Bruno Chanet

Keywords: Scophthalmus maximus, Turbot Scophthalmus maximus, Turbot Animalia Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Scophthalmidae Scophthalmus maximus (Linnaeus, 1758 Turbot, Britt Native, Extant (resident): Albania; Belgium;

à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Taxonomic Notes:

The taxonomic history of this species is complicated in the Black Sea region [START_REF] Parin | Fishes of Russian Seas: Annotated Catalogue[END_REF]. Scophthalmus maeoticus has been considered a junior synonym of S. maximus with uncertainty by some workers [START_REF] Chanet | Interrelationships of scophthalmid fishes (Pleuronectiformes: Scophthalmidae)[END_REF][START_REF] Suzuki | Phylogeographic relationships within the Mediterranean turbot inferred by mitochondrial DNA haplotype variation[END_REF][START_REF] Nielsen | Genetic population structure of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) supports the presence of multiple hybrid zones for marine fishes in the transition zone between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea[END_REF][START_REF] Bailly | Scophthalmus Rafinesque, 1810: The valid generic name for the turbot, S. maximus (Linnaeus, 1758) [Pleuronectiformes: Scophthalmidae][END_REF]. Scophthalmus maeoticus has also been considered as a subspecies of S. maximus by some [START_REF] Parin | Fishes of Russian Seas: Annotated Catalogue[END_REF]), but both cytogenetic and population genetic data suggest that these two nominal species are part of the same species (Bouza et al. 1995, do Prado et al. 2018).

Currently, the subpopulation in the Black Sea is very likely isolated from other residual Mediterranean subpopulations due to the high temperature of the Mediterranean waters. A notable genetic differentiation has been reported in the subpopulation inhabiting the Black Sea, but this differentiation is similar to that of other residual subpopulations in the Mediterranean Sea (do [START_REF] Prado | Tracing the genetic impact of farmed turbot Scophthalmus maximus on wild populations[END_REF]). This has prompted some authors [START_REF] Turan | Phylogenetic relationships of turbot species (Scophthalmidae) inferred from the mitochondrial COIII gene and morphological characters[END_REF] to claim that S. maeoticus and S. maximus are different species. A study by [START_REF] Firidin | Population genetic structure of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L., 1758) in the Black Sea[END_REF] that used mitochondrial DNA concluded that only S. maximus occurs in the Black Sea. Based on evidence provided in [START_REF] Firidin | Population genetic structure of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L., 1758) in the Black Sea[END_REF], it is concluded that S. maeoticus is a junior subjective synonym of S. maximus even if sampling conditions differed from those reported in [START_REF] Turan | Phylogenetic relationships of turbot species (Scophthalmidae) inferred from the mitochondrial COIII gene and morphological characters[END_REF] (B. Chanet and T. Munroe pers. comm. 2020). This species is still frequently referred to in the literature as Psetta maxima, but the proper generic placement and nomenclature is Scophthalmus maximus (Bouza et al. 1995, Bailly and[START_REF] Bailly | Scophthalmus Rafinesque, 1810: The valid generic name for the turbot, S. maximus (Linnaeus, 1758) [Pleuronectiformes: Scophthalmidae][END_REF]. Different scientific names are used for this species in the coastal countries of the Black Sea. For example, in Russia, the name S. maeoticus is used, while in the Ukraine, both S. maximus and Psetta maeoticus are used. The region-level stock assessment conducted by the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) primarily refers to this nominal species as S. maximus (V. Shlyakhov pers. comm. 2020).

Assessment Information

Justification:

This widely distributed, demersal species has an estimated generation length of 9 years. It is valued in commercial demersal fisheries through much of its range. Biomass in the North Sea stock, which represents the center of its global abundance, has been increasing over the past 14 years, or since 2005, and compared to three generations ago (around 1993), biomass is now higher. The Skagerrak/Kattegat stock, which is partly connected to the North Sea stock, is data-limited, but exploitable biomass has remained above the biomass sustainability target. Stocks further south are also depleted due to overfishing, including near extirpation off the coast of Spain. The status of the Baltic Sea and Iberian Peninsula stocks are poorly understood due to limited data availability. It is naturally scarce in the Mediterranean Sea. Conservation measures are in place in European waters to regulate fishing and monitor the status of stocks.

It is formally managed as a single stock across the Black Sea, but there are biological differences between Turbot in the northern and southern parts that support the need for a multi-area stock assessment model tailored by a spatial management. Spawning stock biomass (SSB) peaked in 1978, and then steeply declined to the mid-1980s due to overexploitation. Over the past three generations (since about 1993), SSB has remained at a low level compared to historical biomass, but has been relatively stable and even increasing slightly since 2013. According to the region-wide stock assessment, the population is overexploited and fishing mortality is above F MSY . Several improvements in fishing regulations have occurred and a region-wide management plan and research programme are in development. However, deficiencies remain in preventing and tracking illegal fishing and enforcing fishing regulation/management. Turbot is globally listed as Least Concern with the recommendation to conduct research on the declines in abundance and to improve fisheries management in parts of its range where it has declined. Suggested improvements needed to sustain the positive biomass trend in the Black Sea should be implemented, including improving catch and effort records and maintaining fleet capacity at the recommended level.

Geographic Range Range Description: Population

A genetics study conducted on fish collected throughout its range (including the Black Sea) reported separation between those from the Black Sea and Adriatic as well as between individuals from between the Atlantic Ocean and Baltic Sea. Some additional, but more subtle, differences were also detected in fishes from within the Baltic, as well as those from the Atlantic with fish from Norway separating from those taken off Spain (do [START_REF] Prado | Tracing the genetic impact of farmed turbot Scophthalmus maximus on wild populations[END_REF]. Also, the Baltic subpopulation is clearly differentiated from the subpopulation inhabiting the North East Atlantic [START_REF] Vandamme | Reconciling seascape genetics and fisheries science in three codistributed flatfishes[END_REF]. Some subpopulations also differ in their adaptation to local temperature and oxygen availability [START_REF] Andersen | The hemoglobin Gly16β1Asp polymorphism in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) is differentially distributed across European populations[END_REF]. This species is similar to that of Brill, Scophthalmus rhombus, and hybridization has been documented between the two species [START_REF] Maroso | Species identification of two closely exploited flatfish, turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and brill (Scophthalmus rhombus), using a ddRADseq genomic approach[END_REF].

Atlantic:

The low genetic differentiation between the Atlantic subpopulations indicates relatively high gene flow (do [START_REF] Prado | Tracing the genetic impact of farmed turbot Scophthalmus maximus on wild populations[END_REF]. At least four stocks are identified in the Atlantic: the North Sea, the Skagerrak/Kattegat, the Baltic Sea, and that of the Iberian Peninsula/Bay of Biscay. The North Sea stock has the highest abundance and represents the center of global abundance for this species (M. Cardinale and P. Martinez pers. comm. 2020).

