Omer Abdelhadi

Salih Babiker

Ibtihal Mohamed

J.-F F Hocquette

Bernard Faye

Quality of aged desert camel meat (Camelus Dromedarius)

Keywords: Ageing, camel meat, keywords: meat quality, lipid peroxidation


T M Goncalves

D Gonzalez-Pena

H Jeong

P J Pinedo

J E P Santos

G M Schuenemann

G J M Rosa

R O Gilbert

R C Bicalho

R Chebel

K N Galvão

C M Seabury

W W Thatcher

S L Rodriguez Zas

(USDA-NIFA-AFRI-003542) for direct measures

after calving as well as on persistency. Mucus score and DA had a negative impact on milk yield immediately after calving. Consistent with Wood's estimates, Wilmink's estimates indicated that multiparous cows have higher milk production and lower persistency than primiparous cows. Number of mastitis cases and DA were associated with lower overall milk production and higher persistency. Beta hydroxybutyrate was associated with a higher level of milk yield and lower persistency. The ratio of sire to residual variance estimates from Wood's and Wilmink's functions were consistent and approximately Wood's model offered a better fit for the lactation curves considered Our findings demonstrate the need to incorporate disease indicators on the assessment of the genetic component influencing the tra ectory of the lactation curve These findings contribute to a long-term multistate pro ect database Diseases in U.S. Holstein are responsible for losses of approximately $ 1 billion annually in dairy production due to reduced milk production and increased costs. The objective was to assess the impact of environmental factors and magnitude of genetic parameters on the incidence of diseases in dairy cows early (<10 d) and late (35 to 60 d) postpartum. Binary and multinomial disease records on approximately 6000 Holstein cows from farms in Texas, Minnesota, California, and Florida were evaluated using mixed effects logistic and Poisson models. Early postpartum binary diseases included: dystocia, retained placenta, subclinical ketosis (blood -hydroxybutyrate BHBA > 1), and metritis. Late postpartum binary diseases included: displacement of abomasum, mastitis, respiratory problems, and clinical endometritis. Mucus score at 7 d, number of mastitis cases up to 60 d, and lameness at d (five levels) were analyzed assuming a Poisson model Fixed effects in all models included: lactation number (3 levels), season (summer and winter), U.S. region, and farm. Other fixed effects evaluated depending on the disease included: twins, body condition score, BHBA level, calf gender, stillbirth, first test-day milk production record, and other diseases. The cow's sire was included as a random effect in the models Overall lactation, region, and season had a significant effect on the incidence of all diseases, except for lactation on respiratory problems, and season on mastitis and displacement of abomasum. First lactation cows exhibited the highest incidence of dystocia, metritis, and clinical endometritis and lowest incidence of mastitis, retained placenta, lameness, and displacement of abomasum. Clinical endometritis, metritis, lameness, and respiratory problems were lower in summer than winter. Dystocia, retained placenta, and subclinical ketosis were positively and significantly associated with clinical endometritis and metritis. Subclinical ketosis and dystocia were positively and significantly associated with displacement of abomasum Mastitis was negatively and significantly associated with milk yield at first test-day Heritability estimates for the diseases ranged from 0.06 (retained placenta) to 0.4 (respiratory problems). The differences in genetic parameter estimates among alternative disease descriptors offer insights into effective approaches to lower the incidence of disease through genetic selection These findings contribute to a long-term multistate project database (USDA-NIFA-A-FRI-003542) for direct measures of fertility. The objective was to test effects of nutrient restriction on responses to an intramammary lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in early lactation cows. Multiparous Holstein cows were either allowed ad libitum intake of a lactation diet throughout the study (CON, n = 9, 7.1 MJ/kg DM NE L , 17.4% CP), or the ration was diluted with barley straw (48% DM) for 4 d (RES, n = 8, 5.2 MJ/kg DM NE L , 12.2% CP) starting at 24 ± 3 d in milk. After 72 h, one healthy rear mammary quarter was infused with 50 µg of LPS (E. coli 0111:B4). Blood samples were collected at -1.5, -0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 10 h relative to LPS. Data were analyzed using SAS mixed models. Intake, milk, and protein yields and NE L balance did not differ before diet change (21.8, 39.0, 1.15 kg/d, and -5.6 MJ/d, respectively, on d ), but were significantly affected in RES ( , 28.3, 0.79 kg/d and -74 MJ/d, respectively, on d 3 of restriction and before LPS), as were plasma indicators (Table 1). Insulin response (area under the curve, AUC) to LPS was lower in RES compared with CON, but it was greater for NEFA, BHBA, and glucose. The NEFA nadir post LPS was 599 and 101 µM at 4 h for RES and CON (P £ 0.001), respectively, and it preceded insulin change in RES. The BHBA decrease in RES was consistent with NEFA response to LPS, but BHBA increased from a low baseline in CON (treatment × time interactions, P £ 0.05). The negative glucose AUC in CON could be related to the insulin increase post LPS. Rectal temperature increase did not differ between treatments (+2.1 ± 0.15°C at 6 h). Nutrient restriction altered peripheral metabolic responses to an intramammary LPS challenge.

Key Words: inflammation, undernutrition, dairy cow 0142 Potential modulation of the toxic effects of Escherichia coli in bovine endometrium by lactic acid bacteria. S. Genís *1 , A. Sánchez-Chardi 2 , A. Bach 3,4 , and A. Arís 1 . 1 Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Caldes de Montbui, Spain, 2 Servei de Microscopia, UAB, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain, 3 ICREA, Barcelona, Spain, 4 IRTA, Caldes de Montbui, Spain.

The ultrastructural assessment of toxic effects using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can provide important information to elucidate the mechanisms of infection and to develop preventive strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) combination, based on L. rhamnosus MOI 25, P. acidilactici MOI 25, and L. reuteri MOI 2, at preventing Escherichia coli infection and maintaining bovine endometrial tissue health. Triplicate samples of epithelial cell cultures were studied in a 2 ´ 2 factorial design in the presence or absence of an E. coli infection and with or without LAB. Samples were mounted in FESEM stubs and observed without coating in a Zeiss Merlin microscope. A qualitative assessment of general structure of the epithelium (size and shape of cells, ultrastructure, and amounts of ultrastructure of microvilli), presence of E. coli and LAB in cell surface, cell debris, presence of mucus in the cell surface, mitochondrial damage, and cell death was performed by the analysis of 10 random selected areas for each treatment. For TEM, contrasted ultrathin sections were observed in a Jeol 1400 operating at 80kV. A semiquantitative approach was performed by the analysis of 10 random selected sections in three areas for each treatment and data were analyzed using a Fisher exact test. Escherichia coli alone or with LAB appeared in low numbers in epithelial cells surface and in no case formed biofilms or interactions between each other Escherichia coli abundance was lower (P < 0.05) in samples treated with LAB than in those infected with E. coli alone. Healthy epithelium was observed in cells treated with LAB (epithelial cells with normal size and shape and normal aspect of microvilli), whereas in cultures infected with E. coli, abundant areas with cell debris and bacilli in epithelial cell surface were observed.

The incidence of necrosis (as assessed by TEM) in E. coli samples tended (P = 0.07) to be greater than in noninfected cultures. Control or LAB preincubated cells showed less mitochondrial damage (P = 0.01) than nontreated cells, a parameter strongly related to cell death. Overall, LAB appear to offer protection against E. coli, by mechanism different than the formation of biofilms, and thus, LAB combinations could be used as a preventive strategy for metritis. Key Words: endometrium, FESEM, TEM

  Key Words: metritis, postpartum, production 0141 Undernutrition alters metabolic responses to acute inflammation in early lactation cows. J. A. A. Pires *1 , K. Pawlowski 1 , J. Rouel 1 , C. Delavaud 1 , G. Foucras 2 , P. Rainard 3 , P. Germon 3 , and C. Leroux 1 . 1 UMR1213 Herbivores, INRA, VetAgroSup, Saint-Genes-Champanelle, France, 2 UMR1225 IHAP, INRA, Toulouse, France, 3 UMR1282 ISP, INRA, Nouzilly, France.

Table 0141 .

 0141

of fertility.


domain: sdv info

text:
N Mandonnet

M Mahieu

G Alexandre

M Gunia

J C Bambou

Genetic Resistance to Parasites in Small Ruminants: from Knowledge to Implementation in the Tropics

Keywords:

The key for sustainability of tropical small ruminant farming systems is to search for a balance between the environment and the animal. It is in vain to avoid constraints in animal rearing and wiser to choose animals for their adaptations to these constraints. In this context, gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections are a major constraint in small ruminant production in the tropics. The strategy of pest eradication has evolved to a more logical manipulation of host parasite equilibrium in grazing systems by implementation of various actions. The genetic resistance of small ruminants to GIN is a part of this new approach. This review addresses the questions of the pertinence and feasibility of genetic selection in the context of the tropics. Then, with the background of the last 20 years of research, the strategies to adopt for the building of breeding schemes in the tropics are discussed.

Introduction

One way to meet the challenge of feeding 9 billion people by 2050 is to rapidly improve productivity and resources utilization (i.e. efficiency) in livestock farming systems. Small ruminants participate in the subsistence of a large human population and provide tangible (cash, milk, meat, fiber and manure) and intangible benefits (prestige, saving, insurance, cultural and ceremonial purposes). The key for sustainability of tropical and extensive temperate small ruminant farming systems is to search for a balance between the environment (soil, fauna and flora), animals, and plant production. The restoration or preservation of such a trophic and ecological balance requires the implementation of innovative techniques. It is ineffective to avoid constraints in animal rearing and wiser to choose animals for their adaptations to these constraints. In this context, gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections in grazing small ruminants are the major pathogenic constraint worldwide [START_REF] Over | [END_REF]). Estimates of economic losses realized in Australia and the United States, range into millions of dollars per year and concern all phases of production (Gibbs and Herd (1986); McLeod (1995)).

