Although short food supply chains (SFSCs) have existed in Europe for a long time, they have been undergoing a process of renewal and reconfiguration in recent decades, due to consumer expectations and concerns about food quality, producers' innovative organisational initiatives and the development of food policies.

The majority of studies found in the literature explain their revival or emergence in specific countries or places, assuming different conceptions, and/or describe new types of SFSCs or innovative local initiatives around SFSCs. These studies pointed out how SFSCs are often associated with economic, social and/or environmental motivations or values in line with improved sustainability but rarely provided sufficient data to confirm these impacts. Other studies directly addressed this issue, by either focusing on one sustainability pillar or incorporating different dimensions.

These studies, mostly developed in EU research and innovation projects or in national multi-actor projects, mostly relied on a qualitative case study approach, and less frequently on large surveys and quantitative data, those ones remaining collected mostly at farm level. These studies tend to agree on the social benefits of SFSCs, and less on their economic and environmental impacts, the latter two dimensions typically eliciting outcomes that are more heterogeneous. Yet, suitable methodologies and data to evaluate behavioral changes over time (e.g. conventional farms or consumers entering SFSCs) and to assess SFSCs at the chain and territory levels are still lacking. Moreover, while the social, economic, and environmental dimensions have been the major focus of sustainability assessment, the health/nutrition dimension remains under-explored. The internal and external governance of SFSCs is mainly addressed in the frame of urban food policies trying to conciliate sustainability-oriented goals.

In addition to highlighting focused research needs, the state of play proposes two main research and innovation priorities: i) the role of SFSCs in food systems transition, and how it particularly relates to the up-scaling of SFSCs, and to a larger extent, the impact of SFSCs up-scaling on the transition of long chains; ii) the contribution of SFSCs to food systems resilience, taking into consideration the actual and possible complementarity or competition between short and long chains.

It also suggests: i) the development of a network of experts at the European level to conduct a qualitative and quantitative meta-analysis of case studies addressing sustainability dimensions, in order to propose a systemic impact assessment of SFSCs; ii) the implementation of appropriate and innovative training tools, devices and methods to build the skills needed for SFSC development and performance; and iii) the inclusion of SFSCs in European and national statistics.

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this literature review i is to provide a state of play on the concept of short food supply chains (SFSCs) and to highlight priority research needs for a future research and innovation programme.

In the first section, the definitions of SFSCs will be reviewed, followed by a discussion of their sustainability impacts and a final section examining the governance of SFSCs.

The state of play will end with a conclusion highlighting the main research needs, amidst the current context of a global health crisis in which SFSCs become more widespread.

Given the vast literature on SFSCs, this review mainly considers the most important and recent papers spanning, for the most part, European and North American publications written in English and French and issued from both academic journals and research and innovation projects (EU FP7, H2020).

For the purpose of this review, only studies from developed countries were considered.

DEFINING AND CHARACTERIZING SFSCS

1.1 The different conceptions of SFSCs Amid a global food system widely acknowledged as unsustainable (IPES, 2016;FAO, 2017), SFSCs have garnered considerable research attention in recent decades, especially since the sanitary and health crisis that marked the agri-food industry at the turn of the twenty-first century, also known as "mad cow disease".

At the time, SFSCs were first captured under the emerging "umbrella" literature on local/alternative food systems or networks in different contexts, though an important distinction between European and North American perspectives is underlined [START_REF] Goodman | The quality 'turn' and alternative food practices: Reflections and agenda[END_REF]. In Europe, where some types of traditional SFSCs (e.g. on-farm sales, open-air markets) were already integral to consumer food procurement practices, 'alternative food systems' were initially regarded as a vector for reviving rural economies and a response to consumer demand for high-quality food [START_REF] Goodman | Rural Europe redux? Reflections on alternative agro-food networks and paradigm change[END_REF].

On the other hand, a more politicized narrative prevailed in the United States and Canada where the presence of traditional SFSCs was much less pronounced [START_REF] Deverre | Les systèmes agroalimentaires alternatifs. Une revue de travaux anglophones en sciences sociales[END_REF]. In Eastern Europe, the alternative food narrative emerged about a decade later, alongside already-present non-market based food procurement practices (e.g. home gardens), which still play a fundamental socioeconomic role at the individual and community levels [START_REF] Balázs | Community-building through food self-provisioning in Central and Eastern Europe: An analysis through the food as commons framework[END_REF].

Amidst this novel food system discourse, SFSCs (re)appear as a response to heightened consumer demand for high-quality, transparent and local food with known origins of production [START_REF] Goodman | Rural Europe redux? Reflections on alternative agro-food networks and paradigm change[END_REF][START_REF] Renting | Understanding alternative food Networks: Exploring the role of short food supply chains in rural development[END_REF][START_REF] Kneafsey | Short food supply chains and local food systems in the EU. A state of play of their socio-economic characteristics[END_REF], seeking to reduce information asymmetry and opacity between producers and consumers, the latter regarded as typical of conventional food procurement channels [START_REF] Nicolosi | Biotechnologies, alimentary fears and the orthorexic society[END_REF].

The last two decades have witnessed a proliferation of SFSCs in Western Europe, Canada and beyond [START_REF] Chaffotte | Vente directe et circuits courts : Évaluations, définitions et typologie[END_REF][START_REF] Kneafsey | Short food supply chains and local food systems in the EU. A state of play of their socio-economic characteristics[END_REF][START_REF] Mundler | The contributions of short food supply chains to territorial development: A study of three Quebec territories[END_REF].

Operating mainly in urban and peri-urban settings [START_REF] Aubry | Le développement des circuits courts et l'agriculture périurbaine: Histoire, évolution en cours et questions actuelles[END_REF][START_REF] Opitz | Contributing to food security in urban areas: Differences between urban agriculture and peri-urban agriculture in the Global North[END_REF], SFSCs respond to an increasing desire of urban "food citizens" to access secure and sustainable food [START_REF] Sonnino | The new geography of food security: Exploring the potential of urban food strategies[END_REF], and align with political efforts geared towards the localisation or re-localisation of food and agricultural systems [START_REF] Kneafsey | Short food supply chains and local food systems in the EU. A state of play of their socio-economic characteristics[END_REF].

The notion of SFSCs, relative to 'alternative food systems', has been more commonly used since 2010, owing to its inclusion in a few public policies.

Conceptually, a SFSC captures two fundamental elements: the number of intermediaries between chain actors, and spatial limitations within a certain geographic area [START_REF] Galli | Short food supply chains as drivers of sustainable development: Evidence document[END_REF].

The European IMPACT project proposed 3 types of SFSCs: face-to-face, proximate SFSCs (few intermediaries, production and sale in the same region), and spatially extended SFSCs (few intermediaries information about origin, sale out of the region) [START_REF] Marsden | Food supply chain approaches: Exploring their role in rural development[END_REF][START_REF] Renting | Understanding alternative food Networks: Exploring the role of short food supply chains in rural development[END_REF]. In practice, in Europe, the focus has been on face-to-face and proximate SFSCs. For instance, in France, in 2009, the Ministry of Agriculture officially defined SFSC or "circuit court" as a market sale of agricultural products involving, at most, one intermediary actor between the producer and the consumer, whatever the physical distance, but the State development programme has been focused on locally-to regionally-based short chains [START_REF] Chiffoleau | Les circuits courts alimentaires: Entre marché et innovation sociale[END_REF].

Since 2013, the European Commission officially recognizes SFSCs and promotes them in its rural development policy. The EU's definition combines both physical and social dimensions to delineate a SFSC as "a supply chain involving a limited number of economic operators, committed to co-operation, local economic development, and close geographical and social relations between producers, processors and consumers" (EC, 2013).

Despite their official political recognition in some contexts, there is currently no single universal conception of SFSCs, which makes comparison difficult. This is certainly associated with a shifting perception of "proximity", or a context-based understanding of "local".

Some authors have underlined that SFSCs may enact different types of proximity (geographical, relational, organised…;[START_REF] Praly | Les circuits de proximité, cadre d'analyse de la relocalisation des circuits alimentaires[END_REF]; others have stressed the difference between "local food" and "locality food" [START_REF] Brunori | Local food and alternative food networks: A communication perspective[END_REF], or locally produced food for local consumers and locally produced food for distant consumers (Fonte, 2010), distinctions which stress the complexity of trying to delimit the meaning of "local". Often, subjective, less quantifiable dimensions influence the construction of the "local" in SFSCs: these include, among others, understanding place as a socio-cultural construction [START_REF] Allen | Realizing justice in local food systems[END_REF][START_REF] Bazzani | Is local a matter of food miles or food traditions?[END_REF][START_REF] Beriss | Food: Location, location, location[END_REF], producers' [START_REF] Raton | Livrer en circuits courts: Les mobilités des agriculteurs comme révélateur des territoires alimentaires émergents[END_REF] and intermediaries' [START_REF] Grando | Short food supply chains in urban areas: Who takes the lead? Evidence from three cities across Europe[END_REF] spatial perceptions and how it affects their mobility, consumers' spatial perceptions and their impact on food procurement strategies [START_REF] Vicart | Des familles conso-motrices ? Ethnographie des mobilités alimentaires dans les pratiques d'approvisionnement en France[END_REF], and the role of knowledge-based relations between local actors [START_REF] Fonte | Knowledge, food and place. A way of producing, a way of knowing[END_REF].

In the European GLAMUR FP7 project, [START_REF] Brunori | Are Local Food Chains More Sustainable than Global Food Chains? Considerations for Assessment[END_REF] demonstrate that local and global chains, in practice, are far from being mutually exclusive or opposed. Six criteria were proposed to describe the hybrid forms that may emerge along a spectrum between two radically opposed situations depicted as "truly local" and "truly global": spatial configuration, product identity, physical distance, farm size, chain governance, and technologies and resources.

