Francis Fleurat-Lessard

Jean-Michel Savoie

Florence Richard-Forget

Christian Barreau

Nadia Ponts

Vessela Atanasova-Penichon

Laetitia Pinson-Gadais

Véronique Pronier

Thierry Gibard

Marie-France Neveux

Corine Grimaldi

Christos Athanassiou

Maria Otilia Carvalho

Shlomo Navarro

George Opit

Catherine Regnault-Roger

Matthias Schöller

Vaclav Stejskal

Phyllis Weintraub

S Savoldelli

Ali A Isikber

H K Tofel

R Guruprasad

Cornel Adler

Matthias Schoeller

Subramanyam

A A Hameed

Canadas Pedraza

De Paredes

Weichel L Birner
email: erich.birner@basf.com

and by-products

Keywords: 20 Suppression of Plodia interpunctella moth population by mating disruption Cephalonomia tarsalis control Integrated pest management, food industry, monitoring, insecticides. Session 1: Recent advances in IPSP and current trends in post-harvest Metal bin, grain, insects, molds, remote monitoring, phosphine recycling, fumigation, liquid insecticides 3 -Carifend™: an alternative method remote monitoring, phosphine recycling, fumigation, liquid insecticides Stored tobacco, insect, IPM, Carifend™, tobacco quality, tobacco

and Food Safety" of the INRA Research Centre of Bordeaux-Aquitaine.

This scientific meeting, held every two years, under the auspices of the International Organization for Biological and integrated Control (IOBC), regularly brings together scientists, engineers, industry players, stakeholders and professionals in post-harvest agrofood chain sanitation quality and safety to report the state of progress in applied research in stored product integrated protection. The socio-economic reality of increasing safety and quality traceability concern by foodstuffs purchasers, processed food manufacturers, food supply chains, consumer demand, and the application of recent European Regulations of "Hygiene package" and "Pesticide package" in all food chains accelerate the need for greater production of applied research results. The real challenge of developing new approaches and the application of necessary changes in current programs of integrated pest management in food processing plants and in stored products is impeded by a global reduction of human and material resources available for research and development on pests and pathogens contamination of durable agricultural products and derived food products.

Regardless of this critical situation, the 9th IPSP 2013 Conference is meeting the challenge for the transition towards an efficient control of post-harvest pests and pathogens with both the limitation chemical use and the improvement of risk control of infestation or contamination of durable foods by insect pests, molds or their impurities and toxins. At IPSP 2013 Conference, the optimal solutions for tackling this difficult challenge will be presented through 90 communications comprising the scientific program. Their authors come from more than 25 countries, confirming the interest of the international scientific community for this IPSP Conference.

The Local Organizing Committee of IPSP 2013 wishes to thank all the contributors making this Conference intriguing and relevant. We are grateful to IOBC and INRA for their advice and support for the organisation. We really appreciate the financial support of our sponsors and organizations and wish to thank the Scientific Advisory Committee for their advice in building the scientific program of this Conference. Thank you also to all the authors of communications for making the work of the Organizing Committee possible.

Avant-propos

La 9 ème Conference OILB-SROP sur la Protection Intégrée des Produits stockés (PIPS) est organisée pour la 1 ère fois par l'U.R. INRA "Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments" (MycSA) du Centre INRA de Bordeaux-Aquitaine.

Cette Conférence biennale, placée sous les auspices de l'Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique et Intégrée (OILB), regroupe des scientifiques, ingénieurs, acteurs économiques et professionnels du monde entier intéressés par la maîtrise de qualité et la sécurité sanitaire dans les chaînes alimentaires post-récolte et pour faire l'état d'avancement de la recherche appliquée en Protection Intégrée des Produits stockés. Dans le contexte socio-économique actuel, la sécurité sanitaire et la traçabilité sont prioritairement exigées par les traders de produits alimentaires, les entreprises de transformations, les distributeurs ou les consommateurs. L'application des récents règlements européens du "paquet hygiène" et du "paquet pesticide" dans toutes les chaînes alimentaires accélère les besoins en résultats de recherche. Le challenge à relever consiste à développer de nouvelles approches et applications pratiques de solutions innovantes en protection intégrée contre les ravageurs et les contaminations des chaînes alimentaires après récolte. Cet objectif est contrecarré par la diminution constante du nombre de chercheurs qui se consacrent à ce domaine de recherche dans le monde. Toutefois, la 9 ème Conférence PIPS 2013 contribue à relever ce challenge de la transition vers une maitrise des ravageurs, agents pathogènes ou contaminants des denrées aprèsrécolte en limitant l'utilisation des pesticides tout en améliorant la prévision et la maîtrise des risques d'infestation ou de contamination des produits alimentaires durables par leurs impuretés ou leurs toxines. Pour la Conférence PIPS 2013, 90 communications ont été présentées pour contribuer à relever ce challenge. Leurs auteurs sont issus de plus de 25 pays différents, ce qui confirme l'intérêt de la communauté scientifique internationale pour cette thématique de la protection intégrée.

Le Comité d'Organisation de la Conférence PIPS 2013 remercie tous ceux qui ont contribué au succès et à l'attractivité de cette Conférence et en particulier l'OILB et l'INRA. Le soutien des entreprises et institutions qui ont participé financièrement à cette entreprise a été très apprécié. Le travail du comité scientifique pour effectuer la sélection difficile des communications orales ainsi que les efforts de l'ensemble des auteurs des communications (orales ou affichées) sont également à remercier pour la qualité et la rigueur scientifique de leurs prestations.

Francis Fleurat-Lessard Abstract: Acoustic detection of stored grain insects is based on their ability to generate sound (by feeding, flying, moving, probing for oviposition etc). In recent decades, acoustic devices of various kinds have been marketed for commodity inspection. The efficacy of acoustic devices in detecting the insects hidden inside the grain mass depends on many factors such as the sensor type, substrate structure, the interface between sensor and substrate, the assessment duration, the size and behavior of the insect, the density of the infestation, and the distance between the insects and the sensors. During the present study, adults and larvae of the most common pests of stored wheat have been detected in varying population density (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 10 & 50 per kg of wheat). Acoustic emissions of adults of Sitophilus oryzae, Rhyzopertha dominica, Tribolium confusum, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Trogoderma granarium, Cryptolestes ferruginneus and Lasioderma serricorne and larvae of T. confusum, T. granarium, Ephestia kuehniella and Plodia interpunctella were recorded. The acoustic detector system consisted of a piezoelectric sensor mounted on the end of a probe that was pushed into the grain and a portable acoustic emission amplifier (AED-2010L, Acoustic Emission Consulting, Inc.) connected with a computer. All sound recordings took place in the lab using a sound insulated box in order to dampen background sound. Each recording lasted 3 minutes and was replicated 10 times. The system was 100% precise in negative predictions (predicting the absence of a pest when none is present) and considerably successful in positive predictions (predicting the presence of the pest when at least one individual is present in the grain mass). More analytically, prediction for infestation was rated falsely negative in 50-70%, 30-60%, 0-20% and 0-10% when actual population density was 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2 adults / kg, respectively, irrespective of pest species. Respective values for larvae were 60-70%, 30-60, 0-40% and 0-30%. The system was always successful in detecting infestation when population density was > 2 individuals / kg irrespective of pest species or developmental stage. Our results are discussed on the basis of enhancing the use of acoustic devices as detection tools in storage facilities.

Keywords: Acoustic detection, stored wheat, piezoelectric sensor, sound analysis.

-The use of bio-test in the disinfestation of food industries

Abstract type: Poster

Süss L. 1 , Cassani S. 2 & Gallizia F. 1
Abstract: The proper use of bio-test in food industries, in the case of treatments with use of sulphuryl fluoride or hot air, is essential for assessing the results obtained.

In 2012 were given to several Pest Control Companies n. 490 bio-tests. Two special containers were prepared: one sized cm 7 x 5 x 4 h for placement on floors or in the crevices and the other, of sized cm 6 x 6 x 7 h to be hanged at different heights in empty silos. The treatments were carried out in mills and food industries. The species employed in the bio-tests were Tribolium confusum (stage egg, larvae, pupa, adult or mix population), Ephestia kuehniella (eggs and larvae), Plodia interpunctella (eggs and larvae), Sitophilus oryzae (adults and a mix population of eggs, larvae and pupae in rice) and Lasioderma serricorne (adults and a mix population of eggs, larvae and pupae in biscuits). Detailed operational guidelines were provided. Three TNT bio-test for controlling the pre-treatment mortality were also prepared for each group of bio-test at any treatment; one of the three to be kept in the laboratory and two others to be transported together with the Bio-test submitted to treatments. All the insects of any stage placed in the TNT-Bio-test resulted fully alive. Overall complete mortality occurred in 368 of 387 total, while in 19 cases survival was recorded. Obviously, at some points of the work processes have not been reached the desired saturation of sulphuryl fluoride at the temperature of hot air required to achieve a complete mortality. In these few cases and few sites localized treatments with pesticides became indispensable. These mechanisms for survival under conditions of water stress have been studied in several species. Despite its importance in stored grains there has been no study on the water balance in S. zeamais. Thus, this work aims to assess the water balance and aggregation behavior in pyrethroid resistant (with and without associated fitness cost) and susceptible strains, seeking to understand their potential. Our objective was to compare female and male adults of susceptible and resistant strains observing: (1) the moisture necessary for the survival;

Keywords

(2) differences in longevity (this response may be due to a balance of water in particular) and if these results may be related to insecticide resistance (and associated fitness costs); and also (4) if the aggregation behavior of this species could regulate water loss through the formation of groups of insects. The results indicated that S. zeamais was extremely vulnerable to low relative humidities in the absence of food. The three strains showed loss of water of approximately 30% which is a relatively low value, but enough to significantly compromise their survival. It was still possible to observe differences between the individual and the group in the conservation of water, but there are no differences between group size. The group retains more water than the insect isolated.