This species has been exploited in the North Sea (Subarea 4) since the 1950s, and from 1975 onwards, the Netherlands has taken most of the landings (~50-60%). Over the past decade, fishing effort by the Dutch beam trawl fleet has decreased significantly, landings per unit effort were stable, and the abundance of this species likely increased. Overall effort by beam trawl fleets in the North Sea declined significantly since 1995. Total and spawning stock biomass (SSB) has been estimated for the years 1981-2020. Total biomass declined by 55% from 1984 to 1998, was stable at a low level to 2006, and has been increasing since then. SSB declined by 79% from 1981 to 1996 as fishing mortality increased, was stable at a low level until 2005, and has been increasing since then. Over the past three generations (since 1993), both total and spawning biomass were at higher levels in 2020 as compared to those of 1993. Fishing mortality has decreased since the mid-1990s and has been just below the sustainability target since 2012. Spawning stock biomass has been above the sustainability target since 2013. The proportion of immature individuals in the catch has been high, but the occurrence of larger individuals in the catches has increased in recent years. The discard rate is poorly understood for the years prior to 2002, and this introduces some uncertainty to the stock assessment. Historical data on recruitment are also unreliable, but available estimates indicate it has varied over time with no clear trend apparent. Recruitment has been stable or above average in recent years. Scientific surveys used for the stock assessment have a low internal consistency especially for fishes of older ages leading to a low ability to track cohorts over time, which negatively impacts the reliability of abundance estimates. Dutch scientists and fishers have initiated an industry survey that could give a more appropriate index as input for the assessment in the future (when five years of data are available) [START_REF] Ices Wgnssk | Working Group on the Assessment of Demersal Stocks in the North Sea and Skagerrak[END_REF]2020). Catches of this species in fisheries operating in Icelandic waters have been increasing in the recent decade. Abundance may be increasing due to environmental changes in the region, including warming of the waters in this region, that are more favourable for this species. Genetics studies indicate the Icelandic and Norwegian subpopulations are relatively well-connected [START_REF] Imsland | Life history of turbot in Icelandic waters: Intra-and inter-population genetic diversity and otolith tracking of environmental temperatures[END_REF].

The Skagerrak and Kattegat stock (Subarea 3a) is data-limited, and this results in higher levels of uncertainty in this stock assessment. It was recently determined that part of this stock actually belongs to the North Sea stock. Based on the available data, it is suspected that the stock is not overexploited and exploitable biomass has remained above the biomass sustainability target. Total annual landings declined by 67% from the early 1990s to the early 2010s and then have increased in recent years. Fishing mortality has declined since the early 2000s. Fishery independent scientific surveys conducted in this area poorly cover this species, and the available survey indices show no clear trends (ICES WGNSSK 2020). A reconstructed time series of biomass by [START_REF] Cardinale | Conservation value of historical data: reconstructing stock dynamics of turbot during the last century in the Kattegat-Skagerrak[END_REF] for Turbot in the Kattegat-Skagerrak estimated a decline of 86% from 1925 to 2007 and near extirpation of the northern component of the stock.

In the Baltic Sea (ICES Subdivisions 22-32), this species is most common in the southern and western parts up to the Åland Sea. Denmark and Germany are the main fishing countries in the western Baltic, while Poland, Russia and Sweden are the main fishing countries in the eastern Baltic. Landings increased from 1965 to a peak in 1996 and then declined thereafter by about 79% to 2014. Fishing effort slightly fluctuated or decreased since the 1990s. Recommended total catch limits by ICES have been historically exceeded. The lack of data on discard rate as well as relatively poor coverage of this species by scientific surveys introduces uncertainty to the understanding of stock status, and as a result, this stock is considered to be data-limited (ICES 2019).

No effort information is available for recent years for fish harvested from off the Iberian Peninsula or from the Bay of Biscay. In Portugal, catch per unit effort increased from 1992 to a peak in 2005 and then subsequently declined to 2011 [START_REF] Teixeira | Feeding ecology, growth and sexual cycle of the sand sole, Solea lascaris, along the Portuguese coast[END_REF], C. Teixeira pers. comm. 2013). Landings of Turbot from off northwest Spain have declined dramatically and are currently only about 10 tons per year. This represents a considerably much smaller portion of the global landings compared to those taken in the North Sea where thousands of tons are landed annually. Overfishing has caused the southern stocks of this species to be depleted, including near extirpation of this species from off the coast of Spain (P. Martinez pers. comm. 2020). No stock assessment is conducted for this area (M. Cardinale pers. comm. 2020).

Mediterranean Sea: This species is naturally scarce in the Mediterranean compared to the North Atlantic and it exists there primarily in relict subpopulations in the Gulf of Lion and in the northern Adriatic Sea (do [START_REF] Prado | Tracing the genetic impact of farmed turbot Scophthalmus maximus on wild populations[END_REF]. No stock assessment is conducted for Turbot from this area (M. Cardinale pers. comm. 2020).

Black Sea: Results from genetics analyses by [START_REF] Firidin | Population genetic structure of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L., 1758) in the Black Sea[END_REF] appear to support the existence of two biological units in the Black Sea with one component in the north and another in the south, but with some exchange occurring between them. Most scientists from Russia, Bulgaria, Romania and the Ukraine consider the subpopulation of this species in the southern part of the Black Sea (at least in waters off Turkey) to differ greatly in maturation, growth rate, and maximum age compared to those parameters of individuals from the northern Black Sea subpopulation. Based on two molecular markers, S. maximus can be divided into genetically separated subpopulations within the Black Sea and the Marmara Sea. Microsatellite and mtDNA markers indicated there are restricted gene flows between these populations, which indicate ongoing processes of genetic differentiation [START_REF] Turan | Phylogenetic relationships of turbot species (Scophthalmidae) inferred from the mitochondrial COIII gene and morphological characters[END_REF]. Based on the available area of shelf (to 100 m depth), about 50% of the natural abundance lies within Ukrainian and Russian waters, 15% in Turkish waters, and 35% in waters of the remaining countries (V. Shlyakhov pers. comm. 2020).

Formally, this species is managed as a single stock across the Black Sea (GFCM 2019), although localized subpopulations do exist [START_REF] Giragosov | The state-of-art of the Black Sea Turbot spawning population off Crimea (1998-2010)[END_REF] and there remains the need to account for those units in spatially resolved stock assessment models (M. Cardinale pers. comm. 2020). It is exploited by all six countries along the Black Sea coast, including Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey and Ukraine. Annual catch in Georgia is minimal compared to that of the other countries, while the Russian annual catch currently constitutes about 50% of the total catch (GFCM 2019). Fishing pressure is higher in the southern Black Sea in Turkish waters compared to that occurring in the northern part [START_REF] Hulak | The current state of the population of turbot Psetta maxima (Linnaeus, 1758) in the north-western part of the Black Sea[END_REF].

