Francis Fleurat-Lessard

Jean-Michel Savoie

Florence Richard-Forget

Christian Barreau

Nadia Ponts

Vessela Atanasova-Penichon

Laetitia Pinson-Gadais

Véronique Pronier

Thierry Gibard

Marie-France Neveux

Corine Grimaldi

Christos Athanassiou

Maria Otilia Carvalho

Shlomo Navarro

George Opit

Catherine Regnault-Roger

Matthias Schöller

Vaclav Stejskal

Phyllis Weintraub

S Savoldelli

Ali A Isikber

H K Tofel

R Guruprasad

Cornel Adler

Matthias Schoeller

Bh Subramanyam

A A Hameed

Canadas Pedraza

De Paredes

Weichel L Birner
email: erich.birner@basf.com

and by-products

Keywords: 20 Suppression of Plodia interpunctella moth population by mating disruption Cephalonomia tarsalis control Integrated pest management, food industry, monitoring, insecticides. Session 1: Recent advances in IPSP and current trends in post-harvest Metal bin, grain, insects, molds, remote monitoring, phosphine recycling, fumigation, liquid insecticides 3 -Carifend™: an alternative method remote monitoring, phosphine recycling, fumigation, liquid insecticides Stored tobacco, insect, IPM, Carifend™, tobacco quality

and Food Safety" of the INRA Research Centre of Bordeaux-Aquitaine.

This scientific meeting, held every two years, under the auspices of the International Organization for Biological and integrated Control (IOBC), regularly brings together scientists, engineers, industry players, stakeholders and professionals in post-harvest agrofood chain sanitation quality and safety to report the state of progress in applied research in stored product integrated protection. The socio-economic reality of increasing safety and quality traceability concern by foodstuffs purchasers, processed food manufacturers, food supply chains, consumer demand, and the application of recent European Regulations of "Hygiene package" and "Pesticide package" in all food chains accelerate the need for greater production of applied research results. The real challenge of developing new approaches and the application of necessary changes in current programs of integrated pest management in food processing plants and in stored products is impeded by a global reduction of human and material resources available for research and development on pests and pathogens contamination of durable agricultural products and derived food products.

Regardless of this critical situation, the 9th IPSP 2013 Conference is meeting the challenge for the transition towards an efficient control of post-harvest pests and pathogens with both the limitation chemical use and the improvement of risk control of infestation or contamination of durable foods by insect pests, molds or their impurities and toxins. At IPSP 2013 Conference, the optimal solutions for tackling this difficult challenge will be presented through 90 communications comprising the scientific program. Their authors come from more than 25 countries, confirming the interest of the international scientific community for this IPSP Conference.

The Local Organizing Committee of IPSP 2013 wishes to thank all the contributors making this Conference intriguing and relevant. We are grateful to IOBC and INRA for their advice and support for the organisation. We really appreciate the financial support of our sponsors and organizations and wish to thank the Scientific Advisory Committee for their advice in building the scientific program of this Conference. Thank you also to all the authors of communications for making the work of the Organizing Committee possible.

Avant-propos

La 9 ème Conference OILB-SROP sur la Protection Intégrée des Produits stockés (PIPS) est organisée pour la 1 ère fois par l'U.R. INRA "Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments" (MycSA) du Centre INRA de Bordeaux-Aquitaine.

Cette Conférence biennale, placée sous les auspices de l'Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique et Intégrée (OILB), regroupe des scientifiques, ingénieurs, acteurs économiques et professionnels du monde entier intéressés par la maîtrise de qualité et la sécurité sanitaire dans les chaînes alimentaires post-récolte et pour faire l'état d'avancement de la recherche appliquée en Protection Intégrée des Produits stockés. Dans le contexte socio-économique actuel, la sécurité sanitaire et la traçabilité sont prioritairement exigées par les traders de produits alimentaires, les entreprises de transformations, les distributeurs ou les consommateurs. L'application des récents règlements européens du "paquet hygiène" et du "paquet pesticide" dans toutes les chaînes alimentaires accélère les besoins en résultats de recherche. Le challenge à relever consiste à développer de nouvelles approches et applications pratiques de solutions innovantes en protection intégrée contre les ravageurs et les contaminations des chaînes alimentaires après récolte. Cet objectif est contrecarré par la diminution constante du nombre de chercheurs qui se consacrent à ce domaine de recherche dans le monde. Toutefois, la 9 ème Conférence PIPS 2013 contribue à relever ce challenge de la transition vers une maitrise des ravageurs, agents pathogènes ou contaminants des denrées aprèsrécolte en limitant l'utilisation des pesticides tout en améliorant la prévision et la maîtrise des risques d'infestation ou de contamination des produits alimentaires durables par leurs impuretés ou leurs toxines. Pour la Conférence PIPS 2013, 90 communications ont été présentées pour contribuer à relever ce challenge. Leurs auteurs sont issus de plus de 25 pays différents, ce qui confirme l'intérêt de la communauté scientifique internationale pour cette thématique de la protection intégrée. Abstract: Acoustic detection of stored grain insects is based on their ability to generate sound (by feeding, flying, moving, probing for oviposition etc). In recent decades, acoustic devices of various kinds have been marketed for commodity inspection. The efficacy of acoustic devices in detecting the insects hidden inside the grain mass depends on many factors such as the sensor type, substrate structure, the interface between sensor and substrate, the assessment duration, the size and behavior of the insect, the density of the infestation, and the distance between the insects and the sensors. During the present study, adults and larvae of the most common pests of stored wheat have been detected in varying population density (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 10 & 50 per kg of wheat). Acoustic emissions of adults of Sitophilus oryzae, Rhyzopertha dominica, Tribolium confusum, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Trogoderma granarium, Cryptolestes ferruginneus and Lasioderma serricorne and larvae of T. confusum, T. granarium, Ephestia kuehniella and Plodia interpunctella were recorded. The acoustic detector system consisted of a piezoelectric sensor mounted on the end of a probe that was pushed into the grain and a portable acoustic emission amplifier (AED-2010L, Acoustic Emission Consulting, Inc.) connected with a computer. All sound recordings took place in the lab using a sound insulated box in order to dampen background sound. Each recording lasted 3 minutes and was replicated 10 times. The system was 100% precise in negative predictions (predicting the absence of a pest when none is present) and considerably successful in positive predictions (predicting the presence of the pest when at least one individual is present in the grain mass). More analytically, prediction for infestation was rated falsely negative in 50-70%, 30-60%, 0-20% and 0-10% when actual population density was 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2 adults / kg, respectively, irrespective of pest species. Respective values for larvae were 60-70%, 30-60, 0-40% and 0-30%. The system was always successful in detecting infestation when population density was > 2 individuals / kg irrespective of pest species or developmental stage. Our results are discussed on the basis of enhancing the use of acoustic devices as detection tools in storage facilities.

Le

List of posters

Keywords: Acoustic detection, stored wheat, piezoelectric sensor, sound analysis.

-The use of bio-test in the disinfestation of food industries

Abstract type: Poster Süss L.1 , Cassani S. 2 & Gallizia F. 1

Abstract: The proper use of bio-test in food industries, in the case of treatments with use of sulphuryl fluoride or hot air, is essential for assessing the results obtained.

In 2012 were given to several Pest Control Companies n. 490 bio-tests. Two special containers were prepared: one sized cm 7 x 5 x 4 h for placement on floors or in the crevices and the other, of sized cm 6 x 6 x 7 h to be hanged at different heights in empty silos. The treatments were carried out in mills and food industries. The species employed in the bio-tests were Tribolium confusum (stage egg, larvae, pupa, adult or mix population), Ephestia kuehniella (eggs and larvae), Plodia interpunctella (eggs and larvae), Sitophilus oryzae (adults and a mix population of eggs, larvae and pupae in rice) and Lasioderma serricorne (adults and a mix population of eggs, larvae and pupae in biscuits). Detailed operational guidelines were provided. Three TNT bio-test for controlling the pre-treatment mortality were also prepared for each group of bio-test at any treatment; one of the three to be kept in the laboratory and two others to be transported together with the Bio-test submitted to treatments. All the insects of any stage placed in the TNT-Bio-test resulted fully alive. Overall complete mortality occurred in 368 of 387 total, while in 19 cases survival was recorded. Obviously, at some points of the work processes have not been reached the desired saturation of sulphuryl fluoride at the temperature of hot air required to achieve a complete mortality. In these few cases and few sites localized treatments with pesticides became indispensable.

