Joseph Poupin
email: joseph.poupin@ecole-navale.fr

Regis Cleva
email: cleva.regis@orange.fr

Jean-Marie Bouchard
email: jmarie.bouchard@gmail.com

Vincent Dinhut

Jacques Dumas
email: jacquesdumasffessm@gmail.com

STOMATOPOD CRUSTACEANS FROM MAYOTTE ISLAND (CRUSTACEA, HOPLOCARIDA)

A collection of stomatopods assembled during the KUW 2009 expedition to Mayotte Island and deposited in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle Paris is studied with a review of previous records from Comoros and Mayotte Island. In total 14 species are recognized 3 of them being new records for this region. A brief comparison with other regions studied for stomatopods indicates that sampling is still insufficient in Comoros and Mayotte and that dozens of species remain to be inventoried in that region.

RÉSUMÉ

Une collection de stomatopodes réalisée pendant la mission KUW de 2009 sur l'île de Mayotte et déposée au Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle de Paris est étudiée, avec une revue des signalements précédents aux Comores et Mayotte. Au total 14 espèces sont reconnues, 3 d'entre elles étant de nouveaux signalements pour cette région. Une comparaison succincte avec d'autres régions étudiées pour les stomatopodes montre que les récoltes sont encore limitées aux Comores et Mayotte et que des dizaines d'espèces restent encore à inventorier dans cette région.

INTRODUCTION

This report is the fourth of a series published in Atoll Research Bulletin (ARB) to study the Crustacea (Decapoda) collected during the Kraken Underwater Works C ie (KUW) expedition to Mayotte Island, southwestern Indian Ocean, November 1-21, 2009. This fieldwork was organized by J. -M. Bouchard, head of the KUW C ie in Mayotte, with participation of the École Navale, Brest, and the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Paris, and was targeting primarily the Crustacea (Decapoda and Stomatopoda) of the Island. Financial support was provided by the DAF (Direction de l'Agriculture et de la Forêt) of Mayotte and The Total Foundation.

Previous ARB contributions include the studies of: land, mangrove and freshwater Decapoda [START_REF] Bouchard | Land, mangrove and freshwater decapod crustaceans of Mayotte region (Crustacea, Decapoda)[END_REF]; Anomura [START_REF] Poupin | Anomura of Mayotte region (Crustacea Decapoda)[END_REF]; and crabs [START_REF] Poupin | The crabs from Mayotte Island (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura)[END_REF]. More details, including map of the Island and stations prospected can be found in these contributions.

The present study focuses on the Stomatopoda collected during Mayotte KUW 2009.

METHODS

The coordinates together with a short description of the stations prospected during Mayotte KUW 2009 can be consulted in [START_REF] Bouchard | Land, mangrove and freshwater decapod crustaceans of Mayotte region (Crustacea, Decapoda)[END_REF]. The description of marine biotopes visited and sampling techniques used in the intertidal and at sea are provided by [START_REF] Poupin | Anomura of Mayotte region (Crustacea Decapoda)[END_REF][START_REF] Poupin | The crabs from Mayotte Island (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura)[END_REF]. Stomatopods were collected in the intertidal zone by using dip nets or during scuba dives in the lagoon between 1-35m with brushing of corals and blocks and by using a sediment suction pump. Out of 39 stations prospected stomatopods were captured only in the 11 stations listed herein. Two large stomatopod species, not collected during Mayotte KUW 2009, have been also included in the present list because they were recognized confidently on under water photographs examined during this work. Older collections of stomatopods from Mayotte [START_REF] Manning | Stomatopod Crustacea from Madagascar[END_REF][START_REF] Ahyong | Review of Neoanchisquilla Moosa, 1991 and Neclorida Manning, 1995 (Crustacea: Stomatopoda: Squilloidea), with descriptions of two new species of Neoanchisquilla from the Indian Ocean[END_REF][START_REF] Ahyong | Revision of Pseudosquillana Cappola & Manning, 1995 (Crustacea: Stomatopoda: Pseudosquillidae)[END_REF] were mostly made by L. S. Kornicker between 1958-1971(including Anton Bruun Cruise 9, IIOE, 24 November 1964) and A. Crosnier between 1959-196, with specimens deposited in USNM and/or MNHN. Fourmanoir (1955) had also reported two species from the Comoros Islands.

