Michael Von Cotta

Silvio Enea

; Piccolomini

Silvius Aeneas

Aeneas Piccolomini

Piccolomini ; Sylvius

Pope

Nicholas V Pope

Papa Niccolò

Michael V Cotta-Schönberg

Oration "Solent plerique" of

(Orations of Enea Silvio Piccolomini / Pope Pius II; 26) Foreword

In 2007, I undertook a project of publishing the Latin texts with English translations of the orations of Enea Silvio Piccolomini / Pope Pius II. Altogether 80 1 orations (including papal responses to ambassadorial addresses) are extant today, though more may still be held, unrecognized, in libraries and archives.

At a later stage the project was expanded to include ambassadors' orations to the pope, of which about 40 are presently known.

I do not, actually, plan to publish further versions of the present volume, but I do reserve the option in case I -during my future studies -come across other manuscripts containing interesting versions of the oration or if important new research data on the subject matter are published, making it appropriate to modify or expand the present text. It will therefore always be useful to check if a later version than the one the reader may have previously found via the Internet is available.

I shall much appreciate to be notified by readers who discover errors and problems in the text and translation or unrecognized quotations.

12 September 2019 MCS 1 81 orations, if the "Cum animadverto" is counted is a Piccolomini-oration, see oration "Quam laetus" [18], Appendix

I. INTRODUCTION 1. Context 1

On 8 April 1455, Cardinal Alfons de Borja 2 was elected pope and took the name of Calixtus III.

Following time-honoured tradition, the European rulers sent ambassadors to the new pope to declare their obedience to himself and to the Apostolic See.

News of the death of his predecessor, Pope Nicolaus V, 3 reached the imperial court some weeks later, during a diet held in the presence of Emperor Friederich III 4 at the imperial residence in Wiener Neustadt 5 . One of the main objectives of the diet was to make concrete preparations for a crusade against the Turks, the pope being responsible for assembling a fleet to support a land army under German leadership. The news of the pope's death, therefore, put an end to the diet and indeed to the German war effort.

When news of the pope's death were received, important parties at the imperial court, first among them the Archbishop of Trier, [START_REF]cuilibet MU 8[END_REF] began to argue that the Germans should take advantage of the occasion to obtain the same distance and ecclesiastical independence from the Papacy that the French had previously achieved by means of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges in 1438. 7 The emperor however, on the advice of Bishop Piccolomini of Siena, his senior diplomat and advisor on church affairs and Italian affairs, decided to continue his alliance with the Papacy which he considered important to support the waning authority of the imperial office, especially in relation to the German princes.

He therefore despatched an embassy consisting of Piccolomini and other courtiers to Rome to present the declaration of obedience of the Holy Roman Empire to the new pope. It was the second time that Piccolomini performed such a task having also presented the imperial declaration of obedience to Pope Eugenius IV. The declaration was made as part of an oration, the "Solent plerique", delivered by Piccolomini during a public consistory in Rome on 13 August 1455.

In his report on the event to the emperor, 1 Piccolomini wrote:

Two days afterwards, the pope held a public consistory in which -as is the custom -we gave an oration and presented the [declaration of] obedience. Then the pope said much in your praise. And since we had mentioned the Turkish matter according to the conclusion reached at the diet held in your presence, the pope also praised your and the nation's plans and confirmed that he would do everything [in his power] for the destruction of the Turks. [START_REF] Charles | King of France from 1422 to his death[END_REF] Later, as pope, he wrote about these events in his Commentarii:

When the news of this 3 was reported in Austria, there were many who tried to persuade the emperor that now was the time to exert pressure on the Apostolic See and thus reduce its power in Germany. The compacts settled with Eugenius IV 4 had been violated, they argued; therefore they should make no submission to the new pope unless he granted the petitions of the German nation. Long regarded as a servant, Germany deserved at last to be free. This was the policy promoted tenaciously by Archbishop Jacob of Trier, who expected to profit from the dispute. Aeneas, however, argued that the emperor would gain nothing from an assault on the pope's authority, especially if it were done for the sake of popular opinion, which is inherently fickle. The reins of government must never be handed to the people for they, as he knew, hated the rule of princes. Between princes, friendship was sometimes possible, but between the people and a king the hatred was undying. The pope and the emperor needed each other's support, and it was folly to injure the man you hoped would help you. The start of a new pontificate was a time to win the favour of the pope by showing him kindness; if one started by lashing out, it would be difficult to then find a path to his good will. Frederick must make submission, as his ancestors had done, and negotiate an honourable treaty with the new pope; once that was agreed, the Germans would follow the emperor's lead. 1 In a letter from Enea Silvio Piccolomini and Johann Hinderbach to Emperor Friedrich III of 8 September 1455 [START_REF] Charles | King of France from 1422 to his death[END_REF] Firenze / Biblioteca Medicea-Laurenziana / Plut. LIV 19 / Aeneae Silvii Epistolae / ep. 94, ff. 64v-67r / f. 66r:

Tenuit papa post biduum consistorium, in quo -sicut de more est -sermonem habuimus et obedientiam prestititmus. Ibi de laudibus tuis papa multa disseruit. Et quoniam de rebus turchorum mentionem fecimus iuxta conclusionem habitam in dieta coram serenitate tua habita, multa commendavit propositum tuum et nationis et confirmavit sese omnia facturum quae ad exterminium turchorum tendunt 3 The election of Pope Calixtus III on 8 April 1455 4 In connection with the recognition of the Roman Papacy by Germany in 1447, right before the death of Pope Eugenius. The compacts were given final form in the Concordat of Vienna of March 1448, between Emperor Friedrich III and Pope Nicolaus V), regulating the ecclesiastical organization of Germany and the appointment to ecclesiastical offices, and effectively restoring relations between Germany and the Papacy. Piccolomini was directly involved in the events and negotiations leading up to the concordat Aeneas' advice prevailed and he himself was despatched together with ... Johann Hinderbach, to see his plan through. ... At their arrival a public consistory was convened in which Aeneas, after making his submission in the time-honored way, delivered an oration which praised the emperor and the empire and at the same time called for a crusade against the Turks. Afterwards, copies of this speech circulated widely. 1 Of Pius' contemporary biographers, Campano wrote:

After the death of Nicholas, he privately counselled the emperor to refuse the demands of the German princes who requested what the French were reported to have obtained long time ago, 2 so that the popes would no longer be allowed to make decisions concerning the appointment of bishops, and thus he effectively countered their endeavours. As part of the embassy, finally sent to Calixtus, who had succeeded Nicolaus, he made an oath that the emperor would obey the pope and exhorted the old man to undertake an Asian war ... 3 And Platina wrote:

The Germans wanted political change and tried to persuade the emperor to no longer obey the pope unless they obtained [concessions] of the same kind as the Pragmatic Sanction. They claimed that their situation was far worse than that of the French and the Italians. Indeed, they could justifiably be considered as the servants of these peoples, and especially of the Italians, unless the situation changed. The emperor was close to giving in to their insistent demands, but then Enea intervened, with great authority. He told the emperor that even when princes have conflicts concerning great matters, they eventually return to a state of peace and friendship. But between the people and the prince there is an immortal enmity. Therefore, it would be better to side with the pope than to give in to the desires of those whose minds were not moved by reason, but by emotions and cupidity. Convinced by this argument, the emperor disregarded the claims of the "populares" and chose Enea as his ambassador to Calixtus. Having gone to Rome, Enea made the traditional oath to the pope on behalf of the emperor, and having sufficiently praised both pope and emperor he used the whole oration to plead for war against the Turks ... 1 2 Remarkably, at the imperial court Piccolomini's advice to the emperor did not address the advantages to Germany of loosening her bonds with the Papacy, but just the dangers in giving in to public opinion instead of supporting the pope, his fellow monarch. Only a few years before, in 1452, the emperor had had to give in to public opinion -and a public uprising -in connection with his wardship over the boy king, Ladislaus, 3 and seemingly that experience had not made him more democratically minded, if anything the contrary. 4 In Rome, the German ambassadors tried in vain to negotiate a number of issues and problems in the relations between Germany and the Papacy before making the declaration of obedience. But the pope refused to enter into such negotiations before obedience had been declared, since he would not under any circumstances accept a conditional obedience. The ambassadors had to accept this: negotiations were postponed, and when they were resumed, after the declaration of obedience, the German petitions were roundly refused by the pope! 5 III, pp. 160-163; Pastor, I, p. 511-512 It is worth noticing, that when Johann Hinderbach came to Rome, three years later, to present the emperor's obedience to the new pope, Pius II himself, he to some extent reused the "Solent plerique," even quoting the final remark almost verbatim. 1

Themes

The themes of the oration are:

• (obligatory) praise of pope and emperor,

• declaration of obedience, and

• exhortation to the pope to organize a crusade against the Turks.

Concerning the declaration of obedience, Piccolomini used this form:

Therefore, obeying the command given to us, we recognise, in the name of him who governs the Roman Empire, Your Holiness as the vicar on earth of Our Lord, Jesus Christ, and as the teacher and leader of the universal Church. We acknowledge that you are the certain and undoubted successor of Saint Peter, the pastor of the Lord's flock, the true interpreter of the holy gospels, the teacher of moral life, the bearer of the keys to the Heavenly Kingdom, and we show you the full reverence and obedience which the Roman emperors are known to have offered to your canonically elected predecessors, as bidden both by law and by tradition. This -and the extent of our mandate -is shown by the present letter. [Sect. 14] Concerning the crusade, Piccolomini makes heavy use of his earlier orations in Regensburg, Frankfurt, and Wiener Neustadt. In the "Solent plerique" there are, however, some new elements.

Firstly, he shows -implicitly -that the emperor had now practically given up hope for a crusade organized by the German nation under imperial aegis. He says:

As you are aware, the emperor is trying to gather the remedies against this pestiferous beast and these evils. But as I have already said, his plans have been blocked. However, 1 Strnad, p. 178: … pleraque circa hanc rem necessaria semotis arbitris cum tue clemencie placuerit latius exponemus he does not give up, and he does not lose courage: he is disappointed, but he is not worn down. If one way is not suitable, then he will try another. [Sect. 25].

Clearly, the responsibility for organizing the crusade was now moving from Germany and the emperor to Rome and the pope. Indeed, Pope Calixtus would prove to be indefatigable in the cause of the crusade, to which he had pledged himself in a solemn oath right after his election. However, his resources would not match his ambitions.

The oration reflects Piccolomini's growing concern with the erosion of the authority of the two supranational institutions in the Christian World, the Empire and the Papacy. He says:

Yet there is one thing we are lacking, one thing we must search for, and when we get it, we shall easily frighten and dismay our enemies. And that one thing is order, without which nothing can be done properly. We lack order, Holy Father, and plan. But that is for you and our emperor to find and to establish. For if you, the two great lights, the heads of the world, the salt of the earth, and the leaders of the world, do not impose order that makes it possible for the Christian forces to unite, then we can have no hope, and the Turks will have no fear that a Christian army may gather. [Sect. 27] Piccolomini adds that a crusade, undertaken energetically by the pope, may be a way to restore papal authority vis-a-vis the European rulers:

And to say openly what I think: the most certain way to have the Christian kings and all the faithful nations submit willingly to you as the Vicar of Christ is to undertake a vigourous and magnificent defense of our faith and to appear to be completely intent on, with all your force, to destroy the filthy and impious people of the Turks, as you have inspired hope by making your vow, by promoting peace in Italy, and by designating wise legates. [Sect. 21] And finally, in a remarkable piece of social criticism Piccolomini notes that the living conditions of people in the Christian kingdoms are so poor that they might actually welcome Turkish rule -especially in the event that the Turks would allow toleration of the Christian religion:

Moreover, many taxes, many extorsions of money, and many robberies burden the Christian people, and many are the abuses of our princes, not to say tyrants, against their subjects. Therefore, I greatly fear that when the Turk comes and lightens the burdens on our peoples, they will willingly bow their neck, especially if he grants freedom of faith -for he is a clever enemy. [Sect. 23] All in all, these themes would seem to be a sketch of the main programme that Piccolomini would pursue when he himself became pope three years later, including the use of the crusade as a means of bolstering papal authority.

Date, place, audience and format

The oration was delivered on 13 August 1455 in a public consistory, before Pope Calixtus III.

The venue was, presumably, the Apostolic Palace.

The audience was the pope, the cardinals, the Roman Curia, ambassadors from other powers present in Rome, nobles and other eminent men desiring to witness the imperial declaration of obedience to the pope which was, after all, a highly significant gesture of politics, including church politics.

The format was that of a diplomatic address on behalf of the emperor to the pope, in a great, formal matter of state. The level of formality could not be higher, excepting in the case of the emperor's own presence, as witnessed by the splendid reception of his ambassadors at their arrival in Rome when they were met by members of the pope's and the cardinals' households, and the ambassadors residing in Rome.1

Text 2

The "Solent plerique" is one of the most widely circulated orations of Piccolomini: it is extant in numerous manuscript copies, and it was printed several times during the first generation of printing.

As is the case with many of Piccolomini's orations, it has -a least -two versions: an Early Version and a Final Version.

The Early Version is identical with or close to the text of the oration as actually delivered before Pope Calixtus.

The Final Version is the version included in the official collection of Pius II's orations, prepared in 1462 under his personal supervision.

The Final Version is actually quite close to the Early Version and the revision undertaken in connection with the papal compilation was evidently very slight.

Early Version

Manuscripts 1

According to Pius himself, the copies of the "Solent plerique" circulated widely, [START_REF] Charles | King of France from 1422 to his death[END_REF] and indeed a great number of manuscripts contain the Early Version of the oration3 4 . Among them are the following: The Koberger edition was prepared on the basis of a compilation by Nikolaus Wyle and is closely related to the ms. Vat. Lat. 6153 (L).

• Epistulae, orationes et tractatus. Milano: Ulrich Scinzenzeler, 1496 7 The Planck edition appears to be closely related to the mss. from Colmar (K) and Zürich (Z).

Final Version

The manuscripts containing the final version are: The seventh manuscript containing the papal collection of orations, the Lucca / Bibl. Cap. Feliniana / 544, commissioned by Felino Sandeo in 1493, does not contain the "Solent plerique", presumably because it had already been appeared in print when that manuscript was produced in 1493. It is the same case with the other orations already published before that year. 1 To the knowledge of the present editor, the final version has not been published in print previously.

Present edition

For principles of edition (incl. orthography) and translation, see Collected Orations of Pope Pius II, vol. 1, ch. 9-10.

Text:

Early Version: based on 12 manuscripts listed above and marked with a siglum, and three early editions of the text.

Final Version: based on six of the seven manuscripts containing the papal compilation of Pius' orations, cf. above.

As the lead manuscript has been chosen the Chis. J.VIII 284.

Pagination:

The pagination is that of the lead manuscript.

Textual apparatus:

Variations between the Final Version (main text as based on the lead manuscript) and the Early Version are marked in the main text and the textual apparatus in bold types.

Sources 1

In this oration, 15 direct and indirect quotations from various sources have been identified, most from classical sources.

Biblical: 6 Classical: 9 Patristic and medieval: 0 Contemporary: 0 All: 15 Biblical sources: 6

Old Testament: 5

• Daniel: 3 • Ezekiel: 1 • Psalms: 1
New Testament: 1

• John: 1

1 On Piccolomini's use of sources in general, see Collected orations of Pope Pius II, ch. 8.

Classical sources: 9

• Cicero: 2 [2] These men have discerningly1 set forth the high nobility of your ancient lineage, the glorious deeds of your ancestors, and the whole course of your life so that everybody in this audience knows that you are of noble birth, an accomplished scholar, a subtle and forceful debater, a learned and eminent doctor, an astute counsellor of kings, a just judge in the courts of law, a chaste priest in the Church, a holy and gracious bishop, a truthloving and uncorrupt cardinal.

[3] Non est 1 igitur, cur tempus 2 in 3 exponendis teram 4 tuis laudibus. Nam 5 etsi vita tua in hanc usque diem hujusmodi fuerit, ut vel milies 6 decantata 7 delectet, non sum tamen ego, qui tuas eximias ac 8 paene divinas virtutes aequo praeconio celebrare possim [START_REF]De patre 1 Ladislai loquor, inclyti regis Hungariae ac 2 Bohemiae, Caesaris nostri patruo, de cujus 3 admiranda 4 probitate 5 nihil 6 satis dici posset 7 8 . Ponendi 9 ante 10 oculos essent 11[END_REF] . Neque 10 tu is 11 es, qui 12 rumusculos 13 quaeras [START_REF]Y 15 sequi B, E 16 fata J, Y 17 ne quaeque L[END_REF] , et 15 inanes auras [START_REF]Quomodo autem debachati 1 sint 2 diebus 3 nostris 4 5 in Graecia Turci 6 , et 7 quo impetu Constantinopolim expugnaverint 8 , Galatas deleverint, Rasciam 9 , quae superior olim[END_REF] populi 17 captes 18 . Sufficit tibi 19 conscientia tua, quae non ab [START_REF]Quocumque 1 tandem modo 2 ad hostes Hungaria deficiat 3 , sive Italiam, sive Germaniam 4 percurrere ac 5 praedari Mahumetus 6 voluerit, in utramque terram 7 patenti porta 8 aditum habet. Murus noster 9 Hungaria 10 est 11 et antemurale fortissimum 12 , sive clipeus nostrae religionis, sub quo longo 13 jam 14 aevo 15 16 17 protecti sumus 18[END_REF] homine, sed ab ipso rege saeculorum, justo judice, qui non fallit neque 21 fallitur [START_REF] Nullus | sacrosancto MU 24 nomini MU 25[END_REF] , coronam expectat meritorum. Nos igitur de tua beatitudine [START_REF] Ko | [END_REF] nihil aliud dicemus 24 , nisi te quia 25 26 veluti sidus quoddam [START_REF]Sed unum nobis deest 1 , unum 2 inquirendum est, quo habito facile terrebimus 3 et consternemus 4 hostem 5 . Hoc unum est ordo, sine quo nihil est[END_REF] clarissimum et saluberrimum e 28 caelo missum credimus, sub quo beati Petri navicula, quae misere mergitur [START_REF]Exurge igitur 1 , aperi ecclesiae thesauros 2 , aperi caeli portas 3 , promitte 4 dignam laborum 5 mercedem, effunde largiter 6 spiritualia dona in Christi milites, {111r} mitte operarios in agrum 7 , qui 8 messem domino 9 gratissimam 10 metant 11 . Hoc 12 tuum 13 est opus, hoc est[END_REF] , feliciter emergat 30 .

