Marc Barbier
email: marc.barbier@inra.fr

Aurélie Cardona

Marianne Cerf

Organising the generalisation of distributed and decentralised technological innovations Distributed and decentralised ex novation

Organising the generalisation of distributed and decentralised technological innovations: Distributed and decentralised ex novation.

Introduction

During a decade many scholars and consultants have been looking and producing new ideas and proto-operational framework to address the gap of coordinating agents and structure in process of sustainability transitions. Generating changes in complex sociotechnical systems established on sectorial and incremental innovation regime requests to account firmly for the governance of those systems and processes as they are intimately coupled with science, technology and innovation policy (Borras & Edler, 2014). The mechanism and processes of governing complex system to have them changed is far from a kind of indolent trust in creative destruction. The governance of change being considered as "the mechanisms by which societal and state actors interact and coordinate to regulate issues of societal concern, define the processes and direction of producing scientific knowledge, technological artefacts and innovation, and shape how these are introduced, absorbed and diffused into society and economy". Pillars to study this mechanism are more less shared among scholars: opportunity structures and capable agents, instruments of governing changes, legitimacy and acceptance struggles, and reflectivity and learning processes.

The account of discontinuation in sociotechnical regime is particularly useful to frame a specific type of regime change In the light of the technological substitution pathway described by Geels & Schot (2007: 410). The discontinuation can be thought of as the case when a technology drops off the present sociotechnical regime as the result of (or at least associated with) a specific moment of shock in the broader political-cultural landscape [START_REF] Stegmaier | The discontinuation of socio-technical systems as a governance problem[END_REF]. The seminal and programmatic conceptualization of regime destabilisation (Turnheim and Geels, 2012) has established how far the enquiry should go the tackle with the multidimensionality of destabilisation and consequently to frame new insights for transition studies.

Therefore this orientation towards the understanding of the governance of changing STI means also an open-ended conceptualisation of present phasing-out processes. So to say, retrospective accounts and understanding of innovation process as structuring changes (success of failure symmetrically addressed) are by essence finalist: the end of the story is known! As many scholar of transition studies, the intellectual challenge stand between finalism and wishful thinking and it is particularly subtle to find and established. Within the Studies tradition such a purpose suppose empirical investigations on agents and structures of destabilisation that are purposefully looking for novel sociotechnical arrangement, institutional features, policy mix and other sophisticated agencies to phase out and still carrying the idea of achieving sustainable goals differently. Ex-novation, outnovation are candidate concepts to carry this idea of coupling the study of destabilisation phenomenon with that of novel innovative sustainable arrangements.

In light with this reflection, this communication is grounded on previous elaboration of the notion of out-novation [START_REF] Levain | Continuous discontinuation: the DDT ban as a trigger for incremental change in the pesticides socio-technical system, Communication to the IST Conferecne[END_REF] and earlier (but lately discovered) conceptualization of ex-novation [START_REF] Wolff | Competitiveness, innovation and sustainability -clarifying the concepts and their interrelations[END_REF]Martin et al., 2016). Our aim is to tackle the pending issues of sustainability transition where intermediaries have a key role in "pushing and tracking" transformative policy towards the abandonment of established but wicked practices within hyper-stable sociotechnical regime such as the sectorial system of food, feed, fibre and fuel agricultural production. Many sustainability transition paradox and challenges are at stake in the present agri-food system, calling for more research on intermediation and learning processes in a call for generalization of sustainable practices [START_REF] Elzen | Stimulating transitions towards sustainable farming systems[END_REF][START_REF] Hermans | The distribution of roles and functions for upscaling and outscaling innovations in agricultural innovation systems[END_REF]Klerkx ert al. 2010).

After the seminal inputs of de-institutionalization thinking [START_REF] Maguire | Discourse and deinstitutionalization: The decline of DDT[END_REF] and the idea of detachment in innovation process [START_REF] Goulet | L'innovation par retrait. Contribution à une sociologie du détachement[END_REF] 3 inter-disciplinary thinking of STS, Activity theory and innovation studies [START_REF] Elzen | Stimulating transitions towards sustainable farming systems[END_REF], and particular attention to learning process and reflectivity in the governance of change to achieve sustainable farming systems [START_REF] Elzen | Stimulating transitions towards sustainable farming systems[END_REF]. Of course the role of brokering, scientific mediation and other spinning actors have been pointed and studied to explained how innovation process work in the innovation knowledge infrastructure [START_REF] Van Lente | Roles of systemic intermediaries in transition processes[END_REF][START_REF] Klerkx | Balancing multiple interests: Embedding innovation intermediation in the agricultural knowledge infrastructure[END_REF]. But intermediation as an activity has not been that much put under empirical investigation and intermediation in transition suffers from a lack of theorizing [START_REF] Klerkx | Evolution of systems approaches to agricultural innovation: concepts, analysis and interventions[END_REF]Steyeart et al., 2016). This communication intends to frame an answer based on the case study of intermediation of pesticide use in France during the last decade [START_REF] Cerf | Contrasting intermediation practices in various advisory service networks in the case of the French Ecophyto plan[END_REF]. We reports about a longitudinal study with participatory momentum inclined to elicitate the views, practices and conditions of action of those sustainability transition intermediaries.

2 Broadening the scope of ex novation 2.1 Ex novation as an outcome of policy mix thinking [START_REF] Berkhout | Socio-technological regimes and transition contexts. System innovation and the transition to sustainability: Theory[END_REF] had already pointed the " need to be more explicit and specific about the relationships between contexts and processes of change in socio-technical regimes" and proposed a "schematic distinction based on the degree of coordination of regime change between actors, networks and institutions, and the locus of resources required to respond to selection pressures acting on the regime". Their framework established four different contexts for regime change, distinguishing between 'purposive transitions' (deliberate change caused by outside actors), 'endogenous renewal' (deliberate change fostered by regime members), 're-orientation of trajectories' (spontaneous change resulting from relationships and dynamics within a regime) and 'emergent transformations' (the unintended consequence of changes wrought outside prevailing regimes).

