Wenxin Mu
email: wxmu@bjtu.edu.cn

Frederick Benaben
email: frederick.benaben@mines-albi.fr

Herve Pingaud
email: herve.pingaud@univ-jfc.fr

An Ontology based Collaborative Business Service Selection -Contributing to Automatic Building of Collaborative Business Process

Keywords: business process management, model-driven engineering, interenterprise collaboration, ontology

With the world wide inter-enterprise collaboration and interoperability background, automatic collaborative business process deduction might be seen as a crucial researching subject. We design a methodology of deducing collaborative process by only collecting collaborative objectives and partners' business services. The two key problems are: i) selecting corresponding business services for a set of collaborative objectives; ii) ordering business services with serializations and parallelization. This paper aims to present solution of business service selection. In order to solve the problem, we defined a collaborative ontology, which contains numerous instances of business services and processes of MIT process handbook. The collaborative ontology contains essential concepts in collaborative situation, and owns process deducing rules and algorithms. We provide a brief illustration of implementation within a SaaS toolkit called Mediator Modeling 2ool.

Introduction

In collaborative situation, all the partners come with collaborative objectives and their own objectives to achieve and business services to share. They expect to combine their own business services with suitable ones from other partners to work towards their common objectives. In addition, collaborative business process is a combination of business functions, which is inter-linked and filled with sequences and orders. With these needs, objective-oriented business service selection and collaborative business process creation are absolute essentials in collaboration world. Considering selfupdating and re-building of collaborative business process, we shall design an automatic way to deal with service selection and process creation in design level. Further more in implementation level, first because the software tool deals with a collaborative situation, all the partners may use the software in the same time or individually. Secondly, in order to interact with other software tools (which is developed in our lab), the software should be able to deploy in ESB (Enterprise Service Bus). These lead that the software tool involved in the methodology should be a web service. SaaSs (Software as a Service) seems to be a good solution.

In our lab, Vatcharaphun Rajsiri has created a knowledge-based system for collaborative process specification [START_REF] Rajsiri | Knowledge-based system for collaborative process specification[END_REF]. This system deduces a BPMN (Business Process Modeling Notation) based collaborative process model automatically with the help of collaborative objective model and MIT process handbook [START_REF] Malone | Organizing business knowledge: the MIT process handbook[END_REF]. But this system has weaknesses. First, the system collects only the main goal of whole collaborative network. It leads to lack of partners' objectives and sub-network information. Designing a model, which models all above information, is necessary. Second, the deduced BPMN collaborative process covers only operational level. If in a complex collaborative situation, partners come from different departments and management level. An operational collaborative business process couldn't satisfy partners. According to [START_REF]NF EN ISO 9000 Systèmes de management de la qualité -Principes essentiels et vocabulaire[END_REF] and [START_REF]NF EN ISO 9000 X50-130 Systèmes de management de la qualité -Principes essentiels et vocabulaire[END_REF], business process covers strategy, operation and support levels. We arrive at conclusion that target collaborative process should contain strategy, operation and support levels.

A model-driven and ontology based methodology, which take collaborative objectives, partners' objectives and business services as input and deduce collaborative business process as output as automatically as possible, seems to be a good solution in this situation.

For the input, we define objective model and function model to collect basic collaborative knowledge from partners. For the deduction method, collaborative ontology and a set of algorithms and transformation rules is defined. The algorithms manage to link business objectives with business services. The transformations rules help to deduce sequences among business functions. For the output, BPMN based collaborative process cartography is deduced. The collaborative process cartography has three types: strategy, support and operation.

In this paper, we focus on introducing solution of business service selection (dashline box in Figure 1). Section II first presents definition of objective model and function model. Then it provides a simple example to explain the directions for use of models. Section III provides a brief introduction of collaborative ontology. Section IV gives definitions of business services selection algorithms. Section V is a sketch for collaborative process model and collaborative process creation method. Section VI draws some concluding remarks, discusses the feasibility of our work and outlines our future investigations.

Objective Model and Function Model

This section explains the input part of Collaborative Business Process Deduction methodology (CBPD). In Section II-A, we first address the definition of objective modeling elements. Section II-B presents the definition of function model. And finally Section II-C illustrates examples of objective model and function model.

Objective Model

"An objective model is required to facilitate: i) identification, communication and structuring of business objectives, and ii) measurement of the level of success in achieving objectives. But individual modeling methodologies focus primarily on selected aspects of objectives representation and measurement." [START_REF] Neiger | Business Objectives Modelling[END_REF] For our individual needs, the objective model here should collect both collaborative main goals and partners' individual objectives. For each collaborative goal, partners are regrouped as sub-collaborative network. Partners also have their own objectives. We come up with a result: a real collaborative situation is like a multi-level pyramid: each level could be decomposed to sub-network until partner, and each level could be abstracted to higherlevel collaborative network until the whole collaborative network. With supplementary illustration, because the goal of CBPD is to deduce collaborative process cartography (including strategy, operation and support sub-collaborative processes), we consider that the objectives collected in objective model may set to three types: strategy/operation/support objective.

To summarize, the objective model presented here should be able to (Figure 1 presents modeling elements and links):

• Model collaborative network, collaborative sub-network and partners' relationships.

• Model collaborative networks' objective, sub network's objectives and partners' objectives. Classify objective into strategy, operation and support objective.

Function Model

The requirements for the function model are to get partners' functions, to simplify user's modeling tasks and to decrease user's workload. The function model just collects functions that partners want to share and which can be published to other partners. We defined an IDEF1 (Integration Definition for Function Modeling) based function model to gather partners' business services.

Standard function model: IDEF0 [START_REF] Menzel | The IDEF Family of Languages[END_REF] is reused to present partners' functions. The standard IDEF0 modeling unit is shown in Figure 2 After analysis and evaluation, we found out that the function main model could be partially transferred from objective model. Objectives of collaborative network could be seen as main function. User only fulfills control messages among abstract functions. Transformation equations from objective model to main function model are defined in first-order logic [START_REF] Smullyan | First-order logic[END_REF].

Due to particularity of transformation rules, first order logic still needs to be expended as followed : i) Element:

X is Collaborative Network → CollaborativeNetwork(X); ii) Relationship: Y is Objective Relationship which is between CollaborativeNetwork X 1 and Objective X 2 → Objective- Relationship(Y)(CollaborativeNetwork(X 1 ), Objective(X 2 )). ∀CollaborativeNetwork(X) (∀ObjectiveRelationship(CollaborativeNetwork(X),
Objective(X 1 ))) → ∃MainFunctionModel(X) ∧ ∃MainFunction(X 1 )∈MainFunctionModel(X) 1

Collaborative Ontology

The collaborative ontology defined in CBPD aims to support business service selection and collaborative process creation. This ontology defines the concepts and relationships involved in collaborative situation. The collaborative ontology must be fulfilled with instances from different business domains (for example, MIT process handbook from manufacture, Score Model from Supply Chain and instances from crisis management). In collaborative ontology, collaborative concepts part serves to match collaborative objectives to partners' business capabilities. Mediation concepts part is based on Mediation [START_REF] Benaben | Mediation Information System Design in a collaborative SOA context through a MDD Approach[END_REF] concept. In this paper, our vision is on business service selection. So process creation part will not be detailed.

Business Service Selection Method

In this section, we provide the explanation of business service selection. Section IV-A presents basic theory of business service selection. The example in Section II-C is reused. Section IV-B provides official algorithms of selecting business service.

Business Service Selection Principal

The principal of business service selection in CBPD is based on collaborative ontology, which has been introduced in last section. In the ontology, there are large numbers of Objective and Function instances with relationship: achievedBy. If we could link business objectives and business function in the model to Objective and Function instances in collaborative ontology, then we could indirectly link business objective to business function by the help of relationship: achievedBy. With above theory, we can complete business service selection task.

As shown in Figure 4, there are two parts: ontology and model. In ontology part, we choose several instances of Function and Objective in ontology. In model part, we take the objective and function model example in Section II-C. Here for each business objective and function in the model, we want to find same or close instances in ontology. For example, in the model, "Book van & driver" is same or close to "Book transportation" in the ontology, then we make a link: Same As/Near By between them. With all the relationship: Same As/Near By in Figure 4, suitable business functions are selected for business objectives. Figure 5 shows all the results. Business objectives is linked to business functions by relationship: achievedBy.

Even though the basic principal of business service selection is defined, there are still some remarks to consider:

• Making relationship: Same As/Near By for each business objective and function is quite hard for user. So we provide an Instance Suggestion Mechanism, which could provide suggested ontology instance for user. Section IV-B algorithm (1) presents the Instance Suggestion Mechanism algorithm. • Business objectives and functions defined in the model could also be seen as Business and Function instances in collaborative ontology for future uses.

There should be a self-update mechanism to enlarge the collaborative ontology. Section IV-B algorithm (3) explains self-updating mechanism.

Business Service Selection Algorithms

1) Instance Suggestion Algorithm. Instance suggestion algorithm deals with selecting same or nearest ontology Objective or Function instances for each business objective and function. Algorithm(1) takes keyword of business objective as input, uses collaborative ontology as data and provides a list of suggested ontology instances. This algorithm has three main parts:

• Line 3: finding an Objective instance in collaborative ontology which owns the same keyword: objective key as business objective, the instance is added to suggestion list: L suggestion ; • Line 6-Line 17: Taking frontal parts of keyword as a new list of keyword:

L word [START_REF] Rajsiri | Knowledge-based system for collaborative process specification[END_REF] to L word [i] (for example, keyword: "send products to distributing center", new keywords: "send products to distributing" and "send products to"), for each new keyword, if finding an Objective instance's keyword in collaborative ontology which starts with or contains the new one or contains, then the Objective instance is added to suggestion list; Line 18-Line 23: Taking related two words, which are contained in keyword as a new list of keyword: L 2words (for example, keyword: "send outsourcing order", new keywords: "send outsourcing" and "outsourcing order"), for each related two words, if finding an Objective instance's keyword, which contains the two words, then the Objective instance is added to suggestion list. 2) Objective-Function Mapping. Objective-Function mapping algorithm is the main part of buiness service selection. The principal has been explained in Section IV-A. As shown in Algorithm [START_REF] Malone | Organizing business knowledge: the MIT process handbook[END_REF], it takes list of business objectives and list of business functions as input, uses collaborative ontology as data, and outputs list of relationships: achievedBy. The algorithm is explained as followed:

Algorithm (1) Instance

• Line 3-Line 5: starts the mapping from business functions side.