Targeted fishing for this species began in the Black Sea prior to 1950 and high exploitation caused steep declines in abundance to occur from the late 1970s to the mid-1980s. Spawning stock biomass (SSB) peaked in 1978 at around 18,000 t, steeply declined in the early 1980s, and reached a historic low of about 1,400 t in 1991, which represents a 92% decline over a 13-year period. From the mid-1990s to 2018, or over the past three generations (25 years), annual SSB has remained at a low level fluctuating somewhat between 2,000-3,500 t, well-below historical biomass. Overall, fishing mortality has been mostly declining since 2001, but fishing mortality continues to exceed the target sustainability limit (F MSY ). The extent of illegal fishing is not known, but is suspected to continue at substantial levels, and deficiencies also occur in fishery management/regulation enforcement (GFCM 2019).

Turkey: According to genetics studies conducted on Turbot from Turkish waters, the subpopulation in the eastern Black Sea should be considered a separate stock from the western Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara subpopulations, which appear to have some level of connectivity between these latter two subpopulations [START_REF] Turan | Evaluation of molecular and phenotypic markers for phylogeographic analysis of the Black-Sea Turbot Scophthalmus maeoticus (Pallas, 1814) (Actinopterygii: Scophthalmidae)[END_REF]). This species is common in the Sea of Marmara [START_REF] Artüz | Inventory of existing species and their habitats in the Bosphorus area[END_REF]. From 1964-1992, the majority (72%) of the total Black Sea catch of this species was taken in Turkish waters (Prodanov et al. 1997[START_REF] Karan | Microsatellite loci for Black Sea turbot Scophthalmus maeoticus[END_REF]. Turbot are overfished in Turkish waters. The number of vessels targeting turbot (fishing effort) has been increasing in Turkish waters since about 2004 (V. Shlyakhov pers. comm. 2020). Total catch was 2,035 t in 1996 (Güneş and Şahin 2012) and catches averaged 2,800 t from 1985 to 2000 (Zengin and Düzgüneş 2003) before declining by 92% from 2,700 t in 2000 to 221 t in 2016 [START_REF] Bilgin | Length-weight relationships (LWRs) of target fish turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (Pleuronectiformes: Scophthalmidae) and non-target fish thornback ray, Raja clavata (Rajiformes: Rajidae) caught by turbot gill net fishery in the Black Sea, Turkey[END_REF]. The occurrence of large individuals in the catch has also declined over time due to overfishing [START_REF] Samsun | Seasonal variation in length, weight, and sex distribution of Turbot (Scophthalmus maeoticus Pallas, 1811) in the Sinop Region (Black Sea) of Turkey[END_REF]). The high fishing pressure in Turkish waters may have also contributed to low genetic diversity observed subpopulations among Turbot occurring in this area [START_REF] Turan | Evaluation of molecular and phenotypic markers for phylogeographic analysis of the Black-Sea Turbot Scophthalmus maeoticus (Pallas, 1814) (Actinopterygii: Scophthalmidae)[END_REF].

Ukraine: Increasing salinity due to damming of rivers has contributed to the recent expansion of this species into the Sea of Azov [START_REF] Balykin | Changes in salinity and species composition of ichthyofauna in the Sea of Azov[END_REF]). Stock assessments have been difficult to conduct for this species in Ukraine due to a lapse in scientific survey work, lack of reliable fishing effort data, and the large-scale IUU fishing [START_REF] Shlyakhov | Fisheries and biological information and the stock assessment of turbot Psetta maxima maeotica (Pallas) in Ukrainian waters of the Black Sea. Main results of complex research in the Azov and Black Seas Basin and the World Ocean[END_REF]). This species is overexploited in the northwestern Black Sea off Ukraine. Biomass has been estimated for the years 2002-2018. From 2002to about 2007[START_REF] Chanet | Expliquer la biologie des espèces par leurs relations de parenté. Exemple des Scophthalmidae [Teleostéens : Pleuronectiformes[END_REF], biomass increased gradually then declined to a low in 2014 of 1,010 tons, and has increased somewhat since then. Since 2016, some signs of recovery have occurred, including high recruitment, increasing catch per unit effort and increasing proportions of larger individuals in the catch. The exploitation rate remains high, but has been decreasing in recent years. Improved restrictions on bottom fishing have contributed to this reduction in effort [START_REF] Hulak | The current state of the population of turbot Psetta maxima (Linnaeus, 1758) in the north-western part of the Black Sea[END_REF].

Russia: According to a genetics study, connectivity between the Black Sea and Sea of Azov subpopulations is low [START_REF] Bessonova | Assessment of genetic diversity of the Black Sea turbot Scophthalmus maeoticus population[END_REF]. In the Crimean Peninsula region, biomass increased slightly between the period of 1992-1995 to 1996-2007 The most recent stock assessment concluded that overfishing did not occur during the period from 2000 to 2018. Biomass was projected to decline from 2019 to 2023, but is expected to remain above the sustainable biomass target [START_REF] Shliakhov | Fishery and biological characteristics of the Black Sea turbot and the state of its stock in the waters adjacent to the Crimean Peninsula in 2000-2018[END_REF].

Romania and Bulgaria: According to fishery independent scientific surveys, this species has been increasing in abundance in Romanian waters since about 2015 [START_REF] Hulak | The current state of the population of turbot Psetta maxima (Linnaeus, 1758) in the north-western part of the Black Sea[END_REF]. The relative biomass of this species has been declining since 2008 in Bulgarian waters despite the introduction of fishing regulations [START_REF] Hubenova | Size structure of the Turbot (Psetta maxima maeotica) landings from the North Bulgarian Black Sea Coast[END_REF]. From 2003-2013, biomass in both countries declined by about 70% from 2008 to 2013 (STECF 2014).

Current Population Trend: Decreasing

Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)

This demersal species occurs on sandy, rocky or mixed bottoms and commonly occurs in brackish waters. Adults tolerate cooler water temperatures than do juveniles (ICES 2013). Young juveniles utilize shallow, sandy, inshore habitats for nursery grounds [START_REF] Niţă | The characterization of the main habitat types populated by the Black Sea Turbot in its different stages of development[END_REF][START_REF] Støttrup | Essential Fish Habitats for commercially important marine species in the inner Danish waters[END_REF]. Adults migrate seasonally to spawn in relatively shallow waters at depths of 10 to 15 m, have high spawning site fidelity, and generally do not undertake extensive movements, with 95% of individuals moving less than 30 km from the spawning site. Larval dispersal is relatively low (ICES 2013). In the Black Sea, spawning occurs between 20-60 m depth and adults move to deeper waters outside the spawning season [START_REF] Güneş | Distribution and abundance of Turbot (Psetta maxima) in the Southeastern Black Sea[END_REF]Şahin 2012, Shlyahov et al. 2017). Juveniles and adults migrate towards the coast in spring and move to deeper waters (>30 m) in winter [START_REF] Florin | Flatfishes in the Baltic Sea 0 a review of biology and fishery with a focus in swedish conditions[END_REF]. The maximum total length is 106 cm [START_REF] Shlyakhov | Fisheries and biological information and the stock assessment of turbot Psetta maxima maeotica (Pallas) in Ukrainian waters of the Black Sea. Main results of complex research in the Azov and Black Seas Basin and the World Ocean[END_REF], but individuals typically occur to 40-60 cm [START_REF] Munroe | Scophthalmidae: Turbots, megrims, brills[END_REF]. The lengthweight relationship is reported in Silva et al. (2013).

