Mohammadbagher Amjadi

Pooria Mostafapoor
email: pooria.mostafapoor@mavs.uta.edu

Parinaz Chegin

Statistical analysis of Rainfall Data (Case study: TRNC)

Keywords: rainfall, Statistical analysis, TRNC, Normality Test

The rainfall data can be help to engineers to predict the events and models to decide in other engineering subject. Therefore, in this paper, the monthly rainfall data of six meteorological regions of TRNC as a whole for the hydrologic years from September 1975 to August 2014 period were gathered. In order to study these gathered monthly data's statistically, other than the minimum required sample sizes for each region, the quality tests (consistency, normality, stationarity, and trend) were as well carried out based on parametric and non-parametric tests. To determine the most representative probability distribution function for each region, Normal distributions were used. The result show that Normality, Homogeneity, Consistency, Trend analysis, and Stationarity tests were used as quality test for each meteorological region and TRNC as a whole and found that they are all within the acceptable range.

1.Introduction

It is a known fact that, many quantities encountered in all phases of life are treated as random variables in statistical sense. Theoretically, there should be a scientific explanation as to the occurance of every sensible being, so the physical and the engineering quantities should be mathematically formulated. Because of the three dimensional complexity and time necessarily being the fourth dimension of some phenomena, however, even the most developed organizations or individuals of exceptional dexterity are unable to mathematically depict some events such as hurricanes, many meteorological incidents, and severe earthquakes [START_REF] Movahhed | The Effect of Rain on Pedestrians Crossing Speed[END_REF][START_REF] Bargegol | The effect of rainy weather on walking speed of pedestrians on sidewalks[END_REF]. For example, aside from snow melt, everybody knows that, an intense rainfall exeeding the infiltration capacity of a particular area causes direct overland flow ultimately results in a flood. The physical mechanism of direct runoff beginning from a thin sheet flow [START_REF] Gilani | Estimation delay variation and probability of occurrence of different level of services based on random variations of vehicles entering signalized intersections[END_REF][START_REF] Bargegol | Modeling pedestrian flow at central business district[END_REF], passing through the rest of the drainage paths, and finally continuing its travel in a mix qualitatively explainable. There are qualitative models that accounts these complicated mechanisms with respectable accuracy through appropriate computer programs and packages but the unpredictability of the meteorological events however, brings about a serios difficulty for realistic calculations of the magnitude and spatial and temporal variation of the hydro-meteorological (i.e. rainfall, snow, evaporation, etc.) input, in the first place. Most of the case study problems in engineering dealt with these uncertainties [START_REF] Neshaei | Investigation of Cross Shore Sediment Transport Using Physical and Numerical Methods[END_REF]. Even the conditions of similar cases look common and similar, their effects may be different [START_REF] Mobtahej | Psychology of Change Management in Development Process within Software Industry[END_REF]. This is mainly due to the randomness characteristic that involves during the occurrence of the natural (real case) problems and the inappropriateness of the suggested model as well as the gathered data that is used to express this occurred phenomenon mathematically. Naturally, mankind will keep up the endeavour of making accurate meteorological forecasts for longer periods in the coming future. In this paper, by use of various statistical analysis methods, trend in the rainfall data will be analyzed.

Methodology 2.1. Study Area

Cyprus is an island, being located in the north-eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea, and is the third largest island with a surface area of 9251 km 2 . It is bounded by latitudes of 35 0 45' and 34 0 15' N, and by longitudes of 32 0 15' and 34 0 30' E. The island lies about 64 km south of Turkey, 97 km west of Syria and 402 km north of Egypt's Nile Delta and 380 km south east of Greece. Islands total coastline is 782 km in length [START_REF] Kypris | Diachronic changes of rainfall and the water resources in Cyprus[END_REF]. Along the north, TRNC meteorology department, with simple regional modifications along the regional boundaries and renumbering of the existing meteorologically divided map, establishes its own meteorological regions. Hence, along the geographical occupation of TRNC, there are 6 meteorologically grouped geographical regions as shown in figure 1 which are investigated in this study.

Statistical analysis methods 2.2.1. Normality Test

In statistics, normality tests are used to determine if a data is well-modelled by a normal distribution and to compute how likely it is for a random variable underlying the data to be normally distributed. Hence assessment of the normality of data is a prerequisite for many statistical tests because normally distributed data is an underlying assumption in all the parametric testing. In other words, application of most of the statistical methods requires the data to behave in a Gaussian fashion [START_REF] Ashraf | Multibiometric Sustainable approach for human Appellative[END_REF][START_REF] Behbahani | Analysis of Crossing Speed of the Pedestrians in Marked and Unmarked Crosswalks in the Signalized and Un-Signalized Intersections (Case Study: Rasht city)[END_REF].

Cumulative distribution function

This test compares the CDF (cumulative distribution function) of sample data with the distribution expected if the data were normal. If the observed difference is adequately large, it will be rejected the null hypothesis of population normality [START_REF] Mahani | Experimental investigation and multi-objective optimization of fracture properties of asphalt mixtures containing nano-calcium carbonate[END_REF][START_REF] Mahjoob | Green Supply Chain Network Design with Emphasis on Inventory Decisions[END_REF]. Because this test for each region is done by Minitab 16 software, the theory is not explained here. If the P value that is given by software will be equal or greater than 5%, then it is concluded that, the time series is normally distributed. In this paper, Anderson Darling test is selected for testing normality in Minitab.

Consistency Test

Consistency is another desired property for any data. It checks whether or not any data within the data is reasonable. In other words, it checks if there is a surprise data (outlier) compared with the similar family of data. For example, records for rainfall within an area might be increased in three ways: records for additional time periods; records for additional sites with a fixed area; records for extra sites obtained by extending the size of the area. In such cases, the property of consistency may be limited to one or more of the possible ways a sample size can grow [START_REF] Ziari | Investigation of the Effect of Crumb Rubber Powder and Warm Additives on Moisture Resistance of SMA Mixtures[END_REF][START_REF] Bargegol | Estimating delay of vehicles in nearside legs of the signalized intersections under expectation method in under-saturation conditions for isolated intersection[END_REF]. Double mass curve is a fundamental tool in data analysis. It is a plot of cumulative values of one variable against the accumulation of another quantities during the same time period. The theory of double mass curve is that, when accumulation of two quantities is drawn, they represent straight line. If there is a break in this continuous line, it means that there is a systematic error and it requires to be corrected. Conversely if, there is no break or change of slope within the line, it could be concluded that, the two sets of compared data are consistent. Correction of the data can be done by multiplying a constant ratio based on slopes [START_REF] Rahman | Parkinson's Disease Detection Based on Signal Processing Algorithms and Machine Learning[END_REF].

Where M a is the slope of the line before the abrupt change and M 0 is the slope of the systematic errors line.

Trend Test

It is a change in the level of data series, usually overtime but sometimes in space. It is a general increase or decrease in the observed values of random variable over a time. In most cases, it is not generally possible to detect trends that are not apparent by inspection, especially for data records of short to moderate length -say 20 years or less. Testing the existence of linear (monotonic) trend (serial correlation) within the whole time series is important in hydrometeorological datas. Testing for the existence of linear (monotonic) trend within the whole time series can be done by parametric and nonparametric methods [START_REF] Mobtahej | Evaluation of Innovation Maturity Model (IMM) Framework on Assessment of Software Development Projects[END_REF]. Mann-Kendall test is a nonparametric test that is used to find trend in time series. It was suggested by Mann (1945) and Kendall (1975). Mann-Kendall test also referred as Kendall's Tau 'τ' test. Mann-Kendall test is used to measure the connection of two sets of data. When one set of data is time then this test is used to point out the trend [START_REF] Jerin | Climate change effects on potential evapotranspiration in Bangladesh[END_REF][START_REF] Mirmozaffari | VCS and CVS: New Combined Parametric and Non-parametric Operation Research Models[END_REF][START_REF] Mirmozaffari | A novel artificial intelligent approach: comparison of machine learning tools and algorithms based on optimization DEA Malmquist productivity index for eco-efficiency evaluation[END_REF][START_REF] Mirmozaffari | Machine Learning Algorithms Based on an Optimization Model[END_REF][START_REF] Mirmozaffari | A novel machine learning approach combined with optimization models for ecoefficiency evaluation[END_REF][START_REF] Mahjoob | A Green Multi-period Inventory Routing Problem with Pickup and Split Delivery: A Case Study in Flour Industry[END_REF][START_REF] Yazdani | Improving construction and demolition waste collection service in an urban area using a simheuristic approach: A case study in Sydney, Australia[END_REF][START_REF] Golilarz | Optimized wavelet-based satellite image de-noising with multipopulation differential evolution-assisted harris hawks optimization algorithm[END_REF][START_REF] Mirmozaffari | Ranking of Heart Hospitals Using crossefficiency and two-stage DEA[END_REF][START_REF] Mirmozaffari | Developing an expert system for diagnosing liver diseases[END_REF][START_REF] Mirmozaffari | Eco-Efficiency Evaluation in Two-Stage Network Structure: Case Study: Cement Companies[END_REF]. The test statistic is founded by