Implementation

Nowadays, SaaS [START_REF] Sun | Software as a service: An integration perspective[END_REF] is very widely used. It allows users to use application in a Web Client as rich application. No complex client site installation is required. According to [START_REF] Wu | Reference Models for Saas Oriented Business Workflow Management Systems[END_REF], compared with the traditional way which software is purchased for and installed on personal computers, SaaS has advantages: e.g., investment reduction, performance improvement, time saving, easier collaboration, global accessibility, etc. Considering our own needs, the software tool should be able to deploy on ESB [START_REF] Endo | Model-Based Testing of Service-Oriented Applications via State Models[END_REF], which means the software must be a web service. Because the software deals with a collaborative situation, all the partners may use the software in the same time or individually. This leads to a conclusion. SaaS is a quite good solution for our tool: Mediator Modeling 2ool.

Mediator Modeling 2ool bases on GWT [START_REF] Gupta | Accelerated GWT: Building Enterprise Google Web Toolkit Applications[END_REF] and GeasyTools1 . Mediator Modeling 2ool supports objective and function modeling. It implements business service selection and collaborative process creation.

Figure 6 is the screen shot of Mediator Modeling 2ool. On the left, there are modeling palette and file explorer. On the right, there are element properties and collaborative ontology instances' tree. In the middle, it is modeling place. We could create objective and function model here. Web browser can directly launch Mediator Modeling 2ool. In the property window in Figure 6, if we click on the button beside text field, a window with collaborative ontology instances' tree comes out. User chooses the same as or near by ontology instance for modeling element by dragging the instance form ontology tree to same as or near by lists' windows. After modeling and choosing same as or near by ontology instance, a XML file which contains all the modeling information is saved on the server side. User could save the XML file on local machine too.

For business function, the property also contains semantic annotation. The semantic annotation classifies business function to Service Task, Send Task, Receive Task, User Task and Business Rule Task. Business functions combined with semantic annotations are reused to semantically select web services, which could implement business functions. This part of work is presented in [START_REF] Bénaben | Semantic Reconciliation in Interoperability Management through Model-Driven Approach[END_REF].

Conclusion

Collaborative business process deduction methodology (CBPD) aims to provide a collaborative process cartography, which manages process orchestration and business service selection in collaborative situation. The strong points of CBPD are summarized as followed: i) objective model defines objectives and sub-networks. We could easily verify the small group of partners to complete the task; ii) objective model could model different levels of partners; iii) functional table is separated by columns of partner. This allows each partner to fill its own column independently; iv) collaborative process model is deduced automatically. It saves repeated work and eases heavy workload of user. It also crosses different enterprise modeling standard: from IDEF to BPMN. However, any system has its weak points. They are summarized as followed: i) business service selection is half manual and half automatic method. User has to create Same As/Near By relationship from model to ontology instances manually. And then Mediator Modeling 2ool automatically links partners' business functions to collaborative and partners' objectives. ii) This system bases on collaborative ontology, it means that a collaborative ontology, which holds numerous instances and covers different domains is required.

With the accomplishment of business service selection, the next task is business process creation. It remains the formalization of transformation rules and definition of gateways in BPMN based collaborative process model. Further more, function model of CBPD defines only business function. We did not consider non-functional characterization (security, privacy and speed). Miss is working on non-functional characterization. [START_REF] Zribi | Towards a Service and Choreography Governance Framework for Future Internet[END_REF] As introduced in [START_REF] Mu | A Model-Driven BPM Approach for SOA Mediation Information System Design in a Collaborative Context[END_REF], CBPD is only the first step of MISE 2.0 project (Mediation Information System Engineering). Beside CBPD, another two main tasks are semantic web services and BPEL transformation. First, MIS deployment bridges the semantic gap between business functions and technical services. Second, it transfers collaborative process model to BPEL (Business Process Execution Language) based collaborative workflow. Last but not least, the collaborative workflow and technical services are deployed on ESB and executed. This part of work is detailed explained in [START_REF] Bénaben | Semantic Reconciliation in Interoperability Management through Model-Driven Approach[END_REF].

Fig. 1 -

 1 Fig. 1 -Objective Model Elements Definition

  left part. The modeling unit has input and output message. Controlling message and mechanism controls and support function. The function also could send call message to invoke another function. As shown in the middle of Figure 2, function main model reuses function unit and controlling message. As shown on the right of Figure 2, partner columns separate function model. Partner lists its shared functions in correspondence column. Function model reuses function unit, input and output message, controlling message and call message of standard IDEF0 modeling unit.

Fig. 2 -

 2 Fig. 2 -Function Model Elements Definition[START_REF]Announcing the Standard for INTEGRATION DEFINITION FOR FUNCTION MODELING (IDEF0)[END_REF]

Fig. 3 -

 3 Fig. 3 -Collaborative OntologyAs explained in Section II, the collaborative concepts part of collaborative ontology is seen as two relationships and three main concepts: Same As/Near By relationship, Network, Objective and Function. They are detail explained as followed:• Same As/Near By relationship contains two parts: Same As and Near By. If concept A is Same As with concept B, then concept A equals to concept B. Concept A and Concept B presents the same concept. If concept A is Near By concept B, then concept A and concept B are similar. Concept A may present part of concept B. Concept A and concept B may crosse. • Network means all the involved partners and relationships among them. Another close concept is Sub Network. • Objective presents business goals of collaboration and partners. Objective has relationship: Same As/Near By with another Objective. • Function equals to business services or function, which are provided by partners. Function may own input and output Message. Both Function and Message have self-related relationships: Same As/Near By.In collaborative ontology, collaborative concepts part serves to match collaborative objectives to partners' business capabilities. Mediation concepts part is based on Mediation[START_REF] Benaben | Mediation Information System Design in a collaborative SOA context through a MDD Approach[END_REF] concept. In this paper, our vision is on business service selection. So process creation part will not be detailed.

Fig. 4 -Fig. 5 -

 45 Fig. 4 -Making Links among Models and Ontology Instances

Fig. 6 -

 6 Fig. 6 -Mediator Modeling 2ool Main Frame

  Suggestion: provide suggested collaborative ontology instances for business objective. Input: objective key , keyword for the business objective Data: Collaborative Ontology: CO Output: L suggestion , list of suggested ontology instances 1 A objective , array of all Objective instances of CO; 2 L suggestion ← Null; 3 if A objective contains objective.keyword = Objective key then

		W. Mu et al.
	5 else
	6	L word , list of words contained in objective key ;
	7	i, counter for loop ← L word .length;
	8	word, store a part of keyword ← Null;
	9	for i from L word .length to 3 //Check first three words
	10	word = from L word [1] to L word [i] ;
	11	if A objective contains objective.keyword starts with word then
	12	L suggestion adds objective;
	13	end;
	14	if A objective contains objective.keyword contains word then
	15	L suggestion adds objective;
	16	end;
	17	end;
	18	L 2words , list of 2 words contained in Objective key ;
	19	while L 2words has next element: word do
	20	if A objective contains objective.keyword contains word then
	21	L suggestion adds objective;
	22	end;
	23	end;
	24 end;
	25 return L suggestion ;
	4	L suggestion adds objective;

  If one business function: E function owns relationship: Same As/Near By with one ontology Function instance: O function . • Line 6-Line 7: if O function owns relationship: achievedBy with one ontology Objective instance: O objective , and if O objective owns relationship: Same As/Near By with business objective: E objective , then as result: E objective has relationship: achievedBy with E function . • Line 8: the relationship is added into the list: L achievedBy . • Line 13 and Line 16: if there is an E function , which doesn't find E objective , then a relationship: achievedBy from Null to E function is created. The relationship is added to L achievedBy . • Line 21: if an E objective is never achieved, then a relationship: achievedBy from E objective to Null is created. The relationship is added to L achievedBy . Ontology updating algorithm deals with inserting business objectives and functions in collaborative ontology as Objective and Funtion intances with relationship: Same As/Near By. As shown in algorithm (3): • Line 2 and Line 3: for each E objecitve , if E objective owns relationship: Same As/Near By, then get O objective which is related to E objective . • Line 4 and Line 5: create new ontology instance: O new for E objective and add O new into collaborative ontology. • Line 6: creats new Relationship: Same As/Near By between O new and O objective , and adds the relationship to collaborative ontology also.

