Karin Skill
email: karin.skill@liu.se

Ahmed Kaharevic

eHealth in the Hood: Exploring Digital Participation in a Swedish Suburb

Keywords: digital participation, eHealth literacy, disaggregated data, suburb

ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

1

Introduction: Why surveying the suburb?

As many welfare services are managed in digital channels, we need to understand how people participate and use digital health services, i.e. are included in digital society. eHealth has been among the areas investigated in studies of digital divide [START_REF] Van Dijk | The Digital Divide[END_REF]. Research on eHealth and digital divide often discusses eHealth literacy among disadvantaged populations, like low income, the elderly, immigrant women or unemployed [START_REF] Gann | Digital Inclusion and Health in Wales[END_REF][START_REF] Chesser | Navigating the Digital Divide: A systematic review of eHealth literacy in underserved populations in the United States[END_REF]. eHealth literacy is about "the ability to seek, find, understand and appraise health information from electronic sources and apply the knowledge gained to addressing or solving a health problem" [START_REF] Choi | The Digital Divide Among Low-Income Homebound Older Adults: Internet Use Patterns, eHealth Literacy, and Attitudes Toward Computer/Internet Use[END_REF]. This literacy is like the model on digital divide, presented by van Dijk [START_REF] Van Dijk | The Digital Divide[END_REF], where motivation, access, competence, and usage are aspects of digital inclusion. Digital participation is often explored with surveys [START_REF] Van Dijk | The Digital Divide[END_REF]7]. We know little about digital participation among groups considered hard to survey (that they seldom participate in surveys), like residents in Swedish suburbs [START_REF] Esaiasson | Förorten: Ett samhällsvetenskapligt reportage[END_REF]. Digital inclusion and participation are central in a democratic welfare state and are also a prerequisite to implement the United Nations Agenda 2030 for transformation with the seventeen accompanying sustainable development goals (SDGs), including a general ambition to leave no one behind [START_REF] Un | Resolution 70/1. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development[END_REF]. The UN asks for disaggregated statistical data on progress towards the goals, something that Statistics Sweden aim at contributing [START_REF]Statistisk uppföljning av Agenda 2030[END_REF].

Previous studies of eHealth, digital participation, and literacy

Previous studies have pointed out that public sector is expected to implement digital solutions to cut costs, and at the same time citizens are expected to make health appointments, find information, and monitor their health in digital channels [2, 3, 4 28].

There are literally thousands of digital applications for diagnosis and care of illnesses, and patients are encouraged to make decisions, book appointments, and follow their cases in digital channels. However, citizens who lack digital literacy may be excluded and experience what Gann calls digital health inequality [START_REF] Gann | Digital Inclusion and Health in Wales[END_REF], an aspect of the digital divide. Furthermore, groups of people who experience illness tend to be less digitally competent and less online, which is a challenge for digital inclusion [START_REF] Gann | Digital Inclusion and Health in Wales[END_REF]. Digital exclusion seems to be related to social exclusion, aging population, and access to technology or infrastructure [START_REF] Van Dijk | The Digital Divide[END_REF] and even language [START_REF] Gann | Digital Inclusion and Health in Wales[END_REF]. The health centers are collecting data on customer satisfaction through surveys, for example the national patient survey [11]. However, response rates are low in hard to survey groups like residents in Swedish suburbs [START_REF] Esaiasson | Förorten: Ett samhällsvetenskapligt reportage[END_REF][START_REF] Novus | Vad tycker människorna som bor i Sveriges mest utsatta områden? En opinionsundersökning av Novus i Sveriges[END_REF], and there is a lack of feedback from surveys on customer satisfaction [11,[START_REF] Gerdien | Många som bor här har problem[END_REF]. When groups in a population do not participate in surveys it is difficult to know what their opinions and attitudes are. To reap the benefits expected from digitalization, as expressed above, inhabitants need to trust digital services and not the least, use them.

Aim and research questions

The aim of this paper is to explore digital participation around eHealth with a specific survey method in a Swedish suburb considered hard to survey. The research questions are: How do residents use digital technologies and services related to eHealth? What attitudes do residents express towards digital services?

The paper proceeds as follows. First, we motivate the study and give background information about the neighborhood. We describe the application Digital Health Center and data on who uses it. Then we present the survey method and assumptions related to the design of the survey. We compare our results with the nationwide survey Svenskarna och Internet, (SoI) performed by Internetstiftelsen [7]. Last, we present results and conclusions on attitudes and practices related to eHealth in the suburb, the hood.

Background

Inclusion and participation are central to eHealth, from the ambitions at the UN for sustainable development [START_REF] Un | Resolution 70/1. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development[END_REF], to Swedish welfare policies [START_REF]Strategisk plan med treårsbudget[END_REF]15]. As services are digitalized the local authorities become responsible for taking care of inhabitants who lack digital competence. Initiatives for digital inclusion take place at libraries, citizen centers and study organizations [START_REF] Cederberg | Läkartidningen. Så mycket kostar digital vård[END_REF][START_REF] Ebbers | Impact of the digital divide on e-government: Expanding from channel choice to channel usage[END_REF]. Lately, citizen centers in Linköping have been reorganized to care only for digital services provided by the municipality (Kontakt Linköping), which has implied that service for national authorities (i.e. Swedish Public Employment Service, Social Insurance Agency) and their digital services are coordinated elsewhere. The same goes for services provided by the regional authorities such as health services including eHealth. At the local health center in the neighborhood in focus in this paper, Skäggetorp, which is in Linköping, staff considers that many patients in the area do not comprehend Swedish well enough to complete the survey for customer satisfaction, and do not have access to computers where the survey is available in different languages, thus results from the survey are not perceived as fair [START_REF] Gerdien | Många som bor här har problem[END_REF].

When comparing the response rate with other areas in the region the response rate in Skäggetorp is more than twice as low [START_REF] Gerdien | Många som bor här har problem[END_REF]. This requirement to complete surveys directs attention to what can be perceived as good "digitally active" care takers who use digital devices. In a conversation with medical staff at Skäggetorp health center within this study, they emphasized that their impression is that the developers of digital services, like the app Digital Health Center do not comprehend that patients/ residents in Skäggetorp need service through other channels. We need to attend to this indication that people use the Internet and digital services in diverse ways.

Skäggetorp: description of a marginalized neighborhood

Skäggetorp is a marginalized neighborhood. The Police calls it particularly vulnerable, due to the influence of criminal activities. But this way of characterizing the area and its residents is stigmatizing, and "förorten" i.e "suburb" is a term that many inhabitants prefer, according to studies in similar areas [START_REF] Esaiasson | Förorten: Ett samhällsvetenskapligt reportage[END_REF]. Indeed, there had recently been shootings in the streets when we performed the study. Yet, we were almost exclusively warmly welcome when we moved around in the area and residents talked about it as their home.

The population is characterized by high numbers of immigrants and there are many different languages spoken. In table 1 statistics about different areas of Linköping municipality are compared to Skäggetorp.