) X sign(X j n 2 i 1 i 1 j i         (2)
Where 'τ' is approximately converging to normal distribution stated as N (0,s 2 ) , if 'τ' is positive, it illustrates that the trend is increasing and if it is negative, it means the trend is decreasing. Standard deviation s x is also described as

18 / ) 5 n 2 )( 1 n ( n s x    (3)
After obtaining the 'τ', Median slope should be obtained through Sen's method. Sen's method for the approximation of slope needs a time series of equally spaced data. Sen's method proceeds by calculating the slope as a change in measurement per change in time. The equation is given as below:

i j X X Q i j    (4)

Result and Discussion

It is essential to check if the data is consistent and lies within the data collected from neighboring regions or not. So as to check consistency of the data, double mass curve is used. Steps of applying double mass curve are as follows:  The accumulation of the desired parameter in the studied region (station) is found,  Then the accumulation of the average of the desired parameter over the nearby regions (station) is calculated,  A graph is drawn of which its x-axis is cumulative average of the parameter over nearby regions and its y-axis represents the cumulative of desired parameter over the studied region. Figure 2 shows the preceding steps are given. The studied area was Central Mesaria region and the desired parameter was rainfall. The consistency of rainfall data between Central Mesaria and average of other 5 regions in TRNC is checked. It is found that the Central Mesaria region Rainfall is consistent with the mean Rainfall data of nearby 5 regions. In order to check if there are any trends in data Mann-Kendal test is used. This test is done by XLSTAT software. In this test, the p-value of Mann-Kendall will be computed.

The test has Hypothesis test:

H 0 = There is no trend in the series, H1: There is a trend in the series, And the confidence interval alpha is 5%, therefore if the P-value of Mann-kendall is greater than 5% then it will be concluded that there is no trend in series. Here the sample of Mann-kendall and Sens Median Slope test for Central Mesaria is illustrated. Tables 1 and2 show the result of Mann-Kendall. Besides, mostly used formulas for CDF in hydrology are given in the table 3. As it can be seen from the test result, the P-value of Mann-Kendall trend test is 0.697 that is greater than 5%, therefore based on the null hypothesis of this paper (H0) there is no trend in the rainfall data time series of Central Mesaria. The Sens slope is 0.521. In this paper by using Minitab, 2 types of distribution model are Compared for best fitting, Normal and Log-Normal which are shown according to figure 3. Also, Equations of the probability distribution with their confidence intervals of Central Mesaria are given in the table 4.

Conclusion

In this paper, by investigating of rainfall data of 6 meteorologically grouped geographical regions of TRNC, the trend in the rainfall data was analyzed. The result show that the P-value of Mann-Kendall trend test is 0.697 that is greater than 5%, therefore based on the null hypothesis of this paper (H0) there is no trend in the rainfall data time series of Central Mesaria. Also, by comparing Correlation Coefficients of all probability distribution of Central Mesaria, it is concluded that the best fitted model is Normal distribution. Normality, Homogeneity, Consistency, Trend analysis, and Stationarity tests were used as quality test for each meteorological region and TRNC as a whole and found that they are all within the acceptable range. For more clarification, some novel methods can be applied in the future [START_REF] Mirmozaffari | A Cloud Theory-based Simulated Annealing for Discovering Process Model from Event Logs[END_REF][START_REF] Mirmozaffari | Window analysis using two-stage DEA in heart hospitals[END_REF][START_REF] Mirmozaffari | Filtering in Image Processing[END_REF][START_REF] Azeem | Exploring the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on risks faced by infrastructure projects in Pakistan[END_REF].

Figure 1 .

 1 Figure 1. Geographical regions map of TRNC (obtained from Wikimedia)

Figure

  Figure Erreur ! Il n'y a pas de texte répondant à ce style dans ce document.. Central Mesaria Double Mass Curve for rainfall data with respect to nearby 5 other regions

Figure 3 .

 3 Figure 3. Probability distribution of Central Mesaria

Table 1 .

 1 Summary of Mann-Kendall trend tests

	Variable	Observations	Obs. with missing data	Obs. without missing data	Minimum Maximum	Mean	Std. deviation
	351.8	38	0	38	107.500	510.300	298.574	76.437

Table 2 .

 2 Mann-Kendall trend test

	Kendall's tau	0.046
	S	32.000
	Var (S)	6326.000
	p-value (Two-tailed)	0.697
	alpha	0.05

Table 3 .

 3 Mostly used CDF equations with commentsBy using table of normal distribution given in appendix, z is obtained.Referring to appropriate table given in appendix, K is obtained.Referring to appropriate table given in appendix, K is obtained.

	Distribution				Equations																				Comments
	Normal				x			x			zs	x
	Log Normal			y  y 	Log y 	(x zs	)	,				After finding the Log, using the normal distribution table z is obtained.
																y
	Extreme -Value (Gumble)	q			1 (		p	)		e		e		y			y		a	(x	-	x	0	)	,		a		s 	x n	,	x	0		x		y	n	n x  s
																							y n ,σ n coefficients are obtained from tables given in appendix
	Log Gumble	q			1 (		p	)		e		e		y	y		a	-(logx	logx 0	)	,	a		s 	x n	,	x 0		x log 	y	n	n lo g s 	x
																							y n ,σ n coefficients are obtained from tables given in appendix
	Pearson Type III		x		x		Ks
																	x
	Log-Pearson Type III (Gamma)	log	x		_____ x log 	Ks	log	x


Aikaterini Tsaroucha

Morphological Decomposition in Primary Progressive Aphasia: Evidence from Greek

 [START_REF] Tsapkini | Morphological decomposition in Broca's aphasia[END_REF][START_REF] Wilson | Inflectional morphology in primary progressive aphasia: an elicited production study[END_REF][START_REF] Auclair-Ouellet | Production of morphologically derived words in the semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia: Preserved decomposition and composition but impaired validation[END_REF]. The main focus of those studies has been to comprehend the role of morphological decomposition in lexical access (Tsapkini, Jarema, & DiSciullo, 2004) and representation in the mental lexicon of people. This aim extended over the years to conditions such as Broca's aphasia [START_REF] Peristeri | A comparison of the BAT and BDAE-SF batteries in determining the linguistic ability in Greek-speaking patients with Broca's aphasia[END_REF] and Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA). Research on the latter is, however, scarce and for that reason, the present study investigates morphological decomposition in Greek-speaking patients with non-fluent/agrammatic PPA.

Methods

Participants

Ten Greek-speaking patients with non-fluent variant PPA participated in the study (mean age: 63;4 yrs., Standard Deviation (SD): 6.2), along with 11 age-and education-matched language unimpaired controls.

Task

The patients were administered a Lexical Decision Task that included high-and low-frequency prefixed (e.g. triPREFIX-klinoSTEM / 'three-bed room') and simple words. Both reaction times and accuracy were recorded through E-prime.

Results

RTs analyses indicate a slower performance of the PPA group, verified by a Crawford Singlims test, with higher RTs for both groups for the prefixed words. A repeated measures ANOVA with group as the between-subjects factor indicated a morphological deficit for the PPA participants (p= .001). A second ANOVA with the data split by groups verified the deficit for the PPA group and presented a high significance of both factors, namely word type (p= .000) and frequency (p= .000), as well as word type by frequency (p= .000), for the control group leading to a Paired sample T-test. Its results showed high significance of word frequency (HF, p= .006, LF, p= .001) for the PPA group and high significance both of frequency (p= .000) and word type by frequency (p= .000) for the control group. Overall, the PPA group indicated a morphological deficit in word recognition as an effect of word frequency.

Discussion

The present study's results indicate an overall normal performance for the control group, while the PPA participants present with an expected slower performance both on prefixed words in general and in simple words of lower frequency.