Praise of the pope

[3] Therefore I do not need to spend time on praising your life. Indeed, until now it has been such that it would be delightful to hear it praised even a thousand times. But I am not competent to adequately praise your outstanding and almost divine virtues, and you are not one to be concerned with trifling chatterings and inane popularity. Your conscience is enough for you, and it desires that crown of merit which is given not by man, but by the King of Ages himself, the just judge who neither deceives nor is deceived. So, we shall only say only about Your Beatitude that we believe you to be like a brilliant and auspicious star sent from Heaven, under whom the ship of Saint Peter, sinking pitiously, will rise again splendidly.

[4] Consuevit enim terra Hispania 1 nobilissima, unde tibi origo est, industrios semper 2 et fortissimos viros 4 apostolicae sedi 5 atque 6 imperio 7 dare, quemadmodum [START_REF] Expugnaverunt | OO 9 Rhasiam MU 10 superior olim : corr. ex superior olim H; olim superior P, Z 11 Imina L 12 oppresserunt S 13[END_REF] Damasi et Theodosii 10 manifestant facta 11 , quibus te nullo pacto censemus esse 12 minorem, et 13 nunc potissime [START_REF]Y 15 sequi B, E 16 fata J, Y 17 ne quaeque L[END_REF] cum te 15 16 17 18 urbis illius imperialis, Senarum, matris meae, litterarum cultricis et otii [START_REF]Quocumque 1 tandem modo 2 ad hostes Hungaria deficiat 3 , sive Italiam, sive Germaniam 4 percurrere ac 5 praedari Mahumetus 6 voluerit, in utramque terram 7 patenti porta 8 aditum habet. Murus noster 9 Hungaria 10 est 11 et antemurale fortissimum 12 , sive clipeus nostrae religionis, sub quo longo 13 jam 14 aevo 15 16 17 protecti sumus 18[END_REF] [4] The noble country of Spain, where you come from, has often provided energetic and strong men for the Apostolic See and the Empire, as shown by the deeds of Damasus1 and Theodosius,2 whose equal we believe you to be in every way, especially as we now see how you are a keen defender and a sure guardian of the imperial city of Siena, 3 4 my homecity, devoted to letters and tranquility.

[5] De Caesare vero 1 , a quo sumus missi 2 , dicere nonnihil eorum temeritas urget 3 , qui nesciunt verbis extollere suos dominos, nisi deprimant alienos. Sed horremus ingredi cum parvo navigio magnum mare, neque enim nostra oratio 4 est, quae majestatem 5 tanti principis pro sua dignitate valeat explicare [START_REF]cuilibet MU 8[END_REF] , cum non uno tantum, sed quattuor ex fontibus nostri 7 Friderici laus abunde manet 8 : ex Romano imperio, cui praeest, ex [START_REF]De patre 1 Ladislai loquor, inclyti regis Hungariae ac 2 Bohemiae, Caesaris nostri patruo, de cujus 3 admiranda 4 probitate 5 nihil 6 satis dici posset 7 8 . Ponendi 9 ante 10 oculos essent 11[END_REF] natione Germanica, quae sibi prae ceteris obsequitur, ex domo Austriae, quae se 10 genuit, et demum ex persona propria, quae corporis et animi 11 dotibus 12 egregie pollet 13 .

Praise of the emperor

[5] We must now say something about the emperor, who sent us. We are forced to do so by the temerity of those who can only extol their own lords while disparaging others'But we fear to venture upon this great sea in a small boat, and our own oration cannot do justice to the majesty of this great prince. For the praise of our Friedrich does not derive from one source only, but from four: the Roman Empire that he governs, the German Nation that obeys him above all, the House of Austria that brought him forth, and finally his own person, rich in physical and mental gifts.

[

Roman Empire 1

[6] Anyone who would suitably praise our Friedrich, should first elaborate on the age of the empire, its greatness, its authority, its power, its magnificence and its glory. He would have to expound the meaning of Daniel's immense statue 2 with its legs of iron, 3 destroying all the other empires; 4 the significance of the eagle of Ezekiel; 5 why the Assyrian Empire was threatened by Italy; [START_REF]cuilibet MU 8[END_REF] and Balaam. And he would talk about all the flights of the eagle, 7 and how God -whom they once stupidly thought to be a certain Jupiter from Crete -supported Teucer and the other Trojans and most of all pious Aeneas 8 in their wars; how he once supported the kings of Alba; how he made the Romans the masters of the world and a togaclad people; and how he made the Greek emperors and the German caesars victors over their enemies and lords of the world. [cont.] 1 The Latin text of this section is evidently corrupt, cf. the margin note in the edition of Mansi, p. 336 [6 cont.] All high praise of the Roman Empire no doubt also applies to the one who rules it.

For just as the admirable name of the apostle Paul, and of Silvester, 1 Leo,2 and the other popes also make you great who hold their place, in the same manner the eminent glory of the first Augustus,3 of Constantine the Great,4 and of Charlemagne5 the Conqueror raises our Friedrich, their successor, to the skies.

German nation

[7] Secondly, he would have to expound on how large and great the German Nation is, how religious, how truthful, how just and trustworthy, how populous, how rich, how numerous its nobility, how strong and skilled its army, how great the ornamentation of the churches, how great the honour of the clergy, how great the magnificence of its princes, and -since the regions and the cities share their distinction with their prince -how great the splendour of its cities, its climate and the fertility of the country.6

[8] Tertio [8] Thirdly, he would have to describe the glorious House of Austria from which Friedrich descends. It is the mother of kings and emperors and often gave kings to Hungary and Bohemia, and sometimes to Poland, too. He would also have to show the greatness of Emperor Rudolf1 who gave Bologna to the Roman Church and who, in a pitched battle, defeated and killed Ottokar,2 the powerful King of Bohemia, who had seized Austria and Styria from the empire. Then come the two Albrechts, two sons of Mars, two thunderbolts of war3 : the first4 defeated and killed Adolf of Nassau,5 who had usurped the imperial insignia, in a great battle at the Rhine; the second,6 like a hammer, crushed the impious Hussites7 who inflicted savage wars on our Church.

House of Austria

[9] I am talking about the father of Ladislaus,1 illustrious King of Hungary and Bohemia, cousin of our emperor, whose admirable integrity cannot be praised too highly. He would also set before your eyes the [princes named] Ernest, Leopold and Friedrich, and many other brilliant souls2 from this exalted family whose virtue we must admire rather than review.

[10] Postremo, quia non imitanti majores dedecus est paterna laus filio, ad 1 Fridericum ipsum convertenda erit 2 oratio. De 3 mansuetudine sua, de 4 religione, de 5 justititia, de 6 providentia 7 faciendum verbum, exponendum 8 ejus iter 9 in terram sanctam, declarandus 10 felix reditus 11 , enarranda pacis 12 consilia 13 , commendanda pietatis opera, dicendum [START_REF]Y 15 sequi B, E 16 fata J, Y 17 ne quaeque L[END_REF] [11] De his ergo et aliis quamplurimis 1 rebus cumulatissime 2 perorandum 3 illi 4 erit, qui 5 Fridericum nostrum 6 digne pro meritis laudare decreverit. Sed non sunt haec onera, quae nostris 7 humeris 8 committi 9 debeant 10 . Satius est tacere quam praeconia 11 tanti principis tenui 12 , ut 13 nostra est 14 , oratione percurrere. Praetermittimus 15 igitur servatum [START_REF]Quomodo autem debachati 1 sint 2 diebus 3 nostris 4 5 in Graecia Turci 6 , et 7 quo impetu Constantinopolim expugnaverint 8 , Galatas deleverint, Rasciam 9 , quae superior olim[END_REF] ab aliis morem [START_REF]K 22 Francfordia et in Nova Civitate : Nova Civitate et in Francfordia J, Y 23 omit[END_REF] , et 18 omissis 19 hoc loco tuis [START_REF]Quocumque 1 tandem modo 2 ad hostes Hungaria deficiat 3 , sive Italiam, sive Germaniam 4 percurrere ac 5 praedari Mahumetus 6 voluerit, in utramque terram 7 patenti porta 8 aditum habet. Murus noster 9 Hungaria 10 est 11 et antemurale fortissimum 12 , sive clipeus nostrae religionis, sub quo longo 13 jam 14 aevo 15 16 17 protecti sumus 18[END_REF] ac Caesaris nostri laudibus, ad ea veniemus [START_REF]Ab externis invadimur 1 hostibus, et nos 2 in cives arma 3 convertimus. Sed digne patimur pro nostris iniquitatibus. Nulla inter 4 nos concordia, nulla oboedientia est 5 , neque spirituali paremus neque temporali 6 capiti. Jacet spreta religio justitiae, nullus honos 7 , fides paene incognita est 8 . Rex quisque sibi 9 10 et 11 pontifex esse videtur. Quot capita, tot sententiae. Scinditur 12 incertum studia in contraria 13 vulgus. Illic Germaniam mille 14 conturbant lites; inter Galliam et Angliam 15 vetus 16 odium viget 17 ; Hispaniae reges inimicat 18 ambitio; Italiam 19 magno labore pacatam 20 novus 21 jam turbo concutit[END_REF] , quae coram te dicere atque [START_REF] Nullus | sacrosancto MU 24 nomini MU 25[END_REF] agere jussi [START_REF] Ko | [END_REF] sumus, munusque nostrum quam 24 breviter absolvemus. [11] So, anyone who decides to justly praise our Friedrich as he merits would have to speak about these and many other things. But such a burden should not be laid on our shoulders: far better be silent than praise this great prince in an insignificant oration, like ours must be. So, we shall abstain from the custom observed by others and omit here to praise yourself and the emperor. Instead, we shall come directly to the matters we have been ordered to speak about before you and be brief in fulfilling the charge conferred on us.

[12] Sane, cum accepisset Fridericus imperator 1 sanctissimae atque indelebilis 2 memoriae Nicolaum 3 papam 4 V., praedecessorem tuum, ex hac 5 mortali luce migrasse 6 , complures 7 illum dies 8 luxit, non quidem ejus 9 causa, quem 10 pro suis gloriosis 11 operibus et animi 12 rectitudine 13 in concilio 14 {108v} beatissimorum 15 spirituum et in regno Dei cum [START_REF]Quomodo autem debachati 1 sint 2 diebus 3 nostris 4 5 in Graecia Turci 6 , et 7 quo impetu Constantinopolim expugnaverint 8 , Galatas deleverint, Rasciam 9 , quae superior olim[END_REF] Petro et Paulo jam receptum non dubitabat [START_REF]K 22 Francfordia et in Nova Civitate : Nova Civitate et in Francfordia J, Y 23 omit[END_REF] , sed propter rempublicam Christianam, cui mortem Nicolai hoc tempore funestissimam 18 existimabat 19 , timens ne pro successoris [START_REF]Quocumque 1 tandem modo 2 ad hostes Hungaria deficiat 3 , sive Italiam, sive Germaniam 4 percurrere ac 5 praedari Mahumetus 6 voluerit, in utramque terram 7 patenti porta 8 aditum habet. Murus noster 9 Hungaria 10 est 11 et antemurale fortissimum 12 , sive clipeus nostrae religionis, sub quo longo 13 jam 14 aevo 15 16 17 protecti sumus 18[END_REF] electione sacri senatus opiniones in 21 diversa tendentes [START_REF] Nullus | sacrosancto MU 24 nomini MU 25[END_REF] inconsutilem Christi tunicam scinderent, et [START_REF] Ko | [END_REF] imminenti cervicibus nostris hostili gladio 24 vires adjicerent 25 : quod licet de tanto lumine non 26 esset credibile, quia tamen 27 acciderunt 28 aliquando 29 pejora 30 , non fuit absonum formidare similia. [12] When Emperor Friedrich heard that Pope Nicolaus V, your predecessor of holy and indelible memory, had left this world, he mourned for several days. He did not mourn the man, however, for he did not doubt that because of his glorious achievements and his moral integrity he had already been received into the assembly of the blessed souls in the Kingdom of God, together with Peter and Paul. No, he was troubled because he thought that Nicolaus' death had happened at a very bad time time for the Christian Commonwealth. He feared that there would be conflicting opinions in the Holy Senate1 concerning the choice of his successor and that the seamless coat of Christ2 would be torn asunder, something which would strengthen the enemy's sword, threatening our necks. Though such may hardly be believed about this great light,3 sometimes even worse things have happened, so it was not unreasonable to fear similar events.4

Death of Nicolaus V and accession of Calixtus III

[13] Sed quemadmodum ex praematura secum serio triumphat 1 , quod 2 tu solus es, qui post Gregorium 3 per annos LXXX et 4 amplius sine 5 competitore 6 certus et indubitatus beati Petri successor inveniaris.

[13] But just as the emperor intensely mourned the premature and inauspicious death of your predecessor, he greatly delighted and rejoiced in your own timely and auspicius election. For the emperor came to know you before you attained your present exalted rank, 7 when you visited him at the time of his coronation in this city, [START_REF] Expugnaverunt | OO 9 Rhasiam MU 10 superior olim : corr. ex superior olim H; olim superior P, Z 11 Imina L 12 oppresserunt S 13[END_REF] and thus he had the opportunity to closely assess your great intellect, learning, and especially your great knowledge about civil law that rules the world, [START_REF]De patre 1 Ladislai loquor, inclyti regis Hungariae ac 2 Bohemiae, Caesaris nostri patruo, de cujus 3 admiranda 4 probitate 5 nihil 6 satis dici posset 7 8 . Ponendi 9 ante 10 oculos essent 11[END_REF] as well as your greatness of soul and your holy life. Indeed, he considered you to be the only person who justly merited to hold the place of Saint Peter. Now that he knows that this has come about through the unanimous will of the Holy Senate, he rejoices and celebrates, together with his Most Serene Consort, Empress Eleonora, a prudent and holy woman, who celebrates your accession to the papacy and is overjoyed that in the more than 80 years since Gregory 10 you are the only one to be the certain and undoubted successor of Saint Peter, without any rival.

1 reputet MU 2 quia MU 3 undecimum/XI add. J, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, Z, Y, PL, KO, MU, OO 4 vel K 5 sive B, E 6 competitore : competitorie A, B, E, F 7 "cum in minoribus ageres". On the expression "in minoribus" see Collected Orations of Pope Pius II, vol. 1, ch. 10 8 i.e. four years before, in 1452 9 On Piccolomini's regard for civil law, see oration "Nisi satis exploratum" [8], Sect. 14 10 Gregorius XI [Pierre Roger de Beaufort](ca. 1329-1378): Pope from 1370 to his death. Seventh and last of the Avignon popes, and last pope before the Great Western Schism [14] Ea propter laetus de nuntio 1 tuae assumptionis 2 Caesar 3 , sollicitus 4 pro debito 5 recognitionis, nos duabus de causis ad te misit. Prima est, ut pro vetusto more sanctitatem tuam recenter assumptam suo nomine 6 veneremur 7 ; secunda, ut defendendam contra Turcos catholicam ecclesiam tuae beatitudini commendemus. In primo negotio non est, cur immoremur 8 : faciet [START_REF]De patre 1 Ladislai loquor, inclyti regis Hungariae ac 2 Bohemiae, Caesaris nostri patruo, de cujus 3 admiranda 4 probitate 5 nihil 6 satis dici posset 7 8 . Ponendi 9 ante 10 oculos essent 11[END_REF] imperator, quod 10 se decet; accipiet 11 tua pietas, quod 12 sibi 13 debetur. Nos igitur 14 jussioni 15 parentes ejus nomine, qui sacro Romano imperio praesidet, sanctitatem tuam tamquam [START_REF]Quomodo autem debachati 1 sint 2 diebus 3 nostris 4 5 in Graecia Turci 6 , et 7 quo impetu Constantinopolim expugnaverint 8 , Galatas deleverint, Rasciam 9 , quae superior olim[END_REF] sive consuetudine suadente1 . Quod2 , quantum nobis permissum3 sit, {109r} praesenti sacra4 docebitur5 .

