Luís Soares Barbosa

Michael Goedicke

Erich J Neuhold

Ricardo Reis

Steven Furnell

Eunika Mercier-Laurent

Marco Winckler

Julian M Bass

P J Wall

IFIP -The International Federation for Information Processing

IFIP was founded in 1960 under the auspices of UNESCO, following the first World Computer Congress held in Paris the previous year. A federation for societies working in information processing, IFIP's aim is two-fold: to support information processing in the countries of its members and to encourage technology transfer to developing nations. As its mission statement clearly states:

IFIP is the global non-profit federation of societies of ICT professionals that aims at achieving a worldwide professional and socially responsible development and application of information and communication technologies.

IFIP is a non-profit-making organization, run almost solely by 2500 volunteers. It operates through a number of technical committees and working groups, which organize events and publications. IFIP's events range from large international open conferences to working conferences and local seminars.

The flagship event is the IFIP World Computer Congress, at which both invited and contributed papers are presented. Contributed papers are rigorously refereed and the rejection rate is high.

As with the Congress, participation in the open conferences is open to all and papers may be invited or submitted. Again, submitted papers are stringently refereed.

The working conferences are structured differently. They are usually run by a working group and attendance is generally smaller and occasionally by invitation only. Their purpose is to create an atmosphere conducive to innovation and development. Refereeing is also rigorous and papers are subjected to extensive group discussion.

Publications arising from IFIP events vary. The papers presented at the IFIP World Computer Congress and at open conferences are published as conference proceedings, while the results of the working conferences are often published as collections of selected and edited papers.

IFIP distinguishes three types of institutional membership: Country Representative Members, Members at Large, and Associate Members. The type of organization that can apply for membership is a wide variety and includes national or international societies of individual computer scientists/ICT professionals, associations or federations of such societies, government institutions/government related organizations, national or international research institutes or consortia, universities, academies of sciences, companies, national or international associations or federations of companies. Research papers published in this volume address ICT-related research challenges in Africa, Asia, and South America, including: Bangladesh, Brazil, Lebanon, Malawi, Myanmar, Nepal, Nigeria, Palestine, South Africa, and Rwanda. Despite being Convened as a European Conference, we were delighted to have facilitated such a global perspective on ICT4D.

We received 29 submissions which were each single-blind peer-reviewed by at least three members of the Program Committee. As a consequence of this process, 14 papers were accepted and selected for presentation at the conference. A further 4 papers were conditionally accepted, subject to refinement using more detailed feedback and advice from reviewers. 10 papers were given detailed feedback but not accepted. The authors of these papers have been encouraged to revise their papers for submission to the next global conference, to be held in Peru during 2021-now postponed to 2022. Sadly, one accepted paper was withdrawn by the authors.

Online Conference

The conference was initially organized as a face-to-face event, to be hosted by the University of Salford at Media City UK in Greater Manchester. However, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the UK Government advice to "Stay at Home," along with many countries imposing their own travel restrictions. Consequently, the University of Salford campus was closed and international travel prohibited. In order to facilitate dissemination of the research already submitted, we migrated to an online event.

One consequence of this was that we had to abandon the planned conference dinner in the Manchester United football ground at Old Trafford. Surprisingly perhaps, this sad turn of events did slightly gratify one group of delegates. The local fans of the nearby Manchester City football club were mildly comforted not to have to celebrate the conference dinner at the competing Manchester United ground! Football rivalries aside and on a more positive note, we were able to retain the conference keynote speakers and workshops, albeit in abbreviated form. Also, the day before the IFIP WG 9.4 event the ICT4D North group of English Universities also held their annual workshop online. This panel discussion critically examined the changing ICT4D landscape from a variety of ontological, philosophical, and methodological perspectives. The discussion spanned a variety of topics including the dominance of positivist and interpretivist approaches in the field, the establishment and rapid growth of the HISP project, and the current move towards more critical realist, Southern-based and other indigenous and regional research paradigms and theories. It was strongly argued that such changed methods and philosophical approaches are necessary in order to address the changing nature of the ICT4D field resulting from increasing use of AI and advanced technologies in the Global South and the growing importance of ethical considerations in this work. It was also agreed that we are witnessing the emergence of a new ICT4D 3.0 digital for development paradigm and new approaches are needed to address this.