Given these more subjective parameters, more recent research has called for a mixed-methods approach for deconstructing and assessing various types of SFSCs, i.e. the consideration of both qualitative and quantitative dimensions [START_REF] Boutry | Apports de la méthode mixte pour une analyse globale de la durabilité des circuits courts[END_REF][START_REF] Gava | Linking sustainability with geographical proximity in food supply chains. An indicator selection framework[END_REF].

1.2 Three SFSCs highlighted in the literature Despite the variability in SFSC context and definitions, they have been generally divided into two overarching types: "traditional" and "neotraditional" (EPRS, 2016) or "modern" [START_REF] Mottershead | Short food supply chains[END_REF].

These modern SFSCs are significantly more present in the literature, especially farmers' markets (also called public markets in some cases),

CSA, and community gardens.

In countries in Southern and Western Europe (e.g.

Italy, France, Spain, Greece, Portugal), farmers' markets have long existed, alongside the more common, traditional open-air markets mixing at once, producers selling directly their products and reselling other products, as well as resellers selling products in short and/or long chains on other.

Conversely, they emerged on a broader scale in Anglo-Saxon and Northern European countries [START_REF] Åsebø | Farmer and consumer attitudes at farmers' markets in Norway[END_REF][START_REF] Guthrie | Farmers' markets: The small business counter-revolution in food production and retailing[END_REF][START_REF] Mceachern | Thinking locally, acting locally? Conscious consumers and farmers' markets[END_REF] during the late 1990s-early 2000s

(though some began to flourish earlier like those in the USA in 1970s), mainly as an 'alternative'

response to the dominant agro-industrial model [START_REF] Hinrichs | Embeddedness and local food systems: Notes on two types of direct agricultural market[END_REF].

A decade later, in 2010, farmers' markets boomed in Eastern Europe, following economic liberalisation [START_REF] Syrovátková | Farmers' markets' locavore challenge: The potential of local food production for newly emerged farmers' markets in Czechia[END_REF][START_REF] Spilková | Farmers' markets in Prague: A new challenge within the urban shoppingscape[END_REF]. , 2016;[START_REF] Sylla | Status and possibilities of the development of community supported agriculture in Poland as an example of short food supply chain[END_REF].

Lastly, community gardens have drawn increasing attention, especially those established by municipalities or civic associations and driven by political and/or activist aims. While some gardens address food insecurity and food sovereignty [START_REF] Clendenning | Food justice or food sovereignty? Understanding the rise of urban food movements in the USA[END_REF][START_REF] Migliore | Beyond alternative food networks: Understanding motivations to participate in orti urbani in Palermo[END_REF][START_REF] Poulsen | Cultivating citizenship, equity, and social inclusion? Putting civic agriculture into practice through urban farming[END_REF], others are less focused on food consumption per se and more on food as a vector for community-building [START_REF] Levidow | London's urban agriculture: Building community through social innovation[END_REF].

Such gardens are also renewing traditional 'food-self provisioning' systems in Eastern Europe, where they coexist with traditional home production, both with aims to cultivate food security and strengthen social cohesion [START_REF] Balázs | Food self-provisioning-the role of non-market exchanges in sustainable food supply. In book: Sustainable value chains for sustainable food systems[END_REF]2018;[START_REF] Pickard | Factors for Effectiveness of Social Innovations in Urban Agriculture: An Analysis of a Negative Case[END_REF].

New research directions

Current research, though still limited, is increasingly documenting and unpacking the innovative character of SFSCs, looking past the number of intermediaries or the physical distance in which they operate [START_REF] Chiffoleau | Social innovation in agriculture and food[END_REF][START_REF] Grando | Short food supply chains in urban areas: Who takes the lead? Evidence from three cities across Europe[END_REF]on-going H2020 SMARTCHAIN project).

In light of their immense diversity, some constituents of SFSCs remain relatively unexplored, such as the role played by intermediary actors.

The latter tend to be overlooked as just "connectors" rather than cooperators and contributors to SFSC development. Some studies have nonetheless addressed the role of artisans [START_REF] Aubrée | Coopération entre agriculteurs et artisans commerçants dans les circuits alimentaires de proximité[END_REF] and the potential role of small independent businesses [START_REF] Grando | Short food supply chains in urban areas: Who takes the lead? Evidence from three cities across Europe[END_REF][START_REF] Maltais | Petits commerces de bouche et réseaux alimentaires alternatifs: Un regard montréalais[END_REF], chefs/restaurant owners [START_REF] Salvador | Le rôle de la restauration gastronomique dans la valorisation des produits alimentaires localisés[END_REF], and distributors, namely wholesalers and retailers [START_REF] Baritaux | Les intermédiaires de la distribution dans la relocalisation des systèmes alimentaires: Perspectives de recherche[END_REF] in supporting and promoting SFSCs.

By drawing attention to the nature of intermediaries' role (that is, deconstructing who intermediaries are and how they can add -or capture -product value in SFSCs), these studies underline the need to consider them.

They can be a significant bridging point between consumer and producer, especially for farmers who have limited capacity/knowledge to market and sell their own products.

However, some authors have warned against the risk of "local washing", i.e. the appropriation and cooptation of local food by the agri-food industry, namely large retailers [START_REF] Cleveland | Operationalizing local food: Goals, actions, and indicators for alternative food systems[END_REF] -a prospect reminiscent of the conventionalisation effects previously documented in the organic and fair trade sectors [START_REF] Guthman | Fast food/organic food: Reflexive tastes and the making of "yuppie chow[END_REF][START_REF] Jaffee | Corporate cooptation of organic and fair trade standards[END_REF].

Scaling-up SFSCs while respecting their fundamental ideological motivations is another important issue [START_REF] Chiffoleau | Dynamique des identités collectives dans le changement d'échelle des circuits courts alimentaires[END_REF][START_REF] Velly | Alternative food networks as "market agencements": Exploring their multiple hybridities[END_REF][START_REF] Navin | Scaling-up short food chains[END_REF] that merits further exploration, opening a debate between growing (in size) vs. multiplying small-scale initiatives as particularly discussed in the EIP Focus group on short chains [START_REF] Kneafsey | EIP-AGRI Focus Group Innovative Short Food Supply Chain management[END_REF]. The use of digital technology and social media platforms in SFSCs has recently been documented as a vector for upscaling, notably in the ongoing H2020 SKIN and SMARTCHAIN projects.

For instance, a recent study from the SKIN project evaluated the role of social media in SFSCs, particularly Facebook, and found producers use it more as a sales marketing tool than as a platform for consumer interaction [START_REF] Drejerska | Social media for interactions with customers within the short food supply chain: The case of the SKIN project[END_REF]. On the other hand, actors of online SFSC sales open source platforms, like the international Open Food Network, emphasize the virtual dimension of SFSCs as enabling the democratisation and reappropriation of food, collective mobilisation and the building of resilient local food economies [START_REF] Bouré | Réappropriation des systèmes alimentaires par les citoyens: Une logique de Communs urbains[END_REF].

However, it remains debated whether virtual connection paradoxically risks the dissolution of producer-consumer linkages, despite its potential for improving accessibility to local food products (Chiffoleau et al., 2018;[START_REF] Elghannam | Consumers' Perspectives on Alternative Short Food Supply Chains Based on Social Media: A Focus Group Study in Spain[END_REF].

Moreover, as for other economic activities, one must also assess the use of IT in SFSCs using a political economy perspective, attentive to the risks of labor 'uberisation' as well as of data appropriation by big players. Scaling-up SFSCs also requires a better consideration of competency-building.

For instance, the development of SFSC in Eastern

Europe remains hindered by farmers' lack of entrepreneurial/marketing skills and a competitive retail environment remain key obstacles that hinder the their development of SFSCs, factors which are also further exacerbated by a communist socioeconomic past [START_REF] Kneafsey | EIP-AGRI Focus Group Innovative Short Food Supply Chain management[END_REF][START_REF] Syrovátková | Farmers' markets' locavore challenge: The potential of local food production for newly emerged farmers' markets in Czechia[END_REF]. Some pan-European studies, like SMARTCHAIN and SKIN underline the need to create experience-and knowledge-sharing platforms, as a basis for upscaling SFSCs.

Following a research phase mainly focused on three specific SFSCs, as was described in the previous section, current research efforts are drawing attention to the diversification and diffusion of SFSCs. The EU has favoured the capitalisation of their good practices and innovations within different on-going or forthcoming projects in the H2020 programme (see Annex). However, empirical data documenting their importance, diversity and hybridity at macro level, from both an economic and a socio-demographic point of view, is still lacking.

It would therefore be useful to better account for SFSCs in national and European statistics. Recent publications have underlined the need for SFSCs to be conceived as complementing rather than replacing or radically opposing global chains [START_REF] Brunori | Are Local Food Chains More Sustainable than Global Food Chains? Considerations for Assessment[END_REF][START_REF] Malak-Rawlikowska | Measuring the economic, environmental, and social sustainability of short food supply chains[END_REF][START_REF] Lamine | Territorial agrifood systems: A Franco-Italian contribution to the debates over alternative food networks in rural areas[END_REF].

This conceptualisation therefore suggests a shift away from dualistic language to describe them, a similar point previously made by [START_REF] Holloway | Possible food economies: a methodological framework for exploring food production-consumption relationships[END_REF] concerning the alternative-conventional dichotomy often used to qualify food networks.

Lastly, the sustainability impacts of SFSCs remains a relatively novel research theme on which European projects procured new knowledge and could further address research gaps; the following section will shed further light on this matter.

EVALUATING THE IMPACTS OF SFSCS

SFSCs are often positively associated with different sustainability impacts. Although some empirical data and appropriate methodologies are still lacking, recent research has challenged this idealized vision.

In what follows, we first separately consider four pillars of sustainability (economy, social, environment, health/nutrition), then point out the need, beyond multi-criteria analysis, of systemic, interdisciplinary and longitudinal approaches.