Keywords

:

  Sitophilus zeamais, water balance, insecticide resistance

14:00 -15:50 Session 2: Biology and ecology of S-P pests and pathogens in IPSP Wednesday 03 July Room "Badiane" 08:40 -10:20 Session 5: Chemical control in stored product IPM programs 15:10 -15:40 Coffee break (Poster removal) 15:40 -16:50 Session 6: IPSP decision support tools and integrated approach Chairpersons: Bhadriraju Subramanyam & Francis Fleurat-Lessard Page

	15:40 -16:10	Aspects related to decision support tools and IPM in food chain	P. Trematerra	119
		Technical and economic analysis of
	16:10 -16:30	pest management practice in 14 grain	K. Crepon	120
		elevators
		Influence of storage practices and kind	M.-P. Leblanc &
	16:30 -16:50	of structure on insect presence in grain	F. Fleurat-
		bulks	Lessard

121 16:50 -17:15 Closing Ceremony

	C. Athanassiou & F.
	Fleurat-Lessard

List of posters Session 1: Recent advances in IPSP and Post-Harvest IPM current trends Chairpersons: Phyllis Weintraub & M. Otilia Carvalho No. Page

	Integration of Isaria fumosorosea with DE for R. dominica control	Waqas Wakil	7
	Combination of B. hebetor and γ-radiation on Ephestia control in dates	A.A. AL-Taweel	8
	Using the parasitoid T. evanescens with
	pheromone traps in date palm orchards and in	A.A. AL-Taweel	9
	date warehouses
	Session 2:

Biology and ecology of S-P pests and pathogens useful in IPSP Chairpersons: George Opit & Christos Athanassiou

	Occurrence and identification of insect pests in sunflower seeds and rape	S. Dauguet	18
	Population density estimation of stored grain pests based on their acoustic emissions	P.A. Eliopoulos	19
	Detection of insect infestation in stored wheat based on their acoustic emissions	P.A. Eliopoulos	19 2
	The influence of plant characteristics on the field infestation	M. A. Amro	20
	Susceptibility of different pulse grain to infestation of cowpea beetle	M.A. Amro	21
	Effect of different temperatures and host density of Ephestia on B. hebetor efficacy	A.A. AL-Taweel	22
	Mycotoxicological Analysis of stored groundnuts in Southwest of Algeria	H. Meliani & A. Moussaoui	23
	The use of bio-test in the disinfestation of food industries	L. Süss & al.	24
	Sitophilus zeamais: water balance and behavior	N.M. Pinho Guedes	25
	Session 3:

Phytochemicals and semio-chemicals use in stored-product IPM Chairpersons: Catherine Regnault-Roger & Ali A. Isikber

	Study and analysis of Insecticidal & antimicrobial activity of essential oils Effectiveness of Laurus Nobilis and Mentha pullegium on S. zeamais Identification of pure compounds in apricot and apple electrophysiologically A. F. Ndomo Insecticidal effect of ozone against Plodia, F. Mouhouche M.G. Barros Tribolium, Cryptolestes & Oryzaephilus spp. C. Athanassiou et al. Investigations on microsporidian pathogens of P. interpunctella in Turkey K.F. Acar Insecticidal properties of peas homologous proteins (Pisum sativum L.) A. Mebarkia Stored-Product insects natural enemies in Sicilian wheat P. Suma Testing insecticidal efficacy of pure and combined natural substances on S. granarius S. Trdan Effect of fluctuating temperatures on the development of V.canescens S. Andreadis First application in France of heat disinfestation of a large wheat mill B. Vacquer Potential of Anisopterus calandrae and Lariophagus distinguendus as biocontrol agents of Callosobruchus maculatus O. Benkhellat Biological and molecular analysis of an isolated granulovirus Tecia solanivora against potato tuber moths A. Arroyo Natural occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi isolated from stored grain insect species in Punjab W. Wakil Session 5:	38 39 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68

Chemical control in Stored-Product IPM programs Chairpersons: Shlomo Navarro & Yann Ciesla No. Page

	A comparison of efficacy of current insecticides with bio-based and mineral active substances	F. Fleurat-Lessard et al.	82
	Feeding deterrent activity of new alpha-asarone congeners	B. Lozowicka	83
	Weevil x insecticide does 'personality' matter?	R.N.C. Guedes	84
	Phosphine resistance in Cryptolestes ferrugineus from stored wheat in Oklahoma	C. Konemann	85
	Insecticidal effect of chlorantraniliprole against stored cereal product insect pests	N. Kavallieratos	86
	Insecticidal efficacy of thiamethoxam against T. confusum J. du Val	V. Goundy	87
	Determination of hexamethylentetramine in foods by GC-MS	Meehye Kim	88

25 -Sitophilus zeamais: water balance and behavior

  : bio-test, hot air, sulphuryl fluoride, food industries Water availability and temperature are the two most important abiotic variables that influence the distribution and abundance of insects. Insects have physiological and behavioral mechanisms that enable their survival in the absence of water for a long period.

	Abstract type: Poster
	Guedes N.M.P. 1 , Braga L.S. 1 , Silva L.B. 2 , Guedes R.N.C. 1 1 Dep. of Entomology, Federal University of Vicosa (UFV), 36570-000, Vicosa, MG, Brasil 2 Federal University of Piaui, Campus Bom Jesus, PI, Brasil
	E-mail: nmpguedes@gmail.com
	Abstract:

Università degli Studi di Milano-DEFENS, Via Celoria

2, 20133 Milano, Italy 2 Entomologia applicata, Laboratorio di RicercaAgroblu srl, via San Bernardo 35, 20017 Rozzano (Milano), Italy E-mail: guglielmo.cassani@agroblu.com

This year, the 9th

 Bourlaux, CS 20032, F-33882Villenave d'Ornon, France E-mail: francis.fleurat-lessard@bordeaux.inra.fr Abstract: A laboratory test-bench was built up to simulate high-temperature-short-time (HTST) exposure of infested grain samples by hidden stages of Sitophilus granarius or S. oryzae in a fluidized bed in order to model temperature-exposure time relationship. The reduction of emergence of the two weevil species (S. granarius in bread making wheat and S. oryzae in durum wheat) was determined after different exposure times in the fluidized bed exposure chamber crossed by 2 m.s -1 airflow at inlet air temperatures of 60, 90, 120 and 150°C. The influence of a grain moisture content from 14 to 19% w.b. on lethal time 50% (LT 50 ) and lethal time 99% (probit 8 or LT 100 ) was also observed. The main microbiological and technological characteristics checked on grain samples after heat treatment were measured. Higher the moisture content longer the exposure time required for the same mortality rate to be achieved. The "temperature-exposure time products" assessed at LT 50 and LT 100 were modeled as asymptotic negative regression curves. LT 100 was observed in less than 10 s exposure time for temperature at air inlet of 120 and 150°C, whatever the moisture content level. The reduction of fungal colonies was more important with long exposure time at moderately high temperature (90°C) than with short exposure time at very high temperature (150°C) (giving similar levels of insect mortality rate). For bread-making wheat, it was not observed significant changes in alveogramme rheological test parameters processed with white flour extracted from heattreated wheat samples, provided that air temperature and initial grain moisture content are at moderately high level (less than 150°C and 15% m.c.). The HTST treatment of cereal grain is an efficient and rapid method of control of weevil internal feeder stages and may be developed at practical scale for organic cereals or high-added-value use for special healthy cereal food disinfestation.

Keywords: Sitophilus granrius, Sitophilus oryzae, high-temperature-short-time treatment, wheat grain sample, fluidized-bed, quality characteristics changes. Abstract: As a result of high infestation of Dates by Ephestia spp. during its storage period which was for about 3-6 months before manufacturing and marketing it , Iraq used to apply Methyl bromide as fumigant agent to stop its infestation with Ephestia spp ,but because this fumigant agent proved to be carcinogen and ozone depleting agent , a decision was taken to stop using it internationally and nationally. This decision made Iraqi scientist to search for another methods to control Ephestia spp. or to decrease infestation to the lowest percentage. Therefore, Iraqi scientist recently concentrated on using IPM specifically biological control agents (Egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens and larval parasitoid, Bracon hebetor in addition to the pheromone traps for this purpose. The research carried out into two date warehouses, one in Karbala province, while the other in the Babylon province which belong to the Iraqi company for manufacturing and marketing Dates. In these two date warehouses, the biological agents mentioned above were released periodically in addition to hanging pheromone traps. The results revealed that the percentage of preserving date in these two date warehouses were 97.5 and 98.1 % in comparison with 90.5 and 92.5 % into the control dates warehouses in which biological agents and pheromone traps did not used. Furthermore, to prove that this method for controlling Ephestia spp. in date warehouse was succeeded, we examined date from another date warehouse containing about 3250 tons of date packed in polyethylene bags and treated with methyl bromide to protect it from Ephestia spp. infestation. Unfortunately the percentage of preserving dates was only 91.7%. Finally our results showed that the mean number of Ephestia spp. captured by pheromone traps in the control warehouse which treated with methyl bromide was 18 times more than that captured into warehouses treated with biological agents mentioned above and pheromone traps.

-Application of Biological Control Agents and Pheromone Traps For Controlling Ephestia spp. in Date Warehouses of Two Provinces in Iraq

Keywords: Ephestia spp. date warehouses, pheromones traps, capture limitation, biocontrol species, Bracon hebetor 87

-Stored-product insect natural enemies in wheat industry in Sicily

Abstract type: Poster Suma P., Bella S., La Pergola A. & Russo A.