The type of transformations like pesticide use reduction precisely articulates transformative policy in sectorial policy and research & extension policy with complex processes of collective action: from grass-root radical changes to greening lock-in sophisticate resistance to this reduction goal. As they put it to define purposive transitions (op.cit. p.85): "While emergent transitions have an autonomous quality, we seek to distinguish these from purposive transitions which have in some senses been intended and pursued to reflect the expectations of a broad and effective set of interests, largely located outside the regimes in question". It appears that this dynamic of regime change suppose a certain boundary destabilisation: incumbent interests within the regime to be contrasted by many innovative attempt to frame pesticide free pesticides and external interests outside the regime based on sustainable vision of agriculture also contrasted between the "feed-the-world" industrial promise and the "local-fair-healthy" agroecological or organic promises. Clearly, phasing out pesticide use is not that simple, and corresponds to many types of changes at different layers of articulating policy, market and research & extension. But who articulates what? Here stand many types of intermediation agents and structure.

This challenge is particularly isomorphic to the expected shift in energy transition, where the notion of ex novation has been put on the agenda of policy mix thinking (Kivimma et al., 2016;[START_REF] Rogge | Exploring the role of phase-out policies for low-carbon energy transitions: The case of the German Energiewende[END_REF]Rosenow et al., 2016;[START_REF] David | Moving beyond the heuristic of creative destruction: Targeting exnovation with policy mixes for energy transitions[END_REF] to promote deliberative policy and politics that target the end of fossil-based technological trajectories. This attention to ex novation results from previous investigations about "green economy" from an ecological point of view [START_REF] Wolff | Competitiveness, innovation and sustainability -clarifying the concepts and their interrelations[END_REF][START_REF] Spangenberg | Ideology and Practice of the "Green Economy" -world views shaping science and politics[END_REF] and from embarked subpolitics in promoting the phasing-out at the heart of policy mix design (David et al., 2015;Arnold et al., 2015;[START_REF] Heyen | Out of the comfort zone! Governing the exnovation of unsustainable technologies and practices[END_REF][START_REF] Heyen | Governance of exnovation: phasing out non-sustainable structures[END_REF]. The claims and recommendations are of course by construction of political nature, and suppose that phasing out results from the organized and political disappearance of infrastructures. Martin (2017) defines explicitly exnovation this way as "a process in which a given technology is currently no longer used because its physical infrastructure has been deliberately removed; this distinguishes exnovation from concepts of discontinued use".

This focus on technology policy regimes issues stimulating and sophisticated design principles of policy mix, insisting on the coherence of policy goal, consistency of instruments bundles and the congruence of instruments and goals (Martin, 2017: ). These propositions of course echoes previous work about the art of policymaking and more specially about innovation policy instruments (Borras et Edquist, 2013) and the pragmatic idea that: "the design and implementation of systemic innovation policy depends on the extent to which innovation policy instruments are defined, customized and combined into instrument mixes that address the 'problems' related to the activities of the system " (Op.cit., 1519).

Looking at ex novation from the intermediation lenses

This perspective of governing by and through instrument design deserves certainly a lot of attention, but many empirical works and critical reflection about the practices and structural constraints of public action tend to be still sceptical about a pure political definition of ex novation. We might even claim that there is an excessive belief in the efficiency of policy mix thanks and because of their systemic nature. But how far principles of collective action can be effective and how does it work that policy instruments enact practices of change in sectorial lock-in? How can it work when the policy makers and decentralized policy actors who claim for ex novation are the same one as those who claimed for what the legacy and efficiency of the technological fix that should be phased-out?

The possibility of such a shift is based on an extremely strong confidence in the fact that the practices of changes have only a political agency. Could this policy mix imaginary face some unpleasantness if we do not study how ex novation work in practices?

Intermediation has been studied in a variety of scholar fields and under a variety of contexts of innovation studies (Howells, 2006). Intermediation recovers a large variety of terms in used to name individuals or organizations involved in innovation processes such as 'innovation intermediaries', 'knowledge or innovation brokers'; 'systemic intermediaries' (and 'boundary spanners' in education, public management and in business organization management (Steyeart et al. 2014). The use of intermediation has also to do with the theoretical foundation of this notion in the sociology of science and technology with the notion of boundary object (Star and Griesemer, 1989) or in anthropology of development with the idea of "development brokers" (Olivier de Sardan, 1995) or knowledge brokers in medicine (Ward, House and Hamer, 1997).

As we have portrayed them (Steyeaert eta al., 2014): "In most of these studies, intermediaries are commonly portrayed as 'match-makers', as entities that somehow align two (or more) entities and bring them into contact. By naming the intermediaries, scholars mainly try to identify the new actors at the boundary of organizations and the ways they to act as a third party in one-to-one or many-tomany relationships". Authors such as Bussant and Rush (1995), Howell (2006), Guston (1999) or Klerkx and Leeuwis (2009) proposed to characterize the functions, which intermediaries fulfil within innovation systems, in which brokering mainly concerns business information or technological issues. But how does this enable to address intermediation at play in sustainability transitions, where what could be innovative is ill-defined and contested? More over what could the practices, the meaning and the function of intermediating ex novation?

Comment citer ce document : Barbier, M., Cardona, A., [START_REF] Barbier | Organising the generalisation of distributed and decentralised technological innovations: Distributed and decentralised ex novation[END_REF]. Organising the generalisation of distributed and decentralised technological innovations: Distributed and decentralised ex novation. . The critical phase of the deinstitutionalisation of pesticide uses in France. Presented at EGOS Colloquium 2019, Edimbourgh, GBR (2019-07-04 -2019-07-06).

5

Based on a previous cross-cutting analysis of various case studies we have proposed the following definition of the functions of intermediation, introducing a distinction between intermediation that foster collective action efficiency and functions that to support collective action dynamics (sse table 1a and 1b, taken from Steyaert, Barbier et el. op.cit.). Sustainability transitions "are goal-oriented or purposive" (Smith & al., 2005), i.e. strongly related to political or social expectations in terms of management performance and measurable results and effects. In regard to "wicked problem", this constitutes a kind of "environmental paradox": the generic characteristics of pesticide reduction problems make these expectations partly unachievable). Following such a perspective, we argue that intermediary activities may not be separated from the various conceptions people hold on action and knowledge and, as a consequence, on the various expectations they have in linking knowledge to action.

In our perspective [START_REF] Elzen | Stimulating transitions towards sustainable farming systems[END_REF]Steyeart, Barbier et al., 2014), sustainability transitions do not only rely on innovations supporting economic viability of knowledge based bio-economic firms, such transitions also rely on the exploration of new governance principles, institutional arrangements at both local and global levels to cope with issues that heavily concern citizens at their place of living, such as maintaining or restoring water quality for human consumption and aquatic life, avoiding biodiversity erosion, improving food security and sovereignty, increasing social equity etc. Such issues imply both complexity and uncertainty, leading to tackle with "wicked problems" (Batie, 2008;Levin et al., 2012).

