Peter Pennefather

West Suhanic

Fatima Lakha

Deborah I Fels

Publishing Authentic, Private, Personal Data About Service Quality of Healthcare for Pain

Introduction

We are developing a general strategy for registering patient authored, curated and owned private healthcare data for anchoring patient-oriented quantitative and qualitative measurement of the impact and quality of that medical care [START_REF] Pennefather | Systemic design principles for promoting eudaimonic flourishing through the use of health-care flourishment records[END_REF], Fels et al., 2018). This strategy is implemented by allowing patients to store personal data records as self-referencing, self-authenticating units within a scalable and encrypted format (Pennefather andSuhanic, 2016, 2017). That format facilitates indexing, analyzing and publicaly pooling data derived from the private data within distributed ledgers [START_REF] Kuo | Blockchain distributed ledger technologies for biomedical and health care applications[END_REF][START_REF] Roehrs | OmniPHR: A distributed architecture model to integrate personal health records[END_REF].

To specify the design, we use the case of registering the contents of unstructured digital scrapbooks [START_REF] Fels | Videobooking: A person-centred record of living with chronic conditions and associated disabilities[END_REF] about care patients experience for medically significant pain and distress. Those affective states become medically significant when associated with suffering warranting medically supervised interventions. Otherwise, the states are normal, driving adaptive behaviour beneficial to the individual. Excessive negative salience transforms normal responses into medically significant cases, and needs to be understood from the patients perspective [START_REF] Williams | Patient action as means and end of chronic pain care: Risks and routes to meaningful action[END_REF].

Using the lens of inclusive design, we discuss the value of deriving and publicly sharing data from private personal data repositories governed and owned by the patient and concerning how they experience their options, conditions and care. This is followed by a conceptual synthesis and a design specification based on an inclusive systemic design goal. That goal is to link a patient's personal self-reported data to medical records about that patient. Implications of the design for creating a new common pool resource (CPR; [START_REF] Ostrom | Private and common property rights[END_REF] of derived personal health data is described. We discuss how that resource could support new media for evaluating, modelling and reporting on determinants of health and healthcare outputs and outcomes.

Documenting Medical Pain Care

Analysis of administrative and census data suggests that in Ontario, in any one year, 10-20% of the adult population suffer chronic pain and/or debilitating distress and costs the health system twice as much as matched controls [START_REF] Hogan | Incremental health care costs for chronic pain in Ontario, Canada[END_REF][START_REF] Chiu | The direct healthcare costs associated with psychological distress and major depression[END_REF]. Documentation is an essential component of any reliable, effective and accountable healthcare management system. However, given the individuated nature of pain care, pre-structured health record formats are poorly suited for managing impact that care on reducing personally experienced pain while satisfactorily achieving individuated goals set by patients [START_REF] Clark | Chronic pain prevalence and analgesic prescribing in a general medical population[END_REF]Watkins et al., 2003).

Patient input is necessary, but data comprised of subjective impressions recorded by patients tend to exhibit self-representation bias. We suggest that this bias can be reduced by triangulating between structured and unstructured data [START_REF] Hall | Am I who I say I am? unobtrusive self-representation and personality recognition on Facebook[END_REF] derived from measures of traits and orientations (Hutta, 2016;Nilsson, 2013). New methods are emerging for measuring personality data (i.e. sets of consistent traits, orientations, behaviours, attitudes, and emotions specific to individuals) from analysis of large unstructured volumes of videos [START_REF] Tay | Video capture of human behaviors: Toward a big data approach[END_REF] or analysis of language use (Boyd and Pennebarker, 2017).

Emerging recognition of the construct-measurement distinction (Sackett et al. 2017) and of distinctions between stable personality traits and dynamic temperament traits (Trofimova et al., 2017) points to the challenges of accounting for individual differences in terms of objectively measured traits and orientations. However, those insights also suggests to us that data derived unobtrusively from patient curated digital scrapbook data [START_REF] Fels | Videobooking: A person-centred record of living with chronic conditions and associated disabilities[END_REF] could be useful in qualifying and classifying pain patient reports concerning their suffering and their care, in ways that relate contents of those reports to stable personality drivers.

Such an analysis could help the health system learn how to deal with the context dependence of the quality and outcomes of care for medically significant suffering. That context dependence reflects interactions between human factors (biology, cognition and behaviour), as well as environmental factors (sociological, economic, cultural and natural) (Opsina et al., 2013;[START_REF] Wagner | Using the science of psycho-social care to implement the new American College of Surgeons commission on cancer distress screening standard[END_REF]. This is leading to a re-evaluation of pain from being primarily identified as nociception to being more precisely identified as a distressful experience associated with the perceived negative salience of that experience [START_REF] Williams | Patient action as means and end of chronic pain care: Risks and routes to meaningful action[END_REF]. Suffering associated with that negative affect is the principle debilitating symptom for affective disorders in general and can be managed using a range of both medical and non-medical therapies [START_REF] Williams | Patient action as means and end of chronic pain care: Risks and routes to meaningful action[END_REF][START_REF] Williams | Patient action as means and end of chronic pain care: Risks and routes to meaningful action[END_REF][START_REF] Wagner | Using the science of psycho-social care to implement the new American College of Surgeons commission on cancer distress screening standard[END_REF]. Those therapies modulate personal and context dependent affect but, this does not mean that the physical body and its biology are irrelevant. For example, behavioural interventions leading to placebo analgesia are blocked by cannabinoid and opiate receptor antagonist [START_REF] Schafer | Mechanism of placebo analgesia: A dual process model informed by insights from cross-species comparisons[END_REF], reflecting, perhaps, interactions between measures of biological temperament and psychological personality [START_REF] Trofimova | Taxonomies of psychological individual differences[END_REF].

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We therefore believe that it will be useful to document and triangulate individual and dynamic symptom differences, in an inclusive patient-centred manner, by linking system level documentation with patient curated reports of their experiences with health system care. Emerging frameworks supporting unobtrusive analysis of large volumes of unstructured data open up new ways for achieving that goal.

Design Synthesis & Specification

We have three design goals:

1. for the proposed derived data pooling system is to enable patients to privately author and curate authentic, personal, experiential, reflective data on their medically significant pain and distress, and on how they are coping with medical care for those conditions;

2. to make that data accessible to analytical agents that can generate and pool new public data derived from that private personal data for various registered purposes; and 3. to host and oversee this derived data common pool within a system of distributed governance that benefits the persons the data are about, as well as a diverse variety of other health system actors and stakeholders.

Here we frame inclusive systemic design constraints to specify such a data pooling process. Systemic design invokes systemic views of complex system problems in ways addressable by intuitive and abductive approaches implicit in design thinking [START_REF] Jones | Systemic design principles for complex social systems[END_REF]. Inclusive designs feature three dimensions:

1. recognition of diversity and uniqueness of users;

2. inclusion of broad ranging processes and tools; and 3. broad beneficial impacts [START_REF] Pullin | Designing interaction, voice, and inclusion in AAC research[END_REF].

Our design strategy also is informed by the social-ecological-system framework for evaluating resource governance procedures [START_REF] Ostrom | Private and common property rights[END_REF]. That framing distinguishes between governance of four type of resources: private, public, toll-goods and common pool resources (CPR), based on levels of two attributes:

1. excludability, 2. subtractability.

Excludability refers to the degree of ease of excluding others from using a resource, while subtractabilty refers to the extent that use of a resource by one stakeholder reduces access to the resource by other users. Non-excludable ressources, that must be accessed by all, are classified as a commons. When those commons have low subtractibility they are considered a public good, like large oceans. But, when use of the resource can cause rivalries, due to usage-capacity limits, as in small lakes, there is high subtractability and the ressource is called a common-pool resource (CPR) (Hiller and Shakelford, 2018).

Fisher and Fortman (2010) have suggested that, in general, digital data should not be considered a CPR because digital data is easily copied and therefore has limited subtractibility. However, unlike digital data per se, access to personal data, and even to data derived from that personal data, always must be limited if personal privacy is to be respected (Ohms 2010). Persons who the data are about can benefit or be harmed by how personal data are used in representing them. Nevertheless, providing safe, dignified, unobtrusive and limited access to that data can help the health system in developing a

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patient oriented view on patient services provided by that system. In that sense data derived from private personal data can be considered a CPR.

Building on the observation that a collaborative poly-centric governance framework seems to work best in managing CPRs (Hiller and Shakelford, 2018;[START_REF] Smith | Innovating for the global commons: multilateral collaboration in a polycentric world[END_REF], our design strategy builds on the idea that the challenged of publicly sharing data derived from private personal data is less about data anonymization and more about ensuring personal agency and sovereignty over how private personal data are used [START_REF] Ohm | Broken promises of privacy: Responding to the surprising failure of anonymization[END_REF]. Cyber-security tools for encrypting personal data are effective alternative to anonymization for protecting personal privacy [START_REF] Landau | Listening in: Cybersecurity in an Insecure Age[END_REF]. Hash-function unique identifiers, a basic element of such tools, have the added benefit of facilitating the logging, oversight and management of data use [START_REF] Landau | Listening in: Cybersecurity in an Insecure Age[END_REF].