In the North Sea, this species reaches full maturity at 4 years of age and natural mortality is 0.2 (WGNSSK 2019). In the Black Sea, it reaches sexual maturity between 3-4 years of age and estimated natural mortality is 0.19 (GFCM 2019). In the Baltic Sea, females mature at 20 cm and 4 years. Off western Sweden, females mature at about 30 cm. In the Mediterranean, female length at maturity is 50 cm [START_REF] Tsikliras | Size at maturity of Mediterranean marine fishes[END_REF]. In Turkish waters, females and males reach maturity at 2 years [START_REF] Eryilmaz | Age, growth, and reproductive biology of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (Actinopterygii: Pleuronectiformes: Scophthalmidae) from the southwestern coasts of Black Sea, Turkey[END_REF]. In Bulgarian waters, age at first maturity is 3 years [START_REF] Prodanov | Status of demersal fish along the Bulgarian Black Sea coasts[END_REF]. In Romanian waters, age at first maturity occurs at 2-3 years (STECF 2014). Off the Crimean Peninsula and off Ukraine, females reach maturity at about 3 to 4 years [START_REF] Shlyakhov | Fisheries and biological information and the stock assessment of turbot Psetta maxima maeotica (Pallas) in Ukrainian waters of the Black Sea. Main results of complex research in the Azov and Black Seas Basin and the World Ocean[END_REF], Shlyahov et al. 2017[START_REF] Shliakhov | Fishery and biological characteristics of the Black Sea turbot and the state of its stock in the waters adjacent to the Crimean Peninsula in 2000-2018[END_REF]. Maximum reported age data are as follows: 18 years in the Adriatic Sea [START_REF] Arneri | Age determination and growth of turbot and brill in the Adriatic Sea: reversal of the seasonal pattern of otolith zone formation[END_REF], 13 years in the North Sea, 19 years off Iceland [START_REF] Imsland | Life history of turbot in Icelandic waters: Intra-and inter-population genetic diversity and otolith tracking of environmental temperatures[END_REF], 15 years off the Crimean Peninsula [START_REF] Shlyakhov | Fisheries and biological information and the stock assessment of turbot Psetta maxima maeotica (Pallas) in Ukrainian waters of the Black Sea. Main results of complex research in the Azov and Black Seas Basin and the World Ocean[END_REF], Shlyahov et al. 2017[START_REF] Shliakhov | Fishery and biological characteristics of the Black Sea turbot and the state of its stock in the waters adjacent to the Crimean Peninsula in 2000-2018[END_REF], and 23 years off Romania (Cărăuşu 1952 as cited in [START_REF] Niţă | The characterization of the main habitat types populated by the Black Sea Turbot in its different stages of development[END_REF]. When applying the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: 1/adult mortality + age of first reproduction, the generation length is estimated at approximately 9 years.

Systems: Marine

Use and Trade

This highly esteemed food fish is taken in industrial, artisanal and recreational fisheries. It is also important in the aquaculture industry [START_REF] Munroe | Scophthalmidae: Turbots, megrims, brills[END_REF]. It is frequently taken as bycatch in several fisheries (beam trawls, seines, trammel nets, longlines, gillnets and otter trawls), especially those targeting Sole and Plaice [START_REF] Frimodt | Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial coldwater fish[END_REF]. In the North Sea, this is a valued bycatch species taken in beam trawls, gillnets, otter trawls and static gear. In the Skagerrak and Kattegat, this species is only taken as bycatch and is a popular recreational target [START_REF] Ices Wgnssk | Working Group on the Assessment of Demersal Stocks in the North Sea and Skagerrak[END_REF]. This is one of the most valuable commercial species, and often the most highly valued, in the Black Sea [START_REF] Yıldız | Discards in bottom-trawl fishery in the western Black Sea (Turkey)[END_REF]. It is taken in gillnet, otter trawl and bottom trawl fisheries and retained as bycatch in purse seines and long lines (Prodanov et al. 1997, Zengin and Düzgüneş 2003[START_REF] Gfcm | Black Sea Turbot Stock Assessment[END_REF]). An aquaculture industry is in development in Turkey and Russia to supply commercial markets as well as for wild stock enhancement [START_REF] Boyko | Characterization of the functional state of the Black Sea turbot Scophthalmus maeoticus maeoticus at different periods of the reproductive cycle based on the research data from 2009-2017[END_REF]Ruzhinskaya 2019, Karan and[START_REF] Turan | Evaluation of molecular and phenotypic markers for phylogeographic analysis of the Black-Sea Turbot Scophthalmus maeoticus (Pallas, 1814) (Actinopterygii: Scophthalmidae)[END_REF].

The aquaculture industry for this species began in European countries, but China is now the largest producer of farmed Turbot in the world [START_REF] Xu | Draft genomes of female and male turbot Scophthalmus maximus[END_REF].

Threats (see Appendix for additional information)

Overexploitation is a major threat to this species in parts of its range. Take of large females, or sex-ratio skewing [START_REF] Florin | Effects of a large northern European no-take zone on flatfish populations[END_REF], and exploitation of individuals on spawning sites contributes to the documented, large population declines observed in Turbot. This species has relatively low larval dispersal, strong spawning site fidelity, and limited adult migration; intrinsic characteristics that render this species to have a higher susceptibility to overfishing. The western Black Sea is heavily industrialised, including iron-steel factories, and waste discharge into the nearshore waters may impact this species [START_REF] Turan | Evaluation of molecular and phenotypic markers for phylogeographic analysis of the Black-Sea Turbot Scophthalmus maeoticus (Pallas, 1814) (Actinopterygii: Scophthalmidae)[END_REF].

Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)

Atlantic and Mediterranean: The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) has provided advice for conserving the status of the North Sea stock since 2012. European fisheries that take this species are regulated with total allowable catch limits, closed fishing area, some minimum size limits and gear restrictions for the demersal fishing fleets. Improvements are needed in the following areas for increasing the North Sea stock: scientific survey coverage of this species, collection of landings per unit effort data for countries that utilize this stock besides the Netherlands, and increased ageing of fishes discarded. The Skagerrak and Kattegat stock assessment could also be improved with the expansion of scientific surveys, collection of age and length data for fishes harvested, filling of gaps in Swedish landings data, and further studies on stock structure (ICES WGNSSK 2020). Fishing for this species is prohibited during the spawning season in the southern Baltic Sea and a Swedish marine reserve in the Baltic Sea proper also provides some refuge from fishing activity [START_REF] Florin | Effects of a large northern European no-take zone on flatfish populations[END_REF]. Some of the aquaculture production in Europe has also been used to supplement wild populations in several localities in the Atlantic (do [START_REF] Prado | Tracing the genetic impact of farmed turbot Scophthalmus maximus on wild populations[END_REF]. Landings of this species in the Iberian Peninsula and Bay of Biscay are very scarce and efforts should be made to increase the abundance of this species in this area.

This species was regionally assessed as Near Threatened in the Mediterranean in 2008 and regionally assessed as Vulnerable in Europe in 2013.

Black Sea: Fishing regulations for this species in the Black Sea include minimum size limits, seasonal closures, gear restrictions and total allowable catch limits. Additional measures have been implemented since 2016 to deter IUU fishing, enforce quotas, promote stock rebuilding and support sustainable fishing. IUU fishing has been reduced in some parts, but it remains an active and poorly tracked problem. Data available to the stock assessment process has improved in recent years after deficiencies were identified in past stock assessments. A multiannual management plan is now in development. Recent recommendations include improving fishing regulation enforcement, vessel permitting requirements, and recording of catch and effort as well as maintaining fishing fleet capacity at the recommended level. Efforts are also underway to propose a research programme that includes establishment of a region-wide scientific survey (GFCM 2019).

Bottom trawling is prohibited in the eastern part of the Black Sea but remains an important fishing method in the western part, particularly in Turkish waters (Prodanov et al. 1997, Yıldız and[START_REF] Yıldız | Discards in bottom-trawl fishery in the western Black Sea (Turkey)[END_REF]. Bottom trawling and dredging have been prohibited in Bulgarian waters since 1984, a size limit is in place, gillnets are under a mesh size restriction, and a closed fishing period during the spawning season and catch quotas are also in place [START_REF] Hubenova | Size structure of the Turbot (Psetta maxima maeotica) landings from the North Bulgarian Black Sea Coast[END_REF]. Similar measures are in place in Ukrainian waters [START_REF] Shlyakhov | Fisheries and biological information and the stock assessment of turbot Psetta maxima maeotica (Pallas) in Ukrainian waters of the Black Sea. Main results of complex research in the Azov and Black Seas Basin and the World Ocean[END_REF]. There is a closed fishing season during the spawning season in waters off Turkey, Romania and Bulgaria (STECF 2014). Improvements in fisheries management, including measures to reduce fishing pressure and bottom trawl gear regulation, are needed in Turkish waters [START_REF] Yıldız | Discards in bottom-trawl fishery in the western Black Sea (Turkey)[END_REF]Karakulak 2017, Karan and[START_REF] Turan | Evaluation of molecular and phenotypic markers for phylogeographic analysis of the Black-Sea Turbot Scophthalmus maeoticus (Pallas, 1814) (Actinopterygii: Scophthalmidae)[END_REF].

No single binding fisheries agreement across all Black Sea countries exists. The General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) regulates this fishery in Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania as 'Contracting Parties', Georgia and Ukraine are 'Cooperating Non-Contracting Parties' and Russia regulates its fishery separately as a 'non-Contracting Party'. Russian conservation measures include catch limits and gear restrictions. Improvements needed in fisheries management for this resource in the Black Sea include increasing survey work, calibration of ageing methods, delineation of stock units, and standardization of analyses of fishing effort data [START_REF] Shliakhov | Fishery and biological characteristics of the Black Sea turbot and the state of its stock in the waters adjacent to the Crimean Peninsula in 2000-2018[END_REF].

Habitats and Ecology

Generation Length (years): 9

  and was relatively stable through the 2000s, but the stock remained at levels approximately 50% lower than the biomass estimates of the 1970s. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) data are available for the years 2000-2018. CPUE and biomass declined by 60% from 2000 to 2001, but over the past 19 years since 2001, have been relatively stable. Fisheries catches increased from 2000 to 2009, but declined from 2010 to 2013, likely due to overexploitation by illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Improvements in deterring IUU fishing caused a reduction in effort in 2014-2015, but in 2016-2018, fishing effort in general doubled.

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Scophthalmus maximus -published in 2021. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T198731A144939322.en

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Appendix

Habitats and Ecology

Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Yes

The IUCN Red List Partnership

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.

The IUCN Red List Partners are: ABQ BioPark; Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Missouri Botanical Garden; NatureServe; Re:wild; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.


Keywords: Native, Extant (resident): Albania, Belgium, Bosnia

Synonym(s):

• Pleuronectes rhombus Linnaeus, 1758

• Rhombus laevis Turton, 1802

Regional Assessments:

Taxonomic Notes:

Based on recent genetics studies, the taxonomic status of this species in the Black and Marmara seas is somewhat uncertain. According to [START_REF] Turan | Phylogenetic relationships of turbot species (Scophthalmidae) inferred from the mitochondrial COIII gene and morphological characters[END_REF], Scophthalmus rhombus is a distinct species in the region, but [START_REF] Firidin | Population genetic structure of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L., 1758) in the Black Sea[END_REF] concluded it is not distinct from S. maximus in the region. For purposes of this assessment, and based on past literature (e.g., [START_REF] Giragosov | Record of Scophthalmus rhombus (Pleuronectiformes: Scophthalmidae) near the Crimea[END_REF], S. rhombus, though rare, is considered to represent a distinct species in the Black and Marmara seas.

Assessment Information

Red List Category & Criteria:

Least Concern ver 3.1

Year Published:

2021

Date Assessed:

December 10, 2020

Justification:

This widely distributed, demersal species occurs in estuaries and inshore habitats to depths on the continental shelf. The estimated generation length is 7 years. It is taken in commercial fisheries in much of its range. Relative biomass in the North Sea, Skagerrak/Kattegat and English Channel stock has increased since the time series low in 1997 and has stabilized in the most recent years. Though uncertain due to limitations of the available data, the Baltic Sea stock appears to have increased from 2001 and now fluctuates around a 10-year average. Little is known on the subpopulation status off the Iberian Peninsula, although some overexploitation has occurred in the fisheries that catch this species off Spain. It has a naturally low abundance in the Mediterranean Sea. Though quantified data are limited, this species has declined in the Black Sea due to overfishing and habitat degradation. A globallevel population decline approaching a Near Threatened or threatened level is not indicated at this time; therefore, it is listed as Least Concern with recommendations to improve fisheries management, to increase nearshore habitat protections in the Black Sea, and to collect data on its status off the Iberian Peninsula. Resolution of mismatches in total allowable catch limits in the North Sea fishing areas is needed to prevent overexploitation, and continued improvement in data collection will also help to improve the reliability of biomass estimates.

