Hélène Gautier

Capucine Massot

Doriane Bancel

Vincent Truffault

Rebecca Stevens

Light and temperature of ripening tomato fruits interact to regulate ascorbate synthesis, oxidation and recycling

de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.


Impact of IL-17RA on neutrophil recruitment to the lung following infection with mycobacteria

R. Lombard, E. Doz, F. Carreras, F. Bauchet, D. Buzoni-Gatel and N. Winter INRA, Universite ´ de Tours, UMR12, Centre de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France obin.lombard@tours.inra.fr r

The hallmark of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in the lung is the granuloma where several cell types cooperate to restrict bacilli multiplication. Granulomas are also inflammatory sites that must be controlled to avoid tissue damage. Among cells present in granulomas, neutrophils may play beneficial or detrimental roles [START_REF] Martino | Neutrophils in mycobacterial infections[END_REF]. Recently a new concept of IL-10 producing suppressive neutrophil has emerged that may contribute to mycobacterial pathogenesis [START_REF] Zhang | Coactivation of Syk kinase and MyD88 adaptor protein pathways by bacteria promotes regulatory properties of neutrophils[END_REF]. The inflammatory cytokine IL-17A plays key roles in neutrophil recruitment in bacterial and fungal infections. Moreover, in the mouse model, IL-17A is involved in mature granuloma formation both after Mtb and M. bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) infection [START_REF] Okamoto Yoshida | Essential role of IL-17A in the formation of a mycobacterial infection-induced granuloma in the lung[END_REF][START_REF] Umemura | IL-17-mediated regulation of innate and acquired immune response against pulmonary Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin infection[END_REF]. IL-17RA is the common receptor for four members of the IL-17 cytokines family including the best characterized IL-17A. We decided to decipher its role in neutrophil recruitment to the lung and granuloma control in response to mycobacteria. Using flow cytometry, we observed neutrophils (CD11b+, Ly-6C+, Ly-6G+) recruited to the lung after intranasal BCG instillation. Neutrophil recruitment occurred in two peaks, a first innate from day 1 to 3 and a second adaptive correlating with the recruitment of CD4 T cells to the lung around day 23. Both IFN-and IL-17A were observed at this time point. Interestingly, in IL-17RA -/-mice neutrophil recruitment was barely detected in the adaptive phase, whereas innate neutrophils were present. In vitro total lung cells stimulated with BCG produced IL-10. However, IL-10 production was impaired in IL-17RA -/-mice during the adaptive phase. This correlated with an increased production of IL-17A. We are currently characterizing chemokines involved in neutrophil recruitment during both phases of the immune response. We are also comparing granuloma formation in IL-17RA-/-versus wild type mice. In conclusion, during BCG infection, neutrophils peak in the lung at two distinct time points of the immune response. IL-17RA is a major regulator of neutrophil recruitment in the adaptive phase only suggesting that different signals or different neutrophils are present during the two phases. We are currently deciphering whether IL-10 producing suppressive neutrophils are recruited during granuloma maturation where they could dampen the host response and control bacteria.

P293

Identification of Host Signalling Intermediates Regulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis Intracellular Survival Using a Library of Novel

THEME OF THE CONFERENCE

The EMBO conference series "Tuberculosis 2012" is an international congress on Tuberculosis and its causative organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis to be held from September 11-15, 2012 at the Conference Centre of the Institut Pasteur, Paris.


Dr Edmond Rock
email: rock.edmond@clermont.inra.fr

Nutritional interactions of Minerals & Trace Elements with Vitamins and Biofactors

CONTEXT and AIMS:

SFERETE, SFVB and SDRM join their effort to bring together the scientists working on different nutritional and pharmacological compounds. Minerals & Trace Elements, as well as the Vitamins and Biofactors coexist in a complex matrix and are mainly brought to the body through the foods. Therefore, the Symposium organized within the FESTEM Congress will aim to focus on their nutritional interactions and

Satellite Symposium

Nutritional interactions of Minerals & Trace Elements with

Vitamins and Biofactors PROGRAMME 9h00 -9h15

Introduction on the complex interactions between nutrients and their impact on the relation of nutrition and health.


Olivier O Tranquet

Colette C Larre

Sandra S Denery-Papini

New

New antibodies to specificaly

teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

New antibodies to specificaly detect deamidated gluten in food.

Olivier Tranquet, Colette Larré, Sandra Denery-Papini Diversification of gluten applications was achieved through the production of water-soluble gluten also named wheat isolates. Deamidation, one of the methods for this purpose, may be obtained with either chemical (acid or alkali) or enzymatic treatment and lead to the conversion of glutamine into glutamic acid. These types of products can be found both in cosmetics and food.

From the 2000's severe allergic reactions to deamidated gluten (DG) have been reported in individuals although they are tolerant to native wheat protein. Management of these allergies is extremely difficult both for patient and food manufacturers. However for clinical purposes a wheat isolate has been proposed for skin-prick-test (Battais et al., 2006) And more recently specific epitopes linked to this allergy were identified (Denery-Papini et al., 2012). Up to now none of the available analytical methods are suitable to detect DG. The main aim of this study was to produce and characterise antibodies to detect DG in food.

Five mouse monoclonal antibodies were produced and characterized with classical immunochemical methods. Interestingly, all bind specifically deamidated gluten with high affinity and without any reaction to native wheat gluten. A competitive ELISA assay to detect deamidated gluten was developed with our best antibody. Compared to the reference ELISA method based on the R5 antibody (Valdes et al., 2003), our assay enable the detection of industrial deamidated product in the ng range while R5 method didn't. Further experiments are performed in order to validate this assay on a larger set of food products. This new method is expected to contribute to a better risk assessment associated with deamidated gluten. Valdes, I., Garcia, E., Llorente, M., Mendez, E., 2003. Innovative approach to low-level gluten determination in foods using a novel sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay protocol. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 15,[465][466][467][468][469][470][471][472][473][474]

  Battais F, Richard C, Szustakowski G, Denery-Papini S, Moneret-Vautrin D, Leduc V et al. Wheat flour: an entire diagnostic tool for complex allergy. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;38(2):59-61 Denery-Papini, S., Bodinier, M., Larré, C., Brossard, C., Pineau, F., Triballeau, S., Pietri, M., Battais, F., Mothes, T., Paty, E., Moneret-Vautrin, D.A., 2012. Allergy to deamidated gluten in patients tolerant to wheat: specific epitopes linked to deamidation. Allergy 67, 1023-1032.


Breeding for disease resistance in plants, moving from efficiency to durability.

A. Palloix, INRA, Unité de Génétique et d'Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes (UGAFL), UR 1052, BP 94, 84143 Montfavet Cedex. Alain.palloix@avignon.inra.fr Breeding for disease resistance proved successful in the past years and delivered many cultivars with multiple disease resistances in a wide range of crops. Genetic control of pathogen is generally considered to be the most efficient, environment friendly and simplest way to control plant pathogens. However, 'simplicity' may not be the right attribute, considering that genetic resistance is expected to provide a high level of crop protection during a long time in intensive cultivation conditions. Genome mapping provides molecular markers for many resistance loci (i.e., major genes or Quantitative Trait Loci) that facilitate the introgression of major resistance alleles into cultivars, through backcross breeding schemes. However, marker assisted selection for polygenic quantitative resistances does not meet such a success Success stories but also difficulties will be illustrated in different situations:

-Breeding for a high level of resistance when only partial and polygenic resistance is available is a frequent challenge with extremely polyphagous pathogens. In such cases, the combination of quantitative resistance factors from multiple accessions and sophisticated phenotyping procedures are required.

-When specific interactions occur between resistance factors and pathogen strains (races or pathotypes), the spectrum of resistance of the cultivar has to be completed in regard to the variability of the pathogen population in the area of seed marketing.

-The durability of the resistance is a major challenge when the high adaptative potential of the pathogen favours the resistance breakdown. But new approaches considering the selection pressure of resistance genes on the pathogen populations recently delivered keys for durable resistance breeding.


Antoine Alliaume

Anne-Sophie Spilmont
email: anne-sophie.spilmont@vignevin.com

Monique Beuve

Olivier Lemaire

Grapevine Vein Necrosis is not Exclusively Associated to GRSPaV Group 2 Molecular Variants

INTRODUCTION

Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV), member of the genus Foveavirus, is widely detected in grapevine. Six GRSPaV variants have been fully sequenced: GRSPaV-1, -SG1, -BS, -SY, -PN, -MG [START_REF] Morelli | Complete nucleotide sequence of a new variant of grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus from southern Italy[END_REF][START_REF] Terlizzi | Detection of multiple sequence variants of Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus using primers targeting the polymerase domain and partial genome sequencing of a novel variant[END_REF]. They are divided into three main clusters defined as: cluster 1 (SY), cluster 2 split in sub-cluster 2a (SG1, MG) and sub-cluster 2b (-1) and cluster 3 (BS, PN). Some of them are supposed to be involved in diverse syndromes such as vein necrosis (VN) [START_REF] Bouyahia | Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus is linked with grapevine vein necrosis[END_REF]2009;[START_REF] Borgo | Le Progrès Agricole et Viticole[END_REF][START_REF] Morelli | Complete nucleotide sequence of a new variant of grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus from southern Italy[END_REF].In the present study we analyzed the genetic diversity of GRSPaV in fifteen grapevine accessions showing different behaviors towards VN.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Grapevine material: Biological indexing was realized by green grafting onto 110R as Grapevine Vein Necrosis (GVN) indicator (accession known to be GRSPaV free). Ten rootstock and five scion varieties collected from IFV experimental station (Le Grau du Roi, France) were tested. Total RNA extraction: RNA extraction was performed on 200 mg of cambial tissues from wood mature canes taken from the same plants according to the "RNeasy Plant Mini Kit" protocol (Qiagen, France). RT-PCR amplifications: Two-step RT-PCR was performed to generate GRSPaV amplicons within ORF5 encoding the protein capsid for subsequent sequencing (HotGoldStar Taq polymerase, Eurogentec) using the universal primers GRSPaV-CPF1/CPR2 [START_REF] Beuve | Viral sanitary status of declining grapevine Syrah clones and genetic diversity of Grapevine Rupestris stem pitting-associated virus[END_REF]. Cloning and sequence analyses: The GRSPaV specific 423 bp PCR products were cloned using TOPO TA Cloning Kit for Sequencing (Invitrogen, France). Eight to fifteen recombinant clones per plant were sequenced. The 231 sequences were aligned using CLUSTAL W. A phylogenetic tree was constructed with Mega 4 software and clustering of the GRSPaV variant was defined according to the bootstrap values above 70% using the neighborjoining algorithm [START_REF] Tamura | MEGA 4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0[END_REF].