4. Obedience of the emperor [14] Overjoyed at the news of your election and eager to recognise it duly, the emperor has now sent us to you for two reasons: the first one is to pay tribute to Your Holiness, newly elected, in his name and in the ancient manner. The second is to recommend the defense of the Catholic Church against the Turks to Your Beatitude.

There is no reason for us to dwell long on the first task: the emperor will do what he should, and Your Piety should receive what is due to you. Therefore, obeying the command given to us, we recognize, in the name of the ruler of the Roman Empire, Your Holiness as the vicar on earth of Our Lord, Jesus Christ, and as the teacher and leader of Universal Church. We acknowledge you to be the certain and undoubted successor of Saint Peter, the pastor of the Lord's flock, the true interpreter of the holy gospels, the teacher of moral life, the bearer of the keys to the Heavenly Kingdom, and we show you the reverence and obedience which the Roman emperors are known to have offered to your canonically elected predecessors, as bidden both by law and by custom. This -and the extent of our mandate -is shown by the present holy [letter].

[15] Nunc de secunda nostrae 1 commissionis 2 causa transigere 3 oportet, hoc est de 4 tuendo nomine Christiano contra Turcos -non dico Teucros 5 , numquam 6 enim 7 hoc 8 erroris 9 prolabar 11 , ut 12 genti barbarae atque immundissimae nomen 13 eorum 14 attribuam 15 , qui Romani populi patres habentur. Teucri enim idem 16 et 17 [17] I am well aware that many orations on these matters have been held in this assembly, too, and even by very eloquent men -were I to try to emulate them, I should evidently fail. At any rate, now we need not words or tears, but the armies of princes and peoples. Your Holiness well knows what the emperor has done so far for the protection of the Christian people against Turkisk impudence, and you are aware of the help sought by the Hungarians and promised to them. But why the emperor's plans have been disturbed and by what ploys the expedition against the Turks has been held up this year I prefer you to consider privately rather than hear it from me publicly.

[18] Illud 1 tamen non reticebo 2 , quae Frankfordiense concilium 3 facienda decrevit duabus conditionibus subnixa fuisse 4 : altera ut 5 certitudo 6 classis Italicae, quae 7 cum terrestri exercitu 8 concurreret, suo tempore 9 haberetur; altera ut 10 Germanorum controversiae, quae possent 11 impedire procinctum 12 , de medio tollerentur. Primam conditionem irritam fecit 13 tui praedecessoris obitus. Secunda ne posset 14 impleri 15 , ab his 16 procuratum 17 est, qui ex 18 publico malo 19 proprium commodum quaerunt. Atque ita, dum [START_REF]Quocumque 1 tandem modo 2 ad hostes Hungaria deficiat 3 , sive Italiam, sive Germaniam 4 percurrere ac 5 praedari Mahumetus 6 voluerit, in utramque terram 7 patenti porta 8 aditum habet. Murus noster 9 Hungaria 10 est 11 et antemurale fortissimum 12 , sive clipeus nostrae religionis, sub quo longo 13 jam 14 aevo 15 16 17 protecti sumus 18[END_REF] Christiani cunctantur, Turci [START_REF]Ab externis invadimur 1 hostibus, et nos 2 in cives arma 3 convertimus. Sed digne patimur pro nostris iniquitatibus. Nulla inter 4 nos concordia, nulla oboedientia est 5 , neque spirituali paremus neque temporali 6 capiti. Jacet spreta religio justitiae, nullus honos 7 , fides paene incognita est 8 . Rex quisque sibi 9 10 et 11 pontifex esse videtur. Quot capita, tot sententiae. Scinditur 12 incertum studia in contraria 13 vulgus. Illic Germaniam mille 14 conturbant lites; inter Galliam et Angliam 15 vetus 16 odium viget 17 ; Hispaniae reges inimicat 18 ambitio; Italiam 19 magno labore pacatam 20 novus 21 jam turbo concutit[END_REF] properant religionemque [START_REF] Nullus | sacrosancto MU 24 nomini MU 25[END_REF] nostram funditus delere [START_REF] Ko | [END_REF] nituntur, qui non contenti vicisse Graeciam 24 Hungariae nobili regno 25 imminent. [START_REF] Ko | [END_REF] evertere MU 24 Grecie F 25 nunc add. K, PL

[18] I must, however, speak about the two conditions attached to the decisions made by the Diet of Frankfurt. The first condition was that there should be certainty concerning an Italian fleet to reinforce the land army when needed. The other condition was the resolution of the conflicts in Germany which might otherwise impede the preparations for battle. The death of your predecessor meant that the first condition could not be met. Neither could the second one, because of those people who seek their own advantage in public misfortune. Thus, while the Christians hesitate, the Turks hasten on, endeavouring to destroy our religion completely: not content with having conquered Greece, they are now threatening the noble Kingdom of Hungary.

[19] {109v} Hungari vero 1 magnanimi et fideles populi annis supra LXX hunc hostem perpessi, nunc victi 2 , nunc victores, suum fundendo 3 sanguinem 4 tutati 5 sunt nostrum 6 7 : qui 8 dum 9 nos 11 servant, optimates 12 suos cum regibus et 13 pontificibus amiserunt [START_REF]Y 15 sequi B, E 16 fata J, Y 17 ne quaeque L[END_REF] . Nulla domus in Hungaria est 15 digna 16 17 18 nomine, quae 19 in 20 duobus novissimis 21 proeliis 22 contra Turcos habitis egregium et fortem aliquem [START_REF] Ko | [END_REF] virum non desideraverit 24 . Hodie vero 25 non est hoc regnum 26 , quod [START_REF]Sed unum nobis deest 1 , unum 2 inquirendum est, quo habito facile terrebimus 3 et consternemus 4 hostem 5 . Hoc unum est ordo, sine quo nihil est[END_REF] Turcorum impetum sustinere [START_REF]Intelligis, quid 1 Caesar promittat 2 . Clarissimum 3 illum Aragoniae regem, potentia et sapientia incomparabilem, in hoc opus volentissimum 4 5 habes. Philippo, duci 6 Burgundiae, nobilissimo et piissimo 7 , maximis regibus 8 comparando, nihil magis cordi est quam pugnare in Turcos. Hungari auxilia 9 expectant 10 , belli fortunam sub tuo vexillo iterum experturi[END_REF] [19] But the brave and faithful Hungarians have had to confront this enemy for more than seventy years, sometimes as winners, somtimes as losers. Shedding their own blood, they have protected ours. While guarding us, they lost their nobles as well as kings and bishops. Every home in Hungary, worthy of that name, has lost an excellent and brave man in the last two battles fought against the Turks. So, today that kingdom can no longer withstand the attacks of the Turks. It is weakened and beaten and now needs outside aid. In Frankfurt and Wiener Neustadt -before the emperor -their legates took God [START_REF]De patre 1 Ladislai loquor, inclyti regis Hungariae ac 2 Bohemiae, Caesaris nostri patruo, de cujus 3 admiranda 4 probitate 5 nihil 6 satis dici posset 7 8 . Ponendi 9 ante 10 oculos essent 11[END_REF] and men to witness that if they could be sure of help from other Christians, they would, again and again, suffer the perils of war. But if they are deserted by us, they will accept the conditions offered by the Turks. If they are without any hope of victory, they will not give over their cities and fields to the fire, their wives and daughters to the brothel, and their own and their sons' heads to the sword of the enemies.

1 accepturas Y 2 quos L, KO; quae MU 3 autem MU 4 concilium P, MU, J, Z 5 ipsorum J, Y 6 et K 7 animo aut MU 8 quippe qui prius omnia perpeti proponant quam add. MU 9 "superos" [20] And if Hungary defects to the enemies, Mehmed will want to overrun and plunder either Italy or Germany, and there1 he will find an open gate to both countries. Hungary is our wall and mighty bulwark, the shield of our religion which has protected us for so long. But now this shield is being taken from us. Our wall is being crushed by bombards and battering rams -and we are completely indifferent! Oh, the ingratitude that we now show our Hungarian defenders! Oh, the foolishnes of the Christian people! Oh, the blindness and insanity! [21] We are being attacked by external enemies, but We turn our swords against our fellow citizens! Justly we suffer for our wickedness! There is no harmony among us and no obedience, and we obey neither our spiritual nor our secular leader. 1 The respect for justice is trodden under foot, there is no honour, and loyalty is almost unknown. Everybody is his own emperor and pope. Many heads, many minds. [23] Moreover, many taxes, much extorsion of money, many robberies burden the Christian people, and in many ways our princes, not to say tyrants, abuse their subjects. 1 Therefore, I greatly fear that if the Turk comes and lightens the burdens on our peoples, they will willingly submit, especially if he grants freedom of Faith -for he is a clever enemy. [START_REF] Charles | King of France from 1422 to his death[END_REF] But, oh Christian people, oh chosen people, oh vineyard of the Lord Sabaoth, oh inheritance of Christ, oh testament, oh Kingdom of God: to what state have you been brought now, Christian Commonwealth? Of the four patriarchal churches, on which the Christian faith was based and whence it reached out to the whole earth like vine sprouts, our forfathers shamefully lost two -together with the See of Jerusalem -out of faintheartedness and sluggishness. And we ourselves have now lost the third one,3 the one that was second only to Rome, and in which so many noble emperors and so many holy bishops flourished, so many general councils were celebrated, so many sacred canons were issued, and so many sacred laws were promulgated -indeed this is not a trifling nuisance, but an enormous failure.

[24] The gospel of the Saviour which he proclaimed to the whole world is now heard by Europe alone, and not even by all of it. In the West we are under pressure from the Saracens.

In the North a large area has been invaded by blind1 pagans. From the East, starting with Greece, we have been thrown out by the Turks. [START_REF] Charles | King of France from 1422 to his death[END_REF] Unless we are vigilant, unless we rise up, unless God helps us, unless Your Holiness firmly opposes Mehmed -as you have already begun to -he will soon occupy your throne and whatever remains of Christianity for he seems already and without any resistance to have become lord of land and sea.

[25] Adversus hanc pestiferam bestiam 1 et adversus haec 2 mala conatus est imperator, ut nosti, remedia 3 conquirere 4 . Sed 5 praerepta 6 sunt ejus, ut ante dixi 7 , consilia [START_REF] Expugnaverunt | OO 9 Rhasiam MU 10 superior olim : corr. ex superior olim H; olim superior P, Z 11 Imina L 12 oppresserunt S 13[END_REF] . Non tamen proposito cadit, neque animo 10 deficit 11 : deceptus est, non defatigatus. Hac 12 non successit [START_REF]Y 15 sequi B, E 16 fata J, Y 17 ne quaeque L[END_REF] , alia aggredietur 15 16 via. Quaecumque sibi 17 ut 18 imperatori Romanorum 19 , ut advocato ecclesiae, ut 20 protectori 21 fidei orthodoxae, ut [START_REF] Nullus | sacrosancto MU 24 nomini MU 25[END_REF] Austriae duci, ut [START_REF] Ko | [END_REF] divisi sumus, nihil est tamen, quod 7 diligentis 8 hominis studium non perficiat. Vigilanti, instanti [START_REF]De patre 1 Ladislai loquor, inclyti regis Hungariae ac 2 Bohemiae, Caesaris nostri patruo, de cujus 3 admiranda 4 probitate 5 nihil 6 satis dici posset 7 8 . Ponendi 9 ante 10 oculos essent 11[END_REF] , urgenti, pro voto cuncta succedunt: labor improbus omnia vincit.

[25] As you know, the emperor is endeavouring to oppose this pestiferous beast and these evils. But as I have already said, his plans have been blocked. However, he does not give up, and he does not lose courage: he is disappointed, but he is not worn down. If one way does not work, he will try another. 10 11 As Emperor of the Romans, Champion of the Church, Protector of the True Faith, Duke of Austria, pious prince, and Christian, he will certainly do everything needful for the protection of our religion. But since it is the joint task of all the faithful to cast out the Turks 12 and avenge the injury to the Christian people, and since it requires great expenses and great forces, the emperor begs of Your Beatitude, as Vicar of Christ, that -together with him and before the enemy approaches any further -you should endeavour to make the Christian powers keep peace between them, turn their weapons against the infidels, and chase the common enemy out of Europe. This may seem difficult in this unhappy time of ours when we are so disunited, but nothing is impossible for a dedicated man. Those who are vigilant, insistent, and energetic will succeed in everything they wish for: toil triumphs over every obstacle. 13 [26] Incidisti, beatissime 1 pater, in haec luctuosa et, ut ita dixerim, fastidiosa tempora, quae fidem catholicam {110v} paene concussam et undique laniatam Christianam plebem ostendunt. Tu ne cede malis, sed contra 2 audentior 3 ito: quo difficilius, eo praeclarius ages 4 . Non est 5 impossibile, si mihi credis, Constantinopolim totamque 6 Graeciam de manibus Turcorum eripere, si 7 modo his 8 itineribus incedamus [START_REF]De patre 1 Ladislai loquor, inclyti regis Hungariae ac 2 Bohemiae, Caesaris nostri patruo, de cujus 3 admiranda 4 probitate 5 nihil 6 satis dici posset 7 8 . Ponendi 9 ante 10 oculos essent 11[END_REF] , quae sunt aptissima. Neque mari 10 , neque terra Christianae potentiae Turci sunt pares 11 : et hominibus, et equis, et navibus 12 , et curribus 13 14 , et quibuslibet 15 armis, et rei militaris [START_REF]Quomodo autem debachati 1 sint 2 diebus 3 nostris 4 5 in Graecia Turci 6 , et 7 quo impetu Constantinopolim expugnaverint 8 , Galatas deleverint, Rasciam 9 , quae superior olim[END_REF] peritia superiores sumus, et auro [START_REF]K 22 Francfordia et in Nova Civitate : Nova Civitate et in Francfordia J, Y 23 omit[END_REF] .

Quod 18 si armetur Christianum robur, fugient 19 hostes sicut stipula ante 20 faciem 21 venti, Sarmacidaque [START_REF] Nullus | sacrosancto MU 24 nomini MU 25[END_REF] nostris relinquent spolia sine vulnere et sanguine. [START_REF] Ko | [END_REF] Mira 24 res 25 : neque 26 facultas nobis deest [START_REF]Sed unum nobis deest 1 , unum 2 inquirendum est, quo habito facile terrebimus 3 et consternemus 4 hostem 5 . Hoc unum est ordo, sine quo nihil est[END_REF] , qua possumus [START_REF]Intelligis, quid 1 Caesar promittat 2 . Clarissimum 3 illum Aragoniae regem, potentia et sapientia incomparabilem, in hoc opus volentissimum 4 5 habes. Philippo, duci 6 Burgundiae, nobilissimo et piissimo 7 , maximis regibus 8 comparando, nihil magis cordi est quam pugnare in Turcos. Hungari auxilia 9 expectant 10 , belli fortunam sub tuo vexillo iterum experturi[END_REF]

Conclusion

[26] Holy Father, you have come upon griveous and difficult times, when the Catholic Faith is almost shattered, and the Christian people is being mauled on all sides. Yield not to ills, but go forth all the bolder to face them 8 : the greater the difficulty, the greater the glory. Believe me, it is not impossible to wrest Constantinople and all of Greece from the grip of the Turks if only we choose the most suitable ways. Neither on land nor at sea do the Turks equal Christian power: we are superior both in terms of men, horses, ships, wagons, arms of all kinds, knowledge of warfare, and money. In front of armed Christian forces, the enemies will scatter as stubble before the wind [START_REF]De patre 1 Ladislai loquor, inclyti regis Hungariae ac 2 Bohemiae, Caesaris nostri patruo, de cujus 3 admiranda 4 probitate 5 nihil 6 satis dici posset 7 8 . Ponendi 9 ante 10 oculos essent 11[END_REF] and will leave Sarmatian spoils for our soldiers, without wounds and blood. 10 For, remarkably, we lack neither the means nor the will to exterminate the Turks: we are much stronger than them, and all who are distinguished with the name of Christian will want to destroy the Turks. So, what hinders us? Why do we stand still? Why do we not rise up? Why do we not defend our people? Why do we not remove the injuries? [27] Yet there is one thing we are lacking, one thing we must search for, and when we have it, we shall easily frighten and dismay our enemies. That one thing is order without which nothing can be done properly. 1 We lack order, Holy Father, and plan. But that is for you and our emperor to find and give to the enterprise. For if you, the two great lights,2 the heads of the world, the salt of the earth, and the leaders of the world, do not impose an order that makes it possible for the Christian forces to unite in this undertaking, we can have no hope and the Turks will have no fear that a Christian army may gather. So, act, Holy Bishop, be strong, raise your noble mind, and always have before your eyes that praiseworthy vow3 you made at your election and which has been made known among all peoples.

ad 1 exterminandum 2 Turcorum foedam 3 et impiam gentem 4 totis 5 conatibus erectus atque intentus esse videare 6 7 8 . Pleraque 9 alia ad rem hanc 10 idonea, semotis arbitris, cum 11 tuae pietati 12 videbitur, latius exponemus. 13 14 [29] So, arise, open large the coffers of the Church, open the gates of Heaven, promise a just reward for the labours, bestow generous spiritual gifts on Christ's soldiers, send workers into the field who may reap a harvest to please the Lord. This is your task, this is how you may please both God and men. I know that when you go to Heaven, you will have many titles, but the most glorious title that may be written on your sarcophage is to be called the pope who regained Constantinople, lost under your predecessor, and who avenged the common injury.

