Bernard Caron
email: caron@vjf.cnrs.fr

Bu:, aka Zaranda (Chadic, South-Bauchi West). Wordlist and grammatical notes

Bu:, also called Zaranda, is a Chadic language spoken in the South of Bauchi State, in Nigeria, belonging to the South-Bauchi West group of Chadic languages (Shimizu 1978). Although generally associated with Bolu, Pelu and Geji 1 Bu: stands apart from these other lects with which there is no intercomprehension. Most of the Bu: population has migrated from the original location of the Zaranda village (Zaranda Haße, longitude 9,57; latitude 10,28) to the present Zaranda (longitude 9,52 ; latitude 10,23) where they have abandoned their language for Hausa and Fulfulde. The few that have retained their language live in Zaranda Haße, in houses scattered in the hills, gathering around the chief once a year for the traditional religious festivities. This work is the result of two working sessions of four days each in January and November 2002.

Tones Bu: has two tones. Only Hi (á) and contour (â, Í) tones will be noted. Lo tones will remain unmarked (a).

Pronouns

SBW languages have no gender or dual and no opposition between inclusive and exclusive persons. The tones of Direct Object and Genitive pronouns, being clitics, are prone to vary according to the context. This is the case with genitive pronouns whose tone contrasts in the singular with that of the preceding syllable: áncín=wa:s, 'his nose' ; áncín=wa:sÉn, 'their nose'; pOEga=wâ:s, 'his knife' ; pOEga wa:sÉn, 'their knife'.

In the case of Direct Objects, the tone variation is not on the pronoun itself (Hi in all contexts) but on the following word, which gets a Hi tone in the singular. This floating Hi tone is blocked when the following word begins with a non-implosive voiced obstruent (+V). 2 Let us compare pOEga, 'knife' (-V) with gù:, ' In the 2p, Zaranda verbs have a plural form, characterized by suffixation of -OEn for verbal forms and -ni for nominal forms viz the verbal noun used in the Continuous and Future. The verbal plural form is also used for the Imperative Plural. Tones vary, with an overall tendency to be LH. The plural forms elicited in the survey are given in the wordlist below.

Aorist

The aorist is a Ø morpheme. It is used as a narrative, subjunctive and replaces the Perfect in +focus contexts.

tá lyÍ:mí tOE Mú:sá Ø pósh slu:.

3S.PRF want COMP MUSA AOR cut meat

He wants Musa to cut meat

The negation uses the structure bÈ-Pro ...

Perfect

The Perfect morpheme is á when the subject is nominal, -á: when pronominal. Negation is marked with wey at the end of the sentence where it is in complementary distribution with the wi morpheme marking accomplishement.

Definite vs Indefinite

The definite is marked with -ú suffixed to the noun: kó:kÉl-ú 'the chicken'. The indefinite is number-sensitive with wóÑ (s.) or yéÑ (p.) following the noun : ¨á: wóÑ 'some cow' ; ¨á: yéÑ 'some cows'.

Deictics

Like the indefinite morphemes, deictics are number-sensitive: singular plural proximal gu gi: distal gwa gya:

Complementation. The genitive link

Complementation is done through the use of the genitive link (GL) kÉ following the pattern N1 kÉ N2. lubi kÉ gu:, 'the house of the chief, lit. house of chief'.

The GL may be omitted, leaving its Hi tone floating, attaching to the first syllable of SN2 except if it starts with a +V consonant. This is readily observed in prepositions which use the genitive link to introduce their complement : zlo:mi, 'middle' > zlom (kÉ), 'in the middle (of)':

+V ©im rope ›om ©im in the middle of the road -V ƒitu road ›om ƒítu in the middle of the rope

Qualification

When qualifying a noun, adjectives are on the left of the noun and are followed by the floating Hi tone of the GL, blocked by +V consonants. See the following example with the adjective du: 'black' :

+V ©im rope du: ©im a black rope -V ¨a:

cow du: ¨á: a black cow

Relative Clauses

The relative clause is made with the pivot noun in the definite form, followed by

Focus

Contrastive focus is marked by the copula i: preceding the left-dislocated argument. In +Focus context, the Perfective is replaced by the Aorist.

Questions

Wh-questions start with a question-word optionally followed by the identifying copula kOEÑ :

wó: kOEÑ Ø bÉ?

. -pl kÍ: ... -pl k †: ... -pl kOEm ... -pl 3p sOE sÍ: s †: sOEm

		chief' (+V):
	tá	bOEl=kíÑ pÉga ¿i.
	3S.PRF give=2S.DO knife AC
	He gave you a knife
	tá	bOEl=mí pOEga ¿i.
	3S.PRF give=1P.DO knife AC
	He gave us a knife
	sÍ:	bOEl=tí	gu: wi.
	3. TAM
	2.1 Subject pronouns
				Aorist	Perfect Imperfect	Future
			1s	a	Í:	ámí:	am
			2s	kOE	ká	kí:	kOEm
			3s	tOE	tá	tí:	tOEm
			1p	mOE	mÍ:	m †:	mOEm
			2p	kOE ..

3P.PRF give=3S.DO chief AC They gave him a chief. sÍ: bOEl=mí gu: wi. 3P.PRF give=1P.DO chief AC They gave us a chief.

  wèy. The resulting paradigm is:

		Neg Subjunctive
	1s	be: ... wey
	2s	bi: ... wey
	3s	bOE ... wey
	1p	bOEm ... wey
	2p	bi: ... wey
	3p	bOEs ... wey

  nOE. It is closed by a second definite marker :

	Í:	yenOEn kó:kÉl-ú	nOE	pócí wu.
	1S.PRF see	chicken-DEF COMP cut

DEF

I saw the chicken that he slaughtered.

áwdugá: n. cotton. From: H. áwná: v. measure. Pl: awná:; vn: awneti. From: H. áwré: n. marriage. From: H. ayaba: n. banana. From: H. áyki: n. work. From: H. azelé:t id. narrow. ázurfá: n

  Za:r. Dictionary, Grammar and Texts. Ibadan (Nigeria): Institut Français de Recherche en Afrique. SCHNEEBERG, Nan. 1974. Sayanci Phonology, Indiana University: Ph.D. SHIMIZU, Kiyoshi, 1978, The Southern Bauchi group of Chadic Languages. A Survey Report, Africana Marburgensia (Special Issue), 2. . silver. From: H.

	who? COP AOR come Who came? yÍ: kOEÑ kOE fOE ¿í? what? COP 2S.AOR do AC What did you do? á nOEmí: kOE mbOE? at WHEN 2S.AOR come When did you arrive? á wuna: kOEni? at WHERE COP Where is it? Abreviations 1, 2, 3 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd person AC accomplishement adj adjective adj.v verbal adjective adv adverb AOR Aorist COMP complementizer DEF definite DET determinant DIR directional DO direct object E English f female FUT Future aÿÿa: n. acha, hungry rice. Digitaria exilis. From: H. átuní: n. dysentry. From: H. a¨ti vn. wideness. Ex: bi›á:bi: múl a¨ti 'a wide door'. See: álti. IPRF Lo m n NEG num p prep PRF pro PRT quest s SBW a¨i n. earth, ground. CARON, Bernard. 2005. asOEÑ n. leg, foot. ban n. compound. Ex: ban kÉ gu: 'the house of the chief'. baÑ n. town. barkono: n. pimento. From: H. barú: n. pigeon. From: H. bრƒigupi n. bellows. See:	Imperfective low tone male noun negative particle numeral plural preposition Perfective pronoun particule question word singular South-Bauchi West
	GEN	genitive	Spec	Special use
	GL	genitive link	TAM	Tense-Aspect Marker
	H	Hausa	+V/-V	beginning with : a non-
				implosive voiced obstruent /
				any other consonant
	Hi	high tone	v	verbe
	IND	Independant	vn	verbal noun
		b
	ba:bá: n. father. babbi: n. lip. bak v. roast. Pl: bakÉn; vn: ba¿ti. balgundí n. stomach. bali adj. big, large. Ex: bal ka•i 'a big dog'; ka•i ú balî: ni. 'the dog is big.'. kÉ bali elder brother, sister. balnám n. roan antelope. balÑgËw n. agama lizard. baluÿi: n. python.

