domain: shs sdv info

text:
B Meunier
email: bruno.meunier@inra.fr

E Delval

C Cirié

M M Richard

P Pradel

Y Gaudron

D Ledoux

I Veissier

European Conference on Precision Livestock Farming Automated measurement of dairy cow grooming behaviour from real time location system

Keywords: monitoring, behaviour, RTLS, grooming, cow

It has been reported that grooming behaviour may be related to status (calving, stress), health (mastitis) and production (milk yield). Consequently, accurate long-term monitoring of grooming behaviour could advantageously serve as a PLF solution to give alarms or well-being indicators. The main activities of dairy cows (resting, moving, eating, and so on) can be monitored indoors 24/7 using a real-time location system (RTLS). During the EU-PLF project (2012-16), the CowView RTLS (GEA) was assessed on 160 cows, equipped with tags, in our freestall barn enhanced with mechanical swinging brushes (Delaval). From the large positioning dataset collected (1 location/animal/s), we extracted grooming behaviour (scratching using the brush) with good sensitivity (80%) and a suitable positive predictive value (60%). The accuracy of our grooming detection algorithm was evaluated by comparing the results output against video analyses. Then, 23 dairy cows were monitored for 32 days, and patterns of grooming activity were analysed to study variations between cows and between days. 24-h video recording was re-visualized to explain the false detections observed, i.e. a cow detected in the brush area without grooming or a cow classified as grooming but not localized in the area. The kinetics of daily time spent grooming showed high day-today and inter-individual variations. Noisy tags appeared to be responsible for most of the false detections. Once smoothed, the kinetics modelled offer promising applications for detecting alterations in cow grooming behaviour patterns.

Introduction

Grooming is a natural and essential [START_REF] Bolinger | The effects of restraint using Self-locking stnachions on dairy cows in relation to behavior, feed intake, physiological parameters, health, and milk yield[END_REF] behaviour for dairy cows. Grooming behaviour is reported to be potentially related to physiological status (calving [START_REF] Newby | Use of a mechanical brush by Holstein dairy cattle around parturition[END_REF], stress [START_REF] Mandel | The effect of food location, heat load, and intrusive medical procedures on brushing activity in dairy cows[END_REF] and health (mastitis, [START_REF] Fogsgaard | Sickness behavior in dairy cows during Escherichia coli mastitis[END_REF]. Equipping freestall barns with mechanical brushes may help cows to self-groom more body regions, thus reducing boredom, stress and dirt. Cows may only use brushes for a few minutes a day, e.g. 6 min/d spread over 7 daily visits [START_REF] Devries | Usage of Mechanical Brushes by Lactating Dairy Cows[END_REF], but with large variations, e.g. 31 min/d (±18) in precalving cows [START_REF] Newby | Use of a mechanical brush by Holstein dairy cattle around parturition[END_REF]. A monitoring device able to automatically measure grooming behaviour could therefore help detect such states and better serve precision livestock farming (PLF) approaches. In a previous study (research paper submitted in March 2017) performed during the EU-PLF project , we demonstrated, using a real time location system (RTLS) versus video and a dedicated algorithm, that we could monitor grooming behaviourspecifically, scratching using a mechanical brush-with good sensitivity (nearly 80%) and a suitable positive predictive value (PPV) of 60%. Since the cows were localized (x, y) at the 1 Hz datarate, we were able to continuously detect even short visits to the area of the brush. Nevertheless, this validation work was only realized at herd level and for a short period of time; i.e. 24h.

Here we focussed on how this grooming monitoring approach-already applied and validated for more basic and major behaviours such as resting in the cubicle [START_REF] Tullo | Validation of a commercial system for the continuous and automated monitoring of dairy cow activity[END_REF]-can serve to acquire more precise behavioural patterns, at individual level and over the long term. To this end, we first reanalyzed the video used as the "gold standard" for our first study in order to understand the technical reasons why we had so many false detections (PPV=60%), and to investigate a filtering strategy. Then, from our big RTLS dataset, we extracted the individual kinetics of grooming patterns over a longer period, and proposed a dedicated data mining approach in order to assess the relevance of the measurement tools from a biological point of view.

Materials and Methods

The study was conducted at the INRA Herbipole experimental unit, in a freestall barn equipped with the CowView RTLS (GEA Farm Technologies, Germany). In one of the rearing pens equipped with a mechanical swinging brush (Delaval, Sweden), the (x, y) positions of 23 cows (8 lactating cows, 10 dry cows, 5 heifers), each equipped with an active ultra-wideband tag, were collected continuously (1 location/animal/s) from 5 January 2016 to February 6 2016. We also recorded 24 h of video film of the brush area between 22 and 23 January 2016 to determine whether or not cows used the brush. A 3.6 m² area around the brush was empirically defined, and cows localized by the RTLS in this area were considered as "using the brush" (Figure 1). An algorithm developed under ImageJ v1.50c image processing software [START_REF] Schneider | NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis[END_REF] allowed automatic extraction of a continuous profile of individual grooming behaviour. These profiles were first compared against the 24-h video to explain the false detection qualitatively using The Observer V11.5 software (Noldus, The Netherlands). Then, these profiles were summarized on a daily basis, visualized, and smoothed with a moving average filter to remove the false detections. Finally, the smoothed profiles were submitted to a hierarchical clustering analysis, using Euclidean distance and the Ward's aggregation method bundled with XLStat software (Addinsoft, France), to blindly sort the cows and evaluate the relevance of the biological information contained in such data.

Comment

Results and Discussion

The RTLS data were collected for the 23 cows and the 32 consecutive days with less than 5% missing values.

According to the video analysis, the 23 cows used the brush for 8.3 h/d, i.e. 21.6 min/cow/d spread over 6.6 daily visits. These values are mid-range between those obtained in the studies by [START_REF] Devries | Usage of Mechanical Brushes by Lactating Dairy Cows[END_REF][START_REF] Newby | Use of a mechanical brush by Holstein dairy cattle around parturition[END_REF]. For the same 24-h period, the cows were detected in the brushing area for 10.0 h (+21% compared to video evidence), and for an average 10.3 h/d (±1.4 h) over the full 32-d period. This leads to conclude that our measure is quite stable and that the pressure on the brush is potentially high (10h/24h).

Comparison of RTLS profile against video profile found that most false-positive detections were due to cows standing in the area without using the brush and, to a lesser extent, cows standing in a very near area (e.g. the neighbouring cubicles) that was badly located due to the positioning noise. Concerning false-negatives, we observed very few individuals using the brush differently from the majority, i.e. body parallel to the cubicles when brushing its back (Figure 1-B). False-negatives were due first to the limited area of interaction, which could be enlarged, and second to the positioning noise due to tags badly positioned on the neck or tags masked by their environment. It is reasonable to assume that detection performance would have been better if we had restricted the area to a circle around the axis of the brush, although in that case we would only have detected cows brushing their head and neck, which accounts for only 29% of total brush-use time [START_REF] De Oliveira | A sequential analysis of body regions and body positions during mechanical brush use by dairy cattle[END_REF].

Figure 2 shows the raw and smoothed daily duration of brush use (or, more precisely, presence in the brush area) for the two major and the two minor users. The plot reveals high day-to-day variation (potentially as much as 400 percent) as a consequence of both inter-individual biological variability (unknown) and technical variability (to recap, sensitivity was nearly 80% and PPV was 60%). This justified smoothing the data with the smallest window, that we considered as 5 consecutive days, that does not induce a substantial phase-shift in the time-series. The dashed curves in Figure 2 reveal cyclics variation in the behavioural pattern between cows that may be potentially biologically relevant (e.g: oestrus cycle, calving, day in milk…) for long-term analysis and between periods potentially explained by extern events (e.g: temperature and humidity levels [START_REF] Mandel | The effect of food location, heat load, and intrusive medical procedures on brushing activity in dairy cows[END_REF].