Prof. Robert Davison, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, and Dr. Pamela Abbott, The University of Sheffield, UK, facilitated the second workshop on "Academic Publishing for Early Career Researchers." The workshop focused on capacity building for researchers from the Global South, to support them in gaining access to high-quality journals for their ICT4D research.

October 2020

Julian M. Bass P. J. Wall Preface vii

  More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6102 Julian M. Bass • P. J. Wall (Eds.) Information and Communication Technologies for Development 16th IFIP WG 9.4 International Conference on Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries, ICT4D 2020 Manchester, UK, June 10-11, 2020 Proceedings Preface This book presents the collection of papers selected for presentation at the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) Working Group 9.4 16th International Conference organized under the banner of the Third European Conference on the Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries. The conference was hosted in Manchester, UK, by the University of Salford in June 2020.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the Program Committee members for their support in reviewing and selecting the submissions. We also express gratitude to all our sponsors: the IFIP WG 9.4 (ifipwg94.org), BCS -the Chartered Institute for IT, Manchester Branch, the University of Salford, UK, and the ADAPT Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.

We also appreciate the support of Prof. Robert Davison who is chair of the IFIP 9.4 WG and Editor-in-chief of the Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries. Also, David Kreps, chair of the IFIP Technical Committee 9 on Humans and Computers. Both, not only enabled and supported the event within IFIP, but we were delighted that they attended and contributed to the conference.

Organization

Previous Conferences

The IFIP WG 9.4 First European Workshop on Iterative and Incremental Approaches to ICT4D was held at Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen, UK, in May 2014. The keynote speaker at that workshop was Eswaran Subrahmanian from Carnegie Mellon University, USA.

The second European conference was held in Tirana, Albania, in June 2018, and was organized by IFIP WG 9.4, the UNESCO chair in ICT4D at Royal Holloway, University of London, UK, the European University of Tirana, Albania, and the University of Tirana, Albania.

The IFIP WG 9.4's global conference series has been running for more than 20 years. With the 15th International Conference on Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in May 2019.

Keynote Speakers

Despite the condensed online format adopted for the third European conference, we were pleased to welcome keynote speakers: Dr. Ciara Heavin, University College Cork, Ireland, and Terrance Fernando, University of Salford, UK.

Dr. Heavin's keynote talk focused on her work on the IMPACT project in Nigeria between 2016-2018. The key findings from the project included identification of isolated rural social agencies that limited the authority and value of centralized initiatives including public health based initiatives. A further important finding indicated that trained healthcare professionals were scarce and that the public health system relied on distributed and informal communities of practice. She emphasized that this meant existing material agencies of rural healthcare centres were not sufficient for deep enactment of agreed healthcare delivery guidelines.

Prof. Fernando spoke on "Technology Enhanced Adaptive Governance for Building Resilient Cities: Barriers and Challenges." His talk drew on the experience of projects that had attracted over GBP £7M over a five year period in areas of disaster response management, disaster risk reduction, and risk sensitive urban design. Drawing on his experience of working in Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Malaysia, he emphasized the importance of developing a culture of collaboration among stakeholders and building sustainable teams to overcome political instability.