A separate section will address territorial approaches and the governance of SFSCs as both a pillar of sustainability and as a means to articulate different pillars.

The economic dimension

The emergence, or revival of SFSCs, in various countries and for multiple actors, aims to increase farmers' income.

This dimension may be difficult to assess, as many small-scale farmers do not have analytical budget accountancy. A large survey conducted in France between 2009 and 2014 on more than 800 farms in diverse sectors (dairy products, fruits and vegetables, among others), including the implementation of budget accountancy with smallscale farmers, revealed that farms operating in SFSCs gain a higher income per asset and per hour than farms in long chains -after at least 5-7 years following their foundation -but that results are very heterogeneous, and can even be negative [START_REF] Capt | Elaboration d'un référentiel technico-économique dans le domaine des circuits courts de commercialisation[END_REF]RCC, 2013;[START_REF] Morizot-Braud | Références sur les circuits courts de commercialisation (RCC)[END_REF]. Research in Quebec found similar results (Mundler and Laugrhea, 2016;[START_REF] Mundler | Short food supply chains, labor productivity and fair earnings: An impossible equation?[END_REF].

The recent H2020 STRENGTH2FOOD project considered 186 farms in 7 countries and 6 products, across 6 types of SFSCs and 4 types of long chains.

Assuming small samples and low representativity, the results showed better prices and higher valueadded in SFSCs compared with long chains, especially in farmers' markets and pick-your-own farms, while sales to retail shops represent the highest market share among SFSCs (Malak-Rawlikovska et al., 2019;Cesaro et al., 2020).

The large survey conducted in France also demonstrated that collective farmers' initiatives for producing, selling (e.g. in collective farmer shops) or transporting food, had a positive effect on their income. The survey also showed that organic farming practices were associated with higher farmer income.

Moreover, it showed that economic performance depends on factors at both farmer-and farmlevel (esp. skills and labor organisation), and at chain and territorial level (e.g. degree of local competition, margin taken by the intermediary).

Notably, increasing added value in SFSCs requires local equipment in close proximity to farms (e.g.

slaughterhouse, vegetable processing plant), and adapted to process small quantities [START_REF] De Vries | Small-scale food process engineering -Challenges and perspectives[END_REF], which may be seasonal and irregular.

In addition to income, SFSCs reduce economic uncertainties in contrast to the market volatility typical of long chains [START_REF] Boutry | Apports de la méthode mixte pour une analyse globale de la durabilité des circuits courts[END_REF], and ensure a regular cash flow that also favours the greening of agricultural practices (Millet-Amrani, 2020, see after). Nevertheless, the determination of a 'just' price in SFSCs remains a fundamental issue, both in direct sale schemes and in chains involving intermediaries [START_REF] Prévost | Échanges alimentaires et juste prix: Un détour par l'histoire de la pensée économique pour alimenter un débat contemporain[END_REF].

Moreover, the potential economic impact of SFSCs collaborating with big retailers remains controversial [START_REF] Kneafsey | EIP-AGRI Focus Group Innovative Short Food Supply Chain management[END_REF], and requires more longitudinal data. Finally, as farmers often combine diverse short chains, as well as short and longer chains, more research is needed, as a follow-up of STRENGTH2FOOD, in order to model/simulate the relevant combinations of chains according to farmers' capacities and objectives, products, and territories (Tundys and Wisniewski, 2020). For instance, procuring food to catering companies, introduced in public policies in many European countries, often appears as unprofitable enough for small-scale farms, yet may be an opportunity for mid-scale farms to combine with sales issued from long chains.

The economic dimension is also captured by the quantity of jobs created/maintained by SFSCs. In France, the national agricultural survey conducted in 2010 showed that farms in SFSCs represent more jobs per hectare than those in long chains (0,75 FTE iii /ha vs. 0,26) [START_REF] Barry | Le nouvel intérêt des villes intermédiaires pour les terres agricoles. Actions foncières publiques et relocalisation alimentaire[END_REF]. Similarly, in Quebec, farms operating in SFSCs created on average four full-time jobs per farm relative to the provincial average of two and a half full-time jobs [START_REF] Mundler | The contributions of short food supply chains to territorial development: A study of three Quebec territories[END_REF]. However, the quantity of jobs induced at the chain level but also in territories (for instance, strong relation with agritourism) has not been assessed. Job quality should also be considered: for instance, the risk of 'self-exploitation' has been highlighted in CSA models [START_REF] Galt | The moral economy is a double-edged sword: Explaining farmers' earnings and self-exploitation in community-supported agriculture[END_REF] due to a high workload and consumer pressure. Increased workload can also affect the continuity of the farm operation, i.e. the desire of the following generation to take over the family business [START_REF] Boutry | Apports de la méthode mixte pour une analyse globale de la durabilité des circuits courts[END_REF][START_REF] Dufour | Les circuits courts de commercialisation: Un retour de l'acteur paysan ?[END_REF]. Work organisation in SFSCs remains an important issue, also from an environmental perspective (see after), while the use of digital technologies opens new opportunities to save time but needs skills (Chiffoleau et al., 2018). On a broader scale, SFSCs are expected to contribute to the local economy.

The New Economic Foundation (UK) proposed to evaluate the 'local multiplier effect' of on-farm purchases, compared with purchases in supermarkets or grocery shops, and highlighted important differences [START_REF] Sacks | The money trail: Measuring your impact on the local economy using LM3[END_REF]. Few studies have been done yet in this line, and calculation methods are debatable [START_REF] Goldenberg | Building economic multipliers, rather than measuring them: Communityminded ways to develop economic impacts[END_REF].

However, this generates a new field of research concerning the mapping and calculation of detailed economic flows within and surrounding

SFSCs.

This issue should be related to the emergence of new organisational arrangements (e.g. food hubs; [START_REF] Berti | Competitiveness of small farms and innovative food supply chains: The role of food hubs in creating sustainable regional and local food systems[END_REF] and new economic models which often remain idealized and insufficiently detailed (Hebinck et al., 2015;[START_REF] Chiffoleau | The participatory construction of new economic models in short food supply chains[END_REF]. Those models range from social and solidarity, or platform/sharing economy, challenging property rights, to auctioneer-driven economy, encompassing high-tech urban farming practices, circular economies or bioeconomies.

These new models question relations with market intermediaries, and call for a further analysis of the contracts that they may include, in order to compare them with those used in long chains.

The ongoing H2020 SMARTCHAINS project highlights successful cooperative business models in SFSCs and the H2020 programme for 2020 includes a topic on innovative agri-food chains connecting producer and consumer (RUR-05-2020), intended to address the costs and margins of food chains implying intermediaries not systematically involved in fair trading practices.

The social dimension

The emergence (in Anglo-saxon countries) or renewal (in Southern Europe) of SFSCs is very much tied to their social motivations [START_REF] Deverre | Les systèmes agroalimentaires alternatifs. Une revue de travaux anglophones en sciences sociales[END_REF]Giampetri et al., 2016). In contrast with the anonymous character of long supply chains, SFSCs 're-embed' the economy in personal relations of respect and trust between producers and consumers (Sage, 2003).

They also contribute to redevelop relations of technical dialogue and cooperation between farmers [START_REF] Chiffoleau | From politics to cooperation: The dynamics of embeddedness in alternative food supply chains[END_REF], value womens' work [START_REF] Malak-Rawlikowska | Measuring the economic, environmental, and social sustainability of short food supply chains[END_REF] and include newcomers with no agricultural background, who contribute, by proposing to new ideas, to the renewal of the agricultural sector [START_REF] Dufour | Les circuits courts de commercialisation: Un retour de l'acteur paysan ?[END_REF][START_REF] Chiffoleau | Circuits courts alimentaires, dynamiques relationnelles et lutte contre l'exclusion en agriculture[END_REF]Dupré et al., 2017).

The social dimension is also captured by a wide range of multi-actor collective actions and social innovations in territories [START_REF] Chiffoleau | Social innovation in agriculture and food[END_REF] which promote place-based products [START_REF] Sonnino | The power of place: embeddedness and local food systems in Italy and the UK[END_REF], strengthen social cohesion/community-belonging [START_REF] Aragau | Les liens invisibles entre agriculture de proximité et commerce alimentaire dit "ethnique[END_REF][START_REF] Connelly | Bridging sustainability and the social economy: Achieving community transformation through local food initiatives[END_REF], develop food democracy [START_REF] Hassanein | Practicing food democracy: a pragmatic politics of transformation[END_REF][START_REF] Renting | Building food democracy: Exploring civic food networks and newly emerging forms of food citizenship[END_REF], renew institutional/state food aid programmes (Le Velly and Paturel, 2013), and address food insecurity and food sovereignty, including racial and class inequalities [START_REF] Brent | Contextualising food sovereignty: The politics of convergence among movements in the USA[END_REF][START_REF] Guthman | Bringing good food to others: Investigating the subjects of alternative food practice[END_REF]. Such actions thus stress the need for instilling food justice or solidarity among low-budget consumers who often remain excluded from these chains [START_REF] Allen | Realizing justice in local food systems[END_REF][START_REF] Chiffoleau | Les circuits courts alimentaires « pour tous[END_REF][START_REF] Darrot | Vers des solidarités alimentaires territorialisées[END_REF].

Nevertheless, solutions oriented towards communities with a low socioeconomic status remain difficult to find or to stabilize in an emancipatory vs. charity perspective [START_REF] Booth | Food democracy: From consumer to food citizen[END_REF]; Further, access to SFSC for low middle-class groups, neither rich nor poor, remains unconsidered.

In a context of increasing SFSC diversification and diffusion, examining the influence of these chains on the food habits of average consumers recently entering them is lacking.

