PART 1: Review of urban and territorial indicators III/ BEYOND INDICATORS, URBAN DEVELOPMENT ROADMAPS

1. The doughnut theory and city portraits: a proposal for urban development 1.1. The economic concept of the doughnut 1.2. The application of the doughnut theory to the urban environment 1.3. The four frameworks for reflection and analysis 1.4. City portraits 2. 15-Minute City, 30-Minute Territory, and High Quality of Societal Life Index 2.1 The 15-Minute City and the 30-Minute Territory models : a paradigm shift in global urban planning 2.2 Measuring the High Quality of Societal Life (HQSL), a prerequisite for the 15-Minute City 40 40 40 41 42 53 56 56 58 WHITE PAPER N°3 I/ ONTOLOGY OF THE 15-MINUTE CITY 1. Construction and content of the ontology 2. From ontology to the "High Quality of Societal Life matrix" 3. From social functions to indicators 4. Data collection and analysis 59 61 61 61 65 66 91 PART 2: HIGH QUALITY OF SOCIETAL LIFE METHODOLOGY CONCLUSION II/ INDEX OF HIGH QUALITY OF SOCIETAL LIFE 1. Construction of sub-indices 2. Construction of the composite index 3. Assumptions and weighting III/ DIGITAL PLATFORM AND OPERATIONAL OBJECTIVES 1. Setting up a digital platform 2. Illustrations of the platform's functionalities 3. Study case Example 67 67 68 69 70 70 71 78 85 ANNEXES Annex 1: Better life index key indicators (OECD) Annex 2: Measurement tool indicators from the OECD's sustainable development goals in regions and cities Annex 3: Indicators of the regional well-being tool (OECD) Annex 4: smart-cities indicators (OECD) Annex 5: Criteria for ranking French towns and villages ("Association des villes et villages où il fait bon vivre") Annex 6: Metroscope indicators (FNAU, AdCF, ANCT) Annex 7: Livability Index (AARP) indicators

Table of figures and list of tables

1. Complementarity and the need for a subjective and qualitative approach to quality of life 2. The cartographic tool as a representation of the lived territory change, changes in work, ICT) also argues in favour of this demobility. The pandemic has called into question the classic working day with fixed hours. This is also visible in France, where 80% of workers say they are interested in the possibility of arranging their working hours to suit themselves (compared to 64% in the rest of the world), according to the BCG/The Network survey of 208, with 807 workers from 190 countries, including France⁴. Even employees who do not have access to paperless work are looking for another meaning to their commitment and questioning the relevance of a job with a very high work-life imbalance. Indeed, a new BCG study⁵ entitled "Why Deskless Workers Are Leaving-and How to Win Them Back", based on a survey of 7,000 deskless workers⁶ in seven countries (France, Germany, the UK, the US, Australia, India and Japan) estimates that in France, 1/3 of these workers are leaving. The term "Quiet

Quitting"⁷ has emerged with this new trend where more and more people are voluntarily leaving their jobs and reorienting themselves, while companies are no longer able to fill the vacant job positions.

The issues are manifold: organisation of work (relocation of jobs, remote work, desynchronisation, desaturation), urban form (compactness, despecialisation), control of commerce (diversification, circular economy, short circuit) and digitalization (e-commerce, e-medecine, teleworking).

As far as transportation is concerned, the answer lies in enriching the supply of shared, low-carbon, accessible forms of collective mobility, with the co-benefit of regaining expensive urban areas to create nature based public spaces and slow traffic zones . This is opposed to the promotion of forced, segregative and regressive immobility, such as that experienced and suffered during the Covid-19 INTRODUCTION 02 01 WHITE PAPER N°3 lockdown. "Reasoned demobility" aims for an urban optimum where chosen, high-quality travel enables everyone to access essential urban functions.

Urban functions are understood as the provision of infrastructure and services necessary for social, professional, and extra-professional life. Our approach to infrastructure is that of 'social infrastructure' , as practised by many architects and planners around the world. An approach guided by the presence of facilities that are defined by their social use, versatility, and adaptability. Our proposal is rooted in this definition of social circularity, linking essential functions to guarantee a High Quality of Societal Life.

These functions reflect the use of a city by its inhabitants and are linked to concrete facilities and places.

In contrast to the urban specialisation inherited from the functionalist movement, we propose another approach, both spatial and temporal, to create a new balance in the use of the city based on facilities that are associated with multi-purpose services in the urban space, giving priority to accessibility in proximity.

In line with the 'Brussels Declaration' we believe that multi-functional spatial organisation is a central element in our challenges, as it determines the social, spatial and temporal content at the centre of our way of life in the city and is thus consubstantial with the quality of life. Temporality changes the perception of availability with a offer in capacity, intrinsically favouring short distances, low-carbon travel and the connectivity of places through decarbonised mobility, on foot, by bike, or with public transport, in multimodality.

The High Quality of Societal Life offered to the inhabitants of the "15-Minute City" and the "30-Minute Territory" is defined by the accessibility, either immediate, or at least optimised in the space/time pairing of all six social functions: living, working, getting supplies, caring(being healthy), learning and enjoying.

The High Quality of Societal Life is ensured by a functional and social mix that must allow for diversity and intensity of urban life. For many decades the city has become a melting pot of segregation, fractures, and exclusions. The "vice" of long distances has become established, individual car travelling, moreover with diesel and with a single occupancy vehicle use, has become the "tobacco" of inhabitants, and the waste of time in long and tedious journeys has become the "normality".

"Losing one's life to earn it" through accelerating productivism, dehumanising daily life and leaving aside the quality of social life. The question we must ask ourselves is: how have we accepted the unacceptable for so many decades? Jane Jacobs refers to the "living city" as one "where at any time and in any place, we have a multiplicity of choices"⁸, without relying on the use of the individual car.

It is in this perspective that the consideration of a different relationship between urban and territorial space and the time needed to satisfy societal functions holds the promise of a more sustainable, viable Jacobs Jane, e Death and Life of Great American Cities, New York, Random House, 1961 8 and liveable living environment. Finally, the accessibility of these functions transcribes their necessary spatialisation and allows an easy and pleasant practice of the territory.

The expression of the quality of life in a territory is often based on an individual subjective assessment. In order to objectively measure the quality of life, it is necessary to study its urban and territorial functions within a societal framework. This objective approach makes it possible to consider the city and the territory in terms of its potentialities and shortcomings through the presence or absence of elements identified as generating quality of life. The analysis of societal functions is based on statistical and algorithmic calculations capable of producing precise knowledge of living environments.

In an urban or territorial project, governance or planning process, this very concrete approach makes it possible to characterise a space and monitor its dynamics, in order to act and improve the living environment of individuals. Within the framework of the implementation of 15-Minute Cities and 30-Minute Territories, social functions are studied using a new method and translated into data.

The purpose of this white paper is to situate this approach of analysing the High Quality of Societal Life (HQSL) by firstly proposing the various methods and approaches that exist to measure quality of life. Then he two following chapters cover the sets of methods, tools and case studies illustrating this innovative urban and territorial strategy. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the most widely used measure of economic activity in the world. It is determined by international standards and is the result of extensive work defining its statistical and conceptual bases. It is an indicator that was first developed by American economists and is now accepted as an indicator of progress and national development by the international community after the Second World War.

Professor Carlos Moreno

Scientific

Today, it is often used as a measure of a country's well-being, which is illusory because measures of economic performance and living standards are insufficient to reflect the well-being of a population. Indeed, well-being is not only economic: it is multidimensional and depends on living conditions, health, education, personal activities, political participation,

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Human Development Index (HDI)

social connections and relationships, the environment and insecurity⁹. This comment by the Commission on the measurement of economic performance and social progress highlights the close link between well-being and the living environment. GDP fails to reflect the quality of life of a country or territory, as a space offering a set of possibilities to citizens and the freedom to choose the type of life they want in this space -i.e. their capability in Amartya SEN's sense. Complementary indicators have therefore been developed to overcome the limitations of GDP. The theoretical and methodological framework for measuring quality of life is dominated by two approaches: an objective approach, based on the analysis of available data, and a subjective approach, based on the collection and evaluation of individual perceptions. Here, we only deal with the objective measurement of quality of life, based on indicators.

I/ EXISTING APPROACHES TO MEASURING QUALITY OF LIFE

THE MAIN INDICATORS USED BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY

Between the end of the Second World War and the end of the 20th century, the newly formed international community developed various indicators to measure the situation of countries in the world. Influenced by economic and military approaches to international diplomacy, these quantitative approaches constitute tools for apprehending and rationally understanding very diverse contexts. The quantity and quality of indicators have gradually increased, evolving with social developments. The question of quality of life has become an issue of interest, as have environmental issues. These international statistics are intended to be illustrative and comparative, but also to be used for decision-making. For example, these can be used as an indicator in the need for international action in development aid. The purpose of this section is to present a selection of indicators used to report on quality of life and urban quality of life.

Report

Knowledge/education:

measured by the average length of schooling for adults over 25 years, the expected length of schooling for school-age children, the literacy rate. This index shows the satisfaction of intangible needs and the ability to participate in decision-making in society.

Standard of living:

logarithm of gross income per capita in purchasing power parity. It allows for the inclusion of elements of quality of life that are not described by the first two indices, such as mobility and culture. The HDI is presented as a unitless number between 0 and 1. The closer it is to 1, the higher the level of development of the country. This number is the simple average of the three indices, constructed from indicators standardised between 0 and 1. For each indicator the floor rate set is equivalent to 0, the ceiling rate is equivalent to 1 (fig. 2).

The HDI is used at the international level, where its results are interesting because they differ from those of GDP¹⁰. An annual ranking of countries is produced. For example, France has an HDI of 0.891 and is ranked 39 th out of 189. Norway is ranked 1st with an HDI of 0.957. Niger, the last country in the ranking, has an HDI of 0.394¹¹.

At the sub-national level, the HDI presents difficulties that are related to Note that it was largely constructed to provide an alternative measure of development to GDP, so this finding is not surprising. Development Report 2020, e Human Development Indices, pp. 18-21, http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2020_overview_french.pdf. The assumed equality "GDP = Production = Consumption" is not valid at the local level, for example, since it is much more difficult to estimate imports and exports between different localities in the same country or region.