And to be completely frank: the most certain way to have the Christian kings and all the faithful nations submit willingly to you as the Vicar of Christ is to undertake a vigourous and magnificent defense of our Faith, just like you have inspired hope by making your vow, by promoting peace in Italy, and by designating wise legates, completely intent on working with all your power to destroy the filthy and impious Turkish people. There are other things relevant to this matter that we should like to relate to Your Holiness 15 whenever it may please you.

Table of volumes in Collected Orations of Pope Pius II. 12 vols. Edited and translated by Michael von Cotta-Schönberg Table of contents I. INTRODUCTION

	1.

1

  Zimolo, pp, 103-104: … Germani, rerum novarum cupidi, persuadere imperatori conantur ne pontifici amplius obtemperet, nisi quaedam ad Pragmaticam tendentia ab eo prius impetrassent, quod dicerent sibi longe peiorem conditonem quam vel Gallis vel Ytalis, quorum servi, Ytalorum imprimis, ni res immutarentur, merito esse videbantur. Nec certe procul abfuit quin imperator tumultuantibus obsequeretur, nisi Aeneae gravissima auctoritas intervenisset. Cuius hec fuit apud Caesaren sententia, inter principes etiam de magnis rebus inter se dissidentes pacem aliquando et amicitiam componi posse, at inter populum et principem immortale odium semper extitisse. Qua re dicebat satius sibi videri cum pontifice sentire, quam eorum cupiditatibus obtemperare, quorum mentes non ratione sed appetitu et cupiditate ducuntur. Hac ratione Caesar motus, spreta popularium postulatione, Aeneam oratorem delegit, qui ad Calistum micteretur. Is Romam profectus, dum Federici iuramentum pontifici de more exhiberet, collaudato quantum satis erat utroque tota eius oratio fuit de bello Thurcis inferendo … 2 Rainaldus, ad annum 1455, nr. 23, has the following entry: Another -and most elegant -oration, in the same sense, was delivered by Enea Silvio, Bishop of Siena, the emperor's legate to Calixtus. In this oration, he added a splendid exhortation, commending the pope's pious intentions concerning the speedy mobilization of a crusade against the Turks. (Habita est etiam alia eodem argumento perelegans oratio ab AEnea Sylvio, episcopo Senensi, ab imperatore ad Callistum legato, qua ejusdem pontificis pia consilia de cruce signata expeditione quam primum conficienda in Turcas, addita egregie adhortatione, commendavit.) 3 Ladislaus the Posthumous of Habsburg (1440-1457): Archduke of Austria from 1440, King of Hungary from 1444 and King of Bohemia from 1453 to his death 4 In June 1436, during his conflict with the Council of Basel, Pope Eugenius IV had sent a Libellus Apologeticus to the European princes asserting that the revolt of the Council against the papal monarch was a threat to all monarchic governments, and asking: Why do they [i.e. the council fathers] hasten to reduce this monarchy[i.e.

the papacy], which God has established by his own word, to a popular state and to a democracy? (Cur monarchiam hanc, quam Deus suo ore instituit, ad popularem status et ad democratiam deducere festinant), cf. Stieber, pp.

27-28 5

Voigt,

R) * • New York / Coll. Phyllis Goodheart Gordan

	• Nürnberg / Stadtbibliothek
	Cent, V App. 15, ff. 222v-225v (N) *
	• Padova / Biblioteca del Seminario
	Ms. 84, ff. 36r-43v (P) *
	• Prag / Bibl. Metrop.
	L. LXIV
	• Roma / Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana
	Vat. lat. 6153, ff. 128r-135v (L) *
	• Salzburg / Stiftsbibliothek St. Peter
	Ms. B.VIII 15, ff. 102r-107r
	• Schlägl / Stiftsbibliothek
	Cpl. 54 (cod. 131), ff. 102r-107r (Y) *
	• Admont / Stiftsbibliothek
	Ms. 73.253, ff. 245r-256r (H) • Siena / Biblioteca communale degli Intronati
	H IX 12, ff. 1r-14
	• Beromünster / Stiftsbibliothek
	• Strängnäs / Domkyrkobiblioteket C. 26, ff. 166v-170v Ms. 7, ff. 198r-200v 1 (S) *
	• Cambridge / University Library
	Hh.I.7, ff. 99r-104v (M) * • Torino / Biblioteca Nazionale
	H III 8, ff. 126v-132v
	• Colmar / Bibliotheque Municipale
	Ms. 407 (198), ff. 182v-186v (K) * • Trieste / Biblioteca Civica
	Ms. II 5, ff. 94v-100v
	• München / Bayerische Staatsbibliothek
	• Venezia / Biblioteca Marciana XI.77 (4193), ff. 96r-108v (V) * Clm 70, ff. 393v-397r (Ms. 33, ff. 135v-140r (J) * • Zürich / Zentralbibliothek
	Cod. 266 (alt: C 100), ff. 113r-115v (

Z) * 4.1.2. Editions The

  Early Version was first published as part of Piccolomini's letters, and very soon afterwards as a separate text, later again as part of the Opera Omnia, and of Mansi's edition of Pius' orations, and of other learned compilations:

	• Epistolae familiares. Nürnberg: Koberger, 1480, 1 1481, 2 with later editions from 1486 3
	4 (KO) and 1496 5 6

928 [OO] The text in the Opera Omnia edition (1551/1571) (OO) is almost identical with the text as published by Koberger (KO) in

  Nürnberg. However, in at least 34 instances (see the textual apparatus), the OO does not follow KO. Häbler unequivocally states that the Opera Omnia

	edition simply copies Koberger's Nürnberg edition, 1 and indeed the number of variants
	between the two editions may simply be the result of typesetting errors or possibly slight
	editorial corrections. But the matter merits further investigation.
	• Reusner, Nikolaus (ed.): Selectissimarum orationum et consultationum de bello
	Turconico variorum et diversorum auctorum volumina quattuor. Leipzig: Gros &
	Henning, 1596 // II, pp. 9-19
	• Müller, Johann Joachim: Des Heil. Römischen Reichs Teutscher Nation ReichsTags
	Theatrum wie selbiges unter Keyser Friedrichs V. Allerhöchsten Regierung von Anno
	MCCCCXL bis MCCCCXCIII gestanden ... Bd. 1-3. Jena, 1713 / I, pp. 599-601 (MU)
	Müller's text is quite interesting. On the one hand it clearly belongs to the L/K/OO-group, and
	it is especially close to the OO. This supports the notion that Müller -quite naturally -copied
	the text from the Opera Omnia-edition. On the other hand, Müller's text has so many
	significant and important individual variants that it leaves room for two interpretations: either
	Müller has to a very unusual (and even irresponsible) extent emendated the OO-version, or
	he used another text than the OO-version. In the last case the tantilizing question remains:
	which one -and how could it otherwise be so close to the OO-version which is supposed to
	derive from one of the printed letter editions? Collation of further texts may hopefully throw
	light on this issue.
	• AEneae Sylvii Piccolominei Senensis, qui ... Pius Secundus appellatus est Opera quae
	extant omnia, nunc demum castigata et in unum Corpus redacta His quoque, accessit
	Gnomologia ex omnibus Sylvii Operibus collecta. Basileae: 1551/1571. / Epist.
	CCCXCVIII. Pp. 923-1 Hain, nr. 147
	2 Hain, nr. 151
	3 nr. CCCCXIII [Online ed., pp. 431-]
	4 Hain, nr. 154
	5 Cf. Helmrath, p. 338, and Hain, nr. 156
	6 Häbler, pp. 146-147
	7 Hain, nr 197
	8 With later editions of 1505 and 1518, cf. Helmrath, p. 338
	9 Hain, nr. 198
	10 Hain, nr. 153

• Senckenberg, Heinrich Christian von: Sammlung von ungedruckten und raren Schriften zur Erläuterung des Staats-, des gemeinen bürgerliches und Kirchen-rechts wie auch der Geschichte von Teutschland. 4 vols. Franfurt, 1745-1751. Bd. IV, St. 1 Senckenberg's edition appears to be a reproduction of the text in Oratio coram Calixto III de obedientia Friderici III. Imperatoris MCCCCLV. Roma: Stephan Planck, [1488/1490]. (PL) • Pius II: Orationes politicae et ecclesiasticae. Ed. Giovanni Domenico Mansi. 3 vols. Lucca: Benedini, 1755-1759, I, pp. 336-349 Mansi's edition is based on the two earlier editions in the Opera Omnia-edition and by Planck.

  1

TEXT AND TRANSLATION Oratio Aeneae Silvii Piccolominei, episcopi Senensis, qui 1 postea pontificatum summum 2 adeptus Pius II appellatus est, 3 habita Romae in consistorio publico ad Calixtum papam III. de praestatione oboedientiae nomine 4 Friderici Caesaris cum exhortatione contra Turcos 5 6 7

  Oratio reverendi patris domini Enee episcopi Senensis ad Calixtum papam tertium pro obedientia prestanda ex parte invictissimi imperatoris Frederici cujus ipse pro tempore (?) cancellarius existens legationis officii fungeret S; Aeneae Silvii episcopi Senensis oratio ad Callistum pontificem maximum habita in exibitione obedientiae Caesareo nomine V; Oratio facta per dominum Eneam episcopum Senensem legatum tunc temporis serenissimi domini domini imperatoris Friderici tempore papae Kalixti tertii pro exercitu gregando contra infidelissimos

	• Horatius: 1 2
	• Plautus: 1 3
	• Terentius: 1 4
	• Vergilius: 4 5
	F = Mantova, Biblioteca Communale / 100
	H = Admont / Stiftsbibliothek / ms. 73.253
	Patristic and medieval sources: 0 J = New York / Coll. Phyllis Goodheart Gordan / ms. 33, ff. 135v-140r
	K = Colmar / Bibliotheque Municipale / ms. 407 (198)
	Contemporary sources: 0 L = Roma / Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana / Vat.Lat. 6153
	6 Bibliography

Manuscript

Firenze / Biblioteca Medicea-Laurenziana / Plut. LIV 19 / Aeneae Silvii Epistolae / ep. 94, ff. 64v-67r

[START_REF]cuilibet MU 8[END_REF]

Literature Ady, Cecilia M.: Pius II (AEneas Silvius Piccolomini) -the Humanist Pope.

London, 1913

Annales ecclesiastici ab anno MCXCVIII ubi Card. Baronius desinit. Auct. Odoricus Raynaldus. Tom. XVIII-XIX. Roma: Varesius, 1659-1663 7

1

De finibus bonorum et malorum: 1; De officiis 1 2 Carmina: 1 3 Trinummus 4 Andria 5 Aeneis 3; Georgica 1 6 http://teca.bmlonline.it/ImageViewer/servlet/ImageViewer?idr=TECA0000634339#page/137/mode/1up 7 References to the Annales is usually given in this form: (e.g.) Rainaldus, ad ann. 1459, nr. 67 (without reference to a specific edition). In the bibliographies of the individual orations, the first edition is usually listed, but the Theiner edition is actually the preferred one since it is the easiest available on the web Babinger, Franz: Mehmed der Eroberer und seine Zeit : Weltenstürmer einer Zeitenwende.

München, 1953

Boulting, William: Aeneas Silvius (Enea Silvio de' Piccolomini -Pius II) -Orator, man of letters, statesman, and pope.

London, 1908 Bracciolini, Poggio: Oratio ad patres reverendissimos. [c. 1458]

• In: Poggius Bracciolinus: Opera Omnia. A cura di

R. Fubini. 4 vols. Torino, 1964-1969.

(Monumenta politica et philosophica rariora; ser. 2, nr. 5). / T. II, pp. 1-21 Bruni, Leonardo: De militia. In: Opere letterarie e politiche. Ed. Paolo Viti. Torino, 1996, pp. 648-701 Crowley, Roger: Constantinople -The Last Great Siege, 1453. London, 2005 Häbler, Konrad: Die Drucke der Briefsammlungen des Aeneas Silvius. In: Gutenberg Jahrbuch 14 (1939) 138-152 Hain, Ludwig: Repertorium bibliographicum, in quo libri omnes ab arte typographica inventa usque ad annum MD. typis expressi, ordine alphabetico vel simpliciter enumerantur vel adcuratius recensentur. Stuttgart, 1831 Helmrath, Johannes: Die Reichstagsreden des Enea Silvio Piccolomini 1454/55 -Studien zur Reichstag und Rhetorik. Universität Köln, 1994 Mitchell, R.J.: The Laurels and the Tiara -Pope Pius II, 1458-1464. London, 1962 Müller, Johann Joachim: Des Heil. Römischen Reichs Teutscher Nation ReichsTags Theatrum wie selbiges unter Keyser Friedrichs V. Allerhöchsten Regierung von Anno MCCCCXL bis MCCCCXCIII gestanden ... 3 vols. Jena, 1713 Paparelli, Gioacchino: Enea Silvio Piccolomini -Pio II. Bari, 1950 Pastor, Ludwig: Geschichte der Päpste im Zeitalter der Renaissance. 16 vols. Freiburg i.B., 1886-1933 [and later editions] Pius II: Commentarii rerum memorabilium quae suis temporibus contigerunt [1464] • Commentarii rervm memorabilivm que svis temporibus contigervnt. Ed. A van Heck. II vols. Città del Vaticano: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1984 (Studi e testi; 312-313) • Commentaries. Ed. M. Meserve and M. Simonetta. Vols. 1 ff. Cambridge, MA, 2003 ff. Pius II: Epistulae • Epistulae familiares. Nürnberg: Koberger, 1486, nr. CCCCXIII [Online ed., pp. 431-] Pius II: Orationes. [1436-1464] • Oratio coram Calixto III de obedientia Friderici III. Imperatoris MCCCCLV. Roma: Stephan Planck, [1488/1490] • Pius II: Orationes politicae et ecclesiasticae. Ed. Giovanni Domenico Mansi. 3 vols. Lucca: Benedini, 1755-1759 • Collected Orations of Pope Pius II. Ed. and transl. by Michael v. Cotta-Schönberg. 12 vols. 2019-2020 Rainaldus, Odoricus: Annales ecclesiastici ab anno MCXCVIII ubi card. Baronius desinit. T. X. Lucca, 1753 [online ed. Google] Reinhardt, Volker: Pius II. Piccolomini -Der Papst, mit dem die Renaissance begann. München, 2013 Reusner, Nikolaus (ed.): Selectissimarum orationum et consultationum de bello Turconico variorum et diversorum auctorum volumina quattuor. Leipzig: Gros & Henning, 1596 Senckenberg, Heinrich Christian von: Die Senckenbergische Sammlung von ungedruckten und raren Schriften. Tom. IV. Frankfurt, 1751 Stieber, Joachim W.: Pope Eugenius IV, the Council of Basel and the Secular and Ecclesiastical authorities in the Empirel -the Conflict over Supreme Authority and Power in the Church. Leiden, 1978 (Studies in the History of Thought; 13) Strnad, Alfred A.: Johannes Hinderbachs Obedienz-Ansprache vor Papst Pius II -Päpstliche und kaiserliche Politik in der Mitte des Quattrocento. In: Römische historische Mitteilungen, 10 (1966/67) 41-183 Toews, John B.: Emperor Frederick III and his Relations with the Papacy from 1440 to 1493. University of Colorado, Ph.D., 1962 Voigt, Georg: Enea Silvio de' Piccolomini als Papst Pius der Zweite und sein Zeitalter. I-III. Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1856-63 Zimolo, Giulio C. (ed.): Le vite di Pio II di Giovanni Antonio Campano e Bartolomeo Platina. Bologna: Zanichelli, 1964. (Rerum Italicarum Scriptores; t. III, p. II) 7. Sigla and abbreviations A = Roma, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana / Chis.I.VIII 284 B = Roma, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana / Vat. Lat. 1788 C = Roma, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana / Chis.I.VIII 286 D = Rom, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana / Chis.I.VI.211 E = Milano, Biblioteca Ambrosiana / 97 inf. M = Cambridge / University Library / Hh.I.7 N = Nürnberg / Stadtbibliothek / Cent, V App. 15 P = Padova / Biblioteca del Seminario / ms. 84 R = München / Bayerische Staatsbibliothek / clm 70 S = Strängnäs / Domkyrkobiblioteket / ms. 7 V = Venezia / Biblioteca Marciana / XI.77 (4193) Y = Schlägl / Stiftsbibliothek / Cpl. 54 (cod. 131) Z = Zürich / Zentralbibliothek / cod. 266 KO = Epistulae familiares. Nürnberg: Koberger, 1486, nr. CCCCXIII [Online ed., pp. 431-] MU = Müller, Johann Joachim: Des Heil. Römischen Reichs Teutscher Nation ReichsTags Theatrum wie selbiges unter Keyser Friedrichs V. Allerhöchsten Regierung von Anno MCCCCXL bis MCCCCXCIII gestanden ... Bd. 1-3. Jena, 1713 OO = AEneae Sylvii Piccolominei Senensis, qui ... Pius Secundus appellatus est, Opera quae extant omnia, nunc demum castigata et in unum Corpus redacta His quoque, accessit Gnomologia ex omnibus Sylvii Operibus collecta. Baesileae: 1551. Pp. 928-932 PL = Oratio coram Calixto III de obedientia Friderici III. Imperatoris MCCCCLV. Roma: Stephan Planck, [1488/1490] II. 1 quod B, E 2 maximum B, E 3 legati Caesaris add. E 4 omit. B 5 cum exhortatione contra Turcos omit. B 6 in consistorio … Turcos : coram pontifice et cardinalibus, Idus Augusti MCCCCLV E 7 Oratio ... Turcos : Aeneae Silvii episcopi Senensis oratio ad Calistum papam III. de praestatione oboedientiae et de bello Turconico D; Oratio Enee Pii pro Federico imperatore oratoris ad Calixtum tertium summum pontificem H; Oratio ex parte domini Cesaris Friderici III. ad beatissimum Calixtum papam III. per Eneam episcopum reverendissimum Senensem, poetam laureatum, oratorem missum factam J; Oratio reverendi in Christo patris domini Enee Silvii episcopi Senensis facta per eum ad sanctissimum in Christo patrem dominum Calistum papam tertium in obedientia prestita ex parte invictissimi et gloriosissimi domini, domini Federici Romanorum imperatoris semper Augusti, Romae, anno quinquagesimo quinto die tertia decima mensis Augusti K; Oratio Enee Silvii ad Calixtum Papam offerendo obedientiam imperatoris L, KO; Oratio coram domino Calisto facta per dominum Eneam obedientiam praestantem nomine Caesaris M; Oratio Enee coram papa ad tradendam obedientiam pro imperatore N; Oratio reverendi in Christo patris domini domini Enee episcopi Senensis sacri imperii oratoris dignissimi coram sanctissimo papa et cardinalibus habita P; Oracio quam fecit dominus Senesensis dictus Eneas coram papa Calixto ad tradendam obedienciam pro imperatore R; Turcos Y; Proposicio reverendissimi domini cardinalis Senensis facta ad ponficem maximum Calixtum tertium anno 1456 de modo procedendi contra Turcos et recuperandi Greciam Z; AEneae Sylvii Legati Casarei, Oratio ad Papam Calixtum III. cum ei obedientiam Impetratoris offerret MU; Oratio Aeneae Sylvii Calixtum Papam offerendo obedientiam imperatoris OO; Oratio Enee Silvii episcopi Senensis coram Calixto papa tertio de obedientia Frederici tertii imperatoris MCCCCLV