The design is enabled by gDial Inc. technology for transforming any from of data into selfreferencing, self-authenticating data quanta (see, [START_REF] Pennefather | Systemic design principles for promoting eudaimonic flourishing through the use of health-care flourishment records[END_REF]Pennefather andSuhanic, 2016, 2017). That atomization makes the personal data tangible and extends personal property laws from the data storage medium to the bytes of data stored in that medium. Even though the data is owned by and in the custody of patients, it can still be seen as authentic evidence. The patient curates and accessions data, but cannot modify it after its registration. This also allows this evidence to be cited even if placed behind a privacy wall using data citation systems (McMurray et al, 2017).

Although we have evidence that authoring and curating reflective self-referencing data has an intrinsic personal utility [START_REF] Fels | Videobooking: A person-centred record of living with chronic conditions and associated disabilities[END_REF], greater systemic utility might be gained for the health system, and society at large, if these personal data could be linked to analogous data located elsewhere in the system. For example, patient access to their EMR data, and data of others who trust them, now can be achieved easily using FHIR (Fast Health Interoperability Resource) protocols and patient portals [START_REF] Kuo | Blockchain distributed ledger technologies for biomedical and health care applications[END_REF]Rohrs et al., 2017). This opens a path to linking data through repatriation of system data around the individuals the data is about. Patients can then authorize aggregation of institutional personal data into CPRs for purposes the patients supports.

There also is an increasing receptiveness, in the health record industry, to use distributed ledger technology to trial new business models around federating administrative data linked to particular individuals in a way that can provide continuously updated access to data on all patients served by consortium members (Business Wire, 2018). These data lakes are now recognized as valuable resources that can train machine learning algorithms in enhancing health system outputs and outcomes (Momoshina et al., 2018).

By analogy with clinical trial registries and their purpose of linking clinical trials to published results (see [START_REF] Bashir | A systematic review of the processes used to link clinical trial registrations to their published results[END_REF], inputs into big data training sets used for healthrelated decision support need to be publicly vetted, if only to detected confirmation bias associated with algorithmic intelligence applications (Galliers et al. 2018). Data atomization allows data provenance to be traced so that specific training sets can be tested for bias and consistency.

Many considerations need to be analyzed in order for this design strategy to be realized, including:

1. how data can be securely entered by participants, 2. frequency and method of data collection and derivation, 3. possible data types, and 4. methods for analyzing and reporting on these data.

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In addition, the different insights of different stakeholders into what are meaningful and useful outcomes of that analysis and reporting that must recognized and used to govern choices in a respectful polycentric manner.

Many types of data analytic innovations can now be applied to meet those needs. These include:

1. multi-modal sentiment and affect analyses [START_REF] Soleymani | A survey of multimodal sentiment analysis[END_REF], 2. speech analysis, 3. big-data pattern recognition and outlier identification algorithms [START_REF] Gruber | The power of capturing and using information at the point of care[END_REF]4. data visualization techniques (Zhu et al., 2017).

These data analaytic innovations can also be applied to make the polycentric governance process evident. The broad strokes of our design specification are then:

1. atomizing raw private data, 2. providing limited access to that private data for regsitered purposes to agents that can algorithmically process that private data into derived raw data, 3. making that derived raw data available as a public common pool resource with polycentric governance over its publication.

Publishing Patient Reported Data

We have described a design strategy for allowing patient reported experiences to be translated into self-authenticating, registered, derived data records that can be indexed and mined as a common pool resource. Like census data, that resource can be mined by scholars and health system stakeholders, including patients, to anchor systematic analysis of determinants of health and of health-care outcomes and outputs. We suggest that publication of descriptions of those analytic studies can form the basis of a new medium for sharing patient-oriented scholarly and administrative medical research and analysis. This is important because in medicine, data concerning knowledge and attitudes of all involved in a therapy need to be coherently integrated in the evaluation of the skills and practices applied within the evaluated care regime for that appraisal to be meaningfully authentic [START_REF] Petraglia | The importance of being authentic: Persuasion, narration, and dialogue in health communication and education[END_REF].

ABSTRACTS

An inclusive systemic design is specified for publishing data derived from personal private health records, owned and curated by patients. The design is specified with an example of a digital scrapbook of private personal records of care for medically significant pain. This scrapbook is designed to aggregate private records of patient pain experiences and of the care and accommodations they access. The design also specifies how to store, access and analyze those private records through distributed ledgers and how qualitative and quantitative data derived from that private data can be published as a common pool resource with polycentric governance.

INDEX

  BIBLIOGRAPHYZhu, Z., Heng, B.H., & Teow, K.L. (2017). "Interactive Data Visualization to Understand DataBetter." In Decision Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]

  Keywords: private health data, distributed ledgers, health data publication Publishing Authentic, Private, Personal Data About Service Quality of Healthc...

	AUTHORS
	PETER PENNEFATHER
	gDial Inc. and Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
	p.pennefather@gmail.com
	(corresponding author)
	WEST SUHANIC
	gDial Inc., Toronto, Canada
	w.suhanic@gmail.com
	FATIMA LAKHA
	Inclusive Media and Design Center. Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
	shashafat@gmail.com
	DEBORAH I. FELS
	Inclusive Media and Design Center. Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
	dfels@ryerson.ca
	ELPUB 2018

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Javier Resano

Daniel Mozos

Francky Catthoor

A Hybrid Prefetch Scheduling Heuristic to Minimize at Run-Time the Reconfiguration Overhead of Dynamically Reconfigurable Hardware*

Due to the emergence of highly dynamic multimedia applications there is a need for flexible platforms and runtime scheduling support for embedded systems. Dynamic Reconfigurable Hardware (DRHW) is a promising candidate to provide this flexibility but, currently, not sufficient run-time scheduling support to deal with the run-time reconfigurations exists. Moreover, executing at run-time a complex scheduling heuristic to provide this support may generate an excessive run-time penalty. Hence, we have developed a hybrid design/run-time prefetch heuristic that schedules the reconfigurations at run-time, but carries out the scheduling computations at design-time by carefully identifying a set of near-optimal schedules that can be selected at run-time. This approach provides run-time flexibility with a negligible penalty.

Introduction

Current multimedia applications, such as digital video and 3D games, present highly dynamic and nondeterministic behavior, and a very variable workload. Dealing with this kind of applications involves a complex trade-off between carrying out the scheduling computation at design-time or at run-time. On the one hand, performing the whole scheduling process at designtime is very ineffective because the scheduler does not have enough information and must often assume a pessimistic worst-case scenario. On the other hand, very stringent timing requirements exist at run-time. Hence the scheduler must accomplish its task in a greatly limited time-slot applying only simple scheduling policies. Hybrid design/run-time scheduling approaches are a very effective way to overcome this problem. They split the computation into a design-time phase and a run-time phase. The design-time phase generates sets of optimal (or near-optimal) schedules for certain run-time conditions. Later, a run-time scheduler analyses the running tasks and the run-time conditions and selects the most convenient schedule among them. The hybrid approach provides run-time flexibility and, at the same time, it generates only a small run-time penalty due to scheduler execution because most of the exploration and computation is done at design time. A very good example of this approach is the TCM [START_REF] Yang | Energy-Aware Runtime Scheduling for Embedded-Multiprocessors SOCs[END_REF] (Task Concurrency Management) scheduling environment initially developed for heterogeneous multiprocessor platforms. However, in order to cope with the demanding requirements of current multimedia applications, it is very interesting to extend the hybrid scheduling approach to emerging platforms containing also Dynamically Reconfigurable Hardware (DRHW) resources. These resources provide both high performance and run-time flexibility because their functionality can be updated at run-time to meet the variable requirements of the running applications. In particular, for embedded systems the amount of resources is highly constrained and, at the same time, the number of applications that they have to support is constantly increasing. In order to meet the performance requirements of these applications, specific HW support is often required. However, it is infeasible to provide Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) for all them. Using the partial reconfiguration capabilities, DRHW resources can be shared to provide this HW support for the whole set of applications.

We are targeting heterogeneous multiprocessor platforms where some of the processing elements are DRHW resources which are equivalent to any other processing elements. Hence, the scheduler assigns tasks to them at run-time according to the computational load of the system and its real-time constraints. An example of such a platform was presented in [START_REF] Marescaux | Interconnection Network enable Fine-Grain Dynamic Multi-Tasking on FPGAs[END_REF][START_REF] Mignolet | Infrastructure for Design and Management of Relocatable Tasks in a Heterogeneous Reconfigurable System-on-Chip[END_REF]. Using an InterConnection Network (ICN) model (Figure 1) that provides inter-task communication and run-time allocation support, an FPGA is turned into a network-onchip multiprocessor platform. The basic idea of the ICN model is that the DRHW resources are split into a set of identical tiles. Each tile is wrapped by a communication interface. These tiles are independently reconfigured at run-time and can communicate with each other using message-passing primitives over a network-on-a-chip. The model includes also support for embedded Instruction Set Processors (ISPs) and can be extended to support other types of DRHW resources, like coarse-grain arrays. This model has been successfully implemented on Virtex, and Virtex-II FPGAs [11] coupled with an ISP.

Figure 1. ICN model for DRHW.