ZARANDA WORDLIST  a á prep. at. Ex: á lúbi 'at home'. ádda: n. machete, sword. From: H. ado: n. embroidery. From: H. adú¿a: n. prayer. From: H. agwa:gwá: n. duck. From: H. ák v. scratch. vn: a¿ti. aka adv. there. áki adv. here. akú: n. parrot. From: H. aláde: n. pig. From: H. álkáma: n. wheat. From: H. allú:ra: n. needle. From: H. ált v. fall. Pl: á¨nÉ; Ex: á ált wey. 'he didn't fall.'; vn: a¨ti. álti v. be wide. Pl: á¨ní; Ex: bi›ábi: á álti 'the door is wide'; nq: a¨ti. amarya: n. bride. From: H. ámí: pro.ind. 1s. a:ntOEÑ n. upper grinding stone. anÿi v. bite. Pl: ánÿín; vn: aƒti. ánÿín n. wood. apki n. flour. áre:wá: n. North. From: H. ásÉlí: n. lineage. From: H.

babbi:; bá›i:. bá:ƒi: n

  . debt. From: H. baw n. Bambara groundnut. bá›i: n. skin (human). See:

babbi:; bრƒigupi. bé:bé: n

	. deaf. From: H. be:•é: n. clay. bénÿi: n. bench. From: H < E. bé:›akí n. quiet, mute. Ex: tá dOEm bée›akí. 'he stayed quiet.'. bOEgaga: n. wing. bOEgOEm©í: n. he-goat, ram. bOEl v. give. Pl: bOElén; vn: bOElti; Spec: bOEl kâ:l 'follow'; Ex: Í: bOEl ti kâ:lí. 'I followed him.'. bOElÉm n. eagle. bOElOEÑ n. flame. Ex: bOElOEÑ utu. bOElkÉÑ n. tree sp. Dichrostachys cinerea. bOEné v. pour. Pl: bOEná:ni; vn: bOEneti. bOE:sí n. horse. bOEzOE v. spit. Pl: bOEzÉn; Ex: bOEzOE makOEÑ 'spit'. bi: n. 1) mouth. 2) language. Ex:

bi: ßu: 'the Zaranda language'. bi: utu gun. bi: ›a: entrance hut. bi: ›yelka: river bank.

bi®ímí: n. bull. From: H. bikí: n. festival. From: H. bikina n. forehead. See:

bi:; kína:. billáw n

. snare. biÑgí: n. pond, lake. biƒi: iƒi: n. anus. bi›abi: n. door. See:

bi:; ›ábi:. bó:ka: n

	. medicine man, herbalist. From: H. bó:ká: n. mirror. From: H. bó:kíti n. bucket. From: H < E. bôl n. football. From: H < E. bóÑgó: n. wall. From: H.

bos v. brew. Pl: bosÉn; vn: bosti; Ex: bosti •u:gi 'brew beer'. bos (taka) diminish. Ex: tá bos úlpú taka ¿i. 'he diminished the money.'. bo:tÉrbo: n. dauber wasp. bo:to: n. lid of granary. búkka: n. grass hut. From: H. bu:tu: n. filter. bu©e: n. flower. bwaƒ v. share. Pl: bwa:sÉn; vn: bwasti. ß ßa:lí n. truth. Ex: tá ›OEm ßa:lí.

	ßosí adj.v. rotten. Ex: ßosí ¨ú: 'rotten meat'. ßuk v. peel. Pl: ßugÉn; vn: ßu¿ti. ßul v. open. Pl: ßulÉn; vn: ßulti. ßúl n. tree sp. Sterculia setigera. ßuli n. bedbug. ßundi n. pumpkin. Ex: ßu¿ á ßosi 'the pumpkin is rotten.'. ßyéw v. pass by. Pl: ßyéwn; vn: ßyewti; Ex: ßyéw kína! 'go in front!'.
	d
	dabá:ra n. cleverness, intelligence. From: H. dábbe n. animal. From: H. da•é v. last. Pl: da•énni; vn: da•étí. From: H. dá:gi: n. planting-stick. da:káté v. wait. vn: da:katati. From: H. dakOEl n. disabled person (i.e. limping). dálma: n. cartridge. dami: n. bundle. From: H. danné v. press. Pl: danná:; vn: danneti. From: H. dáÑgá: n. fence. From: H. daÑkáli: n. sweet potato. From: H. del n. bat. deydey id. correct. Ex: á pOE deydey ¿i. 'it is correct.'. From: H. dOEgOEl n. land monitor. dOElgOEÑ n. bush. dOEm v. sit down. Pl:
	'he told the truth.'. ßanti v. fear. Pl: ßánni; vn: ßanti. ßállá v. come. ßarí n. shivering. Ex: tá pÉl ßarí ¿i. 'he shivered.' From: H. ßᨠv. pay. Pl: ßá¨Én; vn: ßa¨ti.

ßÉl v. count. Pl: ßOElÉn; vn: ßOElti. ßOEs v. light. Pl: ßOEsÉn; vn: ßOEsti. ßós v. rot. Pl: ßósni; vn: ßosti; adj.v: ßosí.

dÉmní; vn: dOEmti; Ex: tá dOEm bé¿ ›àkì. '

	dOEnzi n. warthog. dOEÑgÉl ásOEÑ n. heel.	he stayed quiet.'.

dOE:si n. basket. dOEskOEÑ n. dirt. Ex: kOEpsi múl dOEskOEÑ 'a dirty room'; kOEpsi á pÉ dOEskOEÑ ¿i; kOEpsi á pÉ dOEskOEyi 'the room is dirty'. dOE¨ v. pull. Pl: dOElÉn; vn: dOE¨ti. dOEÿinti n. tree sp. Boswellia papyrifera. dílá: n. jackal. From: H. dimbíl n. baobab. Adansonia digitata. dógOE:si n. belt. dom n. metal. do:rina: n. hippopotamus. From: H. du v. pound, beat. Pl: dú:; vn: duti; Spec: múl duti 'a drum player'; múl dus sá:ka: 'weaver'. du: n. honey, bee. Ex: du: á ¨áy. 'the bees have swarmed.'. dúbú num. thousand. From: H. dudu¨ n. scar. dúhu: n. darkness. From: H. duka: n. bracelet. du:ni adj. black. du:ti n. hunting. Spec: múl du:ti 'hunter'. dwa: n. leaf. dwá: n. blind. dwa:•OEn n. eye. dwi n. fly. dwom v. gather, sweep. Pl: dwomÉn; vn: dwomti.

