An holistic approach of international collaborations in marine sciences

From Buzios 2013 to Brest 2014 1 Over the last decade of the 20th century, marine research institutes and postgraduate training organisations in Brittany have joined together in a "Blue Network" (20 members), an informal coordination structure. This network has played a key role within the region to purchase spemembers.

FROM MOUNTAINS TO DEEP SEA

Mountains building and their erosion and peneplenation, sediment and nutriment transfers through river into continental plate-form and deep ocean, are deeply connected with the growth cycle of the earth, the birth and the evolution of the ocean, the palaeo-climate and the palaoe-oceanography variations, which are all linked with deep earth processes. Probing the strong correlation between deep and surface processes in order to understand the Earth's growing and to model forecasts, needs the miltidsciplinary approach proposed in the following project, which still remains, as a holistic project, an « open-source» project.

Le cycle d'évolution et la morphologie changeante de notre planète Terre, la naissance des espaces océaniques, les variations paléo-océaniques et paléo-climatiques, sont intimement liés aux processus profonds, via la genèse des montagnes, leur érosion jusqu'à leur pénéplanation, le transport des sédiments et de la matière organique via les rivières jusqu'à la plateforme continentale et les bassins profonds, l'eustatisme. Comprendre l'évolution de notre planète Terre et modéliser des prévisions passe par la compréhension de ce lien entre Profond et Surface et nécessite l'approche multi-et transdisciplinaire proposé dans ce projet holistique qui demeure intrinsèquement un projet en « open source », collaboratif, évolutif et vivant.

O ciclo de evolução e de alteração da morfologia do nosso planeta Terra, o nascimento dos espaços oceânicos, as variações paleo-oceânicas e paleoclimáticas, estão intimamente relacionados aos processos profundos através da gênese das montanhas, da erosão até a peneplanação, o transporte de matéria orgânica e de sedimentos através dos rios até à plataforma continental e às bacias profundas, e o eustatismo. Compreender a evolução da nossa terra e criar modelos de previsões para o planeta requer uma compreensão das relações entre profundidade e superfície e exige abordagens multi-e transdisciplinares tal como proposto neste projeto holístico que inerentemente continua a ser um trabalho em «open source», colaborativo, em evolução e vivo.

Understanding of connections between the dynamic processes that govern the great movements of the Earth, built the continent and form ocean basins and surface processes that shape it. and erosion, its response to the consecutive erosion to the Paleoclimate variations, processes of margin formation, lower continental crust behaviour, subsidence and isostatic rebound connected to sedimentary mass resiliency of the ocean to chemical perturbations but the thickly piled salt layers and the deep biosphere, and the processes control of biogeochemical cycles. also shed light on the sedimentation and accumulation processes of hydrocarbon resources under the thick evaporites, and the thermal evolution of the margins, be a modern analogue to sediment-hosted base-me-tal deposits nowadays located on land. Furthermore, strongly connected to naturals hazards, such as earth-and geothermal energy repartitions. The ability to read and surface processes has therefore important social impacts. On the other hand, anthropogenic activities have a strong impact on coast management and environmental aspect, developed in the Coastal Management and in the Amazon Blue and Green projects, and connected with our project.

sociation with tectonic history of uplift and subsidence, and climate changes, must be integrated with studies of Introduction mountains building, erosion and peneplenation, sediment and nutriment transfers trough river into continental plate-form and deep ocean through canyons and turbidite currents. The erosion of the reliefs, which produces the sedimentary supply, can be the result of the these two parameters allows restoring the paleo-topography and the evolution of the climate for much older the palinspatic reconstructions of the oceans, which give their size and the position of the past straits that have constrained the oceanic water circulation, this approach Antarctica and North Atlantic water masses along the of the mountain to the deep sea, the sediment is the storyteller of the geodynamics, and even its absence movements, sedimentary transport and recording in the (geophysic, chemistry…) in different disciplines (oceanography, biology, geology) allow to restore the overall evolution of the margin, the continental geomorphology and tectonic history, the birth with the biosphere.

cesses (lithosphere, mantle) with surface processes (erosion, climate, sea level, subsidence, glacio-isostatic -www. usarray.org)… The use of a multidisciplinary approach linking geology, geophysics, geodesy, modelling and geotechnology, has lead to the relevance of the concept of et al., et al. Aslanian et al., 2012).

Diversity

Ecosystem

Bio-Technology

Living resources

Non-living Resources

Brazilian-French-EU Task Force

From Moutain to Deep Sea project also integrates a part of the From Ocean to Human Biology, Ecosystem, Fisheries and Health -Coastal Management and in the Amazon Blue and Green projects. Four main topics will be developed, depending on the concerned areas and projects • Genomic approach for connectivity • mistry, monitoring, population, community & landscape ecology, past and present approach

• -health…)

• tifouling, etc. and geophysical data, using high-resolution geophysical general lack of information on the near shore area as well as in the deep margins. The Floating Universities can opportunities for young students from Brazil, France

TopoMohoBRAZIL

Tomography and imaging on land and along the coast and the margins

The more robust way to infer the structure of the Lithe spatial resolution depends on the type of method necessary to rely on multiple adaptive seismic networks covering a broad scope of the seismic spectrum.

cover onshore and offshore area. the Brazilian Lithosphere, to understand the present crustal composition, the evolution of the topography and the role of inherited structures from past orogenic episodes, it is necessary to build a dense broadband seismic network to cover the entire country. To image the lithosphere and astenosphere beneath Brazil, it is necessary to rely on broadband seismic data >30s, since waves, while for for the crustal structure, some of can accommodate both demands. The continental scale dimensions of Brazil recommend an approach of sucwhere usually there is already some work performed the initial deployments should start on the areas with 10 11

Portugal ( ), ), ALPArray in-

Task 4: Off-shore Wide-angle Seismic margins and a starting image of the segmentation. Five segments are missing (Figure 1) to have a complete

Task 5: MERMAIDS deployment avalanches) in oceanic areas are generally not detected, or at best poorly located, by land-based seismological networks. This is due to the rapid attenuation of seismic events, either do not reach any station, or do not reach enough stations for a proper localization. Given that about 70% of the plate boundaries are located in the constitute 70% of the global seismicity, this lack of information in the oceans is a major limitation for undersacoustic sensors in the ocean water column provides a to the fact that seismic waves convert into hydroacoustic waves at the sea bottom. The sound channel (low sound-velocity layer) behaves as a wave guide where sothousand km, with little attenuation.

regions, where seismic stations are largely absent. Note ocean current at depth (up to 3000m), acoustical noises, which will involve the oceanographer and biological communities.

. Our proposal is the complete coverage of Brazil by a broadband seismic network with an interstation separation of 70 rent colours).