In developing countries, the most important parasite is Haemonchus contortus [START_REF] Perry | International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)[END_REF]). It has a major impact on subsistence of populations. In Guadeloupe, goat farm profit was reduced by 81% when parasite infections were no longer controlled by anthelmintics (Gunia et al. (2013a)). The GIN infection of Creole does during lactation leads to lower ADG of kids between 30 and 70 days of life, and lower weaning weight (Mandonnet et al. (2005)). The risk of dying from strongylosis after weaning is hence increased (Mandonnet et al. (2003)). GIN infections cause a 20% loss of yearling body weight in Creole kids compared to a potential of 17.5 kg on average [START_REF] Tesfamicael | XI International Conference on Goats (ICG 2012)[END_REF]).

Today worldwide there is a massive rise of anthelmintic resistant GIN [START_REF] Kaplan | [END_REF]. In addition, the use of anthelmintics is counter to the legitimate consumer demand for chemical free animal products; their use in rural communities is further complicated by a dearth of veterinary services and the high relative cost of drugs. In recent years, the strategy of pest eradication has evolved towards a more agroecological approach whose objective is to restore the equilibrium between host and parasite by implementation of various actions. The genetic resistance of small ruminants to GIN infections is part of this new approach and plays a major role. In this review, we successively address the questions of the pertinence and the feasibility of genetic selection in the context of the tropics. Then, with the background of the last 20 years of research of our team in this field we discuss the question of the strategies to adopt for building breeding schemes in tropics.

Genetic selection: a solution?

Until 8-10,000 years ago, ruminants had evolved in equilibrium with their parasite populations. Mammal domestication by humans broke up this natural balance (Mignon-Grasteau et al. (2005)). Indeed, the animals were herded on limited surface areas which significantly altered the epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites [START_REF] Thamsborg | [END_REF]). The animal keeper gradually entered into a patttern of increasing flock production. According to the theory of resource allocation (Beilharz et al. (1993)), in the absence of compensatory food intake, selection effort on these production traits resulted in a reallocation of food resources and in a genetic depression of the other traits such as reproduction and adaptation to the environment (Menendez-Buxadera and Mandonnet (2006)). Thus parasites were favoured while host defenses were reduced. However, the impact was not the same for all hosts. There is individual variability in the resistance of animals in a flock. The parasite relies on a very small number of susceptible animals to quickly complete its cycle (Herbert and Isham (2000)) and produce a large number of propagules to colonize the pasture. Grazing ruminants are then constantly exposed to natural challenge by GIN, especially in tropics where no seasonal break occurs in GIN development.

Nowadays, a unique solution for controlling GIN infections in small ruminants is no more realistic. Three main strategies of research have been developed.  The first, as a short-term strategy, is the reduction of host contact with infective larvae though flock management. For gastrointestinal nematode infections in ruminants, a reduced stocking rate has been proven to be one of the most efficient ways of diluting the parasitic risk (Mahieu (2013)) although the relationship between the stocking rate and the worm burden was shown to be non-linear (Saul (1996)). A dilution strategy can be developed by grazing animals of different resistance/ susceptibility status and/or more or less permissive to small ruminant GIN, in the same pasture, simultaneously or alternatively [START_REF] Mahieu | [END_REF]. A compromise should be made between herbage quality and infection risk. It has been suggested that other semi-industrial techniques such as nematophagous fungi (Chandrawathani et al. (2002)) and coprophagous fauna (d'Alexis et al. (2009)) could be used to reduce larval contamination on pasture but they are not adapted to low input systems.  A second middle-term strategy, which consists of extending the efficiency of synthetic anthelminthic molecules, can be implemented though targeted selective treatment and/or the use of phytotherapeutic drugs. The choice of targeted selective treatment (TST, FAMACHA© for example) relies on the assumption that some animals are more infected than others. The value of TST strategy is highly dependent on the climatic environment, the general management of animals, and the nematode fauna. Moreover, it requires additional labor which limits feasibility even if there could be a return by the reduction of cost of treatments. Finding new therapeutical resources or restoring old ones relies on traditional pharmacopea issued from local ethnoveterinary knowledge. Some identified phytotherapeutic drugs remain an important source of natural anthelminthic materials against GIN infections in small ruminants exploited by small farmers in different parts of the world (Hammond et al. (1997); Akhtar et al. (2000); Githiori et al. (2006)).  Finally, long term strategy is enhancing the ability of the host to tolerate the negative effects of the worms (resilience) and eventually to respond to the parasites (resistance) from complementarity and/or genetic selection as vaccines do not seem to be finalized yet. Feed complementarity is particularly interesting for those nutrients which are the limiting factors of the diet (i.e. generally proteins). Several studies have aimed to define the optimal time or animals to target the distribution of extra proteins in order to maximise the potential benefits (Bambou et al. (2011)). The use of genetic selection of ruminants for traits of resistance to GIN infection has been presented as the "ultimate tool in sustainable parasite control" (Waller and Thamsborg (2004)).

In the end, it is the integration of several of these solutions which could lead to rebalance of the host-parasite relationships (Jackson and Miller (2006); [START_REF] Mahieu | In : Santé -Sécurité des aliments[END_REF]).

We will focus now on sustainable genetic tools for improving host resistance (not as the unique solution but rather in combination with other integrated control methods). The genetic solution, which is the focus of numerous scientific teams worldwide, consists of mimicking what natural selection has done for centuries at a faster rate. The adaptation of the GIN to their resistant host should not be ignored; nevertheless the polygenic nature of host resistance would probably exert a lower and more complex selection pressure on worm populations than methods aimed at eradicating parasitic populations with anthelmintics. In their report to FAO, [START_REF] Bishop | Background Study Paper No.18[END_REF] developed a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis of selection for resistance to GIN in small ruminants in tropics. The main benefit pointed out was the sustainability of the method (genetic change is permanently acquired). However weaknesses were the complex infrastructures required and the long term inclusion of resistance/resilience traits in the breeding goal.

Genetic selection: a realistic method?

Abundant knowledge has been accumulated on this topic since 80's. Early programs to examine and to understand the mechanisms underlying the genetics of resistance were initiated in Australia [START_REF] Woolaston | Breeding for disease resistance in sheep[END_REF]) and New Zealand (Watson et al. (1986)) as sheep there were intensively exposed to parasitism and anthelmintic resistance.

Evidence of genetic variation between and within sheep and goat breeds.

In the tropics, more precisely in developing countries of the tropics, less intensive management (multi-purpose breeding, less artificial environmental intervention) together with the utilization of indigenous breeds adapted to their environment has permitted the preservation of genotypes conferring resistance to GIN infections. In sheep, numerous studies comparing local and commercial breeds either natural or experimental infections with GIN showed a better capacity of local breeds from humid areas to express a resistant/resilient phenotype (lower faecal eggs count (FEC), parasite burden and packed cell volume (PCV) reduction). More generally, hair sheep express higher resistance than wool sheep [START_REF] Baker | Worm Control for Small Ruminants in Tropical Asia[END_REF]). Local breeds from South America, the Caribbean and Asia at different physiological stages (i.e. growing lambs, adult male and female around parturition), such as the Santa Ines, Crioula lanada, Criollo, Blackbelly, Florida native and Garole breeds, showed a higher level of resistance against GIN compared with Ile de France, Corriedale, Suffolk, Romane, Rambouillet and Decanni breeds respectively (Amarante et al. (2004); Rocha et al. (2004); Bricarello et al. (2002Bricarello et al. ( ) (2004)); Alba-Hurtado et al. ( 2010); Courtney et al. (1984); Nimbkar et al. (2003)). Some studies compare goat breeds in the tropics (de la Chevrotière et al. ( 2011)). Generally, specialized breeds are not able to express their genetic potential of production under harsh environments due to their higher nutritional requirements (Hoste et al. (2001)).

There are also numerous studies showing within breed variability for resistance criteria (FEC, worm burden), immune response criteria (eosinophilia, immunoglogulins), and resilience criteria (anemia, serum pepsinogen concentration, growth rate, required drenching frequency). In sheep, Safari et al. (2005) calculated the weighted mean of FEC heritability estimates in the literature (0.27). In goats, heritability of resistance appears about one-half that in sheep (Baker et al. (2001); Chiejina and Behnke (2011); Rout et al. (2011); Costa et al. (2000); Mandonnet et al. (2001)). Some studies even conclude an absence of genetic variability in goats [START_REF] Woolaston | [END_REF] 2011)). This variation may be due to interactions between host genetic resistance and the environment (Laurenson et al. (2012)). In Creole kids, increasing genetic variability was assessed between 3 and 11 month of age with decreasing maternal genetic effects with age. A positive genetic correlation was estimated between resistance of growing kids and periparturient rise of does (Mandonnet et al. (2006)). Otherwise, neutral relationships were shown between fertility, litter size, milking value and FEC while the genetic correlation was slightly favorable between body weight and FEC (Gunia et al. (2011)).

Several studies using diverse approaches, breeds and nematode species have been published, and many Quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance to GIN in small ruminants have been detected on more than 20 chromosomal regions, as reviewed by Dominik (2005) and [START_REF] Bishop | [END_REF]. Some of these QTL were detected near candidate genes such as interferon-gamma (Coltman et al. (2001); Davies et al. (2006)) or the MHC region (Boloorma et al. ( 2010)). The first genome scan for GIN resistance in goats was undertaken in Creole breed (de la Chevrotière et al. ( 2012)) identifying 13 QTL for resistance, resilience and immune criteria. The main conclusion of these studies is that most significant QTL effects tend to be scattered throughout the genome. So resistance to GIN is probably driven by numerous genes with small effects and few playing a key role (Bishop (2012)). This genomic information accumulates but remains difficult to exploit by professionals.

All the above presented results make obvious the feasibility of selection for resistance and resilience to GIN infections in small ruminants in the tropics. Moreover, the local tropical breeds in comparison with the commercial ones provide an opportunity to identify genes that significantly impact the expression of resistance against GIN [START_REF] Piedrafita | [END_REF]). In addition, the different applications of genomics help researchers to better understand the genetic mechanisms leading to disease resistance (Goddard and Hayes (2009)).

Underlying mechanisms: The richness of the ovine-caprine comparison.

