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Monochamus Species As Potential Vectors Of The Pine Wood Nematode In Europe: What Can Be Learnt From

The Asian Situation?

Geraldine Roux-Morabito, Edmundo Sousa, Juan Alberto Pajares Alonso,

Alain Roques

To cite this version:

Monochamus Species As Potential Vectors Of The Pine Wood Nematode In Europe : What

Can Be Learnt From The Asian Situation ?

Geraldine ROUX, Edmundo SOUSA, Juan Alberto PAJARES ALONSO and Alain ROQUES URZF, INRA Orleans, France, INRB, Portugal, UVA, Spain E-mail : geraldine.roux@orleans.inra.fr, geraldine.roux@orleans.inra.fr, edmundo.sousa@inrb.pt, jpajares@pvs.uva.es, alain.roques@orleans.inra.fr

The worldwide genus of long-horned beetles, Monochamus, has drawn a particular attention because several species are known to be a vector of the Pine Wood Nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, carrying and transferring the nematode to conifer host trees. Although not a pest in its native North American range, PWN has devastated forests in Asia, and more recently in Europe. The five Monochamus species recorded in Europe, i.e. M. galloprovincialis, M. sutor, M. sartor, M. urussovi and M. saltuarius, may represent potential vectors for PWN. However, only M. galloprovincialis has been proved so far to be associated with PWN invasion of Portugal and Spain. This talk will review the European Monochamus species, with a special focus on their geographic distribution range and ecological requirements. A state-of-the-art of the present situation of pine wilt disease in Europe will be presented, and the potential vectoring role of the different Monochamus species throughout Europe will be evaluated with regard to the situation in Asia. Finally, we will present the ongoing European project REPHRAME that is bringing together Europe's leading experts on PWN, together with colleagues from around the world, to address the key gaps in current knowledge of pine wilt disease and its associated organisms.

Keyword : Monochamus species, Pine Wood Nematode, Europe, REPHRAME


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text:
Hayo Van Der Werf

Joël Aubin

Cécile Bessou

Benoît Gabrielle

Geneviève

Niels Jungbluth

Thomas Nemecek

Rita Schenk

Ulf Sonesson

Objectives of the conference

The production, transformation, distribution and consumption of food and drink contribute strongly to human prosperity and health. However, the food and agriculture sector also contributes to a large part of the environmental impacts caused by human activities. Because these impacts, in particular climate change and biodiversity loss, need to be reduced urgently, a shift towards sustainable food systems is essential. Over the last two decades the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology has been developed and applied in the agriculture and food sectors to quantify environmental impacts and assist decision making. In recent years, LCA in the agri-food sector has developed rapidly, in particular for sustainability assessments of agricultural systems and their products, and for guiding consumers toward more sustainable food-consumption patterns (e.g., via eco-labelling).

LCA Food 2012 will serve as a global forum in which to share recent developments in LCA methodology, databases and tools, as well as applications of LCA to food-production systems and food-consumption patterns. Particular focus will be placed on the following topics:

Methods•

  Impact assessment, especially regarding biodiversity, land use, soil quality, water use, toxicity (pesticides, pharmaceuticals), and spatial differentiation • System defi nition, allocation, functional unit, attributional and consequential LCA • Quantifi cation and reduction of uncertainty • Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis (inclusion of social/economic aspects) • Ecodesign of agricultural and food systems Applications • Annual and perennial crops, terrestrial and aquatic animal production • Eco-labelling, communication, consumer behaviour • Food consumption patterns and diets • Trade-offs between food quality and impacts • Assessing farming systems at the territory/regional scale LCA FOOD 2012 October 2012 • Saint Malo, France Second call for the VIII th International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment in the Agri-Food Sector Towards Sustainable Food Systems Venue The conference will take place in the city of Saint-Malo, on the northern coast of Bretagne, France. Saint-Malo is easily accessible by high-speed train from Paris, by ferry from the UK or Ireland, and by airplane (Dinard or Rennes airport).

Organising committee


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text:
Carlos Cobo-Ortega

Yolande Jaguelin

Anne Pasquier

Nadine Meziere

Philippe Ganier

Jean-Noël Thibault

Georges Guillemois

Jean-François Rouaud

Patrick Touanel

Fabien Guerin

Francis Le Gouevec

Alain Chauvin

Bernard Carrissant

Hervé Demay

Roberto Barea

Louis Lefaucheur

Jaap Van Milgen

Nathalie Le Floc'

Diet

• The methionine content in body protein is not constant

• Different tissues respond differently to a deficient TSAA supply (total Met gain):

• Blood, intestines and liver respond little

• Carcass, longissimus dorsi muscle, and Rest respond much more

• The longissimus dorsi muscle has a great plasticity:

• Weight gain

• Protein content in weight gain

• Met content in protein gain

• Fractional synthesis rate (ks) and efficiency for protein synthesis (K RNA ) CONCLUSIONS

Results Conclusions Chemical composition of empty body, carcass and Longissimus dorsi muscle in piglets