The app Digital Health Center as an example of eHealth

A region is the Swedish authority that is responsible for organizing health care. Since 2018 the Region of Östergötland, where Skäggetorp is located, offers video appointments through an application (app) called "Digitala Vårdcentralen" (the Digital Health Center). The app is framed as making the health center "always close, wherever you are," and it is for administration and making appointments that do not require physical meetings, such as counseling, assessments, urgent prescription renewal, as well as physiotherapy. The app is part of the Primary Health center as in many Swedish regions, but there are also private sector alternatives. However, the difference between private and public services are not always clear to the users. To use the app a person must: 1. Download the app (from Google Play or App Store) on a smartphone or digital reader.

The app asks for permission to use the device's camera and microphone 2. Find a date and time that fits 3. Make the appointment by using personal banking ID. The cost is 200 SEK and the same as when visiting the health center in person. For the meeting to start, the user logs on with bankID, a Swedish electronic identification. The check is sent to the address where the user is registered. The app is only provided in Swedish.

Regional administrations attempt to cut costs with digital health visits in a similar manner as private companies. The cost of the digital visits supplied by private companies through apps, become part of the cost of the public sector [START_REF] Cederberg | Läkartidningen. Så mycket kostar digital vård[END_REF]. This way digitalization of public sector is accelerated by developments in private sector. [START_REF] Ebbers | Impact of the digital divide on e-government: Expanding from channel choice to channel usage[END_REF]

Comparison with data compiled from the app Digital Health Center

Data from the Primary Health center in the Region of Östergötland, enable comparison with the health center in Skäggetorp. The number of doctor's visits in the whole region during February 2019 to January 2020 was 1 567 through the Digital Health Center, and out of them 2 were performed in Skäggetorp [START_REF]Region Östergötland[END_REF]. Skäggetorp is among the areas where least doctor's visits are made with the app. The amount of doctor's visits in Skäggetorp is very different in comparison to health centers in the center of towns like Motala with 122 visits, and central Linköping with 92 and 91 visits at the two different health centers [START_REF] Halperin | Political Research: Methods and Practical Skills[END_REF]. The survey by Internetstiftelsen reports that 10% of the respondents use apps for doctor's visits, and 50% use eHealth services such as renewing medical receipts or reading personal medical records [7]. The low usage of the app in Skäggetorp is a challenge for eHealth. Skäggetorp has 9 291 persons listed at the health center, while Kungsgatan in central Linköping has 14 036. Based on knowledge about the population who attend the different health centers mentioned above, in terms of average income, share of the population who was born outside of the Nordic countries, share of the population who live on income support, and employment there seem to be a connection between use of the Digital Health Center and above mentioned situation of the population. A similar pattern can be discerned from the data on conversational treatment administered via Internet, where the health centers in the center of Linköping have the highest numbers, while in Skäggetorp the numbers are considerably lower. The Skäggetorp health center has a high degree of accessibility by phone, 99% while Kungsgatan has 93% [START_REF]Region Östergötland[END_REF]. Age seems to be of relevance when comparing the amount of appointments done at different health centersthe higher share of people in the age groups 65 and above, the more appointments. Since central Linköping and Skäggetorp have a similar distribution of elderly, it is relevant to compare the number of digital appointments between them.

2.4

A description of the survey method to reach hard to survey groups

The method proposed in this study is a survey technique where people are interviewed face-to-face or by answering questions by themselves on a digital reader/tablet, alternatively in special cases on a paper survey. The selection of respondents is spontaneous.

Respondents are recruited by their household door or in public spaces and offered a small cash incentive of approximately 10 Euro for a local grocery store. The inspiration to use a cash check to increase response rates was from housing companies [START_REF] Esaiasson | Förorten: Ett samhällsvetenskapligt reportage[END_REF].

To participate the respondent should be adult, above 18 years of age, and live in Skäggetorp. Approximately 7 000 adult inhabitants live in Skäggetorp. Our goal was to ask 500 respondents, which we did, and we got a 65% response rate with 323 respondents. Some respondents denied participation due to the number of questions and time required; there were a maximum of 83 questions that took between 10 to 40 minutes or more for someone who needed help to understand the questions and the response alternatives, or wanted to shared experiences related to the questions. The latter is an added value of the method since the interviewer gets contextual information on digital participation about how the respondents reason about the questions and answers. The multilingual interview team could often solve language challenges. However, as has been pointed out in methodological literature, there is a risk of interviewer bias when performing face-to-face survey interviews [START_REF] Halperin | Political Research: Methods and Practical Skills[END_REF].

Design of the survey questions and analysis of data

Many questions in our survey are from the nationwide survey of internet usage by Internetstiftelsen [7]. They remark on having problems reaching inhabitants who do not speak Swedish well [7], which was a motivation for our study and our multilingual team. The question about Internet use conditioned other questions about how and for what they use it, and thus people who answered that they do not use the Internet did not have to answer these. The use of bankID is an indicator for participation in Swedish digital welfare society and was central. Several questions are from Esaiasson's survey on trust and social cohesion [START_REF] Esaiasson | Förorten: Ett samhällsvetenskapligt reportage[END_REF]. Two questions about the Digital Health Center were added after conversations with the staff at the health center in Skäggetorp.

From an analytical perspective it is interesting to explore what kind of data people are willing to share when it comes to eHealth. The increase of eHealth has raised concerns for cybersecurity in the health sector [START_REF] Burke | Cybersecurity Indexes for eHeatlh[END_REF]. When using a health app, including both private and public ones like the Digital Health Center, users must accept to share their data through their smartphone camera. The issue of surveillance has been raised in different contexts, and in our survey, we included questions from Internetstiftelsen's survey about this. Trust is a central aspect of attitude towards authorities and a dimension of social cohesion [START_REF] Esaiasson | Förorten: Ett samhällsvetenskapligt reportage[END_REF] and should be acknowledged when services are digitalized. We share descriptive statistics with some cross-tabulation [START_REF] Dawson | Analysing Quantitative Survey Data for Business and Management Students[END_REF].

2.6

Experiences of using the survey method

The cash check distribution has been administered by a student consultancy firm, where students who speak Arabic, Somalian, and Kurdish were recruited. Even if the incentive was important for many, not the least to complete the survey with many questions, there were also some respondents who did not want the cash check.

We have been invited to organizations where local leaders and activists have helped to explain what the survey questions imply. From our meetings with representatives from local authorities and educational organizations, civic organizations, or job coaches we got insights into the way they fill the void of public offices as more and more services are digitalized, and all inhabitants do not comprehend them. They become digital coaches, but they also help with tricky civic activities like filling out a survey. We have worked in the area at different hours of the day all days of the week, even though we have been more active during daytime, when it is reasonable to believe that we encounter people who are at home with kids, elderly, students and people on sick leave, or people who work shifts. We noticed that young people came by in public spaces and asked if they could participate to "make 10 Euro", while this was not the case when we knocked on household doors. This insight is reflected in the high number of young respondents (90 respondents in the age of 18-25), and in the fact that the response rate differs between public spaces and organizations in comparison to household doors. Still, in Linköping, the share of people aged 18-25 is bigger amongst people born outside of Europe than people born in Sweden [21]. We did not collect personal data to comply with research ethics. The method is time consuming and complex to organize but rewarding in terms of knowledge about digital participation since it contributes with both quantitative and qualitative data.