The mechanisms underlying the genetic resistance against GIN are well documented in sheep, particularly in commercial breeds. The response against gastrointestinal nematodes is associated with proliferation of mucosal mast cells, globule leukocytes, and circulating and tissue eosinophils. This response also involves production of parasite-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG1 and IgE (Shaw et al. (1998)). More recently, it has been shown that proteins of the lectin-family (carbohydrate binding proteins) play a key role in the immune response to GIN, suggesting the importance of the innate immune response which has not been sufficiently studied in the past (French et al. (2008); Robinson et al. (2010a)).

Strong evidence for a close association between the genetic resistance and the immune response was showed in Merino lambs. The CD4+ T helper cells have been found to be essential for the genetic control of the development of immunity against H. contortus (Gill et al. (1993)). Numerous studies aimed at investigating the immune mechanisms involved in genetic resistance have compared local more resistant tropical breeds to commercial more susceptible breeds. Inflammatory cell counts and parasite-specific IgA were inversely associated with H. contortus worm burden and FEC, however, similar mean values of inflammatory cells and IgA were found in the resistant Santa Ines and in the susceptible INRA401, Suffolk and Ile de France breeds of sheep (Amarante et al. (2005); Lacroux et al. (2006)). Limited differences in eosinophil and globule leucocytes counts were observed between resistant Crioula and susceptible Corriedale breeds (Bricarello et al. (2004)). Differences between resistant and susceptible breeds in the kinetics of the cytokine expression showed resistant sheep breeds had quicker up-regulation of several cytokines than susceptible sheep breeds. The IL-5 gene over-expression was shown to remain high in the resistant Black Belly lambs during a H. contortus infection, while it was down regulated earlier in INRA 401 susceptible lambs (Lacroux et al. (2006)).

The feeding behaviour of goats as browsers has allowed them to avoid infective L3 ingestion at pasture, contrary to sheep which are grazers. The co-evolution of these two hosts with GIN was qualitatively and quantitatively deeply different (Mirkena et al. (2010)). It is hypothesised that the mechanisms involved in GIN control in goats compared to sheep would be also qualitatively and quantitatively different. A few studies have investigated the goat immune response to Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and H. contortus infections (Huntley et al. (1995); Fakae et al. (1999); [START_REF] Perez | [END_REF]; Macaldowie et al. (2003)). The immune cell populations observed in the digestive mucosa were identical to those observed in sheep. However, results suggest that the correlation between the intensity of the cell infiltration and a decreased worm burden was less evident in goats compared with sheep (Hoste et al. (2008)). Moreover, the ability of dairy goats to control challenge infections was lower than that generally observed in sheep, which suggested that the immunologic memory after drenching does not last as long (Chartier and Hoste (1997); Hoste and Chartier (1998)). To our knowledge, the mechanisms involved in genetic resistance of goats against GIN have been investigated only in Creole goats infected with H. contortus. It has been shown that in animals previously infected by H. contortus, a degree of protection occurred and the phenotypic and genetic segregation in resistant and susceptible animals were related neither to the humoral (i.e. IgA and IgE) immune response nor to the circulating activated subpopulations of LTCD8+ and LTCD4+ (Bambou et al. (2008); Bambou et al. (2009a)). In this breed, the expression of the resistance mechanisms appeared after a second infection since no difference in FEC is observed between resistant and susceptible indexed kids after a primary infection. This result is consistent with studies showing that the level of a secondary infection of kids with H. contortus was lower after a primary infection (Bambou et al. (2009b)), and GIN infections in young animals during post-weaning increase the efficiency of the protective immune response at the adult stage (Bambou et al. (2010)). More recently, globule leukocyte infiltration was found to be higher in resistant Creole kids compared with susceptible ones, but no differences were observed in the eosinophil and mononuclear cell infiltration. Altogether, these results suggest that the resistant mechanisms in goats may differ from those described in sheep because the relative importance of the innate and adaptive immune responses seems different in these two species. Nevertheless, all these data were obtained on a limited number of experimentally infected animals and should be considered with caution.

Which strategies to impact?

Necessity to identify biomarkers to implement synthetic criteria? How to choose the "good" phenotype for "sustainable" breeding schemes? Most of the time, selection is based on the phenotyping of relevant traits such as zootechnical performance, FEC, and measures of anaemia and blood eosinophilia under conditions of either natural or experimental nematode infection. Despite numerous studies aimed at investigating the mechanisms involved in genetic resistance, a standardized biological parameter indicative of GIN resistance or susceptibility has not yet been identified. Indeed, most studies have been confined due to: i) a high inter-individual variability and, ii) the impossibility of monitoring kinetics of local cellular changes and genes expression patterns with time of infection. The forthcoming challenges for the scientific community will be to better characterize this response and to understand how it may influence expression of the resistant/susceptible status. However, it is crucial to take into account the fact that the objective is to understand the complex cross-talk between two organisms: the host and the parasite. Thus, it is probably more pertinent to stress on dynamic of the host responses rather than to target single time point analysis during the course of the infection, as done in the past. Few studies attempting to monitor the host response on live animals during an experimental GIN infection have been realized (Pernthaner et al. (2005); Robinson et al. (2010b)). Today by our point of view, it seems that all the ingredients are available to conduct further experiments while compare local and commercial breeds of goats and sheep using advanced high-throughput tools (i.e. transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic). The real added value will come from the data analysis. An integrative biology approach will probably help to open new avenues for the characterization of a biomarker profiles associated with the genetic resistance.

Necessity to build adapted breeding program. Different attempts have been made worldwide to develop adapted breeding stock in both temperate and tropical conditions. Overall, results obtained from various programs in both sheep and goats have repeatedly shown that genetic selection of responding animals, after several generations, lead to substantial reductions in FEC and pasture contamination and, consequently, to modulation of the dynamics of infection (Vagenas et al. (2002); [START_REF] Bishop | [END_REF]; Jacquiet et al. (2009)). In Guadeloupe, [START_REF] Blaes | Proceedings of SAPT2010 conference[END_REF] observed a decrease of 32% for FEC in periparturient Creole does that were 0.5 genetic standard deviations from the average on their resistance index. This resulted in a 16% benefit in flock productivity at 70 days of lactation.

Generally, the choice of a breeding strategy depends on the available knowledge of genetic variability in indigenous breeds and behaviour of exotic breeds in harsh environments (Alexandre and Mandonnet (2005)). One policy is to postulate that no selection organisation is viable under traditional environment in the tropics and that genetic improvement can only be introduced via exotic sires [START_REF] Juvenal-Castillo | octubre[END_REF]). This method is easy to implement, but its results are uncertain and non-sustainable. Good experiments have been reported (improvement of liveweight at 3 and 6 months of age in local kids in India through Boer crossbreeding, [START_REF] Nimbkar | 7 th International Conference on Goats[END_REF]) but bad ones as well (in Kenya, East African and Galla goats were tolerant to infection with Trypanosoma congolense while Saanen goats and their crosses suffered severely and had a high mortality rate, (Griffin and Allonby (1979)). A second method is to propose selection within a local breed. It is an appropriate strategy when management can only be improved marginally and when crossbred goats are unlikely to perform well (Peacock (1996)). In this case, strong emphasis must be put on selection for performance characteristics and on maintaining adaptation (disease resistance, heat tolerance, etc.).

This second strategy is the option supported by INRA, farmers' organisations and extension services in Guadeloupe for the improvement of Creole goats (Gunia et al. (2013a,b)). A deterministic bio-economic model was developed to calculate the economic values based on describing of the profit of a Guadeloupean goat farm. To ensure a balanced selection outcome, the breeding objective included two production traits, live weight (BW11) and dressing percentage (DP) at 11 months (the mating or selling age), one reproduction trait, fertility (FER), and two traits to assess animal response to parasite infection: PCV and FEC. The economic values were 7.69€ per kg for BW11, 1.38€ per % for FER, 3.53€ per % for DP and 3x10 -4 € per % for PCV. The maximum weighting for FEC was -18.85€ per log(eggs/gram). The breeding program, accounting for the overall breeding goal and a selection index including all traits, gave annual selection responses of 800 g for BW, 3.75% for FER, 0.08% for DP, -0.005 ln(eggs/g) for FEC, and 0.28% for PCV. The expected selection responses for BW and DP in this breeding program were reduced by 2% and 6%, respectively, compared with a breeding program not accounting for FEC and PCV. This can be considered as a first step in genetic upgrading. The improved local does can be further used in crossbreeding with exotic bucks in the best managed farms.

Because it is probably difficult to implement industry-wide or governmental breeding schemes in many parts of the tropics, centralized nucleus breeding schemes (Bondoc et al. (1989);Peacock (1996)) and village-based or community-based breeding schemes (Gizaw et al. (2009)) have been suggested to be a sustainable alternative in harsh environments. There are examples of commercial programmes where the selection for resistance to GINs is promoted (WormBoss, http://www.wormboss.com.au, in Australia, Guicheha et al. (2007) in Kenya, Gunia et al. (2013b) in Guadeloupe). The use of molecular markers which followed sheep and goat genome sequencing and the rapid improvement of high throughput genotyping and sequencing will potentially modify this reality in the future (Pinard-Van der Laan and Gay (2007)) as the genomic revolution gives new perspectives for researchers to increase the efficiency of selection.

  ). Strong genetic correlations were estimated whatever the species, between resistance to different GIN species (H.contortus vs. Trichostrongylus colubriformis: Gruner et al. (2004); experimental H.contortus infection vs. mixed natural infection at pasture: Bambou et al. (2010)) suggesting non specific genetic control of resistance, at least partially. Genetic correlations between FEC and body weight vary from favorable negative values to unfavorable positive values (Safari et al. (2005); Baker et al. (2001); Gunia et al. (

Acknowledgements.