Most studies document SFSCs involving consumers already engaged in sustainable consumption practices or just stated a correlation between a higher density of SFSCs and a lower rate of obesity [START_REF] Bimbo | The Hidden Benefits of Short Food Supply Chains: Farmers' Markets Density and Body Mass Index in Italy[END_REF] (whose protocol has been published), is also investigating the health/lifestyle impacts of urban community gardens in Montpellier, France [START_REF] Tharrey | Does participating in community gardens promote sustainable lifestyles in urban settings? Design and protocol of the JArDinS study[END_REF].

These structural approaches need however to be more articulated with social mechanisms, in a larger vision of 'food environment' [START_REF] Mattioni | Healthy diets and the retail food environment: A sociological approach[END_REF]. This study, based on Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), was questioned and nuanced in the GLAMUR project [START_REF] Brunori | Are Local Food Chains More Sustainable than Global Food Chains? Considerations for Assessment[END_REF] but confirmed in the STRENGTH2FOOD project (Malak-Radikowska et al., 2019), though in the latter only food transport is considered.

The environmental dimension

However, transport accounts for just a small portion of CO2 emissions produced by food chains: the highest is due to agricultural production [START_REF] Barbier | Energy and carbon footprint of food in France[END_REF], therefore leading one to question the impact of SFSCs on farming systems. This does not prevent actors and researchers from seeking solutions to improve logistics in SFSCs, especially for the last kilometer in cities, while the first kilometer and rural settings are less considered [START_REF] Vaillant | Transport et logistique des circuits courts alimentaires de proximité : la diversité des trajectoires d'innovation[END_REF].

On the other hand, new ways of evaluating carbon footprint have been suggested, for instance to change the unit of measurement (CO2 emissions per nutrient in the product or per euros procured by the product vs. per kilo) or to develop territorial LCA [START_REF] Loiseau | Territorial Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): What exactly is it about? A proposal towards using a common terminology and a research agenda[END_REF].

Concerning farming systems, as for consumer food behaviours, most studies have focused on SFSC actors already involved in sustainable/organic agriculture or agroecology.

Given that conventional mid-sized farms are now permeating these chains, more research is needed to document the impact of SFSCs on the agroecological transition of (conventional midsize) farms.

Still few studies addressed this issue and highlighted the positive impact of SFSCs on consumer pressure, on the renewal of technical dialogue between peers, and on the economic risk alleviation in farmers'

decisions to use less chemical treatments (Marécha and Spanu, 2010;Chiffoleau et al., 2016;[START_REF] Millet-Amrani | Nouveaux marchés, nouvelles pratiques ? Le rôle des circuits courts dans l'écologisation des pratiques agricoles[END_REF]. Nevertheless, they also showed a contrasted impact according to the type of SFSCs:

while the effects of direct selling are statistically significant for mid-scale conventional fruits and vegetable producers, local procurement of supermarkets does not have any ecological impact,

given that it remains regulated by the "zero default" norm, which obliges producers to use pesticides [START_REF] Millet-Amrani | Nouveaux marchés, nouvelles pratiques ? Le rôle des circuits courts dans l'écologisation des pratiques agricoles[END_REF].

Moreover, even in direct selling, some technical advisers argue that the suppression of pesticide treatments can also be simply the effect of a low capacity to organize work, and thus could provoke ecological problems (ibid.).

The FP7 GLAMUR project, especially, addressed other environmental indicators (resource use, pollution, biodiversity, food waste) to compare local vs. global food chains but concluded that results are very context-and product-dependent. The clearest result concerned the preservation of agrobiodiversity, which local food chains seem to better address than their long counterparts [START_REF] Brunori | Are Local Food Chains More Sustainable than Global Food Chains? Considerations for Assessment[END_REF]. The H2020 DIVERSIFOOD, LIVESEED and CERERE projects focusing on farmer-led participatory breeding for organic farming also highlighted the strong relation between 'peasant'/local varieties and 'alternative food systems' [START_REF] Chable | Proceedings of Diversifood Final Congress[END_REF][START_REF] Chable | CERERE BOOK OF CASE STUDIES Agrobiodiversity: Success stories in Europe[END_REF]. On the other hand, projects on (peri)urban agriculture stress its role in preserving farmland [START_REF] Brinkley | Evaluating the benefits of peri-urban agriculture[END_REF] and procuring ecosystem services [START_REF] Lin | The future of urban agriculture and biodiversity-ecosystem services: Challenges and next steps[END_REF], which can be considered as indirect impacts of SFSCs and could be more directly and largely addressed.

The nutrition/health dimension

The health dimension has also been one of the key drivers of SFSCs' emergence or renewal, already present in the Japanese teikei in the 1960s. Local food consumers are increasingly seeking fresh, nutritious and safe food [START_REF] Lappo | Consumers' concerns and external drivers in food markets[END_REF]. This questions both the agricultural practices (see above)

and the food processing techniques used in SFSCs.

Concerning the latter, studies are just emerging [START_REF] De Vries | Small-scale food process engineering -Challenges and perspectives[END_REF], especially for vegetables which have been little considered (see ongoing H2020 FOX project, Annex). For instance, geneticists highlight the nutritious potential of ancient varieties and landraces, typically more cultivated in SFSCs [START_REF] Meynard | Designing coupled innovations for the sustainability transition of agrifood systems[END_REF], for healthy and diversified diets [START_REF] Longin | Back to the future -tapping into ancient grains for food diversity[END_REF]; see also H2020 DIVERSIFOOD, LIVESEED and CERERE projects).

Further, food technologists and socio-economists stressed the specific qualities of bread and pasta [START_REF] Galli | Sustainability assessment of food supply chains: An application to local and global bread in Italy[END_REF] made from the joint use of ancient varieties/landraces of wheat, organic farming, and 'mild technologies' (stone milling, slow fermentation, suppression of additives, etc.) [START_REF] Chiffoleau | Quand l'innovation sociale réoriente l'innovation technologique dans les systèmes agroalimentaires: le cas des chaînes locales autour des blés[END_REF]. Moreover, in a context of rising consumer gluten-sensitivity, geneticists, microbiologists, agronomists have also analysed the gluten quality of these products, in relation with consumers' evaluations [START_REF] Lhomme | Sourdough microbial community dynamics: an analysis during French organic bread-making processes[END_REF][START_REF] Desclaux | Gluten : mythe ou réalité ? À la recherche des personnes hypersensibles[END_REF].

However, more research is needed to assess how SFSCs de-standardize, de-commodify food out of Geographical Indications schemes or high-end products, and procure diverse, safe food that is accessible to all (SCAR Food systems, 2019). This destandardization could also provoke new sanitary risks, as these chains may imply non-professionals (e.g. consumers contributing to transport food, consumer cooperatives), a topic that requires further investigation.

Finally, the nutrition/health impact of SFSCs should also be studied in order to document potential changes in the food behaviour of average consumers towards healthier diets (this aspect is discussed in the section 2.2.).

From multidimensional to systemic and longitudinal approaches

So far, the EU research and innovation programme has favoured the implementation of multidimensional approaches to assess the sustainability impacts of SFSCs.

The already-mentioned FP7 GLAMUR and H2020 STRENGTH2FOOD projects made great contributions, taking into account experts' and SFSCs participants' sustainability indicators [START_REF] Brunori | Are Local Food Chains More Sustainable than Global Food Chains? Considerations for Assessment[END_REF][START_REF] Vittersø | Short food supply chains and their contributions to sustainability: Participants' views and perceptions from 12 European cases[END_REF][START_REF] Schmitt | Comparing the sustainability of local and global food products in Europe[END_REF].

Results underline that a compartmentalized approach to SFSCs can lead to incomplete and insufficient observations (e.g. relying only on LCA to measure environmental impact) and confirm the need to consider both qualitative and quantitative data [START_REF] Brunori | Are Local Food Chains More Sustainable than Global Food Chains? Considerations for Assessment[END_REF][START_REF] Gava | Linking sustainability with geographical proximity in food supply chains. An indicator selection framework[END_REF].

If findings from French and Italian surveys (RCC, 2013;[START_REF] Mastronardi | Analyzing alternative food networks sustainability in Italy: A proposal for an assessment framework[END_REF] as well as EIP focus group expertise on innovative short chains [START_REF] Kneafsey | EIP-AGRI Focus Group Innovative Short Food Supply Chain management[END_REF] are included, both researchers and participants tend to agree on SFSCs social benefits, and less on their economic and environmental outcomes [START_REF] Vittersø | Short food supply chains and their contributions to sustainability: Participants' views and perceptions from 12 European cases[END_REF]. The latter two dimensions typically showing more variability [START_REF] Galli | Short food supply chains as drivers of sustainable development: Evidence document[END_REF][START_REF] Brunori | Are Local Food Chains More Sustainable than Global Food Chains? Considerations for Assessment[END_REF][START_REF] Kneafsey | Short food supply chains and local food systems in the EU. A state of play of their socio-economic characteristics[END_REF][START_REF] Kneafsey | EIP-AGRI Focus Group Innovative Short Food Supply Chain management[END_REF][START_REF] Schmutz | Sustainability impact assessments of different urban short food supply chains: Examples from London, UK[END_REF]. Research and innovation thus provide inputs in order to make trade-offs and propose paths for progress.

Two other EU projects, SKIN and SMARTCHAINS, offer supplementary insights about the interaction between sustainability dimensions, as well as about sustainability factors, for instance by highlighting the economic performance of cooperative SFSCs.

Nevertheless, a meta-analysis of case studies at the European level would be useful for developing a more systemic assessment. Moreover, longitudinal studies, evaluating the change in conventional farmers' practices as well as those of consumers newly entering these chains, are needed to better capture the role of SFSCs in agricultural and food system transition.

GOVERNING SFSCS TOWARDS INTEGRATED SUSTAINABILITY

As highlighted in the key conclusions of the GLAMUR project, food chain governance is an important determinant of impact assessment.

