Eunika Mercier

Eunika Mercier-Laurent

Can Artificial Intelligence Efficiently Support Sustainable Development?

teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.   Can AI efficiently support Sustainable Development?

Introduction

Many factors affect the sustainability. One of them is quick technological progress, considered as powerful engine of economy. It brings many benefits for humanity, but contributes also to Planet Crisis. Computers, smartphones, IoT and other devices are quickly outdated. The combination of various communicating software requires "up-to-date" hardware to run correctly. Most of hardware are not eco-designed and need raw material that has become scarce. Despite the large introduction of Corporate Social Responsibility, some companies still practice planned obsolescence to generate more revenues [START_REF] Mercier-Laurent | Cueto Planned Obsolescence -An Economic and Cultural Anxiety[END_REF].

Social networks and various applications generate an exponential amount of data stored in data centers that need cooling. Fortunately, some apply circular energy to reduce impact on environment, but still those in Scandinavian countries clearly contribute to the rise of temperature and melting of ice [2]. Globalization has changed the economic landscape. Opening to business and quick development of China and other Asian and South American countries offering the low labor cost increases the relocation-out from origin countries, mainly US and Europe, in search of quick and high revenues. It requires transportation across the world by ships and airplanes, which increases pollution [START_REF]The Environmental Effects of Freight[END_REF]. Besides, the buyers have to recycle products, often of poor quality, made just for sale. Repairing costs often more than new product and requires the availability of spare pieces and related know-how.

Huge global business amplifies through communication

technology, e-commerce, and transportation facilities. Advertisement-based business model and mass media promote the "buy more" and "to have more and to show" mentality. "Buy more, throw away and buy new" are the engines of today business.

Despite the provided benefits, the innovation is among contributors to planet disaster, because the inventors and designers think mostly about functionality, shape, look, attractiveness, and few about minimizing the use of raw materials, reducing the energy consumption, recycling facilities and other environmental impacts.

The primary eco-innovation movement claims to generate new businesses and jobs but the use of technology in the related activities is moderate. Corporate Social Responsibility aims in balancing environmental, economic and social impacts. The standards associated with product lifecycle management (PLM) software claim to manage environmental impact of the design [START_REF] Feng | Toward a Systemic Navigation Framework to Integrate Sustainable Development into the Company[END_REF].

The industrial renewal in Europe called Industry 4.0, initiated by German government to face Asian competition, focuses on digitalization and optimization of related processes. Therefore, eco-design is included into Industry 4.0. Future factories, such as those at Vaudreuil of Schneider Electric and Safran in France integrate a lot of AI, preserving principle of collaboration human-machine, instead of replacing humans. Cyber physical systems allow simulate and improve maintenance of existing equipment and design [START_REF]Future Factory Schneider Electric[END_REF][START_REF] Schneider | [END_REF]7].

Artificial Intelligence plays already a significant role in decision support systems, optimization, simulation, but can do better at the condition to consider the mentioned factors as an ecosystem. It requires a capacity of different thinking (without the barriers between fields), complex problem solving, art of choosing appropriate techniques and managing available knowledge and experience that apply.

After describing the concepts of sustainability, and sustainable development we give a short overview of AI techniques useful for sustainability management. Case of Smart City illustrates how AI can help mastering environmental impact. The paper ends with some perspective on alternative way of doing and on the role of intelligent technology in the transformation of society.

Sustainability and Sustainable Development

For many sustainability means economic health. Indeed sustainability depends on how human activities are in balance with natural ecosystems and how they affect our biosphere [START_REF] Mercier-Laurent | The Innovation Biosphere -Planet and Brains in Digital Era[END_REF]. Facing the Planet Crisis requires different approach that world conferences, agreements and separate actions. By the way, participants travel mostly by planes generating CO2 instead of using available teleconferencing technology. Nobody publish the "return on investment" in terms of tangible and intangible effects of such actions.