Unavailability of data at lower scales ¹²

A loss of significance of the indicators at this scale A method of standardisation that is not very suitable for developed countries and regions because it is not very discriminating. With this method of standardisation, there are few differences between the areas studied (around 10% in France).

Life expectancy at birth

Expected years of schooling

HDI DEVELOPMENT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX, 2017

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of key dimensions of human development:

a long and healthy life, a good education, and having a decent standard of living. AN ALTERNATIVE, THE HDI 2: SAME DIMENSIONS... Moreover, it does not allow a fine analysis of territories and disparities in the distribution of human development, as it is a simple general average. And it is unsuited to the permeability of regional boundaries (e.g., IDF, GDP) and lacks relevance of indicators in developed countries (e.g. literacy rate).

To overcome these difficulties, experiments have been carried out in some French regions and cities. In Greater Lyon, the Centre-Val de Loire region and Ile-de-France¹³, an HDI-2 has been created as a sub-national alternative to the HDI (fig. 3 & 4). Occitanie also experimented with the implementation of a local HDI in 2017¹⁴.

This local version retains the same architecture and the same calculation method, with some adaptations.

It mobilises data available at the communal or inter-communal level by focusing on three sets of data:

Access to health: life expectancy at birth Access to education: share of people over 15 years of age who have left the school system with a diploma Standard of living: median value of household tax income.

https://www.institutparisregion.fr/nos-travaux/publications/les-indices-synthetiques-du-pnud-idh-iph-ipf-en-region-ile-de-france.html What level of human development for the territories of Occitania? Observatoire partenarial de l'environnement et socio démographie, July 2017 13 14 These indicators are standardised on the basis of their distance from the highest and lowest reference rate, which makes it possible to calculate an average. The HDI-2 has been broken down to the regional and departmental levels.

The HDI-2 has the advantage of being a synthetic index, relevant in developed countries, more discriminating and qualitative than the HDI and which allows for local comparisons and precise mapping.

However, the HDI-2 does not reflect human development but rather a social configuration of the population. It reflects the social disparities in the area of analysis, taking into account the three dimensions of health, education and income.

DISTRIBUTION OF REGIONS

IN METROPOLITAN FRANCE ACCORDING TO THE HDI2

The HDI-2 also present several limitations.

Limitations in its use, as at the municipal, departmental, and regional levels, the concept of human development is not necessarily appropriate, since economic development, education and health systems are the responsibility of the State, or even the regions, and less so of local arbitration.

Limitations in its recognition, as it is primarily an index without international recognition.

Secondly, there are limitations in the calculation. The latter presents a certain subjectivity in the choice of data, normalisation, aggregation. Finally, there are limitations in the scope of this index.

There are only three components, which limits its scope, as some dimensions are not taken into account.

Sustainable

Well-Being Index (SWBI)

Better Life Index

The Better Life Index, developed by the OECD, extends the measurement of quality of life beyond its economic dimension. It defines objective criteria such as housing, employment, environmental quality, and education, but also more subjective criteria such as the perceived quality of social ties and the balance of life rythms. This index is one of the only ones to consider individual perception.

It measures well-being and progress and seeks to answer the following questions: Are our lives improving? What role can policy play in this? Are we measuring the right things? The Better Life Index is measured in the 37 member countries of the organisation (figure 5).

OECD INDICATORS

On a smaller scale of international cooperation, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is also developing its own indicators to measure quality of life. These indicators help to understand and act on the quality of life of its 37 member states¹⁵. A statistical report¹⁶ has been published every two years since 2011¹⁷, providing an account of the evolution of well-being in the countries concerned. The latest report shows a strengthening of well-being in the OECD as a whole, but marked inequalities persist between countries. In particular, there are widening gaps in the resources needed for future well-being (economic, natural and social capital).

Environmental, economic and social risks also weigh on the future. The report highlights the impoverishment of social relations and a rise in despair and insecurity for certain categories of the population.

OCDE, Rapport Comment va la vie ? 2020 Mesurer le bien-être, 2020, en ligne https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/comment-va-la-vie-2020_ab72c502-fr#page16 Les 5 rapports publiés depuis 2011 sont disponibles à l'adresse https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/how-s-life_9789264121164-en Country monographs are produced and available online. The latest results for France are presented in the following infographic (Fig. 6).

https://regions-cities-atlas.oecd.org/ 18

FRANCE'S CURRENT WELL-BEING, 2018 OR LATEST AVAILABLE YEAR THE OECD WELL-BEING FRAMEWORK

Statistical atlas of regions and cities

The OECD has developed a variety of other tools to measure the socio-economic and environmental conditions of cities and regions. The indicators used are available in Annex 2.

A regional well-being tool 20 , measures well-being in 11 dimensions at the regional level and compares it with the 361 other OECD regions. The matrix is reduced to 11 indicators covering as many dimensions of well-being. The tool is aligned with the approach used by the Better Life Index presented above. The main difference is that it does not construct a composite index but keeps the dimensions of well-being separate.

Regional well-being measurement tool

SDG measurement tool

The OECD has developed a tool to measure the Sustainable Development Goals in regions and cities¹⁹. With more than 100 indicators, this tool measures the status and distance to the Sustainable Development Goals of more than 600 regions and 600 cities in the OECD and partner countries.

World Cities Comparative Report

In 2020, the organisation published the report Cities in the World. A New Perspective on Urbanization which assesses urbanisation 21 in the world's cities from a comparative perspective. The quality-of-life issue is addressed through the lens of the differences in quality of life between cities and rural areas. These conclusions are based on the work mentioned above, such as the How's life project. The report states that the quality of life and satisfaction is higher in cities.

THE FOUR GOALS OF THE SMART CITY CROSSED WITH ITS OBJECTIVES

RÉPONSES PRINCIPALES DE L'URBAN BAROMETER

1. Indicators on the degree of digitalisation and digital innovation implemented in the city; Smart City tools 2. Indicators on the engagement of a variety of stakeholders in the development of the Smart City 3. Indicators related to the four major objectives of the Smart City: well-being, inclusion, sustainability and resilience

Methodology for measuring Smart Cities

With regard to the Smart City or intelligent city more specifically, the OECD is currently working on a methodology to measure their performance in order to integrate them into a more inclusive growth. This measurement is based on three pillars (fig. 10):

FIGURE 10 THE FOUR GOALS OF THE SMART CITY CROSSED WITH ITS OBJECTIVES -OECD

The indicators envisaged for each of the pillars of the measurement tool are shown in Annex 4.

The Urban Barometer online questionnaire collects the following data (Fig. 11).

Focus on well-being and inclusive growth Innovative tool to collect well-being data directly from citizens (digital survey tool with declarative data localisation)

Cross-referencing of the answers to the digital questionnaire with data already collected by the participating cities and with other sources from the big data on well-being.

Complementary to official sources of objective data A participatory and justifiable approach

Figure 11 Main responses -Urban Barometer

Urban Barometer of Inequalities in well-being

A final OECD project concerns the development of an urban barometer that would measure inequalities in well-being in cities. It measures well-being through a subjective approach that complements the objective picture drawn elsewhere. Its main features are as follows: The statistical office of the European Union (Eurostat) has developed an extensive database of urban statistics that provides data sets on key aspects of the quality of life in cities. They include data on cities and their commuting areas or "functional urban areas" and cover demography, housing, health, labour, education, environment, transport, tourism, etc. The data is provided on a voluntary basis, without any legislative obligation, in conjunction with the National Statistical Institutes, the Directorate General for Regional and Urban Policy and Eurostat. Urban statistics aim to assist both citizens and policy makers and to further support evidence-based decision making (Fig. 13).

1 s t P IL LA R SMART C IT Y T O O L S 2 n d P IL L A R ST AKEHOLDER EN G A G E M E N T 3 rd P IL LA R SM ART CITY PE RF O R M A N C E

EUROPEAN UNION INDICATORS

In the European Union, the measurement of urban quality of life was initiated as early as 1998, with an urban audit project Assessing the Quality of Life of Europe's Cities. The aim of this pilot initiative was to assess the situation in each of the cities in the programme and to develop a reliable and comparable database for evaluating the participating cities (Fig. 12). This project was the first effort to systematically collect and process statistical information on a European scale and gave impetus to thinking about the concept of quality of life and the appropriate indicators to assess it. The database is available online on the Eurostat website 22 and a European statistical yearbook is published annually. Its multi-scalar approach provides a comparative reading and understanding of the different European regions.

QUALITY OF LIFE FIELDS AND THEMES CITIES AND SUBURBS STATISTICS

Eurostat has also conducted perception surveys on the quality of life in European cities since 2007 23 . In 2015, except in 6 cities, 80% of respondents were satisfied with living in their city. The highest satisfaction rates were in Oslo, Zurich, Aalborg, Vilnius, and Belfast.

CITY RANKINGS

City rankings are a widely used and popular way of measuring the quality of urban life. These rankings are mostly produced by private actors or associations and are often taken up by the media. They are carried out in a comparative context, for example, to help citizens in their property purchases. These rankings are hardly relevant to a forward-looking approach to urban development and can fuel competition between different cities. More than the use made of them, our interest lies in the criteria that these rankings use to evaluate the quality of life of territories.

The first rankings in the 1970s

In the 1970s, the measurement of quality of life, and more particularly spatialized quality of life, became a subject of study in its own right, as shown by the studies of H. SCHWANDT and W. BLOOMER in Urban Affairs Annual Review (1969)

The Places Rated Almanac and the Mercer ranking

In pursuit of this comparative goal, the indicator analysis method has been widely used by the media for various city rankings. From 1981 to 2000, the American Places Rated Almanac was a great success and popularised the statistical ranking. These rankings have multiplied and are still popular today. On an international scale, we can mention the annual Mercer ranking, based on 39 criteria.

Quality of life in Boyd Cohen's Smart City Wheel

The Smart City concept has also been used to compare and benchmark cities. Understood as a high-performance and innovative city, the Smart City is understood through the intelligence or performance of its economy, mobility, relationship with the environment, governance, quality of life and implementation of citizenship. 15). The wheel provides a holistic approach to the Smart City and shows how innovation and technology can lead to the development and efficiency of a city. In particular, it has been used to rank smart cities in the world and within different regions of the world 24 . Its use is thus mainly competitive and comparative (Fig. 16).