Ta s k 2 : B r o a d b a n d O B S n e t w o r k

, nental areas, thus unable the imaging of the structure rage offshore with a complementary network of passive volved it is not reasonable to consider a simultaneous operation of the entire BB network, and the deployan initial deployment covering a certain area, that will be shifted periodically to an adjacent area until the entire follow the same approach, if possible encompassing the land BB stations move-out. The inland array should take operating BB stations. These archives also include a record of changes taking place in major drainage basins feeding sediments to pient in the Brazilian passive margin for several reasons, but mostly resulting for a lack of technical means to conduct research in deeper areas (outer shelf, slope). the coastal and inner shelf areas around Brazil (e.g. Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Espirito Santo, Bahia, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará, among others). Therefore there is a lack of a much broader perspective linking these more coastal settings to the passive margin evolution and the environmental changes that affected both the margin and its feeding systems.

part of the ocean in combination with long cores (tens of meters or even longer such as those available tho-Given the large areas represented by the Brazilian mitted to other thematic areas.

selected to address points above.

Coastal Management, Amazon Blue-Green and (palaeo)oceanography-(palaeo)climatology projects.

TopoBRAZIL

Vertical motion, erosion, paleoclimatology and margin formation through Geology-Geomorphology-Sédimentology approach on land and along the coast and the margins

Task 6 : continental studies

The erosion of the reliefs, which produces the sedimentary supply, can be the result of the variations of the allows restoring the paleo-topography and the evolution of the climate for much older times (from Jurassic to tectonic movements, sedimentary transport and recording in the deep basin, at different time-scales, applying direct and indirect methods (geophysic, chemistry…) in different disciplines (oceanography, biology, geology), together with complete analysis of present land geomorphology in association with tectonic history of uplift and subsidence, and climate changes, allow to restore the continental geomorphology and tectonic history, the overall evolution of the margin, the birth Palinspatic reconstructions of the oceans, which give their size and the position of the past straits that have constrained the oceanic water circulation, this approach Antarctica and North Atlantic water masses along the dynamics (topography, erosion, tectonics) are strongly slope instabilities, and tsunamis and mass transfers have mal energy. The ability to read and understand the link has therefore important societal impacts. This classic investigation approach from the source to the sink has never been done at the size of a continent.

is the very best and maybe the only country where on Paleoclimat, dynamic topography, passive margin subsidence, and the impact of the mass transport.

evolution of sedimentary processes, paleoclimate and environmental changes at different scales and resolution. These archives also include a record of changes taking place in major drainage basins feeding sediments to pient in the Brazilian passive margin for several reasons, but mostly resulting for a lack of technical means to conduct research in deeper areas (outer shelf, slope). the coastal and inner shelf areas around Brazil (e.g. Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Espirito Santo, Bahia, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará, among others). Therefore there is a lack of a much broader perspective linking these more coastal settings to the passive margin evolution and the environmental changes that affected both the margin and its feeding systems.

part of the ocean in combination with long cores (tens of meters or even longer such as those available tho-

The purpose is to divide the entire area in four parts Brazil ) and to develop the following series of items in each part.

Characterization of vertical motions

AMAZON BLUE-GREEN PROJECT

The meetings that took place in Buzios revealed the existence of a large array of questions and scientific approaches centered around the Amazonian system, from the river's watersheds to its zone of influence in the Atlantic ocean. It appeared that the development of an integrative, holistic approach of the entire Amazon system is the most promising strategy to address these scientific issues at the crossroads of different disciplines. The following text, the result of a collaborative effort from the Buzios group, establishes a prospective vision of the main axes of the program.

Les rencontres de Buzios ont mis en évidence la multiplicité des questions et des approches scientifiques centrées sur le système Amazone, depuis ses bassins versants jusqu'à sa zone d'influence Atlantique. Il est apparu que le développement d'une approche intégrative, holistique, de l'ensemble du système Amazone était la plus fertile façon d'adresser des questions scientifiques à la croisée des différents champs de spécialité. Le texte qui suit, élaboration partagée de la communauté issue de Buzios, trace de manière prospective les grandes lignes de ce programme.

O encontro de Búzios destacou a multiplicidade de temas e de abordagens científicas voltadas para o sistema amazônico, desde de sua área de abrangência até a sua zona de influência atlântica. Dali depreende-se que o desenvolvimento de uma abordagem integradora, holística, de todo o sistema do Amazonas seria a maneira mais fértil para tratar de questões científicas que estão na intersecção de diferentes áreas de especialidades. O texto a seguir, fruto do desenvolvimento da comunidade criada desde Búzios, apresenta prospectivamente o contorno de tal programa. Any study on water, sediment, chemical and organic discharges on the Amazon, helps to strengthen the knowledge and the modelling of processes at global scale. river. The geographical limit of this critical land-sea spatial gradients at the Amazon estuary and along the coast andshelf of Brazil, Guyana and further north. At least the area of study proposed in the Amazon Blue-Green project could be relative to high concentration water discharge) to the Guyana coast at the Orinoco estuary but also including the shelf and the deep-sea fan delta zone.

•

• as a biogeochemical reactor, where physical and chemical characteristics of both organic and inorganic

• as a source of a new foodweb allowing suitable ting important halieutic resources. of sediment at a global scale, it is also a huge reactor where continental matter follows physical and chemical processes before reaching a fully oceanic environment.

our understanding of such system.

A number of Brazilian and international research projects on the Amazon delta have been or are under way (see § "Building research network" below). But, due to knowledge on this system remain incomplete whatever the thematic, and basic data are still poorly documented or completely missing. For instance, the annual monitoring at Obidos city which is 800 km upstream et al., et al., et al., -estuary and therefore no real estimation of the sink (Figueiredo et al.

cerning the most recent periods and on the temporal research efforts needed on such a huge system, but also because of the lack of data and logistic sharing. To nary efforts between projects and countries should be planned and coordinated.

The Amazon Blue-Green project is a proposal designed to build an integrated research network from the upper and sediment discharge variability), Geophysics and tributions, facies variations in time, hard substrate for settlement), Physics of sediment transport (suspended matters, bed-load transport), Biogeochemistry (chemi-foodwebs, ecosystem functioning including recent variations reconstruction), environmental conditions and and recent human-environment interactions, as the of these natural and anthropic processes through time, involving also palaeoceanographic and palaeoclimatic integrated studies at a larger scale.

Monitoring, modelling and estimating fluxes along Amazon River Land-Sea continuum

Short time scale (annual, decanal cycles)

transfer and transformation processes that drive the to monitor, with a multidisciplinary approach and new technologies, the suspended sediment discharge from acoustic, seismic and radiometric measurements to determine the sediment characteristics and fate. Amazon Blue-Green promotes the collaboration between these teams giving opportunities to share logistic, technologies, data and modeling tools. time scales relative to the driving processes. Because on a wide area. This is a real challenge that has never alone can give such time resolution on the delta. Only spatial punctual measure can be managed at hourly and modelling should help greatly the access to data with a proper time and spatial resolution on water, senew monitoring protocols and metrology that can be Amazon Blue-Green project.