The length of specimens examined is the total length (TL in mm) measured from the apex of the rostral plate to the apices of the submedian teeth of the telson. The taxonomy of the list follows Ahyong (2001). The determinations were made at the École navale by the senior author using keys and illustrations in [START_REF] Manning | Stomatopod Crustacea of Vietnam: The legacy of Raoul Serène[END_REF] and Ahyong (2001). No comparative specimens were examined. All specimens are deposited in the MNHN collection (numbers MNHN-IU-2013-7244 to 7259). The geographic distribution of the species is from [START_REF] Müller | World catalogue and bibliography of the recent Stomatopoda[END_REF] updated in [START_REF] Manning | Stomatopod Crustacea of Vietnam: The legacy of Raoul Serène[END_REF] and Ahyong (2001).

LIST OF STOMATOPODS FROM MAYOTTE

Order Stomatopoda Latreille, 1817 Superfamily Gonodactyloidea Giesbrecht, 1910

Family Gonodactylidae Giesbrecht, 1910

Gonodactylaceus falcatus (Forskål, 1775) (Figure 1A) Gonodactylus falcatus -Manning, 1968: 46, Mayotte (coll. L. S. Kornicker, St. LK-39, Anton Bruun Cruise 9, 24 November 1964, reef, 1 female TL 21.1 mm, USNM).

DISTRIBUTION -Widely distributed in the IWP. Red Sea, Tanzania, Mayotte, South Africa to Japan, Hawaii, French Polynesia. Usually intertidal, to 50 m in [START_REF] Manning | Stomatopod Crustacea from Madagascar[END_REF].

REMARK -This species was recently reported in the region, 550 km southwest of Mayotte at Juan de Nova Island [START_REF] Poupin | First inventory of the Crustacea (Decapoda, Stomatopoda) of Juan de Nova Island with ecological observations and comparison with nearby islands in the Mozambique Channel (Europa, Glorieuses, Mayotte)[END_REF] 49, 1 male, TL 39.2 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-16069). The color pattern of Juan de Nova specimen is illustrated together with G. ternatensis on Figure 1. Ahyong (2001) indicates that color in life is highly polymorphic in G. falcatus and that it 'can change dramatically between moults and differs according to habitat'. DISTRIBUTION -Mayotte (first record), Cocos-Keeling Islands, eastern Australia, Andaman Sea, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, southern China to Samoa. Mayotte is a noticeable range extension to WIO, to be confirmed by collections of additional specimens (see Remark).

Gonodactylaceus ternatensis (de

REMARK -Fresh coloration of this small specimen matches well with the color plate of G. ternatensis in Manning (1995, pl. 1) including the red posterior margins of the thoracic and abdominal somites, the bright blue A2 scale, and the bright blue distal segment of uropodal exopod. The specimen examined differs, however, from typical G. ternatensis by shape of rostral plate with convex anterior margin (straight of faintly concave in G. ternatensis typical) and telson knob faintly bilobed (not typically bilobed in G. ternatensis). It is relatively small (TL 15.0 mm), to be compared with sizes to 75-87 mm indicated in Ahyong (2001), which can account for these slight morphological variations. Ahyong (2001) has also noticed that the shape of the knob of telson show variation being usually undivided but sometimes 'indented dorsally, giving a bilobed appearance'. The specimen was first considered as a juvenile female because no penes can be seen. Its coloration is, however, that of the male as illustrated in Manning (1995, pl. 1) with bright blue on A2 scale and distal segment of uropodal exopod (in females these parts are yellow; Manning, 1995, pl. 2). It is thus probable that it is a male juvenile with penes so short (bud-like) that they cannot be seen. [START_REF] Manning | Stomatopod Crustacea of Vietnam: The legacy of Raoul Serène[END_REF]Ahyong, 2001). In largest male examined herein (TL 18.5 mm) the aspect of the telson is as indicated in Manning (1995: 60): 'median and accessory median carinae are confluent posteriorly and appear as a single inflated median boss armed with three posterior spinules'. The aspect of the telson is, however, variable in G. affinis, as illustrated by Moosa and Cleva (1984, fig. 2) and Manning (1995, fig. 20). In fresh specimen the cornea is white, the body is pale red with white patches as illustrated in Figure 2A, white patches at basis of uropod and white posterior margin of somite 6 forming an continuous transverse white line. A similar color pattern is illustrated in Gosliner et al. (1996: 195) but these authors indicate that this species is 'highly polymorphic in color … individuals below 20 m often pink or red'.