Although it could have been included in the previous section as a dimension of sustainability, it merits a specific section as governance dynamics could favour (or limit) the articulation of the different pillars of sustainability at both the chain and territorial level. In line with the SKIN project, one can consider both internal and external governance, the latter referring to the political context surrounding the SFSCs.

SFSCs at the heart of new local food policies

SFSCs have been the subject of a growing literature in different disciplines (geography, rural sociology, food planning and political sciences, among others), interested in the emergence of urban food policies as expressions of new place-based, horizontal and inclusive governance schemes, for instance through Food Policy Councils [START_REF] Lever | Reconfiguring local food governance in an age of austerity: towards a place-based approach[END_REF]. Studies examining these councils have mostly focused on large-scale cities, from the pioneer case of Toronto [START_REF] Blay-Palmer | The Canadian Pioneer: The Genesis of Urban Food Policy in Toronto[END_REF]IPES Food, 2017), now included among others in the international Milan Urban Food Policy Pact (2015) through which cities worldwide commit to act locally to develop more sustainable food systems [START_REF] Candel | What's on the menu? A global assessment of MUFPP signatory cities' food strategies[END_REF].

In centralised states like France, local food policies act as an expression of decentralised power dynamics and of the growing role of local authorities [START_REF] Brand | Designing urban food policies. Concepts and approaches[END_REF].

Within these policies, studies are especially examining the rise of farm-to-school programmes to support local farmers and provide children with fresh, local foods, and agricultural education [START_REF] Morgan | The school food revolution: public food and the challenge of sustainable development[END_REF]. More recent research also highlights how food policies specifically shape land preservation or farmland access in peri-urban areas (Baysse-Laisné et al., 2018;[START_REF] Horst | Land access for direct market food farmers in Oregon, USA[END_REF].

Nevertheless, some scholars have raised questions about the empowerment processes produced by these policies and governance structures [START_REF] Coulson | Re-scaling the politics of food: Place-based urban food governance in the UK[END_REF].

While cities remain central to food governance

dynamics, few studies consider this issue in small-scale cities and rural territories [START_REF] Bedore | Chapter 7 Food system planning in small, buzz-less cities: challenges and opportunities[END_REF]Baysse-Laisné et al., 2018;Chiffoleau et al., 2016). However, the role of these spaces is expanding, for instance in the frame of 'Territorial food projects' (Projets alimentaires territoriaux) included in the 2014 French Agricultural Law [START_REF] Brand | Designing urban food policies. Concepts and approaches[END_REF] or in the development of bio (organic/eco)-regions [START_REF] Stotten | Organic values-based supply chains as a tool for territorial development: A comparative analysis of three European organic regions[END_REF].

SFSCs and power issues

As briefly evoked in the economic dimension of SFSCs' sustainability, these chains also favour the experimentation of new inclusive economic models and tools in line with the social values expected from them, including, among others, fair trading, equity, participation, transparency, and food and employment re-localisation [START_REF] Chiffoleau | The participatory construction of new economic models in short food supply chains[END_REF].

Recent papers explored the development of 'prosumption' in SFSCs, i.e. the implication of consumers in productive tasks [START_REF] Arcidiacono | Introducing the wave of prosumers in the age of labour market shattering[END_REF].

Another new research direction has been open on the extension of participatory guarantee systems, usually studied in the realm of organic farming (Loconto, Hakanaka, 2017), to SFSCs (Chiffoleau et al., 2016;[START_REF] Cuéllar-Padilla | We don't want to be officially certified! Reasons and implications of the participatory guarantee systems[END_REF].

A last recent orientation consists in studying the 'mid-tier chains' which are developing at regional levels and involving more intermediaries, but whose actors assume or promise a combination of economic objectives and social, environmental values.

These 'values-based chains', which may be juxtaposed with territorial branding [START_REF] Fleury | Developing mid-tier supply chains (France) and values-based food supply chains (USA): A comparison of motivations, achievements, barriers and limitations[END_REF][START_REF] Ostrom | Values-based Food Chains from a Transatlantic Perspective: Exploring a Middle Tier of Agri-food[END_REF], may be considered as one of the possible ways of articulating different pillars of sustainability in an inclusive manner [START_REF] Chiffoleau | Quand l'innovation sociale réoriente l'innovation technologique dans les systèmes agroalimentaires: le cas des chaînes locales autour des blés[END_REF], as well as of the up-scaling of SFSCs More research is however needed as they can also preserve or create new power imbalances and unfair trading, especially when the use of IT is concerned.

SFSCs in food systems resilience

One of the most recent, and salient topics of research on SFSCs concerns their contribution to food system resilience, especially regarding the capacity of food systems to guarantee food procurement in case of sanitary, climatic, social or economic shock.

For instance, [START_REF] Smith | The resilience of long and short food chains: A case study of flooding in Queensland, Australia[END_REF] highlighted the complementarity between short and long chains in procuring food during major floods in Australia. In the earlier FOODLINKS project (EU Seventh Framework Programme), the resilience of SFSCs was highlighted as a key factor to be used in policy changes -SFSCs can complement long chains, thus diversifying the sources of food supply [START_REF] Galli | Short food supply chains as drivers of sustainable development: Evidence document[END_REF].

More research is however needed to qualify and quantify the concrete economic, social and spatialized flows in each type of chain, including their importance and vulnerabilities, in order to guide decision-makers [START_REF] Chiffoleau | The coexistence of supply chains in feeding a city: a vector of resilience? Review of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Studies[END_REF]

CONCLUSION

Sustainable supply chains: is shortening the answer?

The state of play of short food supply chains first demonstrated their high potential, as they have been renewed or created in relation with sustainability values. SFSCs are however not systematically sustainable; their sustainability typically depends on the particular indicator, product, and context in question.

The state of play exposes several research gaps:

• the role played by intermediary actors in SFSCs, and more broadly, the diversity and impacts of new economic models which are emerging in the up-scaling processes of SFSCs (collective entrepreneurship, online platforms…), and may include new types of contracts;

• the governance of SFSCs in rural settings and small-scale cities;

• the quantity and quality of jobs created directly and indirectly by SFSCs;

• the influence of SFSCs on farming techniques, processing techniques and food behaviours by actors newly participating in them (conventional mid-size farms, 'average' consumers, artisans…);

• the production of ecological, cultural, ecosystem services by SFSCs, which could include an evaluation of their possible payment (by consumers, through public policies…);

• the de-standardization of food by SFSCs in the perspective of healthier diets, and addressing technological lock-in;

• the logistic organisation of SFSCs in rural settings (taking into account the risk of dehumanising relations in SFSCs by using technological devices);

• the economic and material flows within and around SFSCs, accounting for small flows (which are not considered in territorial metabolism approaches), including food waste, both to assess their contribution to the local economy, to develop circular economy, and to strengthen food system resilience (by assessing their complementarity/competition with long chains);

• the adaptation of LCA to SFSC aims (improved health, increased farmer income...), specificities (complex systems of flows…) and territorial embeddedness;

• the ensured long-term access to SFSCs by low middle-class groups;

• the risks induced by SFSC expansion, especially sanitary risks; and

• the most suitable combinations of (short, long) chains for farmers, according to their situation, product, and territory.

In the frame of Horizon Europe, for a contribution to the EU New Green Deal and given the COVID 19 crisis context, some of these research gaps appear as particularly important to overcome.

They could be jointly addressed in two priority RIA (Research and Innovation) issues:

1. the role of SFSCs in food systems transition, from farming techniques of conventional midsize farmers to food behaviours of regular consumers, in relation to the up-scaling of SFSCs -this up-scaling often relies on the use of digital technologies, on new economic models, on local food policies, on higher middle-class demand for high-quality food, on foodscape evolution which would have to be better framed -, and by also addressing the impact of up-scaling on the transition of long chains (by imitation and because both farmers and consumers combine short and long chains);

2. the contribution of SFSCs to food systems resilience, from the assessment of the multiple socio-economic, material, spatialised flows, the diverse assets, vulnerabilities and risks linked with SFSCs to the simulation of diverse shocks and scenarios; those ones should take into account short and long, local and global chains actual and possible complementarity or competition. They could also consider shortening international trade flows -in terms of intermediaries -to transform suffered dependencies in chosen, controlled, and equitable interdependencies, thus importing some of the characteristics of short chains in longer ones. This would thus open a larger perspective for international fair trade, as no longer a market niche, but as a strategy to strengthen the resilience of both Northern and Southern food systems. This would also offer an opportunity to (re)discuss the notion of food sovereignty [START_REF] Pimbert | Food sovereignty[END_REF], initially developed in Southern countries, and applied to Northern contexts in the context of the COVID-19 crisis.

From this state of play, we also suggest:

1. In a CSA (Coordination and Support Action), developing a network of experts at the European level to make a qualitative and quantitative meta-analysis of case studies addressing sustainability dimensions, in order to propose a systemic impact assessment of SFSCs;

2. In a IA (Innovation Action), implementing appropriate and innovative training tools, devices and methods to build the skills needed for SFSC development and performance; and iii) better including SFSCs in European and national statistics.

  SFSCs are often criticised with regards to their environmental footprint:[START_REF] Schlich | La consommation alimentaire d'énergie finale de différents produits alimentaires: un essai de comparaison[END_REF] argued that lamb purchased from New-Zealand and transported by cargo to Europe generates an inferior rate of CO2 emissions, in comparison to lamb purchased and produced in Europe, transported by trucks/cars and sold in short food chains.

  Moreover, more longitudinal research is needed in order to highlight the conditions of local partnerships, and of the organisation of local ecosystems around SFSCs. This organisation opens a new line of innovation and research about local reindustrialisation (i.e. installation of local units to process local raw material) beyond local distribution, and calls for adaptation/innovation in food systems and territorial actors training[START_REF] Chiffoleau | Quand l'innovation sociale réoriente l'innovation technologique dans les systèmes agroalimentaires: le cas des chaînes locales autour des blés[END_REF].