Proper database on dynamics of spatial variability of concentrations and discharges give relevant information from the Amazon delta and to model current physical process of transfer. These data are fundamental to help or other skeleton builders present in the fan, are also helpful witnesses of the inter-annual or higher freisotopic ratios of their skeleton, analysed jointly with growth rhythmic structures, can offer priceless tools the Amazon regime at high time resolution.

Mass transfer in the Amazon fan

A coupled mechanism of gravity tectonics and mass-transport processes have been recurrently ope- et al., et al., et al., 2012). Occurrence of two -(mapped area limited by data coverage) that were triggered by gravitational compression of gravity-tectostructurally-induced mass-transport deposits, geograbeen previously mapped in the upper 200 m section of the Amazon Fan, document a clear link between two scale modes of gravitational processes in the Foz do Amazonas Basin -gravity tectonics and mass wasting.

The occurrences of megaslides, involving thicker and older sedimentary sections of the Foz do Amazonas Basin (between 4.5 and 8.0 s), were also recently reet al.

sively-deformed sedimentary units. On the north-weswas recognized as a succession of superimposed slope allochthonous masses, recurrent through the entire sedimentary section and covering a total estimated area of about 80,000 km 2 .

Foz do Amazonas basin is deformed by gravity tecdownslope fold-and-thrust belts considered to root into decollement levels remain opened, not to mention the ploitation, very little information has reached the public domain and important aspects concerning gravity tectonics remain open in the area. Besides that, although the gigantic megaslides, impressive by their dimensions, affect large areas of the Foz do Amazonas basin, they were neither stratigraphically constrained nor were their internal structures and features analysed in detail emplacement and associated triggering mechanisms, neitherhow about they are spatially and chrono-stratigraphically correlated to the Amazon fan -the basin main sedimentary built-up, or their tsunamogenic pomega mass-transport deposits occur and how they are tion purposes in the Foz do Amazonas basin, as well as for the assessment of their potential risks for geotechnical hazard for offshore structures.

Long time scale (geological time scale)

transported by the river over time and deposited in the not only into the evolution of continental climate and landscapes, but also into the formation and evolution level, tectonics and sedimentary processes controlling ture is one of the most important challenges in modern stratigraphy. The Amazon margin, with its giant delta, has been a particularly well-suited area to study how gravity driven instabilities affect the sedimentary architecture et al., et al., et al., 2012).

basin (Foz do Amazonas basin). The project involves two

• (1) depositional cyclicity and dynamics of the continental shelf and slope environments of through an interdisciplinary and approach integrating seismic analysis and digital stratigraphic modelling, with a zoom on the et al.

et al. et al. • (2) slopes gravitational processes (gravity tectonics and mass-transport).

This multi-scale and source to sink approach will allow • (1) the main processes involved in the sedimentary • (2) the evolution of sedimentary environments in and siliciclastic environments).

The main purpose is to reconstruct the geological history since the post continental break-up by determining the relative importance of the different pahydrodynamics) controlling sediment deposition and preservation.

shelf of the French Guiana and the Amazonian margins widespread through different environments and through as corals, rhodoliths, sponges, and molluscs and are through structural variations, isotopic and trace-elements records they contain. Our aim is to characterize this new reefs systems with geophysical, remote sensing, biological (gene to whole holobionts) sclerochronologicaland biogeochemical (e.g. isotopes, organic and inorganic nutrients, particulate and dissolved organic carbon) methods.

One goal is to characterize the fate of the Amazon characteristics of adjacent marine waters by developing the monitoring of key biogeochemical descriptors (e.g. phytoplankton, nutrients, dissolved and particulate organic carbon...). This will be performed through the development of cross border observation activities that as well as through the use of innovative observation means (e.g. autonomous platforms, satellite remote spatio-temporal dynamics of these marine ecosystems.

to elucidate the temporal messages held by the biogenic carbonates (shells and rhodoliths mostly) as it has been

Building research network

the Amazon stream, along the coast and the Amazon fan.

AMANDES

Impact of the Amazon River Atlantic Ocean E catherine.jeandel@legos.obs-mip.fr H

although we are still working on the data) was to better geochemical tracers, from continents to the oceans. -masses.

Three approaches were followed to achieve the main the concomitant Nd parameter evolution allows -for (Jones et al., et al., 2012).

improved by a factor 2 (le Bars et al., this work will include an improved simulation of wave impact on sediment resuspension in order to properly account for sediment transport.

The Amandes project has brought together numerous in peer-reviewed journal have been published based on Amandes so far. Finally, numerous international collabo-tion reports, hydrological, bathymetry and current data currently sent to the Geotraces Amandes is a Geotraces network process study (www.geotraces.org).

- • WP1 comprises the coordination of project acwill deal with management and organisational issues.

CLIM-AMAZON

• WP2 includes 3 tasks and is the main nodal point

• WP3 refers to the human and material needs of support to hire personnel to work in the laboratory, consumables and maintenance services.

• WP4 includes promotion, workshops and training seminars to be held in Brasília. The promotion refers to presentation and discussion with authorities and comof the project to a wider international community. The -

• WP5 research institutions by identifying potential partners. This integration and search for potential partners will include both project members as well as invited people that will allow strong interactions with other research

• on the geology database.

•

• within a chronological framework.

• poral dynamic of sediment discharge within the basin.

• Predictive modelling for high fan rate sedimentation.

• dynamic evolution of the Amazon basin based on the sedimentary record

• "Assessing Amazon paleohydrological and paleotemperature changes using lipid biomarkers (HYDRAULIK) -

Netherlands

• "Geochemistry of Particle-Reactive Elements in River Waters of the Amazon River

Basin

• "Testing present and past atmospheric transport and deposition of mineral dust, particulate matter and trace element to the Amazon basin and its implication for climate change and anthropogenic forcing

• "Sedimentary load estimates for the past 5 Myr based on cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al in the lower Amazon Basin

• "New insights on the evolution of the Amazon drainage basin and its effects on algal blooming at the Brazilian Atlantic coast: an integrated palynological study terdam, The Netherlands

• "Fluid dynamics, sediment transport and Amazon River -This project could be strongly connected to the From Mountain to Deep Sea project

ORE HYBAM E H

This project is focused on geodynamical, hydrologi-rates since 2003, answering an invitation to bid from understand and model the Amazon system behaviour a free up-to-date database on hydrology, sediment and network. This project promotes also research programs

GEOMARGEM Research Group

Geology and Oceanography of Passive continental Margins -E tadeu.reis@gmail.com E cguizan@id.uff.br H www.geormargem.org multidisciplinary studies in the Amazon margin. A focused on the interplay of gravity-driven instabilities, gravity tectonics, sediment architecture and sediment processes along the Amazon Fan based on seismic stratigraphic forward modelling to better constrain efforts to integrate seismic, sedimentological, geochemical and numerical models to evaluate the relation of volume to better constrain and understand relationship between tectonics, sedimentation and gravitational processes.