• •aga: v. lift. Pl: •aga:; vn: •agiti. •ákɃ v. Pl: •ákÉtÉn; vn: •OEkOEƒti. 1) cross. Ex: tá •ákɃ ƒitu: ¿í. 'he crossed the road.'. 2) overcome. Ex: tá •ákɃ •án lá:di ¿í. 'he overcame Danladi.'. •aƒti vn. bitterness. Ex: dwa: múl •aƒti 'bitter leafes'. •í prt. particle indicating movement to the speaker. Ex: tá ƒi¿ ká:yá: •í. 'he unloaded the pack.'. •ißÉli det. many. Ex: ka•i dißÉli 'many dogs'. See: •ißÉltí. •ißÉltí n. heaviness. Ex: zOEÑga múl •ißÉltí 'a heavy rock'. See: •ißÉli. •ingíÿí: n. limping. From: H. •ó:rá: v. set bones. vn: •o:rati. From: H. •u:gi n. beer. Ex: tá ¨ye •u:gi. 'he drank beer.'. •uk v. dig out. Pl: •ugÉn; vn: •u¿ti. •umí v. be hot. Ex: ma:l dumí: wê:.; ma:l á •úmí ¿OE wê:. 'the water is not hot.'; ma:l •umí 'hot water'. •umi n. hotness. Ex: kOEs ú á pÉ •umi ¿i. 'the room is hot.'. From: H. ® ®a: n. mother. ®a:runtáka: n. courage. From: H. ®ígá:wol n. vulture. ®il n. tree sp. Adenium obesum. ®imina: n. ostrich. From: H. ®ín®irí: n. baby. From: H. ®om n. guinea-fowl. ®u:yé v. turn round. Pl: ®u:yé:ni; vn: ®u:yeti. From: H. e egÉÑ n. stone. élÉÑ n. See main entry: yélÉÑ. e:mbú•í n. See main entry: yembú•í. etÉl n. See main entry: yetÉl. é›aÑ n. fabric. e›OEÑ n. mortar. f fá:rá: v. begin. Pl: fá:rá:; vn: fa:reti. From: H. fárká: n. adultery. fí:ti adv. next year. fitíla: n. lamp. From: H. fót Variant: hót. v. blow, winnow. Pl: hotÉn; vn: hotti; Ex: hó¿ útu 'blow the fire'; Spec: hól lú 'whistle'; hó¿ íÿin 'sneeze'. g ga: n. head. gábas n. East. From: H. ga:bi n. ear. gáda: n. bridge. From: H. gádó: n. bed. From: H. gá:hulOEn n. knee. gal n. silk cotton tree (red flowers). Bombax costatum. ga:li n. calabash, gourd. gaÑgaÑ n. drum. gásí n. night. gáskíyá: n. truth. From: H. ga:¨ n. mountain, hill. Ex: ga:¨ ßu: 'the mountain of Zaranda'. gatÉmbúgOEl n. frog, toad. gé: adv. inside. Ex: á gé: kOEpsi 'inside the hut'. ge:ló: n. bulrush-millet. Pennisetum typhoideum. From: H. gé:mu: n. beard. From: H. gepi adj. young. kÉ gepi younger brother, sister. gÉ prep. inside. Ex: gÉ dOElgOEÑ 'in the bush'. gOEki: n. heron. gOEl v. lose. Pl: gÉllí; vn: gOElti; Ex: tá gOElí gÉ dOElgOEÑ. 'he got lost in the bush.'. gOEla¿sa: n. lizard. gOEm n. trade. gOEs n. body part sp. gu¨OEÑ n. yam. gu:yí Variant: gOEwí. adj. red. gú:zoßOEn n. tree sp. Calotropis procera. gu›i: n. bachelor, widower. gwa: det. this. Ex: múl gwa¿ 'that man'; kOEs gwa¿ 'that hut'. Pl: gya:. gwa:gwa: n. crow. gwandá ya:li n. throat. gwa:sOEn n. shade. gwe:si: n. grain. gwonti n. religion. gwop v. catch. Pl: gupÉn; vn: gwopti. gya: det. those. Ex: mbálÉÑ gya¿ 'those people'. gyambó: n. abcess. From: H. gye¨ v. laugh. Pl: gyé¨ní; vn: gye¨ti. gye¨ti n. laughter. gyu: adv. this year. h háki: n. straw. From: H. hané: v. forbid. Pl: hané:; vn: hanati. From: H. hánta: n. liver. From: H. háske: n. light. From: H. háwá: n. hill. From: H. hawya-namtám num. hundred. hawya-ÿe-lo:p num. twenty. ho: n. granary. hó:gOEÑ n. baboon. holi adj. white. hót v. See main entry: fót. hotí v. mix. Pl: hotÉn; vn: hoti. h…: n. grinding stone. hu•i adv. yesterday. Ex: á hu•i Í: poƒ ¨u ¿i. 'yesterday I cut the meat.'. hu:hú: n. lungs. From: H. hula: n. blood. húlhúl n. desert date tree. Balanites aegyptiaca. hulí n. hyena. hundel n. mosquito. Spec: ÿí:wo: kÉ hundel 'malaria'. hundÉl v. hide. Pl: hundÉlÉn; vn: hundOElti. hundOEÑ n. crocodile. huní: n. corpse. huntú:ru: n. harmattan. From: H. i i:gOEÑ n. medicine. il n. thorn. inna: n. aunt. From: H. isÉ prt. with. í:sí n. bone. iƒi: n. excrements. Ex: te iƒi: 'defecate'. í¨ye v. close. Pl: i¨yé:; vn: i¨yeti. iÿin n. nose. Spec: ho¿ iÿin 'sneeze'. k ká: n. tree sp. Ficus sycomorus subsp. gnaphalocarpa. ka•i n. dog. ka®i: Variant: ta®i:. n. veins, tendons. kak Pl: katÉn; vn: ka¿ti. v. drive away. Ex: sÍ: ka¿ ma:•i. 'they drove the goat away.'. ka:ká: n. grand-parents, grand-children. From: H. kal n. bottle gourd. ka:l n. back. kaláÑ-kálaÑ n. spider. kalaÑgú: n. hour glass drum. From: H. kalgOEÑ n. scarifications. kálhu: n. hornet, wasp. kálhulá: n. kidney. ka:lí: n. ritual place. ká:li adv. back. Ex: Í: bOEl ti kâ:lí. 'I followed him.'. kam v. take. Pl: kamÉn; vn: kamiti; kanti; Spec: kanti á kâ:l 'carry (a baby) in the back'; kam ... té•í 'bring'; Ex: tá kam ƒím té•í. 'she brought some "tuwo".'. kan v. See main entry: kam. kandí: n. viper. kánwá: n. natron. From: H. kaÑki: n. crab, Western hartebeest. From: H. kaptOElOEÑ n. shoe. kárfí n. strength. From: H. ká:ruwa: n. prostitute. From: H. ka:súwá: n. market. From: H. katáÑga: n. wall. From: H. katOEÑgul n. tick. kaÿímbÉla: n. small ant. kaÿíÑga: n. red sorrel. ka:wo: n. guinea-corn (gen.). káwƒi: n. mistletoe. Tapinathus dodoneifolius. From: H. kawtú: n. digging. From: H. ka:wú: n. uncle. From: H. káwye: n. village. From: H. ká:yá: n. things, load, luggage. From: H. kendÉl n. scorpion. keƒ v. tear. Pl: ke:ÿÉn; vn: keƒti. kÉ prt. of. Ex: sandá: kÉ bOE:sí 'riding-whip (lit. stick of horse)'. kOElí n. woman, wife. kOEm n. ear. kOEn prt. identifyer; focus particle. Ex: wó: kOEm bÉ? 'who came?'; yÍ: kOEÑ kOE fOE ¿í? 'what did you do?'. kÉn v. weave, build. Pl: kOEnÉn; vn: kOEnti. kOEndOE v. tie up. Pl: kOEndÉn; vn: kOEndOEti. kÉnzi n. termite pile. kOEpsi n. room, hut. See: kOEskOE. kOEptOE n. itching. kOEskOE n. room, hut. See: kOEpsi. kOE¨gOEl n. stirring stick. kÉt v. become fat, swell. Pl: kÉnni; vn: kOEtti; Ex: tá kÉ• wêy. 'he did not grow fat.'. ki: det. See main entry: gi:. kí: pro.ind. 2s. kí: adv. here. Ex: tá ›OEl kí: wey. 'he didnt stop here.'. kibOEÑ n. quiver. ki:di: n. antelope. kil n. beer pot. kíl n. tail. kílyôÑ pro. someone (f.). kimbá: n. tree sp. Xylopia parviflora. From: H. kína adv. in front. Ex: ßéw kína! 'go in front!'. kína: n. face. kiní: pro.ind. 2p. kírya: n. tree sp. Prosopis africana. From: H. kí:ƒi: n. jealousy. From: H. kí:ƒiyá: n. co-wife. From: H. kítÉl v. run. Pl: kítÉlni; Ex: sÍ: kítÉlí téy ƒitu:. 'they ran on the road.'. kí:wo: n. feeding animals. From: H. kó:•i: n. snail. From: H. ko¿ke n. bark. kokOE v. dry up. Pl: kokÉnni; vn: kokOEnti. kokÉní adj.v. dry. Ex: kokÉn ¨u: 'dry meat'; ¨u: á kokÉí ¿i; ¨u: á kokÉyi 'the meat is dry'. ko:kolwa: n. brain. From: H. kó:lá n. skull. kom n. mother-in-law. komati n. adze. kombo: n. penis sheath. kón n. experience. Ex: tá kón ÿí:wo: ¿í. 'he has been wounded.'. kóÑgo: n. beehive. From: H. korkoro: n. shuttlecock. ko:ƒíya: n. spoon. From: H. kó:yá: v. teach. Pl: kó:yá:; vn: ko:yeti; Ex: tá kó:yé: sí. 'he taught them.'. From: H. kúdu: n. South. From: H. kúféy n. abandoned compound. From: H. kukúdu: n. salt. kul n. cowries. kúl v. cry. Pl: kúlni. See: kulu. kulá: n. eagle. kullé: v. tie (a knot). Pl: kullé:; vn: kulle:ti; Ex: tá kullé: ©imí. 'he tied the rope.'. kullelleÑ n. bell. kulu n. See: kúl. kulu: n. leather, bag. ku:lú: n. dove. kúm det. all. Ex: kúm ¨a: 'all the cows'. kúm v. hear, feel. Pl: kumÉn; vn: kumti. kumbal v. be tired. Pl: kumbálni; vn: kumbalti. kúmpá: n. foam. From: H. kundOEÑ n. chair. kuÑgOEl n. cave. kúp v. bury. Pl: kúpÉn; vn: kupti. kúrmá: n. deaf. From: H. kúrmi: n. forest. From: H. kúsá adv. near. From: H. kusOEn n. mouse, rat. kuskí:•OEÑ n. gravel. kuƒka: n. dust. kuƒya:ya: n. grave. From: H. kú¨-ÿe-lo:p num. twelve. kú¨-ÿe-namtám num. fifteen. kú¨-ÿe-nÉm num. eleven. kúugiyá: n. hook. From: H. kuza n. tin. From: H. kuzum n. hunger. kuzum má:li thirst.