Research Dimension

Smith

However, this wheel has been adapted by some countries in a constructive development approach to meet their needs. Switzerland, for example, has created its own Smart City Wheel associated with a Smart City architecture (fig. 17)²⁵.

These rankings can be found on the Fast company website https://www.fastcompany.com/user/boyd-cohen

Major international rankings

There are now various international city rankings, by theme and by region. One of the best known, created in 2010, is the Lee Kuan Yew World City Prize, which recognises cities that have made outstanding contributions to creating liveable, vibrant and sustainable urban communities around the world. It also aims to facilitate an exchange of easily replicable ideas and best practices to stimulate innovation in sustainable urban development.

The cities are assessed on the basis of the following criteria (Table 1): Internationally recognised awards include the World Smart City Awards, which are presented annually at the annual Smart City Congress in Barcelona. This competition aims to reward pioneering projects, ideas and strategies that make cities more liveable, sustainable, and economically viable. The categories of awarded projects are adapted to the current situation and its challenges.

Thus, in 2020, the categories and winners were as follows (tab. 2):

Criteria for inclusion in international rankings

The winners of the World Smart City Awards in 2020

All the criteria, broken down by category and sub-category, are available in Annex 5.

Main criteria -"Association des villes et villages où il fait bon vivre" in France

Ranking of French towns and villages

In France, the "Association des villes et villages où il fait bon vivre" (Association of towns and villages where it is good to live) carries out an annual ranking based on 182 criteria, using official data provided by INSEE and state bodies. In total, 151 criteria concern the municipalities directly, 31 concern the departments and the safety category. The eight categories studied (quality of life, transport, shops, services, health, education, sport, solidarity) are weighted according to their importance following the results of a survey carried out on a sample of the population (tab. 3).

Living and Inclusion

Government of the State of Alagoas, Brazil

A New Life in the Grotas: evidence-based slum improvement and urban development

N°Criterion Detail

1

Leadership and governance

Demonstrate strong leadership and governance, through vision, commitment and contingency planning, to achieve urban transformation objectives 2

Creativity and innovation

Demonstrate creativity and innovation in the overall blueprint or core strategy and in the implementation approach adopted, in order to establish new models and benchmarks 3 Replicability Good practices and replicable ideas that can be adopted and adapted by other cities 4

Impact of urban initiatives implemented

Positive changes in the urban environment, local communities, and the general population as a result of urban initiatives 5

Sustainability of the transformation

Establishment of institutionalised processes to support urban transformation and buy-in from local communities in support of the city's vision 6 Integration with plans Demonstration of successful integration or scaling at regional and metropolitan level

More territorial methodologies and projects

In order to take into account the particularities of each metropolis, Métroscope presents focuses on the local components of well-being, based on examples of territorialized methodologies (tab. 4).

MEASURING FRENCH METROPOLITAN DYNAMICS

The methodology is based on a reference framework of nearly 60 indicators and is shared between the intermunicipal authorities and the agencies. The approach is thus collaborative and makes it possible to inform local and national public action.

The indicators are organised around four metropolitan functions:

Quality of life is then understood in the form of a typology, a methodology that makes it possible to integrate many indicators into a single analysis. This makes it possible to reflect the plural and cross-cutting nature of quality of life and to avoid the pitfall of ranking.

Métroscope is inspired by the IBEST ("Indice de Bien Être Soutenable et Territorial") methodology, which measures well-being using quantitative and qualitative surveys. This methodology allows the subjective dimension of well-being to be taken into account. The indicators used for each metropolis are available in Appendix 6.

This analysis provides comparative results between metropolises (fig. 19).

Contribute this function analyses investment and fiscal integration as well as wage flows, at the level of the metropolitan territory and between territories.

Study and innovate this function analyses higher education as a marker of the metropolis and its attractiveness and questions the capacity for innovation.

Work this function specifies the quantity and quality of metropolitan jobs and their influence on the societal structure.

Living this function analyses the housing stock and housing dynamics.

The Cittaslow network and indicators

The Cittaslow 26 approach places quality of life at the heart of urban organisation and makes it a real tool for urban transformation. More specifically, the Cittaslow initiative measures "equitable and sustainable well-being" (BES). The cities involved in this initiative implement a policy of a desired slowing down of the territory in order to promote quality of life. A certification label is awarded to them for five years after an evaluation of the criteria on their urban environment and lifestyle. At the end of 2020, the network had 268 member cities, most of which are located in Europe. The admission evaluation is based on the criteria grid available in Annex 7.

The Livability Index

INDICATORS CREATED BY TERRITORIAL ECOSYSTEMS

Quality of life can be assessed at different scales and through several approaches. Non-institutional actors, anchored in a territory or in an urban theme, take up the challenge of improving quality of life and develop their own indicators. These indicators, which can lead to labels, classifications and actions, enrich the understanding of urban systems.

A total of 40 measures relate to the standard of living of communities. 23 measure liveability at the neighbourhood level, while the remainder relate to larger scales (city, metropolitan area, county). A further 20 measures relate to the policies and strategies put in place by the community. These items measure the potential to improve quality of life over the long term.

The table in Annex 7 shows all the categories above, measures and sub-measures, policies and indicators used by the AARP index. To achieve a high score, a good score in all categories is necessary.

Scores are constructed at the neighbourhood level. Cities, counties, and states receive a score based on the average scores of the neighbourhoods within their boundaries.

The index is intended as a tool for improving quality of life, with a view to achieving a higher score, monitoring progress over time, but also as a practical tool for the inhabitants or future inhabitants of a place.

State of Place, an example of a private initiative to measure quality of life through walkability

The rise of Big Data and Open Data has also enabled the development of computerised urban quality of life measurement systems, developed and marketed by private companies. For example, an urban data analysis platform has been developed on the basis of the Irvine Minnesota Inventory Assessing the quality of urban life is a complex process. Although statistical and quantitative analysis initiatives are enlightening, they are not sufficient to gain a detailed understanding of the territories.

"What is really the user experience in the territory? Where are the socializing places? Which services are missing at neighbourhood scale?"

In addition to the quantitative approach, a qualitative approach is essential to understand an area or neighbourhood in a sensitive way. This evaluation of well-being in the urban space can be based on the feelings of the inhabitants and their experience of daily life in this environment. This subjective and qualitative analysis is becoming increasingly important in the understanding of territories and in the design of urban projects, recognising some form of control of use to users and inhabitants.

The qualitative apprehension of a territory can be done through various methods:

II/ BEYOND FIGURES, A QUALITATIVE AND SENSITIVE ANALYSIS OF TERRITORIES

1.

COMPLEMENTARITY AND THE NEED FOR A SUBJECTIVE AND QUALITATIVE APPROACH TO QUALITY OF LIFE

THE CARTOGRAPHIC TOOL AS A REPRESENTATION OF THE LIVED TERRITORY

"The sensitive and artistic map proposes to change its function in relation to the territory. It abandons the objectivist ambition characteristic of modern scientific activity, and no longer seeks to represent the world in the most accurate way so that we can find our way around it.

It is not a question of moving from "the objective to the subjective" but rather of changing the objective, the ambition, the aim. 29 The territorial map is a highly standardised tool, respecting conventions that determine its use, with the aim of functional, rational, and rapid communication. It plays a major role in the way we experience a territory, understand it and develop it. Indeed, it is from maps that we look at the territory, that we think about its legal and administrative organisation. This so-called top-down vision 28 of the territory remains a cartographic representation tool that does not reflect the use and the feeling of the territory. Since the 2000s and the popularisation of Google Maps, created in 2005, online cartography and geolocation have become tools appropriated by users that allow them to explore territories differently.

The potential of the cartographic object goes beyond rational and utilitarian representation. Within the framework of a qualitative analysis of a territory, the cartographic tool can be used to identify, create and illustrate a sensitive approach to the urban space.

Sensitive maps are different in that they do not seek to show the objective and tangible characteristics of a place but rather the experience of those who use it. Produced with the inhabitants and users, they are a medium for transcribing the use of space and places by those who know and experience them. For those involved in spatial planning, these maps are also valuable tools for better understanding the issues at stake in project sites, the particularities of the spaces and responding to the needs of users. "Sensitive mapping" (Olmedo, 2019) 30 reflect a way of life and are therefore specific to each individual and each territory. They necessarily constitute a partial and situated representation of the territories, which can distort the geographical reality to translate it into a particular opinion or even let the markers of an era of the territory show through.

Expression used by urban and regional planners to evoke a conception of the territory from above, i.e. by institutions and policies. http://polau.org/pacs/test-page/ Élise OLMEDO, "Carte sensible, parcours de vie. Katia, La Cabucelle neighbourhood", Vacarme, vol. 89, no. 4, 2019, pp. 108-114. Apart from an artistic approach, the sensitive map does not emanate from nowhere but often comes from workshops and meetings organised by spatial planning actors, to gain knowledge of the administered territory or with a view to new planning: as illustrated in this article 32 . This tool can be mobilised for the purpose of expressing and restoring the quality of life in a territory. For her, the search for exponential growth is heresy, the search for an increase in infinite GDP cannot be a viable economic end. While our economic system never envisages putting an end to this growth, it is urgent, in the face of multiple environmental, financial, social and health crises, that it enters the age of maturity.

As an alternative to the growth indicator (GDP), the doughnut is an alternative form of economic thinking that aims for balance and mobilises a diversity of indicators. The shape of the doughnut is telling. The small central circle represents the social foundation of society, being above it means being able to meet basic social needs (water, food, health, education, social justice...). The large outer circle represents the ecological ceiling. To exceed it means to put existence at risk (global warming, air pollution, etc.). The objective is therefore to be between the two circles, in the just and safe space for humanity, where the economy is regenerative and distributive. This circular form of economic model moves away from the linear growth model and encourages balance and moderation in order to satisfy the needs of all within the means of the planet (fig. 29).

Imaginary cards, which show the symbolic and the imaginary (fig. 28).

Kate RAWORTH, A Safe and Just Space for Humanity, Oxfam GB, 2012 (online: https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/safe-and-just-space-humanity) Kate RAWORTH , Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist, Random House Business, 2017, 384p.