PIC

International CNRS/INSU collaboration program E christian.gorini@upmc.fr E tadeu.reis@gmail.com records of past climate and climate variability, global concerning the tectonic-stratigraphic evolution of the 2012-2014). The second part of this project concern modelled a dip-section of the Amazon Basin using the © ic analysis, and brought forward a new age constrain post-rift stratigraphic and structural aspects of the project is thus to focus on the evolution of the postrift sedimentary environments of the Brazilian Amapa shelf and slope depositional systems that took place in alternating carbonate-siliciclastic environments and under the effect of gravity tectonics. One of the major the gravitational deformation is continuous through time, or if it only occurs as a result of the rising siliciclaset al., 2010), or carbonate production, linked with major tectono-eustatic cycles. Besides that, many aspects concerning regional tectonics are still poorly constrained (e.g., individualization of Guyana plateau) as well as how the basin responded to will allow us better understanding the main reasons and mechanisms behind the shift from a carbonate-rich platform into a siliciclastic domain, and possibly the ity-driven deposition at the slope-platform transition. E fabiano.thompson@biologia.ufrj.br E christine.paillard@univ-brest.fr genetic features of the marine invertebrate hosts, host responses to infection and environmental parameters, characterization of microbiomes and their response although it could play a major role in protecting against disease, as it is the case in infections coral or algae. The objective of this project will be to study host-micro-

Science Sans Frontières

• genetic of clams, with possible determination of genetic variants with increased resistance to infectious diseases.

• immune response following infection clams by transcriptomic approaches,

• the characterization and the response of the mi-tagenomics and metatranscriptomics.

• an integrative approach will be to model the interactions between microbes and the host in an ecologi- The current project will be developed in, the Amazonia mouth and the French Guyana coasts, which represent a local biodiversity, that include the newly discovered far unreported, modern analog as a key to understand the Past and the evolution of reefs systems.

Sciences sans frontieres

The objectives here will be to provide a detailed mapping and thorough characterization of previously unreported biogenic structures off the Amazonia mouth and the French Guyana coasts. To achieve this goal, multidisciplinary methods will be deployed that encompass geophysics, remote sensing, biodiversity assessments (gene to whole holobionts) and biogeochemical analyses (organic and inorganic nutrients). This research project is therefore fully integrated and will have three integrated and holistic approach will be promoted using cutting-edge technology, and implying an inter-disciplinary and close collaboration between French and Brazilian research teams.The international team will riability of these reef systems. An accent will be made holiths, sponges,...) which constitute the major part of the reefs in the aim to understand temporal dynamic of these biomes.

MAGIC

Margins of brAzil, Ghana and Ivory Coast derstand the kinematic, tectonic, stratigraphic, palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic evolution of the entire structural and palaeogeographic maps at different time slices, in order to characterize each system of homologous margins, within each segment, by its deformation including kinematic reconstructions, their upstream catchments and associated downstream deposits, with respect to its palaeoclimatic setting. The last step will evolution of the basins (Temis), and the stratigraphic for testing key points that would have been highlighted

Ocean, providing insights into majors concepts such as a chronostratigraphic update and synthesis, stratigraphic and tectonic architecture (outcrop to seismic) of the basins, margin segmentation and characterization, palaeogeographic maps, tests of scenario and hypotheand then a tectono-stratigraphic conceptual model for ding of the petroleum systems.

This project is subdivided into 5 tasks with clear objectives and deliverables, organized in a four years long This project is strongly connected to the From Mountain to Deep Sea project

Remark on current research networks

Note that only few part of these projects concern the either on the continental part (upstream of Obidos) or either on the coast and shore area (downstream of Belem). The area between the two former domains is still poorly described in many topics and should be Amazon Blue-Green as the shore and coast domains. Amazon Blue-Green is the continental and oceanic domains and to build an interface between "continental" and "marine" research projects (listed above) of franco-brazilian and international collaborations with the implication of research teams already involved in those projects.

Promote support and logistics

Annual studies must be scheduled for studying the evolution of the system and the anthropogenic impacts, paleoceanography and so on), with both students of ties, with researchers of both parts. Deployment of consequent means of instrumentation and the success of any long time monitoring administrative problems, show that there is a strong need to simplify and secure the authorization procelimiting, administrative procedures should be one of the tivation to promote collaborations between Brazilian, deeply connected to the four main projects, is one of

Bibliography

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Revue des Sciences de l'Eau

Geology, July 2009July , v. 37, p. 619-622, doi:10.1130

PALAEOCLIMATE -PALAEOCEANOGRAPHY

Global and regional climate variations (past and future) are linked with ocean-atmosphere regional processes and are frequently associated with ecosystems modifications and biotic alterations. In particular, the importance of South and Equatorial Atlantic Oceans is crucial for the inter-oceanic heat transfer from the Southern to the North Hemisphere, which maintains the planetary thermodynamic equilibrium. This project presents a multi-proxies study in order to better understand the worldwide Climate Machine and help in climatic modeling to predict future trends.

Les variations climatiques régionales et globales (passées ou à venir) sont liées à des processus régionaux d'interactions océan-atmosphère et sont fréquemment associées à des modifications des écosystèmes et des changements biotiques. En particulier, le transfert thermique inter-océanique de l'hémisphère sud vers l'hémisphère nord, qui maintient l'équilibre thermodynamique au niveau planétaire, est intimement lié à l'évolution des océans Atlantiques Sud et Equatorial. Ce projet repose sur une étude multi-proxy afin de mieux comprendre la machine climatique mondiale, passée et actuelle, et de participer à l'amélioration des modèles climatiques permettant de mieux prédire les tendances futures.

As variações climáticas globais e regionais (passadas e futuras) estão relacionadas com processos regionais oceano-atmosfera e estão frequentemente associadas com modificações nos ecossistemas e demais alterações bióticas. Em particular, a importância do oceano Equatorial e do Sul Atlântico é crucial na transferência do calor inter-oceânico do Sul para o Hemisfério Norte, que sustenta o equilíbrio termodinâmico planetário. Este projeto apresenta um estudo multi-proxies, a fim de aumentar a compreensão da máquina climática mundial e ajudar na elaboração de modelos climáticos em vista da previsão das tendências futuras. The main focus is iPON optimize access to analytical infrastructure, as well as converging ideas and collaborative efforts for the development of this science in Brazil.

Monitoring and deciphering the changes in atlantic meridional overturing across rapid climate changes

buted along depth transects in the tropical and south Atlantic Ocean characterized by high sedimentation rates in order to reconstruct changes in the vertical structure of water masses over the last 30 to 40 thousand years, that is the period covered by 14 One potential area for collecting long cores over this geochemical, micropaleontological and sedimentological their impacts surface hydrographic conditions.