Dept of Agri-food and Environmental Systems Management -Applied Entomology sec. University of Catania, via S. Sofia, 100, 95123 Catania, Italy E-mail: suma@unict.it Abstract: The cultivation of wheat in Sicily (Italy) has its origins in ancient times and today it turns out to be the one that invests the largest areas in the island. Connected to this cultivation, a flourishing industry of primary and secondary processing has been developed and is particularly competitive in the global market thanks to the qualitative features of sicilian durum wheat. In the last decade research activities were undertaken in order to implement quality by studying infesting arthropods and by developing integrated control methods. In this context, during the monitoring activities of the stored grain pests carried out over the past decade in sevral grain industries and warehouses in Sicily, the following natural enemies were collected: Withius piger (Simon) (Pseudoscorpionida; Whiitidae), Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter) (Hemiptera; Anthocoridae), Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera; Pteromalidae), Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera; Braconidae), Theocolax elegans (Westwood) (Hymenoptera; Pteromalidae), Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae), Cephalonomia sp. (Hymenoptera; Bethylidae). More extensive researches are currently in progress for some of these species. Here we discuss their potential use in the framework of the IPM programs.

Keywords: stored grain, predators, parasitoids, Italy.

-Testing the insecticidal efficacy of individual and combined use of four different natural substances against granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius) under laboratory conditions

Abstract type: Poster

Trdan S.

University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljana, Slovenia. E-mail: stanislav.trdan@bf.uni-lj.si Abstract: Laboratory experiment was carried out to evaluate the impact of different natural substances on the mortality of the granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius) adults. We tested the insecticidal properties of diatomaceous earth (commercial formulation SilicoSec®), quartz sand of local origin, Neem leaf powder (offered in a local market as fertilizer and plant strengthener), common beech wood ash, combination of SilicoSec® and wood ash, combination of Neem leaf powder and wood ash, combination of quartz sand and wood ash, combination of all 4 substances tested. Natural substances in a form of powder were mixed with grain in different dose rates. Wheat grains were treated with 450 and 900 ppm of SilicoSec® and quartz sand as self-based formulation, wood ash (5 weight (w)% and 2.5 w%) as self-based formulation, Neem leaf dust (1.25 w% and 2.5 w%). Individual treatments were evaluated as mixtures of SilicoSec (450 ppm) and wood ash (2.5 w%), Neem leaf powder (2.5 w%) and wood ash (2.5 w%); quartz sand (450 ppm) and wood ash (2.5 w%); SilicoSec® (225 ppm), wood ash (2.5 w%), Neem leaf powder (0.625 w%) and quartz sand (225 ppm). Control treatment was presented as untreated grain. Specific treatment was composed from 500±0.01 g of wheat grain and concentration of natural substance and it was replicated three times. Mortality of adults was evaluated seventh, fourteenth and twenty-first day after exposure. Insecticidal efficacy was tested at three different temperatures (20, 25, and 30°C) and two different relative humidity levels (55 and 75%). Significantly the highest mortality of adults was evaluated in treatment treated with formulation consisting of wood ash and SilicoSec® (66.38±2.64%), meanwhile wood ash (2.5 w%) provoked 63.35±2.74 % mortality. In general, mortality after 21 days reached 48.52±0.01% and it was also higher at lower humidity level (46.02±1.66%). Interactions between different factors of experiment will be presented, and suggestions for the practical use of the most effective substance will be given.

Keywords: Granary weevil, physical control, diatomaceous earth, quartz sand, neem leaf powder, common beech ash, mortality, efficacy. 90 Abstract: Thermal disinfestations of flour mill structures and equipment were traditionally used before the 1960's, but they have been replaced by methyl bromide fumigation until the international ban of methyl bromide in 2005. During the last decade, heat disinfestation of flour mills was developed in Northern America and in some European countries from the 2000's workshops of heat disinfestation of wheat mills were carried out. In France, the first industrial application of this technology was attempted in 2010 for the disinfestation of a large wheat mill and was carried out by Agronet Company in collaboration with INRA Research Laboratory in Bordeaux. The heating of the flour mill was performed from electric heat generators of Thermonox® technology (Germany). The electric heaters are forced heat air ventilators enabling to reach the target temperature of 50 to 55°C in about 10-12 h in all parts of the mill. Then, temperature is maintained at this level during 24 to 36 h and optimised from the indications of temperature sensors in order to obtain complete mortality of insects, whatever their development stage. Encaged insects (Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica) placed in the mill during mill heating were killed at more than 97%. Very few survivals were only observed on the floor at the ground level of the mill. The reproductive capacity of individuals surviving thermal exposure was severely reduced. This first industrial application of heat disinfestation process to a large wheat mill confirmed the results of laboratory studies performed earlier at INRA Laboratory. The economic evaluation of the heat treatment in the conditions described above revealed that it is competitive compared to fumigation with similar requirements in the preparation of the building before treatment. This technology seems very promising for periodic eradication of insect colonies in cereal processing industries without use of pesticide.

-First application in France of heat disinfestation of a large wheat mill

Keywords: Wheat mill, electric heat generator, Thermonox® technology, heat disinfestation, industrial scale, stored-product insect, complete mortality.

Abstract: Technical audits were achieved in 14 grain elevators in order to record pest management practices and to evaluate the cost of insect control management practices. Stored grain elevators that were selected for this study were representative of the different ways of insect pest prevention and control system in France. The selection of storage sites was based on the results of a previous study led on 95 elevators that identified 6 keyfactors correlated with pest infestation: type of storage bin (vertical silo or 'flat' store), preventive sanitation of empty storage structures, grain cleaning, grain aeration, insecticide treatment on grain, grain temperature monitoring equipment. By combining these 6 factors, 7 modalities of pest management have been described. For each modality, two grain elevators that theoretically apply each modality have been sampled among the 95 elevators surveyed in Leblanc et al. surveys in 2010 and2011. The evaluation carried out after the visit of the selected storage facilities revealed that pest management was mainly based on chemical treatment whatever the kind of insect management system was applied. Although all the visited elevators were equipped with ambient-air aeration systems, the airflow rate and the cooling time were often found inadequate to efficiently cool all stored grain bins. Grain cleaning cannot be made systematically at reception because harvested grain lots needing cleaning are delivered at a much higher rate than the grain cleaner can receive. Pest management costs were assessed in the range 0.15 €/t to 1.40 €/t, according to the 7 modalities. The major variation factor was the type of pesticide used. The economic loss related to price penalties in the case of quality defect at the supply of domestic or export grain markets for cereals are not considered as a driving factor for insect pest management policy adaptation by grain-elevator managers. Bourlaux, CS 20032, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France E-mail: marie-pierre.leblanc@franceagrimer.fr Abstract: A survey of stored-wheat bulks in France was carried out during two years in spring season 2010 and 2011 to improve the knowledge about the relationships between grain storage practices, preventive sanitation, grain insecticidal treatment, stored-grain temperature management, and presence of insect species in grain samples. 95 wheat storage sites were surveyed each year (after 8-9 month storage). Besides the quantitative analysis of grain samples for insect presence and residues content, a questionnaire was submitted to grain-store managers to record their storage practices, the characteristics of their equipment for grain quality preservation, and the preventive and corrective means they use for insect control. The data from these two groups of variables were processed in a multidimensional statistical analysis to reveal significant correlations between grain management practices for sanitary quality maintenance and the level of presence of insects in wheat samples. It was observed a strong relation between the kind of storage structure and the frequency of insect presence in wheat samples. Flat storage of large grain bulks was showed the most risky storage structure vs. vertical storage in metal or concrete bins. A relation was observed between insect presence frequency in samples and stored grain temperature level and also, with the lack of temperature measurement equipment installed inside grain bins linked to cooling aeration systems. Preventive sanitation before grain harvest period, i.e. systematic cleaning and insecticide spraying of unfilled bins, was related to 50% reduction of insect presence frequency in corresponding grain samples. The preventive chemical treatment of harvested grain before long-term storage was not related to a limitation of insect presence frequency in samples taken after a 8-9-month storage period. The results of this representative survey give objective arguments for the implementation of good IPM practices and risk prevention for grain sanitary quality preservation during long-term storage periods.

Keywords

Keywords: Grain bulk sampling, grain storage site, national survey, insect presence frequency, insecticide residues content, storage practices, multidimensional data processing.

Authors of oral presentations (chronological order of presentation)

127 NOTES NOTES


Diego C Zied
email: dczied@gmail.com

A Pardo-Gimenez

Jean-Michel Savoie

J E Pardo-Gonzalez

Philippe Callac

; A Pardo-Gimenez

J.-M Savoie

; J E Pardo-Gonzalez

"Indoor" method of composting and genetic breeding of the strains to improve yield and quality of the almond mushroom Agaricus subrufescens

Keywords: Agaricus subrufescens, compost, genetic breeding, chemical characterization, agronomic performance

niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

INTRODUCTION

Since the first tests performed in 1980 by Takatoshi Furumoto, agronomist, production of Agaricus subrufescens (formerly A. blazei, A. brasiliensis) was done on basis of cultivation practices adopted for the production of Agaricus bisporus. Even today, little has changed especially with Section: Waste conversion, substrates and casing 420 growing practices to improve yield (15-25%), earliness (70% of total yield in the first half of the crop), duration of flushes (4 days of harvest), interval between flushes (3-5 days) and crop cycle (50-60 days).

Strains used for the cultivation of A. subrufescens in Brazil are marketed as varieties collected indigenously, that were selected through domestication and adaptation to the cultivation conditions of the farms (type and formulation of the compost and local environmental conditions). The consequences are a great variability in yield, a long growing cycle and a lack of control over the specific growth characteristics of the strains.