INTRICACY OF THE FOUR INDICATORS TO MEASURE WELL-BEING IN THE CITY -THE AMSTERDAM CITY DOUGHNUT

How can our city be a home to thriving people in a thriving place, while respecting the well-being of all people and the health of the whole planet? For example, in the social-local framework (1), the question is asked on what prosperity means for the inhabitants/users of the city on a local scale. This answer is set alongside a measure of the current performance of the city. A decision process is applied, as shown in the following diagram (Figure 31).

The four frameworks for reflection and analysis

The World Council on City Data (WCCD) has developed and implemented three international urban data standards, recognised as the WCCD ISO 37120 series on city data. It includes indicators for sustainable cities (ISO 37120), indicators for smart cities (ISO 37122), indicators for resilient cities (ISO 37123). The WCCD has developed an audit protocol for cities of all sizes to compile and report these data, as well as a third-party verification and certification system to obtain ISO certification. For all three standards, a register of certified cities is available.

Cities websites and national statistical agencies

The World Council on City Data (ISO citymetric for 60 cities) The "Genius of Place" 38 guide considers space through a biomimetic approach. The report compiles biological research and also proposes a catalogue of strategies adapted to the specificities of local ecosystems. These reports transform biological intelligence into design strategies.

The Ultimate Guide to the Genius of Place

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) is an international programme of work designed to meet the needs of decision-makers and the public for scientific information on the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being and the options for responding to that change. The findings are compiled in five technical volumes and six synthesis reports that provide a scientific assessment of global ecosystem change and function.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

The SDG Tracker

The Ecological / Local Framework (2) The Greenfacts initiative 40 is a website project that publishes clear summaries of scientific reports on health and environmental topics, produced by an independent scientific committee.

Green Facts

The Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is an independent intergovernmental body that produces scientific assessments of the state of knowledge on biodiversity and natural ecosystems, as well as on tools and methods to conserve them. For the first programme of work, from 2014 to 2018, IPBES published several reports: 4 regional assessment reports, thematic reports (biodiversity scenarios and models, ecosystem services models, pollination and food production, land degradation and restoration), a global assessment on biodiversity and ecosystem services. The 2020-2030 work programme aims to support them.

The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES)

The Global Air Quality Index is a tool 39 that provides a real-time view of air quality as measured at over 30,000 stations in 130 countries. This non-profit project is run by a team of engineers based in China, Singapore, Australia, India and the United States.

The air quality index is based on the measurement of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone (O3), nitrous oxide, sulphur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions.

The World Air Quality Index

The RESOLVE Ecoregions dataset, updated in 2017, provides a representation of the 846 terrestrial ecoregions of our planet. It is presented as an interactive map. Ecoregions are understood as ecosystems of regional areas. The 846 terrestrial ecoregions are grouped into 14 biomes (forested and non-forested) and 8 enveloping land areas called "realms". The Global Footprint Network's Open Data Platform makes available the data needed for any ecological footprint analysis. The National Footprint Accounts measure the ecological resource use and capacity of nations over time. These accounts are based on 15,000 data records per country per year, for over 200 countries, territories, and regions. These calculations are based on data sets from international organisations (United Nations, International Energy Agency).

The visualization tool of the platform 41 allows easy access to the following results: This report 43 is a review of assessment tools that can guide a transition to resource efficiency at the city scale. It is based on the concept of urban metabolism, proposing a reading of each urban form in its metabolic form (e.g., transport is a flow of energy, water, waste, people).

PLATFORM VISUALIZATION -GLOBAL FOOTPRINT NETWORK URBAN FORMS AND THEIR RESOURCES -GLOBAL INITIATIVE FOR RESOURCE EFFICIENT CITIES

An illustration of urban form, metabolic flows and resource-efficiency leverage points' linkages, relevant for urban practitioners

Specific potential local government interventions

Promotion of walking and cycling

KnowTheChain

The Environmental Justice Atlas documents and records social conflicts related to the environment: defence of land, air, water, forests, livelihoods.

The Environmental Justice Atlas

City portraits

In the end, the answers to the four questions make it possible to create the city portrait as shown below for Amsterdam (fig. 42).

The data used are the public data available in the experimental cities. The next stage of appropriation and implementation would be to move from the public portrait to the "city selfie" thanks to the contribution of personal data from inhabitants, business owners, visitors: stories, images, visions, proposals, initiatives, existing policies, entrepreneurial initiatives, etc. Chaire ETI, also proposes an innovative approach to complex urban development challenges. This vision and scientific methodology places hyper-proximity at the service of quality of life, to draw the contours of a desirable, viable and sustainable city. It is an approach to the sustainable city through polycentrism that offers a new response to sustainable urban development.

Introducing the notion of "acceptable" or "reasonable" access time for people (walking or cycling from their home base) to reach essential services and activities, the 15-Minute City is a paradigm shift from traditional urban strategies. It questions the use of time and space by individuals, set alongside the spatial and temporal organisation of the city. In order to empower residents to reclaim possession of their time, and to revitalise their neighbourhoods, the "15-Minute City" and the "30-Minute Territory" models provide them with the possibilitý to find in hyper-proximity an answer to their essential needs: housing, working, basic supplies, healthcare services, education, cultural and leisure activities (fig. 44). This approach is not a new urban circulation plan but a new urban vision of a polycentric territory. The city portrait is therefore a starting point for opening up new ways of thinking, sharing inspiration and transformative action to become a thriving city for people and the planet, locally and globally. To go beyond the reflection stage, it needs to be used and reflected in local policy making.

The most successful example of the use of this theory and tool is the city of Amsterdam, which opted for a post-Covid economic and territorial recovery programme based on the doughnut model on the 8th of April 2020. The city has embarked on a circular economy policy, which is in line with the ambitions set out in its City Portrait. In order to accelerate action, make the approach audible and ensure its credibility, a local cross-sector coalition, the Doughnut Coalition, has been created. It brings together more than twenty organisations (design agencies, schools and universities, neighbourhood associations, think and do tanks, social enterprises, municipalities) that use the Doughnut Theory in their work⁴⁶.

Pour en savoir plus voir la publication e Amsterdam City Doughnut : https://www.kateraworth.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/20200416-AMS-portrait-EN-Spread-web-420x210mm.pdf 46The implementation is done through so-called Dougnut workshops and Doughnut deals: deals to recognise community projects that contribute to bringing the city into the Doughnut -between the two circles -because of their positive social and ecological consequences.

Devon has also embarked on the process, experimenting with specific indicators for revitalisation areas.

Beyond these pioneer cities, the ambition is to create an international movement of cities applying the doughnut theory. Such a dynamic would make sense in order to make the measures envisaged in the global axis effective for each of the cities. The proposals of the 15-Minute City in particular echo the needs arising from environmental and health emergencies: an urban organisation that limits the environmental impact of city life through a significant reduction in carbon-based travel, where residents can satisfy their essential needs close to their homes and which, through its quality of life, fosters their attachment to their place of living and their well-being.

15-MINUTE CITY

For these reasons, the 15-Minute City has opened up a global discussion on desirable urbanism, in contexts of crisis and urban reconfiguration. It has been integrated into the common agenda adopted by the C40 Cities mayors to emerge from the health crisis, and several major players have seized this concept to draw the contours of the city of tomorrow: resilient, desirable, and sustainable. chronotopia, is a term used to describe the evolution of the use of a place according to the time factor. As a response to the limited quantity of available space in dense urban environments, by questioning pre-existing uses of spaces and by reflecting on the rhythmic sequences, chronotopia seeks to make the best use of each and every square meter by proposing multiple possible uses. topophilia, is a term used to describe the affective (and subjective) bond between people and their environment, particularly their love for and attachment to specific places. It is often used to describe the deep emotional connections that people have with certain locations, whether they be urban or natural, and the ways in which these places shape our identities and sense of belonging. The objective of the research project on the 15-Minute City is to constitute, from the ontology of societal functions and their sub-categories, a matrix of the High Quality of Societal Life. This matrix would propose a reading grid of the territory, by spatializing the lacks and highlighting the accessibility of the essential functions of a given perimeter.

Measuring the High Quality of Societal Life (HQSL), a prerequisite for the 15-Minute City

To do this, societal functions are cross-referenced with three characteristics: well-being, sociability and sustainability or inclusive planet (Fig. 45).

Based on these elements of the matrix, its effective implementation involves associating each societal function and each sub-category with uses, activities and infrastructures. This We have highlighted the inadequacy of the indicators obtained in the previous stages and their processing to measure and illustrate the quality of life of a territory. In order to go further in this direction, it is necessary to construct sub-indices that will give meaning to the data collected with regard to the objectives of the 15-Minute City and the 30-Minute Territory. Indeed, these sub-indices make it possible to integrate different qualitative criteria, including proximity, into the data analysis.

Two methodologies can be used:

It is a question of adding additional variables specific to each element analysed, to provide details of the participation of each element in the quality of life of the territory. Neighbourhood distance is a permanent additional variable in the analysis, with a proximity criterion ranging from 0,5 km to 2 km.

Crossing the results of these variables leads to the elaboration of a sub-index ranging from 1 to 5, which reflects the level of equipment according to the quality-of-life criteria carried by the concept of the 15-Minute City and the 30-Minute Territory (scale : entire territory, city or neighbourhood).

Additional variables methodology: This second methodological approach consists of making each societal function a sub-index in its own right, which would correspond to the sum of several sub-indices. To do this, an index is associated with each variable of a social function.

Methodology by urban social function

Limitation : the choice of the neighbourhood distance standardises the practices of the users, which could vary according to the types of profiles and according to the type of sub-index studied.

Limitation :

CONSTRUCTION OF THE COMPOSITE INDEX

The composite index is the one that In order to calculate the index, certain assumptions must be made, starting with the prioritisation of certain social functions over others. In concrete terms, with an assumption that working, living and provisioning are of equal importance, their coefficients will be equal, i.e., i=j=k=l. If learning is considered less important, its coefficient will be lower.

Q2 = iH + jT + kS + lE + mA + nD

With : Q2: Societal quality of life H: Living T: Working S: Getting supplies E: Caring / Being healthy A: Learning D: Enjoying i, j, k, l, m, n weighting coefficients By urban social functions Summary of the methodology followed

ASSUMPTIONS AND WEIGHTING

SETTING UP A DIGITAL PLATFORM

III/ DIGITAL PLATFORM AND OPERATIONAL OBJECTIVES

The implementation of this methodology involves the creation of a multifunctional digital platform.