Yuna Chiffoleau, Tara Dourian, INRAE -23rd of June, 2020

ANNEX: RECENT, ONGOING AND FORTHCOMING EUROPEAN PROJECTS ON OR RELATED TO SHORT FOOD CHAINS / SUSTAINABLE FOOD CHAINS

Date


Annelise Folie
email: afolie@naturalsciences.be

Eric Buffetaut

Nathalie Bardet

Alexandra Houssaye

Emmanuel Gheerbrant

Michel Laurin

Audrina Neveu
email: audrina.neveu@mnhn.fr

Kevin Padian

Maria Rose Petrizzo

Annalisa Ferretti

Philippe Janvier

Hussam Zaher

Lorenzo Rook

Robert Asher

K Christopher Beard

Aurélien Mounier

Marc Vander Linden

Rendus Comptes

Palevol
email: palevol@academie-sciences.fr

Palaeobiology and palaeobiogeography of amphibians and reptiles: An homage to Jean-Claude Rage -Part II

Keywords: Adansonia, Geodiversitas, Zoosystema, Anthropozoologica, European Journal of Taxonomy, Naturae, Cryptogamie sous-sections Algologie, Bryologie, Mycologie

de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Comptes Rendus Palevol est indexé dans / Comptes Rendus Palevol is indexed by: -Cambridge Scientific Abstracts -Current Contents® Physical -Chemical, and Earth Sciences ® -ISI Alerting Services ® -Geoabstracts, Geobase, Georef, Inspec, Pascal -Science Citation Index ® , Science Citation Index Expanded ® -Scopus ® .

Les articles ainsi que les nouveautés nomenclaturales publiés dans Comptes Rendus Palevol sont référencés par / Articles and nomenclatural novelties published in Comptes Rendus Palevol are registered on:

-ZooBank ® (http://zoobank.org)

ÉPILOGUE

Jean-Claude Rage (Fig. 1) est décédé le 30 mars 2018. Sa mort soudaine laisse un grand vide dans la communauté paléontologique française et dans la communauté paléoherpétologique internationale, dont il était un membre estimé et éminent. La vie et le travail de Jean-Claude ont fait l'objet de biographies récentes [START_REF] Steyer | Dr. Jean-Claude RAGE-an appreciation[END_REF]Roček et al. 2018), de sorte que seul un bref aperçu en est proposé ici. Au cours de sa brillante carrière en paléontologie, essentiellement au Centre national de la recherche EPILOGUE Jean-Claude Rage (Fig. 1) passed away on 30 March 2018. His unexpected death leaves a great void in the French palaeontological community and in the World palaeoherpetological community, of which he was an esteemed and prominent member. Biographies detailing Jean-Claude's life and work have been published recently [START_REF] Steyer | Dr. Jean-Claude RAGE-an appreciation[END_REF]Roček et al. 2018), so that only a brief summary will be given here. During his distinguished career in palaeontology, at the "Centre national de la recherche scientifique" 1) ou un lion (Fig. 2). Ce fascicule de neuf articles (résumés ci-dessous) est la suite du premier fascicule dédié à Jean-Claude Rage, paru en 2019 lorsque la revue était encore publiée par Elsevier [START_REF] Folie | Paléobiologie et paléobiogéographie des amphibiens et reptiles : un hommage à Jean-Claude Rage -1 re partie/Palaeobiology and palaeobiogeography of amphibians and reptiles: An homage to Jean-Claude Rage -Part I[END_REF]. [START_REF] Baez | Rediscovery of "Liodon" asiaticum Répelin, 1915, a Mosasaurini (Squamata, Mosasauridae, Mosasaurinae) from the Upper Cretaceous of the vicinity of Jerusalem-Biostratigraphical insights from microfossils[END_REF] révise des spécimens de grenouilles du Crétacé inférieur (Barrémien) de la Péninsule Ibérique. L'un des spécimens, initialement rapporté à cf. Eodiscoglossus, est attribué à Wealdenbatrachus Fey, 1988, un genre déjà décrit dans le site contemporain d'Uña (Espagne). Un autre spécimen représente un nouveau taxon dont la position phylogénétique reste incertaine en raison de l'incomplétude des caractères disponibles. Ces taxons, de tailles, proportions corporelles et de modes de vie différents, suggèrent une certaine diversité dans les habitats des différentes localités fossilifères contemporaines et proches géographiquement. [START_REF] Corral J.-C | Stratigraphy, age, and vertebrate palaeontology of the latest Cretaceous Quintanilla la Ojada locality (Basque-Cantabrian Region, northern Spain): a synthesis[END_REF] décrivent la géologie du gisement maastrichtien de Quintanilla la Ojada (Région Basco-Cantabrique, Nord de l'Espagne), dont les sédiments correspondent à un environnement côtier, ainsi que les restes fossiles de vertébrés -à savoir des dents -qui y ont été découverts. L'assemblage, qui contient essentiellement des sélaciens et des actinoptérygiens mais aussi quelques squamates mosasauridés et un dinosaure hadrosauridé, est similaire à celui du gisement d'Albaina (Comté de Treviño), situé également dans la région Basco-Cantabrique et légèrement plus jeune. Les deux gisements sont caractérisés par un mélange de taxons des marges nord et sud de la Téthys méditerranéenne (Sud de l'Europe et Nord de l'Afrique).

Gheerbrant & Teodori (2021) décrivent un nouvel euthérien du Maastrichtien des Pyrénées du Nord (France) qui apporte de nouvelles données sur la faune mal connue de mammifères du Crétacé terminal d'Europe. L'espèce dédiée à Jean-Claude Rage, Azilestes ragei Gheerbrant & Teodori, 2021, est connue par une mâchoire inférieure endommagée qui montre des spécialisations inédites chez les euthériens (CNRS), which he joined in 1968, Jean-Claude published several hundred papers, mainly in the field of palaeoherpetology, a topic on which he was an internationally recognized expert. Beyond the description of a large number of new taxa and faunal assemblages of amphibians and squamates, Jean-Claude consistently endeavoured to relate his anatomical and systematic work to larger palaeobiological and especially palaeobiogeographical issues. He was among the first French palaeontologists to interpret the fossil evidence he worked on in terms of continental drift and plate tectonics. This original expertise led Jean-Claude to teach continental palaeobiogeography to generations of students in several French universities and in the "Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle" (MNHN, Paris). The papers of the present memorial volume reflect Jean-Claude's wide range of scientific interests as well as his great interest for broader questions of vertebrate palaeontology. Jean-Claude even had other interests in natural history, as shown by his drawings of various extant animals such as a European kestrel (Folie et al. 2019: fig. 1) or a lion (Fig. 2). This special issue of nine papers (summarized below) is the continuation of a first issued dedicated to Jean-Claude Rage published in 2019 when this journal was still published by Elsevier [START_REF] Folie | Paléobiologie et paléobiogéographie des amphibiens et reptiles : un hommage à Jean-Claude Rage -1 re partie/Palaeobiology and palaeobiogeography of amphibians and reptiles: An homage to Jean-Claude Rage -Part I[END_REF]. [START_REF] Baez | Rediscovery of "Liodon" asiaticum Répelin, 1915, a Mosasaurini (Squamata, Mosasauridae, Mosasaurinae) from the Upper Cretaceous of the vicinity of Jerusalem-Biostratigraphical insights from microfossils[END_REF] revises frog specimens from the Lower Cretaceous (Barremian) of the Iberian Peninsula. One of the specimens, previously described as cf. Eodiscoglossus, is now attributed to Wealdenbatrachus Fey, 1988, a genus already known from the contemporaneous site of Uña (Spain). Another specimen represents a new taxon whose phylogenetic position remains uncertain due to the incompleteness of the available evidence. Those taxon with different sizes, body proportions, and lifestyles, suggest a certain diversity among the habitats from the different contemporaneous and geographically close fossiliferous localities. [START_REF] Corral J.-C | Stratigraphy, age, and vertebrate palaeontology of the latest Cretaceous Quintanilla la Ojada locality (Basque-Cantabrian Region, northern Spain): a synthesis[END_REF] describe the geology of the Maastrichtian Quintanilla la Ojada section (Basque-Cantabrian Region, northern Spain), whose sediments were deposited in a coastal environment, as well as the fossil vertebrate remains -namely teeth -discovered there. The assemblage, that which mostly includes selachians and actinopterygians but also some mosasaurid squamates and a hadrosaurid dinosaur, is similar to that of the Albaina site (County of Treviño), also located in the Basque-Cantabrian region and slightly younger. The two sites are characterized by a mixture of taxa from the northern and southern margins of the Mediterranean Tethys (southern Europe and northern Africa).

Gheerbrant Smith & Habersetzer (2021) redécrivent la morphologie, incluant les variations ontogénétiques, de "Saniwa" feisti Stritzke, 1983, en se basant sur la combinaison d'observations, de stéréoradiographie et de tomographie à rayons X sur l'holotype, le paratype ainsi que des spécimens inédits. Ce taxon, provenant de l'Eocène inférieur-moyen de Messel, en Allemagne, constitue l'un des squamates carnivores fossiles les plus complets jamais découverts. En tant que tel, il représente un taxon potentiellement clé pour réconcilier les hypothèses moléculaires et morphologiques. L'étude de ce taxon révèle une distribution unique des écailles et des caractéristiques ostéologiques particulières. Malgré l'absence de preuve d'une charnière intramandibulaire, les auteurs Maastrichtian of Vitrolles (France), and which is remarkably specialized in a convergent herbivorous diet with ungulate placentals. This discovery highlights a significant diversity of European Cretaceous eutherians despite their poor fossil record.

