffee Chili http://allrecipes.com/recipe/chili-i-2/ Coffee, chocolate, and beer give this thick and spicy chili a unique and dynamite flavor. Garnish with shredded cheese and diced chile peppers. 8 servings about 1 cup each; prep time: 20 minutes; cooking time: 2 hours; total time: 2 hours 20 minutes.

Ingredients

Note: This chili is better the next day when flavors have fully developed and deepened.

Directions

• Heat oil in a large saucepan over medium heat. Cook onions, garlic, ground beef and cubed sirloin in oil for 10 minutes, or until the meat is well browned and the onions are tender.

• Mix in the diced tomatoes with juice, dark beer, coffee, tomato paste and beef broth. Season with brown sugar, chili powder, cumin cocoa powder, oregano, cayenne pepper, coriander and salt. Stir in 2 cans of the beans and hot chili peppers. Reduce heat to low, and simmer for 1 ½ hours.

• Stir in the 2 remaining cans of beans, and simmer for another 30 minutes.

Plant Breeding Academy in Africa

For information, visit http://pba.ucdavis.edu/PBA_in_Africa/ 2 T vegetable oil 2 onions, chopped 3 garlic cloves, minced 1 pound ground beef 3/4 pound beef sirloin, cubed 4 fresh hot chili peppers, seeded and chopped 1 (12 fluid ounce) can or bottle dark beer 1 cup strong brewed coffee 1 T unsweetened cocoa powder 1 (14.5 ounce) can peeled and diced tomatoes with juice 2 (6 ounce) cans tomato paste 1 (14 ounce) can beef broth 1/2 cup packed brown sugar 3 1/2 T chili powder 1 T cumin seeds 1 tsp dried oregano 1 tsp ground cayenne pepper 1 tsp ground coriander 1 tsp salt 4 (15 ounce) cans kidney beans Red Pepper Eggplant Chili http://www.meatlessmonday.com/red-pepper-eggplant-chili/ This is a spicy, meatless chili made with eggplant, red peppers, and cannellini beans. Garnish with sour cream and sliced black olives if desired. Serve with cornbread for a great combination. See recipe below.

Ingredients

Directions

• In a Dutch oven, sauté onions, red peppers, and eggplants over medium-high heat, stirring constantly, until tender, about 4-5 minutes.

• Add remaining ingredients except cannellini beans. Mix well. Cover, reduce heat to low, and simmer 1 hour, stirring occasionally.

• After 1 hour, stir in cannellini beans. Cover and continue cooking 30 minutes, stirring occasionally.

• Serve hot with a dollop of sour cream and garnish with sliced olives sprinkled on top, if desired.

Nutrition, per serving: 319 calories; 4 g fat (0 g sat.); 0 mg cholesterol; 65 g carbohydrates; 13 g protein; 16 g fiber; 1972 mg sodium.

Texas-Style Skillet Cornbread

http://homesicktexan.blogspot.com/2007/01/iron-pan-perfect-cornbread.html

Here's a classic Texan cornbread recipe, baked in a cast iron skillet, of course. Be sure and get the cast iron good and hot, as that's what sears the batter and makes for a crispy, crunchy crust. Add peppers for a spicy nod to Mexico. Pairs great with chili.

Ingredients

Directions

• Preheat oven to 450°F.

• Put the drippings or oil in a large (10-inch) cast-iron skillet and place it in the oven for a few minutes until it's sizzling.

• Mix together the dry ingredients (add optional ingredients with dry mix if desired). Set aside.

• Whisk egg and buttermilk. Mix with dry ingredients.