Gathering data from territories and knowledge around the theme of the 15-Minute City, this platform is intended to be a tool for observing territories, correlating their service offers and needs, accessible to inhabitants and elected officials. For the latter, it is also a tool for forecasting and supporting the definition of future urban policies.

Its features are as follows:

Blog providing access to global information on urban development projects, the 15-Minute City or the 30-Minute Territory, with a collection of opinions and comments (articles, projects, maps, news feeds, dedicated to the 15-Minute City, access to surveys and video testimonies).

Ability to create local content in the form of an article, map, diagram, or image.

Natural language search to retrieve content from a documentary database dedicated to territorial planning (SCOT, PLUI, PCAET, etc.).

Search for semantic links (thanks to artificial intelligence querying the texts in the database) on multi-domain planning issues, e.g., revitalisation of town centres, pedestrianisation, etc., allowing access to sources of inspiration thanks to a documentary exploration through a graphic vision of the information.

Taking notes and creating your own action plan by exporting data to a word processor/spreadsheet.

Access to indicators of High Quality of Societal Life by neighbourhood, down to 100 meters by 100 meters grid analysis on the 6 key social functions of the 15-Minute City:

Access to socio-economic and demographic benchmark data and the possibility to compare with other territories.

Possibility to create a local indicator and/or to create a specific cartography that will be published in the point's blog.

Identification of quality of life assessment criteria

Translation of these criteria into data

Data collection

Development of sub-indices

HQVS Index

Transposition cartographic 70 69 WHITE PAPER N°3 The calculation of the HQSL score is based on the specific list of equipment associated with the needs of the persona.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE PLATFORM'S FUNCTIONALITIES

As an example : if we consider that an elderly person must have access to health services within 15 minutes by walking, the areas (squares) of the territory for which pedestrian access times of less than 15 minutes have been calculated will be noted positively in the calculation of the HQSL score.

The total score is normalised after taking into account all the requirements -corresponding to equipment -of the selected profile.

In concrete terms, the platform allows the visualisation, for a chosen territory, of two elements:

This data-visualization tool allows the exploration of the results both cartographically and in an attribute/graphical way (fig. 61 a, b andc)

The average access time-distance for the persona's equipment (fig. 59)

The HQSL score of the persona (fig. 60)

74 73 WHITE PAPER N°3

STUDY CASE EXAMPLE

We have applied the HQSL methodology in France to study a large agglomeration community characterized by a network of small size cities without a main centrality. This area would be considered a "30-minute territory" but the interesting part of the study is to analyse a low population density zone.

Proximity studies tend to concentrate on large, dense, and urbanized areas. With this project we have an opportunity to research the dimensions of High Quality of Societal life at a territorial scale in which density ranges from 40 inhabitants /km2 to 2,500 inhabitants/km² depending on the commune.

In this wide agglomeration community, the use of and dependency to individual cars is very high.

Therefore for the specific purpose of this project a seventh urban function was added to the HQSL initial ontology: mobility. These three levels shown in Fig. 66, classified according to their level of proximity, are a prism of analysis that is superimposed on the ontology of the seven social functions.

The logic of portfolio of services can be illustrated by studying the proximity amenities (fig. 55).

The social function "living" usually includes mobility related equipment data, with the creation of the seventh social function "mobility", the services categorization was adapted. We were able to enrich the default data set of our digital platform (Banque Permanente des Equipements provided by the French statistical Bureau) with complementary geographical data sets shared by the local urban planning team.

Our methodology was first implemented to evaluate the accessibility levels to various services and amenities. Three categories of services were identified defining the concept of a "portfolio of services". For this particular project, the patterns of behaviours related to proximity were not considered at user level but at the sub-level of the portfolio of services. In order to calculate and compare the HQSL score it was decided that each of the 3 service levels would be considered as a "profile". The allocation of distance-time thresholds to reach the equipment for each profile were set as follows:

We have already mentioned the situation of individual car dominance in this project. The objective here is to carry out a diagnosis of the logic of portfolio of services with three sub-levels, as reflected in the current main transportation mode. This explains the measurement of HQSL scores with thresholds of distance-time by car for the intermediate and centrality levels.

Here are the results of this first mapping exercise:

A local equipment should be reached within 15 minutes walking distance.

An intermediate equipment should be reached within 15 minutes by car.

A centrality equipment should be reached within 30 minutes by car.

Local services: redefining the amenities to complement the current offer.

Intermediate services: encourage access via active mobility (walking, cycling), shared and public transportation.

Centrality services : maintain the offer and explore hybrid access modalities To achieve this, the idea is not to create and build new amenities to fill the gaps, but rather, based on this work, to leverage three complementary means of action: Hybridization (ubiquitous use) : the idea is to combine in person and online access to certain activities (classes, work, administrative request, medical check, e-commerce …) to allow people to choose their mobility patterns but also to connect remote inhabitants or those with mobility difficulty.

As this project illustrates, the HQSL geo-visualization platform offers a complete reading of the issues related to the proximity and accessibility to services in a territory. It can be enriched by additional geographical data (which are integrated into the HQSL platform and analysis) or by other spatial or geo-statistical analysis tools.

Shift to alternative mobilities. The idea is to promote active (health benefits), decarbonated and collective transportation solutions whenever possible. It is also an empowerment tool to trigger their desire and motivation to transform some of their living habits (usually built over time and not fully conscientized) or practices if they are decision makers or stakeholders of the city community (urban planners, elected responsible, private actors).

As mentioned earlier, an urban or territorial quality of life diagnosis needs qualitative and sensitive

inputs from users, residents, and key stakeholders to be fully representative of the "perceived" reality.

In parallel to the HQVS digital platform development, a toolbox of content and material aiming at engaging people was developed in collaboration with the City Lab of Ecole de Design Nantes Atlantique. It is called "Proximities Fresk workshop". This approach which enables to cope with people perceptions is crucial, and opens a new research agenda, in order to better apprehend quality of social life. This format is inspired by the other "Fresks" designed by passionate scientists (from the Shift Project and other laboratories) to disseminate complex findings about the environmental crisis we are facing (Fresk of -Climate, -Biodiversity, -Mobility, -City etc ..).. As cities continue to grow, while facing new challenges and carrying paramount societal responsibilities, it is necessary to facilitate evidence-based decision-making that prioritizes the needs of communities and focus on the holistic quality of neighborhoods such as the High Quality of Societal Life Index. This third white paper on the 15-minute city and 30-minute territory models provides a review of the main theories, principles and indicators used today around the globe to measure quality of life at country, city or neighborhood scales, with a view to rank and compare them. Most approaches focus on objective quantitative data calculations, with only a few integrating subjective qualitative inputs on perceived satisfaction rates by residents or local community members. Main scoring methods have an angle, they analyze selected dimensions and factors about countries (or cities or neighborhoods) based on a targeted audience (political leaders, NGOs, scholars…) or with a specific purpose in mind (public policies, transportation strategies …). This report shows the diversity of viewpoints and lenses behind the many evaluation and ranking models available today to feed new urban and territorial agendas.

The idea with the High Quality of Societal Life Index was not to create another metric but to propose a novel comprehensive framework to operationalize the 15-minute city model (and 30-minute territory adaptation), which in essence is based on four core principles : first ecology -for a green and sustainable city ; second proximity -to live with reduced distances to essential activities -third solidarity: to nurture caring relationships between people and final participation -to actively involve citizens in the transformation of their neighbourhood. Percentage of population with a disposable income below the 60% of national median disposable income Decrease in poverty rates (national powerty line) due to transfers and taxes (5)

CONCLUSION

Rooms per person

Percentage of population satisfied with efforts to deal with poverty Change in cooling degree-days needed to maintain an average building indoor temperature of 22 degree Celcisus, from 1970Celcisus, from -1984Celcisus, from to 2004Celcisus, from -2018 Cooling degree-days needed to maintain an average building indoor temperature of 22 degree Celsius,

2004-2018

Change in heating degree-days needed to maintain an average building indoor temperature of 15.5 degree Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Criteria for inclusion in international rankings -Lee Kuan Yew World City Prize

TABLE OF FIGURES AND LIST OF TABLES

List of Images

List of Tables

The winners of the World Smart City Awards in 2020 -Fira de Barcelona We believe the central urban question is no longer how to design a "Smart City" but how to repare Special thanks to our HQSL projects partners:

List of Images

  INTRODUCTION I/ EXISTING APPROACHES TO MEASURING QUALITY OF LIFE 1. The main indicators used by the international community1.1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 1.2. Human Development Index (HDI) 1.3. Gross National Happiness (GNH) 1.4. Sustainable Well-Being Index (SWBI) 2. OECD indicators 2.1. Better Life Index 2.2. Statistical atlas of regions and cities 2.3. SDG measurement tool 2.4. World Cities Comparative Report 2.5. Methodology for measuring Smart Cities 2.6. Urban Barometer of Inequalities in well-being 3. European Union indicators 4. City rankings 4.1. The first rankings in the 1970s 4.2. The Places Rated Almanac and the Mercer ranking 4.3. Quality of life in Boyd Cohen's Smart City Wheel 4.4. The Happy Citizen Hexagon by Rob Adams and Boyd Cohen 4.5. Major international rankings 4.6 Ranking of French towns and villages

  Director at Chaire ETI Research team IAE Paris Sorbonne Business School, University Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne

9

  of the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress, p.7 The Human Development Index (HDI) was developed by experts of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) as a complement to GDP in the early 1980s. It gives an account of human development by a measure that is not limited to economic development and that apprehends a level of individual and collective well-being integrating the dimensions of education and health. It thus provides a better understanding of quality of life by combining GDP with other more qualitative data. It synthesises three sets of data: Health/longevity: measured by life expectancy at birth. This indirectly measures the satisfaction of basic material needs : safe food, clean water, decent housing, good hygiene, medical care.