Georgalis et al. (2021) describe new herpetological specimens from Turkey, from the localities Kavakdere and Kocayarma in southeastern Europe and Kargi 2 in Anatolia. Among the amphibians are albanerpetodontids and pelobatid anurans. The presence of albanerpetodontids in southeastern Europe is attested for the first time based on the species Albanerpeton cf. inexpectatum. Remains of turtles and crocodilians are also present but remain indetermined. Among the squamates are lacertids, scinciformatans, anguids and "tropidophiids". Scinciformatans and "tropidophiids" represent the oldest occurrences of these clades in the northeastern Mediterranean. The anguine Ophisaurus Daudin, 1803 and the "tropidophiid" Platyspondylia Rage, 1974 are identified for the first time in the Paleogene of Eastern Europe. The authors suggest the presence of a southern dispersal route between Asia and Europe through the southern Balkan region and Anatolia, as proposed for mammals. 1926) and CC18/UC14-15a Zones), corresponding to the Mishash Formation, which outcrops widely to the east of Jerusalem around the Mount of Olives. This area, close to where Father Ruffier lived and worked, probably corresponds to the place of discovery of the fossil remains.

Smith & Habersetzer (2021) re-describe the morphology of "Saniwa" feisti Stritzke, 1983, including ontogenetic variation, based on the combination of observations, stereoradiography and high-resolution X-ray computed tomography of the holotype, the paratype, and previously unpublished specimens. This taxon, from the early-middle Eocene of Messel, Germany, is among the most complete fossil carnivorous squamates ever discovered. As such it represents a potentially key taxon for reconciling molecular and morphological evidence. This study reveals its unique scalation and notable osteological features. Despite the lack of evidence of an intramandibular hinge, the authors suggest some potential degree of movement in the lower jaw between the dentary and postdentary bones, which is congruent with ideas about the evolution of an intramandibular hinge in Varanidae Gray, 1827, Heloderma Wiegmann, 1829, snakes and mosasaurids. The authors transfer the species feisti to the new genus Paranecrosaurus Smith & Habersetzer, 2021 and place it in the family Palaeovaranidae Georgalis, 2017. The analysis of gut content (that reveals the second known specimen of the squamate Cryptolacerta hassiaca Müller, Hipsley, Head, Kardjilov, Hilger, Wuttke & Reisz, 2011), combined with the morphological analysis, reconstructs P. feisti (Stritzke, 1983) as a powerful, faunivorous-carnivorous stem varanid with a sensitive snout. Their study suggests that, if the molecular phylogeny of anguimorphs is correct, many of the features shared by Helodermatidae Gray, 1837 and Varanidae must have arisen convergently, partly associated with diet. [START_REF] Sorbelli | The Early Pleistocene ectothermic vertebrates of Pietrafitta (Italy) and the last Western European occurrence of Latonia Meyer, 1843[END_REF] focus on the ectothermic vertebrate fauna of the Lower Pleistocene (Villafranchian) site of Pietrafitta (central Italy), whose rich assemblage of mammals and birds has already been well studied. On the basis of more than 800 fossil remains, they were able to identify teleosts (Barbus sp., aff. Squalius, Scardinius cf. erythrophthalmus, Tinca sp.) as well as two species of anurans (Latonia sp. and Pelophylax sp.), and turtles (Emys gr. orbicularis and Testudo hermanni Gmelin, 1789), which are in agreement with the proposed palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (lacustrine environment surrounded by a humid forest). The snake remains are attributed to Colubrines indet, Natrix sp. and to the genus Vipera s.l. Within the herpetofauna, the presence of Latonia sp. and Vipera s.l. in the Lower Pleistocene of central Italy Ce second fascicule commémoratif de Paléobiologie et paléobiogéographie des amphibiens et reptiles vient s'ajouter au premier fascicule de 13 articles, ce qui porte à 22 le nombre total de contributions dédiés ici à la mémoire de notre collègue et ami Jean-Claude Rage. Cette production scientifique importante, réalisée par de nombreux contributeurs internationaux, démontre à quel point Jean-Claude a eu un effet fédérateur sur ses collègues et a contribué à relancer au niveau international l'intérêt pour les recherches en paléoherpétologie.

emphasises the importance of the Italian peninsula as a refuge during the Plio-Pleistocene cooling.

Jansen & Marjanović (2022) present a new hypothesis, supported by discriminant analysis of the appendicular skeleton, that the Permian lepospondylid Batropetes Carroll & Gaskill, 1971 used its forelimbs to burrow into the loose soil or the plant litter covering it. This burrowing adaptation of Batropetes could explain why the forelimb of Triadobatrachus Kuhn, 1962 (the earliest, Lower Triassic lissamphibian) could withstand landing forces, but not jump. Indeed, according to the hypothesis of the origin of lissamphibians from lepospondyls, this adaptation of Batropetes could in fact be the initial step that allowed the adaptation to jumping in anurans, which had barely progressed in Triadobatrachus. Conversely, if lissamphibians are temnospondyls, there would only be a convergence between Batropetes and Triadobatrachus. [START_REF] Augé | Revision of the oldest varanid, Saniwa orsmaelensis Dollo, 1923, from the earliest Eocene of Northwest Europe[END_REF] revise the oldest varanid squamate, Saniwa orsmaelensis Dollo, 1923, from the early Eocene of northwest Europe. The diagnostic material was at that time limited to vertebrae with only preliminary description and no figure provided, except of one dorsal vertebra that was later designated as the lectotype. New specimens from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal (Belgium) and Le Quesnoy (France), including skull material, are described and illustrated here. These fossils allow further comparisons with the type species, Saniwa ensidens Leidy, 1870, from the early and middle Eocene of North America and to propose a new diagnosis for S. orsmaelensis. Its arrival in Europe is probably linked to rapid environmental changes around the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). The genus Saniwa Leidy, 1870 probably comes from Asia, but an African origin cannot be completely excluded.

This second memorial issue of Palaeobiology and palaeobiogeography of amphibians and reptiles, along with the first issue of 13 articles, brings to 22 the total number of contributions in this journal dedicated to the memory of our colleague and friend Jean-Claude Rage. This important scientific production, achieved by numerous international contributors, demonstrates how much Jean-Claude has had a federating effect on his colleagues and has contributed to reviving international interest in paleoherpetological research.

  : https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/fr/periodiques/comptes-rendus-palevol/referes-du-journal couverture / cover : Original plate of the holotype of Todrasaurus gheerbrantiAugé & Rage, 2006: fig. 2.

  fig. 1. -Photo de Jean-Claude Rage prise lors des Journées Bernard Gèze dans le Quercy, France, en septembre 2005. / Picture of Jean-Claude Rage taken during the Bernard Gèze Days in Quercy, France, in September 2005.

  Folie A. et al. suggèrent un certain potentiel de mouvement dans la mandibule entre les os dentaires et post-dentaires, conformément aux idées sur l'évolution d'une charnière intramandibulaire chez les Varanidae Gray, 1827, Heloderma Wiegmann, 1829, les serpents et les mosasauridés. Les auteurs transfèrent l'espèce feisti au nouveau genre Paranecrosaurus Smith & Habersetzer, 2021 et l'attribuent à la famille des Palaeovaranidae Georgalis, 2017. L'analyse du contenu stomacal (qui révèle le deuxième spécimen connu du squamate Cryptolacerta hassiaca Müller, Hipsley, Head, Kardjilov, Hilger, Wuttke & Reisz, 2011), combinée avec l'analyse morphologique, reconstruit P. feisti (Stritzke, 1983) comme un puissant squamate varanoïde faunivore-carnivore avec un museau sensitif. Leur étude suggère que, si la phylogénie moléculaire des anguimorphes est correcte, de nombreuses caractéristiques partagées par les Helodermatidae Gray, 1837 et les Varanidae seraient apparues de manière convergente, partiellement en lien avec l'alimentation. Sorbelli et al. (2021) s'intéressent à la faune de vertébrés ectothermes du gisement du Pléistocène inférieur (Villafranchien) de Pietrafitta (Italie centrale), dont le riche assemblage de mammifères et d'oiseaux a déjà été bien étudié. Sur la base de plus de 800 restes fossiles, ils ont pu identifier des téléostéens (Barbus sp., aff. Squalius, Scardinius cf. erythrophthalmus, Tinca sp.), ainsi que deux espèces d'anoures (Latonia sp. et Pelophylax sp.) et de tortues (Emys gr. orbicularis et Testudo hermanni Gmelin, 1789), qui sont en accord avec la reconstitution paléoenvironnementale proposée d'un milieu lacustre entouré d'une forêt humide. Les restes de serpents sont attribués à des Colubrines indet, Natrix sp. et au genre Vipera s.l. Au sein de l'herpétofaune, la présence de Latonia sp. et de Vipera s.l. dans le Pléistocène inférieur d'Italie centrale souligne l'importance de la péninsule italienne comme refuge pendant le refroidissement du Plio-Pléistocène.