¨á: tá ze yakÉÑ ¿i.

  From: H. ÿin n. sun. ÿit n. pick. ÿí:wo: n. disease, wound. From: H. : n. difficulty. Ex: ulóÑ múl wuyá: 'a difficult thing'. From: H. Ex: tá ›OEl kí: wey. 'he didnt stop here.'. ›OEm v. tell. Pl: ›OEmÉn; vn: ›OEmti; Ex: tá ›OEm ßa:lí. 'he told the truth.'. ›OEmí v. explain. Pl: ›OEmíni; vn: ›OEmti; Ex: tá ›OEmí sí. 'he explained them.'. ›OEÑgÉl n. tree sp. Gardenia erubescens.

	lubi n. home, compound. luka ga:¨i n. klipspringer, crested duiker. lúl n. ghost. lu¿lugOEl n. shirt. múl ban father. múl dus sá:ka: weaver. múl duti ©ita: n. grasshopper. ©ítÉ n. small, black ant. ©í:©i: n. owl. ©i©in n. tree sp. Anogeissus leiocarpus. múl du:ti hunter. múl kÉ twa:ti potter. múl kwe:si fisherman. múl kwo ›o: farmer. múl lagati liar. múl mo¿ti tanner. ƒeli n. slave. ƒigupi n. forge. ƒik v. unload. Pl: ƒitÉn; vn: ƒi¿ti. ƒíllÉÑ n. talk. ƒím n. tuwo. ƒima: n. bushbuck, gazelle. ƒin n. tooth. Spec: ƒin kÉ zul 'ivory'. ƒîn n. name. ÿí:wo: kÉ hundel n. malaria. ÿú:l v. leak. vn: ÿulti. ÿwa:li n. urine. Spec: te ÿwa:li 'urinate'. ÿyél v. break (i.e. stick). Pl: ÿyelÉn; vn: ÿyelti. y d ÿyet v. milk. Pl: ÿyetÉn; vn: ÿyetti; Ex: tá ÿyet ¨á: ¿í. 'she milked the cow.'. u ú: n. fat. ul Variant: lu. n. thing. ul-kÉ-ÿi food. ul-kÉ-kÉm earring. ul-Ñgapti handle. ul-pɨ-gwonti fetish. ul-tulti awl. ulóÑ something. Ex: ulóÑ múl wuyá: 'a difficult thing'. úlpí Variant: úlpú. n. money. usa n. water carrying pot; pot used to brew beer. utu n. fire. z usÉpsí num. eight. usOEn v. smell. Pl: usÉnÉn; vn: usOEnti. ya: v. look at. Pl: ya:nÉn; vn: ya:ti. yÍ: quest. what? Ex: yÍ: kOEÑ kOE fOE ¿í? 'what did you do?'. ya:•iya: n. tree sp. Leptadenia hastata. From: H. yákÉní adj. small, young. yákÉÑ n. child. Pl: míl. yákÉÑ kOEli daughter. yákÉÑ pOEti fruit. yákÉÑ to: finger. ya:li n. neck, voice. ya:lo: n. bitter tomato. From: H. yâmma: n. West. From: H. yá:ní adj. young. ya¨ka kókÉl n. falcon. yá:›i: n. bird. yélÉÑ Variant: élÉÑ. n. friend, enemy. yembú•í Variant: e:mbú•í. n. sleep. Spec: ndé: yembú•í; nda e:mbú•í 'to sleep'. yô: adv. last year. yetÉl Variant: etÉl. n. wind. yéÑ det. some (pl.). Ex: ka•i yéÑ ; ¨a: yéÑ 'some dogs ; some cows'. See: wóÑ. yen v. see. Pl: yenÉn; vn: yenti. › ›a: adv. outside. ›a: v. fight. Pl: ›a:lni; vn: ›a:ti; Ex: sÍ: ›a: ¿í. 'they fought.'. ›ábi: n. door. ›ak v. spread. Pl: ›akÉn; vn: ›a¿ti. ›antOEn n. driver ant. Spec: ga: ›atOEn 'anthill'. ›ati: n. squirrel. ›OEkOEltí n. hiccup. ›OEl v. stand, stop. Pl: ›OElni; vn: ›OElti; ENGLISH-ZARANDA INDEX a abcess n. gyambó:. able (be ~) v. man. above adv. lyá:. acha n. aÿÿa:. adultery n. fárká:. agama lizard n. balÑgËw. adze n. komati. ant (sugar ~) n. ƒa:zúma:. antelope n. ki:di:; n. nám. antelope (roan ~) n. balnám. anthill n. lOEbi. dance v. nyep. darkness n. dúhu:. date tree (desert ~) n. húlhúl. daughter -yákÉÑ kOEli, see: yákÉÑ. dawn n. nikyêw. deaf n. bé:bé:; n. kúrmá:. death vn. mOEƒti. debt n. bá:ƒi:. deepness n. ló:lu:. desire n. kwa•ayi. dew n. sassali. die v. mɃ. difficulty n. wuyá:. digging n. kawtú:. dig out v. •uk. do v. pÉl. dog n. ka•i. donkey n. ©a:kí:. door n. bi›abi:; n. tá:ga:; n. ›ábi:. doubt n. ƒákka:. dove n. ku:lú:. draw v. Ñgo. dream v. ¨uk. drink v. ¨ye. drive away v. kak. drum n. gaÑgaÑ. drum (hour glass ~) n. kalaÑgú:. drum stick n. mɃ.
	za: n. beans.	w
	wahala: n. suffering. From: H. wasí:ka n. letter. From: H. wa¨ v. harvest. vn: wa¨ti. wá:¨ÉÑ n. wet season. wímbÉl n. pigeon. wi›i n. gazelle sp. wó: quest. who? Ex: wó: kOEm bÉ? 'who came?'. wókÉl v. wash. Pl: wókÉlÉn; vn: wokOElti. wom›i Variant: om›i:. n. shoulder. wóÑ Pl: yéÑ. det. some. wó¨ v. sow. vn: wo¨ti. wótí n. intestine. wú: v. move. Pl: wúnÉn; vn: wu:ti; Ex: sÍ: wú: sOE áynihí. 'he is moving a lot.'. wul v. Pl: wulÉn; Spec: wul wúli 'sing'. wúl v. buy. Pl: wúlÉn. wúl (taka) v. sell. wúli n. song. wulli: n. gazelle (gen.). wulpi n. money. wuna: quest. where? Ex: á wuna: kOEni 'where is it?'. wúndí: n. seed. wúpsí num. four. delivered.'. zé:ná: n. tree sp. Ziziphus mauritiana. zOEÑga: n. rock, mountain. zí:ná:riyá: n. gold. From: H. zo: n. spear. zó:be: n. ring. From: H. zoßOEn n. hare. zul n. elephant. © ©im n. rope. ©ißÉl n. worm (gen), maggot, caterpillar. ©e:li: n. stork. ©a:kí: n. donkey. From: H. bat n. del. be prt. kOEn. beans n. za:. beard n. gé:mu:. beat v. du; v. lik. beautiful (be ~) v. mbúní. beauty vn. mbu:nti. bell n. kullelleÑ. bellows n. bრƒigupi. belly n. tugi. belt (leaf ~) n. dógOE:si. bench n. bénÿi:. bend v. kwántén. beniseed (red flowers) n. tal. beniseed (white flowers) n. nya:la:. big adj. bali. bilharzia n. ndalßás. bird n. yá:›i:. birth (give ~) v. ze. bite v. anÿi. bitterness vn. •aƒti. black adj. du:ni.	'the cow