Figure 1

 1 Figure 1 HDI development -United Nations Development Programme

Figure 2

 2 Figure 2 Human Development Index 2017 -UNDP | Map: OurWorldInData

Figure 3

 3 Figure 3 Presentation of the indicators used for the HDI2 -Aurélien BOUTAUD, Terr(e)itoires https://www.aurm.org/uploads/media/ed4f1b1e4aa0abc759748feaecdc0013.pdf

Figure 4

 4 Figure 4 Distribution of regions in metropolitan France according to the HDI2 -Aurélien BOUTAUD Terr(e)itoires

Figure 5

 5 Figure 5 Better Life Index calculation -OECD, http://www.oecd.org/fr/statistiques/mesurer-bien-etre-et-progres.htm

TheFigure 7

 7 Figure 7 Indicators for the city of Paris -OECD

Figure 8 Figure 9

 89 Figure 8 Life satisfaction by degree of urbanisation, -OECD, Cities in the World. A New Perspective on Urbanization, p 42

Figure 12

 12 Figure 12 Quality of life fields and themes -Assessing the Quality of Life of Europe's Cities, 1998.

Figure 13

 13 Figure 13 Cities and suburbs statistics -Eurostat, 2015

Figure 17 Figure 15 Figure 16

 171516 Figure 17The Swiss Smart City Wheel -Boyd COHEN

Figure 18

 18 Figure 18 The human Smart City: concepts and issues -Boyd COHEN & Rob ADAMS

  The winner receives an award certificate, a medal, and a prize of S $300,000, sponsored by the Keppel Corporation. The winning cities are Bilbao (2010), New York City (2012), Suzhou (2014),Medellin (2016), Seoul (2018), 2020, 2022.

  des Agences d'Urbanisme (FNAU), in partnership with France Urbaine, the Association des Communalités de France (AdCF) and the Agence Nationale de la Cohésion des Territoires (ANCT) have developed Métroscope, a tool that allows the dynamics of the 22 French metropolises to be deciphered. Métroscope analyses four metropolitan functions: taxation, higher education and research, employment and housing. Its contribution is also the study of the quality of life of territories.

Figure 19

 19 Figure 19 Extract from the metropolis profiles -Metroscope 2020

  An online Livability Index has been developed by the AARP Institute for Public Policy in the United States. It measures the quality of life in American city neighbourhoods, based on data on housing, neighbourhood, transport, environment, health, engagement, and equal opportunities. The values obtained in each category are combined into a category score. These scores are then averaged to create a liveability score between 0 and 100 (Fig. 21).

FigureFigure 21

 21 Figure 20 Logo -Citta Slow

(

  IMI) audit tool 27 by the start-up State of Place. It quantifies the walkability of a city and the quality of existing urban spaces. It also enables the projection of scenarios for improving an area, particularly in terms of its pedestrian accessibility. The IMI was set up in 2003-2005 to objectively measure urban elements that have an impact on physical activity. 27Example of an urban space evaluation by the platform, followed by an improvement scenario (fig.22).

Figure 22

 22 Figure 22 Screenshots of State of Place -https://www.stateofplace.co and State of Place Demo video

Figure 27 Figure 23 Figure 26

 272326 Figure 27 Participatory sound map of Brussels -http://www.bna-bbot.be/brusselssoundmap/

Figure 28

 28 Figure 28 Map of Aucard Island -Arthur HAOUY, Polytech Tours

  AND CITY PORTRAITS: A PROPOSAL FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT Jirí Pánek, Emotional Maps: Participatory Crowdsourcing of Citizens' Perceptions of Their Urban Environment. Cartographic Perspectives (No. 91), 2018. (https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/229652517.pdf) The doughnut theory, applied to the city, offers new perspectives for rethinking urban development models in the service of social needs and ecology. From a post-Covid19 economic recovery perspective, cities represent a fertile ground for the implementation of the doughnut model. Some cities in Europe and the United States 34 are already experimenting with this new systemic and holistic approach to urban policymaking. They are using the city portrait tool 35 or Thriving Portrait City, a transformative action tool derived from the doughnut concept, piloted by the Thriving Cities Initiative in Amsterdam, Philadelphia, and Portland. The use of this tool opens up a process of creating a development vision for the city, aiming at prosperity and well-being, locally and globally, for its inhabitants and for the planet. This analytical approach allows:

Figure 29 Figure 30

 2930 Figure 29The doughnut concept -Kate RAWORTH, Doughnut Economics

From

  this question, the evaluation and analysis are carried out through these four frameworks of reflection: social/local (1), ecological/local (2), ecological/global (3), social/global (4). 42 41 WHITE PAPER N°3In this process, the question of pre-existing official targets and the definition of prosperity for each city arises. Existing targets and indicators and pre-existing priorities were identified and categorised according to their scope, purpose, objective, and target date. The most relevant indicators were selected in a qualitative way and integrated into the sixteen sub-dimensions of the local/social category.Source of indicators and data used:

Figure 31 Figure 32

 3132 Figure 31 Intricacy between local and social dimensions -Doughnuteconomics.org

h e a

  lt h p e a c e & ju s ti c e p o l i t i c a l v o i c e w a t e r h o u s i n g s o c i a l e q u i t y dive rsit y e q u a li ty in fo od c o n n e c ti v it y

Figure 33

 33 Figure 33 Indicators and themes -World Council on City Data

Figure 36

 36 Figure 36 Air quality indices in Europe and Asia Minor -World Air Quality Index.

Figure 35

 35 Figure 35 Map interface for discovering the ecoregions created by Resolve -NGO Resolve (https://ecoregions.appspot.com/)

Figure 37 Figure 38

 3738 Figure 37The ecological and global dimensions -World Council on City Data

Figure 39

 39 Figure 39 Urban forms and their resources -Global Initiative for resource Efficient Cities

Figure 40 Figure 41

 4041 Figure 40 Global and social dimensions -World Council on City Data

Figure 42

 42 Figure 42 City portrait -Amsterdam City Portrait, The Amsterdam City Doughnut

  The concept of the 15-Minute City and the 30-Minute Territory, popularised by Professor Carlos Moreno at the IAE Paris Sorbonne based Research Lab

Figure 43

 43 Figure 43 City portraits in the four dimensions: local, social, global and ecological -Amsterdam City Portrait, The Amsterdam City Doughnut

Figure 44

 44 Figure 44 The 6 social functions Model of the 15-Minute City Concept-Chaire ETI .

  Within the framework of the implementation of the 15-Minute City and the 30-Minute Territory, the quality of life is taken into account in both a spatial and temporal perimeter. It is apprehended through an objective of High Quality of Societal Life induced by the proximity of the six essential social functions, crossed with an objective of well-being, sociability, and sustainability. Faced with the absence of an adequate indicator, Chaire ETI researchers have undertaken the development of a method for measuring the quality of life that a territory provides through the distribution and diversity of services it offers to its inhabitants within chosen accessibility time frames. This virtuous model of urban development is the convergence of three concepts: chrono-urbanism, which refers to the study of the temporal dimension of urban planning. By analysing the built environment in terms of flows, movements, and time-use and more broadly how time affects urban form, infrastructure, and social interactions, chrono-urbanism seeks to integrate the time variable in the same way as the spatial one in the study and design of urban spaces.

  Elaborate a detailed geographic representation of existing urban and territorial services and amenities by access time modalities (i.e.: functional coverage), Define "urban proximities" for different user profiles based on gender, demographic, economic, physical, or social characteristics, Calculate and compare the Quality of Societal Life score by modelling the level of accessibility and diversity of services and equipment provided at different scales: neighbourhood, city or territory, Develop use cases for this methodology including material for stakeholders participatory activities These elements represent the scientific corpus of the 15-Minute City or 30-Minute Territory methodology. A dedicated digital platform was created to enable geodata calculation, HQSL scoring, comparison and visualization. A set of participatory and creative tools was designed to engage and empower stakeholders to envision life style and practices change Part 2 of this white paper presents the methodology and related tools. Objectives of the research work carried out by Chaire ETI : Minute City and the 30-Minute Territory models are structured by an ontology. It constitutes the structured set of terms and concepts that specify this urban model. Six social functions are found at the root and are then specified by sub-categories (tab. 5).

  step makes it possible to specify what anchors a function on a territory, what makes it effective. The following ontology is obtained (fig. 46).

Figure 45 Figure 49

 4549 Figure 45 Objectives of the 15-Minute City -Chaire ETI

Figure 50

 50 Figure 50 Comparison between isochron and equidistance -Chaire ETI

Figure 51

 51 Figure 51Summary of the methodology followed -Chaire ETI

Figure 52 Figure 53

 5253 Figure 52 Screenshot of the digital platform homepage -Chaire ETI, SGevT and Inetum

Figure 54 Figure 55 Figure 57 Figure 56 Figure 58 Figure 59

 545557565859 Figure 54 Screenshot of the 15-Minute City setting -Chaire ETI

Figure 63 Figure 61

 6361 Figure 63 Adding gridded population data (a), visualising population data alone (b), adding communal contours (c) -Chaire ETI

Figure 65 Figure 64 Figure 68 Figure 67

 65646867 Figure 65 a, b and c. Application of filters based on population (a) or HQSL score (b) and map filtering (c) -Chaire ETI

Figure 66

 66 Figure 66 Methodology of the portfolio of services approach -Chaire ETI

Figure 69

 69 Figure 69 Portfolio of services Analysis | HQSL (High Quality of Societal Life) scores for the proximity level -classic representation (a) and displaying only populated areas (b) -the intermediate level (c) and the upper level (d) -Chaire ETI

Figures

  Figures (c) and (d) show the car reach potential to all intermediate and centrality services in 15 and 30 minutes respectively. The roads network and infrastructure are enabling this well-functioning accessibility coverage thanks to a highway (A26). The city of Bethune does however concentrate some centrality functions (administrative, cultural, transportation).

Figure 70 Figure 71

 7071 Figure 70 Local organic farms distribution amongst other activities -Chaire ETI

  It is an engagement tool to help people self-reflect on their daily routines and the spatial and temporal dimensions of their lifestyles at a city, territory, or neighbourhood scale. Participants are invited either to use fictitious personae or to share and map their personal weekly activities on a canvas structured around the six social functions (organised by distance to their home, transportation mode and frequency).

Figure 72 Figure 73

 7273 Figure 72 Proximities Workshop poster from the World Urban Forum (WUF11) in Katowice, Poland (June 2022)

  This workshop is the first open-source tool of a series of global material that Chaire ETI researchers are designing to support the growing worldwide community of project leaders, academics, city residents and leaders who want to implement the pillars of "urban proximities". Over the past 2 years we have led workshops in multiple countries, languages and projects contexts (to collect users input or to align stakeholders). Reach out to us if you want more information.