PL Oration of Enea Silvio Piccolomini, Bishop of Siena, who after he became pope was called Pius II, held in Rome in a public consistory, to Pope Calixtus III, in the name of Emperor Friedrich, with an exhortation against the Turks [

  1] {107r} Solent plerique 1 2 omnes 3 , beatissime 4 maxime 5 pontifex, qui ad tradendam oboedientiam huic sacrosanctae Romanae 6 sedi mittuntur, non solum personae sedentis 7 in ea, sed ejus 8 etiam 9 10 , quae 11 se 12 mittit, amplissimis 13 verbis 14 exponere laudes. Idem nunc et[START_REF]Quomodo autem debachati 1 sint 2 diebus 3 nostris 4 5 in Graecia Turci 6 , et 7 quo impetu Constantinopolim expugnaverint 8 , Galatas deleverint, Rasciam 9 , quae superior olim[END_REF] mihi 17 faciendum 18 esset, qui cum 19 collega meo[START_REF]Quocumque 1 tandem modo 2 ad hostes Hungaria deficiat 3 , sive Italiam, sive Germaniam 4 percurrere ac 5 praedari Mahumetus 6 voluerit, in utramque terram 7 patenti porta 8 aditum habet. Murus noster 9 Hungaria 10 est 11 et antemurale fortissimum 12 , sive clipeus nostrae religionis, sub quo longo 13 jam 14 aevo 15 16 17 protecti sumus 18[END_REF] , praestanti et optimo juris[START_REF]Ab externis invadimur 1 hostibus, et nos 2 in cives arma 3 convertimus. Sed digne patimur pro nostris iniquitatibus. Nulla inter 4 nos concordia, nulla oboedientia est 5 , neque spirituali paremus neque temporali 6 capiti. Jacet spreta religio justitiae, nullus honos 7 , fides paene incognita est 8 . Rex quisque sibi 9 10 et 11 pontifex esse videtur. Quot capita, tot sententiae. Scinditur 12 incertum studia in contraria 13 vulgus. Illic Germaniam mille 14 conturbant lites; inter Galliam et Angliam 15 vetus 16 odium viget 17 ; Hispaniae reges inimicat 18 ambitio; Italiam 19 magno labore pacatam 20 novus 21 jam turbo concutit[END_REF] interprete, Johanne Hinderbachio 22 , Caesareo 23 nomine oboedientiam 24 ad te defero. At 25 cum sim certus in hac tua 26 summi 27 praesulatus adeptione[START_REF]Intelligis, quid 1 Caesar promittat 2 . Clarissimum 3 illum Aragoniae regem, potentia et sapientia incomparabilem, in hoc opus volentissimum 4 5 habes. Philippo, duci 6 Burgundiae, nobilissimo et piissimo 7 , maximis regibus 8 comparando, nihil magis cordi est quam pugnare in Turcos. Hungari auxilia 9 expectant 10 , belli fortunam sub tuo vexillo iterum experturi[END_REF] , quam divinitus inspiratam cuncti fatentur, confluxisse 30 ad te 31 huc 32 quamplurimos 33 tum principum tum civitatum legatos, tui 34 conscios 35 et dicendi peritos, non sum 36 nescius illos 37 , dum 38 tibi et 39 Romanae

	13 amplissimas K
	14 omit. K
	15 tunc K
	16 nunc et : et nunc MU
	17 nunc et mihi : quoque et mihi nunc E
	18 faciendam K
	19 tum V; met J
	20 me PL
	21 viro P

1 omit. N 2 solent omnes corr. ex solent plerique omnes H 3 homines K, PL 4 pater add. L, R, KO, MU, OO 5 omit. Y 6 omit. V 7 sedenti J, Y, L, S, KO; dedenti OO 8 omit. C // omit. S 9 omit. K, P 10 ejus etiam : eciam eius R 11 qui K, L, R, KO, MU, OO 12 omit. K 22 Hinderbachio corr. ex Hinderbach A; Inderbach E // Hinderbach

H, N, M, V, J, K, Z, PL, L, R, S, KO, MU, OO;

  congratulantur1 , et apostolicum sacrum senatum[START_REF] Charles | King of France from 1422 to his death[END_REF] , qui 3 te 4 delegit 5 , et pietatem tuam, quae demandatum munus 6 accepit 7 , magnifice atque ornatissime commendasse. Holy and supreme pontiff, almost all 8 who are sent to offer obedience to this holy Roman See use to praise extravagantly not only the person occupying that see, but also the person who has sent them. I should do the same now as, together with my colleague, the eminent and excellent jurist, Johann Hinderbach,[START_REF]De patre 1 Ladislai loquor, inclyti regis Hungariae ac 2 Bohemiae, Caesaris nostri patruo, de cujus 3 admiranda 4 probitate 5 nihil 6 satis dici posset 7 8 . Ponendi 9 ante 10 oculos essent 11[END_REF] I offer you obedience in the name of the emperor. I am certain, however, that after your accession to the supreme pontificate, which all acknowledge to be inspired by God, many legates from princes and cities have arrived here. They know a great deal about you 10 and are accomplished speakers, and am I sure that they have congratulated you yourself and the Roman Church, and that they have magnificently and elegantly praised the holy Apostolic Senate, 11 which elected you, as well as your pious acceptance of the office bestowed upon you. Per hosce 1 ut arbitros 2 homines 3 et veteris 4 prosapiae tuae alta nobilitas, et majorum tuorum illustria facta, et 5 omnes 6 viae 7 tuae cursus 8 ita in lucem prodiere[START_REF]De patre 1 Ladislai loquor, inclyti regis Hungariae ac 2 Bohemiae, Caesaris nostri patruo, de cujus 3 admiranda 4 probitate 5 nihil 6 satis dici posset 7 8 . Ponendi 9 ante 10 oculos essent 11[END_REF] , ut nemo in hoc auditorio 10 sit 11 , qui nesciat, quam praeclare 12 sis natus 13 , quam scolaris acutus fueris[START_REF]Y 15 sequi B, E 16 fata J, Y 17 ne quaeque L[END_REF] , quam disputator 15 subtilis et vehemens, quam doctus doctor et eminens, quam providus apud reges[START_REF]Quomodo autem debachati 1 sint 2 diebus 3 nostris 4 5 in Graecia Turci 6 , et 7 quo impetu Constantinopolim expugnaverint 8 , Galatas deleverint, Rasciam 9 , quae superior olim[END_REF] consiliarius, quam justus in magistratibus[START_REF]K 22 Francfordia et in Nova Civitate : Nova Civitate et in Francfordia J, Y 23 omit[END_REF] judex, quam castus in ecclesia presbyter, quam sanctus 18 et amabilis episcopus, quam verax et incorruptus cardinalis.

	0. Introduction
	Inderbach P 23 Caesario K, L, KO, OO 24 cum collega … oboedientiam omit. Y 25 ac K; et Z 26 tui K, L, KO, MU, OO 27 omit. K 28 adoptione K 3 omit. MU 4 veterum K [1] 1 gratulantur E; congratulentur R 5 ac L, R, KO, OO
	29 cuncta OO 2 sacrum senatum : sacrosenatum J, Y
	30 conduxisse P; fluxisse K 3 que L 8 modus cursus Y
	31 ad te omit. P 4 omit. L, KO, OO 9 prodire D, E // prodere P; prodigerunt K; corr. ex prodigere Z; prodierunt PL
	32 ad te huc : hic ad te K 5 elegit B; diligit K 10 adiutorio L, R, OO
	33 complurimos Y, PL 6 omit. H; minus J; nimis K 11 omit. P
	34 tui corr. ex tuos R 7 suscepit MU 12 preclarus K, P
	35 consocios L, KO, OO 8 Classical expression: Plerique omnes (pleraque omnia) also occurs in Plaut. Trin. 29; Ter. Andr. 55; Haut. 830; 13 notus N
	36 solum H, P, L, 14 omit. S
	15 deputator PL
	16 regem PL
	17 ignorantibus V
	18 severus MU; senectus OO

37

omit. C 38 tum M, V; cum J, Y, MU; tamen L, S, KO, OO 39 tibi : tempore J 40 Romae F ecclesiae Phorm. 172; and several times in Gellius:

1.3.2; 1.7.4; 1.21. 1; 4.17

. Also used by Poggio Bracciolini: Oratio ad patres revendissimos (1417). In: Opera, II, p. 19

[START_REF]De patre 1 Ladislai loquor, inclyti regis Hungariae ac 2 Bohemiae, Caesaris nostri patruo, de cujus 3 admiranda 4 probitate 5 nihil 6 satis dici posset 7 8 . Ponendi 9 ante 10 oculos essent 11[END_REF]

Johannes Hinderbach (1418-1486): Bishop of Trento from 1465 to his death 10 "conscios tui" 11 i.e. the College of Cardinals

[2]

1 hos te J, Y 2 arbitror D, E // arbitror H,

M, N, P, J, Y, K, Z, PL, L, R, S

, KO, MU, OO

[START_REF]cuilibet MU 8[END_REF]

omnis E // omnis M, N, P, J, Y, K, Z, PL, L, R, KO, MU, OO 7 vitae D, E // vite corr. ex vie H; vitae M, N, P, J, Y, K, Z, PL, L, R, S, KO, MU, OO

H, M, N, P, J, Y, K, Z, PL, L, R, S, KO, MU, OO

  , tam acrem defensorem 21 {107v} et 22 certissimum 23 conservatorem 24 animadvertimus 26 .

	2 omit. E
	3 ac E
	4 et add. E
	5 sedis P
	6 Romano add. E
	7 ipsis L, KO, MU, OO
	8 sicut et E
	9 omit. Y
	12 omit. L, R, KO, MU, OO
	13 omit. MU
	14 potissimum MU
	15 omit. MU
	16 cum te omit. E
	17 cum te : quando turbatorem pacis Italie et hostem communis bonis, Jacobum Piceninum, te tam acriter insequi
	cernimus et K; quando turbatorem pacis Italice et hostem communis boni, Jacobum Picceninum, te tam acriter
	insequi cernimus et PL
	18 ex L, KO, OO
	19 nutricis B // cultricem V
	20 primum te add. E // primum te add. P, S, Z, PL; primum et add. K
	21 defensionem L, R, KO, MU, OO
	22 ac K

1

Hispaniae L, KO, OO; Hispania corr. ex

Hispanie R 10

Theodosi C, D, E // Theodosi H, V, L, KO; alii MU 11 omit. E // omit.

[START_REF] Ko | [END_REF]

certissimam L, KO, MU, OO

24

defensorem PL; conservationem L, KO, MU, OO 25 a te profectam, susceptamque add. MU 26 advertimus OO

  6] Si quis igiturFridericum nostrum, ut par est, commendare voluerit, huic primo vetustas imperii, et amplitudo, et auctoritas, et potestas, et magnificentia, et gloria 2 in medium deducenda 4 erit; dicendum 5 quid 6 sibi 7 velit ingens Danielis statua propter ferreas tibias quaevis 8 imperia 9 conterentes; quid grandis 10 Ezechielis importet aquila; cur Assyriorum regno12 minitetur 13 ab Italia 14 , Balaam15 16 , enarrandus omnis 17 aquilae 18 volatus, ut Cretensem illum Jovem stulte creditum Deum, ut 20 Teucrum 21 , ut[START_REF] Nullus | sacrosancto MU 24 nomini MU 25[END_REF] Trojanos reliquos, ut potissime 23 pium24 Aeneam in bellis 25 adjuverit 26 ; ut regibus Albanis aliquando faverit[START_REF]Sed unum nobis deest 1 , unum 2 inquirendum est, quo habito facile terrebimus 3 et consternemus 4 hostem 5 . Hoc unum est ordo, sine quo nihil est[END_REF] ; ut Romanos rerum dominos gentemque togatam, ut Graecos imperatores, ut Germanos Caesares 28 victores hostium et mundi domitores29 effecerit 30 . [cont.]

	1 majestas K
	2 et add. N
	3 modum F // medio P
	4 dicenda K; adducenda MU
	5 deinde L, KO, MU, OO
	6 quod L, KO, OO; quid corr. ex quod R
	7 omit. J
	8 quis F
	9 inermia MU
	10 omit. Z
	11 assiratur K
	12 regna L, KO, OO
	13 imittetur J, K, S; mutetur Y, L, KO; mutentur MU, OO
	14 item add. MU
	15 Balabam E
	16 textus corruptus
	17 omnis corr. ex omnes A; omnes F // et Salomoneae MU
	18 omnis add. MU
	19 et K
	20 omit. N; et L, R, S, KO, MU, OO
	21 est add. P; Theor cum S; Theocum L, KO, OO; Phaeacum MU
	22 vel MU
	23 potissimum P
	24 primum P
	25 in bellis omit. S, Z
	26 adjuvaret L, KO, OO
	27 fuerit K
	28 Cesareos P

[START_REF]Exurge igitur 1 , aperi ecclesiae thesauros 2 , aperi caeli portas 3 , promitte 4 dignam laborum 5 mercedem, effunde largiter 6 spiritualia dona in Christi milites, {111r} mitte operarios in agrum 7 , qui 8 messem domino 9 gratissimam 10 metant 11 . Hoc 12 tuum 13 est opus, hoc est[END_REF]

domatores PL; devictores L, S, KO, OO; domitores corr. ex devictores R; rectores MU 30 affecit OO

  Quaecumque enim de Romano imperio praeclare 1 dicuntur, ad rectorem ejus proculdubio cum laude redundant. Nam sicut apostoli Petri, et 2 Silvestri, et 3 Leonis et aliorum pontificum laudabile nomen te, qui loco eorum sedes, agit 4 sublimem, ita 5 et[START_REF]cuilibet MU 8[END_REF] Augusti primi et 7 Constantini magni[START_REF] Expugnaverunt | OO 9 Rhasiam MU 10 superior olim : corr. ex superior olim H; olim superior P, Z 11 Imina L 12 oppresserunt S 13[END_REF] , Caroli victoris 9 et aliorum Caesarum excellens gloria, Fridericum nostrum 10 , qui eis successit, in altum tollit11 12 .[7] Secundo exponendum erit quam longa et lata sit Germanica natio 13 , quam religiosa, quam verax[START_REF]Y 15 sequi B, E 16 fata J, Y 17 ne quaeque L[END_REF] , quam justi 15 , quam promissi tenax, quam populosa, quam dives, quanta 16 illic 17 nobilitas, quam 18 fortis et 19 experta militia, quantus ecclesiarum ornatus, quanta gloria cleri, quanta[START_REF]Quocumque 1 tandem modo 2 ad hostes Hungaria deficiat 3 , sive Italiam, sive Germaniam 4 percurrere ac 5 praedari Mahumetus 6 voluerit, in utramque terram 7 patenti porta 8 aditum habet. Murus noster 9 Hungaria 10 est 11 et antemurale fortissimum 12 , sive clipeus nostrae religionis, sub quo longo 13 jam 14 aevo 15 16 17 protecti sumus 18[END_REF] principum magnificentia, quantus splendor urbium, quae caeli facies, quae terrae ubertas, cum provinciarum et populi decus cum[START_REF]Ab externis invadimur 1 hostibus, et nos 2 in cives arma 3 convertimus. Sed digne patimur pro nostris iniquitatibus. Nulla inter 4 nos concordia, nulla oboedientia est 5 , neque spirituali paremus neque temporali 6 capiti. Jacet spreta religio justitiae, nullus honos 7 , fides paene incognita est 8 . Rex quisque sibi 9 10 et 11 pontifex esse videtur. Quot capita, tot sententiae. Scinditur 12 incertum studia in contraria 13 vulgus. Illic Germaniam mille 14 conturbant lites; inter Galliam et Angliam 15 vetus 16 odium viget 17 ; Hispaniae reges inimicat 18 ambitio; Italiam 19 magno labore pacatam 20 novus 21 jam turbo concutit[END_REF] principe sit commune.