Geographic Range

Range Description:

This species is distributed in the eastern Atlantic from off southern Iceland and Norway (near the Lofotes at about 64°N) to about 30°N off Western Sahara [START_REF] Munroe | Scophthalmidae: Turbots, megrims, brills[END_REF]. It also occurs throughout the Mediterranean Sea, including the Adriatic Sea [START_REF] Arneri | Age determination and growth of turbot and brill in the Adriatic Sea: reversal of the seasonal pattern of otolith zone formation[END_REF][START_REF] Pranovi | Discard analysis and damage to non-target species in the "rapido" trawl fishery[END_REF][START_REF] Dulčić | Length-weight relationships for selected fish species from three eastern Adriatic estuarine systems (Croatia)[END_REF], the Gulf of Lion [START_REF] Letourneur | Spatial and temporal variations of fish assemblages in a shallow Mediterranean soft bottom area (Gulf of Fos, France)[END_REF][START_REF] Dumay | Functional groups of lagoon fish species in Languedoc Roussillon, southern France[END_REF]) and the Sea of Marmara [START_REF] Keskin | Fish Fauna of the Sea of Marmara and Demersal Fish Assemblages[END_REF]. It also inhabits the Black Sea and the Azov Sea. Previous records from the east Levant basin (Egypt, Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Mediterranean Sea coast of Turkey) are apparently erroneous [START_REF] Golani | The marine ichthyofauna of the Eastern Levant -history, inventory and characterization[END_REF]. The depth range is 4-80 metres [START_REF] Nielsen | Scophthalmidae[END_REF][START_REF] Bauchot | Poissons osseux[END_REF][START_REF] Van Der Hammen | Population ecology of turbot and brill: what can we learn from two rare flatfish species?[END_REF].

Population

This species generally occurs in low abundance throughout its range. Early demersal stages have highly specific habitat requirements, and abundance may be determined by the size of the nursery grounds [START_REF] Rijnsdorp | Recruitment of sole, Solea solea (L.), in the Northeast Atlantic[END_REF][START_REF] Gibson | Impact of Habitat Quality and Quantity on the Recruitment of Juvenile Flatfishes[END_REF][START_REF] Van Der Veer | Recruitment in flatfish, with special emphasis on North Atlantic species: progress made by the Flatfish Symposia[END_REF]. This species is similar to Turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, and hybridization has been documented between the two species in the North Sea. It is suspected that hybridization may have been increased due to farmed Turbot released in the 1990s and 2000s for the purposes of stock enhancement [START_REF] Maroso | Species identification of two closely exploited flatfish, turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and brill (Scophthalmus rhombus), using a ddRADseq genomic approach[END_REF].

Atlantic: At least three stocks occur in the Atlantic: the North Sea, Skagerrak/Kattegat and English Channel, the Baltic Sea and the Iberian Peninsula.

The highest landings in the Atlantic are taken from the North Sea. The relative biomass has been estimated for the stock located in the North Sea, Skagerrak/Kattegat and English Channel (Subarea 4 and divisions 3.a and 7.d-e) for the years 1987-2019. Relative biomass has increased overall since the time series low in 1997 and has stabilized in the most recent years. However, some level of uncertainty is associated with these estimates as this is a data-limited stock. Fishing mortality has been below the sustainability target since the late 2000s and spawning stock biomass has been above the target since the late 1990s (ICES WGNSSK 2020).

The genetic structure of this species is homogeneous (Vandamme et al. 2020). The abundance is naturally lower in the Baltic Sea compared to that in other parts of the northeast Atlantic. Baltic Sea stock (subdivisions 22-32) abundance has been estimated for the years 2001-2019 based on a fishery independent trawl survey. The time series low occurred in 2001 and has increased overall to the terminal year (2019), with the most recent period of increase occurring since 2016. However, the surveys do not cover this species adequately, so these abundance estimates are made with some uncertainty. The stock assessment is data-limited and fishing pressure is not well understood, but demersal effort by German and Danish fleets is known to have been stable since at least 2009. Total annual landings have remained relatively low since 1970 with some fluctuation over time (ICES 2020).

Data are limited on the status of the subpopulation off the Iberian Peninsula. In Portugal, landings per unit effort of this species from 1992 to 2005 was variable over time with a slightly decreasing trend [START_REF] Teixeira | Time series analysis of flatfish landings in the Portuguese coast[END_REF]. There has been overexploitation in the fisheries that catch this species off Spain; however, Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) has a higher value than does S. rhombus, and therefore, fishing pressure is somewhat lower for S. rhombus (P. Martinez pers. comm. 2020).

Mediterranean Sea: Subpopulation data are limited for the Mediterranean. This species occurs in lower abundance and has a relatively patchy occurrence in this region as compared to the North Atlantic. It is naturally scarce in the Mediterranean (P. Martinez pers. comm. 2020).

Black Sea: Scophthalmus rhombus can easily be confused with S. maximus in the Black Sea region [START_REF] Turan | Phylogenetic relationships of turbot species (Scophthalmidae) inferred from the mitochondrial COIII gene and morphological characters[END_REF]). This species is historically very rare in the northern Black Sea [START_REF] Giragosov | Record of Scophthalmus rhombus (Pleuronectiformes: Scophthalmidae) near the Crimea[END_REF][START_REF] Giragosov | The oocytes size composition and fecundity of the brill Scophthalmus rhombus (Pleuronectiformes: Scophthalmidae) near the Black Sea coast of Crimea[END_REF]. It is naturally rare in Turkish waters of the Sea of Marmara and in the western Black Sea. It is occasionally taken in fisheries in low numbers and lumped with landings of the more common and target species, Turbot (Scophthalmus maeoticus/maximus). Quantified subpopulation trend data are not available for this species, but anecdotal reports indicate abundance has declined due to overfishing and habitat degradation. Declines of Turbot due to overfishing across the Black Sea are welldocumented [START_REF] Turan | Threatened brill species in marine waters of Turkey: Scophthalmus rhombus (Linnaeus, 1758)(Scopthalmidae)[END_REF].

Current Population Trend: Stable

Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)

This demersal species typically occurs in nearshore waters on sandy bottoms and less frequently on mud and gravel substrates. Adults occur on the inner continental shelf on sandy bottom. Juveniles inhabit sandy bottoms in shallow, inshore areas including meso-and polyhaline regions of estuaries and lagoons [START_REF] Jones | Sexual maturity, fecundity and growth of the turbot Scophthalmus maximus L[END_REF]. Adults are less common inshore than immature individuals [START_REF] Chanet | Interrelationships of scophthalmid fishes (Pleuronectiformes: Scophthalmidae)[END_REF]Branellec 2008, Vinagre et al. 2011). Adults congregate during the spawning season in some parts of its range. Successful recruitment requires significant availability of specific habitats, especially estuaries (ICES 2013). Spawning occurs between 5 to 40 m depth [START_REF] Caputo | Reproductive biology of turbot (Psetta maxima) and brill (Scophthalmus rhombus) (Teleostei, Pleuronectiformes) in the Adriatic Sea[END_REF]. The maximum total length is 90 cm, but most individuals commonly reach sizes to 45 cm [START_REF] Munroe | Scophthalmidae: Turbots, megrims, brills[END_REF]. The length-weight relationship is reported in Silva et al. (2013).