The authors gratefully acknowledge C. de la Chevrotière whose results significantly contributed to the expertise of the team, R.Arquet and the small ruminant team of INRA-PTEA for their rigorous flock management and data recording. The authors also thank the farmers, Cabricoop staff and small ruminant section of extension services for their unreserved participation and cooperation. This study was supported by 'la Région Guadeloupe', the European Union Funds (FEDER, FEADER, FSE), and the European project FP7-KBBE-2009-1-1-02-3SR.


domain: sdv sde sdv.bv

text:
Spot
email: jn.paoli@agrosupdijon.fr

Mapping vineyard foliage density with multispectral proxidetection imagery

Keywords:

Introduction



  Mapping vineyard foliage density: potential of multispectral proxidetection imagery (PhD. MA. Bourgeon, in progress) Experimental field of Comity of Champagne (C.I.V.C.), Localized in Chouilly, Marne, France •Grapevine varieties: • Pinot Noir (PN) (black grappes) • Chardonnay(CH) (white grappes) • Meunier (Mn) (black grappes) Aquisition system embedded on track laying tractor  The commercial multispectral camera AD-130GE (JAI, Japan) Bi-CCD camera: -Visible (R,G,B): [450 -700] nm -Near Infrared (NIR): [750 -850] nm Both CCD size: 1296 x 966 px Wide angle lens ( f= 2,8 mm) Example of a couple of RGB and NIR image: Image corrections and calibrations  Calculation of Vegetation Index  Optical devices entailed image distortions: forms and areas altered


Ming Yang

Pauline Defossez

Frederic Danjon

Thierry Fourcaud

published or not. The documents may come   L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire

ming.yang@bordeaux.inra.fr

Résumé :

Cette étude vise à mieux comprendre le processus de déracinement de l'arbre et à identifier les traits structuraux et matériels (racines, sol)

Abstract :

This study aims to better understand the tree uprooting process and to identify both root structural features and material properties which have first-order effects on tree anchorage strength for Pinus pinaster. A Finite Element Model has been developed and allowed for simulating and tracking sequential root failure during the course of tree overturning. An overall tree anchorage strength is thus defined as the resultant of contribution of root system architecture and material strength (roots, soil). In the same spirit, we have relied on root architectural data to build a simplified root system pattern with P. pinaster features. Importance of different root components has been studied and the essential role of the taproot and shallow roots demonstrated.

Mots clefs : damage mechanics, root failure, tree anchorage, root system architecture, sensitivity analysis

Introduction

Windstorms are the major hazard affecting European forests and causing timber losses [START_REF] Gardiner | Destructive Storms in European Forests : Past and Forthcoming Impacts, Final Report to EC DG Environment[END_REF]. Uprooting is reported as the major failure mode during windstorms. However the mechanism is largely unknown.

This paper investigates the uprooting process as well as involved contributing factors through a mechanistic approach. Tree underground overturning behaviour was modelled with the Finite Element Method. Effects of root architectural traits and material properties of soil and roots were evaluated through systematic sensitivity analysis. Different factors involved in the tree overturning process have been classified with respect to their impacts on tree anchorage strength.

Model description

The anchorage model was developed using the finite element method within Abaqus 6.13 [START_REF] Yang | Tree stability under wind : simulating uprooting with root breakage using a finite element method[END_REF]. Modelled wind-induced underground overturning process results from root system architecture (RSA), material properties of roots and soil, and root-soil mechanical interactions (Figure 1). Wind action on the tree is modelled by a horizontal displacement (1.2 m) applied on the top of a rigid stem (1.6 m in length).

The stem is attached to the top of the root system in the soil (10 m in length, 10 m in width and 5 m in depth ; meshed into 3D solid brick elements with reduced integration). At the centre of the soil block corresponding to the root system location, a parallelepiped area (6 m in length, 6 m in width and 1.25 m in depth) is partitioned for refined mesh. The mechanical behaviour of root material is presented in Section 2.1. Soil material is defined to be homogeneous, linearly elastic and plastic with Mohr-Coulomb criterion. To introduce realistic material properties with least additional model complexity, the model was parameterised by a minimum of mass, stiffness and strength characteristics for roots and soil. Table 1 shows the associated parameters obtained from measurements either performed during the corresponding tree-pulling experiment (soil) [START_REF] Yang | Tree stability under wind : simulating uprooting with root breakage using a finite element method[END_REF] or published previously for similar greenwood materials (roots).

RSA is explicitly described in the model and meshed into 3D Timoshenko beam elements (see Section 2.2). Model outputs include the response curve of turning moment (TM) as a function of deflection angle calculated at the stem base, the anchorage strength characterised by the maximum turning moment (TMc), distributions of specified variables (stress and strain components, the damage variable, etc.) within the root system and soil medium.

F 1 -Anchorage model with root system architecture and material properties measured for treepulling simulations.

Constitutive law for root failure

We adapted the constitutive law proposed by [START_REF] Linde | Modelling and simulation of fibre metal laminates[END_REF] to describe root failure in tension and compresion, thus in bending [START_REF] Linde | Modelling and simulation of fibre metal laminates[END_REF]. Roots are assumed to be a quasi-brittle material characterised by elasticfailure behaviour. Based on continuum mechanics, the stress-strain relationship characterising the initial elastic state at a material point of the root is determined by

σ = C : ε, (1)
where the elastic tensor C defines the constitutive relation between the stress tensor σ and the strain tensor ε.

Damage initiation criterion

The damage state at a material point is marked by reaching the scalar criterion defined by

f = ε t 11 ε c 11 ε 2 11 + (ε t 11 - ε t 11 2 ε c 11 )ε 11 > ε t 11 , (2)
where ε 11 is the axial strain component and

ε t 11 = σ t 11 E , (3a)
ε c 11 = σ c 11 E . ( 3b
)
σ t 11 and σ c 11 are respectively tensile strength and compressive strength of the root material and E is the Young's modulus.

Damage evolution rule

If the damage initiation criterion is reached, the scalar damage variable d is defined as the damage evolution rule by

d = 1 - ε t 11 f exp -Eε t 11 (f -ε t 11 )L c G f , (4)
where L c is the characteristic length of the specified element, and G f the fracture energy. d characterises the degraded stiffness C d at the material point defined by

C d = (1 -d) • C, (5)
and the degraded stress tensor is computed through

σ = C d : ε. ( 6
)
To obtain a better numerical convergence, d is regularised by adding a viscous effect defined by

ḋv = 1 η (d -d v ), ( 7
)
where η is the viscosity parameter controlling the rate at which the regularized damage variable d v approaches d. The modification of damage variable could cause a delay in damage evolution. Therefore to minimize the eventual discrepancy, the value of η is defined to be very small compared to the characteristic load increment.

Root system architecture

In the anchorage model, a species-specified description of RSA is attempted through a 3D root pattern (CASE0) described by main root classes with realistic dimensions extracted from field measurements for Pinus pinaster [START_REF] Danjon | Root architecture and wind ?firmness of mature Pinus pinaster[END_REF]. To represent the observed large variability of RSA and evaluate impacts of main root classes on TMc, 12 morphological variations (CASE1-CASE12) are designed by separately removing for each case one main root class from CASE0 (the taproot, windward shallow roots, etc.). Figure 2 shows four examples of these variations. The impact of a root component i (missing in CASEi) C(CASEi) was estimated by

C(CASEi) = T M c(CASE0) -T M c(CASEi) T M c(CASE0) . (8)

Sensitivity analysis

To extract relevant contributing factors to tree anchorage strength, geometric parameters of main root components (length, diameters ; 23 parameters) and material properties of roots and soil (11 parameters ; see Table 1) were estimated in terms of impacts on TMc. For all parameters, three levels of values were defined by a variation of ±20% with respect to the reference value (CASE0). The Taguchi's orthogonal arrays L54 and L27 were separately applied for the two parameter sets to reduce the large number of simulations. The number of simulations to be performed was thus reduced (from 3 23 ) to 54 for the geometrical parameter set and (from 3 11 ) to 27 for the material parameter set. The sensitivity of the system to a specific input variable (either from the geometrical set or from the material set) was defined by its influence on the output variable (TMc in our case) measured by the relative variation :

V ar i j = Ȳ i j Ȳ (9)
where V ar i j is the relative variation of TMc estimated for the input factor i (either geometrical or material parameters) at the level of variation j (-20%, 1 or +20%), Ȳ the mean value of TMc averaged over all the simulations performed for the parameter set (either geometry or material), and Ȳ i j the mean value of TMc averaged over simulations at the level of variation j for the factor i.

Results

Elastic-failure behaviour of a root

Tensile, compressive and bending tests were performed numerically on a cantilever beam of 1 m in length and 0.04 m in diameter considered as a root segment, with a characteristic length L c of 0.1 m and root material properties given in Table 1. Figure 3 illustrates the quasi-brittle behaviour demonstrated by these numerical tests.

Anchorage strength and contributing factors

The TMc estimated for CASE0 is 36.2 N.m, reaching the same level of empirical TMc estimates for the same species of a similar size and 30% smaller than the midpoint of the range [START_REF] Cucchi | Root anchorage of inner and edge trees in stands of Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) growing in different podzolic soil conditions[END_REF]. The simulated sequential root failure showed in Figure 4 explains two main phenomena characterising tree anchorage failure, namely the sequential stiffness reduction and the overall physical failure of the root-soil system. We propose the hierarchical impact of root components to tree anchorage as follows : taproot > windward shallow roots > perpendicular shallow roots > windward sinker roots > any other component of minor impact. RSA plays a predominant role in root anchorage over material properties of roots and soil.

  Tree stability to wind : modelling tree anchorage and analysing key contributing factors M. YANG a,b , P. DÉFOSSEZ a,b , F. DANJON c,d , T. FOURCAUD e a. INRA, UMR 1391 ISPA, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France. b. Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR 1391 ISPA, F-33170 Gradignan, France. c. INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France. d. Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France. e. CIRAD, UMR AMAP, Boulevard de la Lironde, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.

F 2 -

 2 Four examples of morphological variations for the root pattern : (a) without a taproot ; (b) without windward roots ; (c) without roots in the sectors perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction ; (d) without leeward roots.

F 3 -

 3 A cantilever beam subject to tension, compression and bending, with numerical viscous effect illustrated.

F 4 -

 4 Simulated sequential root failure for different root patterns and response curves of TM as a function of deflection angle for CASE0 and CASE1-CASE12.

Conclusion

The model predicts tree anchorage strength in good agreement with empirical estimation. Simulations reveal underlying connections between individual root responses and the tree overall response to overturning.