	2 L relatedObjectives , list of objectives with achievedBy ← Null;
	3 while L function has next element: E function do
	4	if E function .sameas/nearby!=null then
	5	O function = E function .sameas/nearby;
	6	O objective = O function .achievedby;
	7	if L objective contains element E objective .sameas/nearby = O objective then
	8	L achievedBy adds achievedBy(E objective , E function );
	9	if L relatedObjective doesn't contain E objective then
	10	L relatedObjective adds E objective ;
	11	end;
	12	else
	13	L achievedBy adds achievedBy(null, E function );
	14	end;
	15	else
	16	L achievedBy adds achievedBy(null, E function );
	17	end;
	18 end;
	19 while L objective has next element: E objective do
	20	if L relatedObjective doesn't contain E objective then
	21	L achievedBy adds achievedBy(E objective , null);
	22	end;
	23 end;
	24 return L achievedBy ;
	3) Ontology Updating. Algorithm (3) Ontology Updating: insert business objectives into ontology as
	instances and created relationship: Same As/Near By.
	Input: L objective , list of business objectives
	Data: Collaborative Ontology: CO
	1 while L objective has next element: E objective do
	2	if E objective .sameas/nearby!=null then
	Algorithm (2) Objective-Function mapping: find correspondence business 3 O objective = E objective .sameas/nearby;
	functions for each business objective and create relationship: achievedBy. 4 O new = change E objective to ontology instance;
	Input: L objective , list of business objectives 5 CO adds O new ;
	6	L function , list of business functions CO adds SameAs/NearBy(O objective , O new );
	Data: Collaborative Ontology: CO 7 end;
	Output: L achievedBy , list of relationship 8 end;
	1 L achievedBy ← Null;

GeasyTools is an open source GWT based API. PetalsLink develops it. The tool helps create graphic elements. It is available on website: http://research.petalslink.org/display/geasytools/GEasyTools+Overview


Michael Von Cotta- Schönberg

Silvio Enea

; Piccolomini

Sylvius Aeneas

Aeneas Piccolomini

Piccolomini ; Silvius

Pope

In the spring of 1459, Pope Pius II stayed in Siena for two months. During that time, he received a number of embassies from the rulers of Europe, coming to declare their lord's obedience to the new pope and the Apostolic See. In his oration "Christiani reges" to the ambassadors of King Matthias I of Hungary, the pope accepts their declaration of obedience, speaks about the heroic resistance of the Hungarians against the Turks, and finally praises the king, assuring him of the support of the Apostolic See.

Editor and translator

Michael v. Cotta-Schönberg Mag. Art. (University of Copenhagen) Bachelier en Philosophie (Université de Louvain) Emeritus Deputy Director / The Royal Library, Copenhagen Emeritus University Librarian / University of Copenhagen ORCID identity: 000-0001-8499-4142 e-mail: typsita@gmail.com

Foreword

In 2007, I undertook a project of publishing the Latin texts with English translations of the orations of Enea Silvio Piccolomini / Pope Pius II. Altogether 80 1 orations (including papal responses to ambassadorial addresses) are extant today, though more may still be held, unrecognized, in libraries and archives.

At a later stage the project was expanded to include ambassadors' orations to the pope, of which about 40 are presently known.

I do not, actually, plan to publish further versions of the present volume, but I do reserve the option in case I -during my future studies -come across other manuscripts containing interesting versions of the oration or if important new research data on the subject matter are published, making it appropriate to modify or expand the present text. It will therefore always be useful to check if a later version than the one the reader may have previously found via the Internet is available.

I shall much appreciate to be notified by readers who discover errors and problems in the text and translation or unrecognized quotations.

12 September 2019 MCS 1 81 orations, if the "Cum animadverto" is counted is a Piccolomini-oration, see oration "Quam laetus" [18], Appendix As seen, one of the embassies was from King Matthias I Corvinus of Hungary.

Pius felt quite strongly and positively about Hungary, as his oration makes this evident.

First of all, his fondness for the former king, Ladislaus the Posthumous, based on close personal acquaintance, and his admiration for King Matthias' father Janos Hunyad may have coloured his perception of Hungary and of its new king.

Secondly, he had a long experience with Hungarian affairs, both from his time at the Council of Basel and from his time as an imperial diplomat. Indeed, two of his orations before the pontificate directly concern Hungarian affairs. The first was the "Quid est" [3] from April 1438, written on behalf of the ambassador of the Duke of Milan, to persuade Emperor-elect King Albrecht II to accept the crown despite Hungarian objections -which they actually withdrew. The second was the "Tritum est sermone" [12] from January 1447, held before Pope Eugenius IV to defend the emperor against a number of complaints from Janos Hunyad, then governor of Hungary.

Thirdly, Pius was deeply impressed with the heroic Hungarian resistance against the Turks and their essential strategic role as a shield for Europe against the Turkish war of expansion. Indeed, this theme recurred in most of Piccolomini/Pius' orations on the Turkish matter.

Themes

It is remarkable that in his oration to the Hungarian ambassadors, Pius completely avoids the subject of papal supremacy both in spiritual and temporal matters which recurs in almost all his other responses to ambassadorial declarations of obedience.1

His main focus is the Hungarians' resistance against the Turks and their strategic role in the defense of Europe against Turkish aggression: For more than 70 years, the great and noble realm of Hungary has been constantly at war with the Turkish people. Fighting for the Catholic Faith, it has offered itself as a shield for the Christian Faith against the East [Sect. 2].

At the end of the oration, the pope alludes to the conflict between King Matthias and Emperor Friedrich who had been offered the kingship of Hungary by a part of the Hungarian magnates.2 His reception of the Hungarian ambassadors and his formal recognition of Matthias of King of Hungary caused the imperial ambassadors coming to present the emperor's obedience3 to delay their arrival and to make a formal protest. 4 Pius wrote in his Commentaries:

When the imperial ambassadors arrived at Florence, however, they remained there for some time, for they were outraged that the pope had recognized Matthias as king and that the Curia had received his envoys with honors usually shown a royal embassy, even though the barons of Hungary had chosen the emperor for their king and he had accepted the title.

When the pope learned of this, he declared that their complaint was unreasonable, since it was the practice of the Apostolic See to address as king the man who actually sat on the throne and Calixtus before him had so adressed Matthias. 5 Finally, the pope praises King Matthias and expresses his goodwill towards him, his house and his subjects.6

Date, place, audience and format

The date was before the imperial ambassadors arrived in Florence, where they received information about the pope's reception of the Hungarian ambassadors and his recognition of Mathias Corvinus as king. After some hesitation the ambassadors continued their voyage and arrived in Siena on 29 March 1459. 1 In view of the time it would have taken for news of the reception of the Hungarians ambassadors in Siena to reach Florence and for the imperial ambassadors to travel from Florence to Siena after a short stay in Florence, the reception of the Hungarian ambassadors and the papal oration "Christiani reges" must have been held in the beginning of the month of March and not later than the middle.

The venue was the cathedral of Siena, which was suitable for papal functions, more so than the Signoria, seat of the Sienese government, would have been.

The audience presumably consisted of the cardinals, curials and ambassadors with their retinues present in Siena as well as Sienese magnates.

The format was a papal reply from the throne to an address by princely ambassadors.

Text

The oration is included in a special Collection of Pius II's Responses from 1459 and 1460, largely consisting of responses to addresses by ambassadors,2 extant in at least five manuscripts. The Chisianus is the eldest of the three and identical with or very close to the oration as actually delivered by Pius.

Manuscripts

Editions

The oration was edited by Mansi:

Present edition

For principles of edition (incl. orthography) and translation, see Collected Orations of Enea Silvio Piccolomini / Pope Pius II, vol. 1, ch. 9-10.

Text:

The present edition is based on the manuscripts from Lucca, the Archivio Segreto Vaticano and the Chisianus, with the Chisianus as the lead text.

Pagination:

Pagination is from the lead manuscript.

Sources 1

In this short oration, no direct and indirect quotations have been identified.

Bibliography

Ady

To the ambassadors of the King of Hungary

[1] All Christian kings and princes should be honoured and favoured by the Roman Church. Special favour, however, is due to our beloved son in Christ, Matthias, 1 illustrious King of Hungary, Dalmatia and Croatia, who has now through his ambassadors declared his obedience to Us and the Apostolic See and congratulated Us on our elevation in magnificent terms, as you heard. For immense are his kingdom's, his father's and his own merits with regard to the Catholic Faith.

[2] For more than 70 years, the great and noble realm of Hungary has been constantly at war with the Turkish people. Fighting for the Catholic religion, it has offered itself as a shield for the Christian Faith against the East. Sometimes it was victorious and sometimes it was defeated, according to the will of the Divine Piety. Sigismund, 2 Albrecht, 3 Ladislaus 4 and Matthias himself now reigning -have been bitter foes of the Turks. The king's father, Janos Huniad, 5 was himself an expert on military matters. Often, but with varied success, he fought with Murad, 6 the father of Mehmed 7 , present ruler of the Turks, for the glory of the Christian name which the Turks are endeavouring to destroy. Though he was sometimes defeated, he never let the Turks have a bloodless victory. Shortly before he died, he battled with Mehmed himself at Belgrade 8 where the rivers Sava and Danube meet. Trusting in his enormous war machine and large forces, Mehmet threatened all Christians with barbaric arrogance. Still, he was beaten, defeated, crushed, and destroyed, and he who had shortly before boasted that he would wipe out the Law of Christ had to flee back to his country in fear for his life. This victory undoubtedly closed the gate 9 for the Turks to the Christian lands -and for years! [3] Matthias himself was elected king when he was still an adolescent, 1 and like his father he soon accepted the charge of defending religion. As the Turks crossed the river Drava and again began to harass the Christian people, he defeated and destroyed them. Thus he gave such proofs of his courage and vigour that he must surely be considered his father's equal in glory and has truly deserved to be shown special favour by the Holy Apostolic See. This We shall most certainly do, together with Our venerable brethren, the cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Indeed, in order to help the Kingdom of Hungary, worn down by great misfortunes, We have summoned a congress in Mantua where We shall consult with the Christian princes on how to assist the overburdened Hungarians. This is where We are going now. To the best of Our ability, We shall endeavour to prevent the Hungarians and other Christians from being overcome by the Turkish armies.

Concerning the internal conflicts which We hear that the Hungarians and others 2 are involved in, appropriate remedies will be found if only people will hear Us. For as We are moving against foreign peoples from outside, 3 We shall not allow the Christians from inside to undermine peace and unity.