They imply socio-political choices in which intermediaries can hardly claim their neutrality and have thus to express their engagement. Therefore intermediation cannot be described as only transferring knowledge and objects in a given web of interests for technological innovation, or playing a strict functional role within the social web of innovation to fulfil knowledge gaps of system failures. It also performs specific functions which are related to the kind of problems at stake, and which support the dynamic at work between problem finding, goals and means setting within a high changing world.

Considering transformational change, the future remains unpredictable and mostly unknown. In other words, intermediation is not supposed to produce the means to reach some predefined goals, but also to foster interactive processes in which goals and means definition are at the core of public or collective action and in which, in doing so, cultural changes are allowed to occur. Linked to crop protection strategies, the issues of pesticides has been tackled by "regulatory science", an emerging strand of studies centred on regulatory processes and the forms of knowledge involved (Irwin and Rothstein, 2003). These authors highlight the dominantly private institutional character of agrochemical regulatory science based on companies' product testing routines but also on their involvement in expert committees, leaving wider public groups such as NGOs with very limited opportunities of participation -at least, national NGOs, as opposed to European-wide NGOs such as Greenpeace and PAN (Hood et al., 2001). Such approaches have been applied in comparative studies, confirming a common idea that Scandinavian regulatory standards are stricter (Rothstein et al., 1999). These works analyse the positions of the different categories of "experts" and lay-people and notice an evolution towards much more cooperative relations between the main stakeholders (i.e. agriculture, industry, NGOs) than before, which reflects a more general process of "ecological modernisation", within the historical background of the major shift in crop protection that the phasing out of the DDT illustrate (Maguire & Hardy, 2019;[START_REF] Levain | Continuous discontinuation: the DDT ban as a trigger for incremental change in the pesticides socio-technical system, Communication to the IST Conferecne[END_REF].

In this historical background the adoption of the European "Pesticide Package" in 2009 has triggered a long process of designing and implementing dedicated National Plan to reduce pesticide uses.

During the 2010's, the structuration of public action was intense while at the same time claims and political contentions if not trials against manufacturers spurred from the mobilisation of NGOs. Public debate about pesticide types of uses has become very consistent in relation to diverse sustainable challenges (climate change, biodiversity loss, sustainable food system). The question of the relation of pesticide with cancer has turned into a sanitary public problem, with contentions, controversies and trials. Therefore the pesticide phasing out appears to be high in the agenda and it is particularly the case in France, where the use of pesticide per hectare is on the top list of European countries.

Other works have shown how the agricultural industry strategically repositions itself over the last decades by changing its messages in response to changes in the socio-cultural setting and in public concerns [START_REF] Kroma | Greening pesticides: A historical analysis of the social construction of farm chemical advertisements[END_REF]. Economists but also marketing science and sociology of consumption have studied crop protection issues as they are supposed to be taken into account by consumers, that is, in terms of risk perception or labels and quality. In a very different perspective rural sociologists have emphasized the producers/consumers links and broader visions of the impact of crop protection strategies at the level of the food chain. The interaction between farmers and consumers and the chances of negotiation around farming practices have been studied in the case of short circuits like local markets or box-schemes and has recently gain an extraordinary success. Biological and agricultural scientists contributed to this debate by suggesting approaches that would go beyond a restricted agronomic vision limited to the field or at best to the farm, and encompass natural phenomena such as climate changes and social aspects linked to food consumption. The interactions between social and agricultural sciences in participatory projects have also led to inform the question of the evaluation of farms sustainability.

But the sustainable use of pesticide is not that much governed directly by research and extension systems, matters and issues, and indirectly strongly affected by the late trend of "privatisation" of 7 extension knowledge. This might be explained by the fact that the level of lock-in of the crop protection systems is rather governed by technological trajectories of farming practices and by business plan of farming model (cost structure prevails against exploration).

The emergence and implementation of a public policy instrument designed to promote significant changes in crop protection practices through the reduction of pesticide uses follow previous national regulation to limit the toxicity of pesticide or to protect certain catchment area. The instrument stems from a European regulation defining a general framework and obligations pertaining to a reduction of the use of phyto-sanitary products and to change crop protection strategies. Of course, one can notice much difference between the implementation of National Action Plans, basically related to the governance structure of agriculture, but also to the existence and the intensity of consumers' movement and NGOs mobilisation and alignments. During the 2000's and early 2010's, with some exception (Denmark and Sweden notably), national situations had shown a lack of repositioning the agricultural research and extension systems towards the objective of the European directive. It was not because of a lack of knowledge, sounds sciences and defined extension activities -like the Integrated Pest Management or the Organic farming standard could be taken as master frames, but much more because the production of knowledge and practices in relation to sustainable pesticide use were requesting the existence of innovative milieus and situations of exploration of alternative paths that would trigger radical changes at the heart of the dominant regime of crop protection, particularly for major industrialised field crops.

Pesticide use reduction in France

In this European context -meaningful as such since food provision and pesticide sails are organized at that level by firms and corporate strategies-the French case represents an interesting situation for a transition studies of ex novation, since it entails three loosely articulated pathways of discontinuation when France had announced pesticides consumption by a rate of 50% for 2018. The adoption of the European "Pesticide Package" in 2009 has triggered a long process of designing and implementing a dedicated plan to reduce pesticide uses, which as correspond to a mobilisation of agronomic research (Pesticide Expertise Report in 2005, Ecophyto R&D report in 2009) concomitantly to the participatory national Grenelle Environmental Forum. During the 2010's, the structuration of public action was intense while at the same time claims and political contentions if not trials against manufacturers spurred from the mobilisation of NGOs and phytovictims [START_REF] Jouzel | Devenir victime des pesticides. Le recours au droit et ses effets sur la mobilisation des agriculteurs Phyto-victimes[END_REF]. The plan Ecophyto 2018 was launched in 2011, with the expectation of reducing pesticide use by a rate of 50%, "if possible". This National Plan has been integrated has one instrument of a significant ecologisation of public agricultural policy under the "Agroeoclogical project for France" launched in 2014 by the Ministry of Agriculture Stéphane Le Foll. The National plan appears then to be an element of this policy mix to turn the Productivist French Farm into an Agroecological farm. Morevoer the construction of ignorance about pesticide toxicity [START_REF] Dedieu | Comment ignorer ce que l'on sait?[END_REF] did also defleat the sanitary dimension of reduction for farmers, and the situation of pesticide use reduction appears to be particularly wicked problem.