Louise Gilbert

Marie Dumont

Carine Ferrand

Celine Bournonville

Antoine Monier

Joana Jorly

Isabelle Atienza

Michel Hernould

Rebecca Stevens

Arnaud Lehner

Ferrand ca, Bournonville ca, Monier Dumont Mb

Jorly P Aa

Atienza La

Hemould Ma

Stevens Rb

Mollet JC c , Rothan ca, Lerouge pc Lehner Ac

Baldet Pa

Vitamin C and cell wall metabolisms in tomato: GDP-D-mannose epimerase (GME

de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

The GDP-D-mannose epimerase (GME,EC 5.1.3.18), which converts GDP-D-mannose to GDP-L-galactose, is generally considered as a central enzyme of the major ascorbate biosynthesis pathway in higher plants but experimental evidence for its role in planta is lacking. By using transgenic tomato lines RNAi-silenced for the two GME genes, we could decipher the respective function of OMEl and GME2 proteins du ring tomato development. Both GMEI and GME2 participate to AsA biosynthesis pathway confinning that GMEs indeed play a key role in the regulation of ascorbate biosynthesis in tomato plants. Regarding the role of the GME activity in the cell wall biogenesis, our data suggest the existence of a specifie cell wall-related activity of SIGMEl and SlGME2 according to the considered plant tissue and its developmental stage. On the basis of the gene expression patterns, SlGME2 displayed predominance during the vegetative growth phase, sin ce only RNAi-GME2 transgenic lines exhibited growth delay. On the other hand, GMEI seems to be the major player during the early phase of development of reproductive tomato organs, namely flowers and fruits, as shown by thè,smaller fruits produced by RNAi-SIGMEl lines. When considered together, these fmdings confinn the intimate linkage of ascorbate and cell wall biogenesis in tomato plants, and they also reveal the possible existence of specificity of the GME activities related to cell wall that depends on the organ type and its stage of deve1opment.


domain: sdv info shs

text:
Jean Zapata

Clémentine Lacour

Stéphane Violleau

Géraldine Dupic

Pascal Faure

René Baumont

Pascal P Carrère

S Hulin

Anne A Farruggia

Assessing ecosystem services provided by livestock farms in the French Massif Central

niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

What were our objectives with DIAM?

Underline the importance of the GRASS RESOURCE and grasslands diversity within farm

Give a NEW VISION of livestock breeding shared with farmer and all the partners Work on DIAM for advisor and farmer… 60 types of permanent and temporary grasslands: http://www.prairies-aop.net most commun described in a document

Botanical composition

Dominant species

Indicator species practice or environment.

Agronomic Potential (quantity and quality)

How DIAM works?

A

  At 400 °C 60% of grass are vegetative At 800 °C 80% of grass culms above 10 cm soil level  Forage nutritive value at 500°C  Management flexibilty Allowed milk production (milk production allowed at grazing, with a diet intake from 16-20 Kg MS/day for a standard dairy cow) thermal time (degree day, C) grassland per farm (5-16 types) Grasslands that offers assets in terms of productivity co-exists with grasslands offering greater management flexibility But grazed herbage is not the main feed GLOBAL vision and a NEW PERCEPTION on the environment previously experienced as a source of constraints A tool of DIALOGUE and exchange with other stakeholders Brings a new AWARENESS that there is not just one 'grassland' but a MOSAIC of many different grasslands which is a way into SUSTAINABILITY in mountain areas  The tool needs an EXPERTISE to correctly allocate type to plot  Many of the indicators are still ABSTRACT for individual farmer, and advisors are still UNCOMFORTABLE with the process of reporting the results


Panagiotis Kalaitzis

Argyro Zervou

Katerina Karapataki

Zeina El

Antony Bacic

Daniel Cosgrove

Herman Höfte

Marcus Pauly

Mary Tierney

Paul Dupree

Zoe Popper

Alison Roberts

Marie Christine Ralet

Vincent Boulone

Monika Doblin

Henrick Sheller

Olga Zabotina

Frederica Brandizzi

Erik Nielsen

Staffan Persson

Ariel Orelana

Alan Showalter

Paul Knox

Daku Demura

Charles Anderson

John Ralph

Maureen Mccann

Simon Mcqueen

Shawn Mansfield

Anjia Biomechanics

Sioban Geitman

Ingo Braybrook

Burget

Michael Hahn

Silvia Coimbra

Jerome Pelloux

Azeddine Driouich

Georg Seifert

Antonio Molina

Bruce Kohorn

Committees Local Organizing Committee

Angiosperm trees are able to reorient their axes thanks to their capacities to differentiate tension wood on the upper side of stems and branches. In poplar, tension wood fibres develop an extra cell wall layer, named G-layer, responsible for the peculiar mechanical properties of tension wood. G-layer is composed of highly crystalline cellulose microfibrils embedded in a polysaccharide/glycoprotein matrix devoid of lignin. During the G-layer deposition, cellulose microfibrils get oriented parallel to the fibre axis and placed under the state of high tensile stress. Chitinase-like proteins (CTL) have been proposed to play different roles in plant growth and development. Genes encoding CTL have been associated to cellulose synthesis and their mutation causes ectopic deposition of lignin. Transcripts of CTL2 gene were shown to be highly abundant in differentiating tension wood (Déjardin et al., 2004). Its homologue in Arabidopsis is specifically expressed in stems and co-expressed with the CesA genes involved in cellulose synthesis in secondary cell walls (Persson et al., 2005). In our study, we investigated potential function of CTL2 in the formation and mechanical properties of tension wood. Expression of CTL2 was quantified in different tissues and the effects of CTL2 down-regulation have been characterized in GM poplar trees. CTL2 gene appeared highly expressed in xylem with no difference in expression between tension and opposite wood. Downregulation of CTL2 did not seem to impact growth and development of trees in greenhouse conditions. However, stems appeared to be highly breakable in the transverse direction. Anatomical observations of xylem showed altered formation of Glayers in vessel-surrounding fibres in transgenic poplars. Further analyses indicated a substantial increase in wood lignin content. Cellulose crystallinity, microfibril angle and stem mechanical properties are currently assessed. Results will be presented and discussed in the light of present hypothesis regarding CTL2 function in plant development. Stomata evolved ~400 million years ago -and have remained a key feature of plant anatomy and physiology. Stomata offer a unique research system, where the function has remained largely the same, even though various cell wall features have evolved and changed. We attempted a renewed look at stomatal cell wall structure utilizing digitalized polar microscopy and confocal microscopy. We investigated the distribution patterns of cellulose, including microfibril orientation and crystalinity, lignin and phenolic compounds in the stomata of vascular plants from different phylogenetic groups. In addition, we applied a numerical mechanical Finite-Element simulation to understand the mechanical anisotropy of the stomatal cell wall. Stomata of the six species chosen for study cover a broad structural, ecophysiological and evolutionary spectrum: two ferns and two angiosperm species with kidney-shaped stomata, and two grass species with dumbbell-shaped stomata. Surprisingly, we observed three distinct patterns of cellulose crystallinity in stomatal cell walls: the ferns exhibited pattern Type I, angiosperm kidney-shaped stomata exhibited pattern Type II and the grasses presented Type III. Our data demonstrates for the first time the existence of distinct spatial patterns of varying cellulose crystallinity in guard cell walls. Guard cell walls undergo reversible deformations during opening/closing of the pore and thus must be both extremely strong and flexible. Different cellulose crystallinity patterns could influence those properties. Such spacial patterns could imply different biomechanical function, which in its turn could be a consequence of different environmental

S6-04

STOMATAL CELL WALL CRYSTALLINITY: DISTINCTIVE STRUCTURAL PATTERNS IN DIVERSE PHYLOGENETIC GROUPS

Extensive S-acylation of the cellulose synthase complex drives its plasma membrane integration

			Programme
	SUNDAY 12 th June 2016
	18:00		Registration
	20:00-23:00	Welcome Reception -Minoa Palace Hotel
	MONDAY 13 th June 2016
	7:30		Attendee Registration
	8:00-8:30		Welcome Addresses (Imperial Main Hall)
			Prof. Ch. Kasimis, Secretary General of Agricultural Policy & Management of
			European Funds, Ministry of Rural Development and Food
	8:30	S2-01 The structure of Arabidopsis Xyloglucan Xylosyltransferase I and enzymatic
			activity of Xyloglucan Xylosyltransferase 5
			Zabotina Olga, Iowa State University, USA
	8:50	S2-02 Purification, crystallisation and structure of AtFUT1, a xyloglucan α-1,2-
			fucosyltransferase from Arabidopsis
			Lerouxel Olivier, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CERMAV, France
	9:10	S2-03 Secondary Cell Wall Cellulose Deposition -Simple Polymer, Complicated
			Biosynthesis
			Mansfield Shawn, University of British Columbia, Canada
	9:30	S2-04 Kumar Manoj, University of Manchester, UK
	9:50	S2-05

I. Malandrakis,

Mayor of Platanias 8.30-10:10 ORAL SESSION -2 Biosynthesis of cell wall components Moderator: Dan Cosgrove, Pennsylvania State University, USA

Golgi-localized STELLO proteins regulate the assembly and trafficking of cellulose synthase complexes in Arabidopsis

			Dupree Paul, University of Cambridge, UK
	10:10-10:40	Morning Tea/Coffee Break
	10:40-12:20	ORAL SESSION -3 Cell biology and dynamics of plant cell wall
			Moderator: Anja Geitmann, McGill University, Canada
	10:40	S3-01 Hetero-trans-ß-glucanase, a new wall remodelling enzyme that covalently
			attaches cellulose or mixed-linkage glucan to xyloglucan
			Frankova Lenka, The University of Edinburgh, UK
	11:00	S3-02 A

Principle for how Cortical Microtubules Withstand Forces Generated by Motile Cellulose Synthase

	MONDAY 13 th June 2016	cont.
	11:20	S3-03 Regulation of secondary cell wall formation/patterning during differentiation
		of xylem vessel elements
		Demura Taku, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan
	11:40	S3-04
		Persson Staffan, University of Melbourne, Australia

Functional Analysis of the roles of CSLD proteins during plant cell wall deposition in Arabidopsis

		Nielsen Erik, University of Michigan, USA
	12:00	S3-05

The role of pectin metabolism, cell wall pH, mechano-and cell wall integrity sensing in growth contro