Gonodactylellus crosnieri [START_REF] Manning | Stomatopod Crustacea from Madagascar[END_REF] Gonodactylus crosnieri Manning, 1968: 48, DISTRIBUTION -WIO, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Somalia, Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa, Mayotte, Madagascar, Pakistan. Also Vietnam [START_REF] Manning | Stomatopod Crustacea of Vietnam: The legacy of Raoul Serène[END_REF]. Intertidal to 60 m (in [START_REF] Müller | World catalogue and bibliography of the recent Stomatopoda[END_REF]. DISTRIBUTION -Widely distributed in the IWP but exact range uncertain because 'virtually all members of Gonodactylus has been confused with G. chiragra at one time or another' [START_REF] Manning | Stomatopod Crustacea of Vietnam: The legacy of Raoul Serène[END_REF]. Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Mozambique, Comoros, Mayotte, Madagascar; Pakistan, Andaman Islands, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Australia, New Caledonia, Philippines, Japan, French Polynesia. Not listed from Hawaii in Ahyong (2002a). Intertidal to 2 m.

REMARK -Fresh specimens (Figure 2B) have the characteristic red color on antennae, A2 scale, pereopods and uropods, as illustrated in Manning (1995, pl. 8). The white patch on the inside of the distal end of the merus of the claw is similar to that illustrated in Ahyong et al. (2008: fig. 11).

Gonodactylus platysoma Wood-Mason, 1895 (Figure 3A)

Gonodactylus platysoma -Manning, 1968: 44 3A).

DISTRIBUTION -IWP, mainly on islands and atolls. Somalia, Comoros, Mayotte, Madagascar, Réunion, Mauritius, Maldives, Andaman, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Australia, New Caledonia, Philippines, Japan, Marshall Islands, French Polynesia. Not reported from Hawaii in Ahyong (2002a). Intertidal, shallow subtidal.

REMARK -A diagnostic character for G. platysoma is the spot bounded with dark blue on the eight thoracic somite and fifth abdominal somite.

Gonodactylus smithii Pocock, 1893 (Figure 2C)

Gonodactylus smithii -Manning, 1968: 44, Anjouan, Mayotte (Mayotte, reef, coll. L.S. Kornicker, St. LK-39, Anton Bruun Cruise I, 24 November 1964, 1 male TL 38.9 mm, USNM; Anjouan, intertidal, coll. A. Crosnier, November 1961, 1 female TL 29.4 mm, USNM).

MATERIAL EXAMINED -Mission KUW November 2009, St. 26, 1 male TL 46.9 mm, 2 females TL 37.8, 55.0 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7246.

REMARK -The specimens examined have the characteristic red patch on the inside of the distal end of the merus of the claw (Figure 2C), also illustrated in Manning (1995, pl. 12).

DISTRIBUTION -IWP. Somalia, Comoros, Mayotte, Madagascar, Réunion, Mauritius, South Africa, Persian Gulf, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Australia, New Caledonia, Philippines, Japan, Marshall. Reported in Society Islands [START_REF] Gosliner | Coral reef animals of the Indo-Pacific. Animal life from Africa to Hawai'i, exclusive of the vertebrates[END_REF] but not in Hawaii (Ahyong, 2002a). Intertidal to 80 m.

Family Odontodactylidae Manning, 1980

Odontodactylus scyllarus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Figure 3B) REMARK -This species can be easily recognized in in-situ photographs. Anterolateral and sometimes posterolateral areas of carapace have large dark brown spots outlined in white (Figure 3B; Manning, 1995, pl. 13;Ahyong et al., 2008, fig. 22).