kwa•ayi n. desire. From: H. kwa:ki n. panther, leopard. kwá:kwa: n. raphia. Raphia sudanica. From: H. kwakwal n. francolin. kwal v. get old. Pl: kwální; vn: kwalti. kwálbá: n. bottle. From: H. kwá:li n. scarf. From: H. kwáltá n. sickle. kwá:no: n. dish. From: H. kwántén v. bend. vn: kwantenti. kwá:ra: n. plam tree sp. Elaeis guineensis. From: H. kwári: n. valley. From: H. kwárko:sa n. very tiny red ant. From: H. kwárkwáta: n. louse. From: H. kwa:ró: n. insect. From: H. kwa¨ v. pick. Pl: kwa¨Én; vn: kwa¨ti. kwá:ÿé: v. seize. Pl: kwá:ÿé:; vn: kwa:ÿeti. From: H. kwayóm n. kite. kwe:si n. fish, mudfish, catfish. Spec: múl kwe:si 'fisherman'. kwi:ti n. egg-plant. kwokOEl n. chicken, fowl. kwól v. to farm, to weed. Pl: kwolÉn; vn: kwolti. kwoli adj. old. Ex: kwol mbálÉÑ 'an old man'. kwos v. vomit. Pl: kwósni; vn: kwosti. kyara:na: n. tree sp. Euphorbia senegalense. From: H. kyâw adv. tomorrow. kyél v. burn. Pl: kyelÉn; vn: kyelti. l lák v. throw, shoot. Pl: lakÉn; vn: la¿ti; Ex: tá lá¿ zo: ¿í. 'he threw the spear.'; Í: lá¿ yá:›i:. 'I shot a bird.'. lá¿ Ñgesi cough. lá¿ billáw set a trap. lakkúl n. chameleon. lal n. marsh. lambu: n. garden. From: H. lÍntOE n. big black ant. láp v. ferment. Pl: lapÉn; vn: lapti; Ex: lapti ka:wo: 'let the guinea-corn ferment'. lapí adj.v. wet. Ex: sûmmáw á lapí 'the cloth is wet'; lapí sûmma: 'a wet cloth'. lრv. write. vn: laƒti; Ex: tá lრwasí:ka ¿í. 'he wrote a letter.'. la:ti n. leather loincloth. láw n. amulet. lega v. lie. vn: legati; Pl: lOEgáni; Spec: múl lOEgati 'a liar'. leku: n. net. lé¿la: n. tree sp. Afzelia africana. lelpi n. buffalo. le:mú n. citrus, lemon, orange. Spec: le:mú mú n®etti 'orange'; le:mú mú mbayti 'lemon'. From: H. le:ndí n. cricket. lOE v. go, walk. Pl: lÉn; vn: lOEti; Ex: tá lOE Kánòí. 'he went to Kano.'. lOEbi n. anthill. Ex: lOEbi kÉ kaÿímbíla:. lOEga: n. tongue (body part). lÉlÉÑke n. mantis. lOEm v. touch. Pl: lÉmÉn; vn: lOEmti; Ex: tá lOEm ƒím. 'he tasted the "tuwo".'. lOEnti n. chin. lOEpsi n. pestle. lOE¿ÿi n. headpad. lí: v. thresh. Pl: likÉn; vn: li:ti. lí: n. moon. Spec: wol lí: 'moonshine'. lik v. beat. Pl: likÉn; vn: li¿ti; Spec: li¿ti bôl 'play football'. lo: n. cat. ló:kaÿí: n. time. From: H. ló:lu: n. deepness. Ex: ƒu: múl lo:lútí 'a deep hole'. londí: n. reedbuck. lo:p num. two. ló¨ v. sew. Pl: lo¨Én; vn: lo¨ti. lu Variant: ul. n. thing. Ex: Ñgyep lu 'ask something'; Spec: hotti lu 'whistling'. lu: n. tears. lu: n. place. lulu:li n. cobweb. lúmbú: n. wadi. lu:ní adj. cold. Ex: mal lu:ní 'cold water'. lút v. skin. Pl: lu•Én; vn: lutti; Ex: tá lú¨ ¨ú: wêy. 'he didn't skin the animal.'. lwa:ni n. sweat. Ex: tá pÉl lwa:ni ¿i. 'he sweated.'. lyá: n. God. adv. above. lyá:mí v. like, love. Pl: lyá:míní; vn: lyamti. m má: v. meet. Pl: má:ni; vn: ma:ti. mádárá n. milk. From: H. máhawÿí: n. butcher. From: H. maka:mi: n. weapon. From: H. makOEmßu: n. cocoyam. makOEÑ n. saliva. Spec: bOEzOE makOEÑ 'spit'. ma:ki num. three. ma:l n. water. ma:l ßundi pus. ma:l-kÉ-lyá: rain. má:lam-bu-líttá: n. butterfly. From: H. málgOEni n. 1) side. Ex: á málgOEn ƒitu: 'by the side of the road'. 2) ribs. mam n. bow. ma:ma: n. armpit. ma:má:ki: n. surprise. From: H. man v. be able, know. Pl: manÉn; vn: manti. mán®a: n. palm oil. From: H. má:ní Variant: mwá:ní. adj. male. Ex: kusOEn kOE má:ní 'a male mouse'. ma:nti n. war. máÑgoro n. mango. Mangifera indica. From: H. maÑko: n. cobra. mará:ya: n. orphan. From: H. ma:rí:rí: n. cob. From: H. márkén dú:si: n. tree sp. Terminalia brownii; Terminalia catappa. From: H. marufa: n. straw hat. From: H. márúfí: n. lid. From: H. má:sá: v. squeeze. Pl: má:sá:; vn: ma:seti. mási n. narrowness. From: H. ma¨ v. shout. Pl: má¨ni; vn: ma¨ti. mat n. goat. Ex: sÍ: ka¿ ma:•i. 'they drove the goat away.'; mat á pOE sállé:. 'the goat jumped.'. má:ye: n. sorcerer. From: H. máyí: n. butter. mba: n. wax. mbál n.pl. humans, men. Spec: mbálé: yéÑ 'some people'. mbati n. skin. mbaÿin kwokÉl n. tree sp. Senna singueana. mbayti vn. sourness. Ex: le:mú mú mbayti 'a sour lemon'. mbá›i n. heart, liver. mbéy v. be sour. Pl: mbéyni; Ex: le:mó á mbéy yi 'the lemon is sour'. mbOE v. come. Pl: mbÉní; vn: mbOEti. mbOEl kOE •á:•OEÑ n. mushroom. mbOEl (te:Ñki) v. increase. Pl: mbOElÉn; Ex: tá mbOEl úlpú te:Ñki. 'he increased the money.'. mbOEla: n. sheep. mbOEsi n. nail. mbɃ v. put out (fire). Pl: mbOEÿén; vn: mbOEƒti. mbi v. get, find. Pl: mbí:; vn: mbiti. mbó:gumbó: n. calf. mbok v. shoot, sting. Pl: mbokÉn; Ex: kOEndÉl á mbo¿ ti. 'the scorpio stung him.'; tá mbo¿ bindíga ¿í. 'he shot the gun.'. mbo¿ki n. sting. mbol v. slip. Pl: mbotÉlni; vn: mbolti. mbo:¨i n. okra. mbo¿ÿi v. arrive. Pl: mbo¿ÿín; Ex: tá mbo¿ÿi Káno. 'he arrived at Kano.'. mbu:gi n. bamboo. Oxytenanthera abyssinica. mbuka: n. papaya, tree sp. Carica papaya; Annona senegalensis. mbulá:tí n. crested crane. mbúlkÉÑ n. fireplace. mbúní n. calabash. mbúní v. be beautiful. Pl: mbúnni; vn: mbu:nti; Ex: á mbúní 'it is beautiful'. mbu:nti vn. beauty. Ex: ka•i múl mbu:nti 'a beautiful dog'. See: mbúní. mbu¨ n. egg. Ex: mbu¨ á koni. 'the egg has gone bad.'. mbu¨OEl n. ashes. mbu:tu: n. basket. mbwál n. lion. mbyet v. suck. Pl: mbye:tén; vn: mbyeti. mbyew n. horn. me: n. grass. me: bi: n. lip plug. mêyta: n. sorcery. From: H. me›OEn n. hair, feather. Spec: me›OEn ga: 'hair'; me›OEn yá:›i: 'feather'. mÉgÉl v. steal. Pl: mÉgÉlÉn; vn: mOEgOElti; Ex: tá mÉgOEl ¨yéy. 'he stole a cow.'. mÉka num. six. mɃ n. drum stick. Ex: mɃ gaÑgaÑ 'drum stick'. mɃ v. die. Pl: mɃni; vn: mOEƒti. mOEƒti vn. death. mOE¨kOEÑ n. locust bean tree. Parkia biglobosa. mOE¨¿o: n. whisk. mÉ›i n. woman. adj. female. Ex: kusOEn kOE mÉ›i 'a female mouse'. mí: pro.ind. 1p. mí¿íga:¨i n. insane, mad. mil n. oil. míl n.pl. children. mí:›i n. tree sp. Grewia venusta. mogOEl n. thief. mók v. tan. Pl: mokÉn; vn: mo¿ti. mó:ta: n. car, lorry. Spec: bal mó:ta: 'lorry'. From: H < E. mú:gu: adj. evil. Ex: mú:gu: mbálÉÑ 'an evil man'. From: H. múl n. human being. Pl: mbálÉÑ; Ex: múl ú bali 'a big man'. múlki: n. rule. From: H. múlóÑ pro. someone (m.). munÿi n. masquerade. músÉn v. forget. Pl: músÉnÉn; vn: musOEnti; Ex: Í: músÉn ní ¿í. 'I have forgotten.'. mut v. lie down. Pl: múlni; vn: mutti; Ex: tá mu¿ a:¨ wêy ; tá mu• wêy 'he did not lie down'. mwa: n. stalk. mwa: ©el sugar cane. mwá:ní n. See main entry: má:ní. n nali v. grow. Pl: nálni; vn: nalti; Ex: ¨a: á nali 'the cow has grown'. nalti n. grownup. nám n. antelope. namtám num. five. nására n. victory. Ex: tá ÿi nására. 'he has won.'. From: H. ndál n. axe. ndalßás n. bilharzia. ndek v. fell (a tree). Pl: ndOEkÉn; vn: nde¿ti. ndOEk v. answer, agree. Pl: ndÉ¿ni; vn: ndOE¿ti; Ex: tá ndOEgi. 'he answered.'; tá ndOEg wêy. 'he did not agree.'. ndOEli v. be hard. Pl: ndÉlni; Ex: ¨u: ú á ndOEli 'the meat is hard'; nq: ndOElti. ndOElti vn. hardness. Ex: ¨u: múl ndOElti 'hard meat'. ndÉm n. monkey. ndOEndÉli v. be thick. vn: ndOEndOElti. ndi:si n. testicle. ndok v. heal. Pl: ndó¿ní; vn: ndokti. ndó:lésí adj. short, small. Ex: ndó¿lés sandá 'a short stick'. nduƒ v. pull out. Pl: ndúƒén; vn: ndusti; nduƒti. n®áw n. tree sp. Scierocarya birrea. n®etti vn. sweetness. n®íkÉÑ v. fill. Pl: n®íkÉnÉn; vn: n®ikOEÑti; Ex: tá n®ákÉÑ ga:lí. 'she filled the calabash.'. n®ulé:n n®wá:tí: n. shrew. n®ule:t n. sharp-pointed. Ex: pOEga múl n®ule:t 'a sharp-pointed knife'. nOEk v. grind. Pl: nOEgÉn; vn: nOE¿ti. nOEkú¨ num. ten. nOEm num. one. nOEmi: quest. when? Ex: á nOEmí: kOE mbOE? 