Figure 2. Daily duration (min/d) of being in the brush area for the two major and two minor brush-user cows (distinguished by their tag numbers). The smoothed profiles (dashed line) are more informative as they potentially filter out the false (positive and negative) detections.

Figure 3-A depicts the dendrogram resulting from the clustering analysis. The automatic classification, without a priori information, revealed 4 groups of cows whose daily time spent in the brush area were homogenous, relatively stable during this long time-period (32 d) and spread over a large range of brush use, from 10 to 110 min/d as depicted in Figure 3-B. This means that our automatic measurements are not only noise (found by chance), and also acts, to a certain extent, as a validation process. The real hierarchy in this group was not evaluated but is not known to be expressed with this type of resource [START_REF] Val-Laillet | Short communication: dominance in free-stall-housed dairy cattle is dependent upon resource[END_REF] if there is little pressure on it. In fact, we found no correlation of brush use with cow's weight for instance, even if the major user (C1) was declared by the farmer as the "big mamma" in the herd. Furthermore, the five heifers were mainly found (4/5) in the C2 cluster (one in C3), with all showing a relatively high level of brush use. Health may explain a part of clustering, for instance, if cows would suffer of different levels of extern parasites infestations.

Comment

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first study describing brush use at individual level and over the long term. The kinetics of daily time spent grooming showed high day-to-day and inter-individual variations. The approach employed here revealed interesting cows behaviour profiles, which may be potentially associated to phenotype or physiologic state as this grooming behaviour can be considered as more or less freely expressed (i.e. without farming constraint) by each individual. The high range of "brush use" observed here could be compared to other factors such as dominance, health status or well-being indicators.

Noisy tags appeared to be responsible for most of the false detections. Once smoothed, the kinetics modelled offer promising applications for detecting alterations in cow grooming behaviour patterns. Nevertheless, forgetting to consider sensor performance in interaction with the individual could lead to misinterpretations, which further underlines how that these new PLF equipment devices must always be assessed at individual level, in each set of conditions, using robust approaches. This monitoring approach could be easily implemented in real time to develop a PLF strategy or added to other time-budget information approaches to enrich the study of animal behaviour.

  Comment citer ce document : Meunier, B., Delval, E. (Collaborateur), Cirie, C. (Collaborateur), Richard, M. M. (Collaborateur), Pradel, P. (Collaborateur), Gaudron, Y. (Collaborateur), Ledoux, D. (Collaborateur), Veissier, I. (Co-dernier auteur) (2017). Automated measurement of dairy cow grooming behaviour from real time location system. Presented at 8. European Conference on Precision Livestock Farming

  citer ce document : Meunier, B., Delval, E. (Collaborateur), Cirie, C. (Collaborateur), Richard, M. M. (Collaborateur), Pradel, P. (Collaborateur), Gaudron, Y. (Collaborateur), Ledoux, D. (Collaborateur), Veissier, I. (Co-dernier auteur) (2017). Automated measurement of dairy cow grooming behaviour from real time location system. Presented at 8. European Conference on Precision Livestock Farming

Figure 1 .

 1 Figure1. Snapshot of the video (A) and the corresponding heat map representation of density of occupancy processed from the RTLS data (B). Hot colours are associated with high levels of occupancy by the cows. The 3.6 m² area with the dashed outline has been empirically drawn to be more probably associated with the use of the brush.

  Comment citer ce document : Meunier, B., Delval, E. (Collaborateur), Cirie, C. (Collaborateur), Richard, M. M. (Collaborateur), Pradel, P. (Collaborateur), Gaudron, Y. (Collaborateur), Ledoux, D. (Collaborateur), Veissier, I. (Co-dernier auteur) (2017). Automated measurement of dairy cow grooming behaviour from real time location system. Presented at 8. European Conference on Precision Livestock Farming

  citer ce document : Meunier, B., Delval, E. (Collaborateur), Cirie, C. (Collaborateur), Richard, M. M. (Collaborateur), Pradel, P. (Collaborateur), Gaudron, Y. (Collaborateur), Ledoux, D. (Collaborateur), Veissier, I. (Co-dernier auteur) (2017). Automated measurement of dairy cow grooming behaviour from real time location system. Presented at 8. European Conference on Precision Livestock Farming

Figure 3 .

 3 Figure 3. Dendrogram (A) resulting from the hierarchical clustering of the 23 cows, and histogram (B) of their mean (+ standard deviation) daily duration (min/d) of being in the brush area, ranged in descending order. The automatic classification (dashed horizontal line on the tree -A) revealed four significantly different groups of cows (C1 to C4) presenting different levels of brush use (B).

  Comment citer ce document : Meunier, B., Delval, E. (Collaborateur), Cirie, C. (Collaborateur), Richard, M. M. (Collaborateur), Pradel, P. (Collaborateur), Gaudron, Y. (Collaborateur), Ledoux, D. (Collaborateur), Veissier, I. (Co-dernier auteur) (2017). Automated measurement of dairy cow grooming behaviour from real time location system. Presented at 8. European Conference on Precision Livestock Farming

Acknowledgements

The European Community provided valuable financial participation in Collaborative Project EU-PLF KBBE.2012.1.1-02-311825 under the 7th Framework Programme. The authors thank Dominique Pomiès and the staff of the INRA experimental unit Herbipole (UE1414), especially Olivier Troquier, Florence Fournier and Christiane Espinasse. We also thank Karen Helle Sloth and Karsten Kristensen from GEA.


Hervé Garreau

Julien Ruesche

Hélène Gilbert

Elodie Balmisse

Florence Benitez

François Richard

Ingrid David

Laurence Drouilhet

Olivier Zemb

Genetic and maternal effects on growth and feed efficiency in rabbits

scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Session 24

Theatre 6

Session 24 Theatre 5

Genetic and maternal effects on growth and feed efficiency in rabbits H. Garreau 1 , J. Ruesche 1 , H. Gilbert 1 , E. Balmisse 2 , F. Benitez 2 , F. Richard 2 , I. David 1 , L. Drouilhet 1 and O. Zemb 1 1 INRA, INPT, ENSAT, Université de Toulouse, GenPhySE, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, 2 INRA, Pectoul, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; herve.garreau@inra.fr The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of neonatal environment (ultimately including the microbiota composition) on feed efficiency. For that purpose, half of the rabbits of the G10 line, selected for 10 generations on residual feed intake (RFI), were fostered by does of a non-selected control line G0, and vice versa. In parallel, collaterals were adopted by mothers from their original line. Around 900 animals were produced in 3 successive batches and raised in individual or collective cages. Traits analyzed in this preliminary study were weights at weaning (32 days) and at the end of the test (63 days), average daily gain (ADG), feed intake between weaning and 63 days (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and RFI. Line of the rabbit, type of housing (collective or individual cages: 2 levels) and batch (3 successive mating:3 levels) were significant effects for all traits. G10 does had a negative effect on FCR (+0.06, P=0.04), irrespective of the line of young rabbits. G10 animals were lighter than G0 at 32 days (-83 g) and at 63 days (-161 g). They also had a lower ADG (-2.36 g/day), FCR (-0.36), RFI (-548 g/day) and a lower FI (-839 g), confirming a better feed efficiency. Our results demonstrate that selection on feed efficiency was successful for direct effect but maternal effects were degraded by the selection. This study is part of the Feed-a-Gene Project, funded from the European Union's H2020 Programme under grant agreement no. 633531. Improving feed efficiency is an import challenge for pig production. This study aimed at proposing molecular traits able to predict feed conversion ratio (FCR) in growing pigs. A total of 71 pigs from two divergent lines selected for residual feed intake (RFI) and fed under different conditions (ad libitum or restricted) and different diets (low fat high starch or high fat high fiber) were considered, so that a broad range of FCR data was obtained. Transcriptomics data from the loin muscle and blood were obtained using porcine microarrays. The dataset (22,288 molecular probes per tissue and pig) was split into 70% for machine learning methods and 30% for cross-validation. Random forests were used to propose a reasonable set of 359 genes identified as very important predictors (VIP) of FCR. The FCR was well predicted (RMSE=0.16; R 2 =0.63) by a model combining the expression levels of 50 genes in muscle (out of the 359 VIP). These genes were involved in various biological pathways, including the response to insulin, homeostatic processes, signal transduction, regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, protein metabolism, and inflammatory responses. About 82% of the muscle VIP were also expressed in the blood. The FCR was also predicted correctly (RMSE=0.21; R 2 =0.52) by using the same model of genes expressed in blood. Technical validation is in progress to evaluate the predictive potential of the model when expression levels of these genes are measured by target methodology (qPCR) in blood of the same pigs. Further tests will be performed on blood samples taken at earlier growth stages to obtain early predictors and by using different pig populations to obtain generic predictors.