As it is shown in figure 1, with the ICN model an FPGAbased platform can be considered as a multiprocessor system where subtasks are assigned to FPGA tiles instead of to ISPs. On top of this model, a multiprocessor scheduler (like TCM) can be easily applied. However, the run-time flexibility of DRHW often comes at the price of a very large reconfiguration overhead. For instance, reconfiguring one tenth of a Virtex XC2V6000 FPGA requires at least 4 ms. This overhead is not always acceptable for highly dynamic applications, since they may demand reconfigurations every few milliseconds. However, multiprocessor schedulers for embedded systems often neglect this overhead. Hence, in order to efficiently include DRHW resources, the scheduling flow must be extended adding specific support to deal with the reconfiguration overhead. As it was explained in [START_REF] Resano | Specific scheduling support to minimize the reconfiguration overhead of dynamically reconfigurable hardware[END_REF], there are two key-factors to reduce this overhead. Firstly, previously loaded subtasks must be reused. Thus, if a subtask is executed several times in a DRHW resource, it may remain loaded from one execution to another and no reconfiguration is needed. Secondly, reconfigurations must be scheduled in order to hide their latency. However, for highly dynamic applications, the reusable subtasks cannot be identified at design-time. Hence, which subtasks must be loaded and which ones can be reused is only known at run-time. Therefore, the reconfiguration schedule must be at least partially accomplished at run-time. In [START_REF] Resano | A hybrid design-time/run-time scheduling flow to minimise the reconfiguration overhead of FPGAs[END_REF] we presented a reconfiguration scheduling technique fully performed at run-time. This technique was able to drastically reduce the reconfiguration overhead even for highly dynamic applications. However, it was not fully scalable. Hence, for large number of reconfigurations, it consumed significant time to carry out the schedule.

In this paper we present a novel hybrid design-time/runtime configuration scheduling approach that achieves almost as good results as the previous run-time heuristic while generating a very limited run-time penalty since it carries out all the computation intensive parts of the scheduling heuristic at design-time and just some minor computations are performed at run-time to tackle the nondeterministic dynamic behavior. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. The next section introduces the related work. Section 3 explains the reconfiguration-scheduling problem. Section 4 motivates the need of a hybrid scheduling heuristic. Sections 5 and 6 describe the prefetch scheduling designtime and run-time phases. Section 7 presents the experimental results and, finally, section 8 summarizes our conclusions.

Related work

Previously, other research groups have addressed the minimization of the reconfiguration overhead. Much of these works propose the development of new types of architectures, like multi-context FPGAs and especially coarse-grain architectures. Thus, several interesting coarse-grain platforms that can be reconfigured much faster than standard fine-grain architectures have emerged recently [1,2]. Nevertheless, the reconfigurable market is still being clearly dominated by the FPGAs.

In [START_REF] Li | Configuration management techniques for reconfigurable computing[END_REF] a very interesting configuration prefetching approach to reduce the reconfiguration overhead for FPGAs is presented. This technique attempts to predict which task is going to be executed next and load it in advance. If the prediction is a success, the reconfiguration latency is, at least, partially hidden. Otherwise, an erroneous configuration is loaded with the consequent penalization. Our prefetching approach presents three main advantages compared to this one. First, it allows reducing the computational overhead, since all the prefetch decisions for a whole graph are taken at once and almost all the computation is done at design-time. Second, it prevents prediction misses, since our heuristic collaborates with a run-time scheduler receiving information about the subtasks scheduled in the near future. Finally, it reduces the overall execution time of the system, since our scheduling heuristic is aware of how its prefetch decisions affect the system performance and it uses this information to minimize the execution time.

Other good approaches regarding how to minimize the influence of the reconfiguration overhead applying scheduling techniques at design-time are found in [START_REF] Maestre | Configuration Management in Multi-Context Reconfigurable Systems[END_REF] and [START_REF] Shang | Hw/Sw Co-synthesis of Low Power Real-Time Distributed Embedded Systems with Dynamically Reconfigurable FPGAs[END_REF]. However, they do not include any run-time component. Therefore, they can only be applied when very limited dynamic behavior exists.

Scheduling the run-time reconfigurations

In order to evaluate the hybrid prefetch technique we have developed a set of run-time modules and we have integrated them into the TCM scheduling environment [START_REF] Yang | Energy-Aware Runtime Scheduling for Embedded-Multiprocessors SOCs[END_REF][START_REF] Yang | Pareto-Optimization-Based Run-Time Task Scheduling for Embedded Systems[END_REF] that provides a complete framework for the experiments. Our heuristic is not specifically intended for TCM, but it can be integrated in other scheduling environments as long as they share the hybrid designtime/run-time approach.

In TCM an application is described as a set of tasks, where each task is represented as a subtask graph, that interact dynamically among them. Thus, the nondeterministic behavior must remain outside the boundaries of the tasks. If the behavior of a task depends on external data, different versions (graphs) of the same task are generated. These versions are called scenarios. In TCM the design-time scheduler generates a Pareto curve for each scenario of each task. A Pareto curve is a set of solutions where each solution is better than all the others in at least one of the parameters to optimize (in this case execution time and energy consumption). Each solution (also called Pareto point) represents an assignment and a schedule of the subtasks over the processing elements.

During the execution, a run-time scheduler [START_REF] Yang | Pareto-Optimization-Based Run-Time Task Scheduling for Embedded Systems[END_REF] is called periodically to identify the current scenario for each running task and select the most suitable Pareto points, i.e., those that consume less energy but still meet all the timing constraints of the application. Current TCM schedulers do not take into account the reconfiguration overhead of the DRHW resources. We have provided support to tackle this specific overhead by including a set of modules in the TCM run-time scheduling flow as is depicted in Figure 2. After the runtime scheduler selects its schedule, for each task three main decisions are taken sequentially following this initial schedule. Firstly, the reuse module identifies which subtasks can be reused from a previous iteration. Secondly, if some subtasks cannot be reused, the prefetch module schedules their loads attempting to minimize the execution time overhead. Finally, when a subtask is loaded, the replacement module decides to which tile it is going to be assigned trying to maximize the percentage of reused configurations. The reuse and the replacement modules are described in detail in [START_REF] Resano | Specific scheduling support to minimize the reconfiguration overhead of dynamically reconfigurable hardware[END_REF][START_REF] Resano | A hybrid design-time/run-time scheduling flow to minimise the reconfiguration overhead of FPGAs[END_REF]. This paper is focused on the novel hybrid prefetch module. The hybrid scheduling heuristic attempts to solve the following problem: Given an initial subtask schedule that neglects the reconfiguration latency, we want to update it including the needed reconfigurations scheduled in a way that minimize the overhead they generate.

Basically, the scheduler attempts to overlap the latency of each reconfiguration with the computation of the previous subtasks. If this is possible this reconfiguration does not penalize the system performance. A simple example is depicted in Figure 3. In this figure the first schedule (a) is the output of a scheduler that neglects the loading overhead. The second schedule (b) includes the subtask loads, but does not apply any technique to reduce their impact, hence all of them introduce a delay. Finally, the third schedule (c) applies a configuration prefetch technique. Hence, just the first load penalizes the system performance.

Hybrid configuration prefetch heuristic

In order to take advantage of the possibility of reusing configurations, the reconfiguration prefetch schedule must be generated at run-time. However, the time slot assigned to the run-time scheduling process is typically very small and the reconfiguration schedule is only a small part of it that must be executed many times (once for each task). Hence, it must generate good schedules very fast or it would not be applicable at run-time.

In [START_REF] Resano | A hybrid design-time/run-time scheduling flow to minimise the reconfiguration overhead of FPGAs[END_REF] we presented a run-time reconfiguration scheduling heuristic based in list scheduling. This heuristic generated near optimal schedules, and was able to schedule 20 tasks with 14 subtasks on average in less than 0.1ms. This heuristic was developed targeting FPGAs. Therefore, the overhead generated due to the scheduling process was very small compared to the reconfiguration latency. However, currently it is also possible to include DRHW resources with much smaller reconfiguration overhead (like coarse-grain arrays). In these resources the reconfiguration overhead is still significant, but not as large as in fine grain. In addition, since the reconfiguration overhead of these architectures is more affordable, subtasks with less execution time can be assigned to them. Hence it is likely that the granularity of the subtasks decreases and, as a consequence, the number of subtasks assigned to DRHW increases. However, the complexity of our previous full run-time approach was N*Log(N), where N is the number of subtasks that must be loaded. Therefore the time needed to generate the schedule increases with the number of subtasks. For instance, increasing the size of the subtask graph by a factor of 32 was leading to a 192-increase factor in the scheduling execution time. Hence, this initial prefetch module was not fully scalable. For this reason, we have developed a new hybrid prefetch heuristic aiming to keep the good results obtained by the previous one and, at the same time, to generate almost no run-time overhead. In this heuristic the computations are split between a design-time phase and a run-time phase. Thus, all the computational intensive parts have been moved to design-time (therefore they do not generate any run-time overhead) and just some minor parts are still executed at run-time. The basic idea of this heuristic is that the design-time phase generates an optimal schedule of the reconfigurations under certain assumptions for all the possible subtask schedules selected by the TCM designtime scheduler. Later, when one of them is executed the run-time phase will guarantee that the initial assumption is true before starting its execution.