Through the project we have met people who most likely would not have completed a survey if they had not been approached by an interviewer personally and/or an interviewer who speaks their mother tongue, and due to the cash check of course. But also, people who do not use the Internet and initially felt the study was not meant for them, participated after the interviewer explained that non-users could participate as well.

Results and disaggregated data from the survey

We have met with a diversity of respondents in terms of age, sex, country of origin, literacy, mother tongue, occupation, education, digital competence, and usage. The number of respondents was323 140 participated when we visited households and 193 when we attended public spaces and organizations. To count as possible respondent, the person must understand the purpose of the study, how the survey is performed, and that the participation is confidential and that we did not collect personal data. For 240 interviews we used the survey in Swedish (including orally translated interviews or interviews that were performed in several languages simultaneously with the help of the multilingual interviewing team), 30 used the Arabic, 22 the Somalian, 17 the Bosnian, and 13 the English survey. Out of all respondents, 281 answered that they use the Internet, and 42 do not. This implies that 13% do not use the Internet. During the interviews we noticed how some have learned to use one single function on their smartphone, like an app for calls, but are not using any other apps, like bankID. Among those with low literacy, there are of course more difficulties with the use of all text based digital services.

Out of all the respondents 75% uses bankID, in comparison to 84% in Internetstiftelsen's survey [7]. 59% of our respondents feel decision-making is inclusive to a full, high or some extent. This question is from the Agenda 2030 for sustainable development [START_REF]Statistisk uppföljning av Agenda 2030[END_REF]. When it comes to access to technology as van Dijk highlights [START_REF] Van Dijk | The Digital Divide[END_REF], 81% of the 323 respondents has a smartphone, 16% does not and 3% does not know. 73% has a computer or a tablet, 26% does not, and 1% does not know. Following van Dijk's model, motivation is important apart from physical access. Attitude was explored with the question about feeling part of digital society. In comparison with the survey by Internetstiftelsen [7] 9% answered No, not at all on the question expressed in table 2 about feeling included in digital society. In our study 21% reported the same answer. This is among the more interesting differences between our study and theirs. In our survey, the share of respondents who reported not feeling included in digital society is further larger among women than men; 24% of females while 17% of the men reported No, not at all. This is disaggregated data.

Trust in health centers and concerns about cybersecurity

To be able to analyze the results about eHealth, we include the results about trust in the regular physical health center. A crosstabulation with gender shows that females report alternative 5 and 4 slightly more than males, and thus express higher trust.

Of the three largest ethnocultural/national groups in the survey, respondents who identify as Swedish report highest trust (alternatives 5 and 4) in the regular health center, 72%, while 53% of Syrians choose those alternatives, and 58% of the Somalians. Here we recognize that Swedish respondents were older than other groups. The number of respondents who identify as Syrian are considerably fewer than those who identify as Somalian and Swedish. When cross-tabulating trust towards the health center with educational level, no pattern was discernible.

The next table regards surveillance and big companies like Facebook or Google. There are no noteworthy differences between the results from the two surveys (and populations) in table 4 above. This is interesting since there are differences when it comes to the following question regarding the Swedish state and authorities. There are rather big differences between the results from the survey performed by Internetstiftelsen 2019 [7] and our survey results in the suburb, in table 5. Respondents in the suburb are more concerned that the Swedish state and authorities intrude into their private integrity on the Internet, even if a larger share of the respondents in our survey report 1 Do not agree, than 5 Agree. In comparison with the results on the similar question about concern that big companies intrude, the numbers are similarly polarized.

Attitude towards Digital Health Center and other eHealth questions

eHealth is partly about sharing of personal data. However, we do not know if respondents connect the Digital Health Center app with sharing of personal data or private integrity. But it has to do with general trust. If users are not willing to share data with the app, then it could lead to a lower number of digital doctor's visits, it could be a clue into understanding the big difference in actual use of the eHealth app in Skäggetorp and the city center. In table 6, approximately half of the respondents reported 5 or 4 regarding if they can imagine using the Digital Health Center app. There was no illustration of the specific app and we cannot be sure whether respondents interpreted that the question specifically asked for the public sector app Digital Health Center and no other medical apps in general, for example private alternatives. Results in the cross-tabulation shows that there are no major differences when it comes to sex regarding the question if the respondent could imagine using app. Internetstiftelsen's survey [7] shows that females use such apps to a higher degree.

The older the age group the less they report imagining using the app. To keep in mind, most respondents belonged to the younger age groups. Of the respondents who reported their health status as "Very good" 60% choose alternative 5 or 4, while the share amongst the group that answers "Good" on health status, is lower when it comes to imagining using the app -46%. Few respondents answered "Bad" or "Very bad" on the question about their health status. The older age groups report their health status as "Good" more frequently than "Very good". People with poor health status tend to need more health care.

When focusing on the three most reported ethnocultural/national backgrounds we see that Swedes are least likely to imagine using the app and Somalians most likely, nearly twice as likely, as the Swedes. At the same time, respondents who answered Swedish are more commonly found amongst the older age groups than people who reported Somalian. In this context we highlight that the sample was spontaneous in our survey, but the central government agency Statistics Sweden (www.scb.se) shows that in 2018 a significantly lesser share of people born in Africa (4%) are 65 years or older, in comparison with people born in Sweden (21%).

Respondents with an elementary school education or upper secondary school education are more likely to imagine using the app than respondents who started at or graduated from the university. Respondents who graduated from university are least likely. Most of the respondents reported that they have elementary school degree or upper secondary school degree, and some of the respondents reported that they have no schooling at all (and ended up answering the alternative "I don't know"). The number of respondents with academic degrees are rather few. Internetstiftelsen's survey [7] reports that level of education does not affect how many use such apps. However, respondents with lower level of education use other eHealth services (e.g. renewing medical recipe) to a lower degree than respondents with higher education. Regarding respondents' occupation, respondents searching for a job are slightly more likely to imagine using the app than students and respondents with employment. People who are at home with children are even more likely to imagine using the app. Retired persons are least likely, the same goes for early retirement/sick leave. At the same time, both groups probably need more health care than other respondents. Most respondents in the survey reported either working or studying as their main occupation.

Conclusions about digital inclusion and eHealth in the suburb

The aim of this paper has been to explore digital participation and inclusion in the area of eHealth with a specific survey method in a Swedish suburb considered hard to survey. We contribute by generating new data about use of digital services and attitudes amongst users that are usually difficult to reach by conventional survey studies such as residents of marginalized areas e.g Swedish suburbs. eHealth has been described as requiring eHealth literacy that includes the ability to seek, find, understand, appraise, and use information from electronic sources for a health problem. The Digital Health Center app serves as a case of eHealth in this paper.