Molecular indicators of feed efficiency as proposed by a meta-analysis of transcriptomics data

In conclusion, identifying molecular traits related to feed efficiency could be helpful to identify important genomic regions and new biomarkers for genetic selection. This study is part of the Feed-a-Gene project and received funding from the European Union's H2020 program under grant agreement no. 633531.

  F. Gondret, B. Koffi, J. Van Milgen and I. Louveau PEGASE, INRA, France; florence.gondret@inra.fr


Boris Biao

Co-construction des processus d'innovation

Agriculture numérique, agriculture intelligente, agriculture connectée, agriculture digitale, … ?

• Utilisation de l'imagerie satellitaire en agriculture

• Etude des sols • Cartographie de l'usage des terres 1970

• Premier logiciel pour l'agriculture (comptabilité, gestion de parcelles)

• Premières cartes de rendements (USA) 1980

• Naissances de l'agri /élevage de précision (bases de la gestion intraparcellaire)

• 1985 Premier robot de traite français (IRSTEA) 1985 -1990 • Agriculture numérique comme concept

Un peu d'histoire…

Quelques chiffres clés en France • Objectif

• Proposer une typologie des réseaux d'innovation (RI) sur la base des formes organisationnelles des réseaux d'acteurs impliqués dans les processus d'innovation.

Basé sur l'exploration du système sectoriel d'innovation (SSI)

• Ensemble des parties prenantes, organisations, institutions et réseaux d'acteurs qui favorisent la production de nouvelles connaissances et l'innovation dans un secteur (Malerba, 2004) Trois composantes

• Innovation technologique : Objet d'interactions entre acteurs et constituent une contrainte majeure à la diversité des comportements des acteurs, à l'organisation des entreprises et aux formes potentielles des réseaux d'innovation.

• Connaissances : Objet central autour duquel les acteurs interagissent au sein des réseaux d'innovation afin de générer des technologies innovantes.

• Réseau d'innovation : Ensemble temporaire de partenaires composé de laboratoires privés ou publics, d'entreprises, de clients, de fournisseurs, d'institutions financières qui participent activement au développement de nouveaux produits.

CADRE THÉORIQUE MÉTHODOLOGIE

• Entretiens semi-structurés • Recherche documentaire

• Rapports d'activité des acteurs de l'innovation, documents sur la politique et la stratégie d'innovation, sites web des entreprises innovantes et autres acteurs, articles scientifiques traitant de l'innovation en agriculture numérique.

• Elles ont permis de compléter mais aussi de recouper progressivement les informations recueillies lors des entretiens avec les experts.

INNOVATIONS TECHNOLOGIQUES

Agriculture numérique • Formes de réseaux composés de deux (2) catégories d'acteurs

Plateformes collaboratives

STRUCTURES ORGANISATIONNELLES SIMPLES

• Entreprise -Intermédiaire dans le monde agricole (CA, Coop)

• Forme de collaboration permettant aux entreprises d'évaluer les attentes des utilisateurs finaux de la technologie (agriculteurs), mais aussi de tester des solutions innovantes en conditions réelles avec les agriculteurs.

• De nombreuses entreprises développent des partenariats avec des organisations professionnelles agricoles pour favoriser la diffusion des innovations

• Entreprise -Recherche

• Interactions directes avec un acteur de la recherche (INRA ou IRSTEA) pour la co-construction et de l'évaluation de technologies innovantes,

• Externalisation de la R&D au sein des entreprises, par exemple pour le benchmark technologique, ou à la mobilisation des compétences et des travaux de recherche pour la production d'un nouveau service

• Il s'agit d'unités de recherche spécialisées qui travaillent soit sur la recherche appliquée ou finalisée (CESBIO), soit sur l'évaluation des technologies existantes (IRSTEA)

• Formes d'organisation qui rassemblent plus de deux (2) acteurs pour coopération, de communication et de partage de connaissances et de compétences spécifiques

• Formes programmes ou projets de RI avec du financement public (ANR, ADEME, H2020)

• Volonté d'appréhender tous les aspects liés à l'innovation dans ce secteur, tant en amont qu'en aval du processus d'innovation

• Diversité d'objectifs interdépendants

• Réduction de la dépendance des exploitations agricoles à l'égard des produits phytosanitaires,

• Utilisation de la télédétection en agriculture pour améliorer les rendements,

• Bien-être des agriculteurs,

• Traçabilité des pratiques agricoles

••

  Principaux facteurs influençant la construction des réseaux d'acteurs • La construction des réseaux d'acteurs en faveur de l'innovation est déterminée par un certain nombre de facteurs qui rendent les interactions possibles Relations « contractuelles » pas toujours formalisées, liées à la sous-traitance d'une activité de recherche ou d'innovation, des contraintes technologiques et à la taille des entreprises qui n'intègrent pas nécessairement toutes les compétences • Partenariat entre une entreprise cliente et une entreprise fournisseur qui n'intègre pas d'actifs spécifique à la transaction • BeApi sous-traite la partie "système informatique" à Smag et une partie "traitement d'images satellitaires" de son offre technologique au groupe Isagri, expert en télédétection et analyse d'images satellitaires

•

  Dix-sept (17) entrevues semi-structurées ont été menées • Entreprises / Start-up de l'Ag Tech, Unités de recherche, Enseignement agricole, Institut technique agricole, Chambres d'agriculture, services de conseil agricole et coopératives agricoles ont également été étudiés

• Les personnes interrogées font partie des organisations impliquées dans des activités de développement des connaissances ou des projets d'innovation

CONCLUSION

• Mise en lumière de la pluralité des formes organisationnelles qui coexistent tout au long de la chaîne et du processus d'innovation pour former une " communauté " d'innovation et de « mutualisation » de connaissances

• Les interactions entre les différents acteurs au sein de ces réseaux contribuent à la construction d'un nouveau système d'innovation, qui conduit à un changement du régime technologique de l'agriculture

• Participation/ inclusion relativement faible des organisations agricoles qui sont des clients ou des utilisateurs finaux de la technologie

• Contribution aux discussions sur l'innovation ouverte entrante dans les entreprises et ses implications en termes de management des connaissances externes et de collaboration avec les intermédiaires et les utilisateurs finaux