The recognition latencies can be accounted for by means of a left-to-right parsing orientation theory [START_REF] Colé | On the representation and processing of prefixed and suffixed derived words: A differential frequency effect[END_REF]) that supports whole-word lexical representation and access in the mental lexicon. It also claims that morphological information plays no important role, but rather it is the full-form surface frequency that provides access to the complex word. This theory contrasts [START_REF] Taft | Lexical storage and retrieval of prefixed words[END_REF] affix stripping model of morphological decomposition. It also presents contrasting claims to [START_REF] Tsapkini | Morphological decomposition in Broca's aphasia[END_REF] and [START_REF] Laudanna | Prefixes as processing units[END_REF], in that it supports recognition latencies of prefixed words as a consequence of their surface frequency, while the before-mentioned studies present results in favour of quicker recognition of prefixed words due to their full-form access. A more practical account of why prefixed HF items that are considered to require lower RTs for their recognition present such high RTs for the PPA group in the present study, is the one provided by [START_REF] Schriefers | The identification of morphologically complex spoken words: Continuous processing or decomposition?[END_REF] and by Tsapkini, Jarema, and DiSciullo (2004) that support a priority of importance for affixal over stem properties. More specifically, [START_REF] Schriefers | The identification of morphologically complex spoken words: Continuous processing or decomposition?[END_REF] postulate that although complex words are processed in a left-to-right orientation, it seems that they are identified with respect to the specific properties assigned to their constituent elements. Tsapkini, Jarema, and DiSciullo (2004) delve further in the particular properties of affixes and present the configurational asymmetry of prefixes, namely whether they are internal or external to the verb, as the main influencing factor for either the full-form accessing or the decomposition of prefixed words. Thus, configurational asymmetry is reflected on RTs and is an influencing factor for lexical access.

This finding could account for the recognition latencies presented by the Greek-speaking nfvPPA patients, however further research would be required in order to differentiate between externally and internally prefixed stimuli employed in the study. Moreover, further research is required as regards the mean accuracy levels of the PPA participants in order to specify whether there are particular items that account for the recognition latencies of this group.

Jaargang 23, Supplement 1, september 2018 Stem-, Spraak-en Taalpathologie 19th International Science of Aphasia Conference -Venice Wednesday, September 19, 2018

	Introduction
	Morphological structure has been extensively studied in research on word recognition across many
	languages
	09.15 Invited talks 1
	13.30 Contributed Papers I	1
	15.30 Poster Session I	19
	Thursday, September 20, 2018
	09.00 Invited talks 2
	11.30 Poster Session II	58
	Friday, September 21, 2018
	09.00 Invited talks 3
	14.00 Contributed Papers II	95
	16.00 Poster Session III	117
	Saturday, September 22, 2018
	09.30 Invited talks
	11.00 Workshops

Table 1. Reaction times (RTs) per condition per group.


Yaya Doumbia
email: yaya.doumbia@centralesupelec.fr

Delphine Wolfersberger

Krassimir Panajotov

Marc Sciamanna

Nonlinear Polarization Dynamics of VCSEL with Frequency Comb Injection

We propose a new approach of broad frequency comb generation by exploiting the polarization dynamics in a VCSEL induced by parallel frequency comb injection. Polarization mode competition leads to two tunable combs with orthogonal polarization.

Introduction

Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) have attracted significant attention due to their advantage of compactness, low cost, and low energy consumption and opens the possibility of mass production. VCSELs can show interesting polarization dynamics under optical injection [START_REF] Sciamanna | Route to polarization switching induced by optical injection in verticalcavity surface-emitting lasers[END_REF]. It has been recently demonstrated that VCSEL can show complex polarization dynamics even in free running [START_REF] Virte | Deterministic polarization chaos from a laser diode[END_REF]. Recent experimental and theoretical analysis of polarization dynamics of VCSEL demonstrated the possibility of generation of two polarization comb under gain switching [START_REF] Quirce | Vcsel-based optical frequency combs expansion induced by polarized optical injection[END_REF]. The quality of these combs obtained by gain switching depends strongly on the modulation frequency. The polarization combs properties have been found to improve with optical injection into the comb. The opposite situation in which a single-mode VCSEL is injected with an OFC has not been addressed so far. Recently, Optical frequency comb (OFC) injection in a diode laser has attracted significant attention [START_REF] Doumbia | Nonlinear dynamics of a laser diode with an injection of an optical frequency comb[END_REF][START_REF] Doumbia | Optical injection dynamics of frequency combs[END_REF].

In this work, we analyze the polarization dynamics of a VCSEL subject to a narrow OFC injection. More specifically, we exploit the polarization dynamics of a VCSEL to generate a broad OFC with one or two polarization. Figure 1 (a) shows the setup for an OFC injection. The tunable laser output is amplified with an amplifier (EDFA). Electric signal modulation is generated by an Arbitrary Waveform Generator (AWG) and sent to the RF port of a Mach-Zehnder Modulator (MZM). An optical comb with 3 optical frequency lines is generated in the output of the MZM ( see Fig. 1 (c)). The comb's optical power is controlled using a variable optical attenuator (VOA). The injected laser is a single-mode VCSEL with the dominant (X-PM) and depressed (Y-PM) polarization mode, respectively ( see Fig. 1 (b)). The optical injection is performed through a fiber circulator. The injected laser dynamics are analyzed with a BOSA. A Polarized beam splitter (PBS) is used to separately observe the dynamics of each polarization mode. The polarization controllers (PC) allows to align the laser polarization with the MZM, the VCSEL polarization with the axis of a (PBS), and to control the polarization of the injected light.

Experimental setup

Results

Figure 2 (a) and (b) shows the optical spectra when the polarization of the injected OFC is turned to be parallel to that of the VCSEL. When varying the detuning for fixed injected power P in j , the VCSEL output shows a timeperiodic dynamics corresponding to an OFC with the same comb spacing as the injected comb in X-polarization mode (X-PM) (Fig. 2 (a)). When we keep varying the detuning, the VCSEL bifurcates to more complex dynamics in both polarization modes accompanied by an overall OFC generation as shown in Fig. 2 (b). We checked that (c) OFC performance analysis for fixed ∆ν = -0.9 GHz.

this OFC is formed by two micro-OFC with orthogonal polarization modes. Figure 2 (c) analyzes the performance of the combs when varying the injected power for fixed detuning ∆ν = -0.9 GHz. We qualify the comb quality by the number of lines (bandwidth) and Carrier to Noise Ratio (CNR). The CNR is the difference between the maximum amplitude in the optical spectrum and the noise level in dB. When increasing P in j , the number of lines increases to achieve a maximum of around P in j = 400 µW while the CNR decreases. When varying the injection parameters, our data shows the possibility to control the comb spacing through harmonic OFC generation. Harmonic OFCs with repetition rates of hundreds of MHz can be indeed demonstrated. Figure 2 (c) shows also that the best CNR is found for low P in j . We also check that the performance of the OFC dynamics improves with the bias current.

Numerical simulations are performed to analyze the impact of birefringence of the VCSEL on the two polarization OFC dynamics. Interestingly, we found that the resulting number of lines increases with the birefringence. Our theoretical results also predict that the comb lines of each polarization mode are phase-locked.

Conclusion

We have shown that injection of an OFC into a VCSEL induces interesting polarization dynamics leading to very wideband OFCs. Optimization of the injection parameters allows achieving a resulting comb bandwidth up to 13 times that of the injected comb and a Carrier to Noise Ratio (CNR) up to 60 dB. These results can be used for polarization division multiplexing for optical data communications and dual-comb spectroscopy.

Funding Chaire Photonique: Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation; Région Grand Est; Département Moselle; European Regional Development Fund (ERDF); Metz Metropole; Airbus GDI Simulation; Fondation CentraleSupélec; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO) (G0E5819N).

Fig. 1 .

 1 Fig. 1. (a) set up for OFC injection into a VCSEL. TL: Tunable Laser, EDFA: amplifier, PC: Polarization Controller, AWG: Arbitrary Waveform Generator, MZM: Mach-Zehnder Modulator, VOA: Variable Optical Attenuator, BOSA: Brillouin Optical Spectrum Analyser.Figure 1 (b) and (c) shows the optical spectra of the free-running VCSEL and the injected comb, respectively.

Fig. 2 .

 2 Fig. 2. (a), (b) optical spectra of VCSEL output for fixed comb spacing to Ω = 4 GHz. (a) and (b) are obtained for P in j = 432.8 µW and detuning ∆ν = -2.6 GHz and ∆ν = -5.4 GHz, respectively.(c) OFC performance analysis for fixed ∆ν = -0.9 GHz.