	-Context Objective Experimental Design 0 Diet+ Daily feed intake (g/d) 602 612 Daily gain (g/d) 336 403 Chemical body composition (g/kg) Whole body Protein 2 151 161 Lipid 111 100 Mineral 26.3 24.4 Water 718 727 Carcass Protein 2 152 165 Lipid 129 111 Mineral 25.7 23 Water 702 717 Longissimus dorsi muscle 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Met g/16 g N Context Objective Experimental Design	P -value NS 0.08 < 0.01 0.05 < 0.01 0.02 < 0.01 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01
	Protein Carcass 2	LM	176 Blood Intestines	192 Liver	Rest	0.01
	Lipid		25.7	22.8		0.10
	Mineral		11.8	12.6		0.04
	Water		793	786		NS

Results Conclusions Methionine content in protein of body tissues P < 0.01 NS NS NS NS NS = not significant LM = longissimus dorsi muscle

	Context Objective Experimental Design Results Conclusions Context Objective Experimental Design
	Cysteine content in protein of body tissues
	Whole body	Diet + Diet -	Diet-	Diet+ Diet + Diet -P -value
	2 Gain , g/d			314	P = 0.07 390	0.05
	1.8 Protein content of gain, %		15.7	18.2	< 0.01
	0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 Met content of protein gain, % P < 0.05 NS NS 1.5 Cys content of protein gain, % Carcass Gain , g/d Protein content of gain, % Cys g/16 g N Met content of protein gain, %	1.78 NS 1.1 211 15.5 1.96	1.96 1.09 292 18.6 2.12	NS NS	0.01 0.89 0.01 < 0.01 0.08
	0.4 Cys content of protein gain, %	1.04	1.08	NS
	0.2 LD muscle
	0 Gain , g/d			5.4	10.2	< 0.01
	Carcass Protein content of gain, % LM	Blood Intestines Liver 16.3 20.5	Rest	0.04
	Met content of protein gain, %	2.38	2.69	0.01
	NS = not significant LM = longissimus dorsi muscle Cys content of protein gain, %	0.94	1.03	< 0.05

Results Conclusions Weight gain and composition of weight gain of whole body, carcass and Longissimus dorsi muscle

	Context Objective Experimental Design
	19%	The gain
	14%	was LOWER
	9%
		The gain
	28% 8% 17%	contained LESS PROTEIN
		The protein
	47%	contained
	12% 20%	LESS MET

Results Conclusions Weight gain and composition of weight gain of blood, intestine, liver and rest

	Context Objective Experimental Design Results Conclusions Context Objective Experimental Design Results Conclusions Context Objective Experimental Design Results Conclusions
			Diet-The amino acid composition of different proteins Diet+ % Amino acid P -value Total methionine gain in body components MHC Actin Collagen (Pearson & Young, 1989) Myosin-HC &
	Met g/d	0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4	Blood Gain , g/d Protein content of gain, % Met content of protein gain, % Cys content of protein gain, % Intestine Gain , g/d Protein content of gain, % Met content of protein gain, % Cys content of protein gain, % Liver P < 0.01 P < 0.01 -61% Phe Tyr His Arg 3 4 5 Thr Trp Val Ile Leu 6 7 8 Cys Lys -44% Met	NS 3.1 2.2 5.6 2.0 5.5 0.5 4.6 11.3 4.4 0.9 10.7 1.8	14.1 15.0 0.78 1.4 14.7 14.4 1.98 1.47 3.1 NS 4.0 2.0 4.8 6.9 1.2 5.4 -7.6 1.4 Diet + Diet -14.7 18.5 0.86 1.15 14.7 13.2 1.97 1.48 1.1 0.2 0.5 5.1 2.0 -1.1 2.4 2.4 -7.0 2.8 4.1 0.8 Diet + Diet -< 0.05 < 0.05 0.06 0.01 NS NS NS NS NS proteins HAS CHANGED 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 Contribution of ≠ muscle Met g/d content in LM Change in the Met NS
		0 0.2	Gain , g/d Protein content of gain, % Met content of protein gain, % Cys content of protein gain, % Gain , g/d Protein content of gain, % Met content of protein gain, % Cys content of protein gain, % Hyl Hyp NS = not significant Gln LM = Longissimus dorsi muscle Asn Pro Rest LM Blood --6.4 3.8 These tissues maintain their composition 10.2 8.7 NS 19.5 20.9 NS 2.40 2.28 NS 1.59 1.98 0.04 56.6 59.6 NS 16.3 17.3 < 0.05 1.30 1.41 1.04 0.97 NS -0.6 for the animal -9.3 NS May be a priority ----1.5 4.9 12.1 Intestines Liver Rest Ser 5.6 5.9 4.3 2 Gly 3.3 7.5 33.1 Ala 1 8.0 8.0 10.6 Asp 5.3 9.0 4.6 0 Carcass Glu 13.3 11.3 7.1 Myosin-HC Actin	0 0.02

actin contents in Longissimus dorsi muscle Arbitrary units/16 g N NS NS

	Context Objective Experimental Design
		6.00
		5.00
	Hyp g/16 g N	2.00 3.00 4.00
		1.00
		0.00
		Carcass	LM	Intestines	Liver	Rest