	1 praeclaro Z
	2 apostolorum add. MU
	3 omit. MU
	4 ait K
	5 omit. L, R, KO, OO
	6 ut E // omit. P
	7 ut E
	9 victorum K
	10 omit. PL	: Locus iste
	in nullis editionibus sanus 11 tollet E // tollet PL
	2 Daniel, 2, 31 12 in altum tollit : tollit in altum K
	3 Daniel, 2, 33: tibiae ferreae 13 Laudes Germanie in marg. N
	4 Daniel, 2, 40: the fourth empire in the dream of king Nabuchodonosor. Piccolomini identifies it with the Roman 14 ilax Y
	Empire 15 justa N, P, K, Z, PL, L, R, KO, MU, OO
	5 Ezekiel, 17, the parable of the eagle with its prophecy of the rebirth of the kingdom of Israel, interpreted by 16 quam K; omit. Z
	Piccolomini as the (Holy) Roman Empire 17 in ea MU
	18 quanta K
	19 quam MU
	20 quantum E
	21 tum V

[START_REF]cuilibet MU 8[END_REF]

Piccolomini refers to the fight between the Persian Empire and the Roman Empire 7 The text is unclear, but Piccolomini refers to the prophecies of Balaam concerning Israel, applying them to the (Holy) Roman Empire

[START_REF] Expugnaverunt | OO 9 Rhasiam MU 10 superior olim : corr. ex superior olim H; olim superior P, Z 11 Imina L 12 oppresserunt S 13[END_REF]

Aeneas, according to Virgil the ancestor of the Romans, and therefore of the (Holy) Roman Empire [6 cont.] 8 et add. H, M, N, P, V, J, Y, K, Z, PL, L, R, S, KO, MU, OO

  1 , describenda succurret 2 inclyta domus Austriae 3 , ex qua hic Fridericus prognatus 4 est, mater 5 et ipsa 6 regum atque 7 imperatorum, quae saepe Hungariae, saepe Bohemiae, et aliquando Poloniae 8 reges dedit; demonstrandum 9 et quantus fuerit 10 magnus ille Rudolfus imperator, qui et 11 Bononiam Romanae 12 ecclesiae dono dedit 13 , et Ottokarum 14 , potentissimum15 Bohemiae regem, qui Austriam et Styriam Romano imperio {108r} surripuerat[START_REF]Quomodo autem debachati 1 sint 2 diebus 3 nostris 4 5 in Graecia Turci 6 , et 7 quo impetu Constantinopolim expugnaverint 8 , Galatas deleverint, Rasciam 9 , quae superior olim[END_REF] , ancipiti 17 bello victum 18 , interemit. Tum duo Alberti occurrent19 20 , duo Martis filii, duo fulmina belli, quorum 21 alter 22 Adolfum 23 de Nassau24 , fasces 25 26 imperii usurpantem, apud Rhenum magno proelio 27 vicit et occidit, alter[START_REF]Intelligis, quid 1 Caesar promittat 2 . Clarissimum 3 illum Aragoniae regem, potentia et sapientia incomparabilem, in hoc opus volentissimum 4 5 habes. Philippo, duci 6 Burgundiae, nobilissimo et piissimo 7 , maximis regibus 8 comparando, nihil magis cordi est quam pugnare in Turcos. Hungari auxilia 9 expectant 10 , belli fortunam sub tuo vexillo iterum experturi[END_REF] impios Hussitas 29 , ecclesiae 30 nostrae saeva[START_REF] Laudatissimum | [END_REF] bella moventes, quasi malleus contrivit.

	1 tertia H
	2 occurret Z; succurrit L, KO, MU, OO; occurrit R
	3 domus Austriae : Austriae domus MU
	4 pregnatus K, Z, PL; propagatus MU; propugnatus OO
	5 omit. K
	6 et ipsa : ipsa etiam MU
	7 et K, L, R, KO, MU, OO
	8 saepe Bohemiae … Poloniae : et aliquando Bohemie J
	9 demonstranda L, KO, MU, OO
	10 omit. J
	11 omit. P
	12 Rome P
	13 dono dedit MU
	14 Ortokarum H; Otakkarum N; Orthokarum P; Ortobarum V; Otto Carolum L, KO; Otho qui Carolum MU;
	Ottho Carolum OO; Ottokarum corr. ex Otto Karolum R
	15 potissimum N; potentissime V
	16 subripuerat N, K, PL; surripuerat corr. ex subrupuerat P; subripuerat corr. ex surripuerat R
	17 aucipiti R; anapati V
	18 omit. N
	19 occurreret K; occurrens Z; occurrerent P, L, KO; occurrant R; occurrerunt OO
	20 ecce add. K, PL
	21 scilicet Albertus imperator secundus filius dicti Rodolphi add. K, Z, PL [dicti omit. K]
	22 omit. L, KO, OO; unus MU
	23 Alphonsum L, KO, OO
	24 Nassoii H; Naussau K; Vassoii Z; Nasson P, PL, J, Y; Nasam L, KO; Nasauu OO
	25 fastes PL; vastes Z, L, KO
	26 Nassau fasces : Nassonfustes V
	27 praeso MU

[START_REF]Intelligis, quid 1 Caesar promittat 2 . Clarissimum 3 illum Aragoniae regem, potentia et sapientia incomparabilem, in hoc opus volentissimum 4 5 habes. Philippo, duci 6 Burgundiae, nobilissimo et piissimo 7 , maximis regibus 8 comparando, nihil magis cordi est quam pugnare in Turcos. Hungari auxilia 9 expectant 10 , belli fortunam sub tuo vexillo iterum experturi[END_REF]

videlicet Albertus tertius imperator add. PL

[START_REF]Exurge igitur 1 , aperi ecclesiae thesauros 2 , aperi caeli portas 3 , promitte 4 dignam laborum 5 mercedem, effunde largiter 6 spiritualia dona in Christi milites, {111r} mitte operarios in agrum 7 , qui 8 messem domino 9 gratissimam 10 metant 11 . Hoc 12 tuum 13 est opus, hoc est[END_REF]

Misitas V;

Rhussitas OO 30

Romanae add. suprascr. Y 31 omit. N

  quo pacto vocatus ad imperium 15 fuerit; ut[START_REF]Quomodo autem debachati 1 sint 2 diebus 3 nostris 4 5 in Graecia Turci 6 , et 7 quo impetu Constantinopolim expugnaverint 8 , Galatas deleverint, Rasciam 9 , quae superior olim[END_REF] coronam regni Germanici 17 apud civitatem Aquensem, imperialem in hac urbe summo 18 cum honore 19 susceperit 20 ; ut[START_REF]Ab externis invadimur 1 hostibus, et nos 2 in cives arma 3 convertimus. Sed digne patimur pro nostris iniquitatibus. Nulla inter 4 nos concordia, nulla oboedientia est 5 , neque spirituali paremus neque temporali 6 capiti. Jacet spreta religio justitiae, nullus honos 7 , fides paene incognita est 8 . Rex quisque sibi 9 10 et 11 pontifex esse videtur. Quot capita, tot sententiae. Scinditur 12 incertum studia in contraria 13 vulgus. Illic Germaniam mille 14 conturbant lites; inter Galliam et Angliam 15 vetus 16 odium viget 17 ; Hispaniae reges inimicat 18 ambitio; Italiam 19 magno labore pacatam 20 novus 21 jam turbo concutit[END_REF] conjugem nobilissimam ex domo Portugalliae duxerit, Alfonsi praeclarissimi 22 regis 23 neptem 24 , unde sibi omnes Hispaniae potentissimos 25 reges 26 27 affinitate 28 conjunxit 29 ; ut neutralitatem ecclesiae Romanae 30 31 nocentissimam ex natione sua sustulerit 32 ; ut oboedientiam Germanici populi magno labore, majori sumptu, atque industria, tuis praedecessoribus, Eugenio et Nicolao, restitituerit, unde secuta est, qua 33 nunc fruimur, et quam tantopere 34 commendamus 35 , ecclesiasticae societatis unitas,

	1 ac MU
	2 est K, PL
	3 Gesta et laudes imperatoris Friderici in marg. N
	4 et S
	5 et P
	6 et N, P, S, Z
	7 prudentia L, R, KO, MU, OO S
	8 exponendi N
	9 omit. K
	10 declarandas N
	11 redditus K, Z
	12 paucis L, KO, OO
	13 concilia J
	14 dicendo H, V
	15,
	is missing here, but is inserted in sect. 20 after the words et mundi
	20 suscepit Y, K, R, KO
	21 uti K, R
	22 clarissimi S
	23 regis praeclarissimi : regis preclarissimi P
	24 nepotem V
	25 em. after the Early Version; potentissimi A, B, C, D, E, F // potentissimi H, N, V
	26 regis S
	27 neptem unde … reges omit. K
	28 omit. Z
	29 connexit Z
	30 ratione L, KO
	31 ecclesiae Romanae : Rom. ecclesiae MU
	32 sustulerat F
	33 quae L, KO, OO

15

vocatus ad imperium : ad imperium vocatus L, R, KO, MU, OO

[START_REF]Quomodo autem debachati 1 sint 2 diebus 3 nostris 4 5 in Graecia Turci 6 , et 7 quo impetu Constantinopolim expugnaverint 8 , Galatas deleverint, Rasciam 9 , quae superior olim[END_REF]

ut corr. ex add. R; ad M, J, Y, L, S, KO

[START_REF]K 22 Francfordia et in Nova Civitate : Nova Civitate et in Francfordia J, Y 23 omit[END_REF]

Germano L, KO; Germanorum MU, OO

18

Germanici apud civitatem … summo : Germanicum V 19 In K (f. 183v) the following text, from the words susceperit ut until the words magnanimi et fideles in sect. 34 tanto temporis K; tanto tempore R, S 35 recommendamus J, Y; commendavimus L, R, KO, OO

  1 et infausta migratione 2 tui praedecessoris maerorem 4 accepit Caesar 5 ingentem, ita ex tempestiva et felici vocatione tua summum gaudium maximamque laetitiam 6 consecutus 7 est. Novit enim te Caesar 8 , cum adhuc in minoribus[START_REF]De patre 1 Ladislai loquor, inclyti regis Hungariae ac 2 Bohemiae, Caesaris nostri patruo, de cujus 3 admiranda 4 probitate 5 nihil 6 satis dici posset 7 8 . Ponendi 9 ante 10 oculos essent 11[END_REF] ageres, et cum se 10 visitatum in hac urbe tempore 11 suae 12 coronationis adisses[START_REF]Y 15 sequi B, E 16 fata J, Y 17 ne quaeque L[END_REF] , quantum intellectu 15 et doctrina et[START_REF]Quomodo autem debachati 1 sint 2 diebus 3 nostris 4 5 in Graecia Turci 6 , et 7 quo impetu Constantinopolim expugnaverint 8 , Galatas deleverint, Rasciam 9 , quae superior olim[END_REF] praesertim civili sapientia, quae mundi gubernatrix existit, quantum animi 17 magnitudine 18 et vitae sanctimonia valeres, diligenter expendit[START_REF]Quocumque 1 tandem modo 2 ad hostes Hungaria deficiat 3 , sive Italiam, sive Germaniam 4 percurrere ac 5 praedari Mahumetus 6 voluerit, in utramque terram 7 patenti porta 8 aditum habet. Murus noster 9 Hungaria 10 est 11 et antemurale fortissimum 12 , sive clipeus nostrae religionis, sub quo longo 13 jam 14 aevo 15 16 17 protecti sumus 18[END_REF] , teque[START_REF]Ab externis invadimur 1 hostibus, et nos 2 in cives arma 3 convertimus. Sed digne patimur pro nostris iniquitatibus. Nulla inter 4 nos concordia, nulla oboedientia est 5 , neque spirituali paremus neque temporali 6 capiti. Jacet spreta religio justitiae, nullus honos 7 , fides paene incognita est 8 . Rex quisque sibi 9 10 et 11 pontifex esse videtur. Quot capita, tot sententiae. Scinditur 12 incertum studia in contraria 13 vulgus. Illic Germaniam mille 14 conturbant lites; inter Galliam et Angliam 15 vetus 16 odium viget 17 ; Hispaniae reges inimicat 18 ambitio; Italiam 19 magno labore pacatam 20 novus 21 jam turbo concutit[END_REF] unum esse judicavit, qui beati Petri locum 22 jure 23 merito 24 aliquando teneres. Quod nunc ex concordi voluntate 25 26 sacri 27 senatus impletum cognoscit et gaudet, ac[START_REF]Intelligis, quid 1 Caesar promittat 2 . Clarissimum 3 illum Aragoniae regem, potentia et sapientia incomparabilem, in hoc opus volentissimum 4 5 habes. Philippo, duci 6 Burgundiae, nobilissimo et piissimo 7 , maximis regibus 8 comparando, nihil magis cordi est quam pugnare in Turcos. Hungari auxilia 9 expectant 10 , belli fortunam sub tuo vexillo iterum experturi[END_REF] cum serenissima conthorali sua[START_REF]Exurge igitur 1 , aperi ecclesiae thesauros 2 , aperi caeli portas 3 , promitte 4 dignam laborum 5 mercedem, effunde largiter 6 spiritualia dona in Christi milites, {111r} mitte operarios in agrum 7 , qui 8 messem domino 9 gratissimam 10 metant 11 . Hoc 12 tuum 13 est opus, hoc est[END_REF] , Leonora 30 Augusta 31 , prudentissima et 32 sanctissima femina, quae de tuo pontificatu maximo 34 incredibiliter exultat 35 , festos dies agit illudque

	1 primatura L; primitura P
	2 migratio F
	3 migratione tui praedecessoris : predecessoris tui migratione MU
	4 memorem P, V; dolorem MU
	5 omit. B, E
	6 maximamque laetitiam omit. PL
	7 adeptus L, KO, MU, OO; consecutus corr. ex adeptus R
	8 omit. K
	9 majoribus L
	10 te N; te corr. ex se R
	11 omit. L, R, KO, OO
	12 sua N
	13 tempore suae coronationis : suae coronationis tempore MU
	14 adisset N, V; adisset corr. ex adissses R
	15 intellectum E; intellectui S
	16 omit. MU
	17 cum N, L, R, S, KO, OO; consilii MU
	18 multitudine MU
	19 diligentur L
	20 expendens MU
	21 atque V; te K, L, S, KO, MU, OO; teque corr. ex te R
	22 loco J, Y
	23 dandas PL; iure corr. ex iuris R
	24 jure merito : juris merito S; juris meriti L, KO, OO
	25 omit. P
	26 concordi voluntate : voluntate concordi B, E
	27 sancti add. J, Y
	28 at H, R; atque MU
	29 seu K
	30 Lemiora P
	31 omit. M, L, R, S, KO, MU, OO
	32 ac R
	33 sacratissima J, Y

34

maxime N, R, K, Z; omit. MU 35 exultet L, KO 36 illud quae E // illos quia L, KO, OO; illudque corr. ex illosque R; idque S; quod MU

Jesu Christi omit. H, M, N, P, R, V, J, Y, K, Z, PL, S

  domini nostri Jesu Christi[START_REF]K 22 Francfordia et in Nova Civitate : Nova Civitate et in Francfordia J, Y 23 omit[END_REF] locumtenentem 18 in terris, ac 19 magistram 20 et ducem universalis ecclesiae recognoscimus 21 ; te[START_REF] Nullus | sacrosancto MU 24 nomini MU 25[END_REF] certum et indubitatum beati Petri successorem, te[START_REF] Ko | [END_REF] pastorem dominici24 gregis 25 , te sanctorum evangeliorum verum interpretem, te doctorem 26 salutaris 27 vitae[START_REF]Intelligis, quid 1 Caesar promittat 2 . Clarissimum 3 illum Aragoniae regem, potentia et sapientia incomparabilem, in hoc opus volentissimum 4 5 habes. Philippo, duci 6 Burgundiae, nobilissimo et piissimo 7 , maximis regibus 8 comparando, nihil magis cordi est quam pugnare in Turcos. Hungari auxilia 9 expectant 10 , belli fortunam sub tuo vexillo iterum experturi[END_REF] , te clavigerum 29 regni caelestis 30 profitemur, tibique[START_REF] Laudatissimum | [END_REF] omnem reverentiam et oboedientiam 32 exhibemus, quam Romanorum 33 imperatores praedecessoribus 34 tuis canonice intrantibus praestare comperti sunt 35 , sive jure,