• Perspectives : identifier les RI qui favorisent le plus l'innovation en entreprise et start-up de l'Ag Tech, leur incidence sur les processus d'innovation et les « influences » sur l'adoption par les agriculteurs


domain: sdv shs info

text:
Benoit Courbaud

Laurent Larrieu

François De Coligny

Sylvie Ladet

Daniel Kraus

Thibault Lachat

Jörg Müller

Yoan Paillet

Andreas Schuck

Jonas Stillhard

Miroslav Svoboda

Modelling the occurrence of tree-related microhabitats in managed uneven-aged forest stands over time Tree-related Microhabitats (TreMs) are morphological singularities on trees that constitute a substrate or life sites suporting forest biodiversity (cavities, bark losses, cracks, fungi …) Previous works show that ( Lindenmayer 1993, Vuidot 2011, Larrieu 2012, 2014) -TreMs are more frequent on large trees -TreMs are more frequent on broadleaves than conifers -TreM density is influenced by forest management We know little about the dynamic process of TreM formation Modelling TreM formation would make possible to include TreMs in forest dynamics and management simulators

Hypotheses :

-The rate of TreM formation (i) increases during tree growth ? (ii) is higher for broadleaved species than conifers ?

-TreM density can be increased in uneven-aged stands (i) by habitat-tree retention ? (ii) by higher harvesting DBH ? 8

Results

The effect of DBH on TreM formation rate varies among tree species

Ex: Rot holes

Small difference between small and large trees

Huge difference between small and large trees

Results

Annual TreM production for DBH =50 cm and ∆DBH=1 cm/yr

Abies and Picea have low production rates for most TreMs

Huge heterogeneity among broadleaved species High production rates of different TreMs are found on different tree species

  at which a tree forms its first TreM F X (D) : Proba of forming the first TreM before having a DBH of D Proportions of trees bearing at least 1 TreM at D Calibrated on observations h(D) : Hazard Rate Function Proba for a tree without TreM at D to have one at D + dD P(t) : Annual Rate of TreM formation Proba of forming a new TreM between t and t+1 P(t) = f(𝑫, ∆𝑫) -aged stands Courbaud et al., 2015 Dufour-Kolawski et al., 2012 Breeding woodpecker holes on Fagus sylvatica


How to improve customer loyalty in riding schools? Which factors influence customer loyalty to riding schools? Research question and theoretical background 3 2 dimensions: -Attitudinal (attitude, intentions) -Behavioral (observed behavior) Consumer behavior theory Service loyalty approach

Methodology

Quantitative survey:

-Whole of France -Online -Focus: paths, practices, wishes -Specific questions for model's concepts -Respondents aged 15 years old and over -630 actual riders -Riders with other conditions Target: non-owner riders using riding schools Exploratory qualitative survey:

-Semi-directive interviews -30 respondents -10 various structures -Hérault : urban, suburban and rural areas 4

Data processing:

Use of R software -Descriptive statistics and cross tables with significance tests -Lavaan package for Structural Equation Model (SEM)

• 92% 8% (88% and 12% FFE national stat)

• Horse riding experience from 0 to 56 years (average: 13 years)

• Age: 15 to 77 (average: 28 y.o.) -> 42% students

• Number of riding schools frequented: from 1 to 20 (average number: 2.7) Average stay from 0 to 47 years (average: 4.1 years)

In current RS from 0 to 47 years (average: 5.6 years)

•

Various horse riding levels: from beginners to Galop 7® (experienced)

• Various practice frequencies: 27% < 1/week 27% = 1/week 46% > 1/week

Friend Group commitment

Instructor's linkage

Alternative offer attractiveness

Perceived costs

How loyalty to RS is built? et al., 2005Keavaney, 2008Klisch, 2009Côté, 2002Wu,2013Lichtlé et Plichon, 2008Bodet, 2012 Switching barriers Jones et al., 2005Lichtlé et Plichon, 2008Cochrane and Dashper, 2015, Grefe and Pickel-Chevalier, 2015Dabholkar and Thorpe,1994Casper and Stellino,2008 Affective commitment with RS horse 6 Keavaney, 2008Gustafsson et al. 2005 Difficulty to evaluate the influence of the relationship with the horse Affective commitment with the favorite horse was tested in our model BUT all variables were high (marked as 4 and 5 for most people) and no significant effect was found HOWEVER Key role of the relationship with the horse -1 st reason for riding -Almost all riders have a favorite horse in the RS => can be a barrier to riding school switch (result from another survey)

Algesheimer

Problem in the evaluation of the influence of the relationship with the horse ???

Perspectives

camille.eslan@supagro.fr -celine.vial@inra.fr -sandrine.costa-migeon@inra.fr

Limits

  With the sample composition: • Few boys / men (8%) • Few beginners (in their first riding year) (5%) • Few over 60 years old (2%) • Almost every area of France  With the analysis: • Survey questions to study the relationship with RS horses • Multigroup SEM with social profile Conclusion Factors influencing the loyalty to riding schools: Key role of the riding school's instructor Loyalty to the riding school is linked to satisfaction Community commitment: loyalty factor for senior riders Practitionner's lack of knowledge about alternative offers Riding schools need to promote their activities better  Extend the study to other audiences: horse owners, children…  New investigation of the role of the relationship with the horse  Thesis that begins on the behavior of selforganized practitioners

analysis on loyalty model

	Multigroup analysis on loyalty model Multigroup analysis on loyalty model
	Riding school Riding school Riding school Riding school Riding school What is the main reason for leaving your last RS?		%
	Friend Group Friend Group Friend Group Friend Group Moving house, structure closure Friend Group I wasn't making enough progress	Community commitment Community commitment Community commitment Community commitment Community commitment		39,3 8,7
	commitment commitment commitment commitment commitment Instructor lack of skills or pedagogy		Instructor's Instructor's Instructor's Instructor's Instructor's	6,0
	Traumatic experience, fall, fear		linkage linkage linkage linkage linkage	4,2
			Satisfaction Satisfaction Satisfaction Satisfaction Satisfaction
	Switching Barriers significance < 5% significance < 8% neg: negative influence significance < 1% significance < 5% significance < 8% neg: negative influence significance < 1% significance < 5% significance < 8% neg: negative influence significance < 1% significance < 5% significance < 8% neg: negative influence significance < 1% neg: negative influence significance < 1% significance < 5% significance < 8% Switching Barriers Switching Barriers Group 3: 26-36 y.o. Switching Barriers Switching Barriers Group 4: 37 y.o. and +	Alternative offer attractiveness neg neg neg neg Alternative offer attractiveness neg Alternative offer attractiveness neg Alternative offer attractiveness attractiveness Alternative offer	Attitudinal loyalty to riding school neg Attitudinal loyalty to riding school R²=46% Attitudinal loyalty to riding school R²=74% Attitudinal loyalty to riding school R²=96% R²=66% riding school Attitudinal loyalty to neg neg	Perceived costs neg neg neg Perceived costs Perceived costs Perceived costs costs Perceived
					11 12

Group 1: 15-18 y.o. Group 2: 19-25 y.o. Group 3: 26-36 y.o. Group 4: 37 y.o. and + Multigroup analysis on loyalty model 8 Lavaan package with R-CRAN for SEM Attitude, intentions towards the RS Group 1: 15-18 y.o. 9 Multigroup analysis on loyalty model Group 2: 19-25 y.o. 10 Multigroup

Non-adaptation to my needs 7,7 Staff lack of friendliness 6,7 My group of friends left 2,0 I wasn't enjoying RS's club life 3,5 Horse's lack of well-being 5,7 Horse's lack of training 1,0 Horse's lack of diversity 2,0 Offered activities didn't match anymore with my needs 4,5 I wasn't enjoying the setting and the environment of the structure 2,7 Rates were too high 6,0 Complementary results explaining loyalty to the riding school 33% Instructor's role 15 %: Inadaptation of the offer??