1 He was elected king in January 1458, after the death of Ladislaus the Posthumous of Habsburg, some weeks before his fifteenth birthday 2 An oblique reference to the emperor 3 The Turks

Table of volumes in Collected Orations of Pope Pius II. 12 vols. Edited and translated by Michael von Cotta-Schönberg Table of contents

  On the road to the Congress in Mantua, Pope Pius II, stayed for two months in his hometown, Siena, from 24 February to 23 April.During his stay in Siena, a number of embassies from the rulers of Europe reached the papal court to declare the obedience of their lord to new pope and the Apostolic See. In his Commentarii, Pius wrote:While the pope was in Siena, ambassadors from Emperor Frederick, Kings Henry of Castile, Matthias of Hungary, Alfonso of Portugal and George of Bohemia, Dukes Philip of Burgundy and Albert of Austria, and Frederick and Albert, the margraves of Brandenburg, arrived to do reverence to the vicar of Christ according to ancient custom.2

	I. INTRODUCTION 1. Context 1
	I.	INTRODUCTION
	1.	Context
	2.	Themes
	3.	Date, place, audience and format
	4.	Text
		4.1. Manuscripts
		4.2. Editions
		4.3. Present edition
	5.	Sources
	6.	Bibliography
	7.	Sigla and abbreviations
	II. TEXT AND TRANSLATION

  , Cecilia M.: Pius II (AEneas Silvius Piccolomini) -the Humanist Pope. London, 1913 Ed. M. Meserve and M. Simonetta. Vols. 1 ff.Cambridge, MA, 2003 ff. Der Briefwechsel des Eneas Silvius Piccolomini. Hrsg. von Rudolf Wolkan. 3 vols. Wien, 1909- 1918 Ad oratores regis Hungariae[1] {165r} Christiani reges et principes, etsi omnes a Romana ecclesia honorandi confovendique sunt, praecipuo tamen favore dignus est carissimus in Christo filius noster Matthias, Hungariae ac 1 {165v} Dalmatiae et Croatiae rex illustris, qui nobis et apostolicae sedi per oratores suos, ut audivistis, oboedientiam praestitit, et assumptioni nostrae magnificis verbis congratulatus est. Nam et regni ejus et patris sui et ipsius pro fide catholica ingentia extant merita.[2] Regnum Hungariae nobilissimum ac latissimum jam annos supra LXX bellis assiduis cum gente Turcorum pro catholica religione decertans scutum fidei Christianae ad orientem se praebuit, et ut divinae pietati placuit, nunc vicit, nunc succubuit. Sigismundus, Albertus, Ladislaus 2 et 3 Matthias ipse, qui modo regnat, infensissimi 4 Turcis fuere. Pater regis, Johannes Huniades, rei militaris 5 peritissimus, saepe cum Amurathe, hujus, qui modo Turcis imperat, Mahumeti parente, pro Christi 6 nominis gloria, quam Turci conculcare nituntur, varia fortuna dimicavit. Et quamvis aliquando succubuerit, numquam tamen incruentam hostibus victoriam reliquit. Postremo apud Albam Graecam, paulo antequam vita excederet, ad confluentes Savum et Danubium Mahumetum ipsum, ingenti bellorum apparatu magnisque copiis confidentem et fastu barbarico Christianis omnibus minitantem proelio aggressus, fregit, vicit, fudit adeoque contrivit, ut qui paulo ante Christi legem subvertere se jactabat, vitae suae dubius in patriam festinus 7 aufugerit. Qua victoria non est dubium, quin pro 8 magno tempore clausa fuerit Turcis in Christianos porta.

	Strnad, Alfred A.: Johannes Hinderbachs Obedienz-Ansprache vor Papst Pius II -Päpstliche und
	kaiserliche Politik in der Mitte des Quattrocento. In: Römische historische Mitteilungen, 10
	(1966/1967) 41-183
	Voigt, Georg: Enea Silvio de' Piccolomini als Papst Pius der Zweite und sein Zeitalter. I-III. Berlin:
	Georg Reimer, 1856-63
	7. Sigla and abbreviations
	Pius II: Orationes. [1436-1464]	3 vols. Lucca:
	Benedini, 1755-1759
	• Pius II: Orationes. Ed. Giovanni Domenico Mansi. 3 vols. Lucca: Benedini, 1755-1759 MPL = Migne, Jacques-Paul: Patrologia latina. 217 vols. 1841-1865
	• Collected Orations of Pope Pius II. Edited and translated by Michael v. Cotta-Schönberg. 12 vols. Copenhagen, 2019-2020 RTA = Deutsche Reichstagsakten 2 omit. G 3 omit. J 4 infestissimi G WO = 1 omit. G 5 familiaris G
	6 Christiani G
	7 festinans J
	8 per J

Boulting, William: AEneas Silvius (Enea Silvio de' Piccolomini -Pius II.) -Orator, Man of

Letters, Statesman, and Pope. London, 1908

Cerasoli, Francesco: Il viaggio di Pio II da Roma a Mantova. In: Il Buonarotti, serie iii, vol. iv, quaderno 6. Roma: 1891 Mitchell, R.J.: The Laurels and the Tiara -Pope Pius II

1458-1464. London, 1962. 289

pp. Pastor, Ludwig: Geschichte der Päpste im Zeitalter der Renaissance. 16 vols. Freiburg i.B., 1886-1933 Pius II: Commentarii rerum memorabilium quae suis temporibus contigerunt. [1464] • Commentarii rervm memorabilivm que svis temporibus contigervnt. Ed. A. van Heck. 2 vols. Città del Vaticano, 1984. (Studi e testi; 312-313) • Commentaries. G = Lucca / Biblioteca Capitolare Feliniana / 544 H = Roma / Biblioteca Vaticana / Chisianus J.VII.251 J = Roma / Achivio Segreto Vaticano / Arm. XXXII 1 Abbreviations CO = Pius II: Commentarii rerum memorabilium quae suis temporibus contigerunt. [1464] HA = Eneas Silvius Piccolomini: Historia Austrialis. Teil 1: Einleitung von Martin Wagendorfer. 1. Redaktion ed. von Julia Knödler. Teil 2: 2./3, ed. Martin Wagendorfer. 2 vols. Hannover, 2009. (Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum. Nova Series; 24) HB = Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini: Historia Bohemica. Herausg. J. Hejnic & H. Rothe. 2 vols. Köln, 2005. (Bausteine zur slavischen Philologie und Kulturgeschichte. Neue Folge. Reihe B; 20) MA = Pius II: Orationes politicae et ecclesiasticae. Ed. Giovanni Domenico Mansi.

1

  Matthias I Corvinus (1443-1490): King of Hungary and Croatia from 1458 to his death. After conducting several military campaigns, he was elected King of Bohemia in 1469 and adopted the title Duke of Austria in 1487 2 Sigismund (Luxemburg)(1368-1437): King of Hungary and Croatia from 1387, King of Bohemia from 1419, and crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1433 3 Albrecht II (Habsburg) (1397-1439): Archduke of Austria. King of Hungary and Croatia from 1437. Uncrowned King of Bohemia. Elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1438, but died the next year 4 Ladislaus the Posthumous (Habsburg) (1440 -1457): Duke of Austria from 1440, King of Hungary from 1444 and King of Bohemia from 1453 to his death. Or maybe Pius is referring to Wladislaw III (Jagiellon), king of Hungary from 1440 to 1444, when he was killed by the Tuyrks in the Battle of Varna, clearing the way for the accesson of Ipse vero Matthias adolescens ad regnum vocatus, patri similis {166r} curam tutandae religionis accepit, transeuntesque Dravum Turcos, et iterum Christianam plebem vexare audentes armis vicit ac delevit, eaque suae virtutis experimenta praebuit, ut patris aequatus gloriam proculdubio videatur, dignus profecto, quem sancta sedes apostolica benigno favore prosequatur. Quod nos quidem cum venerabilibus fratribus nostris sanctae Romanae ecclesiae cardinalibus minime negligemus. Et sane, ut regno Hungariae magnis contrito cladibus consuleremus, conventum apud Mantuam indiximus, ibi ut cum principibus Christianis consilia captantes laborantibus Hungaris subveniremus. Eo nunc pergimus. Conabimur quantum in nobis erit, ne vel Hungari vel ceteri Christiani Turcorum armis opprimantur. Circa vero intestinas divisiones, quas apud Hungaros et alios vigere intelligimus, si nobis auscultabitur, opportuna adhibere 1 remedia non omittemus 2 . Neque enim 3 propositi nostri est, ut exteris gentibus obviam ituri ab his, qui intus sunt Christiani 4 , vulnerari pacem unionemve permittamus.

	Ladislaus the Posthumous
	5 Janos Hunyad (1406-1456): leading Hungarian military and political figure. Regent of Hungary during the minority
	of King Ladislaus the Posthumous
	6 Murad II Kodja (1404-1451): Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 until his death (except for a period from
	1444 to 1446 when his son Mehmed II reigned)

7

Mehmed II the Conqueror (1432-1481): Ottoman sultan who ruled first for a short time from August 1444 to September 1446, and later from February 1451 to his death. In 1453 he conquered Constantinople and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire 8 "Albam Graecam" 9 i.e. Hungary

[3]

1 omit. G 2 omittentes G 3 adhibere remedia … enim omit. J 4 christiana H; christianam J

See Collected Orations of Pope PiusII, vol. 1, sect. 6.3.1.2

On 17 February 1459, cf. Strnad, p. 107

Oration "Fabricator mundi" [40]

Strnad,[126][127][128][129][130] vol. 1, sect. 7.7.3

CO, II, 24, 2 (Meserve, I,

On the format of Pius' responses to ambassadors' declarations of obedience, see Collected Orations of Pope Pius II, vol. 1, sect.

7.7.3

Strnad, p. 130

See Collected Orations of Pope Pius II, vol.1, sect. 5.2.1

Manuscripts for which an orthographical profile is given in Collected orations of Pope Pius II, vol. 11, are marked with an asterisk

On Piccolomini's use of sources in general, see Collected orations of ytrewPope Pius II, ch. 8.