Keywords: bio-test, hot air, sulphuryl fluoride, food industries

-Sitophilus zeamais: water balance and behavior

Abstract type: Poster

Guedes N.M.P. These mechanisms for survival under conditions of water stress have been studied in several species. Despite its importance in stored grains there has been no study on the water balance in S. zeamais. Thus, this work aims to assess the water balance and aggregation behavior in pyrethroid resistant (with and without associated fitness cost) and susceptible strains, seeking to understand their potential. Our objective was to compare female and male adults of susceptible and resistant strains observing: (1) the moisture necessary for the survival;

(2) differences in longevity (this response may be due to a balance of water in particular) and if these results may be related to insecticide resistance (and associated fitness costs); and also (4) if the aggregation behavior of this species could regulate water loss through the formation of groups of insects. The results indicated that S. zeamais was extremely vulnerable to low relative humidities in the absence of food. The three strains showed loss of water of approximately 30% which is a relatively low value, but enough to significantly compromise their survival. It was still possible to observe differences between the individual and the group in the conservation of water, but there are no differences between group size. The group retains more water than the insect isolated. Abstract: The increase in sub-Saharan African rice production and the consequent resurgence of storage pests such as Sitophilus oryzae and Sitotroga cerealella require a response to preserve the quality and quantity of stored crops. Chemical control methods are widely used on-farm for storage issue, but it is necessary to explore new measures to limit the risks of pesticides to producers and consumers' health. The objective of this study was to develop alternative technologies based on the treatment of storage bags with the essential oils of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Cymbopogon citratus to protect stored rice against these key pests. Two methods were used: impregnation of jute bags and treatment of cotton bags. Jute bags were soaked in oils diluted in alcohol at various concentrations (3%, 4% and 5%). Cotton bags were treated either with a single oil (dose: 0.25 ml), or with the two oils (dose: 0.125 ml). Twenty-four hours after application of the oils, 100 g of rice paddy were placed in each bag, and then each was artificially infested with 10 pairs of adults of S. oryzae and S. cerealella. After 90 days of storage, we assessed the populations of the two pest species and the damage inflicted on the stored rice. We also assessed the economic profitability of the various treatments. Impregnation of jute bags and treatment of cotton bags with essential oils of C. citratus and E. camaldulensis effectively protected the stored rice against S. oryzae and S. cerealella. Moreover, the mixture of the two products was the most effective treatment against these species. However, because of the high cost of essential oils, their use would only be economically viable for the prevention of high infestations of these pests or for the treatment of seeds, where profitability can be assured in the medium or long term.

Keywords

Keywords

Francis

  Comité d'Organisation de la Conférence PIPS 2013 remercie tous ceux qui ont contribué au succès et à l'attractivité de cette Conférence et en particulier l'OILB et l'INRA. Le soutien des entreprises et institutions qui ont participé financièrement à cette entreprise a été très apprécié. Le travail du comité scientifique pour effectuer la sélection difficile des communications orales ainsi que les efforts de l'ensemble des auteurs des communications (orales ou affichées) sont également à remercier pour la qualité et la rigueur scientifique de leurs prestations.

:

  Sitophilus zeamais, water balance, insecticide resistance

  Female parasitoid precisely searched the developing stages of host insects inside the seeds and utilized the ovipositor initially for drilling and then placing the eggs on or close to the larval body. The most preferred and susceptible stages for oviposition and development were fourth instar larvae and prepupae of both the host species. The larval pupal development of parasitoid was 7.8 ±1.4 and 17.2±2.4 on C. chinensis and 6.8±0.8 and 13.4±1.4 days on C. maculatus and total development period was 29.7±2.3 and 27.3±1.3 days respectively. Parasitoid larvae completed their development at the cost of host larvae and pupae and kill them during metamorphosing into adults. The tendency of parasitoids to use the host stages for its own development could be exploited at a large scale for the biological control of bruchids and other stored product pests.Keywords: Bruchids, stored grain pests, Dinarmus basalis, reproductive strategies, biocontrol 59 -Application of Biological Control Agents and Pheromone Traps For Controlling Ephestia spp. in Date Warehouses of Two

Session 1: Recent advances in IPSP and Post-Harvest IPM current trends Chairpersons: Phyllis Weintraub & M. Otilia Carvalho No. Page

	Integration of Isaria fumosorosea with DE for R. dominica control	Waqas Wakil	7
	Combination of B. hebetor and γ-radiation on Ephestia control in dates	A.A. AL-Taweel	8
	Using the parasitoid T. evanescens with
	pheromone traps in date palm orchards and in	A.A. AL-Taweel	9
	date warehouses

Session 2: Biology and ecology of S-P pests and pathogens useful in IPSP Chairpersons: George Opit & Christos Athanassiou

	Occurrence and identification of insect pests in sunflower seeds and rape	S. Dauguet	18
	Population density estimation of stored grain pests based on their acoustic emissions	P.A. Eliopoulos	19
	Detection of insect infestation in stored wheat based on their acoustic emissions	P.A. Eliopoulos	19 2
	The influence of plant characteristics on the field infestation	M. A. Amro	20
	Susceptibility of different pulse grain to infestation of cowpea beetle	M.A. Amro	21
	Effect of different temperatures and host density of Ephestia on B. hebetor efficacy	A.A. AL-Taweel	22
	Mycotoxicological Analysis of stored groundnuts in Southwest of Algeria	H. Meliani & A. Moussaoui	23
	The use of bio-test in the disinfestation of food industries	L. Süss & al.	24
	Sitophilus zeamais: water balance and behavior	N.M. Pinho Guedes	25

Session 3: Phytochemicals and semio-chemicals use in stored-product IPM Chairpersons: Catherine Regnault-Roger & Ali A. Isikber

	Study and analysis of Insecticidal & antimicrobial activity of essential oils Effectiveness of Laurus Nobilis and Mentha pullegium on S. zeamais Identification of pure compounds in apricot and apple electrophysiologically A. F. Ndomo Insecticidal effect of ozone against Plodia, F. Mouhouche M.G. Barros Tribolium, Cryptolestes & Oryzaephilus spp. C. Athanassiou et al. Investigations on microsporidian pathogens of P. interpunctella in Turkey K.F. Acar Insecticidal properties of peas homologous proteins (Pisum sativum L.) A. Mebarkia Stored-Product insects natural enemies in Sicilian wheat P. Suma Testing insecticidal efficacy of pure and combined natural substances on S. granarius S. Trdan Effect of fluctuating temperatures on the development of V.canescens S. Andreadis First application in France of heat disinfestation of a large wheat mill B. Vacquer Potential of Anisopterus calandrae and Lariophagus distinguendus as biocontrol agents of Callosobruchus maculatus O. Benkhellat Biological and molecular analysis of an isolated granulovirus Tecia solanivora against potato tuber moths A. Arroyo Natural occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi isolated from stored grain insect species in Punjab W. Wakil Session 5:	38 39 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68

Chemical control in Stored-Product IPM programs Chairpersons: Shlomo Navarro & Yann Ciesla No. Page

	A comparison of efficacy of current insecticides with bio-based and mineral active substances	F. Fleurat-Lessard et al.	82
	Feeding deterrent activity of new alpha-asarone congeners Weevil x insecticide does 'personality' matter? Session 1	B. Lozowicka R.N.C. Guedes	83 84
	Phosphine resistance in Cryptolestes ferrugineus from stored wheat in Oklahoma stored cereal product insect pests Insecticidal effect of chlorantraniliprole against Recent advances in	C. Konemann N. Kavallieratos	85 86
	Insecticidal efficacy of thiamethoxam against T. confusum J. du Val	V. Goundy	87
	Determination of hexamethylentetramine in foods by GC-MS	Meehye Kim	88
	Session 6: IPSP decision support tools and integrated approach
	(no poster)

IPSP and current trends in post- harvest IPM Chairpersons: Phyllis Weintraub (Israel) and Maria Otilia Carvalho (Portugal) Oral communications: 6 Posters: 3 Timetable: Tuesday 2 nd July, 10h -12h 40 *** Session 2 Stored-product pests and pathogens biology and ecology in relation with IPSP Chairpersons: Goeorge Opit and Christos Athanassiou Oral communications: 8 Posters: 8 Timetable: Tuesday 2 nd July, 14h -17h20 ***

  Water availability and temperature are the two most important abiotic variables that influence the distribution and abundance of insects. Insects have physiological and behavioral mechanisms that enable their survival in the absence of water for a long period.

	1 , Braga L.S. 1 , Silva L.B. 2 , Guedes R.N.C. 1 1 Dep. of Entomology, Federal University of Vicosa (UFV), 36570-000, Vicosa, MG, Brasil 2 Federal University of Piaui, Campus Bom Jesus, PI, Brasil
	E-mail: nmpguedes@gmail.com
	Abstract:

:

  Alternative measures, storage pests, protection, plant extract, rice weevil, Angoumois grain moth

57 -Reproductive strategy and biocontrol potential of Dinarmus basalis (Rondani), a koinobiont parasitoid of stored grain pests

  Bruchids (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) cause heavy loss to stored legumes during monsoon and reasonably less throughout the year. Callosobruchus maculatus and C. chinensis serious pests of stored legumes, Phaseolus mungo, P. aureus and Vigna sinensis and many more edible legumes showed complete development and repeated generations in the absence of parasitoid. But reproductive strategies and biocontrol potential of Dinarmus basalis (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a koinobiont parasitoid of many stored product pests disrupted the development of both pest, C. maculatus and C. chinensis in between. Early developing stages of parasitoid utilized the late developing stages of host insect for its growth and development.