Thank you! 17 27 th European Sport Management Conference

	Model general indices: N°free parameters: 308 -Nb obs used G1: 133/144; G2: 190/203; G3:116/121; G4: 141/147-P
	value:0.000 -Robust CFI: 0.880 -Robust TLI 0.864 -RMSEA: 0.080 (P value: 0.000) confidence interval [0.076 0.089] -
	SRMR: 0.077-GFI=0.985
		Group 1	Group2	Group3	Group4
	Sample number	144	203	121	147
	Loyalty <-
	Satisfaction	0.338 (0.000)	0.348(0.000)	0.478(0.000)	0.106(0.149)
	Teachers' linkage	0.145 (0.34)	0.250(0.072)	0.123(0.255)	0.538(0.000)
	Attractiveness offer	-0.042 (0.697)	-0.239(0.003)	-0.019(0.864)	-0.212(0.015)
	Perceived cost	-0.119 (0.057)	-0.069(0.062)	-0.007(0.856)	-0.108(0.173)
	R 2	46%	74%	96%	66%
	Satisfaction <-
	Teacher's linkage Community commitment Attractiveness offer Perceived cost	1,071(0.007) 0.133(0.513) -0.522(0.013)	0.963(0.001) 0.463(0.058) -0.601(0.002)	0,724(0.085) 0.388(0.012) -0.680(0.041)	1.198(0.000) 0.414(0.017) -0.537(0.001)
	R 2	-0.027(0.851)	-0.112(0.212)	-0.027(0.778)	-0.269(0.014)
		47%	53%	59%	62%
	Community commitment<-
	Friend group commitment Teacher's linkage R 2	0.333(0.055) 0.525(0.027) 34%	0.415(0.000) 0.310(0.020) 36%	0.216(0.172) 0.682(0.000) 33%	0.721(0.000) 0.032(0.838) 66%
	Perceived cost <-
	Teacher's linkage	0.738(0.001)	0.542(0.007)	0.359(0.014)	0.402(0.034)
	R²	16%	6%	5%	8%
					18

Table 1 :

 1 Multigroup properties of the model (standardized coefficients)Je suis motivé pour participer aux activités de mon centre équestre parce que cela me permet d'atteindre des objectifs personnels 4,0

	RESULTATS: MODELE

Construit

Item

Moyenne Médiane

Engagement affectif cheval

Je suis très heureux de monter mon cheval/poney préféré 4,8 4

Il y a une forme de réciprocité dans ma relation avec


Jordi Estellé

R Savić

Danijel Karolyi

K Salaipal

Marie-José Mercat

Gaetan Lemonnier

Olivier Bouchez

J M Garcia-Gasco

P Palma Granados

Rosa Nieto

Gut microbiota analyses for sustainable European local porcine breeds: a TREASURE pilot study

niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Session 49

Theatre 6

Session 49 Theatre 5

Gut microbiota analyses for sustainable European local porcine breeds: a TREASURE pilot study J. Estellé, M. Čandek-Potokar, M. Škrlep, Č. Radović, R. Savić, D. Karolyi, K. Salajpal, M.J. Mercat, G. Lemonnier, O. Bouchez, J.M. R. Nieto,A.I. Fernández,B. Lebret and C. Óvilo Treasure consortium,Hacquetova 17,Ljubljana,Slovenia;jordi.estelle@inra.fr The study of gut microbiota and its effects on hosts has emerged as an essential component of host homeostasis and global efficiency. Besides host's influence on gut microbiota, major quantitative and qualitative changes may occur in the composition of the intestinal microbiota due to the influence of diet and other environmental factors.

In accordance with the TREASURE project global aim of enhancing sustainability of production systems for local pig breeds, the objective of our task was to conduct a pilot characterisation of intestinal microbiota in order to test its usefulness to characterize several local European pig populations and their production systems. This approach has been applied to populations belonging to the following European traditional breeds: Gascon (France), Iberian (Spain), Krskopolje (Slovenia), Mangalitsa (Serbia), Moravka (Serbia) and Turopolje (Croatia). For each breed, faecal samples have been collected along different experiments performed in the TREASURE project targeting the comprehension of a particular traditional production system (e.g. open-air farming), management practice, or the comparison of breeds. In all experiments, the metagenomics technique employed is the re-sequencing of the bacterial 16S in an Illumina MiSeq system. Overall, the results have shown that the gut microbiota analysis is a promising approach for the characterisation of these local breeds, by allowing a deeper understanding of their production systems and potentially allowing the development of new certification approaches. Preliminary results will be summarized in this communication. Funded by European Union's H2020 RIA program (Grant agreement no. 634476). Male immunocastration (IC) should be adapted to the long life cycle of Iberian (IB) pigs. We previously developed long-term, 3-dose, pre-finishing IC protocols for male Iberian pigs whose efficacy seemed to be influenced by nutritional and stress level. Study 1 aimed to improve the efficacy of protocols by a short-term increase in feeding intake. IC males (ICM; n=47) were fed commercial concentrate in an extensive system, immunized against GnRH at 11, 12 and 14 months (m) of age and slaughtered at 16 m. The treated subgroup (23 ICM) was submitted to a 15-day ad libitum feeding period starting at the 3 rd vaccination, and the remaining ICM were the Control subgroup.

The treated ICM group reached 100% efficacy as all its animals had <150-g testes (which was the threshold for blood testosterone presence in our earlier studies). In contrast, 4/24 Control ICM had >150-g testes. Study 2 aimed to adjust the protocol to suit the chronology of the acorn-feeding free-range period (montanera; MT). We tested whether improving body condition homogeneity at the start of MT would homogenize testicular atrophy. Control IB pigs (C; n=18) were immunized at 10.5, 12 and 13.5 m. Treated pigs (T; n=17 IB males) were immunized at 10.5, 11.5 and 13 m, with a 15-day ad libitum (AL) feeding period starting at the 3 rd dose. Montanera started at 13.5 m, and slaughter took place at 16 m. The AdLib group (IB × Duroc; n=15) were fed AL with concentrate during growth and finishing phases in an extensive system, immunized at 8, 9 and 10 m, and slaughtered at 13 m. The Adlib and T treatments showed a 100% efficacy. Backfat androstenone and skatole levels were basal. Ham yield and backfat thickness were similar for the 3 groups. Unlike in Study 1 and our previous studies, intramuscular fat content, backfat thickness and meat texture did not seem different from those usually reported for surgically castrates. We conclude that nutritional level can be used to improve the IC efficacy. Longer finishing after the last vaccination may increase fat deposition. Funded by European Union's H2020 RIA program (grant agreement no. 634476).

Development of long-term, pre-finishing immunocastration protocols for male Iberian pigs: 2. carcass

  F.I. M. Izquierdo, M.A. Pérez, A.I. Del Rosario, Animal Production, Km 372, Spain; francisco.hernandez@juntaex.es


Uroy Léa

Mony Cendrine

Ernoult Aude

Alignier Audrey

A trait-based approach to unravel the effects of habitat connectivity and habitat amount on weeds

INRA of Rennes, UMR INRA 0980 Bagap, 35000, Rennes, France.

The recent essay of Fahrig (2019) has revived the debate about the relative influence of two major components of landscape structure, i.e. habitat connectivity and habitat amount, on biodiversity. In plants, these two components may act as a filter on dispersal and establishment trait values (response trait). These trait values should, in turn, shape plant diversity and abundance (effect trait).