Design-time phase

An efficient prefetch technique may succeed hiding most of the reconfigurations (in [START_REF] Resano | A hybrid design-time/run-time scheduling flow to minimise the reconfiguration overhead of FPGAs[END_REF] assuming that there was no reuse, which is the worst possible case, our heuristic was able to hide at least 75% of them). But for certain subtasks, it may fail meeting its objective because there is not always enough available time to schedule all the loads in advance (e.g. subtask 1 of Figure 3). The objective of the design-time phase of the hybrid heuristic is to identify which are those subtasks whose loading latency cannot be hidden. The hybrid heuristic is based on the definition of a subset of Critical Subtasks (CS). We define the CS subset for a given subtask graph that has been scheduled neglecting the reconfiguration overhead and a given scheduling heuristic that attempts to reduce this overhead, as the minimal subset of subtasks of the graph assigned to DRHW that fulfills the following property:

If all the subtasks that belong to the CS subset can be reused, whereas all the remaining subtasks must be loaded, the scheduling heuristic will totally hide the latency of these loads. And therefore, they will not generate any time overhead.

This definition is valid for any scheduling heuristic that attempts to hide the reconfiguration overhead. In our case we apply a branch&bound algorithm that always finds the optimal solution and for large graphs we keep the heuristic presented in [START_REF] Resano | A hybrid design-time/run-time scheduling flow to minimise the reconfiguration overhead of FPGAs[END_REF] since it generates near optimal schedules in an affordable time.

Figure 4 depicts the steps followed to identify the critical subtasks of a graph. The process starts executing the prefetch scheduling heuristic assuming that none of the subtasks assigned to DRHW can be reused (hence, all of them must be loaded). Afterwards, all the subtasks that generate any delay due to its reconfiguration are detected and the one with greatest weight is included in the CS subset. These weights represent how critical is the execution of each subtask. They are assigned computing the longest path (in terms of execution time) from the beginning of the execution of the subtask to the end of the execution of the whole graph with an As-Late-As-Possible (ALAP) schedule. Hence the subtasks in the critical path always have greater weight than the others. The process continues assuming that all the subtasks assigned to the CS subset are reused until the prefetch heuristic hides the reconfiguration latencies of all the remaining subtasks assigned to DRHW. When this process finishes, the last schedule computed by the prefetch heuristic is stored. This schedule is the input of the run-time phase. In this schedule it is assumed that all the subtasks from the CS subset are reused, whereas the remaining subtasks assigned to DRHW must be loaded. This assumption means, by definition of the CS subset, that this schedule hides the latency of all these loads. Hence the reconfiguration overhead is 0.

Run-time phase

The design-time schedules assume that all the nodes that belong to the CS are always loaded. However, if there are not enough DRHW resources this is not always true. The task of the run-time phase of the hybrid heuristic is to guarantee that all the subtasks from a CS subset are loaded before starting the execution of the corresponding design-time schedule. This is called initialization phase.

The loading order during this phase is also decided at design-time according to the subtask weights (the subtask with the greatest weight is loaded first), hence the runtime phase must only identify which subtasks from the CS subset must be loaded. The design-time schedule assumes that all the subtasks assigned to DRHW that do not belong to the CS subset are going to be loaded. However, if some of them can be reused it is an unnecessary waste of energy to load them again. Hence, the run-time prefetch module will cancel those loads without modifying the rest of the schedule. The only task done so far during the run-time phase of the hybrid heuristic is to identify which subtasks can be reused and which must be loaded. However, the reuse module already does this task. Hence, the prefetch hybrid heuristic is not generating any run-time overhead. Up to now the prefetch heuristic has been always applied inside the boundaries of a task. The reason is that the actual sequence of tasks executed is only known at runtime. Therefore it is not possible to do inter-task optimizations at design-time. However, they can be performed at run-time if enough information is available. In the TCM environment the TCM run-time generates as output a sequence of scheduled tasks which can be used to apply inter-task optimizations. Using again the idea of critical subtasks, we have found a way to reduce the reconfiguration overhead introducing an inter-task optimization technique to our hybrid heuristic. Basically, for each task the run-time prefetch module uses the final idle period of the reconfiguration circuitry to carry out the initialization phase of the subsequent task. If this is possible, this task will not generate any overhead due to its reconfigurations. Figure 5 illustrates how the example introduced in Figure 3 is scheduled using the hybrid prefetch heuristic. In the picture, b.1 is the initialization phase, where the subtask 1 (that is the only CS) is loaded. If subtask 1 could be reused b.1 would not be needed. b.2 is the design-time schedule where the load of subtask 3 has been removed because it was reused. And b.3 is the final time-slot when the reconfiguration circuitry was idle. This time is used to prefetch one critical subtask from the subsequent task.

Experimental results

In order to compare our current approach with the approach presented in [START_REF] Resano | A hybrid design-time/run-time scheduling flow to minimise the reconfiguration overhead of FPGAs[END_REF] we have applied our techniques to the same set of multimedia tasks. These tasks are a sequential and a parallel version of the JPEG decoder, an MPEG encoder, and a Pattern Recognition application that applies the Hough transform over a matrix of pixels in order to look for geometrical figures. In table 1 the features of these tasks are presented. "Ideal ex. time" is the execution time of the application when there is no reconfiguration overhead. "Overhead" is the percentage of the initial execution time that is added when the entire set of subtasks must be loaded on to the DRHW. Finally, "Prefetch" is the same overhead after applying an optimal prefetch heuristic. For the MPEG encoder there are three different scenarios corresponding to the decoding of B, P, and I frames (the table includes the average data). The appropriate scenario is selected at run-time following the sequence of frames. We have simulated 1000 iterations of the execution of this set of applications for different number of DRHW tiles assuming that the reconfiguration latency is 4 ms. In order to introduce unpredictable behavior, the applications executed during each iteration vary randomly. The simulation has been carried out five times with different prefetching approaches. The fist one did not include any prefetch module. In this case the reconfiguration overhead is 23%. In the second execution an optimal prefetch module is applied at design-time (hence it is not possible to reuse previously loaded subtasks since at design-time there is not enough information available). With this module the overhead is reduced to 7%.

Table1. Set of multimedia benchmarks. The results of the three remaining simulations are depicted in Fig 6 . In this figure run-time are the results obtained applying the run-time heuristic from [START_REF] Resano | A hybrid design-time/run-time scheduling flow to minimise the reconfiguration overhead of FPGAs[END_REF] with our modules that support subtask reuse. In this case, with less than 20% of the subtasks reused (for 8 tiles) the overhead is reduced to 3%. run-time+inter-task are the results when the run-time schedule is improved using the inter-task optimization presented in section 6 and hybrid are the results with the hybrid heuristic. In these two cases the overhead is at most 1.3%, hence at least 95% of the original overhead is hidden. It must be remarked that hybrid and run-time+inter-task present very similar results (of course, the run-time approach generates slightly better results). However the first approach is fully carried out at run-time, whereas the second one performs all the scheduling computations at design-time and only identifies the reusable subtasks at run-time.

Figure 6

Reconfiguration overhead for the 4 tasks depicted in table 1 running with dynamic behavior.

A coherent reason exists for these nice results. The hybrid heuristic generates at design-time an optimal schedule for the non-critical subtasks. Hence no run-time approach can improve this part. The critical subtasks can still generate an important overhead, but by definition, they will generate also overhead even when applying the prefetch schedule at run-time. Of course, in this case the run-time heuristic may hide it partially. However, the inter-task optimization allows hiding most of the loads of the critical subtasks. As a result our hybrid heuristic clearly outperforms the one presented in [START_REF] Resano | A hybrid design-time/run-time scheduling flow to minimise the reconfiguration overhead of FPGAs[END_REF]. We have also tested our hybrid heuristic with a highly dynamic 3D rendering application. This application is composed of 6 dynamic tasks that have in total 10 subtasks. For each task several scenarios can be selected at run-time. The amount of scenarios depends on the dynamism of the task. Thus, task 5 has four scenarios, whereas task 4 has ten. In total there are 40 different scenarios. However, due to the inter-task dependencies, at run-time just 20 feasible combinations exist, which are called inter-task scenarios. The run-time scheduler does the selection among the inter-task scenarios. The average execution time of a subtask in this application is 5.7ms, which is comparable with the 4ms needed to load a subtask onto a DRHW tile. This execution time heavily varies, going from 0.2 ms to 30ms. In this experiment 62% of the subtasks are critical. However, as it is seen in the Figure 7 the hybrid heuristic still generates almost as good results as the fully run-time approach. In this case, the reconfiguration overhead was initially 71% of the ideal execution time. Applying an optimal configuration prefetch technique at design-time it is reduced to 25%. Finally, with the hybrid heuristic the overhead is reduced to 5% for five tiles and less than 2% for eight tiles. Hence, at least 93% of the initial overhead is hidden.

Conclusions

The reconfiguration overhead of DRHW resources can drastically degrade the system performance if no active scheduling policies are applied. In addition, when dealing with dynamic applications, this problem must be tackled at run-time, when the time-slot for the scheduling process is heavily constrained. We have overcome this restriction by developing a hybrid scheduling heuristic that selects at run-time a schedule almost as good as a pure run-time approach while generating a negligible overhead since all the computation intensive parts of the scheduling process are carried out at design-time. In addition, we have improved our results by applying a simple run-time intertask optimization technique that leads to very significant reconfiguration overhead reductions. In our experiments our hybrid heuristic has eliminated from 93% to 100% of the initial execution time overhead.