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION GRSPaV variability associated to vein necrosis symptomatology

As shown in table 1, biological indexing revealed that 7 plants were symptomless while 8 expressed symptoms of the disease. VN symptomless (VN-): 5 accessions out of 7 contained a homogeneous population of a single molecular variant belonging to either the group 1 (SY) or the group 3 (BS). The two other accessions harbored a mix of two groups: group 1 (SY) and 2b (-1) or group 2a (SG1) and 1 (SY). Interestingly, the VN-plants were essentially infected with viral variant belonging to group 1 (SY) or group 3 (BS). Neverthless, the group 2 was identified in 2 accessions without developing VN symptoms (Chasselas and Merlot); moreover it appeared to be the main variant in Merlot. VN symptomatic (VN+): 2 accessions out of 8 presented a single variant belonging to group 2b (-1). 5 accessions contained heterogeneous GRSPaV populations including the group 2. Thus, 7 out of 8 accessions exhibiting a VN positive phenotype, were infected with a variant belonging to group 2 (2a or 2b). We can notice that the variant 2a (SG1) was never detected here. A good correlation (80%) between vein necrosis disease and the presence of viral variants belonging to group 2 (-SG1, -1, -MG) is obtained (Table 2). Nevertheless, some exceptions can be noticed with, first, the absence of group 2 in one accession VN+ (SO4) and secondly, its identification in 2 accessions VN-(Chasselas and Merlot).

(3) PN (3) SG1 (2a) MG (2a) 1 (2b) 5 BB (E27) 15 a - - - - - Fercal (E2) 15 - - - - - Riparia (E21) 14 - - - - - 4010 C (E1) - 15 - - - - 161-49 C (E22) - - - - - 15 Riparia (E23) - - - - - 15 101.14 Mgt (E73) 10 - - - - 5 5 BB (E12) 8 - - - - 6 Rupestris (E1) - 6 - - 9 - SO4 (E24) - 5 3 - - - Corrin SDL B (E1) - 15 - - - - Chasselas B (E221) 13 - - - - 2 Merlot N (E132) 2 - - 13 - - Cardinal Rg (E16) 13 - - - - 2 Aligoté B (E56) 9 - - - - 6

Rootstock varieties

Scion varieties VN+

GRSPaV Variants

Viral repartition in rootstock varieties

Interestingly, three rootstock varieties presented an atypical viral diversity with the presence of mixtures of divergent sequence variants as previously found in scion varieties but not in rootstock varieties [START_REF] Meng | Genetic diversity analyses of grapevine Rupestris stem pitting-associated virus reveal distinct population structures in scion versus rootstock varieties[END_REF]. This is contradictory with the hypothesis of the adaptation between GRSPaV variants and Vitis species.

Our results lead to moderate the restricted relationship previously proposed between vein necrosis syndrome and molecular variants from GRSPaV group 2. Vein necrosis symptoms can develop in the absence of group 2 or when this group 2 remains in minority. By contrast, some plants remain free of symptoms even with the presence of variants from group 2 as the major group. This study sheds light on the pathogenicity of GRSPaV found almost ubiquitously in grapevine genotypes.

Table 1 .

 1 Distribution of molecular variants of GRSPaV in the two symptomatic categories.

	Variety	Biological Indexing	SY (1)	BS

Table 2 .

 2 Number of accessions infected/free from variants belonging to group 2 in both symptomatic categories.

	VN+	VN-

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study was supported by FranceAgriMer (FAM). The authors wish to thank V. Tassart (IFV) for the indexing observations.


President Arved Weimann

Stephan C Bischoff

Scientific Committee

Educational Committee Matthias Pirlich

Mathias Plauth

Ingolf Schiefke

LOCAL Tatjana Schütz

Anja Chairperson

Thomas Bosy-Westphal

Wolfgang Felbinger

Berthold Hartl

Herbert Koletzko

Manfred James Lochs

Marek Müller

Cornel Pertkiewicz

Peter Sieber

Michael Stehle

Stumvoll

Michael Chairperson

Jann Adolph

Andrea Arends

Christian Lambeck

Kristina Löser

Johann Ockenga Norman

Lubos

Doris Steinkamp

Dorothee Volkert C E N T R A L Es P E N Central

Espen Executive

Pierre Singer

Rocco Chairperson

General Secretary Tommy Barazzoni

Treasurer Arved Cederholm

President Weimann

Leipzig

Philip Calder

Dileepraj Chairperson

Raanan Lobo

Ronan Shamir

Permanent Members Stephan C Thibaut

Rotating Bischoff

Nicolaas E P Member

Editor Deutz

Alessandro Laviano

Matthias Chairperson

Physician Cornel Pirlich

Physician Sylwia Sieber

Pharmacist Maria Osowska

Nurse Marian Larsson

Dietitian Van Bokhorst-De Van Der Schueren

Claude Pichard

Lll Director

Rémy Meier

Regina Komsa

Lll Codirectors

IT Officer Michael Chourdakis

Committees Bader

LOCAL ORGANISING COMMITTEE

What are the main objectives?

To improve knowledge, competence and skills of health professionals and students in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism while providing CME credits and European certification for medical doctors.

Paying courses to be reserved upon registration to the Congress (cf. on-line registration form).

Overview

Overview of all the topics proposed. You can attend a maximum of 7 topics as some of the modules are running in parallel.

Project n°: LLP-LDV-

LLL Courses Fees

The LLL Courses are paying courses to be reserved upon registration (cf. on-line registration form) and are for medical doctors only.

NOTE

All the LLL courses will take place at the Leipzig Congress Centre. To register to any LLL courses, you need to be fully registered to the 35 th ESPEN Congress. Kindly note that some LLL courses are linked with the Educational Programme and are open to all the Congress participants. However participants wishing to take the LLL tests that follow the corresponding Educational session must register specifically to the latter.

The LLL tests will take place after the session at the Leipzig Congress Centre and participants must be registered to the corresponding LLL Courses. The corresponding vouchers will be provided together with the name badge.

Maximum 50 participants for each LLL Course & Tests (registration on a "first come, first served" basis). Registration to the Congress is mandatory to attend the LLL courses.

28

REGISTRATION

Early registrations will be accepted until 15 May 2013, midnight CET. The reduced fees will only apply when early registration is accompanied by payment and received before said deadline (15 May 2013). If your payment is not received before the deadline, the late registration fee will be automatically charged.

5*

  -Nutrition, brain ageing and neurodegenerative disease -Overcoming the age-related anabolic barrier -Benefit of TPN and fluid therapy Role of nutrition in medical prevention -Obesity and nutritional risk -Metabolic adaptation to anorexia -Artificial nutrition in paediatric ICU -Nutri(epi)genetics and clinical endpoints in children Molecular and metabolic mechanisms of nutrition-associated diseases -Food allergy and intolerance -Innovative amino acids in clinical nutrition -Transplantation medicine and surgery -Sepsis in the ICU and the role of the GI barrierEducational & Clinical Practice Sessions-Probiotics in practice -A life inside: probiotics in practice -Conditioning of the surgical risk patient -case discussion -Nutrition and cancer: impact on outcome -Prognostic impact of body composition -ESPEN Guidelines session -From A to zinc: the evolving concept of micronutrient supplementation -13:00 LLL Sessions (See LLL information section)

  support in the elderly patients Session -Home parenteral nutrition in adult patients Session -T-LLL What are the LLL Courses? The ESPEN Leonardo da Vinci Life Long Learning Project is an ESPEN -EU global effort to improve daily practice in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism and develop quality care in nutrition by means of an innovative educational initiative.

  The LLL tests will take place after the session at the L Le ei ip pz zi ig g C Co on ng gr re es ss s C Ce en nt tr re e and participants must be registered to the corresponding LLL Courses. The corresponding vouchers will be provided together with the name badge. M Ma ax xi im mu um m 5 50 0 p pa ar rt ti ic ci ip pa an nt ts s f fo or r e ea ac ch h L LL LL L C Co ou ur rs se e & & T Te es st ts s ( (r re eg gi is st tr ra at ti io on n o on n a a " "f fi ir rs st t c co om me e, , f fi ir rs st t s se er rv ve ed d" " b ba as si is s) ). . R Re eg gi is st tr ra at ti io on n t to o t th he e C Co on ng gr re es ss s i is s m ma an nd da at to or ry y t to o a at tt te en nd d t th he e L LL LL L c co ou ur rs se es s. . be registered For Congress Registration and Hotel Reservation all participants must submit a complete on-line registration form.The ESPEN Congress requires the full data for each individual participant, including updated postal address and e-mail address. Incomplete registrations cannot be processed. Confirmation of the registration will be sent only when the corresponding payment is received.