In biological systems, sustainability means long life. Systems components influence each other and the balance of the whole system is the condition to survive. Human activities and especially greedy economic system have affected the balance of natural ecosystems [START_REF] Folke | Biological diversity, Ecosystems and the Human Scale[END_REF][START_REF] Brundtland | Our Common Future[END_REF].

Sustainable development is a principle that many people claim to have invented. The definition of the European Union inspired by those of Saint Exupéry is following: "Sustainable Development stands for meeting the needs of present generations without jeopardizing the ability of futures generations to meet their own needsin other words, a better quality of life for everyone, now and for generations to come. It offers a vision of progress that integrates immediate and longer-term objectives, local and global action, and regards social, economic and environmental issues as inseparable and interdependent components of human progress." "Sustainable development will not be brought about by policies only: it must be taken up by society at large as a principle guiding the many choices each citizen makes every day, as well as the big political and economic decisions that have to be taken. This requires profound changes in thinking, in economic and social structures and in consumption and production patterns" [11].

Sustainable development can be considered as a process for meeting human development goals while maintaining the ability of natural systems to provide the required natural resources and ecosystem services upon which the current economy and society depend.

The current greedy economic system is not compatible with sustainable development. In this context, sustainable development is an oxymoron -it is impossible to remain sustainable without deep understanding of our natural ecosystems (multidisciplinary knowledge) and without radical change of behaviours, objectives, values, political and economic system. Sustainable development is an attitude to learn and cultivate.

Various actions aiming in changing the way of acting and doing things have been engaged since 1960 [START_REF] Brundtland | Our Common Future[END_REF]. Recently the young individuals such as for example Boyan Slat, Greta Thunberg and some NGOs are engaged in actions for planet cleaning and protection. Spreaded through social networks such actions have potential to influence behaviours. The initiatives as buy local, sharing knowledge on repairing via video and numerous applications, such as Uber, wonolo and some others, connect people offering services or jobs with those who need them. It is quick and effective, but out of the current economic practices (taxes, companies…). Sometimes this way of doing raise conflicts between "traditional" and "innovative". Some platforms connecting offer and demand use AI techniques such as Case-based reasoning or deep learning for direct matching of offer and demand [START_REF] Capiluppi | Matching demand and offer in on-line provision: A longitudinal study of monster.com[END_REF][START_REF] Maher | Issues and Applications of Casebased Reasoning to Design[END_REF].

Games and serious games (with AI) have also potential to encourage people to act [14].

Introducing the environmental principles into a design of products and services is a step forward. However, the traditional PLM tools should evolve to take into consideration a new way of doing [START_REF] Mercier-Laurent | The Innovation Biosphere -Planet and Brains in Digital Era[END_REF] by using alternative thinking, simulators before doing and optimizers. Future Factories are supposed to evolve in this direction.

Technology is able to provide a considerable help, but the way of thinking compatible with such complex problem solving should evolve to global, holistic and system [START_REF] Mercier-Laurent | The Innovation Biosphere -Planet and Brains in Digital Era[END_REF]. For example, aeronautic and automotive industries focus on lightening weight and reducing carbon footprint, while other related aspects such as route optimization for users are weakly considered. Current travel search engines works for clients, not for travellers. Current air transportation system "hub-andspoke" in which local airports offer air transportation to a central airport where long-distance flights are available, need innovation to minimize distance and related CO2 emission.

The International Standard ISO 26000 provides guidelines on how businesses and organizations can operate in a socially responsible way [15]. While it constraints companies to integrate social and environmental aspects into their activities, for ex. design, they should also focus on balancing their economic performance. These guidelines are complex and it is very difficult for a small company to check and respect all these principles without losing business. The intelligent technology can help checking and optimizing things; such systems has been prototyped in the framework on French national funded project Convergence [START_REF] Feng | Toward a Systemic Navigation Framework to Integrate Sustainable Development into the Company[END_REF].