Holocene millennial-to centennial-scale variability of the western south atlantic: a review and future research directions

of the upper water column and deep-water geometry nial timescales. Therefore, we suggest analyzing stable selected species of planktonic and benthic foraminifera from carefully selected sediment cores from the tropical 14 • (i) improve our understanding about past millen-

• (ii) reconstruct changes in freshwater transport by

• (iii) contribute to the debate of possible impacts • cooperation on paleoceanography. collaboration we will be able to tackle these issues satisfactorily in a reasonable amount of time.

Foraminifera as tracers of paleo-bottom currents, ocean fronts and global climatic variations

off North Brazil. The margin gives the opportunity to reconstruct the surface and deep hydrography and heat transfer within this oceanic setting including currents from the southern hemisphere moving northward and their contribution to northern hemisphere currents.

the palaeoclimatic and palaeoceanic histories that may support a global understanding of surface current moin the North Atlantic Ocean. These samples should be strategic location.

ter-annual to decadal variability over the last millennium: a data-model approach

Our project focuses on the last millennia (especially the from climate archives with climate model results using scales from marine archives (sediment cores, corals, from continental archives (lacustrine sediment cores, systems (terrestrial vegetation, marine productivity) to climate-driven hydrological changes.

global coupled ocean-atmosphere climate models, both confronted to instrumental time-series, will improve our understanding of the mecanisms responsible for changes in ocean variability over those time-scale and the impact on rican climate.

• coupled ocean-atmosphere system responsible for of known natural forcings such as variation of total solar irradiance and volcanic eruptions (e.g. using de-

• • -

• are mostly affected by the climatic teleconnections and are those teleconnections stationary Integrated studies of physical and biogeochemical regional processes in tropical upwelling current systems intense productivity and sustain important natural reyet not well-constrained, impacts on marine ecosys-Our objective is to understand the variability of these systems at different spatial and temporal scales, spanning from the (sub)mesoscale to the regional scale and from the intra-seasonal to the long term trends related to climate change. Our interest lies in multidisciplinary approach for process studies, combining modelling and observational data, and particularly (i) regional integrated modelling studies (atmospheric forcing, ocean circulation, biogeochemical processes, larval transport), at key sites in order to evaluate the temporal variability the structure of the surface biological activity and the ocean dynamics. On going time-series (moorings) are

(BROA) of circa 20 Brazilian researchers have decided to create

This goal includes the participation of Brazilian labora-tical mass of trained researchers, able to deal with the to impacted areas and communities).

Late quaternary changes in the hydrological cycle in south america: circumventing isotopic biases unsing multiple proxies

hydrological cycle using both isotopic and non-isotopic use hydrogen isotopes (measured on biomarkers) and way past changes in salinity. These results, combined measurements performed on marine sedimentary moisture, and by inference biases impacting the estimation of rainfall amount above the continents from which the isotopic composition of the surface ocean is bedded in the isotopic methods routinely used to study the sensitivity of the low latitudes hydrological cycle to different climate forcings. This project will help to provide a diagnostic on how precipitation rates above nic climate forcing.

Lithogenic grain-size marker of Aeolian and Fluvial Sedimentary process

of deposition processes in the past from aeolian or atmospheric condition determine the composition, amount and patterns of particles transported from the continent.

The approach on the role of aerosols as indicators of climate change and for understanding changes in -America and with greater relevance in the more arid zones of the Brazil.

Links with trans-disciplinary projects

The projects mentioned here also have strong Coastal Management, Amazone Blue and Green and Mountain to DeepSea Themes. The concentration of population in coastal regions is a world-wide process that is generating an unprecedented confrontation between man and nature. It is also raising multiple scientific issues across all disciplines. Risks and vulnerability are two crucial topics for Europe and Brazil, and they challenge multiple areas, from natural and engineering sciences to economics, planning, law and sociology. The present document constitutes an initial framework towards a multifaceted program that is still widely open for further development.

La concentration des populations humaines le long du linéaire côtier est un processus planétaire, engendrant une confrontation d'une intensité jamais égalée entre l'homme et la nature et soulevant des problématiques scientifiques multiples pour l'ensemble des disciplines. Les questions de risques et de vulnérabilités résonnent avec la même acuité en Europe et au Brésil, interpellant autant les sciences de la nature, les sciences de l'ingénieur que l'économie, l'urbanisme et le paysage que le droit et la sociologie. Le document présenté ici est un premier cadre pour un programme aux multiples facettes, programme encore largement ouvert.

A concentração das populações humanas ao longo da costa é um processo global, resultando num confronto com uma intensidade inigualável entre o homem e a natureza e levantando vários problemas científicos em todas as disciplinas. As questões ligas aos riscos e às vulnerabilidades têm a mesma acuidade na Europa e no Brasil, desafiando tanto as ciências naturais, as ciências da engenharia tão como a economia, o urbanismo e a paisagem, a lei, e a sociologia. O documento apresentado aqui é um quadro inicial para um programa multifacetado, ainda em aberto.

Introduction

activities. This global phenomenon, where most of the humanity moves progressively towards a narrow coastal sources and ecosystems, which will reach a consideare increasingly affected by natural disasters of all sorts, a growing number of environmental risks and vulnerabilities, such as pollutions, epizooties, harmful cupation increase. From a biological, ecological and socio-economic standpoint, it appears very important to identify the different threats present into the different environments, such as pollutants (persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals, pesticides, but also emerging pollutants, such as nanoparticles, microplastics pathogens and diseases, which are an increasing concern in coastal areas. These perturbations can profoundly species and communities and having major impacts on living resources and livelihood. They can therefore have to face rapid environmental changes. The development of new studies, methodologies and models could well be used for mitigation measures, to increase the adaptive capacity of communities and are needed to specify the legal limits and terms of law and to assess policies.

accurate knowledge of the coastal ecosystem functioning, of the pressures it suffers and of its evolutionary trajectories.

- • Law and jurisdiction • • citizens in this overall observatory and invitation to participate on that environmental laboratory.

COASTAL
The Brazil coast is one of the most inhabited coasts of the world, with numerous dense coastal cities (Figure 1). The geomorphology of the eastern Brazilian coast caught between beaches in front and lagoonal estua-ries behind, situation which triggers different problems such as the erosion of beaches, pollution in the internal estuaries and the salinization of drinkable waters used deeply improved understanding of erosion processes under physical, chemical, climatic and anthropogenic effects. The second objective is to study the mechanical various protection systems. The fourth objective is to These objectives need an inter-disciplinarity, holistic approach in order to investigate all the aspects of the problems, and especially the human en nature interacof climatic global change.