• Take cast iron skillet out of the oven; pour hot oil into batter, and mix. Pour batter into cast iron skillet and bake in oven for 20 minutes. Cornbread should be golden-brown on top and pulling away from the sides of the skillet when done. Serves 12. 16 1 medium onion, coarsely chopped 2 large red bell peppers, seeded and chopped 2 large eggplants, peeled and cubed 1 16 oz can low-salt stewed tomatoes, undrained 1 4.25 oz can chopped black olives, drained 1 8 oz can low-salt tomato sauce 2 T red chili powder Red pepper flakes, to taste 2 T dark molasses 1 tsp salt ½ tsp garlic powder 2 19 oz cans cannellini beans (white kidney beans), undrained Garnish: Sour cream and sliced black olives, if desired 2 cups cornmeal (yellow or white) ½ cup sifted flour 1 tsp baking powder 1 tsp salt 1 egg, lightly beaten 2 cups buttermilk 2 T bacon drippings, shortening, lard, or vegetable oil Optional (add one or both): 2 jalapeno peppers, seeded, and chopped or sliced (or to taste) ½ -1 cup red bell pepper. roasted, seeded, and diced. Other options: ½ cup chopped onion or ½ cup frozen corn, thawed.


New record is created via the the K-C widget. The user has to fill some fields and submit. This new content is then stored in the UGC repository and harvested by AgLR.

2. E-mail is automatically sent to an Organic.Edunet expert about a new LOM record to be reviewed and validated.

3.

This expert can access these records stored in a specific collection in AgLR and check the new record. Connected to AgLR, the expert can modify and/or validate the record.

4.

This validated record moves then to the OAI set in AgLR to be exposed and harvested by the Organic.Edunet portal.

Metadata enrichment process -> Validation process 1/3

Metadata enrichment process -> Validation process 2/3

Validation process of existing records to be modified or enriched from an authentified user

1. An existing record (that belongs to a partner's collection) is modified or enriched via the the K-C widget by an identified user This modified record is then stored in the UGC repository and harvested by AgLR. 2. An e-mail is automatically sent to the collection metadata expert or repository's manager about changes to be reviewed and validated. 3. This expert can access these modified records stored in AgLR and check the changes. Connected to AgLR, the expert can modify and/or validate the record. 4. This validated record moves then to the OAI set in AgLR to be exposed and harvested by the Organic.Edunet portal.

Alternative process for validating the users' modification.

1.

An alternative scenario is to allow the record automatically returning to the Organic.Edunet portal after the email is sent to the repository's manager

2.

An identified expert checks the record using the UGC widget. This may be the process used by Inra for the modified records coming from ProdINRA.

3.

After the submission, the checked record is stored in UGC repository and harvested by AgLR.

4.

These records go directly to the OAI set as they are considered as checked resources.

Metadata enrichment process -> Validation process 3/3

  be organized in a tool that supports the OAI-PMH protocol for metadata harvesting.Tasks to be performed within the T6.2For external repositories (TrAgLor and ProdINRA)• Considered as trusted source of information• The multilingual enrichment will be proceeded through the Organic.Edunet portal "on the fly"• Possibility to plug the multilingual components to these repositories (optional) AgLR and OE portal interaction is the main issue of the T6.3 Testing phases will start after the deployment of the components It will be reported in the D6.3.1 (1st testing phase) and T6.3.2 (2 nd testing phase)

Content integration testing phases Extending content coverage to new repositories

The testing phase will be based on These records will cover different resource types and then be selected randomly.

For each xml record, a grid will have to be filled evaluating the criteria The metadata quality evaluation can be combined with the sessions organised within the T7.2

Content integration testing phase for External repository 's partners (INRA, CUK)

AgLR is the tool that will enhance the multilingualism for the existing content.

Estonian and Spanish collections will be enriched with the integration of the multilingual components, developed in the context of WP4, in AgLR.

One objective of this testing phase in AgLR will be to check the completion and the quality of the metadata of existing records based on the criteria mentioned above.

Content integration testing phase for external collection 's partners (MIKSIKE, ITTS/UAH)

Miksike and UAH/IITS partners will manually annotate 20 existing records. These records, available in AgLR, will cover different resource types, will be in English and in the partner native language and then be selected randomly.

The creation of some additional records on AgLR can be the opportunity to evaluate the incorporation of the multilingual components in AgLR. This activity will be coordinate with the T7.2 "Experimental testing of multilingual components".

Content integration testing phase for external collection 's partners (MIKSIKE, ITTS/UAH)

The user generated content integration will be reported in two phases corresponding to the dedicated deliverables D6.3.1 and D6.3.2.