Marine Schmitt
email: marine.schmitt@atilf.fr

Mathieu Constant
email: mathieu.constant@univ-lorraine.fr

Neural Lemmatization of Multiword Expressions

This article focuses on the lemmatization of multiword expressions (MWEs). We propose a deep encoder-decoder architecture generating for every MWE word its corresponding part in the lemma, based on the internal context of the MWE. The encoder relies on recurrent networks based on (1) the character sequence of the individual words to capture their morphological properties, and (2) the word sequence of the MWE to capture lexical and syntactic properties. The decoder in charge of generating the corresponding part of the lemma for each word of the MWE is based on a classical character-level attention-based recurrent model. Our model is evaluated for Italian, French, Polish and Portuguese and shows good performances except for Polish.

Introduction

Lemmatization consists in finding the canonical form of an inflected form occurring in a text. Usually, the lemma is the base form that can be found in a dictionary. In this paper, we are interested in the lemmatization of multiword expressions (MWEs), that has received little attention in the past. MWEs consist of combinations of several words that show some idiosyncrasy [START_REF] Gross | Lexicon grammar. the representation of compound words[END_REF][START_REF] Sag | Multiword Expressions: A Pain in the Neck for NLP[END_REF][START_REF] Baldwin | Multiword Expressions[END_REF][START_REF] Constant | Multiword expression processing: A survey[END_REF]. They display the linguistic properties of a lexical unit and are present in lexicons as simple words are. For instance, such a task may be of interest for the identification of concepts and entities in morphologically-rich languages. 1The main difficulty of the task resides in the variable morphological, lexical and syntactic properties of MWEs leading to many dif-ferent lemmatization rules on top of simpleword lemmatization knowledge, as illustrated by the 27 hand-crafted rules used by the rule-based multiword lemmatizer for Polish described in [START_REF] Marcińczuk | Lemmatization of multiword common noun phrases and named entities in polish[END_REF]. For example, in French, the nominal MWE cartes bleues (cards.noun.fem.pl blue.noun.fem.pl), meaning credit cards, is lemmatized in carte bleue (car.noun.fem.sg blue.adj.fem.sg) where the adjective bleue (blue) agrees in person (sg) and gender (fem) with the noun carte (card). A singleword lemmatization would not preserve the gender agreement in this example: the feminine adjective bleues would be lemmatized in the masculine bleu.

In this paper, we propose a deep encoderdecoder architecture generating for every MWE word its corresponding part in the lemma, based on the internal context of the MWE. The encoder relies on recurrent networks based on (1) the character sequence of the individual words to capture their morphological properties, and (2) the word sequence of the MWE to capture lexical and syntactic properties. The decoder in charge of generating the corresponding part of the lemma for each word of the MWE is based on a classical characterlevel attention-based recurrent model. One research question is whether the system is able to encode the complex linguistic properties in order to generate an accurate MWE lemma. As a preliminary stage, we evaluated our architecture in five suffix-based inflectional languages with a special focus on French and Polish.

Contrary to the lemmatization of simple words [START_REF] Bergmanis | Context sensitive neural lemmatization with lematus[END_REF], our task is not a disambiguation task2 , as for a given MWE form, there is one possible lemma in all cases but some very rare exceptions. This means that the lemma of a known MWE is simply its associated lemma in the training data. The interest of a neural system is thus limited to the case of unknown MWEs. One research question is whether the system is able to generalize well on unknown MWEs.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to implement a language-independent MWE lemmatizer based entirely on neural networks. Previous work used rule-based methods and/or statistical classification methods [START_REF] Piskorski | Lemmatization of Polish Person Names[END_REF][START_REF] Radziszewski | Learning to lemmatise polish noun phrases[END_REF][START_REF] Stankovic | Rulebased automatic multi-word term extraction and lemmatization[END_REF][START_REF] Marcińczuk | Lemmatization of multiword common noun phrases and named entities in polish[END_REF].

The article is organized as follows. First, we describe our model and our dataset. Then we display and discuss experimental results, before describing related work.

Model

Our lemmatization model is based on a deep encoder-decoder architecture as shown in Figure 1. The input MWE is a sequence w 1 w 2 ... w n of n words. It is given without any external context as there is no disambiguation to perform (cf. section 1). Every word w k is decomposed in a sequence w k1 w k2 ... w kn k of n k characters that is passed to a Gated Recurrent Unit3 (GRU) that out-puts a character-based word embedding C(w k ), which corresponds to the output of the last GRU cell. The whole MWE sequence C(w 1 ) C(w 2 ) ... C(w n ) is then passed to a GRU4 in order to capture the internal context of the MWE. For every word w k , a decoder generates its corresponding part l k = l k1 l k2 ...l kp k in the MWE lemma l. It is based on a character-based conditional GRU augmented with an attention mechanism [START_REF] Bahdanau | Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate[END_REF]. Every w k is encoded as a vector which is the concatenation of the following features: its context-free character-based embedding C(w k ), its left context5 h k-1 in the MWE (h k-1 being the output of the GRU at time stamp k -1), a tag T AG k , its position k and the MWE length n. T AG k is the embedding of the predicted POS tag of w k , sometimes concatenated with the embedding of the gold MWE POS tag.

Our model has some limitations. First, the input form and the produced base form must have the same number of words. Secondly, the sequential nature of the model and the one-to-one correspondance are not very adequate to model lemmatization modifying the word order. For instance, the lemmatization of the verbal expression decision [was] made in the passive form involves word [START_REF] Ramisch | Edition 1.1 of the parseme shared task on automatic identification of verbal multiword expressions[END_REF][START_REF] Candito | Annotation d'expressions polylexicales verbales en franc ¸ais[END_REF][START_REF] Pasquer | If you've seen some, you've seen them all: Identifying variants of multiword expressions[END_REF] , 2009). We constructed our dataset by applying some automatic preprocessing to resolve tokenization and lemma discrepancies between the different sources, and to filter MWEs whose number of words is not equal to the number of words of the lemma, since our approach is based on a word-to-word process (1.6% of the MWEs are thus taken off in French). For tokenbased datasets, we used the official splits used in [START_REF] Ramisch | Edition 1.1 of the parseme shared task on automatic identification of verbal multiword expressions[END_REF] and [START_REF] Seddah | Overview of the SPMRL 2013 shared task: A cross-framework evaluation of parsing morphologically rich languages[END_REF] for French, and in [START_REF] Marcińczuk | Lemmatization of multiword common noun phrases and named entities in polish[END_REF] for Polish. For dictionary-based resources, we applied a random split by taking care of keeping all entries with the same lemma in the same split.

For every language, we constructed a unique7 training set composed of the different train parts of the different resources used. We also augmented our training sets with gold pairs (simple-word form, simple-word lemma) to account for simpleword lemmatization knowledge in the MWE lemmatization process. This information comes from the same sources as MWEs.

Experiments

Experimental setup. We manually tuned the hyperparameters of our system on the dev sections.

Our final results on test sections were obtained using the best hyperparameter setting for the dev sections (hidden layer size: 192, character embedding size: 32, tag embedding size: 8, learning rate: 0.005, dropout: 0.25). We used UDPipe [START_REF] Straka | Tokenizing, pos tagging, lemmatizing and parsing ud 2.0 with udpipe[END_REF] to predict word POS tags for all languages. We also included predicted morphological features for Polish.

Evaluation metrics. We evaluated our system by using two metrics: MWE-based accuracy and word-based accuracy. MWE-based accuracy, also used for tuning, accounts for the proportion of MWEs that have been correctly lemmatized. Word-based accuracy indicates the total proportion of words that have been given the correct corresponding lemma part.

Results. Table 2 displays our final results on the dev and test sets of our five languages. First, it shows that our system generalizes well on unknown MWEs (columns unk.). For type-based data, scores on unknown MWEs are comparable or slightly better than for all MWEs. For token-based data, the MWE-based accuracy loss is reasonable, ranging from almost 0 point for French verbal expressions (ST data) to 13 points for Polish MWEs.

Our system shows good performances on French. On similar languages (BR, IT, PT), results are lower, but rather good given the limited size of the training sets. The system shows disappointing results for Polish, especially for the dictionary. On the token-based dataset, results are very far from the ones obtained by the rule-based system of [START_REF] Marcińczuk | Lemmatization of multiword common noun phrases and named entities in polish[END_REF] which displays around 98% accuracy using 27 rules and dictionary information. Polish being a morphologically-rich language, the encoding of morphological constraints would deserve more investigations. The system also shows lower scores for verbal expressions in French, which show much morphological and syntactic variation.

We also evaluated our system to lemmatize simple words, as it would have been convenient to have a single system processing the lemmatization on both simple words and MWEs. However, it did not show satisfying results: we obtained a score of 73% on the FTB corpus, against 99% when the system is trained on simple words only.