'when did you come?'. nOEtÉpsí num. nine. ni: n. female breast, milk. nikyêw n. dawn. níÑgí num. seven. nya:la: n. sesame, beniseed (white flowers). nyep v. dance. Pl: nyépni; vn: nyepti. nyew v. ripen. Pl: nyéwni; vn: nyewti; Ex: ge:ró: a nyewi. 'the guinea-corn is ripe.'. r ra:kumí: n. camel. From: H. ranse v. swear. Pl: ranséni; vn: ranseti. From: H. ráwaní: n. turban. From: H. rí:®iyá: n. well. From: H. ró:go: n. cassava. From: H. s sábta: n. cleanness. Ex: kOEpsOE múl sábta: 'a clean room'; kOEpsOE á pÉ sábta: ¿i 'the room is clean'. From: H. sa:búlu n. soap. From: H. sá:ka: n. honey-comb. From: H. sá:ká: v. repeat. Pl: sá:ká:; vn: sa:keti; Ex: sá:ká: ¨yeti! 'get up again!'. From: H. sállé: n. jump. Ex: mat á pOE sállé:. 'the goat jumped.'. salsál n. necklace. sandá: n. stick. From: H. sánta: adv. straight on. From: H < E. sányí: n. cold. Ex: ma:lú á pOE sányí: ¿i. 'the water is cold.'. From: H. sárá: v. protect. Pl: sárá:. From: H. saráwta: n. chieftaincy. From: H. sassali n. dew. sá:wá: n. thunder. From: H. sawra: n. fallow. From: H. se:zi n. drinking calabash. sOEga v. swallow. Pl: sOEga:; vn: sOEgeti. sOEk v. cook. Pl: sOEgÉn; vn: sOE¿ti; Ex: tá sOE¿ ƒímí. 'she cooked the tuwo.'. sOEl n. age-mate. sÉl v. circumcise. vn: sOElti. sOElkOEÑ n. circumcision. sÉmbÉl n. guest, stranger. sÉti adv. today. si: pro.ind. 3p. si:ré v. escape. Pl: si:ré:ni; vn: si:rétí. From: H. síya¿ kó: n. chick. só:ka n. flesh. From: H. solle n. skink lizard. som n. broom. só:yá: v. fry. From: H. stúra: n. funeral. su•í adv. to the speaker. Ex: tá te su•í. 'he came in.'. su:ma: n. hair. From: H. sûmma: n. cloth. From: H. sussu¿uti: n. gecko. swa:li n. penis. swal ka•i rainbow. swa:zi n. flea. swe: n. vagina. ƒ ƒa: n. shame. ƒákka: n. doubt. From: H. ƒa:la: n. shin. ƒa:zúma: n. sugar ant. From: H. ƒe:kára: n. year. From: H. ƒinni v. greet. Pl: ƒínní:; vn: ƒinniti. ƒiÑge: n. fence. From: H. ƒiÑka:fa: n. rice. From: H. ƒiƒíl n. termite (small ~). ƒitá n. cricket. ƒitu: n. road, path. ƒiwa:ka: n. tree sp. Vernonia colorata. From: H. ƒu: n. hole. ƒúk v. breathe, rest. Pl: ƒú¿úni; vn: ƒu¿ti. ƒú:kál v. imitate. Pl: ƒú:kálÉn; vn: ƒu:ka¨ti. ¨ ¨á: n. cow. ¨ak v. carve wood. Pl: ¨atÉn; vn: ¨a¿ti. ¨a:l v. twist. Pl: ¨altÉn; vn: ¨a:lti; ¨a¨ti. ¨a:¨â: n. stink-ants (large, black). Spec: ban kÉ ¨a:¨â: 'anthill'. ¨É v. start, rise. Pl: ¨Én. ¨ÉlkÉÑ n. tree sp. Daniellia oliveri. ¨OElligi n. root. ¨ok v. Pl: ¨ó:; vn: ¨o¿ti. 1) kill. 2) wipe. ¨o¨o¿oti n. flute. ¨u: n. meat. Spec: ¨u: kOE dOElgOEÑ 'wild animal'. ¨uk v. dream. Pl: ¨ú¿ní; vn: ¨u¿ti. ¨ulké: n. soot. ¨wé v. harvest rice. Pl: ¨ó:; vn: ¨weti. ¨ye v. drink. Pl: ¨yé:; vn: ¨yeti; Ex: tá ¨ye •u:g wey. 'he did not drink beer.'; Spec: ¨ye tá:ba: 'smoke tobacco'. t tá:ba: n. tobacco. From: H. ta:barma: n. mat. From: H. taßOElke: n. egret. ta®i: n. See: ka®i:. tá:ga: n. door. From: H. ta:gíya: n. cap, hat. From: H. tágullá: n. copper. From: H. tak v.. Spec: ta¿ti bi 'call'. Pl: takÉn; vn: ta¿ti; Ex: sÍ: takí Ko:gí bi ¿í. 'they called Kogi.'. tákÉl n. plait. vn: takOElti. tá:ki: n. dung. From: H. tal n. sesame, beniseed (red flowers). tál v. dry. Pl: talÉn; vn: talti. táláka: n. poor. From: H. tampaÑ n. hoe (gen.). támpOElaÑ n. laterite. ta¨ v. split, chop. Pl: ta¨Én; vn: ta¨ti. ta:ÿimba: n. hedgehog. te v. enter, germinate, produce. Pl: tén; vn: teti; Ex: tá te kOEpsi. 'he entered the room.'; Spec: tá te su•í. 'he came in.'; Ex: te iƒi: 'defecate'; te ÿwa:li 'urinate'. té•í adv. indicates movement to the speaker. Ex: tá kam ƒím té•í. 'she brought some tuwo.'; tá fe¿ té•í 'he came out.'; tí: fe¿ti té•í 'he is coming out.'. téÑ guléÑ adv. a little. téymáká: v. help. Pl: téymáká:. From: H. tOEka: n. cud, content of a cow's stomach. Spec: tí: tOEka: 'chew the cud'. From: H. tOEmá:tir n. tomato. From: H. tOEmti n. sharp. Ex: pOEga múl tOEmti 'a sharp knife'. tOEn v. touch. Pl: tOEnÉn; vn: tOEnti. tÉÑgÉl v. untie. Pl: tÉÑgÉlÉn; vn: tOEÑgOElti. tí: pro.ind. 3s. tilá v. carry. Pl: tilá:; vn: tileti. tilanti:›i n. eagle-owl. ti:sOEÑ n. sand. to v. ride, climb. Pl: totÉm; vn: toti. to: n. hand, arm. to: ndíláÑ club. to:ká: n. gunpowder. tolo:-tóló: n. turkey. From: H. tom n. storage water pot. tona: adv. left. tóÑasOEÑ n. anklet. toƒimti adv. right. tu: n. See main entry: tugi. túbalí: n. brick. From: H. tubáw n. trap. tugi Variant: tuki; tu:. n. belly, pregnancy. túkÉn v. rub. Pl: túkÉnÉn; vn: tukOEnti; Ex: Í: túkÉn mi:lí. 'I rubbed pommade on.'. tuki n. See main entry: tugi. túl v. prick, pierce. Pl: tulÉn; vn: tulti. túní v. remember. Pl: túné:ni; vn: tuniti. From: H. tuÑgyel n. tsetse fly. tú:rá: v. push. Pl: tú:rá:; vn: tu:reti. From: H. twa:ti n. cooking pot. twe:ni: n. branch. twí:lí n. mongoose. ÿ ÿaÑ n. Nile monitor. ÿaÑÿáÑ n. cotton tree. Ceiba pentandra. ÿa:tÉl n. navel. ÿa:›yel n. star. ÿi v. eat. Pl: ÿín; vn: ÿiti; Ex: ÿi ul-kOE-ÿi 'eat (food)'. ÿigOEÑ n. thigh. ÿíl n. smoke. ÿílwa: n. kite. wuti v. throw. Pl: wutí:kOEn; vn: wutti; Spec: tá wuti mâ:l wey. 'he didn't wash.'. wuÿi: n. snake. wuyáza:ßé: v. choose. Pl: za:ßÉnÉn; vn: za:ßé:. From: H. za:gá: v. insult. From: H. zakí v. leave. Pl: zakíni. za:li: n. cheating. Ex: ká ÿi za:li: ¿í. 'you cheated.'. zam n. lightning. záne: n. wrapper. From: H. zárto: n. saw. From: H. zazzaßí: n. fever. From: H. ze v. set. Pl: zÉn; vn: zOEti; Spec: ze á útu 'bake'; zOEti ya:kÉÑ 'give birth'; Ex: ›i: n. body. ›i:ßi: n. marrow. ›i:ni n. life. ›ok v. stab. Pl: ›okÉn; vn: ›o¿ti. ›o:mi n. middle. Ex: á ›o:mi 'in the middle'; ›o:minán mi: ki: 'between me and you'. ›yel v. plant. Pl: ›yelnÉn; vn: ›yelti. ›yel (li) v. transplant. Ex: tá ›yel tOEmá:tir lí. 'he transplanted tomatoes.'. ›yél n. dry season. ›yelka: n. river. ›yelmbú: n. sling. ›yewu v. hurry. Pl: ›yewón; vn: ›yewti; Ex: sÍ: ›yew sí ¿i 'they hurried'. age-mate n. sOEl. agree v. ndOEk. all det. kúm. amulet n. láw. animal n. dábbe; n. ¨u:. anklet n. tóÑasOEÑ. answer v. ndOEk. ant (driver ~) n. ›antOEn. ant sp. n. kaÿímbÉla:; n. kwárko:sa; n. lÍntOE; n. ¨a:¨â:; n. ©ítÉ. anus n. biƒi: iƒi:. arm n. to:. armpit n. ma:ma:. arrive v. mbo¿ÿi. arrow n. pi:si. ashes n. mbu¨OEl. ask v. Ñgyep. at prep. á. aunt n. inna:. awlul-tulti, see: ul. axe n. ndál. b baboon n. hó:gOEÑ. baby n. ®ín®irí:. bachelor n. gu›i:. back adv. ká:li; n. ka:l. bag n. kulu:. bamboo n. mbu:gi. banana n. ayaba:. bank (river ~) -bi: ›yelka:, see: bi:. baobab n. dimbíl. bark n. ko¿ke. basket n. dOE:si; n. mbu:tu:. bed n. gádó:. bedbug n. ßuli. bee n. du:. beehive n. kóÑgo:. beer n. •u:gi. begin v. fá:rá:. blanket n. godo:. blind n. dwá:. blood n. hula:. crying n. kulu. cud n. tOEka:. cut v. poƒ. diminishbos (taka), see: bos. dirt n. dOEskOEÑ. disabled person (i.e. limping) n. dakOEl. disease n. ÿí:wo:. dish n. kwá:no:. dry adj.v. kokÉní; v. tál. dry up v. kokOE. duck n. agwa:gwá:. dung n. tá:ki:. dust n. kuƒka:. dysentry n. átuní:. e eagle n. bOElÉm; n. kulá:. eagle-owl n. tilanti:›i. ear n. ga:bi; n. kOEm. earringul-kÉ-kÉm, see: ul. earth n. a¨i. East n. gábas. eat v. ÿi. egg n. mbu¨. egg-plant n. kwi:ti. egret (white ~) n. taßOElke:. eight num. usÉpsí. elbow -gOEs Ñgwá:¨Én, see: gOEs. elephant n. zul. eleven num. kú¨-ÿe-nÉm. embers n. gOEzOEÑ utu. embroidery n. ado:. enemy n. yélÉÑ. enter v. te. escape v. si:ré. evil adj. mú:gu:. excrements n. iƒi:. experience n. kón. explain v. ›OEmí. extinguish v. mbɃ. eye n.