  Run for your life: impact of physical exercise on clinical K. Melzer (CH) outcomes ț "Don't come around here no more": nutrition for cancer J. Arends (DE) survivors New findings of meta-analysis in nutrition interventions C. Pison (FR) for COPD and multimodal approaches 10:30 -12:30 Intensive training / Case discussion and test, only for participants registered to LLL Courses Modulation of the GI barrier by nutrients and pre/probiotics S.C. Bischoff (DE)

		PROGRAMME OVERVIEW PROGRAMME OVERVIEW PROGRAMME DAY BY DAY PROGRAMME DAY BY DAY PROGRAMME DAY BY DAY PROGRAMME DAY BY DAY
	10:30 -11:15 Sir David Cuthbertson Lecture 13:30 -15:30 Educational LLL Session -Nutrition support in diabetes and dyslipidemia Time Saturday 31 August 2013 Speakers Time Sunday 1 September 2013 Speakers Time Monday 2 September 2013 Speakers Time Monday 2 September 2013 Speakers
	13:00 -14:00 14:00 -18:00 LLL Sessions (See LLL information section) Lunch Break 16:00 -18:00 Intensive training / Case discussion and test, 11:15 -12:00 ESPEN Best Abstracts 2013 & ESPEN Travel Awards 12:00 -13:30 13:00 -15:00 Educational LLL Session -Nutritional support in renal disease 15:30 -17:30 Intensive training / Case discussion and test, only for participants registered to LLL Courses 14:00 -15:30 Educational session -The ESPEN Guideline session 14:00 -15:30 Nutrition in transplant medicine and surgery 14:00 -15:30 Innovative AA in Clinical Nutrition 10:30 -11:15 Sir David Cuthbertson Lecture Nutrition and the Gut-Brain Axis of adult diseases Moderator: M. Leon Sanz (ES) P. Dechelotte (FR) ț Nutrition in infancy and childhood and prevention H. Szajewska (PL) 13:30 -15:30 Educational LLL Session -Nutrition support in diabetes and dyslipidemia Moderators: P. Singer (CH), S.C. Bischoff (DE) 08:00 -10:00 Moderator: S. Kolacek (HR) 12:30 -14:00 Poster viewing Educational LLL Session -Nutrition in paediatric patients Lunch and poster viewing only for participants registered to LLL Courses 10:00 -10:30 Coffee break 07:30 -08:30 Special Interest Groups Meetings 12:00 -12:30 Lunch 08:00 -10:00
	Time 07:30 -08:30 Special Interest Groups Saturday 31 August 2013 09:00 -13:00 LLL Sessions (See LLL information section) 15:30 -16:00 Coffee Break 11:15 -12:00 ESPEN Best Abstracts 2013 & ESPEN Travel Awards 13:30 -15:00 Metabolic adaptation to anorexia under various conditions 13:30 -15:00 Artifical nutrition in Paediatric ICU 13:30 -15:00 Oral Communications 3 Moderators: P. Calder (UK), S.C. Bischoff (DE) 16:00 -17:30 Satellite Symposia 17:30 -19:00 ESPEN General Assembly (for Members only) 16:00 -17:30 Oral Communications 2 17:45 -18:45 Opening Ceremony 12:00 -12:30 15:30 -17:00 Barrier to fluid therapy Lunch Moderators: M. Pertkiewicz (PL), M. Adolph (DE)
	12:00 -13:30 Satellite Symposia 15:00 -15:30 Coffee Break Time Tuesday 3 September 2013 ț Special Lecture ț Moderator: A. Weimann (DE) 12:30 -14:00 08:30 -10:00 Educational session -From A to Zinc: the evolving concept Poster viewing 08:30 -10:00 ESPEN Research Awards / Grants of micronutrient supplementation
	13:30 -14:00 16:00 -17:30 Oral communications 2 Lunch Break 17:45 -18:45 Opening Ceremony 18:45 -20:30 Welcome Reception Time Sunday 1 September 2013 07:30 -08:30 Special Interest Groups 08:30 -10:00 Educational session -Dietetics Session 15:30 -17:00 Educational session -Nutrition and cancer: impact on outcome 15:30 -17:00 Barrier to fluid therapy 15:30 -17:00 Nutri(epi)genetics and clinical endpoints in children 08:00 -10:00 Educational LLL Session -Nutritional support in respiratory diseases 10:30 -12:30 Intensive training / Case discussion and test, 18:45 -20:30 Welcome Reception 13:00 -15:00 Moderators: P. Calder (UK), Y. Boirie (FR) Moderator: L. Sobotka (CZ) Educational LLL session -Nutritional support in renal disease ț TBA 1 TBA ț Turning patients into baywatchers: extra-skeletal TBC Moderator: N. Cano (FR) ț TBA 2 TBA effects of vitamin D, from diabetes to ICU only for participants registered to LLL Courses ț TBA 3 TBA ț Does one size fit all? Modulation of antioxidant M. Berger (CH) 08:30 -10:00 Educational session -From A to Zinc: the evolving concept of micronutrient supplementation Time Sunday 1 September 2013 Speakers supplementation in the ICU 15:30 -17:00 Educational session -Prognostic impact of body composition 17:30 -19:00 Satellite Symposia Time Monday 2 September 2013 07:30 -08:30 Special Interest Groups 08:00 -10:00 Educational LLL session -Nutrition in paediatric patients 10:30 -12:30 Intensive training / Case discussion and test, only for participants registered to LLL Courses 08:30 -10:00 ESPEN Research Awards / Grants 08:30 -10:00 Educational session -Pharmaceutical session 08:30 -10:00 Oral communications 4 10:00 -10:30 Coffee Break 08:30 -10:00 Hot topics 08:30 -10:00 Oral communications 5 10:00 -10:30 Coffee Break 07:30 -08:30 Special Interest Groups Meetings 08:30 -10:00 Educational session -Dietetics Session ț Peritoneal dialysis 08:30 -10:00 Educational session -Pharmaceutical Session ț Micronutrients and cancer prevention H.K. Biesalski (DE) D. Teta (CH) Do folic acid needs in early development depend on A. Molloy (IE) Moderators: S. Osowska (PL), R. Radziwill (DE) 15:30 -17:30 Intensive training / Case discussion and test, (epi)genetics? ț Pharmaceutical risk management strategies J. Eastwood (UK) 14:00 -15:30 Nutrition in transplant medicine and surgery 08:30 -10:00 HOT TOPICS only for participants registered to LLL Courses for parenteral nutrition Moderators: A. Weimann (DE), J. Shaffer (UK) Moderator: P. Calder (UK), R. Barazzoni (IT) Moderators: M.A.E. van Bokhorst -de van Schueren (NL), C. Paul (DE) ț Current challenges in Nutritional Epidemiology B. Buijsse (DE) ț TBA 1 TBA ț TBA 2 TBA ț TBA 3 TBA 08:30 -10:00 Malnutrition in the obese Moderators: M. Blüher (DE), R. Barazzoni (IT) ț Lean body mass deficiency in the obese A. Bosy-Westphal (DE) ț Post-intervention malnutrition E.T. Aasheim (NO) ț Molecular basis for the effects of bariatric surgery M. Bueter (CH) 08:30 -10:00 Educational session -Nursing Session 13:30 -15:00 15:30 -17:00 Educational session -Prognostic impact of body composition ț Immunonutrition in practice J.P. de Bandt (FR) ț Impact of the preoperative nutritional status in J.C. Montejo Gonzalez (ES) Metabolic adaptation to anorexia under various conditions Moderators: S. Zipfel (DE), W. Druml (AT) ț The selfish brain: fuel competition between Moderators: C. Pichard (CH), M. Pirlich (DE) ț How to bring drugs and parenteral nutrition S. Mühlebach (CH) donor and recipients 08:30 -10:00 Oral communications 5 ț Malnutrition and body composition changes in E. Cereda (IT) together -a rational pharmaceutical risk approach ț Parenteral nutrition titrated to REE in children C. Duggan (US) A. Peters (DE) brain and the body ț Anorexia nervosa: listen to the signals! J. Treasure (UK) ț Disease-related barriers to appetite regulation A. Laviano (IT) 13:30 -15:00 Artificial nutrition in Paediatric ICU Moderators: F. Jochum (DE), S. Kolacek (HR) ț Substrate requirements in children and adolescents neurodegenerative diseases: as bad as in chronic diseases ? undergoing stem cell Tx 10:00 -10:30 Coffee break ț Sarcopenic obesity: how to recognize and fight C. Sieber (DE) the hidden enemy? ț Phase angle: the best predictor for outcome? K. Norman (DE) 17:30 -19:00 Satellite Symposium -Fresenius Kabi 08:30 -10:00 Oral communications 4 10:00 -10:30 ț Immunonutrition in surgery patients -update on S. Klek (PL) 10:30 -12:00 The GI barrier and disease prevention clinical evidence Moderators: A. van Gossum (BE), H. Lochs (AT) Coffee break 10:30 -11:15 Arvid Wretlind Lecture M. Berger (CH) Moderators: A. Weimann (DE), T. Cederholm (SE) 14:00 -15:30 ț Impact of diet and gut microbiota for the GI barrier A. Vrieze (NL) Innovative Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition and health Moderators: M. Plauth (DE), N.E.P. Deutz (US) ț Citrulline -beyond the gut ț Assessment of GI barrier dysfunction W.A. Buurman (NL) J.P. de Bandt (FR) K.F. Joosten (NL) with sepsis ț Necrotizing enterocolitis from pathophysiology P.T. Sangild (DK) to nutritional therapy 17:30 -19:00 Satellite Symposium -Nestlé Nutrition Institute 17:30 -19:00 Satellite Symposium -Nutricia -Advanced Medical Nutrition 11:15 -12:00 ț Leucine D. Dardevet (FR) Fight against Malnutrition Moderators: P. Singer (IL), O. Ljungqvist (SE) ț Discussion: A. Weimann (DE), P. Singer (IL), J. Ockenga (DE), ț Amino acid malnutrition, intestinal innate P. Rosenstiel (DE) 10:30 -12:00 Nutrition and brain ageing immunity and the gut microbiome Moderators: T. Cederholm (SE), C. Sieber (DE) 10:30 -11:15 Arvid Wretlind Lecture 11:15 -12:00 Fight against Malnutrition Moderators: M. Larsson (SE), M. Holst (DK) ț Nutritional care during and after chemo-and radiotherapy M. Larsson (SE) ț TPN needs in infants with intestinal failure T. Jaksic (US) M. Pertkiewicz (PL), M. Chourdakis (GR), P. Ballmer (CH), J. Kondrup (DK), M. Leon Sanz (ES), A. van Gossum (BE) 15:30 -16:00 ț Effect of caloric restriction on brain size and function J. Wardlaw (UK) Coffee break ț Nutritional omega-3 impact on brain ageing T. Cederholm (SE) 08:30 -10:00 Malnutrition in the obese 08:30 -10:00 Educational session -Nursing Session 12:00 -14:00 Lunch and poster viewing ț The essential role of nurses in the Nutrition A. Tannen (DE) Support Team -what do we learn from 13:30 -15:00 Oral Communications 3 16:00 -17:30 Satellite Symposium -Baxter Healthcare ț Can flavonoids prevent neurodegenerative diseases? J.P.E. Spencer (UK)
	08:30 -10:00 The "yin and yang" of nutrients on metabolic regulation the NutritionDay? ț Educational presentation (from accepted posters) 15:00 -15:30 Coffee break 10 :30 -12 :00 Early versus late -still a debate ? 16:00 -17:30 Satellite Symposium -B.Braun Moderators: P. Singer (IL), P. Calder (UK)	TBA
	10:00 -10:30 17:30 -19:00 General Assembly (for ESPEN Members only) Coffee Break ț Educational presentation (from accepted posters) ț Early supplementing parenteral nutrition -where are the benefits?	TBA C. Pichard (CH)
		ț Good arguments for late parenteral nutrition	G. Van Den Berghe (BE)
		ț Supplementing supplemental parenteral nutrition -	A. Heller (DE)
		is there a need for omega-3-fatty acids and glutamine ?
	14 16 10:30 -12:00	Oral communications 6	15 17 18