Figure 2 .

 2 Figure 2. Run-time scheduling flow.

Figure 3 .

 3 Figure 3. Impact of the loads over an initial subtask schedule. L n: load of the subtask n. Ex n: execution of the subtask n.

Figure 4 .

 4 Figure 4. Pseudo code for the critical subtasks selection. compute_penalty(CS) assumes that CS subtasks are reused.

For each schedule do 1 .

 1 CS := ; 2. While (compute_penalty(CS) 0) do S:= subtasks that generate delays; S1:= MAX_weight(S); Add_subtask(S1, CS);

Figure 5 .

 5 Figure 5. a) Schedule computed at design-time. b) Final schedule.

Figure 7 .

 7 Figure 7. Reconfiguration overhead for a Pocket GL 3D rendering application.

Set of Task Sub-tasks Ideal ex time Overhead Prefetch

	Pattern Rec.	6	94 ms	+17%	+4%
	JPEG dec.	4	81 ms	+20%	+5%
	Parallel JPEG	8	57 ms	+35%	+7%
	MPEG encoder	5	33 ms	+56%	+18%

Proceedings of the Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE'05) 1530-1591/05 $ 20.00 IEEE

* Research supported by the Spanish Government TIC 2002-00160


Arianna Becerril-García

Eduardo Aguado-López

Keywords: Redalyc, Open Access, Latin America

everybody gets benefit from everybody else's investment. This kind of informal cooperative has really worked even before Open Access got its name.

Regarding green open access, the region counts on different initiatives as the growing quantity of institutional repositories that reaches currently 362 (OpenDOAR, 2018). For its part, LaReferencia, the network of national networks of institutional repositories integrates, through metadata harvesting, more than 1.3 million documents.

Latin America have also legislated on Open Access such are the cases of Peru, Argentina and Mexico national policies along with institutional mandates giving a total of 48 (ROARMAP, 2018). However, as it is pointed out by Babini (2014) institutional mandates are weak.

There are also disciplinary repositories like the one of CLACSO, specialized in Social Sciences, SIDALC in Agriculture, CLAD in Public Administration, LaborDoc in Labour, BVSDE in Enviromental Health and the BVS in Health.

From our perspective, there are many strengths but also important threats that are already molding different aspects of how OA is evolving in Latin America. The illustration below shows a SWOT analysis to summarize main ideas.

A crucial weakness is that the majority of assessment systems have been simplified and the importance of a journal depends on the JCR classification of Clarivate Analytics or Elsevier's Scopus, no matter the scientific conversation that is taken place inside the journal or the local or regional problems being solved or discussed. This method, although it is to classify scientific journals, also impacts researchers since their incentives depend on where they publish. Such is the case of Colombia, that in 2017 eliminated more than 40% of its publications from Publindex, a national index.

Most Colombian as well as Latin American journals are published in universities by the educational sector, and as a consequence of those decisions they are receiving less and less resources each day starting to cause a devastating disappearance of journals which are not indexed by JCR or Scopus ignoring the journal contribution to science and society.

The same situation applies to Redalyc, as it is an index that is out of what is considered as the status quo in research assessment systems, its financial supporters start to question about the feasibility to continue investing in this project leaving out the ten million article downloads per month or the 54 thousand of users accessing to Redalyc per day.

That problem along with the lack of editors' leadership and the researchers' carefree attitude with minimal response to research assessment policies put at risk the legitimation of both regional and Open Access initiatives that could function as a counterweight for the continue local knowledge generation. As it is said in DORA (2012) "The outputs from scientific research are many and varied, including: research articles reporting new knowledge, data, reagents, and software; intellectual property; and highly trained young scientists. Funding agencies, institutions that employ scientists, and scientists themselves, all have a desire, and need, to assess the quality and impact of scientific outputs. It is thus imperative that scientific output is measured accurately and evaluated wisely."

Another circumstance to bring to the analysis, is the lack of innovation, professionalization and development of technology in the editorial work of the region, condition that evidence the need of a better optimization of resources in benefit of Open Access and science, instead of isolated efforts in the matter of technology in each institution.

An interesting phenomenon in course in Latin America has to do with the consolidated OA platforms, which are taking different paths and directions, preventing a strategic regional coalition to be built. Such is the case of Scielo, which opted to look towards Clarivate Analytics in order to create a journal citation index inside Web of Science (out of the core collection), a strategy to be the mean to reach the inclusion of journals in the mainstream science; while Redalyc seeks to strengthen publishers inside universities by empowering editors with technology and training and providing a set of metrics that shows different aspects of the science performance rather than impact based on citations.

Redalyc's vision is more aligned with Curry (2017) that argues that it's time for academics to take back control of research journals and that the evolution into a highly-profitable industry was never planned. Academics must make the case for lower-cost journals.

Apart from that, there are some "external" phenomena affecting the non-commercial nature of the Latin American ecosystem. After the formalization of the Open Access movement through the three statements: Budapest (Chan, y otros, 2002), Berlin (Max Planck Society, 2003), and Bethesda (Brown, y otros, 2003); the Global North started to transform its editorial practices, mainly focus on commercial publishing, to achieve OA. Those changes caused the relocation of costs, from readers to authors with the so-called Article Processing Charges or APCs. The big four players in the publishing industry, e.g., Elsevier, Springer, Wiley and Taylor & Francis, have all embraced OA, albeit to varying degrees. They have also employed highly different strategies as to how much they would like to charge their authors [START_REF] Beata | How Much Do Top Publishers Charge for Open Access? Retrieved from[END_REF].

Since then researchers have witnessed the rising in APCs; circumstance that creates more difficulty for a Latin-American author to publish. Besides, as it was said in [START_REF] Katie | Article processing charges (APCs) and subscriptions. Monitoring open access costs[END_REF]: the number of article processing charges paid doubled between 2013 and 2014. The average APC increased by 6% in those years, a rise well above the cost of inflation. Publishers' APC costs are converging to a more uniform price range, although they still vary widely. Journals with low APCs are raising their prices, perhaps to avoid being perceived as low quality following expectations set by the Finch report [START_REF] Finch | Accessibility, sustainability, excellence: how to expand access to research publications[END_REF].

As the asymmetries between the "commercial" and the "open" are extended, the corporations impose rules that restrict access to knowledge in multiple ways. The paper in [START_REF] Elizabeth | What does 'green' open access mean? Tracking twelve years of changes to journal publisher self-archiving policies[END_REF] demonstrated it by analyzing the Sherpa/ROMEO database: "Just as there is an upward trend among these 107 publishers in the number of publishers allowing some form of self-archiving, there is also a year-on-year rise in the number of restrictions and conditions constraining the right to self-archive and the offer of paid open access options… Restrictions around when a paper may be self-archived grew 1000%... Restrictions relating to where a paper may be archived were even more prevalent and followed a similar growth pattern of 190%."

This work describes the first Redalyc's model that led the project to achieve its original goals, presents the problematic is facing and the new business model Redalyc is designing and adopting to operate on. A new configuration of strategies, in response to the international, regional, national and institutional context, that seeks a collaborative, sustainable, protected and non-commercial Open Access solution for Latin America.

Redalyc as a centralized OA project

Redalyc begun in 2003 with the main goal of contributing to the visibility of scientific journals published in the region. In a time where the majority of them didn't even appear on the Web. It started indexing only journals of Social Sciences and Humanities and in 2006 included all areas of knowledge due to a high demand from editors. Today Redalyc's collection contains more than a half million full-text articles from 1.260 Open Access peer-reviewed journals published by 622 publishers from 22 countries of Latin America, Spain and Portugal.

The following diagram shows the Redalyc infrastructure. Each layer presents different added-value services that Redalyc provides to journals with the aim of complementing the features and capabilities the editors are able to achieve. It is important to highlight that in other regions of the world there are commercial publishers in charge of providing this kind of services.

Redalyc architecture

On the base of the structure shown there are peer-reviewed journals along with its publisher institutions who sign an agreement with Redalyc in order to allow the electronic distribution of metadata and the publication online of the full-text articles.

For a journal to be indexed in Redalyc must pass a rigorous selection process based on quality criteria (Redalyc, 2018) including among other mandatory requirements to carry a peer review process and to publish at least 75% of original content, joint with criteria like exogeneity of referees and editorial board, efficiency of editorial processes, editorial, visibility and technological practices, periodicity compliance, etc. After getting an internal result the International Advisory Board, which is composed by experts from diverse fields and different countries, is asked for a qualitative assessment.

On the other hand Redalyc, aware that one of the highest cost in publishing electronic journals is the XML tagging and that this process is key in reaching technological standards, developed an XML markup system-called Marcalyc-in order to contribute to the sustainability of journals [START_REF] Redalyc | Marcalyc[END_REF].

Marcalyc is based on the Journal Article Tag Suite ANSI/NISO Z39. 96-201596- standard (NISO, 2015) ) and allows journal editors to get its articles in XML file format. Free access to this tool is provided for Open Access non-APC scholarly journals indexed by Redalyc. A tool designed to prevent editors from outsourcing XML markup; it doesn't require technical expertise and it minimizes markup time. It is also JATS4R compliant (JATS4R, 2018).