To remain sustainable, development requires a smart use of available AI techniques, not only trendy ones but also those effective for a given case. Combined with intensive use of available knowledgeindividual and collective, from related domains, from the past and currently gained from experience such systems can really help minimizing impact of human activity.

Artificial Intelligence and sustainability

The third hype of AI focuses mainly on marketing gathering more data from various available sources about customers to push them more products and services. Collected data is mined using deep learning software and the results explored commercially. However, AI is much more than that and can do better.

Since over 60 years, AI researchers and practitioners invented and have experimented the various approaches and techniques. The Figure 1 presents an overview of main AI fields and available techniques. All techniques shown in Figure 1 have been successfully experimented for various applications in many fields around the globe. Decision support systems, diagnosis and many others are now embedded in larger applications such as automated pilot, autonomous car, intelligent building, in drones, translation systems, personal assistants, security and many others. AI introduced specific way of thinking and problem solving which is different from those related to databases. For example, managing sustainability requires deep understanding of all influencing factors, relations between them and elements of context, such as policies and human behaviors. The approach such as KADS [START_REF] Schreiber | KADS -A Principled Approach to Knowledge-based System Development[END_REF] combing Newell knowledge level, Chandrasekeran interaction hypothesis and Clancey generalization [START_REF]Problem Solving Methods: Past, Present, and Future[END_REF], requires defining a goal and decomposing it into the tasks; each tasks corresponds to a specific reasoning model that will use available knowledge and consider the context to achieve a given goal.

Deep problem understanding facilitates the choice of right technique or combination of them in hybrid systems [START_REF] Kayakutlu | Intelligence in Energy[END_REF]. For example, we can use constraint programming for optimizing, planning and scheduling, artificial neural networks to find similar pattern in images, text or in audio file, case-based reasoning for matching local offers of jobs and competency and in intelligent e-commerce application. Some of mentioned techniques are integrated in multi-agents systems.

In the case of sustainability the contextual knowledge on policies in a given country, base of available actions and practice/prototyping should be considered. We can build Sustainability Support System as a simulator containing various interrelated components to evaluate the impact of decisions for policy makers, planners, organizations and companies. It can be conceived as a toolbox allowing easy configuration in function of the needs and allowing verifying various constraints before doing.

Smart city can be a playground for prototyping of such a system.

Contribution of AI -Case of Smart City

All concepts -Smart City, Intelligent City, Green and Wise City -aim in providing services to citizens of quickly growing cities. The citizens can be individual or a part of organization or company that is why holistic approach is appropriate. Actually, the raisons of this growth are job offer, access to services, to culture or immigration or search for better social conditions.

Based on linear approximation in 2050 70% of world population will be living in the Megapolis [START_REF] Duranton | The Growth of Cities[END_REF][START_REF]Ville intelligente[END_REF].

Another influencing factor to take into consideration is the ambition of politicians to grow their territory, to attract companies and capital in aim increasing their power and show it up. As consequence, regional economy collapses in many cases and should be reinvented using local talents and resources.

The concept of Smart City was probably born in early 2000s pushed by technology with Cisco as network provider, IBM and some others. In 2010, IBM introduced a new slogan "Smarter Planet" combining their current offer to various elements related with water, energy and transportation management.

Intelligent City tries to be different and defines integrated model of intelligent economy, green transportation, environment, governance and services for citizens [START_REF]Ville intelligente[END_REF].

The city of Nice (French Riviera) runs annually a conference on Innovative City [21]. This year AI and its benefits for the city is on the program. The other topics discussed are more traditional -mobility, energy, recycling, urbanism, wellbeing and specificities of Euro-Mediterranean area to explore. Technology is behind all items, but it lacks an overall approach for better optimization of efforts and investment.

Growing cities want to attract people and companies by offer wellbeing to citizens. Green City combines architecture, gardening and social cohesion [START_REF]ICT for Societal Challenges. Digital Agenda for Europe[END_REF]23]. The topic of societal innovation is timely in the current changing context [START_REF] Edvinson | Societal Innovation Outlook with Soft Power[END_REF].