Agaricus subrufescens has been characterized as a tropical mushroom with fruiting temperatures used during cultivation usually between 25 and 29°C. However mycologists have collected fruiting bodies in temperate countries such as Belgium and France [1; Guinberteau, pers. com.], showing the species has an extended geographic distribution. Because of this great geographic distribution, the important work of genetic breeding and acquisition of new hybrids can be performed, creating individuals with specific characteristics for production in different conditions worldwide.

In Brazil, the traditional process of composting has been widely practiced by growers, following the steps of: pre-wetting (4-7 days), fermentation (formation of the windrow 2 m wide x 2 m high, with intervals of turning every 2-3 days), pasteurization (58±2 • C) and physical, chemical and biological conditioning (47±2 • C) [START_REF] Eira | Cultivo do cogumelo medicinal Agaricus blazei[END_REF]. The raw materials commonly used as bulk compost are: sugar cane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum), various grasses (Braquiaría sp., Cynodon dalactylon, Panicum maximum, etc), cereal straw (Triticum aestivum, Avena sativa, Oryza sativa, etc.) and manure. Already as concentrated material (nitrogen source or not) soybean, wheat, corn and cotton meal, urea, ammonium sulfate, superphosphate, calcium carbonate and gypsum are used [START_REF] Zied | Características generales, producción y comercialización de Agaricus blazei (Murril) ss. Heinemann (A. brasiliensis): Una nueva alternativa de cultivo de hongo en España[END_REF].

In 1986, the first method of "indoor" composting used for the production of A. bisporus was proposed [START_REF] Laborde | Indoor static compost for mushroom (Agaricus bisporus, Lamgue Sing) cultivation[END_REF], later called "environmental control" [START_REF] Miller | Composting based on moderately themophilic and aerobic conditions for the production of commercial mushroom growing compost[END_REF] and "accelerated" [START_REF] Nair | A composting process to minimize odour pollution[END_REF] composting, in order to accelerate the composting process to limit anaerobiosis and bad smells, to decrease the loss of material during the composting process, to reduce the physical space of the operations, and the use of machines [START_REF] Fermor | Applied aspects in composting and bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials: an overview[END_REF]; and especially to increase process efficiency and productivity. Productivity is a direct consequence of operating quality practiced during the composting process, both with respect to the design of the theoretical formulation, as well as a civil structure existing and used [START_REF] Randle | Progess in experimentation on the efficiency of composting and compost[END_REF].

As important as the agronomic performance of the species, the final quality of mushrooms (physical, chemical and biological control of harvested mushroom) should also be taken into consideration. It can be defined as physical aspects: size, degree of maturation, absence of pests and diseases, etc.; chemical aspects: the amount of β-glucan, no heavy metal, high presence of proteins and minerals, etc.; and finally biological activities: bactericidal, antitumor and antioxidant activity.

In general, it is difficult to compare the chemical results obtained and cited in the literature by several authors working with the same species, since there are many variables influencing the nutritional composition of mushrooms [START_REF] Hernández | Propriedades nutritivas del champiñón[END_REF], such as differences between strains, composition of compost, type of casing layer, environmental conditions and methods of cultivation, besides the inherent inaccuracy in methods of analysis and precision of the analyst [START_REF] Pardo | Modeling the effect of the physical and chemical characteristics of the materials used as casing layers on the production parameters of Agaricus bisporus[END_REF]. New cultivation technologies should be investigated to increase the agronomic performance without changing the physical-chemical characteristics of harvested mushrooms. Thus, the present study focused on evaluation of potential efficiency of indoor composting and genetic breeding of strains on yield, number and weight of basidiocarps, precociousness, earliness and quality of A. subrufescens.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Spawn. Four strains were used described as follows: waste of leaves lawn mowing -CA454 x CA487: hybrid between Brazilian (C454) and French (C487) strain obtained by crossing mycelia from single spore isolates. All the CA strains are from the CGAB collection (INRA, UR MYCSA, France) Production of spawn followed procedures adopted by Zied et al. [START_REF] Zied | Production of Agaricus blazei ss. Heinemann (A. brasiliensis) on different casing layers and environments[END_REF].

Compost (Phase I and II).

Three composts were used, made from different plants of "Indoor" composting, that were produced by different methods. Compost 1: wheat straw was moistened for 6 days, then the straw was mixed and transferred to the 1 st Bunker with chicken manure and concentrated ingredients where they remained for 5 days; afterward the compost was mixed and transferred to the 2 nd Bunker where it remained for another 5 days, finally the compost was mixed again and transferred to the 3 th Bunker where it remained for an additional two days. Phase II lasted 7 days (8 hours at 60 • C and 6 days at 45-50 • C). Compost 2: wheat straw and chicken manure were moistened for 8 days then held 3 days and turned; then the compost was transferred to the 1 st Bunker together with the concentrated ingredients where it remained for 2 days; afterward the compost was mixed and transferred to the 2 nd Bunker where it remained for 2 days. Finally the compost was mixed again and transferred to the 3 th Bunker where it remained for 2 days. Phase II lasted 7 days (13 hours at 57 • C and 6 days at 45-50 • C). Compost 3: wheat straw and chicken manure were moistened for 6 days with turning on the 3 rd day; then the compost was transferred to the 1 st Bunker together with the concentrated ingredients where it remained for 2 days; afterward the compost was mixed and transferred to the 2 nd Bunker where it remained for 2 days; then the compost was mixed again and transferred to the 3 th Bunker where it remained for 2 days. Finally the compost was transferred to 4 th Bunker where it remained for 2 days. Phase II lasted 8 days (8 hours at 58 • C and 7 days at 45-50 • C).

Table 1 shows the characteristics of each compost type at the end of Phase II of the composting process.

Inoculation and spawn run. The compost was inoculated with 1% spawn in relation to the wet weight of the compost and incubated at 28±2 • C with relative humidity at 50±10% for 15 days.

Casing layer.

A mixture of casing with black peat + soil (4:1, v/v) added calcium carbonate and formaldehyde in the amount of 50 ml per m 3 of material was used. With fully developed mycelium, the casing was added over the compost at a depth of 3 cm (2.6 liters of material per plastic box containing 6 kg of compost). The boxes with compost and casing were taken to a chamber with air temperature of 26±1 • C, compost temperature of 27±1 • C, relative humidity of 90±5% and CO 2 content of 2,100 ppm, during 8 days following the methodology presented by Minhoni et al. [START_REF] Minhoni | Cultivo de Agaricus blazei Murrill ss[END_REF]. Pinning and harvest. The environmental variables were controlled in order to obtain 4 flushes of production over the crop. For this the temperature, relative humidity and aeration were conducted according to methodology presented by Zied [START_REF] Zied | Casing layer with different combinations of soil and environments of production in yield of mushroom Agaricus blazei (Murrill) ss[END_REF]. Fig. 1 demonstrates the behavior of environmental variables and reflects the flush of production according to the strain used. The total production time of the crop was 70 days, and the presence of primordia was observed at 17 days. The mushrooms were collected manually with the largest weight possible before pileus opening and lamella breaking. Then, mushrooms were evaluated for their agronomic performance and chemical characteristics.

Experimental design and data analysis. The experiment was conducted using 4 strains and 3 composts, totaling 12 treatments. Each treatment consisted of five repetitions of boxes with 6 kg of compost. The Sisvar 3.2 statistical program was used to separate treatment means with Tukey's test (P≤0.05). Linear correlation between agronomic performance and chemical characteristics of A. subrufescens was done using the statistical software Sigma Stat 3.5.

Evaluated data.

The agronomic performance was evaluated by yield [START_REF] Mamiro | The influence of spawn type and strain on yield, size and mushroom solids content of Agaricus bisporus produced on non-composted and spent mushroom compost[END_REF], number and weight of basidiocarps [START_REF] Pardo | Modeling the effect of the physical and chemical characteristics of the materials used as casing layers on the production parameters of Agaricus bisporus[END_REF], precociousness [START_REF] Minhoni | Cultivo de Agaricus blazei Murrill ss[END_REF] and earliness [START_REF] Pardo | Performance of composted vine shoots as a peat alternative in casing materials for mushroom cultivation[END_REF]. The chemical characteristics were evaluated by moisture [START_REF] Mapa | Métodos oficiales de análisis[END_REF], protein, N-free extract and ash [START_REF] Ansorena | Sustratos. Propiedades y caracterización[END_REF], fiber [START_REF] Ankom | Crude Fiber Analysis in Feeds By Filter Bag Technique[END_REF], fat [START_REF] Ankom | Rapid Determination of Oil/Fat Utilizing High Temperature Solvent Extraction[END_REF] and hemicellulose and cellulose [20; 21].

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Strain CA487 had the highest yield, followed by CA454 x CA487, 99/30 and CA454, which demonstrates the potential production of the strains from a temperate country and also of the hybrid (Table 2). Regarding the compost used, compost 2 had the highest yield, followed by compost 1 and 3, and shows that compost with a low C/N ratio and high nitrogen content may result in low yield. Another factor that may have influenced the low yield obtained for compost 3 is a lower compost moisture (66%). Kopytowski-Filho [START_REF] Filho | Relação C/N e proporção das fontes nitrogenadas na produtividade de Agaricus blazei Murril e poder calorífico do composto[END_REF] emphasizes that compost obtained with an initial mixture having a high C/N ratio, (40-33/1) tends to show higher yield than compost obtained from an initial C/N ratio around 29-26/1.