Marcalyc, together with the XML file format, automatically generates a media enriched article reader and a mobile reader available in Redalyc and the PDF, ePUB and HTML versions ready to be uploaded in journal websites.

Since Marcalyc was launched in September 2016, 1.158 journal issues have been processed. In a collaborative process, Redalyc provides the tool and the journal editor do the job. Based on the average market cost of XML generation per journal issue (US$300), that quantity of XML files would have cost approximately USD$347,400. For each of all those articles, Redalyc also provided the PDF, ePUB, HTML and the interactive article reader versions, whose costs must be summed to the total subsidy that Redalyc is providing to journals in Latin America.

Coupled with that, there are successful cases that account for Redalyc's contribution, e.g., journal editors generating XML content with no-cost in Marcalyc, and taking them to their own websites, along with all file versions listed above; and journal editors switching from a policy of APC to a non-APC in order to apply for a Marcalyc user account.

What is more, Redalyc provides homepages not only for journals but also for countries, authors, institutions and areas of knowledge with their journals collection, search engines, advanced filters, different data visualizations and metrics.

Regarding visibility, Redalyc works with search engines, libraries, directories and social media to disseminate broadly the scientific content and to improve its discoverability. As well as with repositories and aggregators through interoperability protocols like OAI-PMH.

Besides, the signed agreements between Redalyc and journals allow Redalyc to populate institutional repositories too, helping repositories to automatically integrate metadata of articles corresponding to the institutional output; for example, in the case of the National Autonomous University of Mexico UNAM, Mexico Redalyc is able to send more than 10 thousand articles at metadata level to the institutional repository at UNAM.

In different dimensions that is the case of more than 10 thousand institutions which have research output published in the journals indexed by Redalyc that can take advantage of Redalyc's database to populate their repositories.

The same happens with the scientific output at a country-level as shown below, data which can be used to strengthen national repositories.

Redalyc has also developed a full integration with ORCID. In the ORCID Registry, authors can use a wizard created by Redalyc to connect their ORCID ID to works published in journals indexed by Redalyc. As well as the platform called RedalycAuthors enables researchers to create a scholar homepage, monitor article metrics and export works to an ORCID profile.

Redalyc is one of the thirteen databases that have done a full integration with ORCID, including ResearcherID from Clarivate Analytics and Scopus from Elsevier. This effort contributes to the insertion of Latin American authors in the global scientific conversation.

Finally, Redalyc offers an alternative set of metrics, who are intended to answer issues, such as, institutional strengths, influential journals in a knowledge area, use of the knowledge generated by an institution, cohesion among institutions in terms of collaboration, trends in the internationalization of scientific output, among others.

The Study of the Use, Assessment and Impact of the National Consortium of Scientific and Technological Information Resources of Mexico (Scimago, 2017) shows that Redalyc website is one of the most used sources by students to search for information in Mexico, preceded by CONRICyT (National Consortium of Scientific and Technological Information Resources)-which groups all subscription databases the country of Mexico is paying access for-, Scielo Mexico and the journals websites, despite the fact that Redalyc doesn't receive any national financial support while CONRICyT and Scielo Mexico are sustained by the National Council of Science and Technology CONACyT.

With all this growth appears an urgent need to extend Redalyc's institutional support to other stakeholders rather than rely only on the Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, who has supported Redalyc since its beginning but who is aware that Redalyc's current reach exceeds the university's capacity. It is important to recognize that a project with that regional scope must not depend on a single actor in order to guarantee longterm sustainability.

These circumstances have led to a redefinition of a project-Redalyc.org-that begun in 2003 and that has already fulfilled its original mission: give visibility to knowledge generated in Latin America and promote quality of scholarly journals. Nevertheless, it is mandatory to be transformed from a Latin American platform based in Mexico into a community-based regional infrastructure that continues assessing journals quality and providing access to full-text articles but taking into consideration individual journals' efforts in benefit of journals positioning and visibility. A framework that generates technology in favor of the empowerment and professionalization of journal editors, making the editorial task in open access sustainable and that allows Redalyc to sustain itself collectively.

The next Redalyc, a community-based sustainable infrastructure for Latin America

It is necessary not only to refine critical positions to face the global context of OA, but to design and put into practice collaborative systems that develop and socialize technology and know how in scientific communication.

The goal is to build and sustain a collaborative infrastructure to develop technology and generate knowledge in order to strengthen and protect the scientific editorial work and its actors, a framework that can be extended to include the Global South, with a special emphasis on Social Sciences and Humanities. All this to achieve a non-subordinate integration of this region into the global dialogue of scientific communication. This is aligned with the vision in [START_REF] Rob | Making open access work for authors, institutions and publishers. A Report on an Open Access Roundtable Hosted[END_REF], where it is said that "we should work towards simplifying and standardizing processes to move towards a sustainable and scalable OA ecosystem which preserves academic freedom and author choice in publishing and makes the research as valuable as possible for the end user".

The new strategy consists of forming an alliance of institutions that are willing to maintain the non-commercial nature of the Latin American ecosystem and keep supporting scientific publications that contribute to the benefit of society and the development of science, regardless of whether they are indexed in the so-called mainstream science or which impact factor is assigned to it.

The participating institutions should share the following DORA declaration themes (DORA, 2012):

• the need to eliminate the use of journal-based metrics, such as Journal Impact Factors, in funding, appointment, and promotion considerations;

• the need to assess research on its own merits rather than on the basis of the journal in which the research is published; and

• the need to capitalize on the opportunities provided by online publication (such as relaxing unnecessary limits on the number of words, figures, and references in articles, and exploring new indicators of significance and impact).

In order to achieve this transformation, the most relevant tasks that have been established are:

• recognize Redalyc as an inclusive journal indexing system that contributes to the strengthening of quality of scientific journals published in the region;

• develop and adopt a set of responsible metrics for the assessment of scientific performance that takes into account the contribution to the field of knowledge and to society. This task includes the selection of the most suitable metrics already developed by the stakeholders or perhaps develop new ones;

• develop and sustain a digital edition tool that enables collaborative paper XML tagging under JATS metadata standard that provides regional publishers the possibility of being at the forefront of technology at minimal cost -when the editorial team do the job by themselves-or at fair prices when there is a need to outsource the process;

• develop technology and provide knowledge transference for tasks such as digital preservation of scientific content, visibility, interoperability, discoverability, among others;

• develop technology for the optimization of editorial processes through the promotion of the formation of a developers' community in order to take better advantage of the OJS;

• build a blog as a mean of critical discussion on scientific communication and its particular problems in the Global South: challenges, actors, trends, news, advances, reviews and proposals.

The institutions that up to now have expressed their interest in being part of this model are University of La Plata, Argentina; University of Antioquia, Colombia; CLACSO, Argentina; University Corporation for Internet 2, CUDI, Mexico; Autonomous University of Chiapas, Mexico, among others.

The End of a Centralized Open Access Project and the Beginning of a Community... ELPUB 2018 51 Some of those institutions are also intended to contribute with computing power, software developers and high speed connectivity to enhance the service for users and continue developing innovative solutions.

52 The new constitution that Redalyc will adopt is based on these fundamental principles:

1. Scientific knowledge generated with public funds is a common good and access to it is a right. Therefore, it must be available in Open Access. We recognize that Open Access has been used as a tool for the benefit of large publishing consortiums, it is an unwanted effect of the movement that must be controlled.

2. Open Access can only be consolidated if it is legally protected. The Open Access mandates and laws and the use of Creative Commons BY-NC (Non-Commercial Attribution) licenses, and desirable SA (Share Alike), are fundamental protection strategies, which are aimed at not allowing the appropriation of scientific knowledge for profit.

3. Open Access has no future or meaning without an evolution of research evaluation systems: if we recognize the value of Open Access as an appropriate channel of communication, it must be recognized as a legitimate way from which to evaluate the scientific and scholar practices.

4. The consolidation of Open Access must consider the transition to digital scientific communication as an essential axis. In this sense, the development and adoption of technologies that allows to think about new communication possibilities to increase the essential objective of science: communication.

5. The economical investment in Open Access must be coherent with its benefit to society just as commercial solutions are paid. In Latin America, governments, science and technology councils, institutions and libraries hardly invest in Open Access compared to increasingly high prices paid to commercial services.

6. The adverse economic scenarios facing Open Access in Latin America will have to be overcome with work schemes based on collaboration and sustainability; likewise, through a permanent disposition to dialogue with science and technology councils, governments, universities, international organizations and all actors with a shared vision of this movement.

7. It is necessary to recognize the diversity of scientific journals and stop the pressures that seek to homogenize them, from language to research agendas. It is necessary to vindicate the relevance of local, or national and regional issues in journals; as well as the articulation with the needs of the development and quality of life of society. In turn, it is necessary that journals support the strengthening of institutional repositories by means of the disappearance of policies of embargo of scientific articles or retention of author rights that prevent their deposit.

8. The sustainability of Open Access is the conviction that science can and should have a central role in the development of societies. The social impact of science is the foundation of its existence. 9. The different areas of knowledge have different dynamics of generation and circulation of knowledge. It is necessary to respect the different idiosyncrasies by area, especially the dynamics of the Social Sciences and the Humanities, as well as their different communication formats.