Enea Silvio Piccolomini

Michael Von Cotta-Schönberg

Silvio Enea

; Piccolomini

Sylvius Aeneas

Silvius Aeneas

Piccolomini

Banchi

In the years after the Peace of Lodi and the Italian League (1454-1455), aiming at a general peace in Italy, the condottiero Jacopo Piccinino attempted to conquer the City State of Siena and to make himself its lord, like Francesco Sforza had done in Milan. In this enterprise he had the support of King Alfonso V of Naples. Aided by the pope, Calixtus III, Siena struggled to counter the military manoeuvres of Piccinino, but in the end it had to sue for peace. The Bishop of Siena, Enea Silvio Piccolomini, otherwise an imperial senior diplomat, agreed to undertake a peace mission to Alfonso, and after some months of negotiation a peace settlement was concluded. At the solemn celebration of the peace, Piccolomini gave a short speech of thanks to the king, the "Modestius".

Foreword

In 2007, I undertook a project of publishing the Latin texts with English translations of the orations of Enea Silvio Piccolomini / Pope Pius II. Altogether 80 1 orations (including papal responses to ambassadorial addresses) are extant today, though more may still be held, unrecognized, in libraries and archives.

At a later stage the project was expanded to include ambassadors' orations to the pope, of which about 40 are presently known.

I do not, actually, plan to publish further versions of the present volume, but I do reserve the option in case I -during my future studies -come across other manuscripts containing interesting versions of the oration or if important new research data on the subject matter are published, making it appropriate to modify or expand the present text. It will therefore always be useful to check if a later version than the one the reader may have previously found via the Internet is available.

I shall much appreciate to be notified by readers who discover errors and problems in the text and translation or unrecognized quotations.

12 September 2019 MCS 1 81 orations, if the "Cum animadverto" is counted is a Piccolomini-oration, see oration "Quam laetus" [18], Appendix Sigla and abbreviations

II. TEXT AND TRANSLATION

1.

Treaty [1] 2.

War against the Turks [2-4] 3.

Gratitude of Siena [5-6] 7

I. INTRODUCTION 1. Context 1

In the years following the peace of Lodi in 1454 2 and the creation of the Italian League, 3 Jacopo Piccinino, 4 Italian condottiero and son of the famous condottiero Niccolò Piccinino, 5 was waging a war of attrition against the city state of Siena. His ultimate aim was to take over that state as duke, like Francesco Sforza 6 had done with Milan in 1450.

He was seemingly backed by a group of Sienese. 7 More importantly, he was also backed by King Alfonso V the Magnanimous 8 of Naples who desired to increase his influence in Siena and generally in Toscana and had territorial ambitions in that direction. 9 He therefore pretended to be annoyed with the Sienese because, despite being his sworn allies, they had made peace with Milan and Florence without his permission. 10

Siena appealed to the Italian states under the provisions of the Italian League, proclaimed only the year before in Naples, at the court of King Alfonso himself. They received support mainly from the Duke of Milan, Francesco Sforza, and the new pope, Calixtus III. 11 Sforza was motivated partly by his personal enmity towards Piccinino, and partly by his interest in a peaceful and calm Italy in which his new dynasty could take roots.

Pope Calixtus III had formerly been a high-ranking official at Alfonso's Court, but as pope he soon became his bitter enemy, partly due to his alignment with the Duke of Milan. [START_REF]Ambassadors' orations to Pope Pius II 1 Manfred (1232-1266): King of Sicily from 1258 to 1266. Natural son of the Emperor Friedrich II of Hohenstaufen 2 Bonifatius IX [Piero Tomacelli[END_REF] The war proved to be a costly affair and a serious impediment to the pope's plans for a crusade against the Turks. Eventually it became unsustainable for Siena, even with Milanese and papal support, and in October 1455 the Sienese decided to sue for peace, with Bishop Piccolomini as their main negotiator.1 Only in December 1455 and with great difficulty did Piccolomini -on behalf of Siena 2 -obtain the pope's permission to seek peace from Alfonso. 3

After intense diplomatic negotiations between Naples, Rome, Milan and Siena, a Sienese embassy together with a papal envoy, Giovanni Soleri, and a Florentine ambassador arrived in Naples in April 1456. Alfonso received the ambassadors kindly, but especially so Bishop Piccolomini of Siena. 4 They knew each other from back in 1450 when, on behalf of the emperor, Piccolomini had negotiated the contract of marriage between the emperor and Princess Eleonora of Portugal. Since King Alfonso was the bride's uncle, negotiations had taken place in Naples, and on this occasion, Piccolomini had given an oration, "Quamvis grandes materias" [14], with fulsome compliments to the king, and later, in 1456, he published his highly complimentary book In libros Antonii Panormitae Poetae de dictis et factis Alphonsi regis memorabilibus commentarius.

The negotiations between the king and Siena were succesfully concluded on 31 May 1456. The peace entailed a hefty financial compensation to Piccinino who would pass into the service of King Alfonso. To celebrate the official proclamation of the peace, an office of thanksgiving was held in the Cathedral of Naples on 6 June. On this occasion the papal envoy, Giovanni Soleri spoke, and after him Piccolomini gave a short speech of thanks on behalf of Siena, the "Modestius". The king spoke, too, in praise of the pope and ended his oration by asking Antonio Beccadelli to write a report -in stile elegantissima -on the ceremony. The other is a dispatch from the Milanese ambassadors to Duke Francesco Sforza:

Apreso, sapia vostra excellencia che, essendo nel predicto giorno de heri sera con sua sanctità et fornito el parlare de le sopradicte cose, intrò in raxonamento de la festa haveva facta la magestà del re a Napoli in questi dì de la pace concluxa, et qui, prima narrando l'ordine de quela solempnità, cioè de la predica haveva facto magistro Johanne Solerii et de un sermone haveva recitato domino lo episcopo de Sena. 4 The peace between Siena and Alfonso held, and Piccinino had to give up his attempts to become lord of Siena. In spite of Piccolomini's endeavours in Naples, the city fathers did not show him much gratitude, possibly because his cousin, Goro Lolli, had been accused -unfairly as Piccolomini maintained -of involvement with the plot to support of Piccinino.

When Piccolomini returned to Rome, the pope asked him to stay, promising him that he would soon be appointed cardinal, which happened some months later, in December 1456.

Themes

The oration has three themes:

• The peace itself • The war against the Turks, and • The gratitude of Siena towards King Alfonso

Concerning the peace, Piccolomini claimed -with some justification -that it fulfilled the process of creating peace in Italy, begun the year before with the Peace of Lodi and the Italian League:

… today, not only our own city, but also Etruria and the whole of Italy, and indeed the whole Christian Commonwealth have gained relief and prosperity. For though the war that has ended now seemed only to ravage the Sienese territory, its poisonous effects spread far and wide and infected the whole of Italy. Neither the Peace of Lodi nor the other peace concluded in your presence, here in this city, sufficiently provided for the Christian people since whenever one conflict was settled another arose immediately, and every day the war grew new heads -as the serpentlike Hydra. But the agreement concluded now, according to your wishes, completely eliminates all the causes of conflict; it leaves no part of Italy unquiet or unsafe; it respects the rights of all; it harms nobody, it excludes nobody. So, this is a true peace that, so to say, puts it solid seal on the earlier treaties. [Sect. 1]

Concerning the war with the Turks,1 Piccolomini insisted on the necessity of peace in Italy in order to make possible a joint European military response to the Turkish war of conquest against Europe, and he reminded the king of his promises to provide a strong navy for the war:

In the past year, the Holy Apostolic See has sent legates, demanded tenths, granted indulgences, and commissioned ships. Moreover, Your Majesty has taken the cross and published many and great threats against the enemies of the Faith. But nobody believed that a crusade could take place when the storm of war wasted the regions close to the Roman Curia and almost entered the suburbs of the City. But now that the Italian conflicts are completely solved, we must expect that you will, with a great and powerful fleet -500 sails, you usually say -sail to the East in order to avenge the injury to God and Our Saviour, recover Constantinople, and restore the whole of Greece to the Christian name. [Sect. 3] As pope Pius, Piccolomini was to be to sadly disappointed by Alfonso as crusader, since the king -like almost all other kings and princes of Europe -would later show no inclination to fulfil his promises of participation in the war.

Concerning the gratitude of Siena, Piccolomini said:

And as long as the walls of the city remain standing, all Sienese will gratefully acknowledge their indebtedness for today's peace, its salvation and freedom, to you, Alfonso, the glory of our age, to your illustrious son, Duke Ferrante of Calabria, and his sons, and to all your posterity, and your name will never be forgotten by us. Surely, the glorious Virgin Mary, Mother of God, whom we worship with great devotion, and Saint Bernardino, our former fellow citizen who is now a citizen of Heaven itself, will undoubtedly obtain that God rewards you for this pious, necessary and fruitful achievement of yours. [Sect. 6]

Date, place, audience and format

The oration "Modestius" was held on 6 June 1456.1

The venue was the Cathedral of Naples.

The audience was King Alfonso, his court, the papal legate Giovanni Soleri and the members of the various embassies present in Naples.

The format was a diplomatic address held by the Bishop of Siena as ambassador of Siena on behalf of this city.

Text

Manuscripts 1 2

The "Modestius" is contained in two collective manuscripts:

• Piacenza / Biblioteca Comunale Passerini-Landi Landi 67, ff. 107r -109r (P)

• Venezia / Biblioteca Marciana Lat. X 250, ff. 93v -95r (V)

It is also included in the Collected Orations of Pius II (1462), prepared under Pius' direct supervision and extant in seven manuscripts:

Editions

The "Modestius" has been published in print at least three times:

Present edition

For principles of edition (incl. orthography) and translation, see Collected Orations of Pope Pius II, vol. 1, ch. 9-10.