dwa:•OEn.

  adv. áki; adv. kí:. heron n. gOEki:. hiccup n. ›OEkOEltí. hide v. hundÉl. hill n. ga:¨; n. háwá:. hippopotamus n. do:rina:. hoe (gen.) n. tampaÑ. hoe (large ~) n. gi:l. hole n. ƒu:. home n. lubi. honey n. du:. honey-comb n. sá:ka:. hook n. kúugiyá:. horn n. mbyew. hornet n. kálhu:. horse n. bOE:sí. hot v. •umí. hotness n. •umi, see: •umí. human being n. múl. humans n.pl. mbál. hundred num. hawya-namtám. hunger n. kuzum. hunterdu:ti, see: múl. hunting n. du:ti. hurry v. ›yewu. hut n. kOEpsi; n. kOEskOE. hut (entrance ~) -bi: ›a:, see: bi:. hut (grass ~) n. búkka:. hyena n. hulí. n. háske:; v. ßOEs. lightning n. zam. like v. lyá:mí. limping n. •ingíÿí:. lineage n. ásÉlí:. lion n. mbwál. lip n. babbi:. little (a ~) adv. téÑ guléÑ. liver n. hánta:; n. mbá›i. lizard n. gOEla¿sa:. load n. ká:yá:. locust bean tree n. mOE¨kOEÑ. loincloth (leather ~) n. la:ti. long adj. pya:si. look at v. ya:. look for v. Ñgaw. lorry n. mó:ta:. lose v. gOEl. louse n. kwárkwáta:. love v. lyá:mí.