10. Open Access must be permanently conceptualized and defined according to the contexts it faces; this is an imperative that arises when observing the context in which the statements of Budapest, Bethesda and Berlin emerged is different from the current one. The three "B" homogenize the conditions of development of science and the conditions of the South are different from those of the North.

The End of a Centralized Open Access Project and the Beginning of a Community...

ELPUB 2018

Redalyc will now participate in a regional, multi-institutional structure based on cooperation that allows obtaining resources. This cooperative structure is the International Association of Communication of Science of the Global South, whose main objective is to preserve the open nature of Latin American science, for which the sustainability of Redalyc is essential.

With this, the Redalyc technology will be extended to the Global South by opening-in a distributed architecture-the technological developments in cooperation with other institutions, including: the electronic journals markup system, bibliometrics, author pages, enriched reading formats, among others.

The proposed structure of the Association will be composed by: a Council, an Executive Secretary and Commissions.

Each multi-institutional commission will coordinate a line of work. Initially, the following commissions are proposed:

• Technological development

Conclusions

It is necessary to think of Open Access from Latin America but also from the Global South perspective, recognizing its experience and leadership in the defense and contribution to the movement. In turn, it is necessary to think of the Global South not only as a geographical region, but as a shared historical past and as a possibility of future construction. Thus, the defense of Open Access will also be a defense for the memory, justice, truth and development of people.

The future of academic publication in our region must be a commitment of its actors, as well as a collective right that must be actively, intelligently and creatively claimed.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The End of a Centralized Open Access Project and the Beginning of a Community... ELPUB 2018

  SWOT Analysis. The Open Access ecosystem in Latin America Scheliga and Friesike (2014) analyze the fact that while many researchers support open science in theory, the individual researcher is confronted with various difficulties when putting open science into practice, they argue that the phenomenon of open science can be seen through the prism of a social dilemma: what is in the collective best interest of the scientific community is not necessarily in the best interest of the individual scientist.

Scientific output by country available in RedalycThe End of a Centralized Open Access Project and the Beginning of a Community... ELPUB 2018

ABSTRACTS

The Latin American region has an ecosystem where the nature of publication is conceived as the act of making public, of sharing and not as the publishing industry. International, national and institutional contexts have led to a redefinition of a project-Redalyc.org-that begun in 2003 and that has already fulfilled its original mission: give visibility to knowledge generated in Latin America and promote quality of scientific journals. Nevertheless, it is mandatory to be transformed from a Latin American platform based in Mexico into a community-based regional infrastructure that continues assessing journals quality and providing access to full-text in benefit of journals visibility and free access to knowledge. A framework that generates


Nuno Freire

Pável Calado

Bruno Martins

Availability of Cultural Heritage Structured Metadata in the World Wide Web

Introduction 1

In the World Wide Web, a very large number of online cultural heritage (CH) resources is made available through digital libraries websites. The discoverability of these resources through Internet search engines is still a challenge. Many CH resources are not of a textual nature (e.g., images, video or sound). Those that are textual, often lack machine readable full-text, of which search engines are highly dependent, because they consist of digitized images where the application of optical character recognition (OCR) was not performed, due to lack of funding or availability of a mature OCR technology (e.g., for manuscripts or early printed materials). For discoverability, CH Institutions have always relied on the creation of data records describing the resources.

2

These descriptive records are the basis for accessing and retrieving the resources through each institutional digital library website, which are specifically built for retrieval of this kind of data. The existence of many individual digital libraries, maintained by different organizations, brings challenges to the discoverability and usage of the resources by potential users, making the adequate indexing of cultural heritage metadata in internet search engines even more relevant.

Across institutions, the discoverability problem is addressed by an organizational architecture based on a central organization (a role often fulfilled by a CH institution, but not always). These organizations approach discoverability of the resources by collecting their associated metadata descriptive records. The central organization has the possibility to further promote the usage of the resources by means that cannot be efficiently undertaken by each digital library in isolation. They typically provide Web portals that contain CH focused search engines, also specifically built for this kind of data records [START_REF]Dublin Core Metadata Initiative. Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, Version 1.1[END_REF].

In the particular domain of CH, the data aggregation technologies used are not the same as for Internet search engines. OAI-PMH [START_REF] Fielding | Hypertext Transfer Protocol-HTTP/1.1[END_REF] has been the embraced aggregation solution, since it is highly specialized in fulfilling the requirements for the aggregation of metadata datasets. However, the technological landscape around our domain has changed. Nowadays, with the technological improvements accomplished by network communications, computational capacity, Internet search engines, and semantic data interoperability, the motivation for adopting OAI-PMH is not as clear as it used to be in CH [3].

In the last years, the CH domain has been able to create sustainable aggregation initiatives, with self-sustaining business models. Examples are Europeana, DPLA, DigitalNZ, Trove and Digital Library of India, which are collecting and providing access to the public digitized cultural assets from Europe, United States of America, New Zealand, Australia and India, respectively. However, the costs related to the implementation of the technical solution for aggregation are high for data providers. For these aggregation initiatives, reducing the effort required for data providers would bring more participants to their networks and lower the overall costs, therefore increasing the sustainability of the whole network [7]. In this context, if cultural heritage aggregators were able to re-use the technological solutions in use for indexing by Internet search engines, data providers could benefit from several advantages. In particular, it would give data providers the following motivations:

• For those already implementing these technologies in their digital libraries, the process for sharing their data with CH aggregators would become extremely simple.

• For those that do not yet have these technologies in use, implementing the technical requirements for CH aggregation would be more rewarding, since discoverability through Internet search engines would come as a valuable extra benefit. This paper presents a study of the current application by CH data providers of technological solutions in use for making structured data (or metadata, in the CH context) available for re-use in the Internet. We investigated the use of both linked data and technologies related with indexing of resources by Internet search engines. We have conducted a harvesting experiment of the landing pages from websites of CH digital libraries that participate in Europeana, and collected statistics about the usage of these particular technologies. These technologies allow for representing structured data within HTML, or allow for structured data to be referred to by links within HTML or through HTTP headers. An analysis and discussion of the collected statistics is also presented.

We conclude with a discussion, based on the outcomes of this study, regarding future work for establishing a solution for CH aggregation based on the current CH scenario and the available technologies.

Although the use of linked data in CH has been the focus of much research, most of published literature addresses mainly the aspect of the publication of linked data [START_REF] Simou | Enriching and Publishing Cultural Heritage as Linked Open Data[END_REF] [START_REF] Hyvönen | Publishing and Using Cultural Heritage Linked Data on the Semantic Web[END_REF] [13] and do not fully address how the common aggregation approach of CH can be based on the existing published CH linked data.

The most similar work to ours is that of the Dutch Digital Heritage Network (NDE) [START_REF] Meijer | A distributed network of heritage information[END_REF] and the Research and Education Space project 1 (RES). NDE is a Dutch national level program aiming to increase the social value of the collections maintained by the libraries, archives and museums in the Netherlands. NDE is still an ongoing project, and its initial proposals are based on specific APIs to enable data providers to centrally register the linked data URIs of their resources [START_REF]High level functional design[END_REF]. The current proposal of NDE, by being based in its own defined API, does not yet provide a solution purely based on linked data.

The Research and Education Space project has finalized in 2017 but its results are still available. It has successfully aggregated a considerable number of linked data resources from CH sources. The resulting aggregated dataset can be accessed online 2 , but an evaluation of its aggregation procedures and results was not published. From the technical documentation available [START_REF] Bbc | A guide to the Research & Education Space for contributors and developers[END_REF], we can see that RES managed to give significant steps in the specification of key tasks to enable the aggregation of linked data. Some tasks however were not fully specified by the end of the project, and no further information has been published afterwards.

Generic technical solutions have been proposed by others for enabling aggregation of linked data (for example [START_REF] Rietveld | Linked Data-asa-Service: The Semantic Web Redeployed[END_REF]). However, a standards-based approach has not yet been put into practice within CH.

The work presented in this paper is done in the context of the research activities, being carried out within the Europeana Network 3 , for improving the network's efficiency and sustainability [7]. Linked data has been identified in our past work as one of the technical solutions with application potential [START_REF]Dublin Core Metadata Initiative. Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, Version 1.1[END_REF]. The work described in this paper is part of a series of experiments addressing several Internet technologies for this purpose [START_REF] Freire | Metadata Aggregation: Assessing the Application of IIIF and Sitemaps within Cultural Heritage[END_REF] [START_REF] Freire | Evaluation of Schema.org for Aggregation of Cultural Heritage Metadata[END_REF].

The experimental setup

In our harvesting experiment from the landing pages of resources from Europeana data providers, we have harvested samples from 31 different sources. In order to setup this test sample, we used the Europeana Search 4 and Record 5 APIs. The Search API was used first to discover the existing data providers of Europeana and their collections. Afterwards, on a second set of requests, Search API was used to discover a list of records from each collection. In subsequent requests, made on the Record API, we requested the complete metadata records of a sample of records per collection of each data provider. At most 100 records per collection were obtained. From these records we collected the URLs of the landing pages on the data providers' digital libraries. The metadata records were obtained in the Europeana Data Model (EDM) [START_REF]Definition of the Europeana Data Model v5[END_REF] format and the URLs were obtained from the EDM isShownAt 6 property of the ORE 7 Aggregation 8 element. In total, the sample comprehended URLs from 31 data providers, 609 collections and 52.866 resources.