Our results show that digital participation and inclusion differs in our sample from a suburb, in comparison to results from the sample of Internetstiftelsen, and so too regarding the use of eHealth services. Our disaggregated data on use and attitude differs within and between age groups, sex, ethnicity, education, occupation, and health status. The statistics are descriptive and there are interesting findings regarding trust in health center and attitude towards the Digital Health Center. Groups that report high trust in the physical health center (elderly, Swedes) are also skeptical of the concept. Somalians and younger respondents report a lower trust towards the regular health center but have a more positive attitude towards the app. The relation between trust and attitude towards the app needs further exploration. If we take the call from the UN to get disaggregated data, age seems to be an important identity position. However, this does not explain why the usage of the app is low in Skäggetorp, the residents in the area does not have more elderly inhabitants than other areas in the Region of Östergötland. Neither can the low amount of digital doctor's visits be explained by the attitude towards the app since roughly 50% can imagine using it. The low usage is reflected in the low share of respondents who feel included in digital society. Because eHealth is a part of digital society and the ambition of wide inclusion for sustainable development, the non-use of eHealth services is a part of the digital divide. The low usage needs further exploration.

Then, what attitudes are expressed towards digital and eHealth services in the suburb? The results indicate that the sense of feeling part of digital society is a lot lower in comparison to Internetstiftelsen's survey and could be one clue. The respondents have physical access i.e. Smartphones, banking ID, even if it is lower than in general. A bit more than 50% of the respondents are motivated (i.e. could imagine using it). This raises questions about digital competence or/and eHealth literacy in terms of seeking, finding, understanding, and appraising information. It also raises questions about the requirements for increasing digital inclusion in eHealth, how much focus should be on increasing the digital competence of potential users versus efforts to develop eHealth services that fit a wider range of people with different competences and identity positions.

Future studies could explore the relationship between a trust, belonging, language, and eHealththis is something that has been raised during the covid19 crisis. Another issue is to map the usage of private health apps in the suburb.

3.3

Table 1 . Comparison of characteristics in different areas of Linköping municipality [21]

 1

		Inhabitants	Proportion	Disposable average	Proportion liv-
		November	not born in	household income	ing on income
		2019	Sweden 2019	(SEK) 2017	support 2018
	Municipality 162 984	18%	354 900	3,4%
	Skäggetorp	10 313	56%	250 000	18,0%
	Inner city	11 334	15%	327 000	1,8%

Table 2 .

 2 Do you feel included in digital society?

		Yes, completely Yes,	Yes, but	No, not	I don't	Total
			largely	only a little	at all	know
	Number	72	80	72	67	32	323
	%	22%	25%	22%	21%	10%

Table 3 .

 3 Level of trust in the health center per age groups (answer unknown is excluded)

	Level of trust	18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56-65 55-75 75+	Total
	5 and 4 (higher trust)	49% 58% 66% 73% 63% 72% 86% 62%
	2 and 1 (lower trust)	20% 18% 22% 17% 24% 16% 7%	19%
	Respondents per age group 90	67	58	30	30	32	15	323
	As seen in table 3 younger respondents report lower trust in the health center, and re-
	ported level of trust raises with age, except in the age group 46-55, which is still higher
	than in the age group 18-25. The age group 56-65 reports the lowest trust, where 24%
	report 1 and 2, compared to only 7% in the age group 75+.

Table 4 .

 4 Number and share of respondents who are concerned that big companies like Facebook or Google intrude into their private integrity on the Internet

		5 Agree	4	3	2	1 Do not agree No opinion	Total
	Number 93	42	44	22	78	44	323
	%	29%	13% 13,5% 7%	24%	13,5%
	5+4; 2+1		42%		31%
	SoI*		46%		28%

*SoI contains data from Internetstiftelsen 2019 for comparison

[7]

.

Table 5 .

 5 Number and share of respondents who are concerned that the Swedish state and authorities intrude into their private integrity on the Internet

		5 Agree	4	3	2	1 Do not agree No opinion	Total
	Number 70	45	49	24	96	39	323
	%	22%	14% 15%	7%	30%	12%
	5+4; 2+1		36%		37%
	SoI*		21%		51%

*SoI contains data from Internetstiftelsen 2019 for comparison

[7]

.

Table 6 .

 6 Number and share of respondents who can imagine using the Digital Health Center app for contacts with doctors, nurses, and physiotherapists

		5 Agree	4	3	2	1 Do not agree No opinion Total
	Number 106	40	32	22 63	18	281
	%	38%	14,2% 11,4% 8% 22,4%	6%

Table 7 .

 7 Number and share of respondents who find it important to talk to the same staff at the Digital Health Center as they have met in real life at the health center? reported 5 or 4 on the question in table 7. A person listed at the health center of Skäggetorp might not meet a doctor from that health center if using the Digital Health Center. Instead, the person has access to other doctors in the Region of Östergötland.The last results we will present in this paper is from a question regarding usage of health or training apps.

		5 Agree	4	3	2	1 Do not agree No opinion	Total
	Number	117	56	30	19	32	27	281
	%	42%	20% 10,5% 6,5%	11%	10%
	Taken together 62%

Table 8 .

 8 Number and share who use health or training apps for monitoring and registering what you do at the Internet, e.g. monitoring your pulse or counting steps.

		Several times	Daily	Every	Every	Some-	Never	I don't	Total
		a day		week	month	times		know
	Number 34	43	23	13	44	100	24	281
	%	12%	15%	8%	4,5%	16%	35,5% 9%
	Taken together 55% of respondents answer that they use a health or training app some-
	time, as shown in table 8. However, the answer that was reported most frequently was
	Never (35,5%). According to Internetstiftelsen's survey respondents who are retired
	find using health/training apps least meaningful, while people with higher income find
	it most meaningful [7].

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to three anonymous reviewers who helped us improve the quality of the paper, and the research council Formas for the planning grant dnr 2018-02366.


Charalampos Alexopoulos

Shefali Virkar
email: shefali.virkar@donau-uni.ac.at

Avgerinos Loutsaris
email: mloutsaris@aegean.gr

Anna-Sophie Novak
email: anna-sophie.novak@donau-uni.ac.at

Euripidis Loukis
email: eloukis@aegean.gr

Analysing Legal Information Requirements for Public Policy Making

Keywords: legal information, legal informatics, public policy, decision support systems, service provision

Most of the research that has been conducted in the area of legal informatics concerns its 'supply side', dealing with the development of effective systems for legal information provision. However, limited research has been conducted on the 'demand side' of legal information provision, though it is absolutely necessary to gain a good understanding of it, in order to design effective and useful systems for the provision of legal information; furthermore, this limited research is dealing with the legal information needs of the lawyers, and neglects the ones of other important groups. This paper contributes to filling this research gap. It analyses legal information requirements of a highly important for the society group: the designers of public policies. Initially we investigate current legal information sources and systems used by public policy makers, as well as their relevant search practices. Then we investigate their business needs for additional capabilities/functionalities for a better support of their policymaking activities using advanced legal analytics tools and services. Finally, we discuss the information, processing and technical requirements for the development of a legal information system providing the above advanced functionalities and services. For the above purposes, we have collected data through semi-structured interviews form 13 Greek and 7 Austrian public administrators dealing with the design of public policies, which lead to interesting and useful insights, as well as a novel set of additional advanced capabilities and functionalities that can give rise to a new generation of legal informatics.