			n
	fabric n. é›aÑ. face n. kína:. falcon n. ya¨ka kókÉl. fall v. ált. fallow n. sawra:. farm n. gu:; v. kwól. farmer -múl kwo ›o:, see: múl. fat n. ú:. lake n. biÑgí:. lamp n. fitíla:. language n. bi: (2). large adj. bali. last v. da•é. laterite n. támpOElaÑ. laughter n. gye¨ti. laugh v. gye¨. nail n. mbOEsi. name n. ƒîn. nape n. gígOEl. narrow id. azelé:t. narrowness n. mási. natron n. kánwá:. navel n. ÿa:tÉl. near adv. kúsá. neck n. ya:li.	f l	leave v. zakí. left adv. tona:. leg n. asOEÑ. lemon n. le:mú. leopard n. kwa:ki. letter n. wasí:ka.

fat (become ~) v. kÉt. fathermúl ban, see: múl; n. ba:bá:. fear v. ßanti. feather n. me›OEn. feeding animals n. kí:wo:. feel v. kúm. fell (a tree) v. ndek. female adj. kOEli; adj. mÉ›i. fence n. dáÑgá:; n. ƒiÑge:. ferment v. láp. festival n. bikí:. fetishul-pɨ-gwonti, see: ul. fever n. zazzaßí:. field n. gu:. help v. téymáká:. herbalist n. bó:ka:. here i I pro.ind. ámí:. imitate v. ƒú:kál. increase v. mbOEl (te:Ñki). in-laws n. gu:. insane n. mí¿íga:¨i. insect n. kwa:ró:. inside adv. gé:; adv. gißi; prep. gÉ. insult v. za:gá:. intelligence n. dabá:ra. intestine n. wótí. itching n. kOEptOE. ivory n. ƒin. j jackal n. dílá:. jealousy n. kí:ƒi:. jump n. sállé:. k kidney n. kálhulá:. kill v. ¨ok. king n. gu:. kite n. kwayóm; n. ÿílwa:. klipspringer n. luka ga:¨i. knee n. gá:hulOEn. kneel v. Ñgusi. knife n. pOEga:. know v. man. kola nut n. gó:ro:. kunu n. gi:ƒi. leaf n. dwa:. leak v. ÿú:l. leather n. kulu:. liarmúl lagati, see: múl. lid n. márúfí:. lid of granary n. bo:to:. lie v. lega. lie down v. mut. life n. ›i:ni. lift v. •aga:. light luggage n. ká:yá:. lungs n. hu:hú:. m machete n. ádda:. mad n. mí¿íga:¨i. maggot n. ©ißÉl. maize n. okúdu:. malaria n. ÿí:wo: kÉ hundel, see: ÿí:wo:. male adj. má:ní. mango n. máÑgoro. mantis n. lÉlÉÑke. many det. •ißÉli; det. pyél. market n. ka:súwá:. marriage n. áwré:. marrow n. ›i:ßi:. marsh n. lal. masquerade n. munÿi. mat n. gumba; n. ta:barma:. measure v. áwná:. meat n. ¨u:. medicine n. i:gOEÑ. medicine man n. bó:ka:. meet v. má:. men n.pl. mbál. metal n. dom. middle n. ›o:mi. milk n. mádárá; n. ni:; v. ÿyet. mirror n. bó:ká:. mistletoe n. káwƒi:. mix v. hotí. money n. úlpí; n. wulpi. mongoose n. twí:lí. monitor (land ~) n. dOEgOEl. monitor (Nile ~) n. ÿaÑ. monkey n. ndÉm. moon n. lí:. mortar n. e›OEÑ. mosquito n. hundel. mother n. ®a:. mother-in-law n. kom. mountain n. ga:¨; n. zOEÑga:. mouse n. kusOEn. mouth n. bi:. move v. wú:. mudfish n. kwe:si. mushroom n. mbOEl kOE •á:•OEÑ. mute n. bé:›akí. necklace n. salsál. needle n. allú:ra:. net n. leku:. new adj. pya:le. night n. gásí. nine num. nOEtÉpsí. North n. áre:wá:. nose n. iÿin.

Cf. The Ethnologue, http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gji, URL consulted on January

th , 2006.

Cf. (Schneeberg 1974:139) who established the importance of voiced obstruents for tone rules in Za:r.

gOEs gOEßa chin. gOEs kOEm cheek. gOEs Ñgwá:¨Én elbow. gOEwí adj. See main entry: gu:yí. gOEzOEÑ utu n. embers. gi: Variant: ki:. det. these. Ex: mbálÉÑ ki: 'these people'. See: gu. gißi adv. inside. gí•í:•o: n. tree sp. Crataeva adansonii. gígOEl n. nape. gi:l n. hoe. girgíza: n. cloud. From: H. gi:ƒi n. kunu. go:dé v. thank. Pl: go:déni; vn: go:deti. From: H. godo: n. blanket. From: H. gó:ro: n. kola nut. From: H. gu v. ridge up. Pl: gú:; vn: guti. gu det. this. Pl: gi:. gu: 1 n. farm, field. gu: 2 n. chief, king. gu: 3 n. in-laws. gußa: n. poison. From: H. gú:•a: n. ululation. From: H. gu®ya: n. groundnut. From: H. gulgi n. clay. gullÉp v. crawl. Pl: gullÉpni; vn: gullÉptí. gumba n. mat. gunda: n. cock. guÑgá: n. rubbish heap. gup v. Pl: gupÉn; vn: gupti; Spec: gupti ƒigupi 'to forge'. gusni: n. porcupine.