The Plan Ecophyto 2018 relies centrally on a national policy instrument, called DEPHY, supporting the voluntary mobilisation of groups of farmers and engineers of agricultural extension services from various organisations (but mainly Agricultural Chambers) towards the exploration of alternative cropprotection strategies, notably through the design of innovative cropping systems (called SCEP) inherited from a current of agronomic research and extension that promote sustainable farming systems [START_REF] Cerf | Contrasting intermediation practices in various advisory service networks in the case of the French Ecophyto plan[END_REF]. This dispositive called DEPHY is a kind of network organisation with

Comment citer ce document : Barbier, M., Cardona, A., Cerf, M. ( 2019). Organising the generalisation of distributed and decentralised technological innovations: Distributed and decentralised ex novation. . The critical phase of the deinstitutionalisation of pesticide uses in France. Presented at EGOS Colloquium 2019, Edimbourgh, GBR (2019-07-04 -2019-07-06).

8 distributed arenas of action and discussion spaces, which is fuelled by the circulation of knowledge.

Local groups of this DEPHY voluntary scheme where placed under the responsibility of two intermediary actors: Networks Engineers (NE), who are local facilitators and information gatherers, and more local Technical Engineers (TE) that gather information being directly attached to groups and managed by the NE. The DEPHY national core team not only absorbs local knowledge but also addressed farmers through communication packages that consist of formatted leaflets describing cropping systems which could successfully reduced their use of pesticides while maintaining their level of income (format called SCEP). This SCEP format represents a cognitive artefact that has been designed by agronomist experts, extension services representatives and public officers of the Ministry. More than a communication tools it also represents for individuals and groups of farmers a kind of informal contract to engage actors in a concrete way of transitioning towards pesticide use reduction.

A second type of knowledge is organizing the collective action of this DEPHY dispositive but more largely all the pesticide reduction policy: the measurement of pesticide use reduction through agroecological indicators that evaluate farming system. This indicator (called Indice de Fréquence de Traitement) has been designed by agronomists, largely before the action plan had started (Bockstaller et al., 1997). But it has been rendered within the public action plan in order to enable a legitimated instrument of measuring the number of pesticide doses realised per year and per hectare. The use of this indicator has spread in all extension practices in the last decade. The trajectory of this boundary object from the scientific stance to an administrative stance is very relevant in accounting for the structuration of a capacity to inform local efforts by farmers within local or regional groups, and at the same time building a public account of efficiency of the national action plan ECOPHYTO.

Thus, two types of knowledge production catalysers (a cognitive artefact and an indicator) have taken part in building an infrastructure of knowing and acting toward the reduction of pesticide use. This organisational texture has an institutional face because of a dedicated device. Moreover, knowledge that flows out of this device are also reversely used to inform scientific accounts of agroecological changes, with of course matters of dispute in their definition or scope of use. What is relevant for our cross-cutting perspective here is how much the knowledge infrastructure is embedded in on-going scientific experiments, expertise parties, public administration affaires and local experiential knowledge about sustainable crop protection strategies. This knowledge infrastructure is also a more or less formalised network of farmers, practitioners, engineers, intermediaries and public officers in which the sub-politics of building futures with pesticides reduction is at play.

Intermediation of pesticide use reduction as a collective experimentation of ex novation 4.1 Methodology

Our approach consists in examining the dynamics of change as they play out in the construction and implementation of the ECOPHYTO 2018 plan (from a diachronic point of view), and the variations of this implementation in situations of collective action in rural territories or supply chains while also studying other types of situation of change that were including pesticide use reduction.

Comment citer ce document : Barbier, M., Cardona, A., [START_REF] Barbier | Organising the generalisation of distributed and decentralised technological innovations: Distributed and decentralised ex novation[END_REF]. Organising the generalisation of distributed and decentralised technological innovations: Distributed and decentralised ex novation. . The critical phase of the deinstitutionalisation of pesticide uses in France. Presented at EGOS Colloquium 2019, Edimbourgh, GBR (2019-07-04 -2019-07-06).

9

We draw on an approach that focused on the activities of intermediaries, which is centred on the study of situated design processes -i.e. anchored in systems of activities-with a view to investigating the implications of changes in practices. This middle-range approach aims to understand how the instruments of public policy are implemented in order to induce transition, and how they evolve over time in relation to the obstacles, the sociotechnical and professional experiments, and the habitus of the actors they encounter. In this way we seek to ensure that public policy is not interpreted from a strictly political point of view only (Lascoumes et le Gallès, 2004). We also wish to understand how the demand for transition "reworks" these instruments, reshaping them and changing the content to some extent. In this respect it is essential to clearly understand the wide variety of existing agricultural technologies. Some involve the withdrawal of ancestral techniques such as plowing [START_REF] Goulet | L'innovation par retrait. Contribution à une sociologie du détachement[END_REF], while others call for organic solutions associated with lessons drawn from experience and granted increasingly more consideration by research as the agri-ecological stream emerges (Lamine, 2011). If there are transformative capabilities in this wide range of techniques, they play out in tandem with the adaptive capabilities or, on the contrary, with the lock-in peculiar to this sector which is rich in a wide variety of institutions.

The study of these organizational, structural and institutional, as well as technological, transformations is therefore of particular to take into account as context of action for intermediaries because they are at work in multiple ways, depending on diverse action logics. Not only do the logics of agricultural supply chains (grain, fruit, vegetables, etc.) have their own particular characteristics, they also vary profoundly in relation to territorial challenges of local agriculture. We posit that the instruments designed to perform change have to be understood from the point of view of the activities of intermediation that contribute to building this interface between public policy instruments and local situations. This is all the more necessary as these situations are already caught in the dynamics of change aimed at translating a demand for ecologization into technical practices and systems of sustainable production, before the arrival of recommendations based on a directive on pesticides. This intermediation is analysed in local situations, in two respects. First, we seek to account for situated design processes encompassing the exploration of new sustainable agricultural systems and the mobilization of the instruments of public policy. Second, we seek to understand the processes of generalization and institutionalization (up-scaling and out-scaling) of these local explorations, and the way in which these processes participate in the transformation of public policy instruments.