Figure 74

 74 Figure 74 Proximities Fresk dynamic -credit : Seunghoon HAN / Chaire-ETI

  s20 de revenu disponible Part de revenu détenue par les 20% les plus riches / part dé par les 20% les plus pauvres Logement Accessibilité financière du logement Revenu disponible restant après les dépenses de logement Par de la population urbaine vivant à 10 min de marche ou d'un espace vert Part de la population > seuil OMS Qualité de l'environnement Accès aux espaces verts Valeur moyenne sur une échelle graduée de 0 à 10 Bien-être subjectif Sécurité Satisfaction à l'égard de la vie Exposition à la pollution atmosphérisque Part de la population déclarant avoir éprouvé d'avantage sentiments négatifs que positif Bilan émotionnel négatif

  Percentage of people with access to at least one food shop within 15 minutes of walking Productivity (Gross Value Added per worker) in agriculture, forestry and fishing (ISIC rev4) (in constant 2010 USD PPP) Change in cropland (from 1992 to 2015, percentage points) Cropland as a percentage of total area in 2015 Mortality rates for the 0 to 4 years old population (deaths per 10 000 people) Infant mortality rate (number of deaths of children one year old or younger per 1 000 live births) Satisfaction with life as a whole (from 0 to 10) Life expectancy at birth (years) Transport-related mortality rates (deaths per 10 000 people) Percentage of people satisfied with the availability or quality of healthcare Percentage of people with access to at least one hospital within 20 minutes of driving Active physicians rate (active physicians per 1 000 people) Hospital beds rate (hospital beds per 10 000 people) Percentage of population from 15 to 19 years old enrolled in public or private institutions Percentage of people with access to at least one school within 15 minutes of public transport Percentage of people with access to at least one school within 20 minutes of walking Percentage of early leavers from education and training for the 18 to 24 years old population Percentage of population from 25 to 64 years old with at least tertiary education Percentage of population from 25 to 64 years old participating in education and training Gender gap in the rate of early leavers (male-female, percentage points) Gender gap in the rate of young population (from 18 to 24 years old) not in education, employment or training (NEET) (female-male, percentage points) Percentage of population that believe women are treated with respect and dignity in their eountry Gender gap in employment rate (male-female, percentage points) Gender gap in part-time employment incidence (female-male, percentage points) Female reasearch and development personnel as a percentage of total research and development employment Percentage of population satisfied with quality of water Change in water bodies (from 1992 to 2015, percentage points) Water bodies as percentage of total area in 2015 Percentage of total electricity production that comes from renewable sources Percentage of total electricity production that comes from coal Percentage of total electricity production that comes from fossil fuels (natural gas and oil, excluding coal) Percentage of total electricity production that comes from nuclear power Annual growth rate of real GDP per capita (%, from to 2008 to 2016-17) Employment in knowledge-intensive services as a percentage of total employment Annual growth rate of real GVA per worker (%, from to 2008 to 2016-17) Percentage of labour force with at least secondary education Firm creation rate (%) Employment rate associated to newly created firms (%) 3-year survival rate of firms (%) Net firm creation rate (%) (firm birth rate minus firm death rate) Unemployment rate (%) Gender gap in unemployment rate (female-male, percentage points) Long term unemployment incidence (%) Part-time employment incidence (%) Employment rate (%) Percentage of young population (from 18 to 24 years old) not in education, employment or training (NEET) Employment rate of the foreign-born (%) Unemployment rate of the foreign-born (%) Over-qualification rates for the foreign-born (%) Gender gap in employment rate for the foreign-born (male-female, percentage points) Percentage of foreign-born among the total Performance of public transport network, ratio between accessibility and proximity to people Performance of car transport network, ratio between accessibility and proximity to people Percentage of population satisfied with roads and highways Productivity (Gross Value Added per worker) in Manufacture (ISIC rev4) (in constant 2010 USD PPP) Gross Value Added (GVA) in Manufacture (ISIC rev4) as a percentage of GDP Manufacturing employment as a percentage of total employment Employment in high-technology manufacturing as a percentage of total manufacturing employment Patent applications (PCT) per 1 000 000 people Percentage of labour force with at least tertiary education Research and Development expenditure as a proportion of GDP (%) Research and Development personnel as a share of total employment Gini index of disposable income (after taxes and transfers) (from 0 to 1) Ratio between average disposable income of top and bottom quintiles Median disposable income per equivalised household (in USD PPP, constant prices of 2010) Growth in disposable income per capita (%, from 2008 to 2016-17) Average disposable income per equivalised household (in USD PPP, constant prices of 2010) Percentage of population with a disposable income below the 60% of regional median disposable income Percentage of population population that believes their place of residence is a good place to live for racial and ethnic minorities Decrease in Gini index due to transfers and taxes (%) Decrease in poverty rates (regional poverty line) due to transfers and taxes (%) Percentage of house holds expenses dedicated to housing costs Percentage of polulation satisfied with affordability of housing Percentage of population satisfied with the quality of public transportation systems Performance of public transport network, ratio between accessibility and proximity to hospitals Performance of car transport network, ratio between accessibility and proximity to hospitals Difference between built-up area growth rate and population growth rate (percentage points) Exposure to PM2.5µg/m3, pupulation weightes (microgrmas per cubic metre) Percentage of population satisfied with quality of air Percentage of people exposed to more than 10µg/m3 (micrograms per cubic metre) of PM2.5 µg/m3 population with access to at least 1 hectare of green urban areas (parks) and forests within 15 minutes of walking Percentage of population with access to at least one recreational opportunity (theatres, museums, cinemas, stadiums or cultural attractions) within 15 minutes Municipal waste rate (kilos per capita) Number of motor road vehicles per 100 people Percentage of population satisfied with efforts to preserve the environment CO2 emissions per electricity production (in tons of CO2 equivalent per gigawatt hours)

  étatiques empêchant d'exploiter des réseaux publics à bandes Lois faciliant le vote anticipé, absent ou postal Commission locales des droits de l'himme Lois locales anti-discrimination des personnes LGBT Plans nationaux et locaux pour la qualité de seniors Coefficient de Gini Nb d'emplois par personne dans l'effectif de la zone métropolitaine Taux d'étudiants diplômés Diversité des groupes d'âge de la population par rapport à la population nationale Nations des obligations générales AA administrations locales Salaire minimum de l'Etat > au salaire fédéral et ajusté en fonction des augment coût

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 71727374 Figure 71

  our cities and territories by rethinking their organization through the lenses of Proximities and Quality of Societal Life. Our work explores new ways to fight climate change, social fragmentation, and community exclusion in cities and territories. We have done extensive research on the question of short distance and quality of life. This body of knowledge is called "the 15-minute city" & "30-minute territory" models. Chaire ETI researchers want to thank their financial partners for their ongoing support: Digital platform Proximities Fresk the INETUM team, more specifically Jean François Gaudy and Lionel Bry & the SGeVT team, more specifically Arnaud André and Pauline Crombette the City Lab of Nantes Atlantique School of Design, more specifically Florent Orsoni & Anaïs Jacquard

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 OF

	5. Measuring French metropolitan dynamics	29
	5.1. National methodologies for comparative purposes	29
	5.2. More territorial methodologies and projects	30
	6. Indicators created by territorial ecosystems	32
	6.1. The Cittaslow network and indicators	32
	6.2. The Livability Index	32
	6.3. State of Place, an example of a private initiative to measure quality of life	33
	through walkability
	II/ BEYOND FIGURES, A QUALITATIVE AND SENSITIVE ANALYSIS OF TERRITORIES	35
		35
		36

16 17 CURRENT WELL-BEING RESOURCES FOR FUTURE WELL-BEING Income and Wealth Work and Job Quality Housing Health Knowledge and Skills Environment Quality Natural Capital Economic Capital Human Capital Social Capital Subjective Well-being Safety Work-life Balance Social Connections Civil Engagement Averages Inequalities between groups Inequalities between top and bottom performers Deprivations Stocks Risk factors Flows Resilience Key dimensions How we measure them Key dimensions How we measure them Figure 6 State of well-being in France in 2018 -OECD

19 20 Example of Paris: LIFE SATISFACTION BY DEGREE OF URBANISATION, INCOME GROUP AND GENDER DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FUTURE AND CURRENT LIFE SATISFACTION

	https://www.oecd-local-sdgs.org/
	https://www.oecdregionalwellbeing.org/

ENERGY, WATER AND WASTE CONNECTIVITY MOBILITY JOBS AND FIRMS HOUSING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND SAFETY EDUCATION AND SKILLS E-GOVERNMENT INCLUSION SUSTAINABILITY RESILIENCE WELL-BEING

	Life satisfaction	Satisfaction with housing
	Eudaimonia	Feeling of safety
	Positive and negative affects	Social connections
	Etc.	Trust in others
		Etc.
	Education and health care	Age and gender
	Public transport	Education level
	Public spaces	Employment status
	Access to culture and leisure activities	Place of work/school
	Etc.	Income level
		Etc.

SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING SELF-REPORTED DATA ON OTHER DIMENSIONS OF THE OECD WELL-BEING FRAMEWORK SATISFACTION WITH RECENT EXPERIENCES OF GOVERNMENT SERVICES DEMOGRAPHIC CHARATERISTICS PRIVATE SECTOR GOVERNMENTS CITY RESIDENTS

		WHITE PAPER N°3
	19	20

TABLE OF QUALITY-OF-LIFE MEASUREMENT INDICATORS Figure 14 Table of quality-of-life measurement indicators by different researchers between 1973 and 1990 -Compilation

The measure of quality of life is based on socio-economic dimensions and neighbourhood characteristics (housing, services, local facilities, places of consumption, democratic life, social life). Based on income and physical indicators of the living space, Liu arrives at a ranking of 240 metropolitan areas according to five general categories of well-being: economic status, political performance, environmental conditions, education and health, and social issues. According to

  , that of Smith in The Geography of Social Well-being in the United States: An Introduction to Territorial Social Indicators(1973) and that of Liu on Quality of life indicators in the United States. BLOOMER in

	Urban Affairs Annual Review (1969), Smith's study in The Geography of
	Social Well Being in the United States: An Introduction to Territorial Social
	Indicators (1973) and Liu's study on Quality-of-life indicators in U.S.
	metropolitan areas: a statistical analysis (1976).
	their results, metropolitan areas are
	classified into three normative categories: poor, adequate, good, excellent,
	and outstanding. The arbitrariness of the method, the choice of indicators
	and variables has been criticised.
	The following table shows the different indicators taken into account in the
	major academic research of the 20th century (fig. 14)

Table 1

 1 Criteria for inclusion in international rankings -Lee Kuan Yew World City Prize

Table 2

 2 The winners of the World Smart City Awards in 2020 -Fira de Barcelona

Table 3

 3 Main criteria -"Association des villes et villages où il fait bon vivre" in France

Table 4

 4 Local components of French metropolises -Metroscope

	Rouen		Redevelopment of riverbanks
			in city centres, improving
			the relationship with river spaces
	Nancy		Circular economy projects	Local waste prevention programme
				and PLUiHD, associations (Repair Cafés),
				Maison du Vélo,
	Saint-Etienne Impact of	Specific study protocol for
		urban planning	the analysis of the impacts of
		on health	planning and development choices
			on the well-being and health
			of populations.
	Nancy	Generational approach	Expertise in "ageing well"
		to urban planning	neighbourhoods to target
			public action

Identification of neighbourhoods and mapping of essential services accessible to senior pedestrians.