Text:

The present edition is based on all the listed manuscripts, with the Chis. J.VIII.284 as the lead manuscript.

Pagination:

Pagination is from the lead manuscript.

Sources 1

In this small oration which, as Piccolomimi himself states, had to be kept very short, no direct and indirect quotations have been identified.

Bibliography

Ady

Treaty

[1] Great and pious king, 1 since we have already heard the apostolic legate, Giovanni Soleri, 2 an excellent and learned father, and the religious ceremonies have lasted long, and the day is passing fast, it might be more modest of us to be silent than to speak. But the great kindness we have received from you urges us not to pass over the solemn act of this day in complete silence.

For today you have ordered the publication of the peace concluded by virtue of your own wise and godlike counsel. Therefore, we see that today not only our own city, 3 but also Etruria, 4 and the whole of Italy, and indeed the whole Christian Commonwealth have gained relief and prosperity. 5 For though the war that has ended ravaged directly only the Sienese territory, its poisonous effects spread far and wide and infected the whole of Italy. Neither the Peace of Lodi 6 nor the other peace concluded in your presence here in this city 7 sufficiently provided for the needs of the Christian people since whenever one conflict was settled another arose immediately, and every day the war grew new heads -as the serpent-like Hydra. But the agreement concluded now according to your wishes completely eliminates all the causes of conflict; it leaves no part of Italy unquiet or unsafe; it respects the rights of all; it harms nobody, it excludes nobody. So, this is a true peace that, so to say, puts it solid seal on the earlier treaties.

1 Alfonso V the Magnanimous 2 Envoy of Pope Calixtus III 3 i.e. Siena 4 i.e. Toscana 5 "salutem" 6 Peace of Lodi 1454 7 Italian League 1454/55

[2] Haec concordia Christianis quidem vera quies, Turcis autem, ut mihi suadeo, extremum exitium erit. Nam quantum discordia nostra illos extulit, tantum consensus noster deprimet 1 atque dejiciet 2 . Quippe ut audient Hungari, Rasciani, Valachi, Albani Graecique omnes pacatam atque concordem 3 Italiam esse, invictis animis Turcorum impetum sustinebunt. Exin Fridericus imperator, Augustus invictissimus, qui etiam te 4 de hac concordia adhortatus 5 est, cum suis Theutonibus martialique gente Galli quoque feroces et alii trans Alpes fideles populi jam 6 tempus adesse fatebuntur, quo se bello contra Turcos 7 accingant.

1 deprimit P 2 dejecit E 3 concordiam E 4 omit. P, V 5 hortatus P 6 iam iam P, V 7 omit. C

War against the Turks

[2] Since this agreement gives true peace and tranquillity to the Christians, I am convinced that it will ultimately be fatal to the Turks. For inasmuch as our disagreements encourages them, our unanimity depresses and disturbs them. Indeed, when the Hungarians, the Serbians, the Valachians, the Albanians and all the Greeks hear that Italy has peace and harmony, they will resist the attacks of the Turks with renewed vigour1 . Then the unvanquished and august Emperor Friedrich,2 who has also sent you exhortations in the matter of this peace, together with his Germans and that warlike people, the fierce French, and the other transalpine peoples will recognise that now it is time for them to prepare for war against the Turks.

[3] Nam quamvis anno superiore sancta sedes apostolica legatos mitteret, decimas exigeret, indulgentias elargiretur, naves construeret, tua quoque majestas cruce signata multa et 1 magna in hostes fidei minaretur, nemo tamen credidit expeditioni locum fore, cum vicina Romanae curiae atque in ipsis paene urbis foribus belli tempestas crassaretur 2 . At nunc extirpatis funditus dissensionis 3 Italicae radicibus, quid aliud expectemus, quam te classe maxima, ac potentissima, et, ut dicere soles, quingentis velis instructa orientem petere, ignominiam Deo et salvatori nostro illatam vindicare, Constantinopolim recuperare, totamque Graeciam Christiano nomini restituere? Rem videor fortasse difficilem {150v} atque impossibili similem 4 polliceri. Verum qui te 5 cum hoste comparat 6 , quique tuas vires et quae tibi duo magnamini reges, alter Castellae, alter Portugalliae ministrare promittunt auxilia, metiuntur, nihil me supra modum sperare fatentur. Age igitur, rex inclyte! Tibi Calixtoque summo sacerdoti haec laus servata est, qua religionem Christianam undique conculcatam ac ferme deletam in pristinam gloriam restituatis. Nam vetus ille oriens, qui nobis olim verae fidei lumen infudit, nunc ab occidenti 7 lucem ac salutem expectat.

1 etiam P 2 grassaretur D, G 3 dissensionibus P, V 4 impossibili similem : impossibilem P 5 omit. B, E 6 comparant P, V 7 occidente P, V

[3] In the past year, the Holy Apostolic See has sent legates, requested tithes, granted indulgences and commissioned ships. 1 Moreover, Your Majesty has taken the cross and issued many and great threats against the enemies of the Faith. But nobody believed that a crusade could take place when the storm of war wasted the regions close to the Roman Curia and almost outside the City. But now that the Italian conflicts are completely solved, we must expect that you will with a great and powerful fleet -500 sails, you usually say -sail to the East in order to avenge the injury to God and Our Saviour, recover Constantinople, and restore the whole of Greece to the Christian name. 2 Maybe I seem to be promising something that is difficult and impossible. But when people compare you with the enemy and assess your strength as well as the help promised to you by the two high-minded kings of Castile 3 and of Portugal, 4 they will admit that my hope is not unrealistic. So, Illustrious King, act! For to you and our High Priest, Calixtus, 5 have been reserved the honour of restoring the Christian religion, under attack from all sides and almost destroyed, to its former glory. The old East that once gave us the light of the true Faith now expects light and salvation from the West.

1 The new pope, Calixtus III, fiercely believed in the crusade against the Turks whom he had, right after his election, vowed to oppose with all his might 2 In the oration "Solent plerique" [26] [4] We read that Christian emperors and popes like Theodosius1 and Damasus2 and others who came from Spain have often greatly benefited the Catholic Faith. 3 Our age trusts that the oriental realms will return to Christ, the true and one God, under Calixtus III, a pope given by God, and under Alfonso, a most wise king without equal, both of them from Spain. Today, Your Highness has splendidly given life to that hope by solving all the conflicts of Italy in one peace settlement. It is not up to us to speak about the comfort and joy that this event will give your Holy Father Calixtus or the honours that His Holiness and the whole Church will decide to lavish upon you. 4

[5] Senenses vero a te saluberrima pace donati ac magnifice conservati nullo umquam tempore hujus diei memoriam obliterabunt. Gratissima est enim nostra respublica, quae, quamvis aliquando pro sua tenuitate his, qui sibi benefaciunt, vicem reddere nequit, animum tamen semper obnoxium ac retribuendi cupidum retinet. Videntur adhuc in templo nostro majori equestres eorum statuae, qui ante aliquot saecula civitati nostrae bene consuluerunt: Manfredi, qui ex hoc regno laboranti populo nostro opem tulit, aeterna memoria apud nos est. Bonifatius IX., hujus urbis alumnus, qui urbi nostrae magna in necessitate non defuit, quasi numen aliquod apud nos habetur. Galeazii ac Philippi Mariae, Longobardorum ducum, qui majores nostros in maximis saepe discriminibus adjuverunt, nomina 1 in civitate nostra immortalia perseverant. Ob memoriam sanctissimi Calixti nostri, qui ut nobis periculum demeret, periculum ipse subire non recusavit, aedem construere magistratus nostri decreverunt, in qua sibi quotannis sacrificetur.

1 eorum add. P, V 29

Gratitude of Siena

[5] But the Sienese, whom you have granted wholesome peace and tremendous safety, will always remember this day. For our republic is most grateful and although it is so small that it cannot always return the favours of its benefactors, it always retains a sense of indebtedness and a desire to reciprocate. In our cathedral you can still see equestrian statues of those who some centuries ago greatly helped our city. One of them is of Manfred, 1 who brought help from this kingdom to our people in need -we remember it forever. And Boniface IX, 2 a son of our city who did not desert it in a time of great difficulties, is almost considered a divine spirit 3 by us. And the names of the Lombard dukes Galeazzo 4 and Filippo Maria, 5 who helped our forefathers in the greatest of dangers, are immortal in our city. And finally, in remembrance of Our Holy Father Calixtus, who endangered himself in order to free us from danger, our magistrates have decided to build a church where annual services in his name will be held.

[6] Et tibi, ergo, Alfonse 1 , aevi nostri gloria, et nato tuo, inclyto Calabriae duci Ferdinando, et liberis ejus, et omni tuae posteritati, Senenses universi, dum stabunt urbis moenia, hanc hodiernam pacem, idest salutem et libertatem suam, gratissimis animis 2 imputabunt, tuumque erit apud eos indelebile nomen. Mercedem vero tam pii, tam necessarii, tam fructuosi operis tui, ut reddat tibi divina miseratio {151r}, et gloriosissima virgo mater Dei Maria, quam religiossissime 3 colimus, et olim concivis noster, nunc vero caeli accola, divus Bernardinus haud dubie impetrabunt. 4

1 Alfonso D, G 2 annis E 3 gloriosissime B, E 4 Amen. Laus Deo. Finis add. P; Amen. Deo gracias semper. Telcuc. Wilhelmus Rottaler

[6] And as long as the walls of the city remain standing, all Sienese will gratefully acknowledge their indebtedness for today's peace, its salvation and freedom, to you, Alfonso, the glory of our age, to your illustrious son, Duke Ferrante of Calabria,1 and his sons, and to all your posterity: your name shall never be forgotten by us. Surely, the glorious Virgin Mary, Mother of God, whom we worship with great devotion, and Saint Bernardino,2 our former fellow citizen who is now a citizen of Heaven itself, will obtain that merciful God rewards you for this pious, necessary and fruitful achievement of yours.