In the Mediterranean, length at maturity is 38.5 cm for females and 25.5 cm for males [START_REF] Tsikliras | Size at maturity of Mediterranean marine fishes[END_REF]. Growth rate is fast overall but is slower in individuals inhabiting the northern parts of its distribution; maturation is also attained at shorter lengths for Brill occurring in northern waters (ICES 2013). In the North Sea, maximum age is 16 years for males and 22 years for females. Age at maturity is 1 year for males and 2 years for females [START_REF] Van Der Hammen | Population ecology of turbot and brill: what can we learn from two rare flatfish species?[END_REF]. Natural mortality has not been estimated for individuals inhabiting the North Sea (ICES 2019). Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), which is somewhat larger but similar to S. rhombus in distribution, ecology and morphology, has an estimated generation length of 9 years based on an age at first maturity of 3-4 years and an assumed natural mortality of 0.2. If this same estimate of natural mortality is applied as a proxy for S. rhombus, which has an age at maturity of 2 years, then the estimated generation length for this species is 7 years when applying the following equation recommended by the IUCN Red List methods: 1/adult mortality + age of first reproduction.

Systems: Marine

Use and Trade

This species is taken in commercial fisheries with beach seines, trammel nets, longlines and trawls. In the North Sea, this species is retained as bycatch in fisheries that primarily target Sole and Plaice. It is a candidate for aquaculture development in southern Europe and the Mediterranean [START_REF] Hachero-Cruzado | Reproductive performance and seasonal plasma sex steroid and metabolite levels in a captive wild broodstock of brill Scophthalmus rhombus L[END_REF].

Threats (see Appendix for additional information)

Overexploitation may cause declines in areas of heavy fishing pressure, such as in the Black Sea, but global-level declines approaching a threatened or Near Threatened level are not indicated at this time.

Major threats to this species in the Black Sea include overfishing and habitat degradation due to pollution [START_REF] Turan | Threatened brill species in marine waters of Turkey: Scophthalmus rhombus (Linnaeus, 1758)(Scopthalmidae)[END_REF].

Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)

The total allowable catch (TAC) limit for this species is set by the European Union. However, this TAC is combined for Turbot and Brill. The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) advised that Turbot and Brill should be managed using single-species TACs covering an area appropriate to the relevant stock distribution. Available fisheries independent surveys have a low catchability for large flatfish. Therefore, Dutch scientists and fishers have initiated an industry survey, which could give a more appropriate index as input for the assessment (ICES WGNSSK 2020).

Improvements in fisheries management of Turbot and Brill in the Black Sea are needed. Protections against nearshore habitat degradation are also necessary [START_REF] Turan | Threatened brill species in marine waters of Turkey: Scophthalmus rhombus (Linnaeus, 1758)(Scopthalmidae)[END_REF].

This species was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2008 and regionally assessed as Least Concern in Europe in 2013.

Credits

Assessor(s):

  Linardich, C. and Kattegat, English Channel). Report of the ICES Advisory Committee. International Council for the Exploration of the Seas. ICES. 2019. Stock Annex: Brill (Scophthalmus rhombus) in Subarea 4 and divisions 3.a and 7.d-e (North Sea, Skagerrak and Kattegat, English Channel). Working Group on the Assessment of Demersal Stocks in the North Sea and Skagerrak. ICES. 2020. Brill (Scophthalmus rhombus) in subdivisions 22-32 (Baltic Sea). ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch, and effort Baltic Sea ecoregion. International Council for the Exploration of the Seas. ICES WGNSSK. 2019. Working Group on the Assessment of Demersal Stocks in the North Sea and Skagerrak. In: De Oliveira, J.A.A. (ed.), ICES Scientific Reports 1:7. International for the Exploration of the Seas. ICES WGNSSK. 2020. Working Group on the Assessment of Demersal Stocks in the North Sea and Skagerrak. Girardin, R. and Miethe, T. (eds.), ICES Scientific Reports 2:61. International Council for the Exploration of the Seas.

		Cardinale, M., Chanet, B., Martínez Portela, P., Munroe, T.A., Nimmegeers, S.,
		Vansteenbrugge, L. & Turan, C.
	Reviewer(s):	Linardich, C.
	Facilitator(s) and
	Compiler(s):

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Scophthalmus rhombus -published in 2021. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T198732A144938884.en

Disclaimer

To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.

External Resources

For Supplementary Material, and for Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.

Appendix

Habitats and Ecology

Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Yes Generation Length (years): 7

The IUCN Red List Partnership

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.

The IUCN Red List Partners are: ABQ BioPark; Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Missouri Botanical Garden; NatureServe; Re:wild; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.


Keywords: Zeugopterus punctatus, Topknot Native, Extant (resident): Belgium;

Synonym(s):

• Pleuronectes punctatus Bloch, 1787

• Zeugopterus papillosus Brook, 1886

Regional Assessments:

Justification:

This widely distributed, demersal species is common in parts of its range. It is not commercially exploited and there are no known major threats; therefore, it is listed as Least Concern.

Geographic Range Range Description:

This species is distributed in the eastern Atlantic from Trondheim, Norway and the Baltic Sea to Portugal and Spain [START_REF] Nielsen | Scophthalmidae[END_REF][START_REF] Batista | Catches of target species and bycatches of an artisanal fishery: The case study of a trammel net fishery in the Portuguese coast[END_REF][START_REF] Henriques | Response of fish-based metrics to anthropogenic pressures in temperate rocky reefs[END_REF]). In the Mediterranean Sea, it is present (although scarce) in the Alboran Sea (L. Gil de Sola pers. obs. 2014) and is native and present in the Hellenic Seas [START_REF] Papaconstantinou | Check-list of marine fishes of Greece[END_REF]. It has been recorded from the Rockall Plateau [START_REF] Neat | Demersal fish diversity of the isolated Rockall plateau compared with the adjacent west coast shelf of Scotland[END_REF] and the southeastern North Sea off Germany (Le Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle portal accessed November 2012). Records from Newfoundland, Canada [START_REF] Chanet | First western Atlantic record of Zeugopterus punctatus (Pleuronectiformes: Scophthalmidae) from off the Newfoundland Coast (Canada)[END_REF] need further study [START_REF] Chanet | Interrelationships of scophthalmid fishes (Pleuronectiformes: Scophthalmidae)[END_REF]. The depth range is 1-40 metres, but more commonly occurs at 10-15 m [START_REF] Muus | Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book[END_REF].