In agricultural landscapes, weeds play a dual role. They support important ecosystem functions (e.g. pollination, limitation of soil erosion) but also represent a major problem for farmers through the competition with the crop. Unraveling the effects of habitat connectivity and habitat amount on weed traits should then help to understand the mechanisms behind their maintenance and growth in fields.

Here, we investigated the relative effects of habitat connectivity and habitat amount on i) five dispersal and establishment trait values and on ii) weed richness, diversity and cover, as proxies of their colonization ability. We sampled 27 cereal fields in the LSTER-ZA Armorique. We assessed habitat connectivity and habitat amount provided by wooded, grassland and cropland elements at three spatial scales: 250m, 500m and 750m.

Habitat connectivity provided by cropland elements decreased aggregated values of seed germination rate. Habitat amount provided by wooded, grassland and cropland elements impacted aggregated values of plant height vegetative, seed mass, seed germination rate and seed number per plant. Changes in trait values of seed germination rate and seed mass, in turn, drove weed cover and diversity. Our results demonstrated hence that landscape structure shapes the colonization ability and establishment of weeds through its filtering effect on functional traits. This study emphasizes that using the response-effect trait framework provides a better understanding of weed assembly rules and a key to combine the maintenance of weeds without jeopardizing crop production.

Key words: Agricultural landscapes; response-effect trait framework; dispersal traits; establishment traits; weed cover and diversity


domain: sdv shs sde sdv.bv

text:
Rémi Mahmoud

Noemie Gaudio

Pierre Casadebaig

Xavier Gendre

Laurent Bedoussac

Guenaelle Hellou

Florian Fort

Etienne-Pascal Journet

Isabelle Litrico

Christophe Naudin

A trait-based approach to understand and predict the performance of arable annual mixed crops

des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

A trait-based approach to understand and predict the performance of arable annual mixed crops.

Rémi Mahmoud (1), Noémie Gaudio (1), Pierre Casadebaig (1), Xavier Gendre (2), Laurent Bedoussac (1)(3), Guénaëlle Corre-Hellou (4), Florian Fort (5), Etienne-Pascal Journet (1)(6), Isabelle Litrico (7), Christophe Naudin (4), Cyrille Violle (5)

(1) AGIR, Université de Toulouse, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France (2) UMR 5219, Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse, Toulouse, France (3) ENSFEA, Castanet Tolosan, France (4) LEVA, INRA, Ecole Supérieure d'Agricultures, Université Bretagne Loire, Angers, France (5) CEFE, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France (6) LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France (7) P3F, INRA, Lusignan, France One of the challenges in low-input annual arable mixed crops (i.e. species and variety mixtures) is to determine which species / varieties go well together to improve overall system performance.

Theories coming from community ecology suggest that two ecological processes are particularly involved in mixed crops performance by improving resource use efficiency [1]. Niche complementarity can be quantified by the distance between target functional traits between two plants. Phenotypic plasticity can be quantified by the variance of target functional traits between cropping environments (including crop management). We aim to apply this ecological theory in an agronomical context by calculating these complementarity and plasticity metrics to predict crop yield of various mixed crops in different environments.

A plant trait database on wheat and pea mixtures was built, gathering ten experiments with various management practices over six years, localized in two French sites (Angers, Toulouse). Plant traits were measured dynamically (crop height, aerial biomass, nitrogen content) to quantify crop growth and development over key phenological stages and at harvest (yield, grain quality) to quantify crop performance.

Together with environmental (climate and soil) indicators we considered both trait by trait and multi-traits methods to analyze performance variability.

[1] Litrico and Violle (2015). Trends Plant Sci. 20, 604-613.


Laurence Lamothe

Sylvie Combes

Elodie Balmisse

Anne Collin

Stéphane Ferchaud

Karine Germain

Marie-Hélène Pinard-Van Der Laan

Catherine Schouler

Nathalie Le Floc'h

A conceptual framework to promote integrated health management in monogastrics

établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.


Effect of gut microbiota on production traits, interaction with genetics

Hélène Gilbert, Sandrine Lagarrigue, L.M.G. Verschuren, Olivier Zemb, M.

Velasco, Jean-Luc Gourdine, R. Bergsma, David Renaudeau, J.P. Sanchez,

Hervé Garreau

To cite this version: Gut microbiome has been proven to affect pork production via nutritional, physiological, and immunological processes. We studied gut bacteria of the pig from host genetics gut microbiome perspectives, seeking to incorporate such relationship in genetic improvement of pigs. There were 1,205, 1,295, and 1,283 rectal samples collected from pigs at weaning (18.6±1.09 d), 15 weeks post weaning (118.2±1.18 d), and end of feeding trial (196.4±7.86 d). Of these 1,039 animals had samples collected at all 3 time points. The microbiome data was analysed at operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level, including 1,755 OTUs. The animals were also genotyped with the Illumina PorcineSNP60 Beadchip. From our association analyses, 131 OTUs were identified as large contributors to the variance of backfat thickness (BF), live weight (WT), and loin depth (LD), at 3 time points, week 14, 18, and 22, for each phenotypic record. Three OTUs, including OTU17, OTU758, and OTU1163, had the largest contribution to the total variance of the traits. Heritabilities of the 3 OTUs varied between 0.13±0.05 and 0.40±0.06 for OTU17, 0.02±0.03 and 0.20±0.06 for OTU758, 0.02±0.03 and 0.21±0.06 for OTU1163 for the 3 time points. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) that had consistently large effects on OTU17 and OTU758, at week 15 and end of the test, were also identified on chromosomes 3, 6, and 7.We further included microbiome data in estimating breeding values (BV) for BF and average daily weight gain (ADG) at 22 weeks post-weaning. We found that providing microbiome information, under the form of relatedness among individuals based on similarity of microbial communities, significantly improved the model fit for both BF and ADG, as well as reduced standard error of predictions for BF and ADG breeding values. This analysis was a preliminary attempt to effectively include gut microbiome data to improve the accuracy of BVs in the pork industry. We have plans to incorporate the results from our association analyses in forming microbiome-based and genotype-based relationship matrices to be used in estimating BVs. We have proven interaction between host genetics and its gut microbiome in regulating the host phenotypic records. Such interaction can be used to improve the accuracy of genetic evaluation of the pig. Gut microbiota is a key contributor to feed use in monogastric species, in particular via the digestion dietary fibres. Molecular techniques are now available to run large studies and decipher the potential of gut microbiota to improve livestock. Studies on human and mice are more advanced: different factors have been demonstrated to influence the gut microbiota composition and functions, including maternal transmission, environment (diet composition and quantity, humidity and heat), age and physiological status. Studies also evaluated if the host controls its gut microbiota. In pigs, chicken and rabbits, microbiota differences between animals of extreme phenotypes within populations, and between lines divergently selected for specific traits, are reported. Other studies reported that some microbiota abundancies are heritable. Linear mixed models have been used to evaluate its contribution to trait variability, or microbiability, with different data (full vs 16S sequencing of gut or faecal contents) and different variance matrices. They showed significant contribution to production traits, reaching more than 30%. However, confounding effects exist, such as the maternal inheritance of the microbiota and the genetic determinism by the host: many studies show reduction of the genetic additive variance, in addition to reduction of the residual variance with microbiability. Specific datasets, testing a given genetic in different environments or using cross-fostering, are used to better understand the relative contribution of each effect (host genetics and microbiota) to the trait variance, and propose solutions to livestock. This work is part of the European Union's H2020 Feed-a-Gene Project (grant 633531).