Annual studies must be scheduled, including cruise on river and oceanic vessels, where young researchers, students and local population must be deeply involved.

rical modelling, holistic studies will be combined and riences. A program of information and education (see below the education program) will be conducted at the same time. The idea is to involve the Brazilian citizens in this Observatory and invite them to participate on the environmental laboratory.

The Abrolhos reefs ©

Natural setting

Monitoring the geomorphological evolution of the coast -Measurement of bathymetry and sea level to evaluate the erosion -Integrated spatial and temporal scales On these sandy coasts, the coastal erosion, a worldwide phenomenon, affects both front coasts and estuaries the sea level rise and the increase of danger and severity loading on coast will grow all along the seaboard and also along river coasts. By waves action, tidal currents and internal seepage, soil particles or aggregates from sional processes will result in landforms such as pipes, columns, sinkholes, settlements and thus the coastal retreat. And the feedback results may be the intensibecause of the erosional processes.

blish an actual "reference map" to be able to follow (to see) the geomorphologic evolutions of the coastal and estuarine system. The measurement of bathymetry, eroded volumes from a year to another one, which nature with the backscatter amplitude and the chirp or sediment echo-sounder will allow us to evaluate the vertical distribution of the different sedimentary

The second step would be to evaluate the hydrodynamical forces of such a system and to try to take into account the sea level. The use of hydrodynamic models be necessary to access to and to determine the volume allow us to access to amplitude and variability of the hydraulic loading applied to the coastline, as this last parameter appear to be very important in the erosional processes.

The geological fabric of considered soils

The magnitude of coast lengths induces large heter-cantly vary according to the considered site. The water seepage within soils can generate a detachment and a transport of particles from these soils and this process of internal erosion can modify the hydraulic properties such as "permeability" (Bendamane et al. et al. et al., 2011). But recent numerical et al.

strength and stiffness can also be strongly reduced by erosion processes. These results obtained with gap graded soils have to be completed in order to verify their generalisation for a large range of soils. The inscale effects.

COASTAL AREAS MANAGEMENT

Figure 2:

The erodibility of coastal soils, which are submitted to campaigns on soil erodibility characterization (under history of the hydraulic loading (Nguyen et al., 2012), the mineralogy of the soils and the water saturation ratio the erodibility characterization of the coastal soils absolutely needs to take into account these key parameters with a geotechnical approach, combining the geological fabric of the site and the interstitial water measurement is necessary.

tify the impacts of the chemical properties of soil and interstitial water, and to evaluate the impact of human Chemical characterization of considered soils and also interstitial water et al. et al. et al. et al. et al., 2013). is involved in porewater biogeochemistry focus on the evaluation of impacts of salt water intrusion in permeable sandy beaches on the biogeochemistry coastal sands on organic matter mineralization processes and nutrient recycling are particularly studied. spatial and temporal variability of porewater biogeochemistry and the monitoring of such measurement of porewaters suggest that mineralization of organic upper beach coarse sediments, which are water-unsathe sediment remained always water-saturated and the and sand permeability, which are not homogeneous along a beach. These results highlight that porewater cross-shore transect because of the production and consumption of chemical components due to organic matter mineralization. There is also the occurrence of a seasonal evolution of the porewater chemistry. At COASTAL AREAS MANAGEMENT the end of summer, the presence of dissolved iron and sulphide in the lower part of the beach indicates that sands. The depletion of dissolved iron deeper in the sediment suggests the precipitation of an iron sulphide phase below 40 cm. At the end of winter, the production of dissolved iron was lower with no accumulation of sulphide. The seasonal temperature difference in the Preservation of the sand on beaches and the protection of banks or cliffs need to develop and to test different methodologies. This project should be performed at the laboratory scale but also in-situ, in order to avoid to the type of considered soil. The characterisation of assimilated to a sand spit) may help to understand the biogeochemical processes and the geochemical chato the coastal ocean ) and from sea to land (sea water intrusion, salinization) . system which would offer at the same time a possibility to avoid erosion of the beach.

The Eco-plage project : a possible experimentation process to reduce or even potentially stop the beach erosion and facilitates a natural accretion, depending on geomorphology and the environment of this beach.

transported by gravity to a pumping station and then evacuated to be re-used (thalassotherapy, desalinisation..) or back to the sea.

An interesting point is that this system lowers the level water carried by waves and thus limits the amount system absorbs a part of the waves energy and will reduce the erosive effet of the backswash. As this impact on the environment, such erosion on adjacent

Human setting

Identification of social and economic impacts of the erosional process

The impact of natural events on the social and economic activities may be evaluated to decide if it is worth prosoftware has been developed in the Laboratory Géoaim of this software is to evaluate the economic potential of a coastal area (beach) with the objective to contribute to the coastal management. The social and economic impacts of erosion have to be studied for an evaluation of a preserved coast. Another methodology distance to shelters and the architectural type of buil-

Anthropogenic impacts on Biology, Ecosystem and Health

The impact of pollution and human activities is tremendous and needs to be analysed in details and mitigated or controlled as much as possible. From a biological and ecological standpoint, it appears very important to identify the different threats present into the different environments, as they represent an increasing concern modifying key species and communities and having major impacts on living resources.

caused by parasites or pathogens and harmful algal blooms are after the physical and chemical perturba-stress most affecting physiological responses. Pathogenic bacteria and protozoa parasites are often cited and harmful microalgae are increasingly recognized as the cause of many physiological disturbances in popu-algal blooms and diseases due to pathogens has been et al. disrupt the physiological balance of the populations of many marine species and could lead to disruptions in to observe, analyze and understand the effect of these microorganisms on the physiology of marine organisms.

benthic microalgae of the genus Ostreopsis appeared, Dynophysis, Gymnodinium or Alexandrium, and more recently Pseudo-nitzschia have been observed in Brazil. These different algal genus are also present and recurrently responsible for harmful algal bloom -accumulate within the trophic food web towards high on marine organisms themselves, but can also be reimportant to evaluate and monitor the presence and harmful microalgae on marine populations, especially human health.

ed the presence of several parasites, such as Perkinsus -ture species. Pathogenic agents of the same genus are present in France as well, and responsible for disease or death of some bivalve species. There again, it thus appears very important to monitor the presence of these parasites on marine organisms and investigate the impacts they can have on coastal and potentially ed with pollutants, occurring both in France and Brazil, also be raised and should also be taken into account, as far as their impacts on marine organisms and thus on the ecosystem they sustain.

COASTAL AREAS MANAGEMENT

Amongst the four main topics developed in the "From connected with the Coastal Management project and • Better understanding of the ecosystem functioning, including biodiversity, biogeography, biogeochemistry, monitoring, population, community & landscape ecology, through past and present approaches.

• A better knowledge and understanding of living impact on human health…), with three particular topics • marine organisms, accumulation within the trophic food • • organisms and human health issues

• The development of biotechnology, including bio-ciated with a better knowledge of bio-and chemicaldiversity etc.