			Hofte Herman, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, France
	12:20-14:00	Lunch Break
	14.00-15:40	ORAL SESSION -5 Uses of plant cell walls
			Moderator: Stephen Fry, The University of Edinburgh, UK
	14:00	S5-01 Stacking of traits for improved biofuel production
			Scheller Henrik, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA
	14:20	S5-02 A

new generation of chromogenic substrates for high-throughput screening of carbohydrate active enzymes and proteases

Schückel Julia, University of Copenhagen, Denmark 14:40 S5-03 Molecular, nanoscale and mesoscale determinants of biomass recalcitrance McCann Maureen, Purdue University, USA 15:00 S5-04 Light-weight load-bearing aerogels from plant-derived mannans Tenkanen Maija, University of Helsinki, Finland 15:20 S5-05 Engineering

Crops for Whole-Plant-Usage concepts through Modification of the Cell Wall Polymer Callose Hanak

Tobias, University of Hamburg, Germany 15:

40-17:00 Poster Session and Coffee (Imperial 1,2,3,4 Halls) 17:00-18:40 ORAL SESSION -5 Uses of plant cell walls Moderator

	17:00	S5-06

: Harholt Jesper, Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Denmark

CESA9 Conserved-site Mutation Affects CESA-Complex Integrity for Low-DP Cellulose Biosynthesis in Rice

		Peng Liangcai, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
	17:20	S5-07

Time lapse, multiscale and microfluidic approach using multimodal multispectral autofluorescence and infrared imaging to follow enzyme localization and cell wall changes during biomass hydrolysis

		Guillon Fabienne, INRA, Nantes, France
	17:40	S5-08

Cell wall polysaccharides from cereal grains as functional ingredients in formulated food products: structure -function relations

		Costas G. Biliaderis, Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Aristotle
		University, Greece
	18:00	S5-09

The complexity of the Ruminococcus flavefaciens cellulosome reflects an expansion in glycan recognition

		Venditto Immacolata, Newcastle University, UK
	18:20	S5-10

Genetics of plant cell walls: forage maize as a model and a crop Trindade Luisa, Wageningen University, Netherlands TUESDAY 14 th June 2016 8.30-10.10 ORAL SESSION -8 Cell wall interactions with microorganisms and the environment/Signaling and defense Moderator: Georg Seifert, University

		of Natural Resources and Life Science,
		Vienna, Austria
	8:30	S8-01

Xyloglucan is released by plant roots and has the capacity to increase soil particle aggregation

		Galloway Andrew, University of Leeds, UK
	8:50	S8-02 Cell Wall Sensing By Wall Associated Kinases
		Kohorn Bruce, Bowdoin College, USA
	9:10	S8-03 PMEI10

, PMEI11 and PMEI12 are novel regulators of pectin remodeling in plant immunity

		Lionetti Vincenzo, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
	9:30	S8-04

Modulation of cell wall synthetic machinery in barley papillae induced during infection with Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei alters papillae cell wall composition and susceptibility

		Little Alan, University of Adelaide , Australia
	9:50	S8-05

Root defense, role of the root extracellular matrix Driouich Azeddine, Normandie University at Rouen, France 10:10-10:40 Morning Tea/Coffee Break 10:40-12:20 ORAL SESSION -2 Biosynthesis of cell wall components

	10:40	S2-06

Moderator: Markus Pauly, University of Duesseldorf, Germany

Elucidation of the catalytic mechanisms of monolignol biosynthetic enzymes to enable protein engineering-based cell wall modification

		Vermerris Wilfred, University of Florida, USA
	11:00	S2-07

Progress Toward Structural Understanding of Cellulose Synthesis by Plants Nixon

B. Tracy, Pennsylvania State University, USA 11:20 S2-08

Pectin Biosynthetic Activity of Arabidopsis GAUTs Heterologously Expressed in HEK293 Cells

		Engle Kristen, University of Georgia, USA
	11:40	S2-09

Hemicelluloses Produced by MUCILAGE-RELATED Proteins Determine the Organization of Polysaccharides in the Arabidopsis Seed Coat Epidermis

		Voiniciuc Catalin, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Germany
	12:00	S2-10

Accumulation of new cell wall in plant without secondary cell wall

	TUESDAY 14 th June 2016	cont.
		Mitsuda Nobutaka
	12:20-14:00	Lunch Break

14:

00-15:40 ORAL SESSION -3 Cell biology and dynamics of plant cell wall

	14:00	S3-06 Mechano-chemical polarization of cell walls drives shape coordination
		Majda Mateusz, UMEÅ, Sweden
	14:20	S3-07 XTH-mediated covalent-linking between cellulose and cellulose
		Nishitani Kazuhiko, Tohoku University, Japan
	14:40	S3-08 Using

Moderator: Mary Tierney, University of Vermont, USA

Live-Cell Imaging to Compare Cellulose Biosynthesis in Primary Cell Walls and Induced Secondary Cell Walls

		Li Shundai, Pennsylvania State University, USA
	15:00	S3-09 Identification of a sphingolipid mannosyltransferase that is required for
		normal cellulose deposition in Arabidopsis
		Mortimer Jenny, Joint BioEnergy Institute, USA
	15:20	S3-10 RUBY

PARTICLES IN MUCILAGE (RUBY) is a putative glyoxal oxidase required for cell wall strengthening

Sola Kresimir, The University of British Columbia, Canada 15:40-16:10 Afternoon Coffee Break 16:10-17:10 ORAL SESSION -3 Cell biology and dynamics of plant cell wall Moderator: Christoph Ringli, University of Zurich, Switzerland 16:10 S3-11 Actin

and myosins XI are involved in trafficking of cellulose synthase complexes in Arabidopsis

		Staiger Christopher J., Purdue University, USA
	16:30	S3-12

Secretion of pectin and cell wall proteins in seed coat epidermal cells of

		Arabidopsis
		Lee Yi-Chen, University of British Columbia, Canada
	17:00	S3-13 Turning

on the Lights: Using Click Chemistry to Probe Polysaccharide Delivery, Assembly, and Dynamics in Plant Cell Walls Anderson

Charles, The Pennsylvania State University, USA 17:

10-19:00 Poster Session (Imperial 1,2,3,4 Halls)

	WEDNESDAY 15 th June 2016
	8:30-10:30	ORAL SESSION -2 Biosynthesis of cell wall components
			Moderator: Antony Bacic, University of Melbourne, Australia
	8:30	S2-11 Recovery of the cse and ccr1 mutant phenotype via vessel-specific
			complementation
			Vanholme Ruben, University of Gent, Belgium
	8:50	S2-12 Molecular

Structure of a Cellulose Synthase Plant-Conserved Region by X-ray Crystallography and Small Angle X-ray Scattering and Possible Function in the

		Catalytic Domain
		Carpita Nicholas C., Purdue University, USA
	9:10	S2-13 Designer Lignins: Inspirations from Nature
		Ralph John, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, USA
	9:30	S2-14 Cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis in oomycete pathogens
		Bulone Vincent, University of Adelaide, Australia
	9:50	S2-15

Role of Arabidopsis thaliana KNOTTED-LIKE (KNOX) transcription factors in the regulation of cell wall biosynthesis Douglas

Carl, University of British Columbia, Canada 10:10 S2-16 Understanding the mechanism of (1,3; 1,4)-β-D-Glycan Synthesis in cereals Doblin Monika, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Australia 10:

30-11:00 Morning Tea/Coffee Break 11:00-12:20 ORAL SESSION -4 Functions of plant cell walls: growth morphogenesis & development

	11:00	S4-01

Moderator: Paul Knox, University of Leeds, UK

Genetic and chemical genomic dissection of the cell adhesion mechnanisms in plants

		Mouille Gregory, INRA, Versailles, Finland
	11:20	s4-02

Pectin dynamics regulated by endogenous pectate lyases, leading to proper control of cell proliferation in Arabidopsis

		Ohtani Misato, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Japan
	11:40	S4-03

Hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase mutants oppositely alter tip growth in Arabidopsis thaliana and Physcomitrella patens

		MacAlister Cora, University of Michigan, USA
	12:00	S4-04

How the walls are made in the stem cell niche of the plant shoot

	WEDNESDAY 15 th June 2016	cont.
	12:50-14:10	ORAL SESSION -4
			Functions of plant cell walls: growth morphogenesis & development
			Moderator: Helen North, INRA
	12:50	S4-05 The effect of cell wall polymer interactions on seed mucilage architecture
			Harpaz-Saad Smadar, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
	13:10	S4-06 Establishment
			Wightman Raymond, University of Cambridge, UK
	12:20-12:50	Noon Coffee Break

of polarity in subsidiary cell mother cells of Zea mays stomatal complexes begins with the differentiation of the matrix cell wall materials

		Giannoutsou Eleni, University of Athens, Greece
	13:30	S4-07 Two small multigene hydroxyproline-O-galactosyltransferase families
		function in arabinogalactan-protein glycosylation, growth and development
		in Arabidopsis
		Showalter Allan, Ohio University, United States
	13:50	S4-08

The Role of xylem morhology on freezing tolerance as indicated by the Arabidopsis Xylan O-acetyltransferase mutant tbl29/ esk1 and its suppresor

	THURSDAY 16 th June 2016
	8:30-9:50		ORAL SESSION -1 Plant Cell wall structure and Evolution
			Moderator: Breeanna Urbanowicz, University of Georgia, USA
	8:30	S1-01 Biosynthesis of a novel mixed-linkage arabinoglucan cell wall polysaccharide
			in Physcomitrella patens
			Alison W. Roberts, University of Rhode Island, USA
	8:50	S1-02 Biochemical Evidence of Fucosylated Xyloglucan in Charophycean Green
			Algae
			Mikkelsen Maria Dalgaard, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
	9:10	S1-03 A new monoclonal antibody to pectic type I arabinogalactan
			Ralet Marie-Christine, INRA, Nantes, France
	9:30		Best Poster Award
			ess1
			Pauly Markus, University of Duesseldorf, Germany
	14:10-15:30	Lunch
	16.00		Technical Tour

and Presentation of candidatures for the organization of the next Cell Wall Meeting 9:50-10:20 Morning Tea/Coffee Break 10:20-11:40 ORAL SESSION -1 Plant Cell wall structure and Evolution