	Abstract type: Poster
	Thakur D.R.
	Himachal Pradesh University, Department of biosciences, 171005 Shimla -5, India.
	E-mail: drdr4@rediffmail.com
	Abstract:

Università degli Studi di Milano-DEFENS, Via Celoria

2, 20133 Milano, Italy 2 Entomologia applicata, Laboratorio di RicercaAgroblu srl, via San Bernardo 35, 20017 Rozzano (Milano), Italy E-mail: guglielmo.cassani@agroblu.com

Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice) 01 B.P.

2031, Cotonou, Benin. 2 Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Science, University of Lome B.P. 1515, Lome, Togo. 3 CIRAD, UPR SCA, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 05, France. 4 IRD, UR 072, Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France. 5 Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice) P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. 6 Polytechnique School, University of Abomey-Calavi B.P 2009, Cotonou, Benin. E-mail: a.togola@cgiar.org

Integrated Pest Control Center, Directorate of Agric. Res., Ministry of Sci. and Tech., Baghdad, Iraq

Melford Ltd. P.O.Box 17399 Amman, 11195, Jordan

Russel IPM Ltd, UK E-mail: as_hameed952@yahoo.com

This year, the 9th

NOTES

Integrated Protection of Stored Products -2013 Conference -Bordeaux, France -01 -04 July 2013

-Laboratory test bench for the study of high-temperature-shorttime disinfestation of cereal grain housing granary or rice weevil preemergent stages and of incidence on wheat and durum quality

 Bourlaux, CS 20032, F-33882Villenave d'Ornon, France E-mail: francis.fleurat-lessard@bordeaux.inra.fr Abstract: A laboratory test-bench was built up to simulate high-temperature-short-time (HTST) exposure of infested grain samples by hidden stages of Sitophilus granarius or S. oryzae in a fluidized bed in order to model temperature-exposure time relationship. The reduction of emergence of the two weevil species (S. granarius in bread making wheat and S. oryzae in durum wheat) was determined after different exposure times in the fluidized bed exposure chamber crossed by 2 m.s -1 airflow at inlet air temperatures of 60, 90, 120 and 150°C. The influence of a grain moisture content from 14 to 19% w.b. on lethal time 50% (LT 50 ) and lethal time 99% (probit 8 or LT 100 ) was also observed. The main microbiological and technological characteristics checked on grain samples after heat treatment were measured. Higher the moisture content longer the exposure time required for the same mortality rate to be achieved. The "temperature-exposure time products" assessed at LT 50 and LT 100 were modeled as asymptotic negative regression curves. LT 100 was observed in less than 10 s exposure time for temperature at air inlet of 120 and 150°C, whatever the moisture content level. The reduction of fungal colonies was more important with long exposure time at moderately high temperature (90°C) than with short exposure time at very high temperature (150°C) (giving similar levels of insect mortality rate). For bread-making wheat, it was not observed significant changes in alveogramme rheological test parameters processed with white flour extracted from heattreated wheat samples, provided that air temperature and initial grain moisture content are at moderately high level (less than 150°C and 15% m.c.). The HTST treatment of cereal grain is an efficient and rapid method of control of weevil internal feeder stages and may be developed at practical scale for organic cereals or high-added-value use for special healthy cereal food disinfestation.

Keywords: Sitophilus granrius, Sitophilus oryzae, high-temperature-short-time treatment, wheat grain sample, fluidized-bed, quality characteristics changes.

Abstract: As a result of high infestation of Dates by Ephestia spp. during its storage period which was for about 3-6 months before manufacturing and marketing it , Iraq used to apply Methyl bromide as fumigant agent to stop its infestation with Ephestia spp ,but because this fumigant agent proved to be carcinogen and ozone depleting agent , a decision was taken to stop using it internationally and nationally. This decision made Iraqi scientist to search for another methods to control Ephestia spp. or to decrease infestation to the lowest percentage. Therefore, Iraqi scientist recently concentrated on using IPM specifically biological control agents (Egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens and larval parasitoid, Bracon hebetor in addition to the pheromone traps for this purpose. The research carried out into two date warehouses, one in Karbala province, while the other in the Babylon province which belong to the Iraqi company for manufacturing and marketing Dates. In these two date warehouses, the biological agents mentioned above were released periodically in addition to hanging pheromone traps. The results revealed that the percentage of preserving date in these two date warehouses were 97.5 and 98.1 % in comparison with 90.5 and 92.5 % into the control dates warehouses in which biological agents and pheromone traps did not used. Furthermore, to prove that this method for controlling Ephestia spp. in date warehouse was succeeded, we examined date from another date warehouse containing about 3250 tons of date packed in polyethylene bags and treated with methyl bromide to protect it from Ephestia spp. infestation. Unfortunately the percentage of preserving dates was only 91.7%. Finally our results showed that the mean number of Ephestia spp. captured by pheromone traps in the control warehouse which treated with methyl bromide was 18 times more than that captured into warehouses treated with biological agents mentioned above and pheromone traps.

Keywords: Ephestia spp. date warehouses, pheromones traps, capture limitation, biocontrol species, Bracon hebetor

-Stored-product insect natural enemies in wheat industry in Sicily

Abstract type: Poster Suma P., Bella S., La Pergola A. & Russo A.

Dept of Agri-food and Environmental Systems Management -Applied Entomology sec. University of Catania, via S. Sofia, 100, 95123 Catania, Italy E-mail: suma@unict.it Abstract: The cultivation of wheat in Sicily (Italy) has its origins in ancient times and today it turns out to be the one that invests the largest areas in the island. Connected to this cultivation, a flourishing industry of primary and secondary processing has been developed and is particularly competitive in the global market thanks to the qualitative features of sicilian durum wheat. In the last decade research activities were undertaken in order to implement quality by studying infesting arthropods and by developing integrated control methods. In this context, during the monitoring activities of the stored grain pests carried out over the past decade in sevral grain industries and warehouses in Sicily, the following natural enemies were collected: Withius piger (Simon) (Pseudoscorpionida; Whiitidae), Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter) (Hemiptera; Anthocoridae), Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera; Pteromalidae), Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera; Braconidae), Theocolax elegans (Westwood) (Hymenoptera; Pteromalidae), Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae), Cephalonomia sp. (Hymenoptera; Bethylidae). More extensive researches are currently in progress for some of these species. Here we discuss their potential use in the framework of the IPM programs.

Keywords: stored grain, predators, parasitoids, Italy.

-Testing the insecticidal efficacy of individual and combined use of four different natural substances against granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius) under laboratory conditions

Abstract type: Poster

Trdan S.

University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljana, Slovenia. E-mail: stanislav.trdan@bf.uni-lj.si Abstract: Laboratory experiment was carried out to evaluate the impact of different natural substances on the mortality of the granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius) adults. We tested the insecticidal properties of diatomaceous earth (commercial formulation SilicoSec®), quartz sand of local origin, Neem leaf powder (offered in a local market as fertilizer and plant strengthener), common beech wood ash, combination of SilicoSec® and wood ash, combination of Neem leaf powder and wood ash, combination of quartz sand and wood ash, combination of all 4 substances tested. Natural substances in a form of powder were mixed with grain in different dose rates. Wheat grains were treated with 450 and 900 ppm of SilicoSec® and quartz sand as self-based formulation, wood ash (5 weight (w)% and 2.5 w%) as self-based formulation, Neem leaf dust (1.25 w% and 2.5 w%). Individual treatments were evaluated as mixtures of SilicoSec (450 ppm) and wood ash (2.5 w%), Neem leaf powder (2.5 w%) and wood ash (2.5 w%); quartz sand (450 ppm) and wood ash (2.5 w%); SilicoSec® (225 ppm), wood ash (2.5 w%), Neem leaf powder (0.625 w%) and quartz sand (225 ppm). Control treatment was presented as untreated grain. Specific treatment was composed from 500±0.01 g of wheat grain and concentration of natural substance and it was replicated three times. Mortality of adults was evaluated seventh, fourteenth and twenty-first day after exposure. Insecticidal efficacy was tested at three different temperatures (20, 25, and 30°C) and two different relative humidity levels (55 and 75%). Significantly the highest mortality of adults was evaluated in treatment treated with formulation consisting of wood ash and SilicoSec® (66.38±2.64%), meanwhile wood ash (2.5 w%) provoked 63.35±2.74 % mortality. In general, mortality after 21 days reached 48.52±0.01% and it was also higher at lower humidity level (46.02±1.66%). Interactions between different factors of experiment will be presented, and suggestions for the practical use of the most effective substance will be given.