Family Protosquillidae Manning, 1980

Chorisquilla spinosissima (Pfeffer, 1888) (Figure 2D) Hawaii, French Polynesia. Intertidal to 110m. Fourmanoir (1955) indicates that the species is probably more common in deep water 'Cette variété doit vivre en eau profonde, nous en avons trouvé deux exemplaires dans l'estomac de Blepharis sp. qui ne s'aventure pas dans la zone intercotidale'. Mayotte specimens were collected by A. Crosnier at 47-51 m.

REMARK -Two of the 3 specimens examined from Mayotte have faint remains of lateral black patches on sixth thoracic sternite (TS6) and first abdominal tergite (AS1) and a dorso median by [START_REF] Manning | Stomatopod Crustacea from Madagascar[END_REF][START_REF] Manning | Further observations on Oratosquilla, with accounts of two new genera and nine new species (Crustacea, Stomatopoda, Squillidae)[END_REF] with synonymy and corrections in Ahyong (2001): Carinosquilla spinosa [START_REF] Ahyong | Stomatopod crustaceans from Phuket and the Andaman Sea[END_REF](as Squilla carinata Serène, 1950[START_REF] Manning | Stomatopod Crustacea from Madagascar[END_REF]; Cloridina chlorida (Brooks, 1886); Harpiosquilla melanoura [START_REF] Manning | Stomatopod Crustacea from Madagascar[END_REF]; Neclorida miersi [START_REF] Manning | Stomatopod Crustacea from Madagascar[END_REF]; Quollastria subtilis [START_REF] Manning | Further observations on Oratosquilla, with accounts of two new genera and nine new species (Crustacea, Stomatopoda, Squillidae)[END_REF] (as Squilla gonypetes Kemp, 1911[START_REF] Manning | Stomatopod Crustacea from Madagascar[END_REF]. When this fauna is better studied in the vast lagoon of Mayotte Island, which is the largest in the Indian Ocean (1 100 km 2 ), the biodiversity could be expected to reach to at least 30-40 species and probably much more.

Table 1. Stomatopod richness of species in several IWP localities

  Man, 1902) (Figure 1B) MATERIAL EXAMINED -Mission KUW November 2009. St. 25, 1 ?male juvenile TL 15.0 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7248.

Figure 1 .

 1 Figure 1. Color pattern of two sibling species. A) Gonodactylus falcatus, Juan de Nova, 1 male, TL 39.2 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-16069. B) Gonodactylaceus ternatensis, Mayotte, 1 ?male juvenile TL 15.0 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7248.

Figure 2 .

 2 Figure 2. Color pattern of four stomatopods from Mayotte. A) Gonodactylellus affinis, 1 male TL 18.5 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7249. B) Gonodactylus chiragra, 1 male TL 76.1 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7244. C) Gonodactylus smithii, 1 male TL 46.9 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7246. D) Chorisquilla spinosissima, 1 male, TL 15.7 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7251. Gonodactylus chiragra (Fabricius, 1781) (Figure 2B) Gonodactylus chiragra -Fourmanoir, 1955: 33 (Comoros, 'commune dans les herbiers et coraux'). -Manning, 1968: 43, Mayotte (Reef, coll. L.S. Kornicker, sta LK-39, Anton Bruun Cruise 9, 24 November 1964, 1 male broken, TL 13.9 mm, USNM). MATERIAL EXAMINED -Mission KUW November 2009. St. 26, 2 males TL 67.7, 76.1 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7244. St. 26, coll. J.-M. Bouchard 2008, 1 male TL 78.5 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7245. St. 29, 1 female TL 46.4 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7247.

Figure 3 .

 3 Figure 3. Two large stomatopods recognized during scuba dives at Mayotte. A) Gonodactylus platysoma, photo T. Mulochau, 21 August 2018, scuba dive Islet Chissioua Bambo, 45°11.838'E, 12°55.985'S, 3 m. B) Odontodactylus scyllarus, photo Claude Philippon, lagoon at night, 3-6 m.

pers. comm. , personal communication; s.l., sensu lato; sp./spp., specimen/s; St., Station; TS, thoracic somite; USNM, United States National Museum; WA, Western Atlantic; WIO, Western Indian Ocean.