Introduction

Recent trends in digitalization, open data, and social media have resulted in an exponential increase in the amount of data available for use by public policy makers in order to make sense of the socio-economic and political phenomena, and design relevant public policies [START_REF] Lugo-Gil | Use of Evidence to Drive Decision-Making in Government[END_REF]. Repositories of large quantities of novel types of informationincluding expert knowledge, sensor data, text, social media posts -have become available to policy makers. An important part of this information, which is highly useful and important for policy makers, is legal information, concerning existing or previous relevant legislation, both of their country as well as other countries, and also European legislation. Advanced intelligent systems, together with sophisticated techniques of data harvesting, annotation, analysis and visualisation have enhanced our ability to understand and make sense of extensive and complex relevant information to policy makers. Complex decision-making based on the profound analysis of societal problems and possible solutions using these large quantities of available data is a prominent aspect and target of evidence-based policymaking. However, policy makers are currently confronted with the challenge of accessing vast, hitherto untapped, sources of information in an efficient manner that provides all relevant information, separates 'noise' from 'signal', and assists and supports them substantially for designing effective public policies. Furthermore, policy makers are also not equipped with the skills and technical know-how necessary to integrate and process all relevant information, including the most current data, from various sources, and elicit meaning from it, in order to make informed policy decisions. The solution to the above problems is the development of advanced decision support systems that exploit available big data in order to facilitate the cognitive activity involved in the structuring of public policy decision situations, the design of policy options, the enumeration of alternative courses of action, and the evaluation of these alternatives leading to a policy decision. Until recently, these tools have been time-consuming to deploy, and also not user-friendly for decision makers, and frequently resulting in models that do not reflect 'real-life' policy realities [START_REF] Kamateri | A comparative analysis of tools and technologies for policy making[END_REF].

This paper presents research conducted towards addressing the above challenges, for one of the most important and at the same time difficult to manage kinds of information needed for supporting policy making, the legal information, as part of the European 'ManyLaws' project [START_REF]Deliverable 1.1: Report on the Assessment of Existing Tools[END_REF]. The objective of this project is to develop advanced decision support tools and services for policy actors built on a robust foundation of legal information search retrieval. It aims to offer users a suite of targeted services to support policy making through the provision of advanced legal information, built upon semantic analysis techniques, text mining tools, and in general advanced processing technologies. For this purpose, it is necessary to examine critically how decision-making activities within the policymaking process might be supported through improved legal information search and retrieval capabilities.

However, these requirements have not been sufficiently researched. As explained in more detail in section 2.2 most of the research that has been conducted in the area of legal informatics concerns its 'supply side', dealing with the development of effective systems for legal information provision, with advanced search and processing capabilities, based on appropriate metadata as well as organization and annotation of large quantities of textual legal information. On the contrary, limited research has been conducted on the 'demand side' of legal information provision, though it is absolutely necessary to gain a good understanding of it, in order to design effective and useful systems for the provision of legal information. Furthermore, as concluded in section 2.2, this limited research is dealing with the legal information needs of the lawyers and neglects the ones of other important groups. Therefore, this paper contributes to filling this important research gap. It analyses legal information requirements of a highly important for the society group: the designers of public policies. In particular, we investigate the following research questions: • RQ1. What are the current legal information sources and systems used by public policy makers, as well as their relevant search practices? • RQ2. What are the business needs of policy makers needs for additional capabilities/functionalities for having a better support of their policymaking activities using advanced legal analytics tools and services? • RQ3. What are the information, processing and technical requirements for the development of an information system providing the above advanced functionalities and services? Our study has been based on the collection of data through interviews with 13 Greek and 7 Austrian public administrators dealing with the design of public policies.

This paper is structured in six sections. The following section 2 critically discusses decision making and decision support tools within the context of public policy creation, as well as legal information provision and analytics. Next, section 3 outlines the methodological approach we adopted in order to collect primary data. Section 4 then presents the results of the abovementioned in-depth expert interviews with policymakers from Greece and Austria. Emerging themes and issues are analysed in section 5, and finally conclusions and recommendations for future research are outlined in section 6.

Background

Decision Support Systems and the Public Policy Cycle

Decision support systems (DSS) constitute a class of advanced computer systems comprising a collection of software applications and tools developed in order to facilitate managerial decision making and improve the quality of the decisions being taken -particularly under conditions of uncertainty, initially in the private sector, but later in the public sector as well [START_REF] Arnott | An analysis of decision support systems research: Preliminary results[END_REF]. These systems facilitate the co-ordination of data delivery and the development of data consistency, aid in data trend analysis as well as use for making forecasts, fulfilling users' data requirements, and supporting the quantification of uncertainty, as well as recommending courses of action [START_REF] Phillips-Wren | Artificial intelligence for decision making[END_REF]. [START_REF] Arnott | Eight key issues for the decision support systems discipline[END_REF] identifies seven different types of DSS applications, based on contemporary professional practice and actor-base: Personal Decision Support Systems, Group Support Systems, Negotiation Support Systems, Intelligent Decision Support Systems, Knowledge Management-based DSS, Data Warehousing, and Enterprise Reporting and Analysis Systems. Furthermore, they argue that among them the personal decision support systems, data warehousing, and enterprise reporting and analysis systems are the most widely available and used systems in day-to-day contexts. [START_REF] Phillips-Wren | Artificial intelligence for decision making[END_REF] identify a number of Artificial Intelligence paradigms that can be used in order to mimic complex human problem-solving behaviour that is otherwise difficult to describe mathematically using conventional programming methods (using symbolic logic, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), fuzzy systems, evolutionary computing, Intelligent Agents, and probabilistic reasoning models, etc.).