  fig. 2. -Dessin d'un lion (Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1758)) par Jean-Claude Rage (probablement années 1980)./Drawing of a lion (Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1758)) by Jean-Claude Rage (probably from the 1980s).[START_REF] Corral J.-C | Stratigraphy, age, and vertebrate palaeontology of the latest Cretaceous Quintanilla la Ojada locality (Basque-Cantabrian Region, northern Spain): a synthesis[END_REF] describe and figure for the first time mosasaurid remains found by a Missionaries of Africa Father near Jerusalem, and for which, on the basis of some vertebrae, Repelin created in 1915 the species Liodon asiaticum Répelin, 1915. Three different undetermined Mosasaurinae are identified and Liodon asiaticum is considered as a nomen dubium. The micropalaeontological study (calcareous nannofossils, planktonic foraminifers and palynomorphs) of the associated matrix indicates a middle Campanian age (Contusotruncana plummerae(Gandolfi, 1955)/Globotruncana rosetta(Carsey, 1926) and CC18/UC14-15a Zones), corresponding to the Mishash Formation, which outcrops widely to the east of Jerusalem around the Mount of Olives. This area, close to where Father Ruffier lived and worked, probably corresponds to the place of discovery of the fossil remains.Smith & Habersetzer (2021) re-describe the morphology of "Saniwa" feisti Stritzke, 1983, including ontogenetic variation, based on the combination of observations, stereoradiography and high-resolution X-ray computed tomography of the holotype, the paratype, and previously unpublished specimens. This taxon, from the early-middle Eocene of Messel, Germany, is among the most complete fossil carnivorous squamates ever discovered. As such it represents a potentially key taxon for reconciling molecular and morphological evidence. This study reveals its unique scalation and notable osteological features. Despite the lack of evidence of an intramandibular hinge, the authors suggest some potential degree of movement in the lower jaw between the dentary and postdentary bones, which is congruent with ideas about the evolution of an intramandibular hinge in Varanidae Gray, 1827, Heloderma Wiegmann, 1829, snakes and mosasaurids. The authors transfer the species feisti to the new genus Paranecrosaurus Smith & Habersetzer, 2021 and place it in the family Palaeovaranidae Georgalis, 2017. The analysis of gut content (that reveals the second known specimen of the squamate Cryptolacerta hassiacaMüller, Hipsley, Head, Kardjilov, Hilger, Wuttke & Reisz, 2011), combined with the morphological analysis, reconstructs P. feisti(Stritzke, 1983) as a powerful, faunivorous-carnivorous stem varanid with a sensitive snout. Their study suggests that, if the molecular phylogeny of anguimorphs is correct, many of the features shared by Helodermatidae Gray, 1837 and Varanidae must have arisen convergently, partly associated with diet.[START_REF] Sorbelli | The Early Pleistocene ectothermic vertebrates of Pietrafitta (Italy) and the last Western European occurrence of Latonia Meyer, 1843[END_REF] focus on the ectothermic vertebrate fauna of the Lower Pleistocene (Villafranchian) site of Pietrafitta (central Italy), whose rich assemblage of mammals and birds has already been well studied. On the basis of more than 800 fossil remains, they were able to identify teleosts (Barbus sp., aff. Squalius, Scardinius cf. erythrophthalmus, Tinca sp.) as well as two species of anurans (Latonia sp. and Pelophylax sp.), and turtles (Emys gr. orbicularis and Testudo hermanni Gmelin, 1789), which are in agreement with the proposed palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (lacustrine environment surrounded by a humid forest). The snake remains are attributed to Colubrines indet, Natrix sp. and to the genus Vipera s.l. Within the herpetofauna, the presence of Latonia sp. and Vipera s.l. in the Lower Pleistocene of central Italy

  & Teodori (2021) describe a new eutherian from the Maastrichtian of Northern Pyrenees (France) that adds new data to the poorly known late Cretaceous mammal fauna from Europe. The species dedicated to Jean-Claude Rage, Azilestes ragei Gheerbrant & Teodori, 2021, is known from a damaged lower jaw that displays specializations previously unknown in stem eutherians, such as a remarkably reduced dental formula and incipient lophodont traits. Study indicates that Azilestes Gheerbrant & Teodori, 2021 documents a new clade of European zhelestid eutherians, possibly including Valentinella Tabuce, Vianey-Liaud & Garcia, 2004 from the basaux telles qu'une formule dentaire réduite et des traits lophodontes précoces. L'étude indique qu'Azilestes Gheerbrant & Teodori, 2021 documente un nouveau clade européenne d'euthériens zhelestidés, comprenant peut-être aussi Valentinella Tabuce, Vianey-Liaud & Garcia, 2004 du Maastrichtien de Vitrolles (France) et singulièrement spécialisée dans un régime herbivore convergent avec celui des placentaires ongulés. Azilestes témoigne d'une diversité significative des euthériens européens du Crétacé malgré la pauvreté du registre fossile. Georgalis et al. (2021) décrivent de nouveaux spécimens herpétologiques de Turquie, issus des localités oligocènes de Kavakdere et Kocayarma, dans le Sud-Est de l'Europe et Kargi 2, en Anatolie. Parmi les amphibiens, se trouvent des albanerpetontidés et des anoures pélobatidés. La présence d'albanerpetontidés dans le Sud-Est de l'Europe est attestée pour la première fois sur base de l'espèce Albanerpeton cf. inexpectatum. Des restes de tortues et de crocodyliens sont également présents mais demeurent indéterminés. Parmi les squamates, se trouvent des lacertidés, des scinciformates, des anguidés et des serpents « tropidophiidés ». Les scinciformates et les « tropidophiidés » représentent les plus anciennes occurrences de ces clades au nord-est de la Méditerranée. L'anguiné Ophisaurus Daudin, 1803 et le « tropidophiidé » Platyspondylia Rage, 1974 sont identifiés pour la première fois dans le Paléogène d'Europe de l'Est. À l'instar de ce qui a été proposé pour les mammifères, les auteurs suggèrent la présence d'une voie de dispersion sud entre l'Asie et l'Europe passant par la région des Balkans méridionaux et l'Anatolie. Bardet et al. (2021) décrivent et figurent pour la première fois des restes de mosasauridés trouvés près de Jérusalem par un Père Missionnaire d'Afrique, et pour lesquels, sur la base de quelques vertèbres, Repélin créa en 1915 l'espèce Liodon asiaticum Répelin, 1915. Trois Mosasaurinae indéterminés différents sont identifiés et Liodon asiaticum est considéré comme un nomen dubium. L'étude micropaléontologique (nannofossiles calcaires, foraminifères planctoniques et palynomorphes) de la gangue associée indique un âge Campanien moyen (Zones à Contusotruncana plummerae (Gandolfi, 1955)/Globotruncana rosetta (Carsey, 1926) et CC18/UC14-15a), correspondant à la Formation Mishash, affleurant largement à l'Est de Jérusalem autour du Mont des Oliviers. Cette zone, proche de l'endroit où habitait et travaillait le Père Ruffier, correspond probablement au lieu de découverte des restes fossiles.

  COMPTES RENDUS PALEVOL • 2023 • 22 (11)[START_REF] Jansen | The scratch-digging lifestyle of the Permian "microsaur" Batropetes Carroll & Gaskill, 1971 as a model for the exaptative origin of jumping locomotion in frogs[END_REF] présentent une nouvelle hypothèse, soutenue par une analyse discriminante du squelette appendiculaire, selon laquelle le lépospondyle permien Batropetes Carroll & Gaskill, 1971 utilisait ses membres antérieurs pour creuser dans le sol meuble ou la litière végétale le recouvrant. Cette adaptation au fouissage de Batropetes pourrait expliquer que le membre antérieur de Triadobatrachus Kuhn, 1962 (le plus ancien lissamphibien connu, du Trias inférieur) pouvait résister aux forces d'atterrissage, sans pour autant permettre de sauter. En effet, selon l'hypothèse de l'origine des lissamphibiens à partir des lépospondyles, cette adaptation de Batropetes pourrait paradoxalement être l'étape initiale qui a permis l'adaptation au saut chez les anoures, qui avait à peine progressé chez Triadobatrachus Kuhn, 1962. À l'inverse, si les lissamphibiens sont des temnospondyles, il n'y aurait qu'une convergence entre Batropetes et Triadobatrachus. Augé et al. (2022) révisent le plus ancien squamate varanidé, Saniwa orsmaelensis Dollo, 1923, provenant de l'Éocène inférieur du Nord-Ouest de l'Europe. Le matériel diagnostique était alors limité à des vertèbres, décrites assez brièvement et non figurées, à l'exception d'une vertèbre dorsale, désignée plus tard comme lectotype. De nouveaux spécimens de l'Éocène basal de Dormaal (Belgique) et Le Quesnoy (France), incluant des restes crâniens, sont ici décrits et illustrés. Ces fossiles permettent de nouvelles comparaisons avec l'espèce-type Saniwa ensidens Leidy, 1870, de l'Éocène moyen d'Amérique du Nord et de proposer une nouvelle diagnose de S. orsmaelensis. Son arrivée en Europe est probablement liée aux rapides changements environnementaux aux alentours du maximum thermique Paléocene Éocène (PETM). Le genre Saniwa Leidy, 1870 viendrait vraisemblablement d'Asie, bien qu'une origine africaine ne puisse être complètement exclue.

Paléomammalogie (petits mammifères sauf Euarchontoglires


est destinée au dépôt

  MUTANT : a new image filtering paradigm for improved parameters determination. Application to myelin water fraction mapping and sodium concentrations imaging J.-M. Bonny, Wafaa Zaaraoui, Mohamed-Mounir El Mendili, Guilhem Pagès, Mustapha Bouhrara To cite this version: J.-M. Bonny, Wafaa Zaaraoui, Mohamed-Mounir El Mendili, Guilhem Pagès, Mustapha Bouhrara. MUTANT : a new image filtering paradigm for improved parameters determination. Application to myelin water fraction mapping and sodium concentrations imaging. ISMRM workshop, Sep 2023, Nashville (Tennessee), United States. hal-04235727 .01 Theory • General framework for the nonlocal multispectral filtering, named MUlTispectral quANTitative filtering = MUTANT Nonlocal = filtered intensity in a voxel is a weighted mean of all other intensities within image Weight 𝜇 𝑖, 𝑗 is proportional to the similarity between two voxels • Similarity 𝜇 𝑘 𝑖, 𝑗 between voxels 𝑖 and 𝑗 in the 𝑘-th frame derived from the Bayes theorem 𝜇 𝑘 can be calculated for any noise pdf = Genericity The vector of framewise similarities 𝜇 1 , ⋯ , 𝜇 𝐾 𝑇 carries all the information regarding the similarity between voxels 𝑖 and 𝑗 • A fusion operator 𝑔 used to combine the multispectral information Pave the way for a myriad of context-dependent filters = Flexibility E.g. g = f-min / sensitive to the f frames indicating the lowest similarities