To study the process of situated design or the work of intermediation, we have held interviews with the agents involved in design or intermediation work. We have also been involved in local situations through participant observation or by accompanying these processes and this work ourselves. In particular, we propose spaces for reflection on the intermediation work, and approaches in which agricultural systems that meet territorial challenges can be designed, with the twofold requirement of a broad exploration of possibilities, and directly operational propositions.

Our analytic grid was based on the description of intermediaries' activities with a rather simple empirical approach of observed situation of promoting pesticide use reductions:

• Thick description of organizational configurations in which intermediation actors act: how they discuss the transformations targeted, how they facilitate the evolution of agricultural practices in order to achieve a targeted transformation, how they create the conditions for the inclusion of new actors;

• Sociological account of the cognitive and normative support of intermediation actors to engage and legitimize a deliberate change and the tensions inherent to the difficult position they occupy

Comment citer ce document : Barbier, M., Cardona, A., [START_REF] Barbier | Organising the generalisation of distributed and decentralised technological innovations: Distributed and decentralised ex novation[END_REF]. Organising the generalisation of distributed and decentralised technological innovations: Distributed and decentralised ex novation. . The critical phase of the deinstitutionalisation of pesticide uses in France. Presented at EGOS Colloquium 2019, Edimbourgh, GBR (2019-07-04 -2019-07-06).

10

• Socio-technical description of the intermediary objects which are conceived, debated, and mobilized within the situations where reduction of uses is discussed, measured and values and which express a technological reasoning of change (indictors, Dashboard, on farm visits, trials, etc.)

In order to explore how intermediation activities take place and what the diversity could be, we have investigated them in 5 cases of extension situations that represent a good sample of ex novation at play (see table 2).

Results

First of all, our study reveals the variety of intermediaries: Technical and Networking engineer of the the DEPHY scheme (often appointed by Agricultural Chambers), regular extension advisors of departmental Agricultural Chambers, rural project managers from associations, agri-environmental scheme managers from public local organization or national water agency, R&D managers of cooperatives. None of those label themself an intermediary actor; this label is analytical for us. All these intermediaries involved in pesticide use reduction -either very directly within the DEPHY scheme or in other dispositives-were directly concerned by the national plan of pesticide use reduction, but each of tem with specific goals of their organization, and specific rules and skills.

Our account of intermediation activities in the 5 situations, enable to identify some of the features of intermediating pesticide use reduction (see table 3). We have noticed various values and ethos of intermediation activities in relation to the type of farmers' group, and according to their goal and their exploratory activities for pesticide use reduction. Each situation is also showing differentiated organizational setting to be managed by intermediaries. Finally we also report that reducing Thanks to individual interviews but also to regular discussion group with all the intermediaries, we could better understand their specificity but also try to see if some communalities in intermediating pesticide reduction. It appears that working with farmers on this reduction supposes a type of boundary activities between institutional and professional logic the one hand and on collective action logic of farmer's group on the other hand. Therefore our comprehensive analysis has issued two dimension of intermediation:

-The dimension of engagement of intermediaries at the crossroad of these three tension: the functional values of their vocation, the adaptability to farmers' group and a sense of more or less intense publicness. -The dimension of the technique of intermediation for which he have noticed three bundles of skills which we labelled "technae": a communicational technae (how to move a group to have it going forward), a pedagogical technae (how to help the person or the group to have something experienced) and the social engineering technae (how to design and enact promising situations for learning to take place).

But these dimension were not particularly new for them. A new dimension was less obvious for them and time to time expressed as an annoyance, something that perhaps "should not be there". In fact 12 the agroecological project -in which pesticide reduction was a component-was receiving contentions and critics if not disdain from conventional farmers and political opposition, with concomitant pressure of social movement and of the public controversies about glyphosate. This atmosphere that connect the "political landscape" directly at the heart of their intermediation activities did establish a third dimension: they had to position themselves as professional within this pressure. In different ways, all of them expressed a sense of publicness to characterise this embarrassment, even tough the public sphere stood at a distance for some of these situations. Therefore the nature of these tensions had to be clarified.

An in depth analysis of discourse and patterns of argumentation shows that their practices of acting within groups question themselves about the legitimacy of their discourse about farming practices and techniques of using pesticide. How to have various actors that expect to realise changes sufficiently committed around a different possible future, it the technological features of a new system is poorly advocated? They all feel to play at the boundary of their own knowledge about the objectivity of practical realisation and their possible impacts on pesticide reduction.

A second tension was also discovered under their embarrassment. Paradoxically to the previous tension, they also feel tensed by the necessity to keep the group in a very subjective relationship to their reality, in order to have the reduction put as a sociotechnical imaginary.

It appears that being an intermediary of pesticide reduction assemble many tensions. Brokering is not an easy game and what we discover is the combination of rather technical issues of intermediation practices but also a subtle cocktail of a sense of publicness and of a profound paradox mixing the objectivation of the reality to be changed and the necessary subjectivation process to carry the imaginary of doing with less or even with no pesticide.

If these observation are relevant, we might have here shown a component of the chasm of ex novation, this particular momentum of dynamics of change that exist after the proof of concept done by lead-users. In the case of pesticide use reduction, we might conclude that there is no generalisation of phasing-out within a discontinuation policy without solid intermediaries, and above all a clear connection between policy instruments and the practicality of intermediating robust changes.

Conclusion

Our findings about intermediation of pesticide reduction point the need to open the understanding of the chasm of out-novation. In many circumstances the dynamic of sociotechnical regime and de facto governance of transformative process, do not mean only de novo creation, nor substitution, but more often a subtle agency and structure of de-framing, re-agencing and including critical mindsets, new sociotechnical agency and human practices [START_REF] Turnheim | Evaluating sustainability transitions pathways: Bridging analytical approaches to address governance challenges[END_REF]. The chasm of innovation [START_REF] Bernstein | Innovation generation process: Applying the adopter categorization model and concept of "chasm" to better understand social and behavioral issues[END_REF] has its counter part in what one could name the chasm of outnovation or ex novation. As a generalisation process relays on the often silent but determinant contributions and actions of innovation brokers, sustainability transitions supposes intermediaries that convey the uptake of a critical zone of out-scaling. This perspective has to be clearly put upper in the agenda of Transition Studies.