In order to fully understand the implications of developing a decision support system to facilitate the formulation of effective public policy, which is the main target of our research, it is important to understand the nature of the policy-making process, and the main practical challenges that the creation of public policy presents. According to [START_REF] Sabatier | Theories of the policy process[END_REF], the public policy process includes one or more cycles, each of them including the following stages: agenda setting, policy formulation, decision-making, policy implementation, policy evaluation and finally policy improvement/maintenance or termination. Implicit in this conceptualisation is the progression of the different stages in a distinct chronological order: to begin with, problems are defined and placed on the agenda; next policies are developed, adopted and implemented; and finally, select policies are evaluated and either terminated or pursued further [START_REF] Jann | Theories of the policy cycle[END_REF]. The cyclical framing of the policymaking process underlines the manner in which a feedback loop is created between its various inputs and outputs, punctuated by decision points, resulting in a policy outcome [START_REF] Power | Decision support systems: concepts and resources for managers[END_REF]. The legislation-oriented DSS under development in this research project aims to support all the above stages of policy of policy making with respect to legal information provision, based on advanced techniques concerning how the legal information is handled, processes, semantically annotated, presented and accessed.

Legal Information Provision and Analytics

Legal Informatics refer to the application of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) within the context of legal environment [START_REF] Erdelez | Legal informatics: application of information technology in law[END_REF], and is defined by [START_REF] Sartor | Legal informatics and legal concepts[END_REF] as the "…theory and practice of computable law, i.e. the cooperation between humans and machines in legal problem-solving". This area focuses on the opportunities and challenges that the exploitation of ICT in the legal system faces, and thus involves all related organizations and legal information users in the legal domain. One of these challenges lies in the supply of legal services, which are currently under-consumed by individuals and companies [START_REF] Hornsby | Improving the Delivery of Affordable Legal Services Through the Internet: A Blueprint for the Shift to a Digital Paradigm[END_REF]. Therefore, the latest advancements in the legal informatics are targeted towards making services more open and promoting access to legal resources. Furthermore, accurate and timely legal information is an essential component of effective decision-making by several different societal actors. However, the ability of citizens, businesses, public servants as well as politicians and their advisers to easily access, fully comprehend and apply complex legal information to their everyday contexts often hinges on an advanced understanding of governmental procedures, legal language, and the law itself. Unfortunately, usually this does not happen, and most people struggle and have difficulties to locate the legal artefacts they need. On a practical level, two immediate problems can be identified. The first pertains to the quantity of legal information currently available online, as a direct consequence of the increasing complexity of the European legal system, coupled with advances in digital technologies, cloud storage capabilities and the Open Data movement. The second problem concerns users' ability to comprehend legal information, as well as the singular nature of legal jargon, wherein most individuals do not possess the specialist legal education and practical knowledge required to grasp complex legal terminology or follow developments in legislative processes. Both these phenomena have resulted in the burgeoning popularity of legal analytics, or the application of big data analysis methods within the field of the law [START_REF] Byrd | Legal Analytics vs. Legal Research: What's the Difference?[END_REF], which has, within a very short span of time, moved from the margins of the legal profession into the mainstream.

Recently, an important trend in the area of legal informatics is the increasing exploitation of artificial intelligence technologies, as new legal applications based on text and natural language processing and machine learning have recently emerged, which seem to influence significantly and gradually transform the practice of the law [START_REF] Ashley | Artificial intelligence and legal analytics: new tools for law practice in the digital age[END_REF]. These tools and services, support conceptual legal information retrieval and predictive legal analysis by connecting computational models of legal reasoning directly with legal text. The legal field, however, remains one of the most difficult domains for the application of automated text retrieval, as legal text retrieval is based primarily upon concepts, and not on the explicit wording in the document texts [START_REF] Moens | Innovative techniques for legal text retrieval[END_REF]. [START_REF] Casanovas | Semantic web for the legal domain: the next step[END_REF] argue that this is because legal concepts are not discrete, but instead are situated along "…a dynamic continuum between common sense terms, specific technical use, and professional knowledge, in an evolving institutional reality." Moreover, legal text retrieval has traditionally relied upon external knowledge sources such as thesauri and classification schemes, and the manual indexing of documents [START_REF] Schweighofer | Semantic indexing of legal documents[END_REF].

However, the research that has been conducted in the area of legal informatics concerns mainly its 'supply side', dealing with the development of effective systems for legal information provision, with advanced search and processing capabilities, based on appropriate metadata as well as organization and annotation of large quantities of textual legal information. On the contrary, limited research has been conducted on the 'demand side' of legal information provision, though it is absolutely necessary to gain a good understanding of it, in order to design effective and useful systems for the provision of legal information; furthermore, this limited research is dealing with the legal information needs of the lawyers, and to a much lower extent of the citizens (general public), however it neglects the ones of the policy makers, though they rely heavily on a wide range of legal information, and they are quite important for the society. Some early papers have focused on the demand for paper-based legal information sources. [START_REF] Otike | Legal information needs of the general public[END_REF] investigates the legal information needs of the general public (citizens who are not lawyers), as well as the sources (paper-based ones) they use in order to fulfil these needs, and the role of the general and law libraries, and also of legal aid centres, on this. In [START_REF] Otike | Legal information needs of lawyers in Kenya: a case study[END_REF] are investigated the legal information needs of lawyers, the main purposes they are searching legal information for, the types of information required, and also sources and ways (paper-based ones) for meeting these needs; they conclude that only large law firms have extensive legal libraries and therefore sufficient access to legal information, while this does not hold for smaller law firms: for them the only practical solution, due to the inherently large volume of legal information required is co-operation among such firms, or use of courts' legal libraries. Furthermore, there is some subsequent research focusing on the demand for electronic legal information sources. [START_REF] Peoples | Testing the limits of Westlaw next[END_REF] and [START_REF] Bhardwaj | Online legal information system for Indian environment: a user's perspectives[END_REF] examine existing online sources of legal information from users' perspectives, however focusing mainly on their usability, and secondarily on the types of legal content they offer, aiming to identify problems that reduce accessibility and effective use by the users. In [START_REF]Information needs, perceptions and quests of law faculty in the digital era[END_REF] are investigated the legal information needs of law faculty for their teaching and research work, as well as the paper-based and online sources used by them, their relevant perceptions and also their computing skills. Recently [START_REF] Bhardwaj | Development of Online Legal Information System: Lawyers' Perceptions[END_REF] examines the perceptions of academic and practicing lawyers about existing online legal information resources, as well as the degree of satisfaction with them, the barriers to their effective use, and also relevant requirements for the design of better legal information systems. Therefore, since the existing previous literature concerning the 'demand side' (users) of legal informatics is limited, and focusing mainly on lawyers, further research is required for understanding the usage and search behaviour of current users, as well as the needs of existing and potential users, investigating different user groups; furthermore, it is necessary to conduct 'innovation-oriented' research in order to identify additional novel advanced capabilities/functionalities that can provide higher levels of relevant decision support and lead to a new generation of legal informatics. Our paper makes a contribution in this direction.