Discussion

Ablation study. In order to evaluate the impact of the different components of our neural architecture, we performed an ablation study on French, by removing (1) the GRU component on the word sequence, (2) the word POS tags, (3) word position and MWE length information, (4) simpleword examples from train set. Table 3 displays the results on the dev section of the French data excluding the ST data. The GRU component appears crucial to capture morphosyntactic constraints (8-10 point gain). The use of simple-word lemmatization knowledge has also a significant impact (7-8 point gain). Word POS tags are mainly beneficial for the dictionary evaluation (4-point gain). We also evaluated the impact of adding the gold MWE POS, which are mainly beneficial in a dictionary evaluation setting (4-point gain). Comparison with baselines. We compared our system with two baselines, both using UDPipe [START_REF] Straka | Tokenizing, pos tagging, lemmatizing and parsing ud 2.0 with udpipe[END_REF]. The first one consists in training UDPipe in a special way. More precisely, it is trained on sequences of simple words of the train corpora, plus on the MWE word sequences of the training data set. In order to give cues about the MWE internal structure to UDPipe, we provide MWE words with IOB-like tags indicating their relative positions in the MWE, in addition to their POS-tags/MWEtag, in the train set. For instance, the French MWE cartes bleues (lit. cards blue, tr. credit cards) would be annotated in the following way (with POS-tags): cartes/carte/B-NOUN bleues/bleue/I-ADJ.

The second one simply consists in lemmatizing each word of the MWE separately, with UDPipe already trained with the basic UD model. The output MWE lemma is the concatenation of the predicted lemmas of all MWE words. Table 3 shows that this baseline is not competitive with respect to the UDPipe adaptation baseline. Table 4 compares the performances of our system with the best baseline on dev datasets 8 for French and Polish. The baseline consistently shows lower scores for Polish and French. The best baseline ranges from 0.4-to-2.5-point loss for French and more than 10-point loss for Polish. Results by MWE subclasses. Table 5 compares results for different lemmatization cases for French and Polish on dev data: the MWE lemma corresponds to (1) the MWE form, (2) the concatenation of the word lemmas, (3) other cases. In French, our system performs rather well on the second case. In Polish, system performs better on the first case. It is worth noticing that our system performs very well on MWEs that belong to both cases (1) and (2), especially for French. There is a significant gap in performances with the other cases for both languages. Note that the proportion of MWEs belonging to the other cases is much greater in Polish than in French. This might partially explains why the system performs so poorly on Polish data.

Related work

Lemmatization of simple words has already received much attention. Recently, researchers pro-8 Results on test sets show the same trend.

posed approaches based on statistical classification, like predicting edit tree operations transforming word forms into lemmata [START_REF] Dinu | Learning morphology with morfette[END_REF][START_REF] Müller | Joint lemmatization and morphological tagging with lemming[END_REF] or predicting lemmatization rules consisting in removing and then adding suffixes and prefixes [START_REF] Straka | Tokenizing, pos tagging, lemmatizing and parsing ud 2.0 with udpipe[END_REF]. Using the deep learning paradigm, [START_REF] Schnober | Still not there? comparing traditional sequence-to-sequence models to encoderdecoder neural networks on monotone string translation tasks[END_REF] and [START_REF] Bergmanis | Context sensitive neural lemmatization with lematus[END_REF] proposed attentionbased encoder-decoder lemmatization.

Regarding multiword lemmatization, [START_REF] Oflazer | Tagging and morphological disambiguation of turkish text[END_REF] and [START_REF] Oflazer | Integrating morphology with multi-word expression processing in turkish[END_REF] historically proposed to perform finite-state rulebased morphology analysis. More recently, the task was mainly investigated for highly inflectional languages like Slavic ones. Research focused mainly on approaches based on heuristics [START_REF] Stankovic | Rulebased automatic multi-word term extraction and lemmatization[END_REF][START_REF] Marcińczuk | Lemmatization of multiword common noun phrases and named entities in polish[END_REF], string distance metrics [START_REF] Piskorski | Lemmatization of Polish Person Names[END_REF] and tagging [START_REF] Radziszewski | Learning to lemmatise polish noun phrases[END_REF].

Conclusion

In this paper, we presented a novel architecture for MWE lemmatization relying on a word-to-word process based on a deep encoder-decoder neural network. It uses both the morphological information of the individual words and their internal context in the MWE. Evaluations for five languages showed that the proposed system generalizes well on unknown MWEs, though results are disappointing for a language with very rich morphology like Polish and for verbal expressions. This would require further more detailed investigation. Another line of research for future work would consist in integrating transformers in our system and in evaluating it on more languages.

Figure 1 :

 1 Figure 1: Neural architecture. For simplification, we do not show hidden and softmax layers of attention decoder. We use ReLU as activation of the hidden layer. TAG k stands for the embedding of the predicted POS tag of the word w k , possibly concatenated with the embedding of the gold MWE-level POS tag.

Table 1 :

 1 Dataset sources and statistics. The column Nb of = MWEs refers to the number of MWE types (i.e. number of different MWEs). The column Nb of MWE POS refers to the size of the set of MWE-level POS tags reordering, namely make decision. They are divided in train/dev/test splits. Table 1 displays the dataset sources and statistics. French and Polish data are by far the larger datasets and includes both token-and type-based resources. Italian and Portuguese data are smaller and only typebased. They are derived from the freely available dictionaries in the Unitex plateform (Paumier et al.

	Test	491	328	1	333 (67.8%)

Our dataset 6 embodies sets of gold pairs (MWE form, MWE lemma) in five languages namely Brazilian Portuguese (BR), French (FR), Italian (IT), Polish (PL), Portuguese Portuguese (PT). It includes both token-based and type-based data. Token-based data are derived from annotated corpora and are intended to be used to evaluate our approach on a real MWE distribution. Type-based data are derived from different morphosyntactic dictionaries and are intended to be used to evaluate the coverage and robustness of our approach.

Table 4 :

 4 Best result for our system compared to UD-Pipe adaptation baseline for French and Polish dev sets. The table shows MWE-based accuracy.

		Our system Baseline
	FR ftb	95.9	95.5
	FR dict	86.0	83.5
	PL corpus	88.9	70.1
	PL dict	59.5	46.5

Table 5 :

 5 MWE-based accuracy on dev section according to MWE subclasses. * indicates that lemmas were predicted by UDPipe. Otherwise they are gold. Numbers between parentheses indicate the repartition of the MWE subclasses in the tested dataset (in percentage).

Different shared tasks including lemmatization for Slavic languages have been organized recently: PolEval

shared task on lemmatization of proper names and multi-word phrases, BSNLP 2019 shared task on multilingual named entity recognition including lemmatization.

Note that MWE lemmatization requires, as previous step, MWE identification which involves disambiguation.

Preliminary experiments showed that bidirectional GRUs display lower results than left-to-right GRUs, which might be explained by the fact that we deal with suffix-based inflectional languages.

Preliminary experiments showed that using bidirectional GRUs has no positive effect.

The use of contextualized embedding h k of the current word instead of h k-1 has shown slightly lower results.

Datasets and code can be found at the following url: https://git.atilf.fr/parseme-fr/ deep-lexical-analysis. Note that the French Treebank data are distributed upon request because of license specificities.

For French, ST data train set was separated from the rest.

Acknowledgment

This work has been partly funded by the French Agence Nationale pour la Recherche, through the PARSEME-FR project (ANR-14-CERA-0001). It was also supported by the French PIA project Lorraine Université d'Excellence, reference ANR-15-IDEX-04-LUE, via the Lex4Know project. Authors are grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments. Authors would also like to thank Caroline Pasquer for her dataset of normalized French verbal expressions.


HAL is a

Temporal Knowledge Representation and Exploitation for the Henri Poincaré (1854-1912) Correspondence Corpus A historical corpus Examples of facts that require a temporal extent Example of graph with inferred relations A model based on n-ary representations [START_REF] Noy | Defining n-ary relations on the semantic web[END_REF] OWL-Time ontology and reasoning process OWL-Time provides specific predicates to support, or to make explicit the results of, reasoning over the order or sequence of temporal entities [START_REF] Hobbs | Time Ontology in OWL[END_REF].

A system based on custom inference rules has been set up to automatically enrich the corpus knowledge base.