Verification through a sensitive user expertise approach

Public transport operator database, Sirene database and CCI commercial rent observatory pedestrian access to recreational areas, the level of degradation of the habitat.

  Tableau de bord de l'efficacité énergétique Plans nationaux et locaux pour la qualité de seniors Nb d'épiceries et marchés dans un rayon Nb de parcs dans un rayon d'1/2 mile

							WHITE PAPER N°3
	QUARTIER			ENVIRONNEMENT
	Item	Sous-item	Mesure	Item	Sous-item		Mesure
	Métriques			Métriques
	Proximité des lieux d'intérêt	Accès aux épiceries et		Qualité de l'eau	Qualité de l'eau potable	% de personnes exposées à des
		marchés fermiens					pb de sacours de l'année
		Accès aux parcs		Qualité de l'air	Qualité de l'air régionale	Nb de jours de mauvais qualité de
							l'année
		Accès au bibliothèque	Nb de bibliothèques dans un rayon d'1/2 mile
					Pollution à proximité de la	% de population vivant à moins de
		Accès aux emplois par	Nb d'emplois dans un trajet de 45 mile		chaussée		200 m route à fort trafic
		transport en commun			Pollution industrielle locale	Indice de toxicité des produits
							chimique suspension dans l'air 0 à
		Accès aux emplois par	Nb d'emplois dans un trajet de 45 mile				311 000
		voiture
	Mixité fonctionnelle	Diversité des lieux d'intérêt	Diversité des emplois dans un rayon	Politiques / Stratégies
	Compacité	Densité d'activité	Nb combiné d'emplois et de personnes	Politique interdisant la déconnexion aux publics
	Sécurité	Taux decriminalité	Nb crime combinés violents et contre les 10	Plans locaux d'atténuation des risques multiples
			000 habitants
	Qualité	Taux de vacances	% de logements vacants
	Politiques / Stratégies
	Programmes nationaux et locaux de sous			SANTE
	développement axé sur le transport en Program		Item	Sous-item	Mesure
	Plans nationaux et locaux pour la qualité seniors		Métriques
				Santé de la population	Prévalence du tabagisme	Taux de tabagisme estimé
	TRANSPORTS				Prévalence de l'obésité Accès à des lieux d'exercice	Taux d'obéstié estimé % de personnes vivant à moins d'1/2 mile
	Item	Sous-item	Mesure			et 1 mile desinstallations de loisir, 3 mile
						zones rurales
				Accès aux soins	Zone de pénurie de	Indice de 0 à 25
					professionnels de snaté
				Qualité des soins	Taux d'hospitalisation évitable	Nb d'admission à l'hôpital pour des malade
						auraient pu être traitée en soins ambulance
						% de patiens qui donnent une note de
					Satisfaction des patients	hôpitaux de la région
				Politiques / Stratégies
				Lois nationales et locales d'interdiction dans les lieux publics
				Plans nationaux et locaux pour la qualité seniors
				ENGAGEMENT CIVIC ET SOCIAL
				Item	Sous-item	Mesure
				Métriques
				Accès internet	Coût et vitesse du haut débit	% de résidents ayant accès au service
						haut faible coût
	109						110

https://www.cittaslow.org

103 WHITE PAPER N°3

105 WHITE PAPER N°3

Figure 46 Development of the 6 social functions -Chaire ETI Parental nurseries Associative nurseries Third places Fab labs After-school sports activities Summer internships Parents' association Co ee shops Bars Restaurants Associations, humanitarian associations Civic service Places of worship Green spaces and squares Religion, spirituality Children stays in the municipalities CARING Air quality Noise / light / atmospheric pollution Health insurance Eco-friendly hospitals Maternal and child protection LIVING WORKING SUPPLYING LEARNING ENJOYING Pharmacies Hospital medical services Non-hospital medical services Non-hospital paramedical Opticians, hearing care professionals Vaccination center Screening center Health auxiliaries Fitness rooms Sustainable planet Well-being Sociability Sustainable planet Well-being Sociability Sustainable planet Well-being Sociability Sports associations Swimming pools Sports elds Yoga (clubs, classes) Climbing spots Leisure bases, nautical bases Swimming spots Meditation (associations, centers) Plogging De brillators Fire ghters Number of citizens trained in rst aid Fire brigade intervention First aid centre (call centers) Nursery schools Digital institutions Learning center Distance learning Elementary schools, middle schools, private and public high schools Driving schools Leisure centers Size of middle schools and high schools Number of places for young children by type of care Number of pupils in primary and secondary schools Successful completion of the middle school and high school graduation exams Libraries Studies (extracurricular time) Adult training center/institutions Specialized education center (disabilities...) Facilities and services for disabled adults Priority education Vocational retraining center Municipal courses for adults Orientation center Reintegration assistance associations School support associations Movie theaters Media libraries Game libraries Libraries Bookstores Exhibitions, museums Theatres, shows, operas, concerts Sports events Greening Shared gardens Urban playgrounds Municipal adult education courses Orientation center Reintegration assistance associations School support associations Surface area of accommodations Parks and gardens Urban density Purchase price (land value) Rental (rental value) Lighting (which can be modulated) Security (police station) Directive 96/82/EC (proximity to an industrial site...) Sunshine (weather/urban density/built height) Local services (laundry/dry cleaning...) Broadband network, 4G and + Home care services Shared accommodation Shared bike stations Bike garages Public transport station Neighbors' Day Community centers Neighborhood associations Nursing homes Student accommodation High environmental quality housing Social housing (low-cost housing, supervised rents) Energy strainers Energy performance of housing Water / energy consumption Autoconsumption of energy Energy cheque / Energy renovation grants LEZ (Low-emission Zone) Safety Noise pollution / sound insulation Heat island control (ALBEDO) Places and types of employment Working-age adults Active job seekers Self-employed workers Teleworking Home-based professionals (home help, housekeeping, childminding) Bank Services O ce buildings Warehouse Industrial site Service relays Coworking Incubators Associations Workshops CO2 footprint of daily commute Modes of transport Social and solidarity economy Carpooling areas Pay-and-ride Bakeries Butcheries Markets Craftsmen Shops / supermarkets Organic shops Professional home service Electrical and gas services Water services Telecoms District heating Farmers organisations Repair café Yard sales Departmental Registry Prefecture of the department Special taxation department of the department Corporate taxation department of the department Family allowance fund Town hall of the municipality Tobacconist Post o ce Solidarity grocery store Urban agriculture Agricultural zone Solidarity grocery store Urban agriculture Agricultural zone Short-circuit producer Bulk grocery store Compost collection Collection of waste and bulky items Recycling

Figure 48 The challenges of the "Living" function -Chaire ETI Data are collected and analysed at the IRIS level⁴⁹, if possible. They are then analysed and processed. At this stage, a spatialised representation is obtained and constitutes the first form of spatialisation of functions in the project area. However, this is not sufficient to illustrate the quality of life in the study area.

French statistical spatial unit obtained by dividing the territory into homogeneous grids within which the population is between 1,800 and 5,000 inhabitants according to INSEE. to specify the ontology previously explained and to define quantifiable and measurable elements, in order to make the HQSL matrix a tool for territorial perception and prospective.

To this end, within the framework of the experimental project "Paris North Gates" 47 led by Chaire ETI and its data expert partner GFI (now Inetum) in 2019, an in-depth needs analysis study was conducted.

Specific survey methods, including participatory workshops and structured interviews with various stakeholders led to the understanding and mapping out of daily activities and individual routines along the 6 social functions model. Personae or "typical user profiles" were developed to conceptualize various patterns of behaviours and needs. From these insights, variables and hypotheses were defined, which were translated into data sets. This is open data, produced locally by private or public actors, and relevant for the analysis 48 . Some data held by private actors may be necessary to acquire a more detailed understanding of urban realities (e.g., transport) and constitute a challenge for partnerships.

These initial databases were reprocessed, enriched, and classified in order to obtain a list of variables for each function, which were further developed on the example of the following one (Living). It should be noted that they were not ranked in order of importance, as the weighting will be done at a later stage of the research.

SOCIETAL

Examples of indicators on stakeholder engagement

Dimensions Indicator

Inclusiveness and equity

Clarity of goals, transparency and accountability

Capacity and information

Efficiency and effectiveness

Institutionalisation, Structuring and integration

Informed and transparent identification and selection of stakeholders to be involved in the Percentage of population that feel safe walking alone at night around the area they live Transport-related mortality rates (deaths per 100 000 people) Percentage of population that have been assualted or mugged in the previous 12 months

People satisfied with their city (%) People with someone to rely on in case of need (%)

Satisfaction with life as a whole (from 0 to 10)

Gini index of disposable (after taxes and transfers) (from 0 to 1)

Ratio between average disposable income of top and bottom quintiles

Gender gap in employment rate (male-female, percentage points) Female research and development personnel as a percentage of total research and development employment People that believes their place of residence is a good place to live for gay or lesbian people (%)

Migrant gap in employment rate (native-foreign, percentage points) People that believes their place of residence is a good place to live for migrant (%) People that believes their place of residence is a good place to live for racial and ethnic minorities (%)