Methodological Approach

Fundamental to the successful construction of an effective decision support system is the elicitation of user requirements, and the subsequent accurate definition of hardware and software specifications [START_REF] Van Lamsweerde | Goal-oriented requirements engineering: A guided tour[END_REF][START_REF] Chamberlain | Towards a Framework for Integrating Agile Development and User-Centred Design. Extreme Programming and Agile Processes in Software Engineering[END_REF]. [START_REF] Collier | Agile analytics: A value-driven approach to business intelligence and data warehousing[END_REF] describes a framework that enables the integration of agile design methods with user-focused design approaches, showing that agile user-centric design focuses on an iterative and rigorous collaborative development process [START_REF] Wiegers | Software requirements[END_REF]. Important techniques for this phase of requirements engineering include the questionnaire, interviews, use cases/scenarios, observation and social analysis, focus groups, and brainstorming [START_REF] Zowghi | Requirements Elicitation: A Survey of Techniques, Approaches, and Tools[END_REF][START_REF] Paetsch | Requirements engineering and agile software development[END_REF]. One of the most commonly applied techniques for requirements elicitation, the expert in-depth interview is defined by [START_REF] Hennik | Qualitative Research Methods[END_REF] as "…a one-to-one method of data collection that involves an interviewer and interviewee discussing specific topics in depth." Typically, in-depth interviews are used in research to seek information on individual personal experiences pertaining to a specific issue or topic [START_REF] Yin | Qualitative Research from Start to Finish[END_REF]. In the context of user requirements elicitation, in-depth interviews may be thought of as 'conversations with a purpose' during which stakeholders and/or domain experts are questioned to elicit information about their current attitudes, patterns of behaviour, modes of practice, and needs or requirements in relation to the new system or application. In-depth interviews are considered as an efficient way to collect large amounts of uniform data quickly [START_REF] Kumar | Research Methodology. A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners[END_REF][START_REF] Zowghi | Requirements Elicitation: A Survey of Techniques, Approaches, and Tools[END_REF]. Following [START_REF] Zowghi | Requirements Elicitation: A Survey of Techniques, Approaches, and Tools[END_REF], this technique was selected as a data collection instrument that enabled researchers to collect rich qualitative data from interview subjects that reflected their experiences with legal information search and retrieval, as well as their expectations, ideas, and opinions.

Within the context of this study, the authors conducted a series of in-depth, semistructured interviews in Greece and Austria in early 2019. The purpose of the interviews was to investigate patterns of legal information access and use amongst public administrators in the two pilot countries, as well as to gain deeper insight into current policymaking and legislative methods and practices identifying specific user needs and business requirements. In total 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted. Thirteen of them (four male and nine female subjects) were individuals representing different functions and levels of Greek public administration between 28 March and 30 April 2019. Seven of them (three male and four female participants) were members of Austrian public administration and/or from private legal practice representing different functions between 15 March and 15 April 2019. Ages ranged between 22 years and 64 years old, with further details withheld from being reported to preserve anonymity. Interviews were facilitated remotely, via a digital communications platform, as well as in person, and the working language was English. All interview transcripts have subsequently been codified and analysed. Questions about interviewee requirement for and use of legal information.

D. Policy Creation -Sources of Data

Further questions on legal information sources used currently used by interviewee, especially concerning preferred sources of legal data.

E. Business Needs Identification

Questions to identify business needs for potential users, including about features missing from current sources of legal information and reasons for use/non-use of databases or platforms.

Summary

Closing statement(s) by interviewer summarising key points arising during interview, time given for participants to clarify or add to previous input.

The interview schedule was derived based on the one used to collect data for the five initial user stories, and comprised of the following top-level topics: demographic questions; policy creation -best practices, methods and systems; policy creationrequirement for legal information, search strategies employed; policy creation -sources of data; and the identification of business needs. The results of the in-depth expert interviews with policymakers affiliated to the Hellenic and Austrian parliaments are reported in this research paper and further elucidated upon in the interview guide (see Table 1, above).

Results

The study reported in this research paper sought to identify and determine the exact nature of the legal information requirements of public policymakers with a view to designing an advanced legal information system that fulfilled these needs. Through a detailed analysis of interview data, researchers sought to assess the current legal information data sources and systems available to their sample population, together with the practices, strategies and tools used to obtain legal information. From this enquiry, it was expected that the business needs of policy makers and legal administrators to support their day-to-day activities could be extracted, and that a better understanding of the underlying technical requirements gained. A summary of the salient points raised during these interviews may be found in the Table 2 below.

Best Practices, Methods and Systems

In both Greece and Austria, interview participants reported differences in the manner in which policymakers collaborated with legal experts, and also a significant degree of uncertainty as to the extent of these interactions. Both sets of participants emphasised the importance of informationin particular, legal informationas a vital input in policymaking. However, they also highlighted the importance of expert knowledge and judgement in selecting information as an input in the policymaking process. Even in the case of Austria where a very sophisticated system exists, it is managed by handwritten information (data entry by the administrators). The legal systems in both cases do not fully support the administrative processes of handling parliamentary data.

Requirement for Legal Information, Search Strategies Employed

Interview participants from both countries mentioned their requirement for unfettered access to a wide range of legal information sources, with particular emphasis on digital resources. They discussed the search strategies currently used to locate and retrieve information from these databases and expressed the desire to possess advanced search and retrieval capabilities, including complex string searches and translation features, in order to fully optimise their use. The currently offered functionality is restricted to services of searching by keywords which are not semantically annotated and/or extracted with a way that could illustrate correlations or even show the history of a law and its changes in time. The absence of semantically annotated does not allow to provide useful advanced services, such as the estimation of the degree of transposition of an EU Directive into the national legal system.

Sources of Legal Data

When questioned about the sources of legal data currently used, and the reasons for their preference, interview respondents from both Greece and Austria were able to name popular sources of this sort of information, and justify their use within individual professional contexts. Participants from Greece differed from their counterparts in Austria in saying that one reason for their use of particular data sources was organisational endorsement. All participants emphasised the importance of open legal data sources.

Business Needs Identification

Interview participants were asked to identify those features, tools and services either missing from current legal information retrieval resources, or whose addition or removal would facilitate their professional activities. Both sets of participants noted an absence of collaborative software available to them. They also identified an absence of customisable contentpersonalised dashboard, individual history, saved or bookmarked contentas key functionalities missing from current online legal resources.

Participants from Austria believed that they would be able to overcome professional challenges through better access to legal information, and that the quality of policymaking would be thereby enhanced. They differed from their counterparts in Greece through expressing a general ambivalence to subscription fees, even if those were paid for by the organisation. Even more, the interviewees reported on general capabilities they would like to have from such a DSS: parallel search in multiple EU member-state legal frameworks using simple keywords; the capability to assess the degree of transposition of an EU directive in national legislation; an indication of the national legislation relevant to each directive and the capacity to monitor the status of transpositions; tools to analyse references made to the European legislation within national laws; the ability to make comparative analyses of equivalent or relevant laws from different EU member states and between connected laws from the same member state; the functionality to monitor the progress and/or current status of a specific piece of national or European legislation, including preparatory acts and agreements, over time; a visual timeline analysis tool for all legal elements; the provision of geo-visualisations, text-related visualisations, and other common visual decision aids; visualisations of correlations, dependencies and conflicts between different laws; and other dedicated decision support services, such as impact assessment, for expert users. It is envisioned that these services, when used alone or in combination through the proposed project portal, would enable policymakers to construct accurate models of the legal environment circumscribing the problem under consideration, identify the various possible outcomes based on an in-depth understanding of relevant legal matters, and design policy outcomes that conform with the current legal framework.