Keywords: Granary weevil, physical control, diatomaceous earth, quartz sand, neem leaf powder, common beech ash, mortality, efficacy. Abstract: Thermal disinfestations of flour mill structures and equipment were traditionally used before the 1960's, but they have been replaced by methyl bromide fumigation until the international ban of methyl bromide in 2005. During the last decade, heat disinfestation of flour mills was developed in Northern America and in some European countries from the 2000's workshops of heat disinfestation of wheat mills were carried out. In France, the first industrial application of this technology was attempted in 2010 for the disinfestation of a large wheat mill and was carried out by Agronet Company in collaboration with INRA Research Laboratory in Bordeaux. The heating of the flour mill was performed from electric heat generators of Thermonox® technology (Germany). The electric heaters are forced heat air ventilators enabling to reach the target temperature of 50 to 55°C in about 10-12 h in all parts of the mill. Then, temperature is maintained at this level during 24 to 36 h and optimised from the indications of temperature sensors in order to obtain complete mortality of insects, whatever their development stage. Encaged insects (Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica) placed in the mill during mill heating were killed at more than 97%. Very few survivals were only observed on the floor at the ground level of the mill. The reproductive capacity of individuals surviving thermal exposure was severely reduced. This first industrial application of heat disinfestation process to a large wheat mill confirmed the results of laboratory studies performed earlier at INRA Laboratory. The economic evaluation of the heat treatment in the conditions described above revealed that it is competitive compared to fumigation with similar requirements in the preparation of the building before treatment. This technology seems very promising for periodic eradication of insect colonies in cereal processing industries without use of pesticide.

-First application in France of heat disinfestation of a large wheat mill

Keywords: Wheat mill, electric heat generator, Thermonox® technology, heat disinfestation, industrial scale, stored-product insect, complete mortality. Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil E-mail: guedes@ufv.br Abstract: An individual behavior is the expression of its integrated physiology in response to external and internal stimuli turning insect behavior into a potential determinant of insecticide exposure. Behavioral traits may therefore influence insecticide efficacy against insects compromising the validity of standard bioassays of insecticide activity, which are fundamentality based on lethality alone. By extension, insect 'personality' (i.e., an individual's integrated set of behavioral tendencies inferred from multiple empirical measures) may also be an important determinant of insecticide exposure and activity, which has yet to be considered since the behavioral studies involving insects and insecticides focus on populations rather than individuals. Even among studies of animal 'personality' the relative contribution of individual and population variation is usually neglected. Here we assessed behavioral traits (within the following categories: activity, boldness/shyness and exploration/avoidance) of individuals from 15 populations of the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais), a stored grain insect pest of worldwide importance with ever-growing problems of insecticide resistance, and correlated the behavioral responses with the activity of the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin. This was carried out at both the population and individual levels. There was significant variation in weevil 'personality' among individuals and populations, but variation among individuals within populations account for most of the observed variation (92.57%). This result emphasizes the importance of individual variation in behavioral and 'personality' studies. When the behavioral traits assessed were correlated with median lethal time (LT 50 ) at the population level and with the individual surviving time under insecticide exposure, activity traits, particularly distance walked (walking velocity also played a minor role when individuals were considered), exhibited significant effect on surviving time. Therefore, behavioral traits are important components of insecticide efficacy and individual variation should be considered in such studies. Among the weevil 'personality' traits assessed, individual activity and particularly its distance walked significantly increased insecticide efficacy.

-Weevil x

Keywords: Sitophilus zeamais, insecticide toxicity, insecticide sub-lethal effects, stored grain pests, individuality, risk-taking.

Abstract: Technical audits were achieved in 14 grain elevators in order to record pest management practices and to evaluate the cost of insect control management practices. Stored grain elevators that were selected for this study were representative of the different ways of insect pest prevention and control system in France. The selection of storage sites was based on the results of a previous study led on 95 elevators that identified 6 keyfactors correlated with pest infestation: type of storage bin (vertical silo or 'flat' store), preventive sanitation of empty storage structures, grain cleaning, grain aeration, insecticide treatment on grain, grain temperature monitoring equipment. By combining these 6 factors, 7 modalities of pest management have been described. For each modality, two grain elevators that theoretically apply each modality have been sampled among the 95 elevators surveyed in Leblanc et al. surveys in 2010 and2011. The evaluation carried out after the visit of the selected storage facilities revealed that pest management was mainly based on chemical treatment whatever the kind of insect management system was applied. Although all the visited elevators were equipped with ambient-air aeration systems, the airflow rate and the cooling time were often found inadequate to efficiently cool all stored grain bins. Grain cleaning cannot be made systematically at reception because harvested grain lots needing cleaning are delivered at a much higher rate than the grain cleaner can receive. Pest management costs were assessed in the range 0.15 €/t to 1.40 €/t, according to the 7 modalities. The major variation factor was the type of pesticide used. The economic loss related to price penalties in the case of quality defect at the supply of domestic or export grain markets for cereals are not considered as a driving factor for insect pest management policy adaptation by grain-elevator managers.

Keywords: Stored wheat, grain elevator, inspection audit, pest control strategies, economic cost analysis, key-factor in pest control. Bourlaux, CS 20032, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France E-mail: marie-pierre.leblanc@franceagrimer.fr Abstract: A survey of stored-wheat bulks in France was carried out during two years in spring season 2010 and 2011 to improve the knowledge about the relationships between grain storage practices, preventive sanitation, grain insecticidal treatment, stored-grain temperature management, and presence of insect species in grain samples. 95 wheat storage sites were surveyed each year (after 8-9 month storage). Besides the quantitative analysis of grain samples for insect presence and residues content, a questionnaire was submitted to grain-store managers to record their storage practices, the characteristics of their equipment for grain quality preservation, and the preventive and corrective means they use for insect control. The data from these two groups of variables were processed in a multidimensional statistical analysis to reveal significant correlations between grain management practices for sanitary quality maintenance and the level of presence of insects in wheat samples. It was observed a strong relation between the kind of storage structure and the frequency of insect presence in wheat samples. Flat storage of large grain bulks was showed the most risky storage structure vs. vertical storage in metal or concrete bins. A relation was observed between insect presence frequency in samples and stored grain temperature level and also, with the lack of temperature measurement equipment installed inside grain bins linked to cooling aeration systems. Preventive sanitation before grain harvest period, i.e. systematic cleaning and insecticide spraying of unfilled bins, was related to 50% reduction of insect presence frequency in corresponding grain samples. The preventive chemical treatment of harvested grain before long-term storage was not related to a limitation of insect presence frequency in samples taken after a 8-9-month storage period. The results of this representative survey give objective arguments for the implementation of good IPM practices and risk prevention for grain sanitary quality preservation during long-term storage periods.

-Influence of grain storage practices or kind of structure and pesticide use on insect presence in wheat bulks after a long-term storage: a multi-dimensional analysis

Keywords: Grain bulk sampling, grain storage site, national survey, insect presence frequency, insecticide residues content, storage practices, multidimensional data processing.

Authors of oral presentations (chronological order of presentation)

127 NOTES NOTES


domain: sdv math info

text:
est destinée au dépôt

Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) de novo transcriptome assembly

Philippe

Maritime pine ( Maritime pine ( Pinus pinaster

Pinus pinaster ) ) de novo de novo transcriptome assembly transcriptome assembly Fast increase of world population implies increased wood demand (heating, pulp & paper, construction).

Developing the wood ressource calls for cultivated forest species such as maritime pine.

1

Major steps of a typical sequence processing pipeline include sequence cleaning, fragment assembly and clustering.

2

The sequence cleaning step usually includes filtering of duplicated reads, short reads, low quality reads, contaminations, and reads containing ambiguous bases (N) above a certain threshold.