The user generated approach is based on the use of the UGC widget. This content generated is stored in the UGC repository. There is two phases in the T6.3.

Content integration testing phase for user generated content

The first phase is dedicated to the evaluation of the UGC widget and the multilingual components integration. This will be reported in D6.3.1.

All the content providers will test the 2 features of the UGC widget Content integration testing phase for user generated content 1. User's contribution on an existing LOM record Each partner will select 15 records through the portal and provide an enrichment of missing metadata and a translation in other languages. The validation and quality assurance process will be checked and evaluated.

The automatic translation will also be checked following the same approach that the partners experimented in AgLR during the T6.2.

Content integration testing phase for user generated content 2. New resource suggested by an identified user Each partner will create 10 new records using the UGC widget. The validation and quality assurance process described in the chapter 5.4 will be checked and evaluated.

The automatic translation will also be checked following the same approach that the partners experimented in AgLR during the T6.2.

This evaluation can be combined with the revisions and validation mechanism of the UGC widget.

Content integration testing phase for user generated content

The second phase is the involvement of the users to use and contribute to this user generated content approach. A large campaign of promoting this user approach and the UGC widget will be engaged.

Analytical results will be reported in the D6.3.2

Content integration testing phase for user generated content The VOA3R portal: a federation of agricultural research content with no multilingual features Open Discovery Space: a cyberinfrastructure dedicated to educational resources?

Other? How to proceed?

Extending content coverage


Marie-Anne Auger-Rozenberg

Thomas Boivin

Emmanuelle Magnoux

Claudine Courtin

Alain Roques

Carole Kerdelhue

When genetic markers contradict historical hypotheses: an unexpected Cypriot origin for the invasive

de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

The insect genus Megastigmus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) is a group of micro-hymenoptera that mostly develop in seeds of various plants. The females directly lay eggs in the host plant, and each larva develops within a single seed until adulthood, affecting the host reproduction.

Infested seeds are very difficult to detect. Due to seed trade and the increase of international seed exchanges (eventually carrying hidden Megastigmus larvae), several species of Megastigmus have been introduced accidentally in different parts of the world in the last few years. Among them, the cedar seed chalcid, Megastigmus schimitscheki, was recently detected in Cedrus plantations in Southeastern France. This species is native from Asia Minor where it develops on Cedrus libani in Turkey, Syria and Lebanon, and on C. brevifolia in Cyprus. Historical data suggest that M. schimitscheki could have been accidentally introduced from Turkey when seeds were imported for reforestation purposes. Because both historical and observational data may provide incomplete, sparse or misleading information on invasive populations history, the goal of our work was to study the patterns of genetic diversity of the invasive wasp in its native range, and to identify the potential source of the introduction in France.

We combined mitochondrial sequences and nuclear microsatellites to characterize several populations from both the native and the invasive ranges. The results obtained with the different markers were consistent. They showed a strong geographical genetic structure in the Near East, with four differentiated groups corresponding to Lebanon, Eastern Turkey, Western Turkey and Cyprus, respectively. Some gene flow moreover exists between Cyprus and Eastern Turkey. Concerning the introduction scenario, an approximate Bayesian computation analysis unambiguously identified Cyprus as the single source of the invasion in France. We could also show that the number of founders was extremely low (average estimate = 9). Factors that may have permitted a successful invasion in spite of a very severe founder effect and a host shift from Cedrus brevifolia to C. atlantica are discussed.

MEDINSECT3, Hammamet, Tunisia, 8-12 May 2012 When genetic markers contradict historical hypotheses: Cyprus is unexpectedly the most likely source of the invasive seed chalcid Megastigmus schimitscheki M.-A. Auger-Rozenberg 1 , T. Boivin 2 , E. Magnoux 1 , C. Courtin 1 , A. Roques 1 , C. Kerdelhué 3 .