This work is supported partly by the French PIA project ``Lorraine Université d'Excellence'', reference ANR-15-IDEX-04-LUE.


published or not. The documents may come   L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire

We live immersed in a digital ecosystem where different types of media and languages converge. In today's cultural industry, media stories are told through different platforms and languages to achieve greater audience immersion. Many stories that would be defined as Interactive Digital Narratives [START_REF] Roth | Towards Creating a Body of Evidence-based Interactive Digital Narrative Design Knowledge: Approaches and Challenges[END_REF] such as video games or interactive documentaries can be helped by other stories/platforms/languages to expand and achieve a deeper media experience and also for representing complexity in a broader way. Following the contributions to the field of different researchers on transmedia narratives [START_REF] Jenkins | Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide[END_REF][START_REF] Scolari | Transmedia storytelling: Implicit consumers, narrative worlds, and branding in contemporary media production[END_REF][START_REF] Grandío | Transmedia audiences and television fiction: A comparative approach between skins (UK) and El Barco (Spain)[END_REF] and applying them into to the SPP model [START_REF] Koenitz | Towards a Specific Theory of Interactive Digital Narrative[END_REF], the so called here Transmedia Storytelling Model as Context for an IND could be exemplified as follows: Following [START_REF] Koenitz | Towards a Specific Theory of Interactive Digital Narrative[END_REF], we could understand the transmedia universe as a complex narrative system designed by a creator. This universe has interaction among its different parts and narratives (intertextuality) and it also based on internal interaction (levels of audience involvement with each platform, accessibility, participation and engagement) through a process with could also called instantiation since it is leaded by the user. Besides, together with the creator's official narratives, we can often also find user generated content since the audience could also be involved in a participatory culture of creation, one of the highest level of engagement with story. One IDN story (for instance, an interactive documentary) could be designed as a "central story" (the mother of primary narrative) and the rest of "derived narrative" of the story is designed from the central story to other platforms. The beginning of the creation it is also the result: a macro-narrative, a mega-text with a coherent unity among all their pieces, which offers a multifaceted experience to the audience. SYSTEM (Protostory-Storyword. Authorship) PROCESS (Instantiation. Userly performance)

PRODUCT (Transmedia experience) Transmedia narrative understood as context might enhance and double the expressive capacity of IDN, and therefore offers greater possibilities of communicating complexity through a deeper experience. I would like to underline here the key role of the so called product: a transmedia experience. Audiences delve into this multi-content, turning into "transmedial consumers" [START_REF] Scolari | Transmedia storytelling: Implicit consumers, narrative worlds, and branding in contemporary media production[END_REF], who are more involved than those others whom we can call "unimodal consumers". The product is now understood not just a recorded output [START_REF] Koenitz | Towards a Specific Theory of Interactive Digital Narrative[END_REF] or a story (Knoller, 2020) but a transmedia experience, which might present greater psychical and cognitive implications.

Key aspects for further debate:

 The importance of transmedia strategies within IDN narratives  Moving from stories to experiences. The importance of the creation of experiences to communicate complexity (cognitive and emotional level both included).  Freedom of User Creation. Space for Fan participation and Creation as a higher level of engagement.

  Working Paper. Presented at the first meeting of Task Force 3: Collecting Models and Mechanisms of IDS&N for Complexity. Part of COST Action INDCOR (Interactive Narrative Design for Complexity Representations)

Figure 1 :

 1 Figure 1: Transmedia Storytelling Model as Context for IDN. Own elaboration.

Figure 2 :

 2 Figure 2: SPP model, adapted from Koenitz (2015) and Knoller (2020)


John R Dolan
email: dolan@obs--vlfr.fr

): artist of the microscopic, naturalist, and populiser of microscopy

Keywords: scientific illustration, microscopy, 19th Century biology, popular science, lunacy

Tuffen West is known today as a British engraver and lithographer, active in the last half of the 19th century, who produced illustrations of the microscopic for the scientific and popular press. However, in his time, he was also recognized as a naturalist. He was 'FLS', an elected Fellow of the Linnean Society of London, also 'FRMS', an elected member of the Royal Microscopical Society, and authored many articles in scientific and popular journals. Tuffen West was then much more than a 'microscopic artist' as he described himself. In this appreciation of Tuffen West, his troubled life is reviewed, his considerable contributions as

the Advancement of Science, and was of some importance in the Association [START_REF] Morrell | Gentlemen of Science: Early Years of the British Association for the Advancement of Science[END_REF]. He was later elected to the Royal Society (Cheetham & Reynolds 1889). Tuffen West was educated at the Quaker School of York, now known as Bootham School. He is said to have been an avid naturalist, a collector of plants and skeletons, already as a schoolboy. His father chose a medical career for him. At age 15 he was an apprentice surgeon with Henry Brady. However he appears to have retained his interest in natural history. At age 19 he won a 3£ prize, a considerable sum for the time, for his essay "The comparative anatomy of birds" (Anon 1842). His path to a medical career altered abruptly towards the end of his apprenticeship in 1845. In his father's chemistry laboratory, an experiment went awry with an explosion that resulted in a permanent hearing loss, rendering Tuffen West near completely deaf. Subsequently, he turned to drawing and microscopy. Tuffen West's first signed illustrations that I found were lithographs and appeared in 1848. He may have learned lithography from his younger brother William West who was a lithographer and printer in London. Tuffen West clearly had an early interest in microscopy. In an 1860 article for Recreative Science entitled "What is a diatom?", he stated that as a young man in 1850 he spent several weeks in Cork, invited by "the Professor of Natural History in the new Queen's College" (apparently William Hincks), to do illustrations of diatoms, microscope algae, using slides that had been prepared for him (West 1860a). From West's text it was his first exposure to diatoms, and he would later become an expert on them. Although we do not know when he first started using a microscope, in 1852 he was elected to the Microscopical Society of London (from 1866 the Royal Microscopical Society). His illustrations of subjects both microscopic and others, began to be published abundantly and regularly from 1853 (see Figure 1 and the following section for details). In 1854 he married Mary Hannah Davis and their son Frederick was born in 1857. Unfortunately, he was left a widower with a young child in 1860. However, the same year he was elected to the Linnean Society. His nomination letter described him as "a gentleman much attached to the study of natural history... and likely to prove a valuable member." It was signed by four very renowned Linnean Fellows: George Busk, William B. Carpenter, John J. Bennett, and Thomas Bell. While no doubt, "much attached to the study of natural history", in the 1861 census record Tuffen West described himself as an artisan, an "engraver and draftsman". His illustrations nearly ceased appearing in 1863 and did not begin to appear again in large numbers again until 1865 (Fig. 1). This period of apparent professional inactivity corresponds to extended stays in mental institutions as indicated by records of the UK Lunacy Patients Admission Registers. Between December 1862 and May 1864, he was hospitalized 3 times for a total of nearly 20 months, ending at the York Retreat, a Quaker hospital for the mentally ill known for its especially humane treatment of patients. Exactly what condition he suffered from is unknown, but the periodic stays suggest the possibility of a bi--polar disorder. During all his stays he was listed as a paying patient. His production of plates for books and journal resumed by 1866 and in 1868 he married Emma Margaret Newland. However, he continued to suffer mental health problems as he returned to the York Retreat in November of 1870 for an 8--month stay. [START_REF] Smith | A synopsis of the British Diatomaceae : with remarks on their structure, functions and distribution; and instructions for collecting and preserving specimens[END_REF][START_REF] Smith | A synopsis of the British Diatomaceae: with remarks on their structure, functions and distribution; and instructions for collecting and preserving specimens[END_REF], 67 plates of drawings 'from nature' (e.g. Fig. 3). The project occupied him for 5 years [START_REF] Anon | The lateAnon. 1891. The late Mr. Tuffen West[END_REF]. In quantitative terms, Tuffen West produced at least 528 plates for journals, significantly more than the number of plates printed in books, 410. Many of his plates were signed "ad nat." (after nature) indicating the illustrations were based on his own drawings of the subjects shown. The numbers of plates should be considered minimal estimates as only signed plates were included, or those attributed to West by the author, generally in a preface (e.g. Owen in his "On the Archetype and Homologies of the Vertebrate Skeleton) or in the legend to the plate. It is quite likely that some works were over--looked.

The production of the about 1000 plates over the period from 1853 to 1872 would equate to an average output of around 50 per year, which would not have created a substantial income typical of a married professional (Richard Goddard, of Goddard 2016, pers. comm.). This suggests that he either produced many more drawings and plates than have been identified to date, or that he had another source of income, since he left a substantial estate of £5,000 when he died

E. Lankester

The 'Notice to the Second Edition' clarified the authorship of the first (and now quite rare) 1859 edition that was attributed soley to Tuffen West (Figure 4.) In second and subsequent editions, the authorship is attributed to Edwin Lankester, with illustrations by Tuffen West. All of the editions following the 1860 second edition omitted the 'notice to second edition' given above. Consequently, the fact that the book was written around Tuffen West's 8 plates is not well known. In fact, the editions that appeared after the 1876 edition (up to and including the last one dated 1892) omit West's name from title page as well. It was authored by John G. Wood, one of the best most known populizers of science in the Victorian era [START_REF] Lightman | Communicating knowledge to new audiences: victorian populizers of science[END_REF]. His Common Objects of the Seashore first appeared in 1857 and was followed by Common Objects of the Country in 1858. Common Objects of the Country was one of the best selling titles in the last half of the 19th century [START_REF] Lightman | Communicating knowledge to new audiences: victorian populizers of science[END_REF]. Common Objects of the Microscope was the last of the Common Objects series. The preface reveals that, like Half--Hours with the Microscope, the book was written around Tuffen West's 12 plates as indicated in the last paragraph of the preface to the first edition, which is reproduced below.