Comment citer ce document : Barbier, M., Cardona, A., [START_REF] Barbier | Organising the generalisation of distributed and decentralised technological innovations: Distributed and decentralised ex novation[END_REF]. Organising the generalisation of distributed and decentralised technological innovations: Distributed and decentralised ex novation. . The critical phase of the deinstitutionalisation of pesticide uses in France. Presented at EGOS Colloquium 2019, Edimbourgh, GBR (2019-07-04 -2019-07-06).

  , we think it is time to open the studies of the role and function of intermediary activities in concomitant deinstitutionalisation process of certain practices and out-scaling process of novel practices. This purpose requests the mutual and Comment citer ce document : Barbier, M., Cardona, A., Cerf, M. (2019). Organising the generalisation of distributed and decentralised technological innovations: Distributed and decentralised ex novation. . The critical phase of the deinstitutionalisation of pesticide uses in France. Presented at EGOS Colloquium 2019, Edimbourgh, GBR (2019-07-04 -2019-07-06).

  4

  Comment citer ce document : Barbier, M., Cardona, A., Cerf, M. (2019). Organising the generalisation of distributed and decentralised technological innovations: Distributed and decentralised ex novation. . The critical phase of the deinstitutionalisation of pesticide uses in France. Presented at EGOS Colloquium 2019, Edimbourgh, GBR (2019-07-04 -2019-07-06).

  Comment citer ce document : Barbier, M., Cardona, A., Cerf, M. (2019). Organising the generalisation of distributed and decentralised technological innovations: Distributed and decentralised ex novation. . The critical phase of the deinstitutionalisation of pesticide uses in France. Presented at EGOS Colloquium 2019, Edimbourgh, GBR (2019-07-04 -2019-07-06).

  Comment citer ce document : Barbier, M., Cardona, A., Cerf, M. (2019). Organising the generalisation of distributed and decentralised technological innovations: Distributed and decentralised ex novation. . The critical phase of the deinstitutionalisation of pesticide uses in France. Presented at EGOS Colloquium 2019, Edimbourgh, GBR (2019-07-04 -2019-07-06).

Table 1a : Functions of intermediation to foster collective action efficiency Intermediary roles in collective action efficiency Outputs

 1a

	Boundary work around problem definition	Stabilized agreements
	Problem finding and problem solving	Permanent iteration between goals and means of action
	Co-generation of knowledge	Reduced uncertainties and explored controversies
	Networking of human and cognitive resources	Enhancement of collective action capabilities
	Networking of various deliberative arenas	Out-scaled and up-scaled outcomes of action

Table 1b : Functions of intermediation to support collective action dynamics Intermediary roles in collective action functioning Outputs

 1b

	Convince people through pedagogy	Enrolment of stakeholders and ownership of action
	Reduce fears, resistances and contestations	Space and time for deliberation
	and contain overwhelming processes
	Build new interpretative frames	Transformation of identities, legitimacies and social
		asymmetries. Changes in values and systems of interest
	Stimulate individual and collective reflexive	Build a shared understanding of the situation
	consciousness

Table 2 : The observed situations

 2

	Case 1 "BASE" Farmers	Self organized groups based on experiential knowledge production
	Groups of Conservation	with intermediaries playing a role of expert or technological promoters
	Agriculture	of specific techniques within a master frame of soil fertility
		conservation.
	Case 2. RAD-CIVAM -	Farmers that are assembled in groups that are followed-up by
	Farmer Supports	intermediaries who develop a support of sustainable development
	Association	based on the idea of the autonomy of farm development in a common
		peasant vision of local agriculture
	Case 3. Cooperative	Individual Farmers (sometimes joining in ephemeral group) that
	Extension Support	corresponds to the organizational feature of extension services run by
	Services	cooperatives
	Case 4. Farmers Group of	Farmers groups that are committed to realize efforts and changes to
	Water Catchment Area	ensure the protection of water catchment Area under the supervision
		of an agricultural advisor
	Case 5. DEPHY. Famers	Farmers groups that have joined the DEPHY voluntary scheme in
	group of the DEPHY	local groups placed under the responsibility of Networks Engineers
	Instrument	(NE), who are local facilitators and Technical Engineers (TE) that
		directly attached to groups and managed trials

  is not a something that supposes a unique topicality of action. They are many ways of entering the reduction.

Comment citer ce document : Barbier, M., Cardona, A., Cerf, M. (2019). Organising the generalisation of distributed and decentralised technological innovations: Distributed and decentralised ex novation. . The critical phase of the deinstitutionalisation of pesticide uses in France. Presented at EGOS Colloquium 2019, Edimbourgh, GBR (2019-07-04 -2019-07-06). 11 pesticide use

Table 3

 3

	Features of	Values and ethos	Farmers'	Organisational	Topicality of pesticide
	intermediation	of intermediation	practices to be	Setting to be	use reduction
	Case	activities	activated	managed
	Case 1 "BASE"	Technophilia	Free individual	Sponsored	Moving away from a
	Farmers Groups	experimentation	experiential	network of	dependence to
	of Conservation	of soil	knowledge	individual	conventional package
	Agriculture	management	production	experience
	Case 2. RAD-	Autonomy of	Exploration of	Self	Full autonomy of
	CIVAM -	farmers'	sustainability	organisation of	agricultural inputs (on
	Farmer	development	changes within a	situated	farm production) and
	Supports	based on	peasant	networks	organic target
	Association	common values	referential
	Case 3.	Technico-	Datafication and	Professional	Measuring reduction
	Cooperative	economic	valuation of field	bureaucracy of	possibility in relation
	Extension	rationalisation of	measurements	extension	to impact on yields
	Support Service	cropping systems
	Case 4. Farmers	Environmental	Testing and	Loose territorial	To limit the impact of
	Group of Water	modernization of	applying technical	coordination	pesticide on resource
	Catchment Area	cropping systems	specification	within groups
	Case 5. DEPHY.	Experimenting	Generalisation of	Administrative	Targeting the
	Famers group	reduction	cropping systems	and technical	reduction of the IFT
	of the DEPHY	agronomic	format	adhocracy of	Indicator (Nb of Pest.
	Instrument	package for		instrument	Treatment) and
		diffusion			sustaining margin

This section is taken from a report we produced within an European NoE called ENDURE, see[START_REF] Barbier | Governance and the structuration of research and extension systems[END_REF].


Agnès Duri

Sandra Mandato

Frédéric Mabille

Bernard Cuq

Thierry Ruiz

Vertical force Vertical grain displacement

Vertical slow drag of an intruder in a laterally confined granular medium

Development of an experimental mixing cell associated with an unidirectional flat blade, linked to a texture analyzer.