Table of volumes in Collected Orations of Pope Pius II. 12 vols. Edited and translated by Michael von Cotta-Schönberg Table of contents

	I.	INTRODUCTION
	1.	Context
	2.	Themes
	3.	Date, place, audience and format
	4.	Text
		4.1. Manuscripts
		4.2. Editions
		4.3. Present edition
	5.	Sources
	6.	Bibliography
	7.

  It may reasonably be assumed that the Piacenza and Venice texts represent an early version of the text, which was very slightly reworked in connection with its inclusion in the Collected Orations of Pius II.

• Lucca / Biblioteca Capitulare Feliniana 544, ff. 115v -117r (G) * • Mantova / Biblioteca Comunale 100, ff. 189r -191r (F) * • Milano / Biblioteca Ambrosiana I 97 inf., ff. 190r -191v (E) * • Roma / Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana Chis. J.VI.211, ff. 131v -133r (D) * Chis. J.VIII.284, ff. 149v -151r (A) * Chis. J.VIII.286, ff. 201v -203v (C) * Vat. lat. 1788, ff. 209r -211v (B) *

•

  AEneae Sylvii Piccolominei Senensis, qui ... Pius Secundus appellatus est Opera quae extant omnia, nunc demum castigata et in unum Corpus redacta. Basileae, 1551. // Pp.498-499 [with reeditions 1571 and 1969]

	• Reusner, Nikolaus (ed.): Selectissimarum orationum et consultationum de bello Turconico
	variorum et diversorum auctorum volumina quattuor. Leipzig: Gros & Henning, 1596 // T.
	III, pp. 92-94

• Pius II: Orationes politicae et ecclesiasticae. Ed. Giovanni Domenico Mansi. 3 vols. Lucca: Benedini, 1755-1759. // T. I, pp. 384-391 [based on the ms. in Lucca, G]

Oratio Aeneae Silvii Piccolominei, episcopi Senensis, qui postea pontificatum summum adeptus Pius II. appellatus est, habita Neapoli coram Alfonso, rege Aragonum, in templo 1

  , Cecilia M.: Pius II (AEneas Silvius Piccolomini) -the Humanist Pope.London, 1913 Annales ecclesiastici ab anno MCXCVIII ubi Baronius desinit. Auct. Odoricus Raynaldus. Tom. XVIII-XIX. Roma: Varesius, 1659-1663 2[1] {150r} Modestius 2 fortasse fuerit, rex maxime ac piissime, audito Johanne Solerii, apostolico legato, patre optimo ac doctissimo, divina re diutius protracta, fugiente jam die, nos tacere quam loqui. Sed cogimur accepti beneficii magnitudine, ne omnino silentes hujus diei solemnitatem praetereamus, in qua pacem sapienti ac divino consilio tuo perfectam vulgari 3 jussisti. Qua re non urbi nostrae solum, verum Etruriae ac toti Italiae, immo vero universae reipublicae Christianae salutem hodie partam videmus. Etenim quamvis hoc bello, quod modo extinctum est, solus ager Senensis vastari videretur, ejus tamen veneni labes longe lateque totam Italiam inficiebat. Neque Laudensi pace neque altera coram te habita in hac urbe Christiano populo satis consultum erat, cum sedato uno tumultu, mox alter oriretur, atque in morem 4 serpentis Hydrae nova in dies belli 5 capita succrescerent. At concordia, quae nunc te dictante 6 composita est, omnem contentionis nostrae radicem prorsus extirpat; nullam Italiae portiunculam 7 aut inquietam 8 aut insecuram relinquit; nulli jus suum aufert, nullum laedit, nullum excludit. Haec igitur vera pax est, et quae prioribus illis de pace tractatibus 9 solidum signum sive, ut ajunt, sigillum apponit.

	Pius II: Commentarii rerum memorabilium quae suis temporibus contigerunt [1464]
	• Pius II: Commentarii rervm memorabilivm que svis temporibus contigervnt. Ed. A van
	Heck. 2 vols. Città del Vaticano, 1984. (Studi e testi; 312-313)
	• Pius II: Commentaries. Ed. M. Meserve and M. Simonetta. Vols 1ff. Cambridge, MA, 2003
	ff.
	Pius II: Opera omnia
	• AEneae Sylvii Piccolominei Senensis, qui ... Pius Secundus appellatus est Opera quae extant
	omnia, nunc demum castigata et in unum Corpus redacta. Basileae: Per Heinrichum
	Petrum, 1551
	Pius II: Orationes [1436-1464]
	Oxford,
	1990
	Mitchell, R.J.: The Laurels and the Tiara -Pope Pius II 1458-1464. London, 1962 P, V Setton, Kenneth M.: The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571. 4 vols. Philadelphia: American 2 Mansi margin note: Anno 1456. Ex Ms. Cod. Lucensi. Edita est etiam in edit. Basiliensi an. 1551, ex qua hic dantur
	Pillinini, Giovanni: Il sistema degli stati Italiani 1454-1494. Venezia, 1970 variantes Philosophical Society, 1976-1984. (Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society; 114) 3 vulgare E
	4 modum P, V Soranzo, G.: Le Lega Italica (1454-1455). Milano, 1924 5 omit. B, E
	6 te dictante : dictante te P, V
	7 provinculam P, V
	8 inquietatem P
	9 tractantibus G

Banchi, Luciano: Il Piccinino nello stato di Siena e la Lega Italica

(1455-1456)

. In: Archivio storico italiano, 4 (1879)

44-58, 225-245

Boulting, William: Aeneas Silvius (Enea Silvio de' Piccolomini -Pius II) -Orator, man of letters, statesman, and pope. London, 1908 Cotta-Schönberg, Michael von & Anna Modigliani: Nicholas V's only surviving oration the Nihil est of 24 March 1447. In: Roma nel Rinascimento, 2016, pp. 271-288 Dispacci sforzeschi da Napoli. T. I: 1442 -2 luglio 1458. Ed. F. Senatore. Napoli, 1997 Fumi, L.: Francesco Sforza contro Jacopo Piccinino (dalla Pace di Lodi alla morte di Calisto III). In: Bollettino della regia deputazione di storia patria per l'Umbria, 16 (1910) 507-601 Malavolti, Orlando di M. Bernardo: Dell'Historia di Siena. Pt. III. Siena: Salvestro Marchetti, 1599 • Pius II: Orationes politicae et ecclesiasticae. Ed. Giovanni Domenico Mansi. 3 vols. Lucca: Benedini, 1755-1759 • Collected Orations of Pope Pius II. Ed. and transl. by Michael v. Cotta-Schönberg. 12 vols. 2019-2020 Reinhardt, Volker: Pius II. Piccolomini -Der Papst, mit dem die Renaissance begann. München, 2013 Reusner, Nikolaus (ed.): Selectissimarum orationum et consultationum de bello Turconico variorum et diversorum auctorum volumina quattuor. Leipzig: Gros & Henning, 1596 Ryder, F.C.: Alfonso V the Magnanimous, King of Aragon, Naples, and Sicily, 1396-1458. 1 Oratio … templo : Oratio Enee Silvii Piccolominei episcopi Senensis qui postea fuit Pius II habita Neapoli coram Alfonso rege, In templo B, E; Aenee Silvii episcopi Senensis oratio ad Alf/phonsum regem pro pace suis civibus reddita D, G; Ad gloriosum principem Alfonsum Arragonie (Arrogonie S) regem Enee Senensis episcopi oratio incipit

  of 13 August 1455, addressed to Pope Calixtus III, Piccolomini had stated this goal for a crusade against the Turks: Believe me, it is not impossible to wrest Constantinople and the whole of Greece from the grip of the Turks if only we chose the most suitable ways. [Sect. 26]. Note that Piccolomini does not speak of recovering Jerusalem 3 Enrique IV (1425-1474): King of Castile, nicknamed the Impotent. Ruled from 1454 to his death 4 Afonso V the African (1432-1481): King of Portugal and the Algarves. His sobriquet refers to his conquests in Northern Africa 5 Calixtus III [Alfons de Borja] (1378-1458): Pope from 1455 to his death in 1458. The first Borgia Pope[4] Legimus Christianos imperatores ac pontifices maximos ab Hispania missos saepe catholicae fidei magnifice ac salubriter consuluisse, Theodosios, Damasos, atque alios. Aetas nostra sub Calixto III. divinitus dato pontifice ac sub 1 Alfonso rege sapientissimo et incomparabili, utroque Hispano, orientalia regna rursus ad Christum verum et singularem Deum reditura esse confidit. Cui spei 2 pulcherrimum hodie tua sublimitas initium dedit, quae cunctas Italiae lites unico pacis arbitramento sedavit: cujus facti gratia non est oratio nostra, quae beatissimi patris tui Calixti susceptam consolationem ac laetitiam explicare possit aut in medium proferre, quibus te honoribus sua pietas et omnis ecclesia cumulare decreverit.

1 omit. G 2 rei P, V

Banchi, p.

232; Ryder, c. 10 2 Banchi, p. 239: molto s'adoprò e con molto valore il Vescovo di Siena 3 Setton,II, p. 171; also Rainaldus, ad ann. 1456, nr. 6-7 4 Banchi, p. 243 5 Dispacci sforzeschi da Napoli, nr. 148, letter of the Milanese envoys in Rome to Francesco Sforza of 14 June 1456, p. 414: … da poy narrò la summa et la substancia del parlare fece lì in publico ne le solempnitate de la missa la prelibata magestà, et hè questa: che prima se extexe in laudare et magnificare per fine al cello el nome de nostro Signore el papa, comandando da poy a meser Antonio Panhormita che dovese metere in scripto, per quanto sapesse stillo ellegantissimo, quelo haveva dicto de li meriti de nostro Signore, aciò ne aparese longa et perpetua memoria

After the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, other humanists had delivered orations to King Alfonso on the crusade theme, e.g. Niccolò Sagundino and Flavio Biondo, see the oration "Quamvis omnibus"[21]

See above. See also Banchi, p.