3

Rationale Rationale

Starting Point Starting Point Present Strategy Present Strategy

Pinus pinaster contigs database: TGICL assembly mainly based on Roche 454 GS-FLX sequences

  Label, Céline Noirot, Grégoire G. Le Provost, María-Teresa Cervera, Christophe Plomion, Christophe C. Klopp To cite this version: Philippe Label, Céline Noirot, Grégoire G. Le Provost, María-Teresa Cervera, Christophe Plomion, et al.. Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) de novo transcriptome assembly. 3. workshop on "Statistical challenges on the 1000€ genome sequences in plants";StatSeq'2011, Apr 2011, Toulouse, France. hal-Version postprint Comment citer ce document : Label, P., Noirot, C., Le Provost, G., Cervera, M.-T., Plomion, C., Klopp, C. (2011). Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) de novo transcriptome assembly. In: StatSeq'2011 abstracts (p. p. 29). Presented at 3. workshop on "Statistical challenges on the 1000€ genome sequences in plants";StatSeq'2011, Toulouse, FRA (2011-04-14 -2011-04-15). Philippe Label 1,2 , Céline Noirot 1 , Grégoire Le Provost 3 , Maria-Teresa Cervera 4 , Christophe Plomion 3 and Christophe Klopp 1 1, INRA-Toulouse, Plateforme Bioinformatique GenoToul, INRA, Chemin de Borde Rouge, BP52 627, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France 2, INRA-Orléans, UAGPF, 2163 Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, CS 40001 Ardon, 45075 Orléans cedex 2, France ; Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, France 3, INRA-Pierroton, BIOGECO, Domaine de l'Hermitage, 69 route d'Arcachon, 33612 Cestas cedex, France 4, INIA-Madrid, CIFOR-INIA, Genómica y Ecología Forestal, Dept. Ecología y Genética Forestal, Carretera de La Coruña km 7,5, 28040 Madrid, Espagne , Toulouse. The third StatSeq workshop on "Statistical challenges on the 1000€ genome sequences in plants")

Improve data quality Combine specialized assemblers

  Landes forest in France, 465,389 ha of maritime pine

	Data Sources 454 GS-FLX Sanger full-length cDNA Sanger full-length mRNA NCBI-dbEST Illumina short-reads	5,264 2,883 34,061 3,330,370 418,092,875 # sequences	Long-reads (≈ 334 bp) Short-reads (≈ 86 bp)	Uniqueness Decontamination Ns elimination Ends cleaning Filtering	304,061,706 1,870,272 33,794 1,847 3,511 # sequences
	Assemble Long-reads 1,909,424 sequences		TGICL MIRA3		Re-assemble Long and
					Short-reads assemblies
	Assemble Short-reads		ABySS Velvet/Oases	Evaluate best assembly	MIRA3 Velvet TGICL
	304,061,706 sequences	SOAPdenovo
			Evaluate best kmer

http://genotoul-contigbrowser.toulouse.inra.fr:9092/Pinus_pinaster2/index.html © 2011 www.florum.fr © 2011 www.intersemillas.es


Maxime Lhuillier

LOCAL-CONVEXITY REINFORCEMENT FOR SCENE RECONSTRUCTION FROM SPARSE POINT CLOUDS

Keywords: Environment modeling, sparse features, 3D Delaunay triangulation, visibility, hole filling

Several methods reconstruct surfaces from sparse point clouds that are estimated from images. Most of them build 3D Delaunay triangulation of the points and compute occupancy labeling of the tetrahedra thanks to visibility information and surface constraints. However their most notable errors are falsely-labeled freespace tetrahedra. We present labeling corrections of these errors based on a new shape constraint: localconvexity. In the simplest case, this means that a freespace tetrahedron of the Delaunay is relabeled matter if its size is small enough and all its vertices are in matter tetrahedra. The allowed corrections are more important in the vertical direction than in the horizontal ones to take into account the anisotropy of usual scenes. In the experiments, our corrections improve the results of previous surface reconstruction methods applied to videos taken by a consumer 360 camera.

INTRODUCTION

The surface reconstruction from sparse image features is an interesting challenge and can be useful in several contexts including limited hardware resource, large scale environments, initialization of dense stereo methods, low-textured regions in images, applications that do not need a high level of details. Most methods build 3D Delaunay triangulation of the points reconstructed from images and compute occupancy labeling of the tetrahedra thanks to visibility information and surface constraints. Every tetrahedron is labeled freespace or matter. The surface is the set of the triangle faces between freespace and matter tetrahedra. However tetrahedra can be incorrectly labeled freespace due to noise, bad points and lack of points.

These errors are the most notable ones and take many forms: 3D box-like shapes (e.g. buildings) with spurious concavities, thin 1D-structures (e.g. posts) that are disconnected, thin 2D-structures (e.g. traffic signs) with tunnels connecting both sides. We introduce methods to remove such errors by using a new constraint: local-convexity (LC). Let M be the matter, i.e. the union of the matter tetrahedra. It is locallyconvex at a point x ∈ M if x has a small neighborhood Thanks to CNRS, Institut Pascal and UCA for funding. The matter M is gray and the freespace is white. Left: a balcony and a post are disconnected, a building has a spurious concavity. Right: we would like [START_REF] Asafi | Weak convex decomposition by lines-of-sight[END_REF] to fill the building concavity and the gaps of balcony and post and (2) to fill neither the gap between the two posts nor the gap between the ground surface and the tree foliage. The local convexity of M is used for (1), e.g. take y and z in different components of a post to connect it. Both locality and anisotropy are useful for [START_REF] Chauve | Robust piecewise-planar 3d reconstruction and completion from large-scale unstructured point data[END_REF].

N ⊆ R 3 such that N ∩ M is convex, i.e. yz ⊂ N ∩ M if y, z ∈ N ∩ M .
The LC of M is reinforced anisotropically by favoring the vertical direction due to the predominance of vertical structures in usual scenes. Fig. 1 shows what we would like: we complete the set of the matter tetrahedra at locations where it is not LC. Our methods are used as preprocessing or postprocessing of previous surface reconstructions methods.

PREVIOUS WORK

Shape priors or constraints are useful not only to take into account of noise and bad points, but also to deal with sparsity. They can be inspired by human perception [START_REF] Liu | The role of convexity in perceptual completion: beyond good continuation[END_REF] (e.g. group shape parts by convexity) and Gestalt theory [START_REF] Desolneux | Gestalt theory and computer vision[END_REF] (e.g. group points by alignment or proximity laws). A method [START_REF] Ohrhallinger | Minimizing edge length to connect sparsely sampled unstructured point sets[END_REF] uses proximity and interpolates a sparse set of points by a connected manifold surface. Starting by a 3D Delaunay triangulation of the points, the points are connected by Delaunay triangles whose edges are as small as possible. Other methods are based on α-shapes [START_REF] Edelsbrunner | Three-dimensional alpha-shape[END_REF], a generalization of convexity that replace half-spaces outside the shape by balls with radius equals to α. However [START_REF] Ohrhallinger | Minimizing edge length to connect sparsely sampled unstructured point sets[END_REF] is not robust to outliers and the visibility (lines-of-sight of the points) is unused in [START_REF] Edelsbrunner | Three-dimensional alpha-shape[END_REF][START_REF] Ohrhallinger | Minimizing edge length to connect sparsely sampled unstructured point sets[END_REF].

We now consider surface reconstruction methods used in Computer Vision which assume a sparse point cloud input, e.g. acquired through Structure-from-Motion. They also start from a 3D Delaunay triangulation. A graph-cut method in [START_REF] Vu | High accuracy and visibility consistent dense multiview stereo[END_REF] estimates a closed surface as a set of Delaunay triangles that minimizes a cost function including a visibility term and a surface quality term. The former tries to avoid triangle if it is crossed by line-of-sight. The latter tries to avoid triangle that is face of "too flat" tetrahedron. In [START_REF] Lhuillier | Surface reconstruction from a sparse point cloud by enforcing visibility consistency and topology constraints[END_REF], the surface is computed as the boundary of an evolving set of tetrahedra that is maintained manifold: the set mostly grows in the tetrahedra crossed by lines-of-sight to meet the visibility constraint. Our experiments show that our corrections based on LC improve the results of both [START_REF] Vu | High accuracy and visibility consistent dense multiview stereo[END_REF] and [START_REF] Lhuillier | Surface reconstruction from a sparse point cloud by enforcing visibility consistency and topology constraints[END_REF]. Our corrections can also be used with most surface reconstruction methods, which are based on graph-cut optimization or manifold constraint.

The original definition of LC is in [START_REF] Karshon | Revisiting tietze-nakajima -local and global convexity for maps[END_REF] and uses Euclidean balls as neighborhoods. In our case, the neighborhoods are larger in the vertical direction than in the horizontal ones due to the anisotropy of usual scenes. Furthermore, LC is ignored in the previous works on surface reconstruction from 3D points reconstructed from images. Thus we briefly overview the usage of LC and its variants (convexity, weak-convexity, star-shapeness) in other problems. LC is expressed in terms of normals and vectors between two close surfaces patches [START_REF] Moosmann | Segmentation of 3d lidar data in non-flat urban environments using a local convexity criterion[END_REF][START_REF] Stein | Convexity based objet partitioning for robot applications[END_REF]. It is used for segmentation of surface regions into ground/ object [START_REF] Moosmann | Segmentation of 3d lidar data in non-flat urban environments using a local convexity criterion[END_REF] and convex parts [START_REF] Stein | Convexity based objet partitioning for robot applications[END_REF]. A method [START_REF] Asafi | Weak convex decomposition by lines-of-sight[END_REF] segments an oriented point clouds into weakly convex regions. It is based on the percentage of point pairs whose connecting segment does not leave the inner volume of the shape. Star-shapeness generalizes convexity and can be efficiently integrated in a graph-cut optimization to segment an object in an image [START_REF] Veksler | Star shape prior for graph-cut image segmentation[END_REF], if the user provides the star-shape center. Enforcing convexity [START_REF] Gorelick | Convexity shape prior for segmentation[END_REF] is more difficult than enforcing star-shapeness [START_REF] Veksler | Star shape prior for graph-cut image segmentation[END_REF].

Previous works also complete the shape during its reconstruction but need strong assumptions to estimate primitives (in contrast to LC). In [START_REF] Chauve | Robust piecewise-planar 3d reconstruction and completion from large-scale unstructured point data[END_REF], planes are estimated from a point cloud which is denser than ours. Then a simplified surface is generated using priors: the prevalence of vertical structures and orthogonal intersections. A method [START_REF] Oesau | Indoor scene reconstruction using feature sensitive primitive extraction and graph-cut[END_REF] focuses on indoor scenes and builds a different 3D space partition (from scanner points) assuming that the surface is only horizontal or vertical. In [START_REF] Wu | Schematic surface reconstruction[END_REF], swept surfaces (a generalization of ruled surfaces) are estimated from sparse Structure-from-Motion points assuming that the scene is 100% architectural.

EXPLICIT USE OF LOCAL-CONVEXITY

Let's introduce a method (named Method 1) that explicitly uses the LC definition in Sec. 1. This requires neighborhoods that are built using a norm:

||x|| = max{ 1 s v |k x|, 1 s h (i x) 2 + (j x) 2 }, (1)
where x ∈ R 3 , (i, j, k) is an orthonormal basis of R Let T be the 3D Delaunay triangulation of the input points. It is a set of tetrahedra and their faces (vertices, edges, triangles) such that the tetrahedra are labeled freespace or matter, e.g. by ray-casting or graph-cut. There are several ways to apply LC. Method 1 does this: first check whether edges of T should be in matter, then relabel matter a tetrahedron of T if all its edges should be in matter. In the first step, booleans b(v i ) and b(v i v j ) are defined for every vertex v i ∈ T and every edge v i v j ∈ T . In the second step, every freespace tetrahedron v i v j v k v l ∈ T is relabeled matter iff (if and only if) the 10 booleans of its 4 vertices and 6 edges are true. For ease of understanding, we start from a simplified b in Sec. 3.1, then Sec. 3.2 provides the definition of b used by Method 1.

Use only matter vertices

First we use LC in the neighborhood N defined by the unit ball of ||.|| centered at v i : if the vertices of an edge v i v j ∈ T are in both matter and N , then the edge v i v j should be matter too. This is done by the following setting of the booleans.

Let b(v i ) be true iff v i is a vertex of a matter tetrahedron of T . (i.e. iff v i is a "matter vertex".) Let b(v i v j ) be true iff (1) ||v i -v j || ≤ 1 or (2) v i v j is an edge of a matter tetrahedron in T . Thus every edge v i v j ∈ T should be in matter if b(v i ) = true and b(v j ) = true and b(v i v j ) = true.
Note that case (1) uses LC and case (2) is straightforward.

Second we explain the relabeling of a freespace tetrahedron ∆ ∈ T . If ∆ is included in an unit ball of ||.|| and its 4 vertices are matter, then ∆ should be relabeled matter by LC. If ∆ is too large to be included in an unit ball, it could be subdivided into parts such that every part (1) is small enough to be included in an unit ball and (2) is the convex hull of matter points. Then ∆ should be relabeled matter since it is the union of parts which should be matter. The parts could be slices of ∆, which are convex hulls of points in the ∆ edges with true booleans. For efficiency and simplicity, we try to find neither an enclosing unit ball nor a subdivision of ∆, we directly relabel matter ∆ iff its 10 booleans are true.

Extend the set of matter vertices

Here is the idea: initialize b (Sec. 3.1), generate a lot of tetrahedra that are not in T but should be labeled matter following Sec. 3.1, then vertices of T that are in such a tetrahedron a 0 a 1 a 2 a 3 should be matter. The vertices a i are in T and meet b(a i ) = true. The edges

a i a j meet b(a i a j ) = true. Note that b(a i a j ) is not yet defined if a i a j / ∈ T . In this case, let b(a i a j ) be true iff ||a i -a j || ≤ 1. Then we reset b(v) = true if a vertex v ∈ T is in the convex hull of a 0 , a 1 , a 2 and a 3 .
In practice we successively consider every vertex v ∈ T such that b(v) = false and only try tetrahedra whose vertices are in the immediate neighborhood of v: we enumerate every tetrahedron a 0 a 1 a 2 a 3 such that va i ∈ T and b(a i ) = true and ||a i -v|| ≤ 1 where 0 ≤ i ≤ 3. If the 6 booleans b(a i a j ) are true and v ∈ a 0 a 1 a 2 a 3 , we reset b(v) to true.

IMPLICIT USE OF LOCAL-CONVEXITY

Here we introduce two methods whose principle is simple: generate a lot of sets of freespace tetrahedra included in the 3D Delaunay triangulation T , then all tetrahedra in a set S are relabeled matter if there are enough matter tetrahedra that surround S. Sec. 4.1 presents criteria to evaluate the surrounding and explains the implicit use of LC. Then the two methods are described in Secs. 4.2 and 4.3.

We enforce constraints on the sets such that they are neither too large nor too numerous. All tetrahedra in S share a common vertex and S is strongly connected: there is a walk in the adjacency graph of tetrahedra in S linking every tetrahedron in S. (Tetrahedra are adjacent iff they have a common triangle face.) Thus the expected size of S is less than 27 [START_REF] Devillers | On deletion in delaunay triangulations[END_REF] and strongly connected components are separately tried.

Surrounding criteria and local-convexity

We need to measure the matter that surrounds S. Let ∂S be the boundary of S, i.e. the set of every triangle that is a face of exactly one tetrahedron in S. Let ∂ m S be the triangles in ∂S that are faces of matter tetrahedra (in T \ S). Let c(S) be the ratio between the area of ∂ m S and the area of ∂S. The area of ∂S is the sum for every abc ∈ ∂S of the Euclidean

norm of s = 1 2 (b -a) ∧ (c -a). We have 0 ≤ c ≤ 1. If c(S) is close to 1,
S is well surrounded by the matter tetrahedra. (S is a freespace cavity of the matter if c(S) = 1.)

We define another criterion c k that takes into account the scene anisotropy. (c does not.) The area of the triangle abc is generalized by √ s T Qs where Q ∈ R 3×3 is a symmetric positive semidefinite matrix. If Q = kk T , √ s T Qs is the projected area of abc onto a horizontal plane (whose normal is k). We define c k (S) by replacing every Euclidean norm of s in the expression of c(S) by

√ s T kk T s. We have 0 ≤ c k ≤ 1. If c k (S) is close to 1,
S is well surrounded by the matter tetrahedra above and below (relatively to the vertical direction k).

In both cases (if c(S) or c k (S) is close to 1), we can use the matter LC in a (non-explicit) neighborhood that includes S: most tetrahedra in S are in the convex hull of ∂ m S and S should be relabeled matter. These relabeled tetrahedra can be larger than those in Sec. 3 since s h and s v are unset here.

Method 2

Method 2 extends the Peak Removal operation in [START_REF] Lhuillier | Surface reconstruction from a sparse point cloud by enforcing visibility consistency and topology constraints[END_REF] to nonmanifold surface separating matter and freespace tetrahedra. A set S is a strongly connected component of the freespace tetrahedra in T sharing a vertex v. Furthermore, v is a "peak of S", i.e. S has a small solid angle with apex v. (This angle is the sum for every vabc ∈ S of the solid angle at the vertex v of the tetrahedron vabc.) In contrast to [START_REF] Lhuillier | Surface reconstruction from a sparse point cloud by enforcing visibility consistency and topology constraints[END_REF], we can have several sets S for a same v if v is a non-manifold vertex.

The relabeling of tetrahedra sharing every vertex v ∈ T is done as follows. First we compute the set(s) S sharing v by a graph traversal in the adjacency graph of the tetrahedra that include v. Then every set S is relabeled matter if its solid angle with apex v is less than a threshold and c(S) is greater than another threshold. We respectively use thresholds π/2 and 0.5 in the experiments. The value 0.5 implies that the area between freespace and matter tetrahedra decreases.