Moderator: Zoë Popper, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland 10:20 S1-04 Cell-wall assembly during growth and cell elongation in brown algae Siméon Amandine, Marine Glycobiology group, Roscoff, France 10:40 S1-05 Supramolecular

3D Nano-Architecture of Arabidopsis Plant Cell Walls by Cryo-Electron Tomography of Vitreous Sections

		Auer Manfred, Lawrence Berkeley Nat'l Lab, USA
	11:00	S1-06 Variation in xylan structure: implications for the evolution and biosynthesis
		of monocot cell walls
		Peña Maria J., University of Georgia, USA
	11:20	S1-07 Algal

xylan synthase proves functional orthology between algal and plant cell walls

Harholt Jesper, Carlsberg Research Laboratory,

Denmark 11:40-13:00 Poster Session (Imperial 1,2,3,4 Halls)/ Open table discussion: Increase Participation and Diversity (Imperial Main Hall) Coffee Break

	THURSDAY 16 th June 2016	cont.
	14:40-16:20	ORAL SESSION -4
			Functions of plant cell walls: growth morphogenesis & development
			Moderator: Alison Roberts, University of Rhode Island, USA
	14:40	S4-09 Pollen tubes and pathogens: who's got the moves like JAGGER?
			Coimbra Sílvia, University of Porto, Portugal
	15:00	S4-10 Mechanics of lobe formation in interlocking plant cells
			Anja Geitmann, University of Montreal, Canada
	15:20	S4-11 Integration of cell wall feedback signalling with intracellular growth
			regulation
			Wolf Sebastian, COS Heidelberg, Germany
	15:40	S4-12 A tension-microtubule feedback controls plant shapes through cellulose
			synthase guidance
			Verger Stéphane, INRA, CNRS, ENS, UCB Lyon 1, France
	16:00	S4-13 While reaching for the sky, what controls hypocotyl growth?
			Bou Daher Firas, University of Cambridge, UK
	16:20-16:50	Coffee Break
	16:50-18:10	ORAL SESSION -2 Biosynthesis of cell wall components
			Moderator: Rachel Burton,University of Adelaide, Australia
	16:50	S2-17 The identification of Golgi UDP-Aarabinofuranose transporters in
			Aarabidopsis
			Ebert Berit, The University of Melbourne, Australia
	17:10	S2-18 UDP
	13:00-14:40	Lunch Break

-uronic acid transporters are important providing galacturonic acid and arabinose, but not xylose, inot the cell wall

		Ariel Orellanaa, Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile
	17:30	S2-19

Identification of genes that regulate mixed-linkage glucan biosynthesis in Brachypodium distachyon

		Wilkerson Curtis, Michigan State University, USA
	17:50	S2-20

Post-translational control of cellulose biosynthesis: comparing the function of CESA5 and CESA6 in seed coat mucilage biosynthesis

	FRIDAY 17 th June 2016
	8:30-9:50		ORAL SESSION -6 Biomechanics of plants
			Moderator: Laigeng Li, ChineseAcademy of Sciences, China
	8:30	S6-01 Distinctive Microfibril Motions Visualized by AFM during Mechanical
			Extension and Cell Wall Loosening
			Zhang Tian, The Pennsylvania State University, USA
	8:50	S6-02 Pollen Tube: From Cell Wall Composition and Ultrastructure to Cell
			Mechanics and Growth
			Ndinyanka Fabrice Tohnyui, University of Zurich, Switzerland
	9:10	S6-03 Effects of CTL2 down-regulation on tension wood formation in GM poplars
			Šećerović Amra, 1INRA, France
	9:30	S6-04 Stomatal Cell Wall Crystallinity: Distinctive structural patterns in diverse
			phylogenetic groups
			Shtein Ilana, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
	9:50-10:20	Morning Tea/Coffee Break
	10:20-11:40	ORAL SESSION -7
			Emerging approaches in cell wall biology and Computational modeling
			of plant cell wall
			Moderator: Hahn Michael, University of Georgia, USA
	10:20	S7-01 An integrated computational and experimental approach to discover
			systems-level controls of morphogenesis
			Szymanski Dan, Purdue University, USA
	10:40	S7-02 Combined experimental and computational approaches reveal distinct pH-
			controlled inhibiting capacities of Arabidopsis Pectin
			MethylesteraseInhibitors (PMEIs)
			Lefebvre Valérie, Université de Picardie, France
	11:00	S7-03
			Griffiths Jonathan, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin , France
	18:10	S2-21 The BIN2 protein kinase directly phosphorylates Arabidopsis CesA1 and
			negatively regulates cellulose biosynthesis
			Wallace Ian, University of Nevada, USA

From Octamer to Rosette: Structural rearrangements determine activity of the (1,3)-β-glucan synthase complex

		Voigt Christian, University of Hamburg, Germany
	11:20	S7-04

An updated collection of Arabidopsis Glycosyltransferase (GT) clones and an enzymatic characterisation platform for plant cell wall research

	FRIDAY 17 th June 2016	cont.
	12:10-13:30	ORAL SESSION -7
			Emerging approaches in cell wall biology and Computational modeling
			of plant cell wall
			Moderator: Kim Johnson, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
	12:10	S7-05 Synthetic plant carbohydrates as a toolbox for cell wall biology
			Pfrengle Fabian, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Germany
	12:30	S7-06 In vivo tagging of non-cellulosic plant cell wall glycans using tagged CBM and
			scFv probes
			Hahn Michael, University of Georgia, USA
	12:50	S7-07 Raman microscopy combined with multivariate data analysis to reveal plant
			cell wall structure and the deposition of hydrophobising substances on the
			micro-and nanoscale
			Gierlinger Notburga, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Austria,
			Hochschule Zurich, Switzerland, EMPA-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material
			Testing and Research, Switzerland
	13:10	S7-08 Modelling Plant Cell Walls: linking specific wall structures with plant
			response to stress and fitness
			Eva Miedes, Universidad Politécnica Madrid., Spain
	13:20-15:20	Light Lunch
			Zeng Wei, The University of Melbourne, Australia
	11:40-12:10	Noon Coffee Break

  Shtein Ilana 1 , Shelef Yaniv 2 , Marom Ziv 2 , Bar-On Benny 2 , Popper Zoë A. 3 , Zelinger Einat 4 , Schwartz Amnon 1 , Harpaz Smadar 1 1 The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, Rehovot 7610001, Israel, Rehovot, Israel, 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel, 3 Botany and Plant Science, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, 4 The Interdepartmental Equipment Unit, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, Rehovot, Israel,

INRA, UR0588, Unité Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, Orléans, France,

INRA, UMR Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l'Arbre Fruitier et Forestier, Clermont-Ferrand, France,

CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, Kourou, French Guiana,

S6-03

EFFECTS OF CTL2 DOWN-REGULATION ON TENSION WOOD FORMATION IN GM POPLARS

Šećerović Amra 1 , Lesage-Descauses Marie-Claude 1 , Lainé-Prade Véronique 1 , Laurans Françoise 1 , Leplé Jean-Charles 1 , Segura Vincent 1 , Badel Eric 2 , Clair Bruno 3 , Pilate Gilles 1 , Déjardin Annabelle 1


S Wang

T Charbouillot

Pascale Goupil

M Saudreau

C Richard

Effect of

published or not. The documents may come   L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire

Effect of solar light on the elicitor acybenzolar-S-methyl, during the use phase of its life cycle S. Wang 1,3 , T. Charbouillot 1,3 , P. Goupil 2,4 , M. Saudreau 2,4 , C. Richard 1,3 (1) Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, BP 10448, F-63000 CLERMONT-FERRAND, FRANCE (2) Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, PIAF, BP 10448, F-63000 CLERMONT-FERRAND, FRANCE (3) CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, F-63171 Aubière, FRANCE (4) INRA, UMRA 547, PIAF, F-63171 Aubière, France

The canopy architecture governs the lifetime of the active ingredient of phytosanitary products and the formation of degradates on the leaves. In the worst case, the early dissipation makes necessary the repetition of applications and thus leads to a chemical crop input increase. Our work aims to analyse the links between the canopy architecture, the microclimate and the active ingredient photodegradation focusing on the biological effects on plants through the study of induced natural defense systems (SDN). The work divided in three steps aims to (i) determine the photodegradability of selected active ingredients upon irradiation with solar light, (ii) study the quantitative activity of induced SDN via a molecular physiology approach and (iii) place these chemical and biological processes in a spatial and temporal variable microclimate relevant to that of the canopy. All these data at the different scales (cell, leave, tree) will be further integrated in a large model giving a numerical description of the fate of active ingredients in the canopy.

The present work focuses on the first step of the project. The chosen active ingredient is Acybenzolar-S-Methyl. This analog of salicylic acid has no direct effect on the pathogen but exerts a stimulation on the plant defense system. It is marketed in France as Bion. Acybenzolar-S-Methyl absorbs solar light intensively until 350 nm; therefore it can potentially undergo photolysis. In a first step, we measured the photodegradability of Acybenzolar-S-Methyl when it is deposited on wax films that mimics the epicuticular layer of leaves and exposed to simulated solar light. Under these conditions, its half-life is only one hour. In a good agreement, the photolysis quantum yields in organic solution are comprised between 0.067 and 0.092, confirming the good efficiency of the photolytic process. Several photoproducts were detected. The elicitor activity of the active ingredient and photoproducts as well is under investigation on cell culture system.


Nathalie Boissot

Sophie Thomas

Pascale Mistral

Virginie Chareyron

lnsights into the genetic control of resistance to Aphis gossypii in melon: what we learned

niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Plant resistance has been largely used to control aphids in crops with successes and failures. Large screenings have been conducted in severa 1 species to identify aphid resistance in genetic resources. The relative high number of resistant plant accessions discovered in certain species should not mask the fact that aphid resistance usually relies on a small number of genes with limited numbers of alleles. ln most cases, the genetic studies have still to be done to determine if the identified accessions are sources of novel resistance genes, Moreover, variability of targeted aphids is usually not clearly considered in breeding programs.