  Other abbreviations used are: AS, abdominal somite; ARB, Atoll Research Bulletin; BIORECIE, French research program 2011-2013 'Biodiversité, ressources et conservation des récifs coralliens dans le SO Océan Indien, Iles Eparses'; det., determined by; IO, Indian Ocean; IP, Indo-Pacific; IWP, Indo-West Pacific; juv., juvenile; KUW, Kraken Underwater Works C ie ; MNHN, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris;

  Gonodactylus segregatus[START_REF] Manning | Stomatopod Crustacea from Madagascar[END_REF]: 51, fig. 16 Mayotte (intertidal, coll. A. Crosnier, September 1959, 1 female TL 22.9 mm, USNM). -Gonodactylus chiragra var. segregatus Lanchester, 1903 currently accepted as Gonodactylellus affinis. Seychelles and Mayotte (first record) to Vietnam, Indonesia, Australia, Philippines, French Polynesia. Reef flat, to 60-80 m (in Ahyong, 2001). REMARK -This is the commonest species collected during KUW 2009. It is a small species with TL reported between 17-38 mm

	Gonodactylellus affinis (De Man, 1902) (Figure 2A)
	MATERIAL EXAMINED -Mission KUW November 2009. St. 14, 1 male TL 21.5 mm, 1 female
	TL 14.9 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7258. St. 17, 3 males TL 12-18.5 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7249,
	1 male TL 13.5 mm, 1 female TL 15.5 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7253. St. 22, 2 males TL 15.6,
	19.5 mm, 3 females TL 11.0-19.5 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7254. St. 23, 2 males TL 10.7, 14.4
	mm, 2 females TL 15.6, 19.5 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7257. St. 25, 1 male TL 19.5 mm, 2
	females 14.4, 15.3 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7252. St. 33, 1 male TL 17.3 mm, 1 female TL 18.2
	mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7256. St. 35, 1 male TL 21 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7255.
	DISTRIBUTION -Red Sea,

  New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, American Samoa. Not reported from French Polynesia and Hawaii. Low intertidal to 72 m.

	PHOTOGRAPHS, SPECIMENS NOT COLLECTED -Mayotte, several in situ photographs. Mission
	KUW November 2009, St. 28, photo J. Dumas; Reef Boa Sadia, northwest, near islet Choizil,
	3 September 2009, 20 m, photo M. Deuss; Mayotte lagoon several photos at night, C.
	Philippon (Figure 3B), M. Allaria, and B. Pineau.
	DISTRIBUTION -IWP. Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Seychelles, Mayotte (first record),
	Madagascar, Réunion, Mauritius, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, Australia,

Manning, 1977 Pseudosquilla ciliata (Fabricius, 1787)

  MATERIAL EXAMINED -Mission KUW November 2009. St. 14, 1 male TL 17.5 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7259. St. 17, 1 male, TL 15.7 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7251. DISTRIBUTION -Mostly IO but exact range uncertain because confusion with Chorisquilla hystrix (Nobili, 1899). Red Sea, Somalia, Kenya, Mayotte (first record), Madagascar, Sri Lanka, South China Sea. According to Ahyong (2001): 'C. hystrix and C. spinosissima are so similar that they could prove to be eastern and western populations of a single widespread Indo-West Pacific species … Chorisquilla hystrix appears to be primarily a Pacific species and C. spinosissima is primarily an Indian Ocean species'. Reef flat to 22 m (this work, Mayotte KUW 2009, St. 17). Pantropical, but not Eastern Pacific. In the IWP, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Somalia, Mozambique, Seychelles, Comoros, Mayotte, Madagascar, Réunion, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Indonesia, Australia, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea; Philippines,

	Pseudosquilla ciliata -Fourmanoir, 1955: 33, Comoros. -Manning, 1968: 42, Anjouan,
	Mayotte (Anjouan, in trevally stomach, coll. A. Crosnier, 1 female TL 63.8 mm, MNHN;
	Mayotte, 47 m, sand, coll. A. Crosnier, August 1959, 1 post larvae TL 17.9 mm, MNHN;
	Mayotte, 51 m, coarse sand, coll. A. Crosnier, 1 October 1959, 1 female TL 20.0 mm,
	MNHN).
	MATERIAL EXAMINED -Mission KUW November 2009. St. 31, 3 females TL 19.0-20.0 mm,
	MNHN-IU-2013-7250.
	DISTRIBUTION -

REMARK -This species is affiliated to Chorisquilla hystrix (Nobili, 1899) formerly considered as a junior synonym.