Method 3

In contrast to Method 2, Method 3 takes into account the scene anisotropy and tries many more sets S. For ease of understanding, we start from a simplified version of Method 3 without strong connectivity in Sec. 4.3.1, then we update it with strong connectivity in Sec. 4.3.2. Here we use a confidence measuring that a tetrahedron is freespace: the number of lines-of-sight intersecting the tetrahedron. Other confidence choices are possible but they are not in the paper topic.

Ignore strong connectivity

The tetrahedra in a set S share a same vertex and have the lowest confidences. There are two reasons for this choice. First it is easy to enumerate all sets: for each vertex v ∈ T , store in a table the freespace tetrahedra in T including v in the increasing order of the freespace confidences, initialize S = ∅, add to S the i-th element of the table and increment i in the table range. Second we want to relabel in priority the tetrahedra that are the most probably falsely-labeled freespace. Now we detail how to relabel tetrahedra sharing a common vertex v ∈ T . Let S i = S i-1 ∪ {∆ i } where ∆ i is the i-th tetrahedron of the ordered table and S 0 = ∅. Let i * = argmax i c k (S i ). If c k (S i * ) is greater than a threshold c 0 , the tetrahedra in S i * are relabeled matter. In practice, this process is done for all vertices three times using c 0 = 0.6.

Use strong connectivity

In Sec. 4.3.2, we use "component" as a shortening of "strongly connected component". The difference between Method 3 and the simplified method in Sec. 4.3.1 is the following: we compute i * = argmax i c k (S i ) where S i is the component of S i that includes ∆ i . By doing this, the components of the S i are separately tried. We now explain how to compute S i .

The computation of S i is fast thanks to the incremental computation of the components of S i from those of S i-1 . Let ∆ ∈ T be one of the four adjacent tetrahedra of ∆ i . If ∆ ∈ S i-1 , ∆ and ∆ i must be in the same component. Thus S i is the union of the set {∆ i } and every component S of S i-1 including such a ∆ (if any). Furthermore, the components of S i are S i and those of S i-1 except the set(s) S . This is done efficiently thanks to an union-find data structure [START_REF] Sedgewick | Algorithms[END_REF].

RELABELING FOR PREVIOUS METHODS

We combine our methods and use them to improve [START_REF] Vu | High accuracy and visibility consistent dense multiview stereo[END_REF][START_REF] Jancosek | Multi-view reconstruction preserving weakly-supported surfaces[END_REF][START_REF] Lhuillier | Surface reconstruction from a sparse point cloud by enforcing visibility consistency and topology constraints[END_REF].

Combine several relabeling methods

We try several combinations of our relabeling Methods 1, 2 and 3 described in Secs. 3, 4.2 and 4.3, respectively. In practice we found that it is always interesting to use 2 as follows: first apply 2, then apply 1 or 3. Indeed, 2 is faster than 1 and 3 and does a part of the job of 1 and 3.

Up to now, falsely-labeled freespace tetrahedra are corrected and falsely-labeled matter tetrahedra are ignored. The latter occurs if the tetrahedra are too acute to be intersected by lines-of-sight. We simply correct this by swapping freespace and matter in Method 2: relabeling freespace the sets of matter tetrahedra (instead of relabeling matter the sets of freespace tetrahedra) with small solid angle if the area between freespace and matter tetrahedra decreases. This method is named 2. We use a more conservative upper limit of the solid angles in this case (π/100) so that scene thin structures are not removed.

Our experiments needs notations: 2+1 means that we first use 2, then 1, last 2. Similarly, 2+3 means that we first use 2, then 3, last 2. Method 2 is used as the end since 1 or 3 can sometimes create falsely-labeled matter tetrahedra. Another combination 2+1+3 is possible but is not in the paper due to space limitation, e.g. if we define the matter tetrahedra of 2+1+3 by the union of those of 2+1 and 2+3. We also write 2+ 2 if only 2 and 2 are used. If 2+1 or 2+3 is used to improve a previous surface reconstruction method named X, we write X(2+1) or X(2+3). Here are examples: X=M in Sec. 5.2 and X=G i in Sec. 5.3.

Preprocessing for a manifold method M

M is the manifold method named M3 in [START_REF] Lhuillier | Surface reconstruction from a sparse point cloud by enforcing visibility consistency and topology constraints[END_REF]. Its input is T and a labeling obtained by ray-casting: a tetrahedron is labeled freespace iff it is crossed by a line-of-sight. Its output is another labeling with improved freespace and matter tetrahedra (named outside and inside in [START_REF] Lhuillier | Surface reconstruction from a sparse point cloud by enforcing visibility consistency and topology constraints[END_REF]) whose boundary is a manifold surface. Our corrections are straightforward in a preprocessing of M, but they remove the manifold property if they are in a postprocessing of M. Since the efforts of M are useless in the latter, we only consider the former in the paper.

Postprocessing for graph-cut methods G 1 and G 2

G 1 is the graph-cut method in [START_REF] Vu | High accuracy and visibility consistent dense multiview stereo[END_REF]. First it builds T and its adjacency graph, whose weights are computed from the lines-of-sight and their intersections with the Delaunay triangles and the tetrahedron geometry (using λ qual = 1 and α vis = 1). Then the final tetrahedron labeling is computed by a minimum s-t cut of the graph.

Our corrections can be a preprocessing or a postprocessing of G 1 . In the former, the corrections are applied to an initial labeling (obtained by ray-casting in T ) and t-weights of the graph increase by a value if we relabel their corresponding tetrahedra. This modifies the cost function, which is minimized by graph-cut. The latter is straightforward. The former requires an additional parameter (the value) and is left as future work. Thus we only consider the latter in the paper.

G 2 is the graph-cut method in [START_REF] Jancosek | Multi-view reconstruction preserving weakly-supported surfaces[END_REF], which improves thin structures compared to G 1 . (We use σ = 0, δ = 0.5 and β/α vis = 32.) Similarly, our corrections are done in a postprocessing of G 2 .

EXPERIMENTS

Sec. 6.1 experiments our corrections alone and Sec. 6.2 shows improvements that they provide if they are used in a postprocessing of graph-cut methods or in a preprocessing of a manifold method. These processing choices and the notations of the methods are detailed in Sec. 5. All methods start from the same 3D Delaunay triangulation T and end by the same Laplacian smoothing of the surface for fair comparisons.

The sparse input point cloud is computed as in Sec. 7.1 of [START_REF] Lhuillier | Surface reconstruction from a sparse point cloud by enforcing visibility consistency and topology constraints[END_REF] from two 2496 × 2496 videos at 30Hz taken by a Garmin Virb 360 camera. This camera is mounted on the top of a car using a small mast. The trajectory is 6.7km long in an urban scene. There are 5.5M vertices in T , which are reconstructed from 6.5k keyframes selected in the videos by Structure-from-Motion (using central and global shutter approximations). Fig. 2 shows the 360 camera, a keyframe and a bottom view of the vertices in T .

Only use corrections

We compare the initial labeling by ray-casting and its relabeling by our methods 2 + 2, 2 + 1 and 2 + 3. The comparison is interesting since it helps to understand the preprocessing of method M (which is this relabeling). Furthermore, this shows the performance of our relabeling in a context that is more difficult than that of the postprocessing of methods G x . (The initial labeling is more corrupted than that computed by G x .) Fig. 3 shows labeling differences near a 5-way crossroad by projecting the freespace tetrahedra (in black) to the horizontal plane. We see that 2 + 2 removes the largest freespace tetrahedra that are inconsistent with the geometry of the urban corridors. (Note that the camera moves in the 5 main roads). At this large scale, we also see that 1 and 3 (involved in methods 2 + 1 and 2 + 3) remove other freespace tetrahedra. Fig. 4 shows differences at small scale near two scene components: both 2 + 1 and 2 + 3 complete thin structures such as trunks and traffic signs in comparison to 2 + 2.

We see that our methods change topology: trunk components are connected, tunnels (i.e. holes) in a traffic sign are filled. So we evaluate the topology changes. Let β 0 and β 1 be the numbers of connected components and tunnels of the matter [START_REF] Dey | Computing homology groups of simplicial complexes in R 3[END_REF]. Tab. 1 shows that our corrections have advantages: they greatly reduce β 1 and improve the surface manifoldness. Other experiments (not in the paper) show that β 0 always decreases if 2 is unused, but this generates large spurious matter tetrahedra and the β 1 reduction is smaller than before. 1. Topology changes provided by our corrections. See also the percentage of the freespace tetrahedra in T and the computation time (using one core of a standard laptop).