We explored the resistance in melon against Aphis gossypii, the cotton-melon aphid, taking into account the diversity recently revealed in this species via SSR analyses. Among 500 melon accessions roughly observed for aphid resistance using two genetically distant clones, we selected 13 accessions for biological characterization with 9 genetically distinct aphid clones. The biological character)zation was conducted using two types of tests: aphid resistance tests and tests of virus resistance using A. gossypii as the vector. The aphidjmelon pair NM1jMargot was included in our study: Margot is a melon line carrying the A. gossypii resistance Vat gene, a member of the NBS-LRR gene family. This gene was shown to confer resistance to both A. gossypii clone NM1 and to non-persistent viruses transmitted by this clone.

117 aphidjmelon interactions were observed for bath tests. Virus resistance to A. gossypii-transmitted non-persistent viruses was a qualitative trait that revealed 8 patterns of resistance among the 13 melon accessions and 6 patterns of aphid virulence among the 9 aphid clones. Inheritance of genetic factors that control the 8 patterns of resistance in melon were studied. New Vat alleles were revealed, and a new gene may also be involved in resistance in some accessions. Aphid resistance was a quantitative trait that allowed hypothesizing different ways of aphid resistance adaptation in coherence with resistance to A. gossypii-transmitted non-persistent viruses.

UC Riverside

PHLOEM AND XYLEM PHYSIOLOGY AND VASCULAR SAP-FEEDING HEMIPTERANS Presenter:

		Nathalie Boissot
	Email:	nathalie.boissot@avignon.inra.fr
	Authors:	Nathalie Boissot, Sophie Thomas, Pascale Mistral, Virginie Chareyron, and Vincent
		Rittener
	Affiliations:	INRA UR 1052 CS 60094, Montfavet Cedex, France 84143, FRANCE
		lnslghts into

the Genetic Control of Resistance to Aphis gossypii in Melon: What We learned from the Diversity of Aphids


est destinée au dépôt

Use of translational genomics to identify genes important for legume seed development

Mélanie Noguero, Christine Le Signor, Vanessa Vernoud, Isabelle d'Erfurth, Jérôme Verdier, Gregoire Aubert, Jerome Gouzy, Jean-Marie Prosperi, Thierry Huguet, Judith Burstin, et al. We have been using genomics approaches with Medicago truncatula as a tool to identify key genes determining seed yield and composition in Medicago and in closely related legumes. Analyses of the proteome and transcriptome of the component tissues of the developing seed revealed extensive compartmentalization of gene expression and metabolic activities (Gallardo et al, 2007). Using a TF (Transcription Factor) qRT-PCR platform (Verdier et al., 2008) the Affymetrix Gene Chip (Benedito et al, 2008), and more recently, Nimblegen arrays (Buitink et al. submitted), putative regulatory genes specific for each seed tissue were identified, along with putative target genes of transcription factors (TFs). These genes have been located on the M. truncatula genetic map and correlations between map positions of TF loci and QTLs for protein quantities and other seed phenotypes were detected. These correlations were confirmed in certain cases by the existence of similar QTLs at syntenic positions in pea. This approach has enabled us to attribute roles to two genes, both specifically expressed in the developing endosperm of M. truncatula and present in pea. One encodes a DOF class transcription factor, whose mutant phenotype severely affects endosperm development. The second gene encodes an endosperm-specific subtilase (SBT1.1), which affects final seed weight in both species (D'Erfurth et al, 2012). The importance of the endosperm in determining legume seed size and composition will be discussed.

To cite this version:

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community FP7 grant agreements FP7 KBBE-613551, LEGATO, and FP7 KBBE-289562, ABSTRESS, from the ANR (QualityLegSeed and GenoPea), and from the Burgundy Regional Council.

  Medicago truncatula model, and more recently, Pea (Pisum sativum). By applying proteomics and transcriptomics approaches, gene expression profiles for isolated tissues of the seed have been obtained and clusters of co-regulated genes acting during discrete stages in seed filling identified. To narrow down candidate genes for the control of seed composition and yield, we have selected genes that co-locate with QTLs for these traits and are analysed the phenotypes of corresponding TILLING and TnT1 insertion mutants. Also coordinating the EU project LEGATO (Legumes for the Agriculture of Tomorrow (2014-2017)), aimed at increasing grain legume cultivation in Europe.

	Richard D. Thompson. After a Ph.D. in Molecular Biology U. Edinburgh
	(1979) and periods at the PBI Cambridge UK, and the MPI for Plant
	Breeding Research, Köln, currently researcher in the INRA Agroecology
	Unit, Dijon, (2002-present, Grain Legumes Unit Director 2002-2010),
	focussing on the genetic control of seed development and composition in
	legumes, using the


Genetic parameters for stillbirth in French beef cattle breeds

CONCLUSIONS

 direct heritability ranged from 1.2 to 2.6% depending on the breed and the model  correlation between direct and maternal effect: difficult to estimate but always close to 0  no effect of threshold vs. linear model on EBV (r EBV = 0.99) but strong effect of the random vs fixed CG modeling (r EBV = 0.81-0.94) due to confounding between CG and EBV  strong link between EBV and stillbirth rates whatever the model : 2 EBV standard deviations  3.4 -5.6% of stillbirth

CONTEXT

Stillbirth = death of calf within 48h after birth  Incidence in beef cattle breeds in France = 1.6 to 5.8% (Charolaise = 3,7%, Limousine = 2,7%, Parthenaise =4,3%)  Currently indirect selection through EBV for birth ease Genetic evaluation BLUP model

  h²: heritability (in %) r: genetic correlation between direct and maternal traits MATERIAL & METHODS TMf = Threshold Model considering CG (= herd-year) as fixed effect TMr = Threshold Model considering CG as random effect LMf = Linear Model considering CG as fixed effect LMr = Linear Model considering CG as random effect : sex*parity +year*season) Authors gratefully acknowledged FGE for funding the MorPhe AI project (2013) AIM Development of a national genetic evaluation for stillbirth in beef cattle: which model to use?  Computation and comparison of genetic parameters and estimated breeding values (EBV) of different models Genetic parameters under the observed scale Relationship between EBV and stillbirth rate of Charolaise sires Extreme category problems with threshold models  large herds with at least 4 dead calves per year

  Binary trait with low incidence  threshold model theoretically preferred to linear model, with contemporary groups (CG) considered as random rather than fixed effect in routine evaluation BUT due to low AI use, herds are not well connected and genetically heterogeneous (in particular for birth traits) : considering CG as random may induce bias in stillbirth EBV  a linear model with CG as fixed could be better

	Selection and
	description of datasets	Breed Charolaise (CHA)	Sample size 77,579	Sire number 1,031	Herd number 68	CG size threshold 100
		Limousine (LIM)	58,123	989	79		80
		Parthenaise (PAR)	22,418	342	49		40
			RESULTS
				Breed Model direct h² maternal h²	r
					TMf	1,2	0,9	+0.06
				CHA	TMr LMf	1,2 1,4	0,9 0,9	+0.12 +0.14
					LMr	1,5	1,3	-0.01
					TMf	1,7	1,1	-0.16
				LIM	TMr LMf	1,5 1,8	1,0 1,4	-0.03 -0.25
					LMr	1,8	1,4	-0.16
					TMf	1,4	1,9	+0.01
				PAR	TMr LMf	2,3 1,2	1,0 1,9	+0.34 +0.13
					LMr	2,6	1,5	+0.30


J Guyader Ab

M Silberberg

D P Morgavi

C Martin

Postprandial Kinetics of Dissolved Hydrogen in the Rumen of Cows Fed Nitrate and/or Linseed Oil

INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France B Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France Linseed oil and nitrate fed alone or in association significantly reduced methane (CH 4 ) emissions from cows (Guyader et al 2014, this conference). To have a better insight of the mechanisms involved in CH 4 mitigation by these additives, we focused on the hydrogen (H 2 ) pool, a key element regulating methanogenesis in the rumen. We hypothesized that linseed oil and nitrate differently affect the rumen H 2 pool. Linseed oil may decrease H 2 production via a toxic effect on protozoa, and nitrate may use H 2 at the expense of methanogens.

Four cows were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments in a 4 x 4 Latin square design: 1) control diet (CON), 2) control diet with 4% linseed oil (LIN), 3) control diet with 3% calcium nitrate (NIT), and 4) control diet with 4% linseed oil and 3% calcium nitrate (LIN+NIT) (for more details see Guyader et al 2014, this conference). The kinetics of dissolved H 2 concentrations in rumen fluid were measured using a H 2 sensor (H 2 -500, Unisense, Denmark). The sensor was introduced through the rumen cannula and placed at the bottom of the ventral sac before the morning feeding and data were continuously collected up to 6 hours postfeeding. Data were analyzed in repeated time using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS, 2009) with a model including period, diet, hour and diet x hour interaction as fixed effects, and cow as random effect.

Figure 1. Postfeeding pattern of rumen dissolved H 2 concentrations from dry cows fed nitrate and/or linseed oil. Black arrows indicate time of feeding

With CON and LIN, the pool of dissolved H 2 in the rumen remained low and stable after feeding (P>0.05, Figure 1), showing that the equilibrium between production and use of H 2 was unaffected. Then, it is a lower H 2 production and consequently a concomitant lower H 2 availability for methanogens which may explain the CH 4 mitigation effect of linseed oil. In contrast, compared to CON, NIT induced a postprandial rise of rumen H 2 concentration (P<0.05), confirming that nitrate decreased CH 4 not only because it is a H 2 sink but also through its inhibitory action on methanogens. This effect is alleviated by associating nitrate with linseed oil as shown by the lower build-up of H 2 concentration with LIN+NIT. By studying for the first time the dynamic of rumen dissolved H 2 concentrations, we confirmed our hypothesis that linseed oil and nitrate have different modes of action on the rumen H 2 pool, and that the mechanisms of CH 4 mitigation by those compounds involve different pathways.

J

  . Guyader is the recipient of an INRA-Région Auvergne PhD scholarship. Guyader J., Eugene M., Doreau M., Rochette Y., Morgavi D.P. and Martin C. (2014). Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. Email: cecile.martin@clermont.inra.fr This work was funded by InVivo NSA.