Vertical force

1. Image acquisition (100 images/s) using a high-speed camera.

2. Image processing using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique. à Grain displacement.

During a wet agglomeration process inside a low shear mixer, the main blade function is to induce mobility of grains and homogenization of the liquid sprayed on the powder. In the case of semolina agglomeration, for couscous manufacture, a better control of this process would help in increasing the agglomeration yield.

Concerning the mechanical energy input, the motion of the blade disturbs the initial static force profile of the powder bed.

•How this initial mechanical state is disturbed by the blade motion?

• What is the blade influence on particle mobilities?

Challenge: To achieve a better understanding of the contribution of the mechanical input on the granular flow ü Better understanding of the granular flow in the neighbourhood of an intruder vertically moving in a laterally confined granular bed with a free-surface. ü The coupled analysis of force and PIV images seems to be a good approach for the establishment of criterion for the design of new mixers.

ü A new set-up is being built to achieve higher 𝒗 * . ü PIV analysis has to be continued (spatio-temporal correlations of images) in order to identify characteristic lengths and times.

Contact: Agnès Duri -2, place Pierre Viala -34060 Montpellier -FRANCE -agnes.duri@inra.fr Blade for x = 0 f bed = 0.446

RESULTS

MATERIALS AND METHODS

ISSUES AND OBJECTIVES

Original rheophysical device • A dihedral-shape assembly of grains constitutes a permanent disturbance zone induced by the blade motion ⇒ 𝐿 . ≠ 0.

Rheological behaviour: vertical force / vertical grain displacement

• Correlation between the vertical force and the vertical grain displacement with a small phase shift.

• Loading and relaxation phases are independent of 𝒗 * .

• Fluctuation phase is dependent of 𝒗 * and it is amplified by slow solicitation. • For 𝒗 * > 𝟎. 𝟐 the characteristic time required for particle rearrangement is not sufficiently high relatively to the solicitation time.

• For 𝒗 * < 𝟎. 𝟐 the characteristic time required for particle rearrangement is sufficiently high relatively to the solicitation time.

Durum wheat Grinding

Horizontal mixer

Setup PIV Image

PIV Image

  phase Sharp increase of the force until a first maximum (𝐹 "#$%& ' = 2.59 ± 0.26 N and 𝑧 ) = 18.68 ± 2.41 mm). Void volume creation below the blade due to the compaction of the particles just above the blade.

Ø

  Water content = 16.8 ± 0.4 % Ø d 50 = 287 ± 8 µm Ø r s = 1.478 ± 0.005 g.cm -3 phase Progressive decrease of the force until to reach zero value. Lack of the global stiffness of the granular medium and decrease of the mass weighing on the blade. • The vertical grain displacement is limited by the phenomenon of vault rupture à 'shearbanding' effect.


Session 24

Theatre 4

Session 24 Theatre 3

Relationship between intestinal and blood metabolome and digestive efficiency in chicken S. Beauclercq 1 , C. Hennequet-Antier 1 , L. Nadal-Desbarat 2 , I. Gabriel 1 , F. Calenge 3 , E. Le Bihan-Duval 1 and S. Mignon-Grasteau At 3 weeks, fecal AMEn and coefficients of digestive use of lipids, nitrogen, and starch were measured during a balance trial, ileal and caecal contents were sampled and blood collected. Metabolome was determined by proton high resolution NMR. Correlation models (canonical partial least squares) were fitted to assess the links between efficiency and metabolites of the 3 sample collection sites. Metabolites differences between animals with high or low levels of DE were mainly involved in amino acids metabolism (lysine, isoleucine, methionine) and energy metabolism (glutamate, glucose) in the 3 collection sites. High positive correlations were found between glucose in caecal content and AMEn and coefficient of DE of nitrogen, which is consistent with the large divergence found in the divergent lines on these criteria. This result suggests an effect of microbial fermentation on DE. These metabolic profiles provide information on the mechanisms implied in feed digestion in chickens. Further analyses will estimate if the blood metabolome can be used as an indirect criterion of selection of feed efficiency and DE. This study is part of the Feed-a-Gene project and received funding from the European Union's H2020 24, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France;lisanne.verschuren@topigsnorsvin.com Feed efficiency (FE) is an important trait in the pig industry, as feed costs are responsible for the major part of production costs. Availability in the market and cost of feed ingredients dictate changes in feed composition. As a result, fibre level and composition can vary between pig diets. Microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract play an important role in fibre digestion, because they produce enzymes that break down fibre structures and deliver volatile fatty acids (VFA) to the pig. These VFA can be used as metabolic energy sources. As such, microbial fermentation could influence FE in pigs. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between FE and faecal microbiome in commercial grower-finisher pigs. Three-way crossbreed grower-finisher pigs (154) were either fed a diet based on corn/soybean meal (CS) or a diet based on wheat/barley/by-products (WB). Faecal samples were collected on the day before slaughter (mean body weight 122 kg), and sequenced for the V3-V4 16S ribosomal DNA regions. Sequences we clustered according to operational taxonomic units (OTU) for each individual. A partial least square regression was applied to the dataset, together with a discriminant analysis using principal components of FE extreme groups (10 high and 10 low FE animals for each diet by sex-combination). Pigs on different diets and males vs females had a very distinct microbiome, needing only two OTUs for diet (P=0.018) and 18 OTUs for sex (P=0.002) to separate the groups. Faecal microbiome was not related to FE groups fed the CS diet, but there were sex specific OTUs related to FE in male and female pigs in the groups fed the WB diet. In conclusion, our results show a diet and sex dependent relationship between the faecal microbial composition and FE in grower-finisher pigs at slaughter weight. This study is part of the Feed-a-Gene project and received funding from the European Union's H2020 program under grant agreement no. 633531.

Feed efficiency and the faecal microbiome at slaughter weight in pigs

  L.M.G. Verschuren 1,2 , M.P.L. Calus 1 , A.J.M. Jansman 1 , R. Bergsma 2 , E.F. Knol 2 , H. Gilbert 3 and O. Zemb 3 1 Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen Livestock Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands, 2 Topigs Norsvin Research Center B.V., Schoenaker 6, 6640 AA Beuningen, the Netherlands, 3 INRA-INPT-ENSAT-Université de Toulouse, GenPhySE, Chemin de Borde Rouge

program under grant agreement no. 633531 and by the INRA program GISA-GALMIDE.