The behavior of production flushes of strains according to management of environmental variables controlled is shown in Fig. 1. The strains 99/30, CA454 and CA454 x CA487 showed flushes well distributed during cultivation at 27°C. This distribution responded to the phase of induction by decreasing temperature to 20°C and increasing to 27°C. Strain CA487 was harvested at ± 27°C as the others, but it also produced fruiting bodies during the decrease in temperature to 20°C, as observed on days 43 and 58. More studies are required on the management of environmental variables to obtain the flushes of production for this strain of temperate origin. Another positive factor that should be highlighted is the convenience and ease in working with the CA487 strain that in just 70 days of crop had a yield between 13.5-18.6%, high number of mushrooms (mean of 71 u), precociousness (mean of 63%) and earliness of production (18.5 days). Similar yields were observed with commercial strains by Siqueira et al. [START_REF] Siqueira | Cultivation of Agaricus blazei ss. Heinemann using different soils as source of casing materials[END_REF] and Zied et al. [START_REF] Zied | Características generales, producción y comercialización de Agaricus blazei (Murril) ss. Heinemann (A. brasiliensis): Una nueva alternativa de cultivo de hongo en España[END_REF] with values of 16.3% and 18.3%, respectively, but with crop time above 110 days of production.

The numbers of mushrooms followed the patterns of yield, that had a positive correlation with precociousness (r = 0.868, P = 0.001), and a negative correlation with earliness (r = -0.829, P = 0.001). Thus high yield in the crop is associated with a large number of mushrooms harvested, concentrated in the first half of the crop; but with low yield in the first flush (this trend was clear for the Brazilian strains).

The present work illustrates the interest of intercontinental breeding programs for the development of efficient new varieties, since the first hybrid used responded exactly the goals that has been developed; maintained a good agronomic performance (close to its better parent) and increased the weight of harvested mushroom (although no significant difference at Tukey's test, was observed that the hybrid increased approximately 12.3% of the weight of mushrooms when compared with the CA487 strain).

The compost used did not affect the weight of mushrooms, precociousness and earliness, but the strain affected the earliness and precociousness. The best composting process for the cultivation of A. subrufescens is still unknown, requiring further research with management approaches (performance of "traditional" composting or composting in Bunkers with Phase II and Section: Waste conversion, substrates and casing 425 III together), methods (production of substrate composted or sterilized "axenic") and formulations (range in C/N ratio, content N, organic matter and ash) to be used for the commercial cultivation.

According to Table 3, little variation in chemical characteristics of mushroom were observed according to strains and composts used, but some features need to be mentioned. 99/30 and CA454 strains had higher amount of protein when grown in compost 3, on the other hand the CA487 and CA454 x CA487 strains has higher amount of protein when grown in compost 1. The higher levels of fiber were observed in 99/30 and CA454, and the highest levels of fat were observed in CA 487 and CA 454 x 487 strains. Comparing the results of protein, ash, fiber and fat of A. subrufescens mushrooms with those obtained by Hernández [START_REF] Hernández | Propriedades nutritivas del champiñón[END_REF], Andrade et al. [START_REF] Andrade | Caracterização bromatológica de oito linhagens de Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) cultivadas em toras de Eucalyptus grandis[END_REF] and Pardo et al. [START_REF] Pardo | Modeling the effect of the physical and chemical characteristics of the materials used as casing layers on the production parameters of Agaricus bisporus[END_REF] for Agaricus bisporus and Lentinula edodes we have, protein: A. subrufescens (32.17%), L. edodes (20.33%) and A. bisporus (23.22%); ash: A. subrufescens (6.35%), L. edodes (3.10%) and A. bisporus (12.62%); fiber: A. subrufescens (6.4%), L. edodes (8.04%) and A. bisporus (20.41%) and finally fat: A. subrufescens (0.98%), L. edodes (2.00%) and Agaricus bisporus (5.2%).

It should be noted that the moisture content had a positive correlation with the amount of fat (r = 0.780, P = 0.002); the protein had negative correlation with the amount of cellulose (r = -0.712, P = 0.009) and finally cellulose had a negative correlation with the amount of hemicellulose (r = 0.623, P = 0.030) present in the mushrooms.

Polysaccharides are the main chemical compounds found in fungal cell walls. Glucoseusually as glucans, β(1→4) cellulose, α(1→4) and α(1→6) glycogen, β(1→3) and β(1→6) yeast glucanconstitutes from 80 to 90% of the cell wall material of many species, and glucosamine (in chitin) constitutes from 1 to 58% (range of values), usually 5 to 20% [START_REF] Chang | Overview of the biology of fungi[END_REF].

Park et al. [START_REF] Park | Determinação da concentração de β-glucano em cogumelos Agaricus blazei Murril por método enzimático[END_REF] compared the amount of β-glucan in mushrooms produced in Brazil (greenhouse and field) and in Japan (greenhouse), concluded that A. blazei cultivated in greenhouses have a lower amount of β-glucan (7.6 ± 2.8g 100g -1 mushroom produced in Japan and 8.4 ± 0.9g 100g -1 mushroom produced in Brazil) than those cultivated in the field (10.1 ± 2.1g 100g -1 mushroom). Zied [START_REF] Zied | ) ss. Heinemann] according of different growing practices and energetics conversions[END_REF] evaluated different cropping practices that influenced the amount of β-glucan in A. subrufescens mushrooms and found a variability of 35.8% of the value of β-glucan influenced by strain and 9.9% of the value of β-glucan influenced by the compound used.

According to the review carried out by Manning [START_REF] Manning | Food value and chemical composition[END_REF] on the chemical composition and nutritional value of cultivated mushrooms, carbohydrates are the main component of mushrooms apart from water, and account for an average of 4.2% of the fresh weight. Among them, glycogen and hemicellulose are the main polysaccharides found in mushrooms; contents of 8.18% (dry weight) of crude hemicellulose have been recorded in A. campestris, markedly lower than those obtained in this work with A. subrufescens (between 17.5 and 22.7%).

Figure 1 .

 1 Figure 1. Environmental variables and crop flushes during the 70 days of cultivation, where: ABL 30, 454, 487 and 454/487 indicates the production of the strains (grams) of harvested mushrooms during the growing period; TA, air temperature; TC, compost temperature; RH, relative humidity and CO 2 , the amount in environment.

  Proceedings of the 7 th International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products (ICMBMP7) 2011 originated from Brazil, corresponding to ATCC 76739, deposited as the original strains of A. blazei Murill used for the development of the cultures. -CA487: wild strain isolated by Jacques Guinberteau in 2006 at Saint-Léon, Gironde, France, on

	-99/30: strain stored in the mycology collection, Mushroom Research Center (FCA/UNESP),
	isolated in Piedade (1999) from a commercial farm of the Atushi Group, São Paulo State
	(Brazil).
	-CA454:
	Section:	421
	Waste conversion, substrates and casing

Table 1 .

 1 Physico-chemical characteristics of three compost types (at end of Phase II).

	Parameter	Compost 1	Compost 2	Compost 3
	pH, 1:5, v/v	7.35	7.24	7.51
	Moisture, g kg -1	678	675	668
	Nitrogen, g kg -1	23.8	21.7	24.7
	Protein, g kg -1	104.2	95.0	108.1
	Ash, g kg -1	245.5	294.5	297.1
	Organic matter, g kg -1	754.5	704.5	702.9
	C/N	18.4	18.8	16.5

Table 2 .

 2 Agronomic performance of four strains of Agaricus subrufescens produced on three different composts. Lowercase letters compare the results on the same line and capital letters compare the results in the same column in the Tukey's test (P≤ 0.05).

	Strain

Table 3 .

 3 Physico-chemical characteristics of mushrooms according to strain and compost type

	Strain		99/30			454			487			454 x 487
	Compost	1	2	3	1	2	3	1	2	3	1	2	3
	Moisture, %	85.3	85.4 84.1	84.7	85.8	85.0	83.0	87.6 88.3 86.1	86.5 86.0
	Protein, %	30.3	32.8 33.3	28.9	30.1	30.5	30.7	26.2 29.0 34.9	33.7 28.6
	Ash, %	5.8	7.0	6.1	6.2	7.1	6.8	6.3	7.1	7.2	6.6	6.3	5.9
	Fiber, %	6.8	6.8	5.6	8.2	7.8	8.1	5.1	6.7	5.1	5.6	6.7	5.1
	Fat, %	0.97	0.86 1.13	0.94	1.04	1.00	0.96	1.71 1.66 1.26	1.18 1.52
	N-free	56.0 52.3	53.7	55.5	53.8	54.0	56.8	58.1 56.8 51.5	51.8 58.7
	extracts, %
	Hemicellulos	19.1	19.6 17.5	21.5	17.2	19.0	21.0	22.7 21.4 18.8	18.1 20.6
	e, %
	Cellulose, %	6.6	6.8	6.9	6.2	8.9	7.0	5.7	3.8	4.5	7.1	7.7	6.9

, ppm

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES -No. 1184/09-1), the Consejería de Agricultura de Castilla-La Mancha and the Diputación Provincial de Cuenca (Spain). We acknowledge research funding from the Bureau des Ressources Génétiques (BRG), France, project 2007-2008 n°51.

Section: Waste conversion, substrates and casing Section: Waste conversion, substrates and casing

426

CONCLUSIONS

Despite the observed differences between composts, the best composting process for the cultivation of A. subrufescens is still unknown, requiring further research with management approaches, methods and formulations to be used for the commercial production of a selective substrate. The intercontinental hybrid resulted in an increase in the weight of basidiocarps, while still maintaining high yield close to its better parent. Breeding programs for improving mushroom quality and yield of A. subrufescens are worth being developed.

Section: Waste conversion, substrates and casing


Laura Kallmeyer

Timm Lichte
email: timm.lichte@uni-tuebingen.de

Wolfgang Maier

Yannick Parmentier

Johannes Dellert
email: jdellert@sfs.uni-tuebingen.de

Sfb 441

Developing a TT-MCTAG for German with an RCG-based Parser

Keywords: vergisst vergessen [pos=v, num=sg, per=3] Lemma specification SEM: BinaryRel[pred=vergessen]

des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Introduction

Among existing grammatical formalisms, tree-adjoining grammar (TAG) [START_REF] Aravind | Tree-adjoining grammars[END_REF] distinguishes itself by its expressivity, which lies beyond context-free grammar, and its nice computational properties (e.g. polynomial parsing time complexity). It has been used for implementing a large-scale grammar of English (XTAG Research Group, 2001), as well as grammars for French, Chinese and Korean. However, the creation of a grammar resource for German within a TAG framework poses a challenge, mainly due to frequently occurring scrambling phenomena in German. The purpose of this paper is to present an architecture for the development of a German TAG-based grammar, specifically taking care of the difficulties introduced by that language. The architecture relies on a TAG-based grammar formalism and includes a metagrammar compiler and a parsing system to respectively ensure the grammar consistency, and the grammar correctness. The TAG-based formalism chosen for describing German is multicomponent tree-adjoining grammar with tree tuples (TT-MCTAG) [START_REF] Timm Lichte | An MCTAG with tuples for coherent constructions in German[END_REF]. The metagrammar environment used is XMG [START_REF] Duchier | The Metagrammar Compiler: An NLP Application with a Multi-paradigm Architecture[END_REF], and the parser for TT-MCTAG the TuLiPA system 1 , whose core component is a parser for range concatenation grammar (RCG) [START_REF] Boullier | Range concatenation grammars[END_REF]. The paper is structured as follows. In section 2., we introduce the TT-MCTAG formalism highlighting its adequacy for describing German. Then, in section 3. we briefly introduce the XMG metagrammar environment and its use for developing electronic tree-based grammars. In section 4., we present the ideas underlying the TuLiPA parsing environment, namely the use of RCG as a pivot formalism, opening the way to parsing mildly context-sensitive formalisms in general and TT-MCTAG in particular. Then, in section 5., we present the German grammar under development and give some prospects. Finally (section 6.), we compare our approach with existing work. 1 See http://www.sfb441.uni-tuebingen.de/ emmy/tulipa.

TT-MCTAG: A Grammar Formalism for German

As underlying grammar formalism for our German grammar, we make use of an extension of tree-adjoining grammar (TAG) (Joshi and Schabes, 1997), a tree-rewriting formalism. Roughly put, a TAG consists of a set of elementary trees that can be combined using two operations: substitution (replacement of frontier nodes) and adjunction (replacement of inner nodes). Besides the derived tree, TAG generates a second structure, the derivation tree, that encodes the way the derived tree was obtained. More specifically, the derivation tree contains one node for each elementary tree used during the derivation and one edge for each adjunction/substitution. While a rather pure TAG could be used within the XTAG system for English, German, due to its rather free word order, is known to resist a satisfying analysis based on the expressive power of TAG alone. To overcome this, extensions of TAG with multiple components (MCTAG) have been proposed, among which multicomponent TAG with tree tuples (TT-MCTAG) (Lichte, 2007) has been chosen for TuLiPA.

In TT-MCTAG, elementary structures are made of tuples of the form α, {β 1 , ..., β n } , where α, β 1 , ..., β n are elementary trees in terms of TAG. During derivation, the β-trees have to attach to the α-tree, either directly or indirectly via node sharing. Roughly speaking, node sharing terms an extended locality that allows β-trees to also adjoin to the root of trees that either adjoin to α themselves, or that are again in a node sharing relation to α. In other words, an argument must be linked to a tree adjoining to its head by a chain of root adjunctions. We further restrict TT-MCTAG, such that at each point of the derivation the number of pending β-trees is at most k. This subclass is also called k-TT-MCTAG. TT-MCTAG in general are NP-complete [START_REF] Søgaard | The complexity of linguistically motivated extensions of tree-adjoining grammar[END_REF] while k-TT-MCTAG are mildly context-sensitive [START_REF] Kallmeyer | On the relation between Multicomponent Tree Adjoining Grammars with Tree Tuples (TT-MCTAG) and Range Concatenation Grammars (RCG)[END_REF].

As shown in Lichte ( 2007), TT-MCTAG is suitable for analyzing free word order phenomena in German, such as scrambling and coherent constructions. The linguistic understanding of a tuple is that of a head (the α-tree) and its subcategorization frame (the β-trees). As an example see the tuple for vergisst ('forgets') in Figure 1, which shows the derivation tree for the word order in (1)a.

( It indicates that, starting from the vergisst head tree, the adverbial heute ('today') first adjoins to the root address (Gorn address 0), then the accusative argument tree adjoins to the root of the adverbial, and then the nominative argument tree to the root of the accusative tree. Each argument is linked by a chain of root adjunctions to heute which adjoins to the head. While TT-MCTAG provides satisfying descriptive means to cope with free word order phenomena in German, it is not obvious how to implement a TT-MCTAG of a wide lexical coverage. We use the means of factorization provided by the metagrammar environment XMG, presented in the next section.

Using a Metagrammar Formalism for Grammar Implementation

The development of large linguistic resources, especially grammars, is known to be a complex task [START_REF] Erbach | Grammar engineering: Problems and prospects -Report on the Saarbrücken Grammar Engineering Workshop[END_REF]). On top of being time-consuming, grammar engineering has to deal with consistency and maintenance issues. Indeed, when the grammar reaches a certain size in terms of number of rules, it is hard (if not impossible) to guarantee the consistency between these. Furthermore, a modification of some information included in the rules may lead to the modification of a substantial part of the grammar. To avoid these problems, several techniques have been proposed, including the metagrammar approach.

The idea underlying metagrammars is that the rules composing a grammar follow some linguistic invariants 2 , and that one should be able to automatically produce the grammar from a linguistic description of these invariants.

For our grammar implementation, we are using the eXtensible MetaGrammar (XMG) environment, which offers an expressive language for describing tree-based grammars (namely TAG, MCTAG and Interaction Grammars), along with a Warren Abstract Machine-based implementation [START_REF] Duchier | The Metagrammar Compiler: An NLP Application with a Multi-paradigm Architecture[END_REF]. XMG allows to factorize the description of single trees in the grammar into different pieces, each describing a tree fragment that can be used in different contexts to combine with other fragments to form actual elementary trees. This compact way to describe a tree-based grammar allows to avoid redundancies and thereby helps to guarantee consistency.

The XMG language provides the metagrammar designer 2 E.g. a transitive verb uses a subject and an object in an active form.

with two levels of description3 :

• a tree description language allowing one to define tree fragments using the logic described in [START_REF] Rogers | Reasoning with descriptions of trees[END_REF],

• a combination language allowing to combine tree fragments either conjunctively or disjunctively (the latter making it possible to define alternative syntactic structures, e.g. active / passive).

As an illustration of a metagrammatical description, consider the tree fragments associated respectively with a canonical subject, a relativized subject, an active verbal morphology and a canonical subject, as depicted in Figure 2. These fragments are combined via the following rule:

T ransitive → (SubjectCan ∨ SubjectRel) ∧ Active ∧ ObjectCan
The result of this combination is the production of two trees of a TAG, namely the tree associated with transitive verbs having a canonical object and either a canonical or a relativized subject.

From this example, it is worth noticing that the metagrammar does not actually describe lexicalized trees, but tree schemata as introduced in the XTAG grammar (XTAG Research Group, 2001). A tree schema is a tree where one leaf node is marked with ⋄ and referred to as the anchor node, i.e. the node that will receive the lexical item. Thus, tree schemata are abstractions over lexicalized trees. They correspond to tree structures that are common to words sharing specific properties such as valency and syntactic category. Furthermore, the trees are gathered into families (for verbs, a family corresponds to a subcategorization frame). This tree gathering makes it easier to define the associations between words and tree schematas. These associations are defined within a 2-layer lexicon. First, one defines a morphological lexicon mapping words with lemmas and morphological features (e.g. gender). Secondly, one defines a syntactic lexicon mapping lemmas with tree families and syntactic features (e.g. reflexivity of a verb).

The parser is thus given a grammar made of tree schemata, plus this 2-layer lexicon as an input, and realizes the tree anchoring prior to parsing. The conceptual interest of handling tree schemata instead of lexicalized trees lies in the abstraction theses schemata provide, and its practical interest lies in the reduction of redundancy. An example of entries of morphological and syntactic lexica are given in section 5.

In the context of the implementation of an MCTAG for German, XMG has been extended to describe not only trees but also sets of trees [START_REF] Parmentier | XMG: eXtending Meta-Grammars to MCTAG[END_REF]. This extension lies in the interpretation of node variables that do not have any ancestor (the so-called local roots). When dealing with descriptions of trees, one has to make sure that the models are actual trees, i.e. that there is a unique root. Thus, if the description contains several local roots, all possible node identifications are computed in order to obtain a tree model. When dealing with descriptions of sets of trees, this unique root constraint has no longer to be enforced. In other terms, if a description formula contains two node variables for which there is no ancestor and provided this formula has a model, this model is a set made of two trees. Note that the notion of family still exists in this case, but now refers to sets of sets of trees, where a given set contains only one tree with an anchor.