The Wise City of Hong Kong in collaboration with French Chamber of Commerce brings together large companies -Schneider Electric, Alstom, Veolia, Thales and KPMG -no room for small ones. KPMG claims to be integrator of all offers. They focus on improvement of living conditions: pollution, access to clean water, waste treatment, etc. Hong Kong with over 7 million of habitants produces 15,000 tons of waste daily and uses 60% more water than New York. Buildings are heavy consumers and air pollution is 53% local [25].

Schneider Electric being a partner of Wise City proposes an integrated offer, shown in Figure 2. The presented offer, elaborated as a whole, improved though deployment in over hundred targeted cities includes the following components: smart energy, smart mobility, smart water, smart public services, smart buildings, smart data centers and smart integration. These components represent also the areas of Schneider expertise. Several AI techniques, for optimization, maintenance, decision support and others facilities are embedded in this offer to provide solutions tailored for the city. For example, mobility module provides the real-time monitoring of system performance and detection of problems that may occur (predictive maintenance). The collected feedback allows reducing traffic and improving the network.

The energy module is in charge of providing continuous service. In the case that apply the energy offer is composed also with available sources of renewable energy.

Another module is in charge of water management and supply. Improving public safety is possible thanks to real-time analysis of video cameras (using deeplearning).

We can notice that the offers for energy and water are a part of smart buildings. Smart buildings, IoT and home automation systems helps managing machine-tomachine connections, detection of incidents, water and energy supply and optimized use of resources.

Healthcare management includes, among others AI-bases planning and scheduling of staff and devices for better service offered to patients.

Environmental footprint assessment application collects the environmental data. After validation, they are explored for improvement of performances. Data related to "users' experience" are also collected and explored for continuous improvement.

Data Center is certainly associated with city management system and we hope there is only one for all applications proposed by partners. This integrated city management platform designed using Knowledge Management principle connects all elements and allow information and knowledge sharing, the observation of world best practices, provides decision support and incidents management. This platform communicates with city management and citizens.

The city is also in charge of the other services that citizens may need but the above system does not allow expressing the citizen (consider in holistic perspective) ideas for new services. Considering holistic approach a Future factory is a part of the city or of the region. AI plays multiple role in Smart cityin the aboveintegrated offer the optimization techniques are used to manage water and energy distribution and consumption, other techniques for diagnosis, maintenance, business intelligence, optimizing transportation, collection of garbage, planning works, meetings, events and other city activities.

Conclusion and Perspective

In the context of Planet Emergency, sustainability and sustainable development is still a big challenge for humanity. Before applying technology this complex problem requires awareness about our impact and evolution of individual and companies behaviors, radical change of focus from having more to living better in harmony with nature. AI way of thinking helps understanding better such a complex problem, finding alternative solutions, but the better use of our brain capacity is mandatory.

The presented example demonstrated that AI is useful in many situations if we apply appropriate method and techniques. AI can help managing many aspects when used appropriately, but we still need to define the right metrics for correct evaluation of the effects of our actionsindividual and collective. Simulators cans help evaluating the situation, testing effect of influencing factors and consequence of decisions to take before doing. It applies in industry, city and in our lives.

The balance between the use of technology and human capacity should be preserved. Technology producers have tendency to produce software and devices that think instead of the human and take decisions for him/her. This kind of applications may replace human at the long run and reduce his cognitive capacity. That is why we have to design applications able to enhance human intelligence without switching it off.

Technology alone cannot save Planet, but can help us to be smarter.

Figure 1 .

 1 Figure 1. Overview of main AI fields and techniques [16].

Figure 2 .

 2 Figure 2. Integrated services for Smart City (source https://www.slideshare.net/SchneiderElectric/schneiderelectric-smart-cities-hannover-v3