Table 2. Summary of expert interview results

Topics

Greece Austria

Best Practices, Methods and Systems

• Variance in the Degree of Collaboration between Policymakers and Legal Experts. Great degree of disperse among organisational units.

• List of Most Popular Platforms and Sources of Legal Information Online.

• Basic Informational Input for Policymaking is both General and Specialised.

Discussion

In order to create an effective legal information retrieval system which functions like a DSS that assists the policy making process, it is important to apply the design principles of systems integration. As a first step, the key factors involved in the policy process and central to the construction of appropriate tools and services were identified through a combination of desk-based research and in-depth expert interviews, which are:

1. The principle model of the policy decision making process, based on a critical evaluation of the policy cycle framework. 2. The methods adopted for the implementation of its components in each pilot country, from the perspective of the policy actors interviewed. 3. The central decision makers and other primary stakeholders, and the relationships among them. Furthermore, based on the results presented in section 4 of the research paper, the primary requirements for the proposed decision support system were extracted, and they have been categorised in three groups: Information Requirements, Processing Requirements and Technical Requirements. In the following paragraphs we are discussing a possible solution towards covering the business needs of the participants.

Information Requirements: The complexity of the policy making process, captured through the lens of different policy roles and job functions, warrants the regular making of decisions based on accurate and complete legal information. In practice, it was seen that policymakers use both legislative information (information on the current national legal framework, the exact status of specific pieces of legislation, or comparative analyses of two or more pieces of legislation), policy information (general background information, policy reports, data and expert analysis), and political information (public opinion through social media and dedicated e-consultation and e-participation platforms, or of support for a policy among legislators) to support or oppose policy alternatives, or to make evidence-based judgements. The actual routes of information acquisition may include individual policymaker research, policy staff collaborative activity, committee hearings, oversight activities, or interdepartmental transactions.

Processing Requirements: In order to cover the information requirements, the proposed solution will structure the legal documents based on legal ontologies such as ELI and AKN. These ontologies are focused on representing information of two different kinds of data: (a) the description of the basic information of a law when it is published, and (b) information for better support the parliamentary procedure. For this purpose, the back-end may utilise various text-mining techniques, such as information extraction by using Regular Expressions, Tokenization, Word clustering, Word stemming, Results filtering, Data cleansing, Word Vector (Term Occurrences), just to name the most important ones [START_REF] Lachana | Automated Analysis and Interrelation of Legal Elements Based on Text Mining[END_REF]. All these techniques will extract all the necessary information that will be used for annotating the data and building the necessary files. Particularly, Regular expressions will separate the body of the legal document in components (Sections, Parts, Chapters, Articles, Paragraphs) and they extract all the correlations that included in each component. The general background information will be represented by keywords that will be extracted by using Tokenization of the Legal Document Body, Filtering the Stopwords, Stemming or Clustering the words (depends on the language of the legal document) and by creating a word vector of the terms that will be presented in a legal document. The first words, usually, are the most important words of a specific legal document and gives in the policy maker and legislator the opportunity to understand easily the content of this legal document [START_REF] Lachana | Automated Analysis and Interrelation of Legal Elements Based on Text Mining[END_REF]. In addition, the above serialization of the techniques will be used for generating the n-grams of the legal document towards the support of finding the similar legal documents. Finally, social media and governments portals that are used for collaborating of every new legal document among governments and citizens will be used in order to retrieve all related comments. These comments will be processed and semantically analysed to help legislators and policy makers to better design citizen-centric policies and propose policy alternatives.

Technical Requirements: The above processing requirements need the usage of a High-Performance Computing (HPC) [START_REF] Loutsaris | EU-wide legal text mining using big data processing infrastructures[END_REF], since the need is to produce n-grams at the degree of 10 (10-grams) as well as to analyse and semantically annotate the legal basis of two countries and the EU along with their associate parliamentary information. Parallelization of resources should be also applied by using computational clusters. This kind of clusters provide the ability to analyse huge amounts of unstructured data in a distributed computing environment. As a result, we will receive the legal documents in a structured and annotated way. Finally, a dedicated translation component, like the e-Translation DSI will translate all these structured data in different languages allowing the comparison of legal texts between different languages.

Conclusions

The policy making environment in today's digital world is characterised by high complexity, which necessitates access to and processing of large amounts of many different kinds of information, in order to gain a deep understanding of the big problems and challenges of modern societies, and design effective policies for addressing them. One of the most important kinds of required information for modern policy making is definitely the legal information. The comprehension and extraction of meaning from numerous specialised domain-specific legal texts and laws is quite difficult for policy makers who are not legal experts. So, it is quite important to develop advanced legal information provision systems, which can offer substantial assistance and support in the above policy making legislation-related tasks. However, this presupposes a deep understanding of legal information requirements of public policy making. In this direction in the previous sections of this paper initially we investigated current legal information sources and systems used by public policy makers, as well as their relevant search practices. Then we examined their business needs for additional more advanced capabilities/functionalities that provide a better support of their policymaking activities using advanced legal analytics tools and services. Based on the findings we defined the information, processing and technical requirements for the development of a legal information system providing the above advanced functionalities and services. Our analysis has led to interesting and useful insights, as well as a novel set of additional advanced information provision capabilities and functionalities that can give rise to important innovations in the area of legal informatics, and finally to the emergence of a new generation of it. They include parallel search in multiple EU member-state legal frameworks using simple keywords, in order to identify and compare national legislations concerning a policy-related topic of interest, and capabilities for finding interconnections as well as conflicts among laws, as well as assessing the degree of transposition of an EU directive into national legislation, and visualizing results.

A limitation of our study is that it is based on interviews with a small number of policy makers, so it is necessary to proceed with a quantitative survey of a larger number of individuals using a questionnaire in order to develop a more holistic picture of the legal information environment within the two pilot countries, and then in other countries with different legal systems and traditions. Furthermore, it is necessary to implement the novel legal information services identified in our study, and then evaluate them, and possibly improve and extend them.

Table 1 .

 1 Expert Interview Guide

	Section / Main Topic Purpose
		Provision of global context -introduction to interviewee by local
	Introduction	co-ordinator, establishment of background to proposed project, in-
		formation about the purpose of the interview.
	A. Demographic Ques-	Basic questions to establish demographic context of interviewee, in-
	tions	cluding familiarity with information technology.
	B. Policy Creation -Best Practices, Meth-ods, and Systems	Questions about current policy making and/or legislative processes within national context, step-by-step procedure from interviewee perspective including current role, nature of collaboration between different actors, current information technology systems used.
	C. Policy Creation -
	Requirement for Legal
	Information, Search
	Strategies Employed