Effect of gut microbiota on production traits, interaction with genetics

Session 13 Theatre 4

Session 13 Theatre 3

  H. Gilbert 1 , S. Lagarrigue 2 , L.M.G. Verschuren 3 , O. Zemb 1 , M. Velasco 4 , J.L. Gourdine 5 , R. Bergsma 3 , D. Renaudeau 2 , J.P. Sanchez 4 and H. Garreau 1 1 INRA, UMR GenPhySE, 31320 Castanet Tolosan, France, 2 INRA, AgroCampusOuest, UMR PEGASE, 35042 Rennes,France, 3 Topigs Norsvin Research Center B.V., Schoenaker 6, 6641 Beuningen, the Netherlands, 4 Institute for Food and AgricultureResearch and Technology, IRTA, 08140, Torre Marimon, Spain, 5 INRA, URZ, 97170 Petit-Bourg, France; helene.gilbert@inra.fr


Jérémy Lesueur

Sarah Barbey

Nathan Cebron

Sarah Walachowski

Rachel Lefebvre

Pierre Germon

Didier Boichard

Fabien Corbière

Gilles Foucras

Development of a bovine/ovine cytokine 15-plex assay for immunoprofiling of the cellular response in ruminants

ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

ivis2019.org

International Veterinary Immunology Symposium

ORAL ABSTRACTS

been limited compared to humans and mice. To address this gap, several Immunological Toolbox initiatives (from 2003 onwards; largely funded in the UK and USA) aimed to prioritise new reagent development against research gaps. Today, all these efforts have produced thousands of reagents and associated methods, but a global overview of availability and applicability is lacking.

After feedback from several national and international workshops, we have developed a searchable and highly scalable veterinary immunology reagent database, accessed through a website; immunologicaltoolbox. co.uk. This provides detailed knowledge on existing reagents, as well as reagents that are being developed. As such, we aim to highlight gaps in capability and avoid the duplication of effort, which itself can provide strong evidence to support investment in specific research and development. Information presented will include cross-reactivity between species and associated applications alongside a comments and rating feature to facilitate continual community scrutiny and improvement. Frameworks to facilitate collaboration, exchange or purchase from the owner or company will also be available.

The website also links directly to the practical components of the Pirbright/Roslin Toolbox. This includes the generation of new reagents based on community priorities, and the capability to recombinantly express and engineer monoclonal antibodies. Consequently, this first version of the website has largely been driven by the information available from Pirbright and Roslin antibody repositories. However, the quality and quantity of future information will rely on community engagement. Discussions at an international level will be extremely valuable in helping to remove barriers and promote veterinary immunological research.

O42

Development of a bovine/ovine cytokine 15-plex assay for immunoprofiling of the cellular response in ruminants Lesueur J. Evaluation of the immune status must be assessed in highly controlled conditions to be amenable for reproducibility. Furthermore, whereas the cellular response plays a major role, immunity has been measured for a long time through antibody production. For the purpose of assessing immune cell responsiveness in ruminants, we developed and validated a whole blood assay coupled to a high-throughput multiplex cytokine assay using the Luminex technology. A custom Milliplex assay was developed with MERCK-Millipore company for the measurement of 15 bovine/ovine cytokines of both the innate and adaptive immunity, and chemokines. Whole blood samples were collected from 110 dairy cows in an INRA experimental unit, and immediately stimulated during 24 hours with heat-killed bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus uberis), Toll-like receptor ligands (FSL-1 for TLR2, LPS for TLR4, and Gardiquimod for TLR7-8), or soluble anti-CD3/CD28 monoclonal antibodies. Cytokine secretion was determined and compared with a sample prepared in the same condition but without any stimulant. Using ANOVA and data mining methods (PCA, clustering…), we showed that the IVIS2019.ORG

ORAL ABSTRACTS

protocol is able to detect differences between bacteria, with S. uberis being the most potent to induce a response, compared to S. aureus and E. coli that were distinct but more closely related to each other. Similarly, TLR ligands could be distinguished, and Gardiquimod was significantly different from the MyD88associated TLR2/4-activating ligands. LPS and E. coli provided very similar response profiles confirming previous data indicating that a large part of the E. coli response is mediated through LPS signaling. A high variability of response was detected amongst cattle suggesting environmental and genetic variations of the cytokine response. Altogether, results indicate that cytokine profiling in cattle is achievable and can be used in further work to delineate more precisely the responsiveness of cattle in various situations, including variability of the genetic background. The CD40 receptor is expressed on all professional antigen presenting cells and is integral to the activation and subsequent production/affinity-maturation of antibodies.

O43 CD40-targeted immunization as a method for rapid antiserum production and epitope mapping

Vuong C.N. 1 , Chou W.-K. 2 , Hargis B.M. 1 , Bielke L.R. 3 , Berghman L.R.
Previously published data from our laboratories demonstrated that targeting an antigen to chicken CD40 receptor induced more rapid and robust antibody production specific against the antigen. Using this method, a panel of oligopeptides of varying lengths ranging from 9 to 23 amino acids were designed to span an entire target toxin were synthesized for the purpose of epitope mapping. The target, Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin, possesses two enzymatic functions: hemolytic activity and phospholipase C activity. By loading this panel of peptides onto the CD40-targeting platform and immunizing chickens by subcutaneous injection (equivalent to 0.33ug of peptide antigen dosage per chicken), a panel of high titer peptide-specific antiserum samples was produced in a week. Peptide-specific antibody responses measured a minimum mean of 4.6-fold higher than pre-immune baseline, and as high as 13-fold higher. These serum samples were used to screen for the ability to neutralize the alpha toxin's enzymatic functions. Results demonstrated multiple candidates for hemolytic neutralization, but not against phospholipase C. With this successful proof-of-concept, the CD40-targeted immunization method was able to produce functional antiserum for in vitro laboratory usage a week after a single immunization. This targeted method is more advantageous than the traditional style of antiserum production, which requires multiple immunizations over a span of several weeks, necessitating longterm animal care/housing and consumption of more antigen. Furthermore, because this platform uses chickens as a host, there is an increased chance of response against conserved mammalian domains. Additionally, this method of rapid antiserum production is a useful technique for cheaper, faster epitope mapping and has since been successfully used for candidate selection in development of a necrotic enteritis vaccine for poultry.

  1 , Barbey S. 2 , Cebron N. 1 , Walachowski S. 1 , Lefebvre R. 3 , Germon P. 4 , Boichard D. 3 , Corbiere F. 1 , Foucras G. 1

	1 IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRA,
	Toulouse, France, 2 UE Le Pin, INRA, Le Pin-aux-
	Haras, France, 3 GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech,
	Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France,

4 ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France


enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Unusual isotopic composition of C-CO2 from sterilized

soil microcosms: a new way to separate intracellular from extracellular respiratory metabolisms.

Benoit Keraval, Gaël Alvarez, Anne-Catherine Lehours, Christian Amblard,

Sébastien Fontaine

To cite this version:

Benoit Keraval, Gaël Alvarez, Anne-Catherine Lehours, Christian Amblard, Sébastien Fontaine. Unusual isotopic composition of C-CO2 from sterilized soil microcosms: a new way to separate intracellular from extracellular respiratory metabolisms. The mineralization of organic C requires two main steps. First, microorganisms secrete exoenzymes in soil in order to depolymerize plant and microbial cell walls and release soluble substrates for microbial assimilation. The second step of mineralization, during which C is released as CO 2 , implies the absorption and utilization of solubilized substrates by microbial cells with the aim to produce energy (ATP). In cells, soluble substrates are carried out by a cascade of respiratory enzymes, along which protons and electrons are transferred from a substrate to oxygen.