Owing to the many claims on my time, I left the selection of the objects to Mr. Tuffen West, who employed the greater part of a year in collecting specimens for the express purpose, and whose well--known fidelity and wide experience are the best guarantees that can be offered to the public. To him I also owe many thanks for his kind revision of the proof--sheets. My thanks are also due to Messrs. G. and H. Brady, who lent many beautiful objects, and to Messrs. Baker, the well--known opticians of Holborn, who liberally placed their whole stock of slides and instruments at my disposal. Not only was Tuffen West the illustrator of the book, he was responsible for the choice of objects and specimens to be shown. Thus, the text was written around his plates, as it was in Half--Hours at the Microscope, and he also corrected the proofs of the book. Considering his contributions, Tuffen West was given relatively meager credit on the title page, on a par with the printer of the plates (Fig. 5). Nonetheless, the value of his illustrations in selling the book can be seen in the cover of the 1900 one shilling edition, with black and plates, featuring prominently "Illustrated by Tuffen West" (Fig. 5). Interestingly, a third edition, 'revised and re--written by W. J. Ferrier' was published in 1938, and reprinted in 1949, omitting Wood's preface and making no mention of Tuffen West. Thus, in the last editions of both Half--hours with the Microscope and Common Objects of the Microscope, Tuffen West's contributions were omitted entirely. One) and presented papers in meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Most of the articles reported on his observations of microscopic structures and morphology. The articles concerned a wide Tuffen West the Populiser of Microscopy Tuffen West began writing on microscopy and microscopic investigations for the general public in 1860 in a series of charming articles published in Recreative Science (see Table Two). The articles were on diatoms, what they are, how to collect them, how to prepare them for microscopic examination, examining crystals found in plants, and perhaps most prosaically, 'The Wonders of a Stagnant Pool'. Remarkable is that 1860 was period of intense professional activity for West judging by the appearance of both plates bearing his name and articles in the scientific press (see Fig. 1). He only returned to publishing in the popular press after retirement during the 1880's. Tuffen West's articles were a regular and important feature of the publications of the Postal Microscopical Society, founded as an association for the exchange of microscope slides and the observations of it members. According to a notice in the first issue of the Journal of the Postal Microscopical Society, the society's journal was created to bind the together the geographically far--flung members of the society and "A desire was also manifested to utilise in some way the valuable Notes and original Drawings by Mr. Tuffen West, Mr. Hammond, and others, which have hitherto lain buried in disused Note--books ;and to put them into such general circulation, ...." (Allen, 1882). Tuffen West's articles appeared, at first, under the heading "An Hour at the Microscope" in 1882 and then from 1883 to 1893 as "Half an Hour at the Microscope" obviously referencing the book "Half hours with the Microscope". Ironically in 1889, When Tuffen West's articles "Half an Hour at the Microscope" were still appearing regularly, the 16th edition of the book appeared in which West's name is entirely absent. Some two years after his death in 1891, two articles appeared and only in 1896, with the appearance of the last article is the authorship noted as "Half--Hours at the Microscope with the late Mr. Tuffen West". The articles were published in the 1880's and 1890's (see Table Two) but it is not clear when they were written. The first appeared, prefaced with unsigned note given below, presumably written by the editor, Alfred Allen. It states that the material published are the notes Tuffen West wrote concerning the microscope slides he examined while he was President of the Postal Microscopical Society, which was from 1875 to 1879. The note also mentions West's 'long and serious illness', presumably his mental condition, which prevented him from working. As mentioned above in the Biographical Sketch above, he spent a considerable amount of time at the York Retreat between 1879 and 1883.

An Hour at the Microscope, with Mr. The articles in the journals of the Postal Microscopy Society were then apparently from Tuffen West's notebooks. We do not know who chose the texts and illustrations, if they were published in some sort of order, or if any editing was done. Oddly enough, they were not all authored by Tuffen West: one of the articles published in 1866 as a Half Hour at the Microscope by Tuffen West (West 1866c) was signed by his wife, Emma "Sept 1878 E.M. West" with a note from the editor saying that while the text was by Emma West the editor believed the illustration was by Tuffen West. All of the plates accompanying the articles were fairly rough notebook sketches (e.g.

Conclusion

Tuffen West, is acknowledged as a master illustrator of the microscopic. Hopefully shown here is the rarely appreciated fact that he was more than a skilled draftsman. He was a naturalist in his own right. He was a Fellow of the Linnean Society and a Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society. His scientific papers are still cited today. Tuffen West was also a very active popularizer of microscopy. His accomplishments as an illustrator, as a naturalist, and as a populizer of microscopy are all the more remarkable when one considers that his life was riddled with losses. First his hearing loss as young man (1845), then his first wife's death leaving him a widower with a 3 year--old son (1860), his chronic mental health problems (asylum stays totaling 60 months), and the loss of his son who was but 18 years old (1875).

Fig. 3 .

 3 Fig. 3. The frontispiece of the second (1856) volume of Blackwall's Synopsis of British Diatomaceae. Note that inscription in the lower left indicates that Tuffen West drew the illustrations from nature.

Fig. 4

 4 Fig. 4 Half--Hours with the Microscope: The left panel show the title page from the first 1859 edition which lists only Tuffen West (West 1859a). The middle panel is the plate for the chapter "at the pond--side" showing West's choices of microscopic subjects from a pond. The right panel shows the title page from the second, 1860, edition that attributed authorship to Edwin Lankester and the illustrations to West.

Fig. 5

 5 Fig. 5 Common Objects of the Microscope: The left panel show the title page from the first 1861 edition which lists Tuffen West as the illustrator while giving equal prominence to Evan, the printer. The middle panel is the plate for the chapter "at the seashore". The right panel shows the cover of the inexpensive version of the third edition (published in 1900) that mentions 'Illustrated by Tuffen West'. While the cover was colorful, the plates were monochromatic. Tuffen West the Naturalist Tuffen West authored several articles in the scientific press (Table One) and presented papers in meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Most of the articles reported on his observations of microscopic structures and morphology. The articles concerned a wide

  Fig.7. The plate from one of Tuffen West's Half an Hour at the Microscope articles (West 1886a) illustrating a seed, radiolaria and foraminfera and anatomy of an insect. The plates, drawings from a notebook, differed considerably from those he made for scientific publications (e.g., Fig.6).

Fig. 8 .

 8 Fig.8. Tuffen West's 1885 letter to the Linnean Society regretfully asking to resign from the Linnean Society due to his ill health and saying he is no longer able to follow the scientific accounts in the society's journals. It seems possible that by 1886 he was not writing or editing the articles published in the Journal of Microscopy and Natural Science under his name as they continued to be authored as by 'Tuffen West FLS' Image of the letter is published with the permission of the Linnean Society of London.