	1 omit. Z [blank space]
	2 nuntio tuae assumptionis : tue assumptionis nuncio PL
	3 ac add. MU
	4 pollicitus K
	5 debita K
	6 more sanctitatem …nomine omit. J
	7 venereamur
	8 immorem K; amonemur Z
	9 faciat L, R, KO, MU, OO
	10 quid Z
	11 accipiat N, K, L, KO, MU, OO
	12 quid Z
	18 locumtenens E
	19 omit. MU
	20 magistrum H // magistrum patrem MU; in gratiam L, KO, OO
	21 omit. MU
	22 omit. MU
	23 et L, KO, MU, OO
	24 dominice K, PL, L, R, KO; domini P
	25 regis P
	26 universalem ac MU
	27 salutarem PL, L, KO, MU, OO
	28 omit. L, KO, MU, OO; vite interlin. R
	29 aeterni add. L, R, KO, MU, OO
	30 regni caelestis : caelestis regni MU
	31 tibi PL
	32 reverentiam et oboedientiam : obedientiam et reverentiam P, R, K, Z, PL
	33 Romani Z
	34 precessoribus P, PL
	35 sumus B, E

13

tibi corr. ex sibi J; tibi Y, L, R, KO, MU, OO

[START_REF]Y 15 sequi B, E 16 fata J, Y 17 ne quaeque L[END_REF]

omit. MU 15 jussione L, KO; ejus add. MU

[START_REF]Quomodo autem debachati 1 sint 2 diebus 3 nostris 4 5 in Graecia Turci 6 , et 7 quo impetu Constantinopolim expugnaverint 8 , Galatas deleverint, Rasciam 9 , quae superior olim[END_REF]

omit. L, R, KO, MU, OO

[START_REF]K 22 Francfordia et in Nova Civitate : Nova Civitate et in Francfordia J, Y 23 omit[END_REF]

Jesu Christi add. in marg. A, F //

  Trojani fuerunt 18 , a quibus exortum genus Aeneadum 19 et gens Julia[START_REF]Quocumque 1 tandem modo 2 ad hostes Hungaria deficiat 3 , sive Italiam, sive Germaniam 4 percurrere ac 5 praedari Mahumetus 6 voluerit, in utramque terram 7 patenti porta 8 aditum habet. Murus noster 9 Hungaria 10 est 11 et antemurale fortissimum 12 , sive clipeus nostrae religionis, sub quo longo 13 jam 14 aevo 15 16 17 protecti sumus 18[END_REF] profecta Romanum fundavit[START_REF]Ab externis invadimur 1 hostibus, et nos 2 in cives arma 3 convertimus. Sed digne patimur pro nostris iniquitatibus. Nulla inter 4 nos concordia, nulla oboedientia est 5 , neque spirituali paremus neque temporali 6 capiti. Jacet spreta religio justitiae, nullus honos 7 , fides paene incognita est 8 . Rex quisque sibi 9 10 et 11 pontifex esse videtur. Quot capita, tot sententiae. Scinditur 12 incertum studia in contraria 13 vulgus. Illic Germaniam mille 14 conturbant lites; inter Galliam et Angliam 15 vetus 16 odium viget 17 ; Hispaniae reges inimicat 18 ambitio; Italiam 19 magno labore pacatam 20 novus 21 jam turbo concutit[END_REF] imperium. Turci autem, etsi ea 22 nunc 23 occupant loca24 , in 25 quibus 26 fuit Ilion27 28 et Neptumnia[START_REF]Exurge igitur 1 , aperi ecclesiae thesauros 2 , aperi caeli portas 3 , promitte 4 dignam laborum 5 mercedem, effunde largiter 6 spiritualia dona in Christi milites, {111r} mitte operarios in agrum 7 , qui 8 messem domino 9 gratissimam 10 metant 11 . Hoc 12 tuum 13 est opus, hoc est[END_REF] Troja, Scythae tamen ab origine sunt, qui[START_REF] Laudatissimum | [END_REF] , regnante apud Francos 32 Pipino, in Asiam migravere, eamque pedetentim provinciam 34 35 sui juris fecere, gens spurcissima et ignominiosa 36 , fornicaria in In hoc etiam auditorio 1 non me fugit saepe de his rebus orationes habitas esse, et ab illis quidem disertissimis 2 , quibus si 3 velim aequari dicendo, manifeste 4 desipiam 5 . Nunc vero non verbis nec 6 lacrimis, sed armis regum 7 et populorum est opus[START_REF] Expugnaverunt | OO 9 Rhasiam MU 10 superior olim : corr. ex superior olim H; olim superior P, Z 11 Imina L 12 oppresserunt S 13[END_REF] . Quae 9 autem 10 hactenus 11 adversus hanc Turcorum insolentiam pro tutela fidelis populi temptaverit12 imperator, optime 13 novit tua beatitudo, nec te latet promissa fuisse Hungaris auxilia[START_REF]Y 15 sequi B, E 16 fata J, Y 17 ne quaeque L[END_REF] , quae petierunt 15 . Sed quanam 16 ratione 17 perturbata sint 18 ejus consilia 19 et quibus artibus impedita sit hoc anno in Turcos expeditio, malo tacitus 20 tecum cogites 21 quam publice ex 22 me 23 audias24 25 .

	1 secunda nostrae : nostrae secunda L
	2 iussionis N; legationis MU
	3 transire K; transfigure Z
	4 omit. K
	5 Turci non teucri in marg. N
	6 unquam V
	7 ergo L, KO; ego MU, OO
	11 prolabor H, J, Y, K, Z, L, R, S, KO, OO
	12 et add. OO
	13 immundissimae nomen : immundissime nomine S; immundissimo nomini L, KO, MU, OO
	14 Mahometanorum MU 1 adiutorio L, R, KO, OO
	15 Teucros add. MU 2 viris add. M, N, P, J, Y, K, Z, PL, L, R, S, KO, MU, OO
	16 iidem PL, MU, OO 3 se K
	17 ut J; omit. K; qui MU 4 manifesto MU
	18 sunt J 5 decipiam E // dicipiam K; decipiam Z, S; de sapientie L; de sapia KO; desiperem MU, OO
	19 Meandrum L, KO, OO 6 non K
	20 Juliana PL 7 legum Z
	21 fuderat L, KO, OO; fundaverat MU 8 est opus : opus est N
	22 omit. H, L, R, KO, MU, OO 9 quomodo N
	23 etsi ea nunc : nunc etsi ea J 10 que add. K; est add. L
	24 omit. P 11 autem hactenus : hactenus autem P
	25 omit. OO 12 comptaverit S
	26 in quibus : ubi MU 13 omit. B, E
	27 Ilium MU 14 subsidia L, R, KO, MU, OO
	28 fuit Ilion : Ilion fuit K, PL 15 petierint PL; praeterierunt L, KO, OO
	29 Neptunia C // Neptunia K, Z, S; Neptuna PL; Neptune L, KO, OO; Neptumnie corr. ex Neptune R; omit. 16 qua modo Z; quae jam L, KO, OO
	MU 17 iam add. K
	30 autem B, E // omit. H 18 sunt H, L, KO, OO
	31 que L 19 concilia Z
	32 et cum add. H 20 omit. L, R, KO, MU, OO; in marg. R
	33 tamquam K 21 cogitabis Z; cogites S, MU
	34 provincia B, E 22 ex corr. ex extra R
	35 pedetentim provinciam : orbis partem pedetentum MU 23 publice ex me : ex me publice H, R
	24 audies J, Y, R
	25 publice … audias : extra me publice audies L, KO, OO; a me publice audies MU

[START_REF] Expugnaverunt | OO 9 Rhasiam MU 10 superior olim : corr. ex superior olim H; olim superior P, Z 11 Imina L 12 oppresserunt S 13[END_REF]

huc M, P, J, Y, K, Z, MU, OO; hic L, S, KO 9 errore J, Y; errorum K 10 hoc erroris : in errorem hunc N; in errorem hunc corr. ex hic erroris R; in hunc errorem PL 36 ignominosa A, C, D // ignominosa J, M, N, V, Y, K, PL, S, KO 37 omit. J

[17]

  possit[START_REF]Exurge igitur 1 , aperi ecclesiae thesauros 2 , aperi caeli portas 3 , promitte 4 dignam laborum 5 mercedem, effunde largiter 6 spiritualia dona in Christi milites, {111r} mitte operarios in agrum 7 , qui 8 messem domino 9 gratissimam 10 metant 11 . Hoc 12 tuum 13 est opus, hoc est[END_REF] . Attenuatum atque attritum 30 externa 32 jam 33 indiget ope 34 . Legati ejus et in Frankfordia et in Nova Civitate coram Caesare 36 superos 37 atque homines testati sunt: si reliquorum Christianorum 38 praesidia sentiant 39 , sese 40 iterum atque iterum belli pericula subituros 41 ; sin reliquantur a nobis, leges Turci dederint. Neque enim 3 consilium 4 eorum 5 est 6 sine 7 spe victoriae 8 urbes et agros igni, uxores et filias lupanari, sua et liberorum capita hostili ferro committere.

	accepturos 1 , quas 2
	1 Here K continues, cf. earlier note in sect. 7
	2 nunc victi omit. F
	3 fundendum P; omit. L, KO, OO
	4 fundendo sanguinem : sanguinem fundentes MU
	5 tuta K
	6 omit. L, KO, OO; interlin. K
	7 tutati sunt nostrum : nostrum tutati sunt MU
	8 et MU
	9 cum L, KO, OO
	10 qui dum omit. R
	11 dum nos : nondum F
	12 optimatos R
	13 ac H, M, P, V, K, Z, PL, J, Y, S
	14 miserunt L, KO, OO; amiserunt corr. ex miserunt R
	15 in Hungaria est : est in Ungaria Y
	16 digno L, KO, OO
	17 hoc add. MU
	18 est digna : digna est V
	19 qui OO
	20 omit. L, R, KO, MU, OO
	21 nobilissimis H
	22 bellis L, KO, MU, OO; preliis corr. ex bellis R
	23 suum add. MU
	24 amiserit corr. in marg. H; desideravit K; amiserit PL; deploraverit L, KO, MU, OO
	25 omit. MU
	26 non est hoc regnum : hoc regnum non est MU
	27 apud E // ut amplius MU
	28 subsinere L
	29 posset K, R, S
	30 attritatum K; contritum PL; omit. L, KO, OO
	31 atque attritum : est supra modum MU
	32 extrema K
	33 omit. L, KO, MU, OO; interlin. R
	34 opere L
	35 cum M, L, R, S, KO, OO; tum MU
	36 Caesarem tum MU
	37 superiores R
	38 reliquorum Christianorum : Christianorum reliquorum MU
	39 sentiunt J, M, L, S, KO, MU, OO
	40 se L, R, KO, MU, OO
	41 si reliquorum … subituros omit. Y

2

  The wavering crowd is torn into opposing factions.3 Germany is disturbed by a thousand conflicts. Between France and England the old hate is still fresh. Ambition sows enmity among the kings in Spain. Italy had been brought to peace with great effort, 4 but now it is now shaken by new turmoil, and in Siena new fires are flaring up. 5[22] Quid speremus 1 ? His moribus 2 procuratores Mahumeti sumus. Viam 3 ipsi 4 patefacimus 5 hosti, et terga nudamus, quae 6 feriat 7 . Quid 8 dicam 9 ? Tanta inter nos 10 est 11 invidiae 12 ac 13 malivolentiae 14 15 pestis[START_REF]Quomodo autem debachati 1 sint 2 diebus 3 nostris 4 5 in Graecia Turci 6 , et 7 quo impetu Constantinopolim expugnaverint 8 , Galatas deleverint, Rasciam 9 , quae superior olim[END_REF] , tantum[START_REF]K 22 Francfordia et in Nova Civitate : Nova Civitate et in Francfordia J, Y 23 omit[END_REF] venenum, tanta rabies, ut videre videar 18 complures nostrae religionis homines servire Turcis malle, quam Christianum ferre 19 aliquem principem[START_REF]Quocumque 1 tandem modo 2 ad hostes Hungaria deficiat 3 , sive Italiam, sive Germaniam 4 percurrere ac 5 praedari Mahumetus 6 voluerit, in utramque terram 7 patenti porta 8 aditum habet. Murus noster 9 Hungaria 10 est 11 et antemurale fortissimum 12 , sive clipeus nostrae religionis, sub quo longo 13 jam 14 aevo 15 16 17 protecti sumus 18[END_REF] . Tot deinde1 2 sunt in Christiano populo 3 vectigalia, tot pecuniarum extorsiones, tot rapinae, tot principum, ne dicam tyrannorum nostrorum 4 {110r} in subditos contumeliae, ut magnopere verear, ne venienti 5 Turco et onera 6 relaxanti 7 , plebes nostrae 8 libenti animo colla 9 submittant 10 , maxime vero 11 , si -ut est callidus hostis -libertatem de fide fecerit12 . Sed, o Christianum populum, o plebem electam, o 13 vineam 14 domini 15 Sabaoth, o Christi haereditatem, o testamentum, o regnum Dei: quo nunc redacta es[START_REF]Quomodo autem debachati 1 sint 2 diebus 3 nostris 4 5 in Graecia Turci 6 , et 7 quo impetu Constantinopolim expugnaverint 8 , Galatas deleverint, Rasciam 9 , quae superior olim[END_REF] , Christiana societas? Ex quattuor patriarchalibus 17 ecclesiis, quibus 18 Christiana subnixa fides 19 , in 20 orbem 21 universum palmites extendit, majores nostri duas per ignaviam et socordiam[START_REF] Nullus | sacrosancto MU 24 nomini MU 25[END_REF] cum[START_REF] Ko | [END_REF] Jerosolymitana sede turpiter perdiderunt. Nos tertiam et illam quidem, quae post Romam 24 secunda 25 fuit, in qua tot nobilissimi imperatores, tot sancti pontifices claruerunt 26 , tot generalia concilia 27 celebrata, tot sacri 28 canones editi29 30 , tot sacratissimae leges promulgatae sunt[START_REF] Laudatissimum | [END_REF] , non minori 32 damno, majori tamen 33 desidia 34 prorsus amisimus 35 .

	[23] 1 demum L, KO, MU, OO
	2 deinde sunt : sunt demum R
	3 Christiano populo : populo Christiano MU
	4 omit. N
	5 veniente N, J, Y, L, R, S, KO
	6 contra B, E
	7 relassanti P; relapsanti V
	8 nostri N
	9 celsa L, KO, OO
	10 submittunt P; subjiciant MU
	11 omit. S
	12 fecit L, KO
	13 et Z
	14 veniam L
	15 dei H
	16 est K, MU
	1 pro add. S 17 parrochialibus J, Y
	2 motibus C 18 omit. L, KO, MU, OO
	3 nam L, KO, MU, OO 19 subnixa fides : fides subnixa N
	4 Christi PL, J 20 omit. S
	5 patefecimus H, K, Z 21 urbem K
	6 qui K 22 secordiam C, D, F // socordiam MU; socordiam corr. ex secordiam M; secordiam H, L, N, P, K, PL, J, Y, L,
	7 ferit MU, OO R, S, KO, OO
	8 quod L 23 omit. V
	9 dicamus N, R; omit. M, L, S, KO, MU, OO 24 Romanam PL
	10 vos OO 25 omit. J, Y
	11 inter nos est : est inter nos D // inter nos est : est inter nos K 26 qua tot nobilissimi … claruerunt omit. V
	12 invidia L, R, KO, OO 27 consilia K, L
	13 aut K; et L, R, KO, OO 28 tot sacri : et K
	14 malivolentia P 29 omit. H
	15 invidiae ac malivolentiae : malivolentie et invidie J, Y 30 tot sancti pontifices … editi omit. Y
	16 tanta inter … pestis : Quod tanta est inter aliquos invidia, tanta benevolentiae pestis MU 31 omit. K
	17 odii MU 32 minore MU
	18 videatur E, R // videat L, KO 33 majori tamen : quam MU
	19 omit. P 34 desideria OO
	20 ferre aliquem principem : aliquem ferre principem MU 35 emisimus V

  religioso principi et24 homini Christiano incumbere videntur, pro tutanda 25 religione minime postergabit. Sed quoniam propulsare Turcos et illatam Christianae plebi contumeliam ulcisci commune 26 opus est omnium fidelium[START_REF]Sed unum nobis deest 1 , unum 2 inquirendum est, quo habito facile terrebimus 3 et consternemus 4 hostem 5 . Hoc unum est ordo, sine quo nihil est[END_REF] magnoque sumptu et 28 magnis viribus indiget, supplex orat[START_REF]Exurge igitur 1 , aperi ecclesiae thesauros 2 , aperi caeli portas 3 , promitte 4 dignam laborum 5 mercedem, effunde largiter 6 spiritualia dona in Christi milites, {111r} mitte operarios in agrum 7 , qui 8 messem domino 9 gratissimam 10 metant 11 . Hoc 12 tuum 13 est opus, hoc est[END_REF] tuam beatitudinem Caesar 30 , quae[START_REF] Laudatissimum | [END_REF] Christi vicarium 32 gerit 33 , ut 34 antequam hostis 35 appropinquet magis, una 36 secum ad ea 37 intendas animum 38 , per quae Christiani 39 potentatus inter se , adversus infideles arma convertant et 2 communem hostem ex Europa deturbent 3 . Quod licet difficile videatur hac infelici 4 tempestate nostra 5 , in qua tantopere[START_REF]cuilibet MU 8[END_REF]

	pacem tenentes 1
	1 belluam MU
	2 impendentia MU
	3 auxilia MU
	4 conquerere K
	5 sunt L, KO, MU, OO
	6 prerepta corr. ex precepta A, C; precepta B, E // precepta N, V, Y, K, L, R, KO, MU, OO; prerepta corr. ex
	precepta J; prerecta P
	7 ante dixi : audisti V
	8 concilia Z
	9 a add. N, R, MU; omit. L, KO, OO
	10 decidit aut add. MU
	11 defecit L
	12 hoc Z
	13 vero L, KO; non corr. ex vero R
	14 succedit P
	15 alia aggredietur omit. B, E
	16 aggrediatur S; aggreditur H, P, J, Y; egredietur N, R, Z
	17 omit. MU, OO
	18 et M; et add. J, Y
	19 Romano J, Y
	20 et J, Y
	21 preceptori J
	22 et Z
	23 et J
	24 ut L, N, P, K, Z, PL, J, Y, L, R, KO, OO; et MU
	25 tuenda K; curenda MU; curanda L, KO, OO
	26 omnino MU
	27 ope add. MU
	28 ut P
	29 erat PL
	30 utpote eam add. MU
	31 quo N, R
	32 Christi vicarium : vicarium Christi MU
	33 agit MU
	34 et K
	35 antequam hostis : antiquum hostem S
	36 et add. V
	37 secum add. M, S
	38 animus V
	39 Christiane M, S, L, KO
	40 sese Z