14:00 -15:30 Sepsis in ICU 14:00 -15:30 A life inside: probiotics in practice 14:00 -15:30 Clinical Nutrition Symposium 14:00 -15:30 Oral communications 1 15:30 -16:00 Coffee Break 16:00 -17:30 Food allergy and intolerances 16:00 -17:30 Sensory perception, behaviour and food intake 16:00 -17:30 Educational session -Conditioning of the surgical risk patient -Case discussion 10:30 -12:00 The GI barrier and disease prevention 10:30 -12:00 Nutrition and brain ageing 10:30 -12:00 Early versus late -still a debate? 10:30 -12:00 Oral communications 6 Time Saturday 31 August 2013 Speakers 07:30 -08:30 Special Interest Groups Meetings 09:00 -13:00 LLL Sessions (See LLL information section) 12:00 -13:30 Satellite Symposium -Abbott Nutrition International 13:30 -14:00 Coffee break 14:00 -15:30 Sepsis in ICU Moderators: T. Felbinger (DE), D.N. Lobo (UK) ț Sepsis and intestinal failure -how P. Singer (IL) dangerous is the human gut? ț Immunonutrition in sepsis -is there a place for N. Demartines (CH) an individualized therapy? ț (Polyphenols and) omega-3 in the (prevention and) K. Mayer (DE) treatment of sepsis syndromes 14:00 -15:30 Educational session -A life inside: probiotics in practice Moderators: R. Meier (CH), Z. Krznaric (HR) ț "Meet Joe Bug": do you know your bacteria? A. Gasbarrini (IT) ț Probiotics in acute diarrhoea: friends or foe? S. Kolacek (HR) ț Functional bowel disorders: less drugs, more bugs? P. Ducrotte (FR) 14:00 -15:30 Clinical Nutrition Symposium Moderators: N.E.P. Deutz (US), T. Seufferlein (DE) ț Introduction lecture N.E.P. Deutz (US) ț Round Table discussion M. Müller (DE), P. Calder (UK), B. Koletzko (DE), D. Bier (US) 14:00 -15:30 Oral communications 1 15:30 -16:00 Coffee break 16:00 -17:30 Food allergy and intolerances Moderators: S.C. Bischoff (DE), P. Calder (UK) ț The hygiene hypothesis revisited H. Renz (DE) ț New mechanisms causing gluten intolerance D. Schuppan (DE) ț Histamine intolerance -a valid disease entity? P. Komericki (AT) 16:00 -17:30 Sensory perception, behaviour and food intake Moderators: H.G. Joost (DE), P. Ballmer (CH) ț Odor sense loss: a secret killer? L. Donini (IT) ț Taste neuro-signaling in the gut W. Meyerhof (DE) ț Sensory stimulation and food intake U. Arends-Azevedo (DE) 12 PROGRAMME DAY BY DAY 16:00 -17:30 Educational session -Conditioning of the surgical risk patient -Case discussion Moderators: A. Weimann (DE), K. Fearon (UK) ț Case Presentation O. Ljungqvist (SE) ț Case Presentation M. Panisic (RS) ț Panel Discussion A. Malone (US), C. De Jong (NL), M. Braga (IT), M. Kunecki (Pl) 08:30 -10:00 The "yin and yang" of nutrients on metabolic regulation Moderators: A. Pfeiffer (DE), R. Thibault (FR) ț Sugar in aging : friend or foe? A.D. Sinclair (UK) ț Nutritional supplements as mitochondrial modulators M. Ristow (CH) of metabolic health ț Autophagia and nutrition I. Vanhorebeek (BE) 13 PROGRAMME DAY BY DAY ț Acute kidney failure E. Fiaccadori (IT) ț Chronic kidney disease D. Fouque (UK) ț Chronic maintenance hemodialysis N. Cano (FR) Time Sunday 1 September 2013 Speakers 15:30 -17:00 Educational session -Nutrition and cancer: impact on outcome Moderators: A. Laviano (IT), C. Löser (DE) ț Survival, quality of life, reduced toxicity: what can be M.A.E.. van Bokhorstachieved in cancer patients? de van Schueren (NL) ț ț Cell hydration and metabolism F. Lang (DE) ț Assessment of fluid status D. N. Lobo (UK) ț How to optimize fluid balance in ICU C. Cordemans (BE) 15:30 -17:00 Nutri(epi)genetics and clinical endpoints in children Moderators: P. Stehle (DE), R. Shamir (IL) ț PUFA intake, genes, and long-term development and health B. Koletzko (DE) ț Diet-genes interactions in choline metabolism and CNS S. Zeisel (US) ț ț Enteral nutrition in paediatric patients S. Kolacek (HR) ț Parenteral nutrition in paediatric patients R. Shamir (IL) ț Principles of feeding in PICU K.F.M. Joosten (NL) 10:30 -12:30 Intensive training / Case discussion and test, only for participants registered to LLL Courses ț Nutritional consequences of diabetes mellitus I. Chermesh (IL) ț Parenteral and enteral nutrition in diabetic patients L. Sobotka (CZ) ț Dyslipidemia: targeting the management of M. Leon Sanz (ES) cardiovascular risk factors ț Prescription of artificial nutrition in patients with dyslipidemia M.D. Ballesteros-Pomar (ES) 16:00 -18:00 Intensive training / Case discussion and test, only for participants registered to LLL Courses 14:00 -15:30 Educational session -The ESPEN Guidelines session Moderators: S. Schneider (FR), H. Lochs (AT) ț Nutrition support in neurodegenerative diseases R. Burgos (ES) ț Nutrition support in inflammatory bowel diseases A. Forbes (UK) ț Nutrition support in dementia D. Volkert (DE) Educational LLL Session -Nutritional support in respiratory diseases Moderator: C. Pison (FR) ț Mechanisms and consequences of body composition A. Schols (NL) abnormalities in chronic respiratory diseases ț Issues related to obesity in COPD F. Franssen (NL) ț Diet and COPD F. Slinde (SE) ț ț

  TOI-07-BG-166014 Project n°: BG/03/B/F/PP-166 039 Co on ng gr re es ss s. Kindly note that some LLL courses are linked with the Educational Programme and are open to all the Congress participants. However participants wishing to take the LLL tests that follow the corresponding Educational session must register specifically to the latter.

	LLL COURSES
	NOTE
	All the LLL courses will take place at the L Le ei ip pz zi ig g C Co on ng gr re es ss s C Ce en nt tr re e. . T To o r re eg gi is st te er r t to o a an ny y L LL LL L c co ou ur rs se es s, ,
	y yo ou u n ne ee ed d t to o b be e f fu ul ll ly y r re eg gi is st te er re ed d t to o t th he e 3 35 5 t th h E ES SP PE EN N C
	19

  While registering on-line, it is possible to create a user-account, enabling you to come back to your data to update them.

	Delegates' registration fee includes:
	• Admission to all scientific sessions
	• Access to Exhibition
	• Welcome Reception on 31 August 2013
	• Congress Bag and documents
	For further information regarding the registration, kindly contact: • Final Programme
	ESPEN 2013 • Abstracts Book
	C/O MCI Suisse SA • Certificate of Attendance Rue de Lyon 75 P.O. Box 502 • Scheduled coffee breaks
	1211 Geneva 13 -Switzerland • Lunch box on Sunday 1 and Monday 2 September
	Phone: +41 (0)22 33 99 580
	Fax:	+41 (0)22 33 99 631
	E-mail: espenreg@mci-group.com
	Web: www.mci-group.com
	Registration Fees*
	ESPEN 2013 Registration Fees
	Save on the registration fees by registering before 16 May 2013 !!
	Registration categories	Until 15 May 2013*	From 16 May 2013
	ESPEN Member	EURO 440	EURO 530
	Non Member	EURO 545	EURO 635
	Nurse -ESPEN Member	EURO 320	EURO 375
	Nurse -Non Member	EURO 375	EURO 430
	Dietitian -ESPEN Member	EURO 320	EURO 375
	Dietitian -Non Member	EURO 375	EURO 430
	Student**	EURO 265	EURO 320
	NO ACCOMPANYING PERSON
	REGISTRATION
	* Fees payable in EURO only, 19% VAT included.
	** For Students (under 35, born after 01.01.1978), a letter of confirmation from the Head Unit must
	be sent upon registration.

  Rates are intended per room, per night, breakfast, taxes, service and VAT are included.Rates in EUR are valid at time of printing and are subject to fluctuation.Rates are shown for standard rooms; other type of rooms -superior, deluxe, junior suite, etc. -are available on request.

	LIST OF HOTELS
	HOTELS IN LEIPZIG	Single	Double	Location
		Rate	Rate	on Map Distance to CCL	Location
		(EUR)	(EUR)
	FÜRSTENHOF	245	265	05	15-20 min driving	City Centre
	4*
	ART'OTEL LEIPZIG	085	105	02	15 min driving	City Centre
	VICTOR'S RESIDENZ	130	155	03	15-20 min driving	City Centre
	IM SACHSENPARK	120	150	06	5 min walking	Congress Centre
	MARRIOTT	190	210	09	15-20 min driving	City Centre
	NH HOTEL	150	175	1 0	10 min walking	Congress Centre
	PARKHOTEL SEASIDE	135	145	11	15-20 min driving	City Centre
	PENTA HOTEL	195	215	12	15-20 min driving	City Centre
	3*
	ACHAT HOTEL MESSE	109	126	01	15 min walking	Congress Centre
	B BE ES ST T W WE ES ST TE ER RN N C CI IT TY Y C CE EN NT TR RE E	1 14 40 0	1 16 60 0	1 14 4	15-20 min driving	City Centre
	GRAND CITY HOTEL	090	100	16	15-20 min driving	City Centre
	HIEMANN HOTEL & RESTAURANT	085	105	04	15 min walking	Congress Centre
	IBIS STYLES	110	130	15	10 min driving	Airport
	MICHAELIS	130	150	07	20 min driving	City Centre
	PAPILIO	084	099	08	15 min walking	Congress Centre
	VIVALDI	090	105	13	10-15 min driving	City Centre
						33

ABSTRACTS

Publication

Accepted abstracts will be published in the Congress Abstract Book and will be available on the Internet one month prior to the Congress as submitted by the authors.

LLL COURSES

Detailed LLL Courses Programme

All the LLL courses will take place at the Leipzig Congress Centre.

Technical Information

Internet Explorer 7.0 or higher, Mozilla Firefox 3.0 or higher are required. JavaScripts and cookies need to be enabled in your browser.

General

Abstracts can only be submitted on-line via the on-line abstract submission form that can be found in the section "Abstracts" on the official ESPEN

Submission process

Delegates, who would like to present their work at the Congress, either orally or as a poster, are invited to submit an abstract for consideration by the Abstract Grading Committee. A paper should not be submitted to the 35 th ESPEN Congress if it has already been presented internationally.

Abstract submission is only possible via Internet: go to www.espen.org on the Internet. Click on ''ABSTRACTS'' and follow the instructions as given.

Please read carefully all the instructions available on the Internet and on the on-line abstract submission system before preparing your abstract.

The creation of a user account is required for the submission of an abstract. The account only needs to be created once and can be re-used for future abstract submission and registration to the conference. Submitters from last year's meeting should use their existing account details. Abstracts can be saved in "Draft status" to be re-edited and modified until the submission deadline (4 April 2013, Midnight CET). Abstracts cannot be edited after the submission deadline. Abstracts fulfilling all criteria can be saved in "Final submission" status. Only abstracts in "Final submission" status will be considered for the Congress.

Abstracts are accepted on a wide range of topics in clinical nutrition and metabolism. The submitter has to select the right topic for the abstract on the submission form. For standardisation, the acceptable length of the abstract is of not more than 2'000 printable characters (headers, conflicts of interest, title, etc. included). This includes non-visible characters, such as spaces and line breaks. Authors' details are not included.

Please refer to the word count of the system as slight differences may occur when counting with WORD or similar programmes.

The abstract needs to be structured as follows:

Rationale: this section should contain 1-2 sentences that clearly indicate the scientific question of the study and its clinical (or other) importance.

Methods: this section should contain sufficient information to be able to understand the experimental design, the analytical techniques and the statistics used in the study.

Results: this section should contain objective data to answer the scientific question(s).

Conclusions: this section should provide only conclusions of the study directly supported by the results, along with implications for clinical practice, avoiding speculation and overgeneralisation.

One table can be included, but the total number of cells (columns + rows) may not exceed 16. Please note that tables may significantly reduce the number of the remaining allowed characters.

A paper cannot be accepted if the conflict of interest disclosure is not signed. On the on-line abstract form, provide the requested details for all authors.

Rules

The rules for preparing the abstracts can also be found on the Internet at www.espen.org Failure to observe these guidelines may result in disqualification.

Late breaking abstracts

Late breaking abstracts may be accepted until 19 June 2013, Midnight, CET with a non-refundable fee of EURO 100.-that has to be paid upon submission. The fee is applicable although the abstract is accepted or not. Late breaking abstracts will only be presented as posters.

Late breaking abstracts are also published either in the Supplement or in the next coming issue of the Journal.

Presentation of abstracts

Abstracts can be accepted either as poster or oral communication.

The Abstract Grading Committee will select submitted abstracts and determine whether they are accepted for oral or poster presentation.

If your abstract is accepted as a poster, you will be requested to be available for discussion during the corresponding poster viewing session.

The maximum usable surface of the display panels is 150cm (height) x 95cm (width), however the recommended size is 100cm high x 94cm large. The Adhesive material will be provided.

Please use letters large enough to be read from a distance of 1.5 meters.

General remarks

The Author of the abstract selected for presentation must be registered at the Congress.

Abstracts must contain data and meet international ethical standards. Abbreviations should be defined.

Trade names cannot be mentioned in the title. However, trade names in brackets will be accepted in the body of the text.

Please ensure your abstract does not contain spelling, grammar, or scientific mistakes, as it will be reproduced exactly as submitted. Linguistic accuracy is your responsibility. No proof reading will be done.

No changes can be made to the abstract after the submission deadline 4 April 2013, midnight CET. The reviewers will judge the abstracts according to the relevance to ESPEN, standard of English, objectivity of statements, description of what was done, suitability of methods to aims, conclusions confirmed by objective results, ethics, scientific value, potential clinical value, originality of work and overall impression. Submitting authors will be notified by 31 May 2013 whether their abstract has been accepted, and they will be informed at the same time about the date, time and form of their presentation. All notifications will be sent out to the e-mail address given on the submission form.

If you want to withdraw your abstract, a written statement reflecting the reasons for this decision must be sent to the ESPEN Secretary (espen.scientific@mci-group.com) no later than 1 June 2013.

ABSTRACTS

Travel Awards

When an abstract is being submitted (exclusively while submitting on-line), a special dedicated box must be ticked to apply to the Travel Awards (only for those submitters filling the criteria). The selected 30 Travel Awards are given to young investigators under the age of 35 (one per country) for their best first presented abstract. They will be granted EURO 500 each, awarded according to a mix of quality of the abstract, score, acceptation (oral / poster), and of the Congresses' theme, not only on the ranking. The young investigator must come in person to get his/her grant (at the speakers' desk, from 12:00 on Sunday 1 September 2013) after the Sir David Cuthbertson Lecture. No payment will be made before or after the Congress (no exception). Deadline for application is 4 April 2013.

Outstanding Posters

The best 10% posters will be marked as being «Outstanding Posters», according to the abstract score.

They will be indicated in the Abstracts Book (by an asterisk).

A special mention will be placed on the given posters number signage onsite.

Clinical Nutrition Symposium

Upon invitation only.

Original papers that contributed most to the impact factor of Clinical Nutrition 2010. They are presented in a special symposium (indicated in the final programme).

Other Registration Guidelines

Group Registration

For group registration, a minimum of 9 participants is required. Please contact the Congress Secretariat, MCI Suisse SA at espenreg@mci-group.com , to obtain the group registration form. It is highly advised to collect Congress documents and bags as early pick-up. Kindly contact the Congress Secretariat, MCI Suisse SA.

Confirmation

Confirmation will be sent only when the corresponding payment is received. Participants should bring their letter of confirmation to the registration desk at the Congress Venue when collecting their documents.

Registration at the Venue

The

Registration modification & cancellation conditions

All cancellations are to be sent to MCI Suisse SA in writing (fax, letter, or email). For cancellations received until Monday 8 July 2013 deposits will be refunded less EUR 70.00 for administrative costs.

After this date, no refund will be possible.

A handling fee of EUR 70.00 per registration will be charged for every registration modification received after Monday 8 July 2013.

For a badge name change, written permission from the original participant will be required, along with full contact details of the substitution. If a badge is lost or forgotten, an administrative fee of EUR 70.00 will be charged for the reprint of the badge after identity verification (passport, driving license or other recognized identification document).

Insurance and liability

It is recommended that participants obtain adequate cover for travel, health and accident insurance before they depart from their countries. ESPEN and MCI as organizers cannot accept responsibility for personal injuries, or loss of, or damage to, private property belonging to the congress participants and accompanying persons.

Schmidt

Accommodation Information

General Information MCI Suisse SA is pleased to offer a hotel booking service for the ESPEN 2013 Congress to be held in Leipzig. Our hotel rates include room, breakfast, service, VAT and all taxes. All star ratings shown are the official ratings as displayed by the hotels in Leipzig.

MCI has reserved a large number of hotel rooms in various hotels in different price categories. Kindly make your reservation while you are registering on-line. Reservations will be made on a "first-come, first-served" basis. Individual participants are asked to book their hotel on-line. More information is available under the section "Accommodation".

Hotel Booking

The majority of the hotels chosen for this Congress are located in the city centre and surrounding areas. For exact location of hotels, please see the map of Leipzig. Early registration is recommended since MCI Suisse SA will operate on a "first come, first served basis". Please note that hotel accommodation is subject to availability. Thank you for making your hotel booking before 2 July 2013. Requests received after this date will not be guaranteed. Names of persons sharing rooms must be indicated. Rates are in Euros and are per room, per night, breakfast, service, VAT and all taxes included. If you wish to book your accommodation through MCI, please use the on-line system when registering at www.espen.org . You simply need to make your selection out of the list of hotels available. We will do our utmost to allocate you a room in your preferred hotel. Rooms will be assigned on a "first-come, first served" basis.

Payment

We accept the following credit cards: American Express, VISA and Master Card. Alternatively you may pay by bank transfer until Tuesday 30 July 2013. Please remember to mention your name and your file number (as indicated on the invoice) as the reference on the bank transfer. Only guaranteed reservations will be accepted. To guarantee your reservation a deposit covering one night is required, either by bank transfer or by credit card (deposits will be deducted from the final hotel bill when paid by the participant directly to the hotel upon departure). Your reservation will be confirmed when MCI Suisse SA has received your accommodation booking together with your hotel deposit. Please be aware that all extras you might incur during your stay (i.e. mini-bar, laundry, telephone, etc.) have to be paid directly to the hotel upon your departure.

Inquiries

Any inquiries or requests for additional information, changes or cancellations of room reservations are to be addressed directly to MCI Suisse SA at espenreg@mci-group.com.

Change of Hotel Booking

All changes to hotel reservation will be performed by MCI Suisse SA. Please DO NOT contact the hotel directly. All changes must be requested in writing.

Cancellation of Accommodation

In the event of cancellation up to 24 July 2013, no charge will incur. From 25 July to 14 August 2013, one night will be charged in case of cancellation. In the event of late cancellations (from 15 August 2013) MCI reserves the right to charge the full stay for any cancelled rooms, cancelled nights or no-shows if the hotel room cannot be resold.

Check-in/ Check-out time

Hotel check-in time is 15:00 or later. If arriving after 18:00, please notify MCI in advance. Check-out time is noon.

Group Reservations

If you would like to book five or more rooms, there is a special group service open to you. For more information, please contact our group reservation department by phone +41 22 33 99 580, or by fax +41 22 33 99 631 or e-mail us directly at espenreg@mci-group.com to the attention of Mylène Bosa.

Methods of Payment

Payment of registration and/or hotel deposit and excursions may be made by:

• Credit card: EuroCard/ MasterCard, Visa, American Express • Payment by personal cheques cannot be accepted • All payments have to be made in EUROS For hotel reservation: Additional expenses such as mini-bar, laundry, etc. must be paid directly to the hotel when checking out.

L E I P Z I G G E N E R A L O V E R V I E W O F H O T E L S

MAP OF HOTELS C I T Y C E N T R E L E I P Z I G ( M A I N T R A I N S TAT I O N ) C O N G R E S S C E N T R E L E I P Z I G

MAP OF HOTELS

Badges

A name badge will be provided on-site with your registration documents. Name badges must be visible and used at all times anywhere within the Congress Centre.

Certificate of Attendance

A certificate of attendance will be included in the Congress bag together with some instructions. It is to be filled directly by the participant.

CME

The organisers have applied for Continuing Medical Education credits for full attendance to the European Accreditation Council for continuing Medical Education (EACCME). The EACCME is an institution of the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS). EACCME credits are recognised by the American Medical Association towards the Physicians' Recognition Award (PRA). Delegates wishing to claim CME points must fill in the CME evaluation form (to be found in the delegate's bag) and place the latter in the "Evaluation Box" located at the registration area. No CME will be given unless the evaluation form has been filled in and returned during the event ONLY.

Conflict of Interest

ESPEN aims to ensure balance, independence, objectivity and scientific rigour in all aspects of its programmes. All the speakers and moderators are asked to complete a "Conflict of Interest" form to disclose any financial interest or affiliation with commercial organisations that may have a direct or indirect interest in the subject matter of presentation.

Congress Documents

The Congress documents should be collected on-site at the Registration Desk during opening hours, at the Congress Centre.

CONGRESS INFORMATION

Schmidt

Disclaimer

ESPEN and MCI Suisse SA, as the Congress planner, claim no liability for the act of any supplier to this meeting, nor liability for personal injury, the safety of any attendee while in transit to or from this event, for any loss or damage, for delays in transport by air, sea, rail, road, weather, in case of strikes, sickness, war or other causes.

Exhibition Information

The ESPEN 2013 exhibition, featuring commercial displays of International Organisations, Pharmaceutical Companies, Media Publishers and Scientific Societies, will be located on level 1 of the Congress Centre. Coffee breaks and lunch boxes will be distributed around the exhibition. +39 06 7096292 Email: maria.paolelli-mci@mci-group.com Languages English is the official Congress language.

Lost and Found

A lost-and-found service will be available at the registration desk.

Messages

Participants can use the message board located in the registration area.

Mobile Phones

Delegates are kindly requested to keep their mobile phones in the off position in the rooms where scientific and educational sessions are being held, as well as during poster viewing.

CONGRESS INFORMATION

Official letters of Invitation

Should you require an official letter of invitation to obtain your visa to enter Germany, please contact the Congress Secretariat, MC Suisse S.A. Please note, however, that the Organisers do not undertake any obligation to pay any expenses incurred by supplying these letters. Furthermore, for some countries, a confirmation of registration with payment may be asked by the authorities. Should you need a personalised letter, a fee of CHF 50,-will be applied.

Onsite

The desk for registration, information and distribution of documents will be open as follows:

Poster Sessions

Posters sessions will be located on level 0 (area Multi-Purpose 1+2). Please contact the Posters desk for any information. To get the necessary material a table will be set-up within the poster area. The author must be present in front of his/her poster during Poster viewing for free discussion.

Registration

All participants must submit a completed on-line registration form.

Invited guests need to fill-in the special form sent to them.

Smoking Policy

The ESPEN 2013 Congress is a non-smoking event. It is forbidden to smoke in the Congress venue, including the exhibition & posters area. Smoking is not permitted in most indoor public areas nor on board domestic aircraft or other means of public transportation, in stores, shops or other public buildings. The hotels offer special rooms for non-smokers. In restaurants and bars, smoking is forbidden.

Speaker's Preview Room

The Speakers' Preview Room will be located in a room located near the Registration Desks. Speakers are kindly requested to provide their PC formatted USB keys (PowerPoint presentations) to the Speaker's Preview Room centre at least two hours before their session. All conference rooms contain state-of-the-art technical equipment.

The Speakers' Preview Room will be opened as follows:

GENERAL INFORMATION

Schmidt

Climate and Clothing

The mean temperature in Leipzig in August/September is around 18 degrees Celsius.

Communication

For international calls to Germany, dial the international code +49 and the correspondent's number (without the 0).

Credit cards / Cash machines

All major credit cards are accepted widely, but not everywhere. If in doubt, ask in advance. Cash-oncard services are available from selected American Express, Diners Club, MasterCard and VisaCard addresses. These cards are also accepted by all GWK currency exchange outlets and Change Express Offices.

Currency

The local currency is the Euro (EUR/ ). 1 =100 cents

Customs

Please consult the German Customs Regulations: http://germany.visahq.com/customs/

Electricity

The voltage in Germany is 220 volts. Hotels may have a 110-volt or 120-volt outlet for shavers, but travellers are advised to bring a power converter and an adapter for two-prong, round-prong plugs with side grounding

Emergency numbers

For all emergencies, please dial 112.

Language

German is the national language of Germany. The official congress language will be English.

Public transportation

Public transport in Leipzig is characterized by a dense light-rail system. 13 tram lines serve a transport area of about 152 kilometres, complemented by more than 30 bus lines in large part being en-route in the suburban area. The operating company of tram and bus lines is called "Leipziger Verkehrsbetriebe" (LVB). The current public transport tariff of "Mitteldeutscher Verkehrsverbund" (MDV) is valid not only within the city of Leipzig, but also throughout Central Germany. Only one ticket for tram and bus, that means only one common tariff for all trams, buses, suburban trains, regional express trains, regional trains and also hailed scheduled taxis.The bus is certainly a slower transportation but it allows you to enjoy the city views while moving around.

Safety

Leipzig is a safe place but you should take normal, sensible precautions to avoid mugging, bag snatching and pick pocketing. You should be extra vigilant at airports and railway stations. Do not leave valuables unattended. Most shops and all major taxi companies accept credit and debit cards, so there is no need to carry a lot of cash.

GENERAL INFORMATION

Shopping

The most common business hours are Monday through Saturday, from 9.30 to 18.

FREE PUBLIC TRANSPORT PASS

All delegates are offered a public transport pass valid during the Congress dates (airport not included).

To receive your pass please exchange your "transportation voucher" for the pass at the Bag & Transportation pass delivery desk within the Registration area.

Schmidt

Exhibition Information

The ESPEN 2013 exhibition, featuring commercial displays of International Organisations, Pharmaceutical Companies, Media Publishers and Scientific Societies, will be located on the level 1 of the Congress centre. The Welcome Reception will take place in the exhibition area.

Sponsoring & Exhibition

Phone: (+41) 22 33 99 627 Fax: (+41) 22 33 99 601 E-mail: christophe. de.rham@mci-group.com


Bruno Moulia

The proprioceptive control of posture in land plants

The proprioceptive control of posture in land plants

Bruno Moulia

Land plants have to control their posture while growing in a mechanically challenging environment. In particular they may recover from non-lethal tilting or lodging though active and coordinated growth movements. Such mouvements are known as gravitropism. Shoot gravitropism is triggered when statocysts sense the local angle of the growing organ relative to the gravitational field. Lateral transport of the hormone auxin to the lower side is then enhanced, resulting in differential gene expression and cell elongation,or shrinkage in woody parts of the plants, causing the organ to bend. However, little was know about the dynamics, regulation, and diversity of the entire bending and straightening process.

Recently, using vital kinematic imaging of the gravitropic movement of different organs from 11 angiosperms sampling the phylogenic tree of land angiosperms, we found that gravitropic straightening shares common traits across species, organs types and sizes. Surprisingly, the minimal dynamic model accounting for these traits is not the widely cited gravisensing law but one that also takes into account the sensing of the local curvature, i.e. a proprioception. A minimal dynamical model of the movement of the plant during gravitropism and posture control, called the AC model has been designed, that can explain most of the diversity observed in experiments. Moreover the entire dynamics of the bending/straightening response is described by a single dimensionless "bending number" B that reflects the ratio between graviceptive and proprioceptive sensitivities, and defines both the final shape of the organ at equilibrium and the timing of curving and straightening. Proprioceptive sensing is thus as important as gravisensing in dynamical gravitropic control. The mechanobiological mechanisms underlying this proprioceptive control will be discussed in the light of the models developed for the sensing and growth control after controlled bending, and the general issue of motion control in plants (and its relation with motion actuation) will be discussed

  a INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UMR0547 PIAF (Unité Mixte de Recherche Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l'Arbre Fruitier et Forestier), F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France; b Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR0547 PIAF (Unité Mixte de Recherche Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l'Arbre Fruitier et Forestier), BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France

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  .BASTIEN, T. BOHR, B. MOULIA. † *, S.DOUADY. † , 2013 . A unifying model of shoot gravitropism reveals proprioception as a central feature of posture control in plant. PNAS 110 (2 ): 755-760 ( † co-PI last authors, * corresponding author ) J DUMAIS 2013 Beyond the sine law of plant gravitropism (commentary of the paper by Bastien et al 2013) PNAS 110 (2 ) 391-392 MOULIA B, C. DER LOUGHIAN*, R BASTIEN*, et al. 2011. Integrative mechanobiology of growth and architectural development in changing mechanical environments. In » P Wojtaszek (ed) « Mechanical Integration of Plant Cells and Plants Springer , Series: Signaling and Communication in Plants, Springer-Verlag GmbH Berlin Heidelberg (pub). Pp 269-302.

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Caroline Buffière

Hubert H Chiron

Marie-Agnès Peyron

J.-L Sébédio

Guy G Della Valle

Didier Remond

Influence of bread density on the kinetics of glucose absorption and insulin secretion in the context of a complete meal

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  production of functional Pea protein concentrates Pascalle Pelgrom, Anne Vissers, Remko Boom, Maarten Schutyser Prediction of cellular structure and stability of fermenting wheat flour dough envisioned as a triphasic medium by a multi-scale approach Arnaud Turbin-Orger, Hubert Chiron, Laurent Chaunier, Guy Della Valle Physical properties and acrylamide concentration of muffins baked in steam assisted hybrid and forced convectional ovens Isleroglu H, Sakin-Yilmazer M, Kemerli T, Özdestan Ö, Üren A, Kaymak-Ertekin F, Özyurt B Industrial scale up of WP2 model yield a wide range of tomato purée texture, viscosity and colour Le Page JF, Courand F, Bouhours D, Guezennec A, Kerlock L, De Broucker T, Postollec F Determination of Alternaria growth and mycotoxin boundaries in WP2 tomato purée model Huchet V, De Girolamo A, Divanac'h ML, Lochardet A, Valerio F, Visconti A Reproducibility assessment of species-specific PCR methodology in order to monitor viable target microflora Desriac N, Postollec F, Coroller L, Sohier D Optimization of operating conditions in conveyor drying of apple, banana and carrot Banu KOÇ, Songül KESEN Determination of some quality parameters of turkey rolls formulated with different proportions of PSE-like (pale, soft, exudative) turkey meat and whey protein Pelin Baris, Meltem Serdaroglu Equation of state and structure of highly concentrated globular protein solutions Coralie Pasquier, Sylvie Beaufils, Antoine Bouchoux, Bernard Cabane, Sophie Rigault, Javier Perez, Valérie Lechevalier, Cécile Le Floch-Fouéré, Gilles Paboeuf, Maryvonne Pasco, Stéphane Pezennec Predictive modelling of vegetable texture after thermal pre-treatments and processes Matthijs Dekker, Evelien Dekkers, Ruud Verkerk, Anita Jasper and Csaba Baár Crystallization of lactose in frozen sucrose solutions Aleksei Kaleda, Tiina Klesment, Katrin Laos Identification of the bacterial species responsible for ropy spoilage used in the assessment of WP5 bread model applicability. Palmira De Bellis, Angelo Sisto, Francesca Valerio, Stella Lisa Lonigro, Angelo Visconti, Paola Lavermicocca Generic cheese models Jean-René Kerjean, Romain Richoux, Lydie Aubert-Frogerais Development of a realistic soft cheese model Romain Richoux, Lydie Aubert, Jean-René Kerjean Developement of five realistic cheese models Romain Richoux, Lydie Aubert-Frogerais, Jean-René Kerjean Volume digital image correlation to assess displacement field in compression loaded bread crumb under X-ray microtomography Ali Moussawi, Jiangping Xu, Hedi Nouri, Sofiane Guessasma, Gilles Lubineau compounds and procyanidins: Modulation by methylation degree and chain length.

Aude A. Watrelot, Carine Le Bourvellec, Anne Imberty, Catherine M.G.C. Renard Behaviour of spoilage microorganisms on DREAM model foods: the case of the spoiler Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in bread. Valerio Francesca, Di Biase Mariaelena, Postollec Florence, Sisto Angelo, De Bellis Palmira, Visconti Angelo, Lavermicocca Paola Effect of Lactobacillus brevis -based bioingredient and bran on microbiological, physico-chemical and textural quality of yeast leavened bread during storage Valerio Francesca, Caputo Leonardo, Di Biase Mariaelena, Ancona Nicola, Visconti Angelo, Lavermicocca Paola Formation of anisotropic structure from plant protein Katarzyna Grabowska, Atze Jan van der Goot Links between cell wall polysaccharide side chains and mechanicals properties Videcoq P, Assor C, Arnould O, Barbacci A, Lahaye M Influence of bread density on the kinetics of glucose absorption and insulin secretion in the context of a complete meal Caroline Buffière, Hubert Chiron, Marie-Agnès Peyron, Jean-Louis Sébédio, Guy Della Valle, Didier Rémond Understanding the Role of Aeration in Food Products Kathy Groves, Pretima Titoria Rat model for evaluation of gut resistance of meat originated carnosine András Nagy, Emőke Szerdahelyi, Éva Gelencsér Transformation Of Sub-Cellular-Size Particles During Processing Modify The Carotenoid Diffusivity Of Tomato Purees Page D, Labadie C, Renard CMGC Extrusion of barley and oat improves the bioaccessibility of dietary phenolic acids in growing pigs Anastasia S. Hole, Nils Petter Kjos, Stine Grimmer, Achim Kohler, Per Lea, Bard Rasmussen, Lene R. Lima, Judith Narvhus and Stefan Sahlstrøm Microencapsulation of Pimenta dioica essential oil by k-carrageenan-chitosan complex coacervation method Cristian Dima, Mihaela Cotarlet, Petru Alexe, Stefan Dima Complexes between fatty acids and native or aggregated ß-lactoglobulin: binding properties and biological functions Le Maux Solène, Brodkorb André, Giblin Linda, Bouhallab Saïd, Croguennec Thomas Integrating breadmaking process modifications in order to increase dietary fibre contents in French bread Le Bleis F, Chaunier L, Chiron H, Réguerre A-L, Della Valle G Bioactive Peptides From Food Sources: Production, Biological Activity And Potential Food Applications Mustafa Kemal Unal, Semih Otles, Emine Nakilcioglu, Canan Kartal Effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) and pH on the properties of a model cheese system Piska I, Byrne B, Guinee TP Salt release and perception in model cheeses are influenced by salt/fat contents, microstructure and salt mobility Christian Salles, Lauriane Boisard, Isabelle Andriot, Chantal Septier, Elisabeth Guichard Session 2 -Food structure -function relationships


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text:
T Saur

K Milferstedt

N Bernet

R Escudié

IMPACT OF HYDRODYNAMIC PERTURBATIONS ON PHYSICAL STRUCTURE AND MICROBIOLOGICAL COMPOSITION OF BIOFILM

In natural environments as well as in industrial processes, microorganisms form biofilms. Hydrodynamic conditions are one of the key parameters influencing the microbiological and physical structures of a biofilm. In the present work, a method has been developed to count and characterize grazing population of a biofilm. We used hydrodynamic conditions to obtain biofilms having different microbiological compositions and superficial structures. We monitored two continuous bubbles columns, inoculated with aerobic activated sludge. One reactor was operated under a stable low hydrodynamic constraint while the second one was exposed to frequent high hydrodynamic perturbations. Microscopic images showed a very dense population of eukaryotic organisms such as rotifers, nematodes and ciliates. We developed an innovative approach to quantify the number of rotifers. The method is based on the analysis of microscopic images. Hydrodynamic perturbations modified both the morphological and microbiological structures: perturbations decreased the quantity of moving organisms, such as rotifers, whereas some streamers appeared.

INTRODUCTION

Biofilms are a widely spread system in biological processes. One key parameter acting on biofilms is the shear stress [START_REF] Busscher | Microbial adhesion in flow displacement systems[END_REF]. In the literature, this parameter was mainly studied either under constant shear, e.g. comparing two reactors in which biofilms were grown at two different shear rates [START_REF] Liu | The essential role of hydrodynamic shear force in the formation of biofilm and granular sludge[END_REF] or as erosion tests (low shear rate during growth followed by higher shear rate) [START_REF] Derlon | Stratification in the cohesion of biofilms grown under various environmental conditions[END_REF]. In this work a growing biofilm is subjected to variable hydrodynamic conditions, because these conditions better represent industrial environments. Two biofilms were grown, one under turbulent and constant hydrodynamic conditions and the other with hourly intense perturbations. Metazoa populations can be used as bioindicators for the performance of wastewater treatment plants [START_REF] Duchene | The most significant elements of the activated sludge microfauna[END_REF]. Many studies focus on eukaryotic microorganisms in activated sludge [START_REF] Ginoris | Development of an image analysis procedure for identifying protozoa and metazoa typical of activated sludge system[END_REF][START_REF] Amaral | Survey of Protozoa and Metazoa populations in wastewater treatment plants by image analysis and discriminant analysis[END_REF]. The originality of the present study is to investigate eukaryotic microorganisms directly into a biofilm. Among the eukaryotes, we focused here on rotifers. The dominant species in our reactor system are up to 100µm long, mobile and graze on bacteria. The aim of this work was to develop a method to characterize the grazer populations, and especially rotifers. Different hydrodynamic conditions were used to obtain different biofilm structure and test the method that was developed. Both physical and microbiological structures of the biofilm were also investigated.