Ahyong (2001)

has compared the two species and provided key characters to separate them. The specimens examined from Mayotte have: a) AS5 with mid-dorsal surface smooth (bearing longitudinal carinae on posterior ½ to ⅓ in C. hystrix); b) AS4-5 smooth (with carinae/spines in C. hystrix); and c) body almost uniformly pigmented (see Figure

2D

) (banded in C. hystrix).

[START_REF] Ahyong | The stomatopod Crustacea of Guam[END_REF]

must be consulted for more comments on these two species and the description of a third related species, Chorisquilla kroppi

[START_REF] Ahyong | The stomatopod Crustacea of Guam[END_REF]

, still known only from Guam.

Family Pseudosquillidae

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Financial support for this study has been obtained from the Direction de l'Agriculture et de la Forêt of Mayotte (DAF) and Total Foundation. Supplementary assistance for this research has been given by the École Navale, Brest and the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (MNHN). Photographs of species with living coloration were obtained via some collaborators, by alphabetical order: Marc Allaria, Matthias Deuss, Yvon Gildas, J. -B. Nicet, Claude Philippon, Benjamin Pineau, Norbert Verneau and T. Mulocheau. S. Ahyong has helped for determination of G. ternatensis and has also made appreciated comments and corrections on the submitted manuscript. A second anonymous reviewer has also contributed to improve the manuscript.

patch on TS7. This color pattern is also indicated by [START_REF] Fourmanoir | Crustacés Macroures et Anomoures, Stomatopodes. Notes sur la faune intercotidale des Comores[END_REF] for Comoros specimens 'Une tache noire de chaque côté du sixième segment thoracique (TS6) et du premier segment abdominal (AS1)'. This form is the 'forme claire' of [START_REF] Serène | Observations sur deux Pseudosquilla d'Indochine[END_REF] illustrated in Manning (1995, pl. 20). [START_REF] Manning | Stomatopod Crustacea of Vietnam: The legacy of Raoul Serène[END_REF] has indicated that all specimens examined from Mayotte correspond to this 'forme claire'.

Pseudosquillana richeri (Moosa, 1991) Pseudosquilla richeri - Ahyong et al., 2000: 306, Comoros (poison

DISCUSSION

The richness of Mayotte stomatopod fauna is compared with other places in the IWP in Table 1. The figures presented appear biased by non-homogeneous sampling efforts and/or regional studies. The richness is greater for Australia (152 spp.) which has benefited from a major contribution by Ahyong (2001). Others places rather well studied are New Caledonia, Vietnam, and Taiwan with ca. 70-90 species. Sampling effort is still probably insufficient in other places of Table 1 although the low figures for Cocos Keeling, Christmas Islands (13 spp.) and Hawaii (20 spp.) reflect probably an impoverished fauna because of, respectively, a limited geographical area and geographical isolation in central Pacific.

In the case of Comoros and Mayotte it is likely that some of the 30 species reported from nearby Madagascar are also in Mayotte. These are for example the species collected on the 'Banc du Pracel', situated approximately 500 km south of Mayotte between Madagascar and Juan de Nova Island, reported [START_REF] Manning | Stomatopod Crustacea from Madagascar[END_REF]Manning ( , 1970a[START_REF] Manning | Further observations on Oratosquilla, with accounts of two new genera and nine new species (Crustacea, Stomatopoda, Squillidae)[END_REF] French Polynesia 45 37 spp. in Ahyong (2002b), plus 7 spp. in [START_REF] Ahyong | Stomatopod Crustacea of the Austral and Gambier Islands, French Polynesia[END_REF], plus 1 sp. in [START_REF] Ahyong | The mantis shrimps of the genus, Raoulserenea Manning, 1995 (Crustacea: Stomatopoda: Pseudosquillidae) from French Polynesia, with description of a new species and notes on its reproduction[END_REF] Taiwan 66 63 spp. in [START_REF] Ahyong | A catalog of the mantis shrimps (Stomatopoda) of Taiwan[END_REF]; plus 3 spp. in [START_REF] Wang | Three new records of Nannosquillidae from Taiwan with notes on their ecology (Crustacea, Stomatopoda, Lysiosquilloidea)[END_REF].