  Disease" and Dropsy Goodfellow 1861) the English edition (1861) of Schroeder Van Der Kolk's Case of Atrophy of the Left Hemisphere of the Brain and Hutchinson's 1863 Clinical Memoire on Certain Disease's of the Eye and Ear, Consequent on Inherited Syphilis. Tuffen West 's most substantial non--microscopic subject was spiders. He did 17 of the 29 lithographs (for example, Figure2) for Blackwall's classic two-volume monograph A History of the Spiders of GreatBritain and Ireland (1860, 1864). Edwin Lankester displayed some drawings from the first volume at the 1859 meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and asked that contributions of living spiders be sent to Tuffen West by post '"to enable Mr. West to continue his sketches from life"(Anon. 1860). Unfortunately, we do not know if he used any spiders received by post for his illustrations! He also did all 16 of the lithographs for Staveley's British Spiders (1866). Although best known as an illustrator of the microscopic, it is unclear when Tuffen West began illustrating microscopic subjects. The earliest signed illustrations of microscopic subjects I found date from 1853, plates published in both journals (Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, Transactions of Microscopical Society of London) and a book (Smith's Synopsis of British Diatoms, vol. 1). However, according to Arthur Hassall, Tuffen West had begun illustrating microscopic subjects much earlier. Arthur Hassall was an MD and a microscopist concerned with public health. He is probably best known for his books Food and its Adulterations and Microscopic Anatomy of the Human Body both of which appeared in many editions, with slightly different titles, into the late 1800's. In the preface to the 1857 edition of his Food and its Edwin Lankester and George Busk (who would later be the first signatory of West's nomination to the Linnean Society), congratulate themselves for having secured the services of Mr. Tuffen West for the production of lithographic plates and wood cuts for the journal[START_REF] Lankester | Preface[END_REF]. From 1853 to 1871 he produced plates for many major journals: the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, Transactions of the Microscopical Society of London (and its later incarnations as Transactions of the Royal Microscopical Society and the Monthly Microscopical Journal), Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, and the Popular Science Review. One of his major works was producing the illustrations for Smith's Synopsis of British Diatomaceae

	Tuffen West appeared to have ceased all activity as an illustrator in the
	early 1870's as neither journal nor book plates signed by Tuffen West
	appeared after 1872.
	In 1875, the year his son Frederick died, Tuffen West assumed the
	presidency of the Postal Microscopical Society and he served until 1879.
	The Society began in 1873 as a correspondence club for the exchange of
	slides among amateur microscopists and still exists as such today. The
	Society published the Journal of the Postal Microscopical Society in 1882--
	1883 and then the Journal of Microscopy and Natural Science from 1883 to
	1897. Tuffen West published many articles, aimed at non--professional
	microscopists, in the society journals throughout most of the 1880's. The
	articles included unsigned plates showing relatively crude notebook
	sketches. However, as explained in the section "Populiser of Microscopy" it
	is unclear when the articles were written and the drawings made, as well
	as who prepared the drawings for print. In the 1881 census, when he was
	but 58 years of age, he described himself as "microscopic artist, retired".
	Sadly, even this last part of his career was also marred by extended stays in
	the York Retreat. From June 1879 to July 1883 his stays totaled about 31
	months. Tuffen West died in 1891 on the 19th of March at the age of 68. He
	was survived by his wife Emma who died in 1906.
	Tuffen West the Illustrator
	Appropriately, given his early collection of skeletons, the first identified
	published illustrations of Tuffen West (of those I found) were mostly of
	skeletons and appeared in books printed in 1848. He is credited as the
	lithographer by Richard Owen for the plates in his "On the Archetype and
	Homologies of the Vertebrate Skeleton" and signed 3 plates as the
	lithographer in Strickland and Melville's "The Dodo and its Kindred". He
	produced many lithographs for works on anatomy: A Manual of
	Pathological Anatomy Rokitansky 1854), On the Organs of Vision: Their

Physiology and Anatomy

[START_REF] Nunneley | On the Organs of Vision: Their Anatomy and Physiology[END_REF]

, Lectures on the Diseases of the Kidney, generally known as "Bright's Adulterations entitled Adulterations detected, or, Plain instructions for the discovery of frauds in food and medicine

[START_REF] Hassall | Adulterations detected, or, Plain instructions for the discovery of frauds in food and medicine[END_REF]

, Hassall states that Tuffen West, then already well--known for his illustrations of the microscopic, had lived with him in the late 1840's and proudly declared that West's very first microscopic drawings were used in the first edition (1849) of his The Microscopical Anatomy of the Human Body. In the same preface, Hassall credited Tuffen West with producing about one third of the drawings used to create the 225 wood engravings in the 1857 edition of his Food and its Adulterations

[START_REF] Hassall | Adulterations detected, or, Plain instructions for the discovery of frauds in food and medicine[END_REF]

. Unfortunately, none of the illustrations in either of Hassall's books were signed so we've no idea exactly which 1849 or 1857 woodcut illustrations were from drawings of Tuffen West. Hassall later employed Tuffen West as the lithographer for the 27 plates for his "Report on the Microscopical Examination of different waters (principally those used in the Metropolis) during the Cholera--Epidemic of 1845"

[START_REF] Hassall | Report of the microscopical examinations of different waters (principally those used in the metropolis) during the cholera-epidemic of 1845[END_REF]

. Tuffen West's fame as an illustrator of the microscopic can be dated to at least a few years earlier than Hassall's declarations. In 1853, in the preface of the newly established Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science (now named the Journal of Cell Science), the editors,

  (Baker et al. 2014). While Tuffen West produced hundreds of plates, he is probably best known today for the handful of plates he did for two very popular books: Half Hours with the Microscope, first published in 1859 and Common Objects of the Microscope first published in 1861. However, he was much more than a simple illustrator for both books. The stories of the genesis of these works show that Tuffen West's illustrations provided their basis.

	The story of the first book, Half Hours at the Microscope, appeared only in
	Edwin Lankester's preface to the second, 1860 edition. It is reproduced in
	its entirety below.
	NOTICE TO SECOND EDITION.
	The design of this work is due to Mr. Hardwicke, who requested me
	to write the text, applying, at the same time, to Mr. Tuffen West to
	give him a series of illustrations. My time being so much occupied,
	I recommended Mr. Hardwicke to apply to a gentleman highly
	competent to execute the task. After some time, this gentleman
	was obliged, on account of other engagements, to relinquish it,
	and I then undertook to write an accompanying text to Mr. West's
	excellent plates. The work has been very favourably received by
	the public. I have only now consented to acknowledge my share in
	it, at the earnest request of the publisher, as I feel its chief merit is
	due to Mr. West's successful illustrations. In this edition I have
	corrected some trifling errors, and added some fresh matter,
	chiefly at the suggestion of Mr. West, Mr. Joshua Alder and other
	friends.

  West on the numerous slides which passed through his hands whilst President of the Society. They will serve to show, in his own words, his general method of dealing with a box of slides, his arrangement of their contents, his kindly criticisms, his genial and instructive comments upon each object passed in review before him, as well as the vast stores of information which he had ever at command on every subject connected with the Microscope. The long and serious illness that has for the present laid him entirely aside from all work, and deprived the Society of his valuable help, is an event deeply to be lamented, not by this Society alone, but by all who are interested in Microscopic pursuits.

Tuffen West, F.L.S., F.RM.S., etc.

UNDER this heading it is proposed to give, in successive numbers of the Journal, selections from the full and varied Notes written by Mr.

Acknowledgements

Richard Goddard provided valuable information concerning the

range of subjects: plants, insects, spiders and microscopic algae. Naturally, the illustrations accompanying the articles were masterful (e.g., Fig. 6). While some articles were apparently never cited, some continue to be cited as recently as in 2020 and 2021. For example "Remarks on some Diatomaceae, new or imperfectly described, and a new Desmid" is cited in [START_REF] Stonik | Attheya (Bacillariophyta) from the northwestern Sea of Japan: a description of two subgenera based on molecular and morphological data[END_REF] and by Kaczmarska & Ehrman (2021); "The foot of the fly; its structure and action: elucidated by comparison with the feet of other insects, etc. " is cited in [START_REF] Kimura | Framework with cytoskeletal actin filaments forming insect footpad hairs inspires biomimetic adhesive device design[END_REF]. Thus, it is difficult to ignore his work as a naturalist as it is still referenced today. To Tuffen West, his work as a naturalist was of great importance to himself. The anonymous memorium of 1891 states that of all of his work, the one West most proud of was his article "The Foot of the Fly....". On certain appendages to the feet of insects subservient to holding or climbing

JPLSZ West 1862a

The foot of the fly; its structure and action: elucidated by comparison with the feet of other insects, etc.

West 1893a

Half an hour at the microscope: Callithamnion roseum

West 1893b

Half an hour at the microscope: Arborescent crystallised silver West 1896 compensation of lithographers in the mid 19th century and commented on a previous version of the manuscript. The comments of an anonymous reviewer and the Editor led to significant improvements in the manuscript. Nonetheless, I retain full credit for any errors of fact or interpretation. Andrea Deneau, of the Linnean Society of London, kindly made the arrangements to provide me with a copy of Tuffen West's letter of nomination to the Linnean Society, and provided aid in deciphering the signatures allowing identification of the illustrious nominators as well as aid in providing the letter shown in figure 8. Census records, birth, marriage, burial, probate records, as well as the records of the UK Lunacy Patients Admission Registers, were accessed using Ancestry.co.uk on February 5, 2020 The 3 articles below by Peter B. Paisley M.D. (deceased June 25 2019) in the magazine of microscope enthusiasts, Miscape Magazine, helpfully identified many anatomical works illustrated by Tuffen West. I regret not being able to share the present work with him. However, some information is given in his articles that I was unable to verify, especially concerning William West.