Results Conclusions Hydroxyproline content in protein of body tissues (as an indicator for collagen) NS = not significant LM = longissimus dorsi muscle NS NS NS

	Context Objective Experimental Design
		8.00		Diet + Diet -		P < 0.01
		7.00
		6.00
	His g/16 g N	3.00 4.00 5.00
		2.00			NS
		1.00
		0.00
		Carcass	LM	Blood	Intestines	Liver	Rest

Results Conclusions Histidine content in protein of body tissues NS = not significant LM = longissimus dorsi muscle

	(
	NS		Diet + Diet -
	P < 0.01
	P < 0.01	NS	NS	NS

as an indicator for protein degradation) Context Objective Experimental design Results Conclusions Evaluate if (and how) a total sulfur AA deficiency affects the protein synthesis and proteolysis 2.

	Context Objective Experimental Design
		Diet -Diet + P -value
	Tissue (g/kg BW)
	BW (kg)	12.5	13.0	NS
	Semitendinous	3.45	3.43	NS
	Longissimus dorsi	15.4	17.1	0.09
	Rhomboid	0.42	0.42	NS
	Liver	24.6	24.1	NS
	Proximal jejunum	11.7	11.2	NS
	Distal jejunum	13.2	10.8	<0.001
	Ileum	13.5	12.4	NS
	Kidneys	5.55	5.45	NS

Results Conclusions Relative weight of body tissues in piglets NS = not significant BW = body weight

  Context Objective Experimental Design Results Conclusions

	Context Objective Experimental Design
				Protein turnover
					(Bergen, 2008)
		Diet -Diet + P -value
	Proteasome activity*
	Semitendinous	2.28	1.91 <0.05
	Longissimus dorsi	2.17	1.96	NS
	Rhomboid Liver Proximal jejunum	Protein synthesis 2.74 99 234	2.79 106 244	NS NS NS	Protein deposition	Proteolysis
	Distal jejunum	243	253	NS
	Ileum	192	206	NS
	Kidneys	48.8	56.8	NS
	Skin	in process
		Protein deposition	=	Protein synthesis	-	Proteolysis

Results Conclusions Activity of proteolysis enzymes of body tissues in piglets NS = not significant NS = not significant * Relative fluorescence units/min/mg protein * Relative fluorescence units/min/mg protein

	Context Objective Experimental Design
						Diet -Diet + P -value
		Diet -Diet + P -value	Calpain activity*	Diet -Diet + P -value
	ks (%/day) Semitendinous Longissimus dorsi Rhomboid	2.98 3.57 3.14 4.58 <0.05 NS 3.07 2.76 NS	Semitendinous Longissimus dorsi K RNA (g / g/d) Rhomboid Semitendinous Liver Longissimus dorsi Proximal jejunum Rhomboid	1.40 1.67 1.59 2.16 2.74 0.06 1.27 NS 1.50 NS 1.76 NS 34.1 33.4 2.14 3.54 <0.001 NS 57.8 55.3 NS 3.14 2.90 NS
	Liver	45.5	45.5	NS	Distal jejunum Liver	52.2 7.26 6.82 44.9	NS NS
	Proximal jejunum	52.1	55.1	NS	Ileum Proximal jejunum	45.7 14.2 15.8 46.7	NS NS
	Distal jejunum		in process		Kidneys Distal jejunum	18.3	17.9 in process	NS
	Ileum		in process		Skin Ileum	in process in process
	Kidneys	25.4	24.2	NS	Kidneys	7.14 6.61	NS
	Skin		in process		Skin		in process

Results Conclusions Fractional synthesis rate (ks) and efficiency for protein synthesis (K RNA ) of body tissues in piglets NS = not significant % of protein mass synthesized per day g protein synthesized per ribosomal RNA and day NS = not significant

  Context Objective Experimental Design Results Conclusions

Expressed as nitrogen x 6.25.

Acknowledgments


Context

•

  of cattle with at least one part of the carcass condemned based on -Health-related data: reasons for condemnation, condemnation portions -Animal characteristics: sex, age, production type • Data from 1,937,917 cattle slaughtered in 10 French slaughterhouses (2005-2010) • 381,186 cattle with at least one part of the carcass condemned 6 to -Identify groups of existing lesions among complex and large dataset -Identify groups of lesions that would probably not have been found through expert elicitation process Complementarity of statistical tool and expert elicitation for syndrome definition Discussion Non targeted syndromic surveillance With this method: • Each animal attributed to one cluster • Each disease = typology of lesions • All infected cattle showing similar groups of lesions and characteristics attributed to the same cluster Consequently, monitoring the proportion of each cluster can help detecting emerging diseases Conclusion Principal component method associated with hybrid clustering is a new statistical approach to deal with syndrome definition when health-related data used are complex Implemented on animal health data but can be used for human health data Choice of a syndrome definition method according to • The type of syndromic surveillance system: targeted or not • Historical data availability • Data complexity

Method

Mul$ple Factorial Analysis on 381,186 condemned ca.le

Age