  Turcos exterminare, neque voluntas. Nam viribus multo[START_REF]Exurge igitur 1 , aperi ecclesiae thesauros 2 , aperi caeli portas 3 , promitte 4 dignam laborum 5 mercedem, effunde largiter 6 spiritualia dona in Christi milites, {111r} mitte operarios in agrum 7 , qui 8 messem domino 9 gratissimam 10 metant 11 . Hoc 12 tuum 13 est opus, hoc est[END_REF] quam 30 illi[START_REF] Laudatissimum | [END_REF] praestamus, et nemo est 32 Christiano 33 nomine 34 insignitus, qui nolit KO 11 Christianae potentiae Turci sunt pares : Turchi sunt pares Christianae potentiae V 12 manibus B, E // manibus S, K 13 curribus corr. ex turribus A; turribus B, C, E, F // turribus H, Z, S 14 navibus et curribus : curribus et navibus MU 15 quibuscumque Z 16 militari P; potentia add. J, Y 17 superiores sumus et auro : et auro superiores sumus MU 18 et P, K; quia L, KO; quot OO 19 fugiant S 20 ante corr. ex a R 21 ante faciem : a facie L, KO, OO Turcos 1 . Quid igitur 2 obstat 3 ? Cur 4 stamus? Cur non exurgimus 5 ? Cur non defendimus plebem nostram 6 ? Cur non propulsamus injurias 7 ?

	1 sanctissime J, Y
	2 quia S
	3 audientius B, E // ardentior P; ardencius K; audientior R, Y
	4 agas N; agis S
	5 omit. N
	6 totam K
	7 omit. P
	8 is H
	9 incidamus H, K, Z
	10 mare L, mavortiaque MU; Sermatiaque N; Sarmatesque V
	23 Sarmacidaque … sanguine omit. E
	24 miras J, Y
	25 mira ras omit. MU
	26 atque E
	27 est K; adest Y
	28 possimus N, P, Z, PL
	29 multuens Z
	30 omit. F
	31 quam illi omit. MU
	32 ex R
	33 est Christiano : Christiano est F
	34 populo B, E

[START_REF] Nullus | sacrosancto MU 24 nomini MU 25[END_REF]

Sarmacidaque corr. ex Sarmaciaque A, C // Sarmatiaque H,

M, P, J, Y, K, Z, PL, L, R, S, KO, OO;

perire

  1 omit. L, R, KO, MU, OO 2 exterminandam P, V, J, Y, K, Z, PL; exterminandi OO 3 sedem PL, L, R, KO, MU, OO 4 ita ad reliqua MU 5 tot J, Y 6 videaris N; videaris corr. ex videare R 7 esse videare : esse videare E 8 erectus atque … videare omit. MU 9 et add. J, Y 10 rem hanc : hanc rem K 11 omit. J12 beatitudini MU 13 Laus Deo add. N; Finis orationis Pii papae secundi add. J; Finis add. V, Y; Deo gratias. Amen add. P; Deo gratias add. PL[START_REF]Y 15 sequi B, E 16 fata J, Y 17 ne quaeque L[END_REF] Such an ending in an oration to a prince was not infrequently used by humanist ambassadors, e.g. Leonardo Bruni in his Oratio ad papam Martinum V: Sunt alia quedam a nobis seorsum tue beatitudinis exemplificanda, que cum tempus dabitur exponemus (Bruni: Opere, p. 810). Cf. Collected Orations of Enea Silvio Piccolomini / Pope Pius II, sect. 7.8.4

15

"pietas"

CO, I,

[START_REF]Exurge igitur 1 , aperi ecclesiae thesauros 2 , aperi caeli portas 3 , promitte 4 dignam laborum 5 mercedem, effunde largiter 6 spiritualia dona in Christi milites, {111r} mitte operarios in agrum 7 , qui 8 messem domino 9 gratissimam 10 metant 11 . Hoc 12 tuum 13 est opus, hoc est[END_REF] Ady, Boulting, Mitchell, Paparelli, p. 158; Pastor, I, Reinhardt, Toews, Voigt, III, pp. 159-163 2 Calixtus III [Alfons de Borja] (1378-1458): Pope from 1455 to his death in 1458. The first Borgia pope 3 Nicolaus V (Tommaso Parentucelli) (1397-1455): Pope from 6 March 1447 to his death 4 Friedrich III (Habsburg) (1415-1493): Duke of Austria (as Friedrich V) from 1424. Elected King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor in 1440, crowned emperor in Rome in 1452 5 It was the third in a series of German diets dealing, among other things, with the military response to the Fall of Constantinople in May 1453. The first was the Diet of Regensburg, May 1454, and the second the Diet of Frankfurt, October 1454. The Diet of Wiener Neustadt began in February 1455 and ended in April 6 Sierck, Jakob von (1398-1456): Archbishop of Trier and Prince Elector from 1439 to his death and imperial chancellor of Friedrich III from 1441 7 A church law in France, incorporating a number of decrees from the Council of Basel, tending generally to limit the pope's influence in national church affairs, and particularly with regard to the appointment of bishops

CO, I,

(Meserve, I, 2 I.e. the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, cf, above 3 Zimolo, p. 24-25: Mortuo Nicolao, rogationem principum Germaniae privato concilio evertit, petentium id quod diu tenuisse Galli dicerentur, ne quid Pontifici Romani statuere de templorum praefecturis liceret. Legatione ultima missus ad Callistum Nicolao suffectum, ubi iusiurandum exhibuit Caesarem illi pariturum, hortatus senem ad bellum Asiaticum suscipiendum …

Firenze / Biblioteca Medicea-Laurenziana / Plut. LIV 19 / Aeneae Silvii Epistolae / ep. 94, ff. 64v-67r / f. 65v: Intrantibus nobis urbem obviam venerunt legati omnium principum, qui hic erant, omnes episcopi et omnium cardinalium comites et denique famila papae

Concerning the textual transmission of Pius II´s orations, see Collected orations of PopePius, vol. 1, ch. 5

Manuscripts for which an orthographical profile is given in Collected orations of Pope Pius II, vol. 11, are marked with an asterisk

CO, I, 29 (Meserve, I,: orationem habuit … quae postea rescripta in multorum manus devenit

Cf. Helmrath,

The mss. collated in the present version of the text are marked with the siglum

This ms. is damaged by discoloration probably due to water and in many places very difficult to read

Häbler, p. 138: … die Opera nichts weiter bieten als eine wortgetreue Wiedergabe des Textes des Nürnberger Ausgabe mit alle ihren Ungenauigkeiten und ihren Druckfehlern

Sandeo actually had a copy of the printed Epistolae Familiares with the "Solent plerique" in his library

"ut arbitros"

: Pope from October 366 to his death in 384

Theodosius I (Flavius Theodosius Augustus) (347-395): Roman Emperor from

to his death3 The condottiere Jacopo Piccinino was trying -with the aid of King Alfonso of Naples -to take over and become duke of the city state of Siena, like Francesco Sforza had done in Milan, cf. the variants from K and PL. Pope Calixtus opposed Piccinino's endeavours, causing a serious rift in his relations with King Alfonso, see oration "Modestius"[START_REF]Sed unum nobis deest 1 , unum 2 inquirendum est, quo habito facile terrebimus 3 et consternemus 4 hostem 5 . Hoc unum est ordo, sine quo nihil est[END_REF] 4 See also Firenze / Biblioteca Medicea-Laurenziana / Plut. LIV 19 / Aeneae Silvii Epistolae / ep. 94, ff. 64v-67r / f. 65r: Prestat tamen non modicum impedimentum desiderio suo Iacobus Picininus qui cum magna manu militum equestrium ac pedestrium agrum Senensem ingressus non parvam spem habuit urbem illam imperialem sibi subiicere, iamque se ducem Senarum constituerat, cuius conatus cum papa refringere conaretur missis aduersus eum non paruis copiis, indignatus est parumper rex Aragonum, qui Iacobum defendere nixus est, et in hanc usque diem defendit, non sine magno Senensium et Romane ecclesie damno

Sylvester I (d. 335): Pope from 314 to his death

. Pope from 440 to his death. Saint. Strong proponent of supreme papal authority

Augustus, Gajus Julius Octavianus (63 B-14 AD): Adoptive son of Julius Caesar. Founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor, ruling from 27 BC to his death

Constantine I [Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus Augustus] (ca. 272-337): Roman Emperor from 306 to his death

: also known as Charles the Great. King of the Franks from 768, King of Italy from 774. In 800 crowned by the pope as the first emperor in Western Europe since the collapse of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier

This section prefigures Piccolomini's book De Germania which he wrote a couple of years later, as a cardinal, and indeed may already have been preparing

Rudolf I (1218-1291): Originally a Swabian count. King of the Romans from 1273 until his death. Raised the Habsburg dynasty to a leading position. The first Habsburg to acquire the duchies of Austria and Styria

Ottokar II (ca. 1233-1278): King of Bohemia from 1253 to his death

Vergilius: Aeneis, 6.842; Macrobius: Saturnalia, 6.46. About the two Scipios

Albrecht I (Habsburg) (1255-1308): Duke of Austria. King of the Romans from 1298 to his death

Adolph (Nassau) (ca. 1255-1298): King of the Romans (Germany) from 1292 until his death in battle 1298

Albrecht II (Habsburg) (1397-1439): Archduke of Austria. King of Hungary and Croatia from 1437. Uncrowned King of Bohemia. Elected Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1438, but died the next year / NB: the ms. PL wrongly calls him Albertus III

Bohemian Christian schismatic sect

Ladislaus the Posthumous (Habsburg) (1440 -1457): Duke of Austria from 1440, King of Hungary from 1444 and King of Bohemia from 1453 to his death

Horatius: Satirae, 1.5.41: animae qualis neque candidiores

i.e. the College of Cardinals

John 19,[START_REF] Ko | [END_REF]

I.e. the College of Cardinals

Piccolomini is referring to the risk of different groups of cardinals electing different popes, something which had happened a number of times in history and actually caused the Great Western Schism, 1378-1417

suadenti C // suadentes L, KO, OO

omit. N

premissum L, KO, OO; premissum corr. ex permissum R

pagina K; littera S; sacra littera L, R, KO, OO

quod quantum … docebitur omit. MU

May 1453

Serbia

I.e. in Hungary

I.e. the pope and the emperor

Cf. Cicero: De finibus bonorum et malorum, 1.5.15: Quot homines, tot sententiae

Vergilius: Aeneis, 2.39

The Peace of Lodi, 1454, and the Italian League, 1455

The condottiero Jacopo Piccinino had designs on the Sienese state, allying himself with King Alfonso V of Naples, and probably also with a faction of the nobility. Piccolomini would later, in 1456, be asked to negotiate a peace between Siena and the king, see his oration "Modestius"[START_REF]Sed unum nobis deest 1 , unum 2 inquirendum est, quo habito facile terrebimus 3 et consternemus 4 hostem 5 . Hoc unum est ordo, sine quo nihil est[END_REF]

"natura"

Note this remarkable -and rare -example of social criticism in Piccolomini's writings

Indeed, the policy of religious toleration pursued by the Turkish rulers might be conceived of as a threat to Christian rulers. Elsewhere in this oration as well as his other orations and writings, Piccolomini expresses the conviction that the Turks aim at destroying Christianity. It would appear that Piccolomini here actually distinguishes between Christianity as a religion and Christianity as a geopolitical entity (Europe). On Mehmed's policy of religious toleration seeCrowley, p. 453

i.e. Constantinople

i.e. to the Christian truth

In the context -Europe being gradully lost to Christianity -Piccolomini is probably speaking about the Balkans, but in other contexts the East would more likely imply Asia Minor and the Levant

Note the theme of order, implying hierarchy and authority, which was and would become more important to Piccolomini/Pius

A medieval metaphor for the Papacy and the Empire

Rainaldus, ad ann. 1459, nr. 18, gives a brief and a long version of the oath

 [START_REF]Quomodo autem debachati 1 sint 2 diebus 3 nostris 4 5 in Graecia Turci 6 , et 7 quo impetu Constantinopolim expugnaverint 8 , Galatas deleverint, Rasciam 9 , quae superior olim[END_REF]We shall not dwell on how the Turks have, in own our time, ravaged Greece, attacked and conquered Constantinople, 1 destroyed Galata, overcome Rascia, 2 once called Upper Moesia, and come to the Peloponese and Epirus with an army, threatening all the Christians in the region with chains, scourges and killings. In Regensburg, Frankfurt and Wiener Neustadt, the legates of the pope, the emperor and other princes have sufficiently lamented the ruin of Greece and the wounds to our Church.

Emperor

[10] And finally, since praise of ancestors would be shameful to a son who did not imitate them, the oration would now turn to Friedrich himself. We should have to speak about his clemency, his piety, his sense of justice, his prudence, his journey to the Holy Land and his happy return. We should have to talk of his initiatives for peace, commend his works of piety, and tell how he was elected emperor; how he received the crown of the German Kingdom in the city of Aachen, 10 and -with the highest honours -the imperial crown in this city; 11 how he married the noble princess of the House of Portugal, 12 the niece of glorious King Alfonso, 13 thus becoming related to all the mighty kings of Spain; how he lifted the harmful state of neutrality towards the Roman Church from his nation; how he restored -with great toil, and even greater costs, and effort -the obedience of the German people to your predecessors, [START_REF]Y 15 sequi B, E 16 fata J, Y 17 ne quaeque L[END_REF] Eugenius 15 and Nicolaus, resulting in that ecclesial unity we now enjoy and highly praise.

(Some people, however, believe that the honour of this matter belongs to others who took it up when, as often happens, other brains grew weary and gave up. [START_REF]Quomodo autem debachati 1 sint 2 diebus 3 nostris 4 5 in Graecia Turci 6 , et 7 quo impetu Constantinopolim expugnaverint 8 , Galatas deleverint, Rasciam 9 , quae superior olim[END_REF] Presumably Piccolomini himself, who played a central role in restoring German obedience to the Holy See cunctis stuprorum 1 generibus, tum 2 quidem idolorum cultrix, nunc impii 3 Mahumeti sectatrix 4 et 5 hostis pessima nostrae religionis.

War against the Turks

[15] Now, we shall deal with the second part of our mission which is the protection of the Christian cause against the Turks. I do not call them Teucrians 6 for I would never fall into the error of attributing the name of those who are thought to be the fathers of the Roman people to that barbarous and filthy people. For the Trojans and the Teucrians are the same people from which arose the Aeneids and the Julian clan which founded the Roman Empire. But the Turks, who now occupy those regions where Ilion and Neptunian Troy were once situated descend from the Scythians. When Pepin 7 ruled the Franks, they migrated to Asia 8 and gradually subjugated that province. They are a foul and disgraceful race, licentious and addicted to all kinds of debauchery. [START_REF]De patre 1 Ladislai loquor, inclyti regis Hungariae ac 2 Bohemiae, Caesaris nostri patruo, de cujus 3 admiranda 4 probitate 5 nihil 6 satis dici posset 7 8 . Ponendi 9 ante 10 oculos essent 11[END_REF] At that time they worshipped pagan idols, today they follow impious Muhammad and are a bitter enemy of our religion.