Vietnam 72 [START_REF] Manning | Stomatopod Crustacea of Vietnam: The legacy of Raoul Serène[END_REF]


Manuella Germanos
email: manuella.germanos@mines-ales.fr

Oussama Ben-Ammar
email: oussama.ben-ammar@mines-ales.fr

Gregory Zacharwicz
email: gregory.zacharewicz@mines-ales.fr

Modelling and optimization approaches for smallholders: A systematic review

Keywords: smallholders, modelling, optimization, costs, pricing, ergonomic

Introduction

Smallholders are small-scale agriculture models that usually support the life of a single family.

They are producing about one-third of the population's food supply [START_REF] Ricciardi | How much of the world's food do smallholders produce?[END_REF]. With the increase in population, food production should increase to go with this demand. Food production should be doubled by 2025 [START_REF] Zheleva | Smallholder agriculture in the information age: Limits and opportunities[END_REF]. However, increasing yield is not the only problem that smallholders face as they encounter challenges in production, ergonomics, delivery, and increase in raw material price due to many factors [START_REF] Hammond | Perceived effects of covid-19 restrictions on smallholder farmers: Evidence from seven lower-and middle-income countries[END_REF][START_REF] Harvey | Climate change impacts and adaptation among smallholder farmers in central america[END_REF]. Therefore, there is an urgent need to optimize different fronts in the agriculture supply chain. Unfortunately, many of these challenges are intractable and special algorithms need to be deployed to overcome them [START_REF] Dimopoulos | Recent developments in evolutionary computation for manufacturing optimization: problems, solutions, and comparisons[END_REF]. As part of the SMALLDERS initiative [START_REF] Longo | An overview of approaches and methodologies for supporting smallholders: ICT tools, blockchain, business models, sustainability indicators, simulation models[END_REF], our team proposes a system to help smallholders make impactful decisions and rapidly access different scenarios. Specifically, we turned to simulation and optimization to find suitable solutions to the problems at hand while considering the ergonomic and environmental sides.

We present a detailed literature review as it is an efficient technique to review the results among previous studies [START_REF] Patole | Principles and Practice of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis[END_REF]. This work aims to shed light on the smallholders' problems that the SMALLDERS projects can offer support with, as well as the different methodologies researchers used to tackle these problems. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to do so. We detail the methodology used in Section 2.

Methodology

We conduct a systematic literature review to recognize the different problems that smallholders face, analyze the methods developed to overcome them, uncover shortcomings of the current work, and propose possible approaches for future work. This work will focus on papers published in peer-reviewed articles and journals extracted from the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus libraries. The main steps of the search are summarized below.

The first step of the search is to focus on works that fall within the scope of this literature review. We define the following query (("Smallholders" OR "Short food supply chain") AND ("Modelling" AND "Optimization")) and search WoS and Scopus for articles that match this query.

After identifying our target papers, we start the filtering process by considering the papers written in English and published in peer-reviewed journals and conferences. We exclude literature reviews to avoid secondary sources and focus on primary work. This leaves us with 86 papers in total. The papers extracted from the previously mentioned libraries can be found in Figure 1. We put the remaining papers through two additional steps of filtering. During the first phase, the paper's abstract is reviewed and off-topic papers are discarded. In the

Records from WoS n=75

Records after duplicates are removed n=86

FIG. 1: Number of papers collected second phase, the papers are read entirely, and irrelevant papers are discarded. The papers are then categorized into two groups according to whether they used simulation or not. Each of these groups will be further divided to account for the different methodologies used, problems tackled, and optimization approaches. Finally, we implement a forward and backward search by reviewing every paper's selected citations and reference lists. This allows us to widen the search and find additional documents to add to our review.

After collecting all this information, we analyze the trend of methods used and possible shortcomings of research. This would help us identify target solutions and related features to be integrated in our platform.