Coastal observatories development

development of coastal observatory networks is a prioimprove security, monitor the fate of human discharges and survey the variability of biological production and is the most important way to contribute to a deeper knowledge of coastal zone, ecological and biogeochemical functioning, particularly by allowing the necessary numerical modeling environmental prediction. Finally, a site condition for the development and validation of all coastal management ambitions. the open ocean, the faced challenge is so particularly deployment array adjusted to the topographical characteristics of the site and of its presupposed main physical and chemical patterns.

were gathered in Buzios, have put forward the subject as a major threats not only for human health but also COASTAL AREAS MANAGEMENT involving participatory science ( in progress (

).

dered. Among them the microplastics, presently very poorly monitored, have been cited as a priority for the observations of the microbiome in coastal waters have been launched. The microbionts (eucarya and procarya) constitute the basis of the marine foodwebs and are, to date, the biodiversity part less studied and known the most récative to local anthropogenic change as well as to global climate changes. To be relevant, the barcoding methods must be associated to oceanograin progress in France and could be a future theme of bilateral collaboration.

Changing cities

"Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control." -ciologists, geographers, historians) program that aims to geographic parameters and conditions that participate in shaping urban environments.

ritory, changing relation to environment and landscape.

tions that suit to global and local strategies, to current and future situation and development, engaging people in democratic processes.

tion, its origin, the evolution and the reasons of the way of its development, then to construct a strategy that in-into social and urban environment. One has to consider common issues at large scale and local problems that

The proposition is to create several workshops and Brazilian students, architects landscape designers, sociologists, historian, sedimentologists, ecologists, local politicians, associations and inhabitants…, giving to the points of view and to draw on each discipline to build up a comprehensive understanding of the territory.

The different project sites and programs will be chosen by students in consultation with the interdisciplinary team, focusing on social and physical fabric of the area with a large number of themes (housing, education, transport, pollution, industry, urban agriculture, social service, nature trails, waste and recycling, tourism and commerce, sport, etc.).

Law -Integrated management of the coastal area.

Buzios (Brazil), the need of crossed viewpoints between coastal zone was pointed out. The proposition takes the form of a book mainly concentrated on sustainable de-

EDUCATION

Education program

of information and education will be conducted in each part of the program, when it is possible. The idea is to involve note only scientists and students but the Brazilian citizens in this Observatory and invite them to the actions are already intrinsically connected with that the rest will be built depending of the schedule and the opportunities, but there are already programs in

• is to invite the youth to follow and comment, through French and Brazilian publication for children, the entire important in a multidisciplinary approach and how to part or in a more holistic point of view) and the impact on the future politic management and development.

• Blooms"

• The idea on the long run is also to build a virtual platform for the study of phytoplankton and A experiência adquirida no mar durante um cruzeiro científico ou durante operações terrestres é a melhor maneira de adquirir uma experiência completa. O estudantes brasileiros, franceses e de outros países europeus, vivendo juntos numa área próxima, juntos também com os melhores cientistas dos nossos países, durante uma operação científica ligada com quatro projetos principais que envolvem tecnologia, engenharia e ciência, por um período que pode variar de uma semana a dois meses, nunca irão esquecer esta experiência científica e humana excepcional. Esperamos que eles venham a aprender, na tal como dizia Diderot e sua Enciclopédia, «o gosto de ser transportado por uma questão que nos transcende».

©

The link between higher education and research is obvious. Nevertheless, high level research programs are usually disconnected with the formation of the new generation of young researchers. a systematic educational approach for each project or pieces of the jigsaws presented here.

and Brazilian students, living together in a close area, with the best scientists of our countries for a duration that can vary from one week to two months will never and perennial partnership.

involve technology, engineering or science, depending on the project and the needs of both countries.

Previous experiences

students to get high-level training in marine geology, oceanography, biology and geophysics in the framework the water samples, from their recovery, cutting, opening, archiving, all the way to their physical parameter measurements and description. Additionally, classes took place between the watches and in transit times, taught of writing the contents of this web site. also effective through the Operation called "Teachers at were also invited on board in order to participate to but also other oceanic or coastal research vessels, and studies that intensively use giant corings, but also biological, oceanographical and geological sampling and analysis.

Clues for high-level education improvement tically apply their skills in the frame of their future proin which answers to theoretical and practical problems have to be found by collecting and analyzing data sets,

• students learn how to behave in a group of scien-

• -

•

• they have the opportunity to make the link between a conceptual knowledge and the ability of data to constrain it.

ties in a relatively short time span. fully complementary of a personal research study ge-tice this activity collectively, within a group of students, scientists, sailors, etc..., which makes a big difference.

during several weeks in international teams with foreign munication language, strongly helps to enhance and improve their ability to communicate (listen, write and their professional life to come.

Previous «Universities on board» successfully organized with French & European Universities

The important training allowed by a marine cruise is

• piston core),
• room on board (hosting of up to 30 students and One of the key aspects is that students realize on board that all the professional activities are dependent each maintenance tasks, kitchen, logistics, all these works must operate together and are absolutely necessary in order to make the cruise a success. Beyond the scienticarry on board and are much more sensitive after the cruise to the importance and invaluable price of the data collection, and they do behave accordingly.

days, to let students have time to accommodate with for data collection.

51

Paleoclimate: Climate variability and Paleoceanography circulation when it meets the Brazilian north-eastern coastline. This oceanic been displayed that these precipitation changes can generate wet to dry anomalous conditions registered on a variety of time scales (intra-annual, (centennial and millennial time-scales) and how it affected the continental laeoclimatic changes, which might be investigated through the analysis of long sediment cores, helping to unveil past environmental conditions, that and biotic alterations. Long term analysis of different sedimentary and -paigns. But, also buoying launch for mapping sea conditions in a long term.

From Mountains to Deep Sea erosion and peneplenation, sediment and nutriment transfers trough river into continental plate-form and deep ocean through canyons and turbidite mentary transport and recording in the deep basin, at different time-scales, applying direct and indirect methods (geophysic, chemistry…) in different disciplines (Oceanography, biology, geology) allow to restore the overall evolution of the margin, the continental geomorphology and tectonic history, the birth and evolution of the Atlantic Ocean.

  connection, from deep to surface environments: the Natural Laboratory of Brazil

  at different time-scales, applying direct and indirect methods

Task 1 :

 1 Broad band on-land seismometers network Over the last decade, an increasing effort has been deep interior, namely on the structure of the lithos-( www.usarray.org) carried in the other broad networks (magnetoteluric, geodetic) or amount of data generated and connections establi-This inspired other programs around the world, namely ), aimed mainly in correlating the deep structure with www.ija.csic.