Weiwei Yang

Xilong Chen

M Saudreau

Manrang Zhang

Chenxi Gao

Hangkong Liu

Evelyne Costes

Mingyu Hang

Light interception characteristics estimated from three-dimensional virtual plants for two apple cultivas and influenced by combinations of rootstocks and tree architecture in loess

à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.


Mariem Nsibi

Carole Confolent

Barbara Gouble

Sylvie Bureau

Alain Blanc

Guillaume Roch

Patrick Lambert

Timothée Flutre

Jean-Luc Regnard

Christopher Sauvage

Genomic selection -which prospects in Prunus armeniaca? Preliminary results issued from fruit quality traits and phenology

à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Genomic selection -which prospects in Prunus armeniaca?

Preliminary results issued from fruit quality traits and phenology NSIBI Mariem 1,2 , CONFOLENT Carole 1 , GOUBLE Barbara 3 , BUREAU Sylvie 3 , BLANC Alain 1 , ROCH Guillaume 4 , LAMBERT Patrick 1 , FLUTRE Timothée 5 , REGNARD Jean-Luc 2 , SAUVAGE Christopher 1 , AUDERGON Jean-Marc Abstract: Genomic selection (GS) refers to a selection method which intends to assess individuals according to their genomic values using genome-wide dense markers. Particularly efficient in animal improvement strategies, opening interesting perspective in crops, it is already engaged in perennial species such as apple where, genetic gain was maximized for fruit quality traits quantitatively inherited by comparison with conventional breeding strategy.

In the present work, GS was applied on a biparental apricot population (184 individuals) characterized over two consecutive years for phenology (blooming and maturity dates) and fruit quality traits (fruit weight, color, sugar and acidity content, ethylene production). A ridge regression (RR-BLUP) modelling has been used. The performance of GS was assessed by cross validation using the accuracy defined as the correlation between true phenotypes values and the estimated ones.

The effects of markers density and number, training set size and composition as well as the heritability of the investigated traits were evaluated on the accuracy of the model. The main results issued from the two years multi-annual modelling approach are showing that (i) genomic predictions are accurate even with a little number of markers (>100 markers), (ii) the accuracy increases with the training population's size and with high heritability traits, (iii) and the optimization of the training set improves the performance of genomic selection model.

To conclude, a clear interest exists in continuing the evaluation of the genomic selection in biparental apricot populations even for traits that are difficult to measure. The robustness of the approach needs to be tested both on other progenies and on a large set of genetic resources.

Key words: Genomic selection, Apricot, RR-BLUP, Cross validation, Accuracy, Bi-parental population

  1( 1 INRA, Unité de Génétique et d'Amélioration desFruits et Légumes, France,

	2 Montpellier SupAgro, Place Viala, Département Biologie et Ecologie, bât. 18, F-34060 Montpellier Cedex
	2, France, 3 INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale,	3 Université d'Avignon et
	des Pays du Vaucluse, F-84000 Avignon, France,	4 CEP Innovation, 23 rue Jean Baldassini, 69364 Lyon
	cedex 07, France,	5 UMR AGAP, TA A-108 / 03 -Avenue Agropolis -F-34398 Montpellier Cedex5, France)


domain: shs sdv info

text:
Mylène Delosière

Isabelle Cassar-Malek

Laurence Bernard

Arnaud Delavaud

Didier Viala

Muriel Bonnet

Development of proteomic methods on milk for ruminant phenotyping

à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Development of proteomic methods on milk for ruminant phenotyping

Mylène Delosière 1 , Isabelle Cassar-Malek 1 , Laurence Bernard 1 , Arnaud Delavaud 1 , Didier Viala 1,2 , Muriel Bonnet 1 . 1 Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genes-Champanelle, France. 2 INRA, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme composante Protéomique, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.

A challenge for livestock production is to improve animal performances and the quality and safety of their products while ensuring welfare and health [START_REF] Roncada | Farm animal milk proteomics[END_REF]. To face this challenge, tools are needed for assessing rapidly, efficiently and cheaply the multiple traits of performances. Proteomic screening of milk provides a good opportunity for discovering biomarkers to be adopted in such tools. Therefore, we aim at developping rapid and affordable proteomics of milk for dairy ruminants' phenotyping. Raw milk is a complex fluid requiring fractionation techniques in order to enhance protein characterization. As a first step in milk fractions analysis, we focused on the subproteome of the milk fat globules membranes (MFGM). Two MFGM protein purification protocols were applied to fresh milk from Holstein cows. MFGM were Tris HCl-SDS washed during 1h, then proteins treated with acetone during 20 h [START_REF] Ji | Differences in proteomic profiles of milk fat globule membrane in yak and cow milk[END_REF] (ACE) or MFGM were cristallized at 4°C overnight to harden the fat globules [START_REF] Yang | Proteomic characterization and comparison of mammalian milk fat globule proteomes by iTRAQ analysis[END_REF] (CRI). Prior to nano LC-MS/MS analysis, two digestion protocols were tested: 1/ in-solution digestion (SD) and 2/ in-gel digestion after a concentration of proteins in one band stacking gel (GD). The combination of all methods allowed identifying 218 unique proteins. From CRI extraction, we identified 179 and 65 proteins after GD and SD, respectively, but only 93 and 31 proteins from ACE extraction. Comparable results were obtained on frozen milk. The greatest protein identification with CRI compared to ACE extraction could be due to a higher preservation of proteins using cold cristallisation than aggressive acetone. GD allowed more protein identifications probably due to a higher lipid elimination compared to SD. A total of 88 proteins were specific of the combination of CRI extraction and GD protocol; this combination will be used for future investigation of the MFGM proteome. Similar developments are still under progress on the whey fraction.

Mylène Delosière, Isabelle Cassar-Malek, Laurence Bernard, Arnaud Delavaud, Didier Viala, et al.. Development of proteomic methods on milk for ruminant phenotyping. SMMAP 2017 (Spectrométrie de Masse, Métabolomique et Analyse Protéomique), Oct 2017, Marne-la-Vallée, France. 1 p. hal-


domain: sdv sde sdv.bv

text:
Sébastien Terrat

Battle Karimi

Walid Horrigue

Samuel Dequiedt

Nicolas Saby

Mélanie Lelièvre

Virginie Nowak

Julie Tripied

Tiffanie Régnier

Claudy Jolivet

Mapping and predictive variations of soil microbial richness, bacterial and archaeal phyla across France

come   L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire