•••A

  Introduction • Expressing amino acid requirements and interpreting the response to the amino acid supply • Responses to the supply of Ile and Val (metaanalyses) • How far can we go with precision protein? • Conclusions Outline • Introduction • Expressing amino acid requirements and interpreting the response to the amino acid supply • Responses to the supply of Ile and Val (metaanalyses) • How far can we go with precision protein? allows improving the AA profile • Introduction • Expressing amino acid requirements and interpreting the response to the amino acid supply • Responses to the supply of Ile and Val (metaanalyses) • How far can we go with precision protein? Expressing AA requirements (AID, SID, % of Lys) • Experimental considerations • Estimating "the" requirement vs the response Expressing amino acid requirements and interpreting the response to the amino acid supply Expressing the amino acid requirement relative to Lys is valid only when Lys is second-limiting in the study A L I M E N T A T I Expressing amino acid requirements and interpreting the response to the amino acid supply • Responses to the supply of Ile and Val (metaanalyses) • How far can we go with precision protein? Dose-response studies reported since the 1950s • Criteria for selection: • Supplementation with ≥ 4 levels of L-Ile (or D-Ile), or L-Val (or D-Val) • Diet composition • Intake and growth response Ile (no response) The Ile requirement depends on the supply of the other branched-chain amino acids • The NRC (1998) Ile requirement appears too high for diets without blood cells • 50% SID Ile:Lys appears to be sufficient • An Ile supply 10% below the requirement reduces feed intake by 15% and daily gain 21% • Expressing amino acid requirements and interpreting the response to the amino acid supply • Responses to the supply of Ile and Val (metaanalyses) • How far can we go with precision protein?

far can we go with precision protein? Exp. 2: Growth trial

	Ingrediets		Cereals -SBM -AA		Cereals -AA
	CP, %	17.6	15.6	13.5	11.8	13.0	14.0	RSD	P
	Feed intake, g/d	766	775	779	734	810	782	96	0.60
	Gain, g/d	450 b	454 b	442 b	358 a	420 b	451 b	67	0.55
	G:F	0.59 b	0.59 b	0.57 b	0.49 a	0.52 a	0.58 b	0.06	<0.01

Gloaguen et al., unpublished

How

E N V I R O N N E M E N T

Acknowledgements

• There is still a great potential to reduce the protein content in the diet

• Knowledge about the requirements (and responses) of secondary amino acids and nitrogen is limited

• There is variation among pigs in the response to a limiting amino acid supply:

• Some "safety margin" may be required to fulfill the needs of all animals, but at what cost • A potential for precision feeding systems?

Conclusions


Ph.D Mounia Moudjed
email: mounia.moudjed@let.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr

Student

Introducing performance indicators in the French Public Transport. From a approach by the Theories of Agency and Contracts to a comparison with electricity and telecommunication public utilities

Keywords: regulation, performance, public utility, performance indicators, agency, contract, asymmetry of information, incentive, control

Local public transport in France changes with decentralisation and deregulation. This transformation leads to new regulation tools of the sector besides competition and delegation of public utility. More and more, transport authorities express the need of local decision-making tools, and of incentives to encourage operators to improve performance of the service. So, in order to be able to control the performance of the public utility, local authorities try to appropriate a capacity of expertise that they did not necessarily acquire previously. Introducing local indicators will help transport authorities regulate the sector in a way that it integrates the criterion of performance.

Thus, more and more, the idea to develop a "regulation by the performance" emerges in the public transport. It is not only any more to promote competition, but also to take care that the objectives raising traditionally of the general interest can be achieved by measuring the efficiency of transport networks in their environment. The performance (in the sense efficiency) of the local public management give an interest to how it can be measured with performance indicators. This paper is part of one of the themes area proposed: the regulation of the public transport. First, it will focus on the issue of the regulation of local networks industries : a topic less taken into account for the public transport than other public utilities (electricity, telecommunication). The question associated will be as followed : what are the mechanisms of the regulation which were set up in local sectors (public transport)? A focus on the tools allowing to French local authorities to regulate the sector, specially the role of Contracts (the delegation of public utility) and competition will be made. Secondly, the performance and his measurement is a mystic problem concerning the public utilities. We are in the frontier between public sphere and private sphere. The question associated will be as followed : what are the issues concerning the performance of public utilities in a competitive context? The introduction of performance indicators in the public transport will reduce the asymmetry of information between the local authority and the operator regarding the performance of the service and the performance of the operator?

To clarify the question that structures this paper, the introduction of performance indicators in the public transport for a efficient regulation of the sector (reduction of asymmetry of information, incentive, control, incompletude of contract), the analyze will be double.

One the one hand, it will be about to develop different theoretical mechanisms that help to understand the contractual mechanisms introduced in the public transport. This will be made with the theory of agency and the theory of contracts. During the last 30 years, an extensive literature aims at replacing the issue of the performance and its measure in a perspective incentive, performance and control. The performance measurement of public utilities form part of incentive and control systems in the theory of agency and the theory of contracts. As soon as interest conflicts, strategic behavior of agents, and uncertainty are introduced, measuring the performance of public utility is directly influenced by those last mechanisms. The objective of this theoretical vision will be to describe different theoretical tools (incompletude of contract, risk of opportunism, introduction of incentives, the hold up problem) taken from the theory of agency and contracts to explain what we can observe for public utility in France (public transport, electricity and telecommunication) linked to the performance issue. Indeed, the performance measurement of public utilities can be manipulated by one of the party (local authority, operator). The qualitative or quantitative elements that from part of the evaluation can be imprecise, partial, above all difficult to verify.

One the other hand, the theoretical mechanisms would be observed by focusing on a comparison between public utilities, in particular in the introduction of performance indicators. The objective will be to present a comparison on the organization and the regulation of different local networks industries according to the three important dimension regulation, competition and performance. Through this comparison, we will demonstrate that experience regarding introduction of performance indicators evolve according to the sector considered. The local networks of transport scope with important issues regarding their costs and the quality of service. Therefore, urban transport utility is confronted with the same issues as electricity and telecommunication public utilities. The theory of Agency in economy gives an interesting perspective to explain the contractual relation and the asymmetry between local transport authorities and their delegators regarding the performance. Each sector has its specificity: it does not question to include those different situations in a unique paradigm. Nevertheless, the issues are similar enough for, by a comparison give some general conclusion on the introduction of indicator performance to reduce opportunist behavior and asymmetry of information regarding the performance of the service and the operator. We will be able to highlight the specificity of each sectors, in particular the urban transport sector : to raise problems regarding transparency of information between the local authorities and the operators, the role of indicators in the performance measurement of public utilities (telecommunication, electricity, urban transport).


Benoît Beguet

Samia Boukir

Nesrine Chehata

Dominique Guyon

Dominique Guyon Detection

Detection and mapping of forest changes: application to the maritime pine stands in SW France

come

The automatic features selection method find optimal features combinations to retrieve forest structure variables. This produces a multi-scale descriptor.



The proposed method is generic, it could be applied for other applications (estimation of forest structure from VHR images texture)

Perspectives :

 Validation : other sites, other sensors, other seasons ....



Classification of forest stands structure

1

  BEGUET Benoît (Université de Bordeaux and INRA) benoit.beguet@egid.u-bordeaux3.fr BOUKIR Samia of the observed (or perceptible) objects  HR (Spot5, Formosat) : usefull for many applications but : pixel size > tree crown size → resolution is to low (5-10m) to describe forest stands complexity and diversity  VHR (QuickBird, World-View, Pleiades), relation between : {pixel size (0.5-2.5m)} and {tree crown size (0-8m)} → forest is no longer a « green carpet » : TEXTURE (tree's spatial organization) How to? → Optimize existing methods by an approriate use of VHR imagery textural information at the stand level (object-based) 1. Application of interest Change detection : application to the windfall damage, Nezer forest, 2009 OBJECT-BASED FOREST CHANGE DETECTION USING HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGES, C.Orny, N.Chehata, S. Boukir, D.Guyon (PIA 2011)  Objective : provide an automatic method for damage binary mapping  Data : Formosat2 (8m spatial resolution, before and after storm) , texture and forest structure If it could be easy to recognize a texture (with human eyes and brain), there is no unique (formal) way to define it...  Texture description theory : → First order statistics : mean, variance, higher order moments → Second order statistics : Grey Level Cooccurence Matrix (GLCM) and the derived Haralick's features (energy , entropy , correlation ... (14)) → Semi-variogramm : sill, range and nugget → Frequential approach: TFourier , Gabor filters , Wavelets → Other : geometric approach (TPN) ; mathematical morphology  Parametrization :→ common ground: computation window size → scale → objects size of each grey level pairs : -in a window with fixed size (w) -with a fixed displacement and orientation (offset defined by (xd;yd)) -for a given level of quantification of the optimal set of parameters for a given application SOLUTION : test a wide range of parameter values ( automatization )2. VHR, texture and forest structureRetrieving forest structure variables from QuickBird imagery using an automatic method :Ground measured forest variables : tree height (Ht), crown diameter (Cd), stand density (Nah), diameter at breast height (Dbh), basal area (Ba), tree spacing (Sp) on 12 sample plots.Stand age is known on the whole site → used to method validation  QuickBird image 06 oct 2003 : Pan (0.6m), Ms (2.4m) (Pleiades like) Linear regressions : find the strongest relation between each forest variable and each image features  Test frames : allows a calculation of thousands of features  Towards a multi-scale approach : → combine Pan and Ms features ; combine different parametrizations → multi-linear regressions problem : multicollinearity → solution : clever automatic subset selection LARS (Least Angular RegressionS) stepwise procedure relationships between forest structure variables and optimized features -Pan and Ms provide equivalent performances -The few number of observations doesn' t allow a for the classification step... affectation of the predicted age on the whole stand, 5 classes <6 / <14 / <25 / <35 / >35

VHR, texture and forest structure Conclusions :

	2.  The texture analysis allows to retrieve the forest structure. Results consistent
	with literature.
	64.1 % : well classed
	35.8% : error = 1 class
	0.1% : error = 2 classes
	Observed age map	Predicted age map

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GLMC's features needs to be optimized → automatization thanks to test frames 