  Fig 1: On the right Below:

  Brazilian colleagues during the last decade (thick blue lines), but a large part of the continent remain unknown. The main goal of this task is to to characterize continental basins, intra-plate boundaries and to compare continental segmentation to the . 2 for deep seismic tomography Figure for monitoring the ocean environment currently subject -cetaceans and noise, meteorologists to estimate rainfall, and that adds temperature and ocean current information to the oceanographic Argo project. They will be tal shelf (drifting only when coming to the surface for

  Figure 2: a

  Fig 2 A m a z o n d e l t a

Fig

  Fig. 1:

•

  discharge evaluation, and trace element and isotope • on the Amazon shelf to deploy buoys for current measurements, and water column sampling during different 2008) • tidal dominated Amazon estuary, consistent with local New developments on chemical and isotopic analysis et al. (2013) developed a using 10 spikes. the salinity gradient and along the Brazilian margin (T. (van Beeket al.

E

  Franck.Poitrasson@get.obs-mip.fr E elton@unb.br H www.clim-amazon.eu duration of 4 years. the research capacities in geological and environ-Brazilian-French joint laboratory "Observatoire des • -• with a view of further opening it to new participating -• -paration and implementation of new joint projects via the organisation of joint workshops, training seminars, • tional arrangement of the Brazilian-French laboratory

  (2014-2016) E christian.gorini@upmc.fr E tadeu.reis@gmail.com -Brazilian continental shelves. The project is focused on Basin on the tropical margin (transform margin), and -IODP Deep Drilling of the Amazon Continental Margin MICROBIV CAPES-COFECUB 2014-2017

  sediments (deep lakes with turbidites, shallow are the factors of control of the baselevel variations (hydrological budget of the lake in relationships with the tectonic and climatic evolution of the surrounding

  Fig 1•

Fig. 2 :Fig. 3 :

 23 Fig. 2: et al. (2010)

  monitoring the ocean environment acoustic signals that allow biologists to monitor cetaceans and noise, meteorologists to estimate rainfall, and that adds temperature and ocean current information to the oceanographic Argo project.-and coring campaigns. But, also buoying launch for mapping sea conditions in a long term.

  Figure 1:

  AREAS MANAGEMENT • -• in urbanized estuaries, residual circulation and dynamics • Biological and ecological pollution, impact on ecosystems, biodiversity and living resources (including logical disorders induced by increased anthropogenic tion and pollutant increase • • Algae and micro-algae culture and valorisation(Bioprocess, Food, Bioenergy)

•©

  ACTIONproject can start on the basis of previously established highly embanked and urbanised area, which has been -Another interesting point is the salt intrusion in Boa program of monitoring and study. One of the ideas could be to match similar approaches on the both sides Brest, one of the most studied embayments in France,The experiment at sea during a scientific cruise or land operations is the best way to acquire a complete experience; French, European and Brazilian students, living together in a close area, with the best scientists of our countries, during scientific operation connected with the four main projects and involving technology, engineering and science, for a duration that can vary from one week to two months, will never forget this outstanding scientific and human experience. Hopefuly, they will learn, following Diderot and its Encyclopedia, « the taste of being carried by an issue that transcends ». Recherche et formation sont intimement liées et dépendantes. L'expérimentation, le travail sur le terrain, en équipe multidisciplinaire et avec des chercheurs expérimentés, est l'assurance d'un complet transfert des connaissances et d'une pérennité des valeurs épistémologiques. Impliquer des étudiants français, Européens ou Brésiliens lors d'opérations scientifiques liées aux quatre projets principaux, dans un travail en équipe liant technologie, ingénierie et science, est la garantie d'une collaboration soutenue pour l'avenir. Gageons que ces expériences de partage multiculturel et multidisciplinaire lors des campagnes en mer ou à terre sauront enseigner à ces étudiants, a l'instar de D. Diderot et de son Encyclopédie, « le goût d'être porté par un enjeu qui les dépasse ».

  either by favouring student embarkin France and abroad, or by providing this possibility studies are key parts of their teaching programmes in --A practical and integrative way to approach high-level marine researchthe students to discover and be involved in the work modelling, and to attend international research courses given by the scientists involved in the program.

  The Amazon Blue-Green From Moutain to Deep Sea, (Palaeo)oceanography-(Palaeo) climat and Coastal Management projects of the overall Building Marine Science workshop. This network would integrate both current and new research projects between Brazilian-French and international communities working on the Amazon delta (see below a non with collaborators interested to participate to Amazon Blue-green project).

Note that Amazon Blue-Green is fully consistent with other international research networks like HybAm, Clim-Amazon, Geotraces and IODP focused on the continental part of the Amazon basin or Atlantic Oceanic domain. Note taht IODP proposals under consideration

(Baker et al., and Jovane et al. propositions)

recently ternational network.

Pangea visualisation, ©

© AMAZON BLUE-GREEN PROJECT

PALEOCLIMATE -PALEOCEANOGRAPHY PALEOCLIMATE -PALEOCEANOGRAPHY

Building Marine Sciences 3-8 November 2013, is the continuity of several workshops, which were initiated since 2010 between France and Brazil. The will of the Brazilian and French scientists to strongly collaborate in a true bilateral manner is illustrated by their participation (more than 200) and their enthusiasm supporting in the event.

Beautiful works from both countries, strong collaborations, great pro-This huge area requires an integrated approach for investigating the South and Tropical Atlantic". The main Holistic approach and thematic areas, and a new openlarge French-Brazilian network, which in tight consociation. This long-term approach intrinsically includes human LETTER FROM BÚZIOS as possible in building the different approaches.

of French and Brazilian scientists get together to discuss on the future of marine sciences and further collaboration between labs.

The second level of outcome implies strongly on multi-disciplinary and multhen in plenary assemblies in order to connect pieces like some huge jigsaws.

French and Brazilian network. Firstly, it is virtually unknown compared to the world oceans and, secondly, it is a key to understand global processes such as climate changes, continental margin break up and sedimentation, oceanic crust processes, biodiversity and life on deep sea. between technology and science.

Universities on Board

Universities On Board students, living together in a close area, with the best scientist of both countries (or world), for a duration that can vary from one week to two search will involve technology, engineering or science, depending on the project and the needs of both countries. Annual studies must be scheduled, including cruise on river and oceanic vessels, where students must be deeply involved. A program of information and education (see below the education program) will be conducted at the same time. The idea is to involve the Brazilian citizens in this Observatory and invite them to participate on the environmental laboratory. Fisheries, Amazon from Forest into Mouth water, sediment, chemical and organic discharges, helps the knowledge and the modelling of processes at global scale. The Amazon submarine delta and into the historic climate and geography of the land.

Coastal Areas Management

phology, sedimentary facies distributions, facies variations in time, hard substrate for settlement), physics of sediment transport (suspended matters, systems, widespread trough different environments and trough geological with geophysical, remote sensing, biological (gene to whole holobionts) and biogeochemical (e.g. isotopes, organic and inorganic nutrients) methods.

Annual studies must be scheduled for studying the evolution of the system students, with researchers of both countries.