                  S N V (SubjectCan) ∨ N N S N V (SubjectRel)                   ∧ S V⋄ (Active) ∧ S V N (ObjectCan) ;                            S N V N ; N N S N V N                           

Parsing of TT-MCTAG

In the previous section, we introduced the XMG environment allowing the linguist to define a factorized description of a grammar capturing its redundancy. In this section, we present a parsing architecture supporting TT-MCTAG, which makes it possible to check the correction and coverage of the grammar. Note that prior to this work, there was no parser available for TT-MCTAG. We thus designed and implemented a parser for this formalism, using RCG as a pivot formalism. In this context, parsing is done as follows. First a subgrammar is selected according to the input sentence. This subgrammar is then converted into an RCG, used to parse the input sentence. The result of parsing is an RCG derivation forest4 , that is interpreted to extract a TT-MCTAG derivation forest. The derivation / derived trees are finally extracted from the TT-MCTAG forest and additional processings are performed (e.g. extraction of dependency views and computation of semantic representations). Section 4.1. introduces the specific TT-MCTAG to RCG conversion algorithm and section 4.2. presents the architecture of the TuLiPA parser relying on this algorithm.

Using RCG as a pivot formalism

In order to parse TT-MCTAG, we first construct an equivalent simple range concatenation grammar and then use this RCG for parsing. The advantage of this approach is that the architecture becomes more modular and parts of it (in particular, the RCG parser) can be reused for parsing other mildly context-sensitive formalisms.

A RCG is a tuple G = N, T, V, S, P such that a) N is an alphabet of predicates of fixed arities; b) T and V are disjoint alphabets of terminals and of variables; c) S ∈ N is the start predicate (of arity 1) and d) P is a finite set of clauses A 0 (x 01 , . . . , x 0a0 ) → ǫ, or A 0 (x 01 , . . . , x 0a0 ) → A 1 (x 11 , . . . , x 1a1 ) . . . A n (x n1 , . . . , x nan ) with n ≥ 1 and

A i ∈ N, x ij ∈ (T ∪ V ) * and a i being the arity of A i .
When applying a clause with respect to a string w = t 1 . . . t n , the arguments in the clause are instantiated with substrings of w, more precisely with the corresponding ranges. 5 The instantiation of a clause maps all occurrences of a t ∈ T in the clause to an occurrence of a t in w and consecutive elements in a clause argument are mapped to consecutive ranges.

If a clause has an instantiation wrt w, then, in one derivation step, the left-hand side of this instantiation can be replaced with its right-hand side. The language of an RCG G is 6 L(G) = {w | S( 0, |w| ) * ⇒ ǫ wrt w}. As an illustration of RCG derivation, see Figure 3. The construction of an RCG for a given k-TT-MCTAG is similar to the RCG construction for TAG [START_REF] Boullier | On TAG and Multicomponent TAG parsing[END_REF]. The general idea of the latter is as follows: the RCG con-5 A range i, j with 0 ≤ i < j ≤ n corresponds to the substring between positions i and j, i.e., to ti+1 . . . tj.

6 ⇒ refers to the derivation operation, and * ⇒ to its reflexive transitive closure.

RCG:

G = {S, A, B}, {a, b}, {X, Y, Z}, S, P S(X Y Z) → A(X, Z) B(Y ), A(a X, a Y ) → A(X, Y ), B(b X) → B(X), A(ǫ, ǫ) → ǫ, B(ǫ) → ǫ. Input: w = aabaa. Derivation: S(XY Z)→A(X,Z)B(Y )
0, 2 2, 3 3, 5 0, 2 3, 5 2, 3 aa b aa aa aa b yields S( 0, 5 ) ⇒ A( 0, 2 , 3, 5 )B( 2, 3 ). B(bX)→B(X)

and

B(ǫ) → ǫ 2, 3 3, 3 3, 3 b ǫ ǫ yield A( 0, 2 , 3, 5 )B( 2, 3 ) ⇒ A( 0, 2 , 3, 5 )B( 3, 3 ) ⇒ A( 0, 2 , 3, 5 ). A(aXaY )→ A(X,Y ) 0, 1 1, 2 3, 4 4, 5 1, 2 4, 5 a a a a a a yields A( 0, 2 , 3, 5 ) ⇒ A( 1, 2 , 4, 5 ). A(aXaY )→ A(X,Y ) and A(ǫ, ǫ) → ǫ 1, 2 2, 2 4, 5 5, 5 2, 2 5, 5 a ǫ a ǫ ǫ ǫ yield A( 1, 2 , 4, 5 ) ⇒ A( 2, 2 , 5, 5 ) ⇒ ǫ
Figure 3: Sample RCG tains predicates α (X) and β (L, R) for initial and auxiliary trees respectively. X covers the yield of α and all trees added to α, while L and R cover those parts of the yield of β (including all trees added to β) that are to the left and the right of the foot node of β. The clauses in the RCG reduce the argument(s) of these predicates by identifying those parts that come from the elementary tree α/β itself and those parts that come from one of the elementary trees added by substitution or adjunction. Each TT-MCTAG derivation is a TAG derivation since it composes elementary trees using adjunction and substitution. In the RCG we construct for a TT-MCTAG, there are predicates γ for the elementary trees (not the tree sets). The yield of γ contains not only γ and its arguments but also arguments of predicates that are higher in the derivation tree and that are adjoined below γ via node sharing. In order to keep track of the higher arguments still waiting for adjunction, we enrich the predicate names with the "list of pending arguments" (LPA). This leads to an RCG of arity 2 with complex predicate names. In order to keep the number of necessary predicates finite, the limit k is crucial, since k gives us the maximal LPA length. In addition to the γ . . . predicates we also use branching predicates adj . . . and sub . . . that take care of the adjunctions/substitutions possible at a given node. As an example see the TT-MCTAG tuples for (2) and some of the equivalent RCG clauses in Figure 4.

(2) ... dass es der Mechaniker zu reparieren verspricht ... that it the mechanic to repair promises '... that the mechanic promises to repair it'

The first clause states that, starting from the initial tree α rep for reparieren, we can decompose its yield into the left part of a root-adjoining tree, followed by zu reparieren, followed by the right part of a root adjoining tree. The predicate adj, α rep , 0, {β acc } is reponsable for computing the possible root (position 0) adjunctions in α rep . β acc is added to the set representing the LPA since we have to keep track of the fact that it needs to be adjoined at some point. The clauses for the adj, α rep , 0, {β acc } predicate tell us that we can either adjoin β acc (while removing it from the LPA) or we can adjoin a new head tree, β v of verspricht while keeping β acc on the LPA. Note that with this construction, the grouping into sets gets lost. However, in our parser, the transformation is done only for the small set of tree sets selected for the input sentence. Additionally, whenever an input symbol occurs twice, we use two different occurrences of the same set having different identifiers. This way, we can identify trees belonging to the same set by searching for the same tree set identifier. The conversion process is described in detail in [START_REF] Kallmeyer | On the relation between Multicomponent Tree Adjoining Grammars with Tree Tuples (TT-MCTAG) and Range Concatenation Grammars (RCG)[END_REF].

TuLiPA: An RCG-based parser

The TuLiPA system includes the following components:

• a TT-MCTAG-to-RCG converter (as introduced in the previous section),

• an RCG parser producing an RCG derivation forest,

• an RCG derivation forest interpreter producing a TT-MCTAG derivation forest,

• a TT-MCTAG derivation forest processor building derivation and derived trees, extracting dependency views and computing semantic representations.

RCG parsing

The RCG parsing is done using an algorithm derived from that of [START_REF] Boullier | Range concatenation grammars[END_REF]. The recognizer corresponds to the original algorithm, while for parsing, several additions have been made to ensure the correctness of the output7 . In TuLiPA's RCG parser, the clause instantiations occurring during parsing are tabulated so that once ǫ is derived (i.e. successful parse), an RCG derivation forest can be straightforwardly extracted from the table of clause instantiations (see Figure 5).

RCG derivation forest interpreter

After the completion of RCG parsing, the TT-MCTAG derivation forest is extracted from the successfully instantiated clauses. Remember that the RCG clauses represent the adjunctions and substitutions that may occur on a node during the TAG derivation. To extract the forest, we look at the left and righthand-sides of each clause. These give respectively the site and inserted tree, see Figure 6 for an example of clause interpretation.

Note that both the RCG and TT-MCTAG derivation forests correspond to AND-OR graphs. This follows the results of [START_REF] Sylvie | The structure of shared forests in ambiguous parsing[END_REF]. Mechaniker NP acc ← argument of reparieren 1 es Some clauses of the equivalent RCG:

α rep , ∅ (L zu reparieren R) → adj, α rep , 0, {β acc } (L, R) adj, α rep , 0, {β acc } (L, R) → β acc , ∅ (L, R) | β v , {β acc } (L, R) β acc , ∅ (L X, R) → adj, β acc , 0, ∅ (L, R) sub, β acc , 1 (X) sub, β acc , 1 (X) → α es , ∅ (X) α es , ∅ (es) → ǫ β v , {β acc } (L, verspricht R) → adj, β v , 0, {β nom , β acc } (L, R) . . .
C 0 S(XY Z) → A(X, Y )B(Z) S(aab) C 1 A(aX, aY ) → A(X, Y ) C 2 A(aX, aY ) → B(X)B(Y ) A(a, a) B(b) C 3 B(ǫ) → ǫ C 4 B(b) → ǫ A(ǫ, ǫ) B(ǫ) B(ǫ) ǫ C 5 A(ǫ, ǫ) → ǫ ǫ ǫ ǫ
RCG derivation forest: TT-MCTAG derivation forest processor Eventually, several post-processing steps are applied to the TT-MCTAG derivation forest. The first of these expands the forest in order to compute the derivation and derived trees. Recall that the forest contains all derivation steps (that is, the forest corresponds to a directed acyclic graph). It is thus possible to extract all derivation trees it encodes by traversing the graph. For each extracted derivation tree, we can compute the corresponding derived tree.