Given the complexity of this oxidative metabolism and the typical fragility of respiratory enzymes, it is traditionally considered that respiration (second step of C mineralization process) is strictly an intracellular metabolism process.

The recurrent observations of substantial CO 2 emissions in soil microcosms where microbial cells have been reduced to extremely low levels challenges this paradigm. In a recent study where some respiratory enzymes have shown to function in an extracellular context in soils, Maire et al. (2013) suggested that an extracellular oxidative metabolism (EXOMET) substantially contributes to CO 2 emission from soils. This idea is supported by the recent publication of Blankinship et al., 2014 who showed the presence of active enzymes involved in the Krebs cycle on soil particles.

Many controversies subsist in the scientific community due to the presence of non-proliferating but morphologically intact cells after irradiation that could substantially contribute to those soil CO 2 emissions. To test whether a purely extracellular oxidative metabolism contribute to soil CO 2 emissions, we combined high doses of gamma irradiations to different time of soil autoclaving. The presence of active and non-active cells in soil was checked by DNA and RNA extraction and by electronic microscopy.

None active cells (RNA-containing cells) were detectable after irradiation, but some morphological intact cells were observed by microscopy. These "ghost" cells were completely destroyed by the irradiation-autoclaving combination releasing large amount of soluble C. The soil respiration (O 2 consumption and CO 2 production) was reduced by irradiation and autoclaving but not stopped, suggesting the presence of an EXOMET. The delta 13C of CO 2 released in the irradiated-autoclaved soil was strongly depleted (-70 indicating that this extracellular metabolism induced a substantial isotopic fractionation. Our findings suggest that two main oxidative metabolisms co-occur in soils: cell respiration and EXOMET. The isotopic fractionation induced by the EXOMET open perspectives for its quantification in non-sterilized living soils.


domain: sdv info shs

text:
Christine Leroux

Céline Boby

Laurence Bernard

Yves Y Chilliard

Yannick Faulconnier

Mammary nutrigenomics in lactating goats

à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Conclusions:

The comparison of dietary induced variation of gene expression using transcriptomic approach highlighted different networks (ESR1 and SP1) and signaling pathways such as (mTOR) which must be considered and need further investigations to precise their respective role.  The two major altered categories of genes belong to 'cell cycle, proliferation, differentiation and death' (ca. 13% of the DEG) and to 'protein metabolism and transport' (ca. 13.5% of the DEG) classes. Moreover, the 'cellular lipid metabolism and transport' class comprised 2.6% and 3.8% of the DEG identified with EL (Fig, 2) and ELFO compared to CTRL diet, respectively.

 mTOR signaling pathways was pointed out through the down regulation of genes as IL7, DGKD and PLD. Pleiotropic role of mTOR emerged this last years. So, in this study, the down-regulation of this set of genes could be the reflect of a mammary de novo lipids biosynthesis reduction through mTOR signaling pathways in line with the decrease of C8:0, C10:0 and C12:0 previously reported 1 with the same EL and ELFO diets. This hypothesis must be confirmed by further investigations.

 Both EL vs CTRL and ELFO vs CTRL analyses pointed out, notably, one network focused on ESR1 known to be involved in mammary development and mammary cell differentiation 2 and one focused on the transcriptional factor SP1 (Fig. 3) known to modulate the expression of genes involved in milk component biosynthesis as the alphaS1 casein gene 3 and the delta9 desaturase gene 4 .

Hypothesis: Nutrition is a major factor that regulates ruminant milk components synthesis particularly fatty acid (FA) composition which is an important determinant of milk nutritional quality for human consumers. Thus, in ruminants, nutritional strategies were developed with dietary supplementations such as plant oils or seeds rich in n-3 polyunsaturated FA to increase the milk nutritional value. In goats, a previous study 1 reported the effects of a supplementation of natural grassland hay (CTRL) with extruded linseeds (EL) alone or in combination with fish oil (ELFO) on milk fat and FA profile. Compared with the CTRL, ELFO tended to lower milk fat yield, whereas EL increased milk fat content and secretion. ELFO was effective for enriching milk cis-9,trans-11 CLA and trans-11 18:1 concentrations, whereas EL, compared with CTRL decreased milk 10:0 to 16:0 1 . In the mammary gland (MG), the milk components biosynthesis involves a large number of genes which nutritional regulation is not totally known in ruminants. Thus our objective was to evaluate the effects of dietary EL alone and in combination with FO on MG gene expression in goats.

Fig. 3 :

 3 Fig.3: SP1 network based on DEG in the MG with the EL vs CTRL obtained from MetaCoreTM.

Fig. 2 :Fig. 1 :

 21 Fig.2: Lipid metabolism network based on MG DEG from goats feed with EL vs CTRL diet, obtained from Ingenuity.


L De

Oliveira Lino

M Génard

B Quilot-Turion

Host factors for brown rot resistance in peach fruit

Keywords: Monilinia laxa, Prunus persica L. Batsch, disease resistance, cuticular conductance, stomata density, microscopy

Brown rot in peach fruits caused by the fungi Monilinia sp. is a common disease that can provoke as much as 30 to 40% losses of crop. Little is known on the fruit resistance factors and the infection process. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors of resistance of the fruit and their genetic control. This would provide a tool to rationalize genotype x cultural practices combinations in order to reduce brown rot incidence. Physical and biochemical characteristics of fruits (skin conductance, stomatal density, μcracks, surface compounds, epidermis phenolics) potentially linked to Monilinia resistance were investigated in cultivars contrasted for their susceptibility. Two segregating populations were phenotyped by infection tests in order to detect QTL controlling brown rot resistance. Fruit cuticular conductance was characterized for one of the populations. Fruit infection was observed by microscopy. Preliminary results in contrasting genotypes for resistance to brown rot show significant differences of number of fruit stomata and variations of surface compounds and their levels. In the microscopy analyses, high number of cases of germination and penetration of fungi through stomata and microcracks were observed. The knowledge gained from these experiments will be integrated into an existing ecophysiological model in order to optimize concurrently fruit characteristics and cultural practices to reduce infection risks.


Anne-Claire Dereclenne

Isabelle Veissier

Luc Mounier

Mara Miele

Mara Miele Farm

Farm official animal welfare inspections in France: a synthesis of the situation in the cattle sector between 2010 and 2013

des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

We present an overview of the results from animal welfare inspections carried out by official control services from the French Ministry of agriculture between 2010 and 2013 in the cattle sector. Each inspection was carried out using a grid allowing the assessment of the requirements of the COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 98/58/EC of 20 July 1998 concerning the protection of animals kept for farming purposes. The points of vigilance pointed by the regulation correspond to items / sub-items that are evaluated individually as compliant or not. An overall score is then awarded to the farm to situate it on a severity scale in relation to the welfare of animals. This influences the decision to carry out a new inspection for cases considered most unfavorable. We analyzed inspections carried out between 2010 and 2013 to have an overview of the French situation regarding the compliance with the regulation and of its enforcement difficulties. A specific attention will be given to farms with a low score at the first inspection and that have been subjected to additional inspections. The aim is to identify the various factors vs. barriers that can influence improvements of farm scores.

  International conference: Interpretive Policy Analysis, 5-7 July 2016, Hull, UK Panel 31: The politics of animal welfare: contestation, deliberation and power Farm official animal welfare inspections in France: a synthesis of the situation in the cattle sector between 2010 and 2013 Anne-Claire Lomellini-Dereclenne, Isabelle Veissier, Luc Mounier and Mara Miele