METHODS

Reactors

The experimental sets-up were bubble column reactors (Figure 1). These 5-litres reactors contained 7 stainless steel rings. Each ring carried 19 polyethylene coupons (133 coupons per reactor). Each coupon has an exposed surface of 5 cm². The reactors were continuously fed with sterilized substrate and unsterilized softened tap water. The feeding solution was as followed: meat extract, yeast extract and peptone 1071mg/L each, NH 4 Cl 46mg/L, K 2 HPO 4 150mg/L, KH 2 PO 4 75mg/L, MgSO 4 •7H 2 O 15mg/L, Na 2 HPO 4 •2H 2 O 157mg/L and oligoelements. A hydraulic retention time of 65 minutes was maintained to favour biofilm growth against growth of suspended cells. Mixing and oxygen supply were carried out by continuous aeration. Two reactors were operated. A first one was operated under constant hydrodynamic conditions, by maintaining an air flow rate of 1 L/min during the experiment. In the second reactor, hydrodynamic perturbations were generated by an 8-fold increase of the air flow rate for 12 min every 60 min.

Sampling and image acquisition

A coupon sampled from the reactor was submerged in particle free reactor solution in a custom made aluminium chamber. Microscopic images of the biofilm were acquired every day or two days with a Leica stereomicroscope M205 FA and a Leica DVC 495 camera.

Samples were observed in transmitted bright field illumination at 22× magnification. The 8bit acquired images corresponded to of biofilm surface of 6.4×4.8 mm² with a resolution of 3.5 Mega pixels. Images were then treated for three purposes: rotifer counting, movement quantification and morphology characterization.

Image analysis

Rotifer counting was done visually for each image using the Image J multi-point plugin.

Rotifer movement was quantified using a custom-made Image J script (Figure 2). Two images of the same biofilm location were acquired at a time interval of 2 seconds. By digitally subtracting these two images, differences between them, mainly due to organism moving, can be detected. The resulting image was then binarized using the Otsu thresholding method. One opening step is finally done to remove the isolated pixels. The coverage of this final image was then used to quantify the differences between the two images

(1)

The "Analyze Particles" plugin was used to extract the number and the size of particles from the image. A filtering treatment has also been done using this tool. Particles with an area lower than 750 µm² can be excluded from the calculations.

Figure 2 : Image processing from two raw images to the final subtraction image. Raw images are subtracted and the resulting image is binarized and opened. The numerical result, the coverage, quantifies differences between raw images

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The goal of this work was to develop a method to identify eukaryotic population distribution within a biofilm, especially the grazer population. In the present work, hydrodynamic perturbations were used to develop two different structures of biofilms. The morphologies of these two biofilms obtained are presented on the Figure 3. The perturbed reactor was characterized by the presence of filamentous and fluffy structures, so called streamers. This result is consistent with recent studies attributing the presence of streamers to unstable hydrodynamic conditions [START_REF] Rusconi | Secondary flow as a mechanism for the formation of biofilm streamers[END_REF]. The physical structure of biofilms grown in the stable reactor is more homogeneous and streamers were not present. An image analysis approach based on coverage surface was developed to characterize the presence of grazing eukaryotes. By digitally subtracting two images taken at the same location with a time delay of 2 seconds, movements and abundance of moving organisms can be estimated. Grazing organisms such as rotifers, nematodes or some ciliates keep moving to find their substrate. The coverage is directly linked to movements of grazers which can be detected and quantified. Figure 4 represents the mean coverage after 29 days for each reactor.

The mean value was calculated from 14 images taken in different locations of a given coupon.

The hourly perturbed reactor presents approximately two times lower coverage than the reactor under constant shear. Based on visual microscopic observations, the number of rotifers was lower in the perturbed reactor, whereas sessile ciliates were more abundant. Biofilms grown in the two reactors are different in terms of physical structure (presence of streamers) and population density of grazing microorganisms as suggested by the coverage magnitude. The 8-fold increase of the air flow rate is likely to (i) induce biofilm detachment and so deprive grazers of their feeding source, (ii) hinder their colonization and favor sessile ciliates and (iii) mechanically wash them out of the biofilm because of an increase in shear force.

Figure 4: Impact of the hydrodynamic conditions on the detected movement. Each point represents the mean coverage calculated from 14 images pairs. All images pairs per point originate from the same coupon. The 14 resulting coverages are then averaged. It appears that under constant hydrodynamic conditions the coverage is higher which means that more movements are detected. This emphasizes the denser population of moving and grazing organisms in biofilms grown under steady conditions.

A deeper analysis of the particle distribution on the images shows the direct link between the coverage, the number of rotifers and the number of particles (Figure 5 and Figure 6). Rotifers were counted on each image and the result was then correlated to either the coverage (Figure 5a) or to the number of particles (Figure 5b) on the image after processing.

Figure 5a shows the correlation between coverage and the number of manually counted rotifers on each raw microscopic image. The y-axis is the coverage of the corresponding binary image. A linear correlation with R² value of 0.82 fits the experimental results. This correlation confirms the previous hypothesis: the number of moving and grazing organisms (i.e., rotifers), can be estimated by the image analysis method proposed in the study. This method, much faster than manual counting, is thus able to quantify rotifers. Within the biofilms grown under constant hydrodynamic conditions, we counted between 200 and 500 rotifers whereas the maximum value for the reactor with variable hydrodynamic conditions is 124 rotifers. Hence, it appears that hydrodynamic conditions can play a role in the population density.

Figure 5b presents on the y-axis the number of particles detected on the binary images. The total number of particles per image does not fit very well the number of rotifers. It is likely that an important number of particles are counted but do not correspond to movements of rotifers. As a consequence, a procedure was implemented by applying a filter based on the size of the particle. Particles, characterized by a surface higher than 750µm², were only taken into account for the particles counting as well as for the coverage. Based on this filtering method, pixels clusters, that more likely represent a moving rotifer, can be selected by minimizing the noise.

Figure 6a represents the relation between the number of rotifers and the coverage after this filtering operation. Figure 6b shows the relationship between rotifer population size and the number of particles. By comparing Figure 6a and Figure 6a, it is possible to observe that the linear correlation between the coverage and the number of rotifers remained almost unchanged with a R² value from 0.82 to 0.81.

Figure 6: Correlation between the number of rotifers per image (x axis) and either the coverage (a) or the number of particles (b). Only particles with an area higher than 750µm² are considered for the calculations However, this filtering treatment has a positive impact on the correlation with a R² value increasing from 0.63 to 0.91 (Figure 6b). This indicates the low contribution of the removed particles on the coverage despite their number. Indeed, the average coverage undergoes a less 1.5-fold decrease whereas the average number of particles decreases from 721 to 174 -more than 4-fold decrease. So an important number of particles were counted but they are not significant as the coverage suggests it.

CONCLUSION

The high correlations between the number of rotifers and either the coverage or the number of particles on processed images indicate that rotifer numbers can be extracted from biofilm images using the proposed method. During the analysis process, it is necessary to exclude areas smaller than 750µm² because these do not represent rotifer movements. This filtering method allows a better estimation of the number of rotifers, especially considering the number of particles. Biofilms grown under different hydrodynamic conditions do not have the same morphological structure as well as microbiological structure. This innovative subtracting method of one location at two different times seems to be efficient for both biofilms. It helps to estimate the numbers of rotifers and thus clearly distinguish the two biofilms. As the literature indicates, hydrodynamic conditions can influence the biofilm structure by many ways such as substratum access, shear stress, nutrients transfer... Our work suggests that predation could be one more aspect that hydrodynamics have to structure the biofilm. Further experiments are in progress to confirm these results. In addition, the frequency and the strength of hydrodynamic perturbations can also have a strong impact on both the physical and the microbiological structures of biofilms

Figure 1 :

 1 Figure 1 : Reactor design and sample treatment. The reactor contains rings and each ring carries removable plastic coupons. Stereomicroscopic images of the biofilm on a coupon are recorded and then analyzed

Figure 3 :

 3 Figure 3: Microscopic images of two biofilms (Bright field illumination), (a) grown under constant hydrodynamic conditions and (b) grown in a hydrodynamically perturbed reactor (b). Note the different texture of the two biofilms.

Figure 5 :

 5 Figure 5: Correlation between the number of rotifers per image (x axis) and either the coverage (a) or the number of particles (b). Calculations have been done on opened binary images.


on pasture after a 7-day grazing period (L3/1000 egg deposit)(from Aumont G, Gruner L (1989) Int J Parasitol 19: 539-546)Grass biomass(from Cruz et al1989, IGC Nice, France. pp. 499-500)Grass quality(from Archimède et al 2000, Anim Feed Sci Technol 87: 153-162) ! Trade-off grass quality & production vs. GIN risk 5 of set stocked mixed grazing (from Blaes 2010, Advances in Animal Biosciences 1, 413-414) no mixed grazing/density effect • goat unable to avoid faeces/GIN soiled patches? • territorial (highly selective?) grazing behaviour worsening the infection risk? Mixed rotational grazing: a promising way for GIN control in humid tropics Need to be tested or adapted in • other epidemiological conditions (temperate countries...)