We issued two requests on each of the 52.866 landing pages: one request for the human readable version in HTML and a second request for machine readable representation of the resource using HTTP content negotiation [START_REF]Sitemaps XML format[END_REF]. We then processed the responses and collected statistics on the usage of three possible ways that these digital libraries could be encoding the metadata descriptions of the cultural heritage objects: HTML5 meta tags, RDFa/RDFa lite and RDF data (in any of the commonly used serialization formats). For the analysis of the HTML5 meta tags, we have excluded the standard HTTP tags, since they are not meant to provide any descriptive data regarding the content of HTML pages.

An additional aspect is addressed in the experiment -the data model or namespaces of the structured data encoded in the landing pages. In particular, we are interested in gathering statistics regarding the use of two data models: Dublin Core Metadata Elements [START_REF] Lagoze | The Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting[END_REF]; and Schema.org 9 (used by Google and several other companies). These data models are the most likely to be nowadays in use by CH institutions to represent the metadata of their resources.

Results

The totals responses obtained from the requests issued to the sample of 52.866 URLs are shown in Table 1. None of the responses for linked data resulted in valid RDF. The most frequent response was the HTML page, instead of RDF, therefore hinting that HTTP content negotiation was not even supported. In some cases an error "Unsupported content-type" was received, and for some sporadic cases a JSON response was received, but it was not in a JSON-LD form, therefore, no RDF triples could be obtained from them. Our visual inspection of some of these cases detected that the JSON data was under a specific format, probably defined by a particular JSON API of a digital library system.

In the responses to the HTML requests, we detected a total of 25.276 HTML pages containing some form of structured data: 14.407 pages with HTML5 meta tags; and 10.869 with Schema.org data, encoded in RDFa, RDFa Lite or JSON-LD (Table 1). Table 2 summarizes the usage of the HTML5 meta tags. Whenever meta tags were present on the HTML pages, at least one of the standard HTML5 meta tags was in use. In some cases, meta tags with properties using prefixes were also present. Although none of the HTML pages specified the namespace of the prefixes in use (it can be done by using RDFa), some of the prefixes are well-known, and typically they refer to the following namespaces:

• "dc" -Dublin Core Metadata Element Set 10

• "dcterms" -DCMI Metadata Terms 11

• "og" -The Open Graph Protocol 12 The prefixes "eprints" and "egms" prefixes where found as well, but we cannot be certain to which namespaces they refer. In order to make use of CH linked data for metadata aggregations, less automated approaches need to be employed to discover, link and adapt the aggregation systems to each dataset of the participating CHI data sources (SPARQL end points, data dumps, etc.). Alternatively, aggregators may start to define the technical mechanisms for making linked data automatically discoverable, accessible and usable for aggregation.

Another aspect we also conclude from the experiment, is that it supports the beneficial value of CH aggregation initiatives, such as Europeana and DPLA, for promoting the discoverability of the CH objects through both the WWW and linked data. The activities of aggregators in the publication of open linked data, such as [START_REF] Charles | Links, languages and semantics: linked data approaches in The European Library and Europeana[END_REF], are likely to be the most interoperable source of CH linked data currently available. The results of the experiment provide further motivation for the development of Europeana's activities towards Schema.org publication of its dataset and CH metadata in general [START_REF] Wallis | Recommendations for the application of Schema.org to aggregated Cultural Heritage metadata to increase relevance and visibility to search engines: the case of Europeana[END_REF].

The next steps of our work will be to survey technologies of the Semantic Web, linked data and vocabularies for the description of datasets. We will analyze these technologies in search for a solution that will enable the aggregation of linked data in fully automatized ways or requiring very little human intervention. Table 4 shows a list of those technologies that we have identified at this stage of our work.

Technology Description

Linked Data

Platform [START_REF] Speicher | Linked Data Platform 1.0. W3C Recommendation[END_REF] "Linked Data Platform (LDP) defines a set of rules for HTTP operations on web resources, some based on RDF, to provide an architecture for read-write Linked Data on the web" [START_REF] Speicher | Linked Data Platform 1.0. W3C Recommendation[END_REF].

VoID -Vocabulary of Interlinked

Datasets [START_REF] Alexander | Describing Linked Datasets with the VoID Vocabulary[END_REF] "VoID is an RDF Schema vocabulary for expressing metadata about RDF datasets.

It is intended as a bridge between the publishers and users of RDF data, with applications ranging from data discovery to cataloging and archiving of datasets." [START_REF] Alexander | Describing Linked Datasets with the VoID Vocabulary[END_REF].

DCAT -Data

Catalogue

Vocabulary [START_REF]Data Catalog Vocabulary (DCAT)[END_REF] "DCAT is an RDF vocabulary designed to facilitate interoperability between data catalogs published on the Web. Publishers increase discoverability and enable applications easily to consume metadata from multiple catalogs. It further enables decentralized publishing of catalogs and facilitates federated dataset search across sites." [START_REF]Data Catalog Vocabulary (DCAT)[END_REF] Schema.org 13 The Schema.org vocabulary defines classes representing Datasets 14 and their distribution 15 .

EDM Datasets

Profile [START_REF]Europeana Dataset Profile[END_REF] This

Figure 1 .

 1 Figure 1. The experimental setup

Table 1 .

 1 Structured data obtained from the requests issued to the sample of 52.866 URLs from Europeana providers

	Linked data requests (content negotiation)	HTML requests
			HTML with Schema.org
	RDF	HTML with HTML5 meta tags
			(in RDFa, RDFa Lite or JSON-LD)
	0	14407 out of 52866	10869 out of 52866
	(no valid RDF responses)	27% (from 17 Europeana collections)	20% (from 6 Europeana collections)

Table 2 .

 2 The rdf:type of Schema.org RDF resources present in the HTML pages

	HTML5 meta tags
	Meta	tag	property	Number	of	HTML	Number	of	distinct	Europeana
	prefix			pages			providers
	HTML5 standard tags	14407			17
	Dc			3783			7
	Dcterms			1377			2
	Og			791			3
	egms			701			2
	eprints			100			1

Table 4 .

 4 Technologies of the Semantic Web, linked data, and vocabularies for the description of datasets, which may enable the aggregation of linked data in fully automatized ways or with little human intervention

  profile defines the elements used to represent datasets ingested by Europeana. The profile is mainly intended to be used to disseminate dataset level information via the Europeana API.In the World Wide Web, a very large number of resources is made available through digital libraries. The existence of many individual digital libraries, maintained by different organizations, brings challenges to the discoverability, sharing and reuse of the resources. A widely-used approach is metadata aggregation, where centralized efforts like Europeana facilitate the discoverability and use of the resources by collecting their associated metadata. The cultural heritage domain embraced the aggregation approach while, at the same time, the technological landscape kept evolving. Nowadays, cultural heritage institutions are increasingly applying technologies designed for the wider interoperability on the Web. This paper presents a study of the current application by cultural heritage data providers of technological solutions in use for making structured metadata available for re-use in the Internet. We investigated the use of both linked data and technologies related with indexing of resources by Internet search engines. We have conducted a harvesting experiment of the landing pages from websites of digital libraries that participate in Europeana, and collected statistics about the usage these particular technologies. These technologies allow for representing structured data within HTML, or for structured data to be referred to by links within HTML or through HTTP headers capabilities. We conclude with a discussion of future work for establishing a solution for cultural heritage aggregation based on the current situation and the available technologies. Availability of Cultural Heritage Structured Metadata in the World Wide Web ELPUB 2018

	13. http://schema.org/
	14. http://schema.org/Dataset
	15. http://schema.org/DataDownload
	BIBLIOGRAPHY
	ABSTRACTS
	AUTHORS
	NUNO FREIRE
	INESC-ID, Universidade de Lisboa
	Rua Alves Redol 9, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal
	Tel. +351.213100300
	Fax +351.213145843
	nuno.freire@tecnico.ulisboa.pt
	https://sites.google.com/site/nfreire
	(corresponding author)
	PÁVEL CALADO
	INESC-ID, IST, Universidade de Lisboa
	Rua Alves Redol 9, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal

INDEX

Keywords: metadata, cultural heritage, search engines, linked data, World Wide Web

We would like to acknowledge the supporting work by Antoine Isaac and Valentine Charles, from the Europeana Foundation, for their reviews and discussions regarding our work. This work was partially supported by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) with reference UID/CEC/50021/2013, and by the European Commission under contract number 30-CE-0885387/00-80.

Availability of Cultural Heritage Structured Metadata in the World Wide Web ELPUB 2018 Availability of Cultural Heritage Structured Metadata in the World Wide Web ELPUB 2018 Availability of Cultural Heritage Structured Metadata in the World Wide Web ELPUB 2018

Related work

Conclusion and future work [START_REF] Alexander | Describing Linked Datasets with the VoID Vocabulary[END_REF] The results of this experiment make it evident that in spite of the numerous activities, in cultural heritage, for making available linked data, reaching it through automated means based on the WWW (i.e. the Web of Documents) is no yet feasible. The digital object entry pages, whose links are sent to Europeana, could not be automatically linked to their respective linked data representations, since they did not support linked data through content negotiation, and the structured metadata we found encoded within the HTML pages was very limited, or even non-existent in the majority of cases.