Panels

The first panel addressed "Philosophical Approaches to ICT4D" and was chaired by Dr. Dympna


Gema Ramírez-Sánchez

Juan Antonio Pérez-Ortiz

Felipe Sánchez-Martínez

Caroline Rossi
email: caroline.rossi@univ-grenoble-alpes.fr

Dorothy Kenny
email: dorothy.kenny@dcu.ie5kantanmt.com

Riccardo Superbo
email: riccardos@kantanmt.com

Pilar Sánchez-Gijón
email: pilar.sanchez.gijon@uab.cat

Olga Torres-Hostench
email: olga.torres.hostench@uab.cat

MultiTraiNMT: training materials to approach neural machine translation from scratch

Keywords: machine translation, neural machine translation, training, multilingual citizens, project description

The aim of the MultiTraiNMT Erasmus+ project is to develop an open innovative syllabus in neural machine translation (NMT) for language learners and translators as multilingual citizens. Machine translation is seen as a resource that can provide support for citizens when trying to acquire and develop language skills, provided they are given informed and critical training. Machine translation would thus help tackle the mismatch between the EU aim of having multilingual citizens who speak at least two foreign languages and the current situation in which citizens generally fall far short of this objective. The training materials consist of an open-access coursebook, an open-source NMT web application called MutNMT for training purposes and corresponding activities.

Introduction

The aim of the Erasmus+ strategic partnership "MultiTraiNMT -Machine Translation Training for Multilingual Citizens" 7 (2019-2022) is to develop, evaluate and disseminate open-access materials and open-source applications that will lead to the enhancement of teaching and learning about machine translation [START_REF] Koehn | Neural machine translation[END_REF] among language learners, language teachers, trainee translators, translation teachers and professional translators across Europe.

With the support of the Erasmus+ programme of the European Union. 7 Project website: https://multitrainmt.eu

MultiTraiNMT brings together experts at four European universities -Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Dublin City University and Universitat d'Alacant, and two enterprises -Prompsit Language Engineering and Xcelerator Machine Translations, and is supported by numerous associate partners in education and the translation industry, all of whom are interested in teaching and learning about the use of machine translation. The partnership aims specifically at developing an innovative syllabus in machine translation (MT) in general, and neural machine translation (NMT) in particular [START_REF] Koehn | Neural machine translation[END_REF]. On completion we will provide the following components which will be described in the following sections:

-An open-access coursebook that addresses both the technical foundations of machine learning-and especially deep learning-as used in MT, and the ethical, societal and professional implications of this technology. -MutNMT, a pedagogical NMT web application that allows users to learn how NMT works, and gain insight into the internal workings of NMT systems. -Learning activities related to the coursebook and MutNMT that allow language learners and translators to co-construct knowledge on NMT.

The training is designed to be followed in both asynchronous and synchronous forms. On the one hand, self-learners will be able to follow the coursebook and perform the corresponding activities. On the other hand, any interested teacher will be able to use the course and the activities in synchronous form with students. The coursebook and learning activities are designed taking into account different progress levels to approach different student profiles. Measurability, quality and progress of the project can be followed in the project website.

In short, we are developing an up-to-date syllabus on MT for use in European Higher Education and elsewhere; one that will allow students to acquire the technical and ethical skills and competences required to become informed, critical users of contemporary MT in their own language learning and translation practice. In so doing, we open up the world of machine learning to language and translation students, their teachers and others, enhancing their ability to function as technologically competent, informed citizens in a multilingual Europe.

The coursebook

The Creative Commons-licensed 8 open-access coursebook is organised in eight modules: multilingualism; introduction to machine translation; how to choose a suitable MT system, evaluation of machine translation quality; how to prepare and select texts for machine translation; how to deal with machine translation mistakes, post-editing and error fixing; ethical aspects of machine translation; 8 https://creativecommons.org how neural machine translation works; and custom neural machine translation. Instructors may conveniently arrange these chapters in a different order for their courses.

The web application

MutNMT is an open-source web application9 to train NMT for didactic purposes. It lets users train, inspect, evaluate and translate using neural engines.

Contributions to other open-source projects have also been made, namely to JoeyNMT [START_REF] Kreutzer | Joey NMT: A minimalist NMT toolkit for novices[END_REF], a command-line tool to train NMT engines. Technical documentation is provided along with the code. Manuals for both users and instructors are available. A production installation of MutNMT is currently under evaluation.10

There are three profiles of users: beginners with default access to all basic features; experts with access to basic and advanced features without administration rights; and admins with full access to all features. Only admins will be able to upgrade beginners (default profile) to experts or admins. A brief description of the main features and windows of the MutNMT application follows:

Data. MutNMT, as every other NMT system, needs corpora in the form of parallel data to learn from. Previewing, downloading and grabbing corpora is possible. These corpora are shown in the application as a collection of resources.