According to Malavolti, f. 54v, quoted by Rainaldus, the peace was announced in Siena on 4 June 1456

Concerning the textual transmission of Pius II´s orations, see Collected orations of PopePius, vol. 1, ch. 5

Manuscripts for which an orthographical profile is given in Collected orations of Pope Pius II, vol. 11, are marked with an asterisk

On Piccolomini's use of sources in general, see Collected orations of Pope Pius II, ch. 8.

References to the Annales are usually given in this form: (e.g.) Rainaldus, ad ann. 1459, nr. 67 (without reference to a specific edition). In the bibliographies of the individual orations, the first edition is usually listed, but the Theiner edition is actually the preferred one since it is the easiest available on the web

"invictis animis"

Friedrich III (Habsburg) (1415-1493): Duke of Austria (as Friedrich V) from 1424. Elected King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor in 1440, crowned in Rome in 1452

Theodosius I the Great (Flavius Theodosius Augustus) (347 -395): Roman Emperor from 379 to his death

Damasus I (c.

: Pope from October 366 to his death3 In his speech of thanks, the "Nihil est", to the ambassadors of King Alfonso, who had come in 1447 to present the declaration of obedience to the newly elected pope, Nicolaus V, the pope touched on the same theme of great emperors and popes coming from Spain (Cotta-Schönberg & Modigliani, p. 285). Piccolomini himself was present at this event. The text, falsely attributed to Pius II, is contained in the ms. 913 in the Biblioteca Riccardiana in Florence. Piccolomini had touched upon the same theme in the oration "Solent plerique"[26]: The noble country of Spain, where you come from, has often sent energetic and strong men to the Apostolic See and to the Empire, as is shown by the deeds of Damasus and Theodosius, whose equal we believe you to be in every way…[Sect. 4] 4 Since that would be the task of the papal legate, Giovanni Soleri

Ferrante I (1423Ferrante I ( -1494)): King of Naples from 1458 to his death

Bernardino of Siena [de' Albizeschi] (1380-1444): Italian Franciscan preacher. Saint. His preaching was frequently directed against gambling, witchcraft, sodomy and usury -particularly as practiced by Jews. Canonized by Nicolaus V in 1450


Michael Von Cotta- Schönberg

Silvio Enea

; Piccolomini

Sylvius Aeneas

Silvius Aeneas

Piccolomini

Michael V Cotta-Schönberg

In the spring of 1459, during a prolonged stay in Siena, Pope Pius II received a number of embassies from the rulers of Europe declaring their lord's obedience to the newly elected pope and the Apostolic See. One of the embassies was from the Marquess of Monferrat. In his very short reply to the ambassadors' address, the pope mentioned the high and old nobility of the ruling family of Monferrat and its contribution to former crusades. He also, briefly, spoke of obedience to Roman Church as a necessary condition for salvation.

Foreword

In 2007, I undertook a project of publishing the Latin texts with English translations of the orations of Enea Silvio Piccolomini / Pope Pius II. Altogether 801 orations (including papal responses to ambassadorial addresses) are extant today, though more may still be held, unrecognized, in libraries and archives.

At a later stage the project was expanded to include ambassadors' orations to the pope, of which about 40 are presently known.

I do not, actually, plan to publish further versions of the present volume, but I do reserve the option in case I -during my future studies -come across other manuscripts containing interesting versions of the oration or if important new research data on the subject matter are published, making it appropriate to modify or expand the present text. It will therefore always be useful to check if a later version than the one the reader may have previously found via the Internet is available.

I shall much appreciate to be notified by readers who discover errors and problems in the text and translation or unrecognized quotations.

12 September 2019 In the spring of 1459, during a prolonged stay in Siena, Pope Pius II received a number of embassies from the rulers of Europe declaring obedience to the Apostolic See and to the new pope on behalf of their lord. One of the embassies was from the Marquess of Monferrat. It is not among the embassies mentioned explicitly in Pius' Commentarii.

MCS

Themes

The relatively small political signifcance of the Marquisate of Monferrat is reflected in the brevity of the papal reply to the ambassadors.

The oration contains two of the themes which recur in the pope's responses to the ambassadors offering the obedience of their lords 3 :

One theme, and the main one in this oration, is praise of the House of the prince declaring his obedience. The great and ancient nobility of the ruling house of Monferrat, at the time a branch of the Byzantine Palaelogus dynasty, was known to all. The pope said: In Italy, there are many famous and illustrious families. But We do not know if any is older and more noble than the family of Monferrat [Sect. 1].

In the context of the approaching Congress of Mantua, which was to deal with a European military response to the Turkish expansion into Europe, the pope also had a welcome opportunity to praise the participation of the Monferrat family in former crusades. 4 The other theme is that union with and obedience to the Roman Church and its bishop, the pope, is a necessary condition of salvation: All kings and all princes who wish to be saved must venerate the Roman Church and bow to it [sect. 2]. 5

Date, place, audience and format

The oration was delivered in March or April 1459, in Siena.

The venue was the cathedral of Siena, which was suitable for papal functions, more so than the Signoria, seat of the Sienese government, would have been.

The audience presumably consisted of the cardinals, curials, and ambassadors with their retinues present in Siena as well as Sienese magnates.

The format was a papal reply from the throne to an address by princely ambassadors.

Text 6

The oration is included in a special Collection of Pius II's Responses from 1459 and 1460), largely consisting of responses to addresses by ambassadors,7 which is extant in at least five manuscripts. The Chisianus is the eldest of the three and identical with or very close to the oration as actually delivered by Pius.

Manuscripts

Editions

The oration was edited by Mansi:

Present edition

For principles of edition (incl. orthography) and translation, see Collected Orations of Pope Pius II, vol. 1, ch. 9-10.

Text:

The present edition is based on the manuscripts from Lucca, the Archivio Segreto Vaticano and the Chisianus, with the Chisianus as the lead manuscript.

Pagination:

Pagination is from the lead manuscript.

Sources 9

In this short oration, no direct and indirect quotations have been identified.

Reject = Reject Aeneas, accept Pius : Selected letters of Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini (Pope Pius II).

Intr. and transl. by T.M. Izbicki et al. Washington, D.C., 2006 To the ambassadors of Monferrat [START_REF]terrae sanctae congregari coepere, vix aliquid sine marchionibus Montisferrati gestum est memoria dignum[END_REF] In Italy there are many famous and illustrious families, but We do not know if any is older and more noble than the family of Monferrat16 which in the manner of its forefathers declares its obedience to Us today. That House is ancient, indeed, and often mentioned in the history books. Ever since Christian armies first began to gather in order to reclaim the Holy Land, almost no memorable deed has been done without the margraves of Monferrat. In Greece, Asia, 17 Syria, and the islands in between, the name of this family is famous since it usually brings forth strong men dedicated to the Christian religion.

[2] And the man who is now the head of the family is certainly not inferior to his ancestors: he is strenuous in arms, foresighted in counsel, strict in justice, and greatly devoted to religion. And for the sake of religion he has now sent you, distinguished ambassadors, to Us to declare his obedience, well knowing that all kings and all princes who wish to be saved must venerate the Roman Church and submit to it. Thus, your prince does what he should and what befits his nobility. We recommend his fidelity and devotion, and We declare that he is worthy of being held in the highest regard and esteem by Us and Our successors, which We shall certainly do as long as We live.

Table of volumes in Collected Orations of Pope Pius II. 12 vols. Edited and translated by Michael von Cotta-Schönberg Table of contents I. INTRODUCTION

	1.	Context
	2.	Themes
	3.	Date, place, audience and format
	4.	Text
		4.1. Manuscripts
		4.2. Editions
		4.3. Present edition
	5.	Sources
	6.	Bibliography
	7.	Sigla and abbreviations

II. TEXT AND TRANSLATION 6 I. INTRODUCTION 1. Context 2

•

  Pius II: Orationes politicae et ecclesiasticae. Ed. Giovanni Domenico Mansi. 3 vols. Lucca: Benedini, 1755-1759 / T. II, p. 200 [Edition based on the manuscript in Lucca (G)]

81 orations, if the "Cum animadverto" is counted is a Piccolomini-oration, see oration "Quam laetus"[18], Appendix

CO, II, 24 (Meserve, I,;Ady, p. 162; Boulting, Mitchell, p. 146; Pastor, II, p.

38;Strnad, Voigt, III, On the format of Pius' responses to ambassadors' declarations of obedience, see Collected Orations of Pope Pius II, vol. 1, sect. 7.7.3 4 See Collected Orations of Pope Pius II, vol. 1, sect.6.1 5 On Pius and papal supremacy, see See Collected Orations of Pope Pius II, vol. 1, sect.6.3.1

On the textual transmission of Pius' oration, see Collected orations of Pope PiusII, vol. 1, ch. 5

See Collected Orations of Enea Silvio Piccolomini / Pope Pius II, ch. 5.2.1

Manuscripts for which an orthographical profile is given in Collected orations of Pope Pius II, vol. 11, are marked with an asterisk

On Piccolomini's use of sources in general, see Collected orations of Pope Pius II, ch. 8.

The House of Monferrat was indeed ancient. Since its creation in 961, the Marquisate of Monferrat had been ruled by the Aleramic dynasty. In 1306 the marquisate passed, through a nephew, to the Palaeologus dynasty, still reigning at the time of Pius II. Its ruling family was related to the imperial House and the French House, and it participated in the crusades

Sigla and abbreviations