Year Published: 2021 Date Assessed:

  /researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp..

	• Europe
	Common Name(s):
	• English:		Topknot, Bloch's Topknot, Common Topknot, Muller's Topknot
	• Portuguese:	Rodovalho-bruxa
	Taxonomic Source(s):
	species,	references.	Updated	08	June	2021.	Available	at:
	http:/Assessment Information
	Red List Category & Criteria:	Least Concern ver 3.1
				December 1, 2020

Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W.N. and Van der Laan, R. (eds). 2021. Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: genera,

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Zeugopterus punctatus -published in 2021. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T18238431A162868444.en

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To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.

External Resources

For Supplementary Material, and for Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website. The IUCN Red List Partnership

Appendix

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.

The IUCN Red List Partners are: ABQ BioPark; Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Missouri Botanical Garden; NatureServe; Re:wild; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.


Keywords:

Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)

This demersal species occurs on the continental shelf primarily on rocky bottoms and sometimes sandy bottoms (Dunne and Koennecker 1976, Göthel 1992, Nickell and Sayer 1998, Munroe and Chanet 2016). The maximum total length is 22 cm, but is common to 10-15 cm (Bañón 2009, Munroe andChanet 2016). The length-weight relationship is reported in Silva et al. (2013).

Systems: Marine

Use and Trade

This species is of minor commercial interest (Machias et al. 2001). It is taken in seines, artisanal fisheries, and trawl fisheries; however, it is not specifically targeted due to its small size and rarity. It is occasionally seen in fish markets (Munroe and Chanet 2016). It is usually discarded when taken as bycatch (Bañón 2009).

Population

Population data are limited. It is naturally rare and has a relatively low abundance within its range (Bañón 2009, Munroe and[START_REF] Munroe | Scophthalmidae: Turbots, megrims, brills[END_REF].

Current Population Trend: Unknown

Threats

No major threats are known.

Conservation Actions

There are no species-specific conservation measures in place.

This species was regionally assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean regional assessment in 2008 and as Least Concern in the European regional assessment conducted in 2013.

Disclaimer

To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.

External Resources

For Supplementary Material, and for Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.

Appendix

Additional Data Fields Distribution

Lower depth limit (m): 300

Upper depth limit (m): 10

Population

Population severely fragmented: Unknown

The IUCN Red List Partnership

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.

The IUCN Red List Partners are: ABQ BioPark; Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Missouri Botanical Garden; NatureServe; Re:wild; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.


When talking about motherhood and the brain often the first thing that comes to mind is the idea that motherhood is accompanied by a deficit in memory performance. This is something that is referred as Baby Brain, Mommy Brain, Mom Brain or Momnesia. Over the past 3 or 4 decades an increased awareness of this phenomenon has become evident in pop culture and social media with numerous anecdotes about how being pregnant and having a child makes a birthing parents' brain go to 'mush' for months, if not years. But is this true?

The rather sparse research on this topic has yet to confirm the extent and duration of these memory deficits with motherhood. Recent research by Orchard and colleagues, accepted in JWM [START_REF] Orchard | Evidence of subjective, but not objective, cognitive deficit in new mothers at one-year postpartum[END_REF], revisits the question of memory changes with motherhood and investigates memory at oneyear postpartum.

Before I get into the study findings I want to clearly state that if the majority of mothers report memory deficits during pregnancy and the postpartum period there is something to this (2). It's important to determine where and when these memory changes occur and the factors linked to them -factors that can include sleep deprivation, lack of support, changes in mood, to name a few. If the majority of fathers complained of memory deficits I'm sure we'd have the answers as to why already.

The study by Orchard and colleagues investigated subjective and objective memory in a cohort of mothers one year postpartum and non-mothers; against a backdrop of wellbeing measures such as sleep, anxiety and depression, something that isn't always investigated in this motherhood and memory research. The findings show that mothers and non-mothers do not different on objective memory tasks. However, mothers rate their memory as poorer and are better at predicting their memory performance than non-mothers. In addition, in mothers, but not non-mothers, poorer scores of wellbeing were related to poorer subjective memory.

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What Orchard et al found adds to growing body of literature showing that mothers and nonmothers rarely differ in objective memory tests, or do so at a fairly subtle level during pregnancy and the early postpartum period [START_REF] Davies | Cognitive impairment during pregnancy: a meta-analysis[END_REF][START_REF] Henry | A review of the of pregnancy on memory function[END_REF], although their feelings about their memory performance differs significantly. Why is this so? A couple of thoughts come to mind -setting and culture.

First of all, moms are brought into the laboratory, to a quiet setting with minimal distractions, and asked to complete a series of questionnaires. They are not juggling their day-to-day demands and a child or children. This begs the question of whether we should be testing memory in moms in their home environment; a place that is more ecologically relevant. To my knowledge only one study has done this. Cuttler et al showed that pregnant and non pregnant females performed well on memory tasks in the laboratory, but when participants were asked to remember to do something from home (ie. send in some forms a week after the laboratory visit) the pregnant people did significantly worse on this task [START_REF] Cuttler | Everyday life memory deficits in pregnant women[END_REF] .

In addition to the setting of testing (lab versus home), which implies a difference in distractibility or cognitive load, the idea of a sociocultural and historical context at play here is starting to come to light, as pointed out in Orchard et al. For decades, if not centuries, females have been perceived as the weaker sex, as being less capable intellectually and being created for the goal of making babies. Mary Ann Evans, known by her pen name George Eliot, a leading writer of the Victorian era wrote the following in Adam Bede, "That's the way with these women -they've got no head-pieces to nourish, and so their food all runs either to fat or to brats"(6). It's interesting how we still have memes today about our brains going to our brats -"I used to have functioning brain cells but I traded them in for children", a popular meme on the internet (source unknown).

Of course, Eliot's sentiment was written in a novel and may have been added for flare but there is a long history of women just not being smart enough and having the capacity for love above all else. With this historical context and the increased talk of Mom Brain or Baby Brain may be there is an element of "if you believe it you will see it". Instead of focusing on the improvements in memory with motherhood such as visual memory [START_REF] Ning | Parity is associated with cognitive function and brain age in both females and males[END_REF], memory for baby specific things [START_REF] Callaghan | Evidence for cognitive plasticity during pregnancy via enhanced learning and memory[END_REF] or the amazing ability to identify your newborn by touch [START_REF] Kaitz | Parturient women can recognize their infant by touch[END_REF], the narrative of motherhood and memory stays the same because that's what we know, that's what history has told us.

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1

  Memory and motherhood: Is it better than what we think? Jodi L. Pawluski Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France.

One thing we can't deny is the idea that mothers are not smart (or smart enough) has trickled down into our societies and our unconscious. This needs to change. We need to reassess, revisit and rebrand Mom Brain to include the incredible accomplishments that our brain (and body) achieves when we produce a human.