Use corrections with surface reconstruction methods

Fig. 5 compares the methods M, G 1 , G 2 and their corrected versions on a building of our scene. The surface normal of the low textured face of the building is always noisy without our corrections. The 2+3 correction improves the normal of all methods, which should be constant in this face. In contrast to this, the normal improvement of the 2+1 correction is negligible in all cases. (The figure only shows M(2+1).) There are two reasons. First 2+1 uses an upper limit on the edge size of tetrahedra and 2+3 does not. Second the edge size is large since the building is in the background and has a low number of points (due to low texture). We also note that both 2+1 and 2+3 remove two blunders of M. In Fig. 6, we focus the comparisons on sharp edges of a facade of our scene. Here a sharp edge is an intersection between two adjacent and orthogonal planar regions of the scene. This often occurs in urban scenes: we mostly observe 2 × 2 kinds of sharp edges: horizontal or vertical, convex or concave. We say that an edge in a surface is convex (respectively, concave) if its neighborhood in the matter side is convex (respectively, concave). Fig. 6 shows that both 2+1 and 2+3 corrections improve the reconstructions of the vertical sharp edges if they are convex. If the sharp edges are concave, the sharpness is smoothed by 2+1 which tends to fill the concavity in the freespace side. This sharpness smoothing can also occur for 2+3 but it is weaker than that of 2+1. These comments hold for M, G 1 and G 2 . Fig. 7 compares M, G 1 , G 2 and their corrected versions on thin 1D structures of our scene. In the top row, the result of M(2+1) is better than that of M and M(2+3), since M(2+1) provides the most complete thin 1D structures. In the bottom row, both G 1 (2+1) and G 1 (2+3) complete the thin 1D structures of G 1 . However we see that G 1 (2+1) has a growing bias: the thickness of two thin 1D structures near the central post is larger than the true one, according to the original image of the scene in the top row.

We also do quantitative evaluations of all methods applied to the synthetic urban dataset in [START_REF] Lhuillier | Surface reconstruction from a sparse point cloud by enforcing visibility consistency and topology constraints[END_REF] (a piecewise planar scene with real textures). The T vertices and the lines-of-sight are estimated by Structure-from-Motion applied to synthetic videos taken by a 360 camera whose trajectory is a 621m long closed loop (Fig. 8). Tab. 2 shows that our corrections improve the previous surface reconstruction methods using both geometric and topological criteria. Geometric error and triangle number decrease thanks to our corrections. Furthermore a lot of spurious tunnels are filled (topological noise decreases) and the GC surface manifoldness is improved in most cases.

Last we do experiments similar to those of Tab. 2 for our real scene, except that there is no ground truth here. The surface topology of the GC methods is globally improved by our corrections since the percentage of non-manifold vertices in the surface always decreases (from 12% to 67%) and the tunnel number β 1 is divided by 3-5. The β 1 of method M decreases by about 7%. The triangle number decreases by about 30% using the 2+1 correction or 9-15% using the 2+3 correction. (This is intuitive: a surface with a lot of tunnels and small concavities has more triangles than a correction of this surface such that most tunnels and concavities are filled by LC.) The component number β 0 decreases up to 73% (2+1 correction) and increases up to 25% (2+3 correction).

CONCLUSION

We introduce a new shape constraint, local-convexity, to improve previous surface reconstruction methods based on 3D Delaunay triangulation. This constraint is reinforced by our corrections in a postprocessing or a preprocessing depending Table 2. Quantitative improvements provided by our corrections of previous surface reconstruction methods applied to a synthetic urban dataset. There are not only accuracy improvements (error fractiles decrease) but also topology improvements (the number of spurious tunnels decreases) and mesh simplification. The true scene has β 1 = 3 tunnels and β 0 = 1 component. on the kind of surface reconstruction method to which it is added. Since the input point cloud is sparse, we do not try to fit primitives such as planes but enumerate and select (local packs of) tetrahedra for relabeling, mostly from freespace to matter. Experiments show improvements for an urban scene acquired by terrestrial imagery: remove freespace concavities and tunnels of the matter tetrahedra, improve sharp edges if they are convex, complete thin structures, reduce both geometric error and surface complexity. Future work should avoid oversmoothing of sharp edges if they are concave, vary the privileged direction along which we obtain most improvements, and investigate other ways to reinforce local-convexity.

G 1 G 1 (2+1) G 1 (2+3) G 2 G 2 (2+1) G 2 (2+3) M M (

Fig. 1 .

 1 Fig.1. Anisotropic local-convexity for a reconstructed scene. The matter M is gray and the freespace is white. Left: a balcony and a post are disconnected, a building has a spurious concavity. Right: we would like (1) to fill the building concavity and the gaps of balcony and post and (2) to fill neither the gap between the two posts nor the gap between the ground surface and the tree foliage. The local convexity of M is used for (1), e.g. take y and z in different components of a post to connect it. Both locality and anisotropy are useful for (2).

Fig. 2 .Fig. 3 .

 23 Fig. 2. One keyframe, the Garmin Virb 360 camera, and a bottom view of the vertices of T .

Fig. 4 .

 4 Fig. 4. Small scale views of our corrections. From left to right: input image, results of the correction methods 2 + 2, 2 + 1 and 2 + 3 (best viewed in colors and by zooming in). Vertical triangles are red-green-blue and horizontal triangles are white/black. Note that 2 + 1 has 3 successive views at the bottom line to show the thickness of the traffic sign with few vertices.

Fig. 5 .

 5 Fig. 5. Apply our corrections with previous methods to a building (best viewed in colors and by zooming in). From left to right: input image, results of methods M, M(2+1), M(2+3), G 1 , G 1 (2+3), G 2 , G 2 (2+3).

Fig. 6 .

 6 Fig. 6. Apply our corrections with previous methods to a facade (best viewed in colors and by zooming in). Top (from left to right): input image, M, M(2+3), G 1 , G 1 (2+1), G 1 (2+3). Bottom: G 2 and G 2 (2+3).

Fig. 7 .

 7 Fig. 7. Apply our corrections with previous methods to a traffic roundabout with urban vegetation and post (best viewed by zooming in). Top (from left to right): input image, M, M(2+1), M(2+3). Bottom: G 1 , G 1 (2+1), G 1 (2+3), G 2 and G 2 (2+3).

Method

Fig. 8 .

 8 Fig. 8. Synthetic urban dataset. Left: images at a location. Right: top views of Structure-from-Motion and M surface.

  3 such that k is vertical, s h and s v are horizontal and vertical scale factors. The unit ball {x ∈ R 3 , ||x|| ≤ 1} of ||.|| is a cylinder with vertical axis, (horizontal) diameter 2s h and length 2s v . The choice of s h and s v is given in the Appendix.

Table

  ).

	Method	ray-casting 2+ 2	2+1	2+3
	comp. number (β 0 )	4.8k	5.5k	1.5k	5.1k
	tunnel number (β 1 )	185k	105k	18k	31k
	non-manifold vertex	31%	9.8% 5.0% 4.4%
	freespace	57%	51% 38% 49%
	computation time	102s	22s	38s	62s


Romain Guidoux

Philippe Lacomme

Sylvie Rousset

ACTIVCOLLECTOR: A COLLABORATIVE SYSTEM TO STORE AND TREAT HUMAN PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL DATA

Abstract: Modern computer and electronic technologies have the potential to facilitate the collect, the centralization and the treatment of multivariate data. For this reason we have created and developed a collaborative system: ActivCollector (https://www3.clermont.inra.fr/ActivCollector/) useful and available to researchers in human nutrition. This system is not only a technological but also a research tool because it integrates the intelligence necessary to the modelling of metabolic process such as energy expenditure, for example. This system is composed of a server, data bases and software (figure). Its architecture has been initially conceived to be opened to new developments and new users. At the present, ActivCollector contains several units necessary to : • Project and user management. These two first units allow managing of the research projects in nutrition independently from/to each other. The user management enables to give access rights according to individual needs/functions. • Clinical data management. Data of several sources were considered: responses to questionnaires, data acquired from monitors or e-devices (Actiheart, Armband, smartphone), data from biological, biochemical and physical analyses. Today researchers can create their own questionnaires or use the existing questionnaires in the data basis. They can also send them to volunteers by internet and schedule the automatic mathematical treatments of responses given by volunteers. We are working to the collect and treatment of data acquired by smartphone to estimate energy expenditure in freeliving conditions. • Communication between volunteers and researchers by the access of the internet (internal e-mail). To our knowledge ActivCollector is the first system of clinical data centralization and modelling of metabolic process available for the researchers in nutrition. His evolutionary architecture will enable to build metabolism prediction models, stage by stage, to understand the development or the regression of chronic diseases such as obesity.

1

  Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Nutrition Humaine UMR 1019 CRNH d'Auvergne, 58 rue Montalembert, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France 2 Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire d'Informatique, de Modélisation et d'Optimisation des systèmes (LIMOS) UMR CNRS 6158, Campus des Cézeaux, 63177 Aubière Cedex France Presenting author: Sylvie Rousset