C 0 (X := a, Y := a, Z := b) → ( C 1 (X := ǫ, Y := ǫ) ∨ C 2 (X := ǫ, Y := ǫ) ) ∧ C 4 C 1 (X := ǫ, Y := ǫ) → C 5 C 2 (X := ǫ, Y := ǫ) → C 3 ∧ C 3
The other post-processing steps of the derivation forest8 correspond to (i) the extraction of dependency views, and (ii) the computation of semantic representations. Concerning (i), the idea is to interpret the relation between the head and the arguments of each tuple used within a parse in terms of dependencies9 . Concerning (ii), TuLiPA has been extended to support semantically annotated TT-MCTAG. The syntax / semantics interface adopted is the one of [START_REF] Gardent | Semantic construction in FTAG[END_REF]. In this interface, each syntactic tree is associated with a predicative semantic formula, whose arguments are unification variables. These variables are co-indexed with features labelling specific nodes of the syntactic tree. The unifications occurring during derivation bind the semantic arguments referring to the same entities together, thus realizing the semantic composition. To integrate this semantic processing within TuLiPA, the only modifications needed were (a) the extension of the internal representation of tree sets to include semantic formulas and (b) the update of these formulas while the derived tree are computed.

Availability of the system

TuLiPA is written in Java and released at http://www.sfb441. uni-tuebingen.de/emmy/tulipa under a GNU General Public License. TuLiPA's main features include:

• a relatively easy installation procedure (the only requirement is the GecodeJ 10 library),

• two interfaces, an intuitive graphical one, and a textbased one,

• an output graphical interface displaying the result of parsing (namely derivation tree, derived tree and flat semantic representations),

• an XML export of the parsing result, allowing for the integration of TuLiPA within an NLP processing chain,

• the possibility to use an external Part-Of-Speech tagger (namely the TreeTagger developed at the University of Stuttgart),

• the possibility to parse either tree-based grammars, or RCGs directly.

The German TT-MCTAG: Current State and Prospects

After having sketched both the grammar formalism and the implementation framework, i.e. rather formal aspects, in this section, we are turning to a presentation of the linguistic ressources we are aiming at. This includes two dimensions, namely (1) the extend of the syntactic coverage of the grammar and (2) the strategies to expand the lexicon. As this subpart contains still ongoing work, many details inevitably are of a prospective and preliminary nature.

Syntactic coverage

In our implementation framework, covering syntactic phenomena means specifying appropriate tree (tuple) families lacking an anchor, i.e. a lexical terminal. The respective specification is carried out using the XMG description language and the XMG compiler (see section 3.). So far, we have implemented (amongst others) free word order phenomena such as scrambling, coherent constructions and verbal clustering. Furthermore, so-called extraction phenomena found in relative clauses, wh-questions and bridging constructions are accounted for. Thanks to TT-MCTAG, factorization from the many possible word orders in German syntax is already supported by the grammar formalism, such that one tree tuple can license several derived structures. To give an example, one tree tuple for each finite verb is sufficient to license most of the extraction phenomena, and scrambling therein. Having this highly factorized description due to the metagrammar and the grammar formalism is not an end in itself, however. Eventually, the concise, but surface-abstracted account for complementation relieves the lexicon. While the above mentioned phenomena are satisfactorily covered, there turned out to be (well-known) hard nuts such as partial fronting, extraposition, and ellipsis. We hope to include them as well in the future, at least to a certain degree.

For evaluation of the syntactic coverage of the grammar, we will make use of the TSNLP-testsuite for German [START_REF] Lehmann | TSNLP -Test Suites for Natural Language Processing[END_REF]. Therefore, a handcrafted lexicon is presently being set up.

Lexical coverage As mentioned in section 3., the lexicon is 2-layered: a morphological lexicon maps an (inflected) token to some lemma form, while preserving morphological information in a feature structure; a lemma lexicon basically maps the lemmata onto tree tuple families, while also performing case assignment. Fig. 7 contains the respective entries for the finite verb vergisst ('forgets'). The morphological entry consists of the following columns, separated by tabulation: token × lemma × morphological features. The lemma specification is build up by a fixed set of features, of which the most important ones are * ENTRY (= the lemma), * CAT (= the POS-tag), and * FAM (= the tree family as predefined in XMG). Case assignment can be specified in * EQUATIONS, where in this example NParg1 is a defined label of some node in the tree tuples of the specified tree tuple family.

Since German shows rich inflection, this approach helps to reduce redundancies in the lexicon. In sum the lexicon incorporates at least the following information for each token-lemma combination: lemmatization, morphological features, valency information, and the POS-tag. We also started to feed the lexicon with semantic information (see * SEM).

When creating the lexicon, we first manually record lexically rather closed classes such as pronouns, determiners and prepositions for the sake of correctness and completeness. Since much of the inflectional information is contributed by these functional items in German, this is advisable. However, in order to obtain a rich lexicon also with respect to lexically rather open classes such as nouns, adjectives and verbs, already existing resources need to be combined without much modification. The combination of several ressources is necessary, since no ressource is known to us, that offers all the mentioned lexical information:

• morphological information: NEGRA corpus11

• lemmatization and POS-tags: TüPP-D/Z12

• valency information: subcategorization frames from Schulte im Walde (2002)

Comparable Work

The German TT-MCTAG for the TuLiPA system is currently under development. However, the already existing fragment reveals interesting differences to other grammar projects from the TAG-realm.

XTAG

The XTAG grammar for English (XTAG Research Group, 2001) uses plain TAG, enhanced with feature structures. Covering a wide range of syntactic structures and bringing along a rich lexicon, it is a well developed exemplar. Its implementation framework, however, is different from our one, not only because of the unlike grammar formalisms. XTAG does not use a metagrammar such as XMG for the description of its tree families. It does, however, possess a 2-layered lexicon (Morph Database and Syntactic Database), that divides the task similarly. Part of the evaluation is also performed on the (English) TSNLP-data.

Remains to say, that XTAG does not offer a semantic dimension.

While we cannot compare performance and coverage yet, there are some differences with respect to linguistic design, that are worth mentioning.

1. In contrast to XTAG, we completely omit empty categories (e.g. traces, PRO) in syntactic description. This follows from rejecting a base word order for German, as well as dealing with argument raising and control only in the semantics.

2. Prepositional complements are not encoded via coanchoring as in XTAG. Instead, prepositions are seen as nouns that display a special case feature, that the verb sub-categorizes for.

3. In XTAG, extraction phenomena such as relative clauses and wh-questions require separate elementary structures. This is not the case in TuLiPA thanks to a higher degree of factorization in our tree sets compared to standard TAG.

French TAG In his thesis, Benoit Crabbé (Crabbé, 2005b) designed a French TAG of considerable syntactic coverage using the XMG framwork. As in XTAG, a plain TAG with feature structures was used. The grammar was also successfully evaluated against the TSNLP-dataset for which a suitable lexicon was implemented. Other than in XTAG, there is also a semantic extension available [START_REF] Gardent | Intégration d'une dimension sémantique dans les grammaires d'arbres adjoints[END_REF].

Conclusion

In this paper, we have presented an architecture for implementing a TAG-based grammar fragment for German. Because of the limitation of standard TAG, we had to choose a multicomponent TAG variant, TT-MCTAG, as grammar formalism. TT-MCTAG has been argued to be suitable for modelling free word order phenomena. With some additional constraint, the formalism is mildly context-sensitive.

For grammar development, we use a meta-formalism, XMG, that allows a compact grammar representation and enables us to avoid the redundancies that are one of the major problems of grammar implementation. We had to extend XMG to allow for the description of multicomponent TAG.

In order to do parsing with our variant of TAG, we had to develop a new parser. Here we chose an RCG-based parsing architecture that is intended to cover different mildly context-sensitive formalisms (so far we can parse TAG, TT-MCTAG and of course RCG). The central idea of our parser is that RCG is used as a pivot formalism, i.e., some input grammar is transformed into a RCG which is then used for parsing. [START_REF] Søgaard | Complexity, expressivity and logic of linguistic theories[END_REF] has described transformations into RCG for a range of other formalisms. These might be included into the TuLiPA parsing system in the future.

For TAG and TT-MCTAG, our parser computes both, syntax and semantics. Here we follow the approach of [START_REF] Gardent | Semantic construction in FTAG[END_REF] that links flat semantic representations to the elementary trees while exploiting the TAG feature unifications for semantic computation. Finally, we presented a German TT-MCTAG-based grammar, that is currently being developed and lexically expanded using the described implementation framework. By now, it already covers a wide range of challenging syntactic phenomena such as free word order and extraction. In the near future, both the grammar and the lexicon are going to be published under GPL. We want to emphasize that TuLiPA is not only a parsing architecture useful in the context of TT-MCTAG grammar implementation but it is also one of the first TAG parsers including syntax and semantics. Due to its graphical interface and the various output formats, it helps to increase the transparency and modularity of TAG grammar development. Thanks to these features, it is already at the current state a very useful tool for understanding fundamental TAG principles and therefore can in particularly be successfully used for teaching purposes.

Figure 1 :

 1 Figure 1: Tree tuples for (1)a

Figure 2 :

 2 Figure 2: Combination of tree fragments within a metagrammatical description.

Figure 4 :

 4 Figure 4: TT-MCTAG analysis of (2) and parts of the equivalent RCG RCG Grammar: RCG Derivation wrt aab:

Figure 5 :;Figure 6 :

 56 Figure 5: RCG derivation and corresponding derivation forest.

Figure 7 :

 7 Figure 7: Morphological and lemma specification of vergisst.

For more details about the XMG language and its use for grammar development, see Crabbé (2005a).

A derivation forest is a shared representation of all parses for a given sentence.

The original algorithm includes in the output non-valid subderivations.

More precisely of eeach extracted derivation tree.

These dependencies are displayed using the DTool processor, with courtesy of Marco Kuhlmann.

http://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/ projects/sfb378/negra-corpus/negra-corpus. html

http://www.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/en_ tuepp.shtml