See figure 1 for a sample screen capture. Engines. There is also a library of engines in MutNMT, that is, already available MT systems that have been trained and shared. Of special interest are also the actions allowed: seeing the full training log of an engine, downloading the model, downloading the corpora it was trained with and grabbing or removing the corpora. While beginners can only see training reports, experts and admins are able to resume the training of an engine. Training. This is an advanced feature for experts and admins that allows them to train NMT engines using MutNMT. Users will need to set up engine details, configuration parameters and select corpora for training a particular system. Translate. By using the available engines, all users will be able to copy and paste a series of sentences and translate them. They will get the resulting translation in a text box and be able to export a TMX [START_REF]Localisation industry standards: Translation Memory eXchange (TMX)[END_REF] out of the whole translation, thus saving pairs of source and target sentences in a standard format. Inspect. There are several options in this window, all aimed at seeing the internals of the translation engines at work such as allowing users to input a sentence and see it at different steps of processing by a particular engine: preprocessed input, hypothesis generation (n-best), pre-processed output and final output. Evaluate. As a final step, users will be able to evaluate the output of MT comparing it to other machine translated texts or to professional human translations. MutNMT provides automatic evaluation metrics, such as BLEU [START_REF] Papineni | BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation[END_REF], at both document and sentence levels. All these results can also be downloaded in spreadsheet format.

The learning activities

Two types of learning activities are being created. On the one hand, self-learning questions are aimed at students working at their own pace; these are short-answer questions with immediate automatic feedback. On the other hand, open-answer teacher-guided activities can be customised and adapted to different contexts. After exploring different formats and repositories of learning objects, we have opted for the open-source H5P platform,11 as it allows each of our activities to be self-contained and easily embeddable by instructors in learning management systems such as Moodle12 or more general environments such as Wordpress13 . Each exercise includes metadata such as difficulty, estimated answering time, comments for instructors and considerations when adapting the text of the question to other language combinations.

The MultitraiNMT associate partner network

MultiTraiNMT invites higher education institutions and teachers of translation and foreign languages to join the project as associate partners/members. In order to become an associate partner, interested parties may visit the website section Join us / Become a member in order to download the Associate Partners Agreement and adapt it to their needs and interests. The aim of the network is not only to share the aforementioned coursebook, MutNMT and activities but also to create a working group to share activities, experience and best practices so that the project becomes collaborative. The partners may:

-Evaluate the use of the project coursebook in their classes.

-Test the MutNMT educational system for managing NMT engines for didactic purposes.

Conclusions

Despite recent advances in freely available NMT engines, machine translation is still often considered too complex to be understood by a non-specialist audience.

The materials developed within the MultiTraiNMT project are intended to show that MT literacy can be developed across various target audiences, in line with recent proposals [START_REF] Bowker | Machine translation and global research: Towards improved machine translation literacy in the scholarly community[END_REF]. We have designed a course that includes activities and a platform (MutNMT) for learning NMT by doing, and we invite collaborations within our network of associate partners.

Fig. 1 .

 1 Fig. 1. A screen capture of the MutNMT's window that allows users to preview, add, and download parallel corpora.

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  Participate with project partners in the piloting of project activities on MT training or voluntary sharing of MT training activities in the project. -Arrange with the MultitraiNMT project the certification of participants. -Participate actively in the project multiplier events or other dissemination events. -Participate in any other training or research activity which fosters the development of MT skills in general among multilingual citizens.

Code available on https://github.com/Prompsit/mutnmt

https://ntradumatica.uab.cat

https://h5p.org/

https://moodle.org/

https://wordpress.org/