	1. INRA, UR633 Unité de Recherche de Zoologie Forestière, 2163 Avenue de la Pomme de Pin CS
	40001 Ardon F-45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
	2. INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, Site Agroparc F-84914 Avignon Cedex 09,
	France
	3. INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA; IRD; CIRAD; Montpellier Supagro), Campus International de
	Baillarguet, CS 30016, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France


Host Plants

• Horse-chestnut, ornamental tree present throughout Europe • Extreme browning of leaves • Aesthetic impact • Acer pseudoplatanus and A. platanoides Natural Forests: Tertiary relict of Balkan origin Scattered populations in deep river gorges in Albania, Macedonia and Greece.

Possible areas of Origin of Cameraria ohridella:

• Balkans -Origin of the host tree -First found in this region

• sudden host plant shift to horse-chestnut, probably from maple or sycamore (Acer spp.)? • originated in North America (52 out of 74 described Cameraria species)? Also consistent with a Balkan origin, a higher frequency of rare or "private" alleles was found in natural stands

DNA Barcodes are an effective tool to trace the origin and spread of an invasive insect

Why the invasion was delayed until two decades ago?

(H o ) haplotype "A" was historically widespread and abundant among natural sites, and thus is most likely to have spread to artificial plantings;

(H 1 ) haplotype "A" was, like other haplotypes, rare and very localised in the Balkans but has only recently become highly invasive -even (re)invading natural horse-chestnut stands.

HERBARIA: a historical approach

Historic collections with mines

Botanists prefer to display "perfect" specimens of leaves  Most archival collections, mine densities were low but increase June-september (season of collection)

Leaf-mine density data

Minibarcodes & Microsatelites

 COI: 10 sequences obtained from 1936 to 1981.

• Three unique haplotypes  Microsatelites: Out of 6 pair primers 2 amplified:

• 30 out of 54 extractions amplified (back to 1879) Private alleles.

Conclusions: Historical Herbaria

Rest of Europe Balkans

A B

BUT-

  Why spreading only in the 80s? -Lepidopteran fauna well known in Europe -No other Cameraria in Europe -Only polyphagous parasitoids reared -Still at outbreak density after 20 years Tracking down Cameraria ohridella origin: fragment of the mitochondrial COI (barcode fragment) 486 C. ohridella: 351 individuals from 78 parks and 135 individuals from 9 natural stands 88 localities from 22 countries Is genetic diversity higher in the Balkans? Mitochondrial DNA Haplotype diversity in Europe -25 haplotypes Only haplotype "A" is dominant (at a frequency of 67-100%), not only throughout its expanding range in Europe but, intriguingly, also in about 90% of Balkan relict horse-chestnut sites -Valade et al (2009) haplotype Twenty-five mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase sub-unit 1 [COI] haplotypes -each differing by at least one single nucleotide mutation Most COI haplotypes of C ohridella are either endemic (14) or very narrowly distributed (three) among natural horse-chestnut populations Six Microsatellite loci 480 individuals genotyped from 16 populations: 280 individuals from 9 parks (Albania, Austria, France, Germany, Greece, UK) 200 individuals from 7 natural stands (Albania, Greece, Macedonia) CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA Mari Mena et al., 2008 European Journal of Entomology Microsatellites Neus Mari MSc Higher genetic diversity in natural stands Mean number of alleles per locus per population Parks, NA= 5 (n = 54 loci) Natural stands, NA= 7.5 (n = 42 loci) (Kruskal-Wallis test: P = 0.007) Allelic Richness per locus per population Parks, AR= 4.51 Natural stands, AR= 7 (P = 0.004) Conclusions: molecular markers Both mitochondrial and nuclear data show a decrease in diversity away from the Balkans and in artificial plantations.

Figure 2 

 2 Figure 2

Figure 3 C1C2•

 3 Figure 3

Acknowledgements Antonio Hernandez David Lees Romain Valade Neus Mari Sylvie Augustin Rodolphe Rougerie Endrit Kullaj Marc Kenis Nikolaos Avtzis Walter Lack Funding: Studium EFPA INRA EC: SEE-ERA.NET


est destinée au dépôt

Complementary feeding: A journey into a sensory world

Sophie Nicklaus

To cite this version: Sophie Nicklaus. Complementary feeding: A journey into a sensory world. 7. asia pacific nutrition symposium "Early life nutrition: from science to clinical practice", 2013, Guanghzou, China. hal-