S Hanneton
email: sylvain.hanneton@parisdescartes.fr

Coaching the Wii Evaluation of a physical training experiment assisted by a video game

Aging or sedentary behavior can decrease motor capabilities causing a loss of autonomy. Prevention or readaptation programs that involve practice of physical activities can be precious tools to fight against this phenomenon. "Serious" video game have the potential to help people to train their body mainly due to the immersion of the participant in a motivating interaction with virtual environments. We propose here to discuss the results of a preliminary study that evaluated a training program using the well-known WiiFit game and Wii balance board device in participants of different ages. Our results showed that participants were satisfied with the program and that they progressed in their level of performance. The most important observation of this study, however was that the presence of a real human coach is necessary in particular for senior participants, for security reasons but also to help them to deal with difficulties with immersive situations.

serious game; physical activity; training; coaching; virtual environment, immersion (key words)

I. INTRODUCTION

Aging and/or sedentary behavior are known to cause metabolic pathologies (diabetes, cardio-vascular pathologies , obesity etc...) but also physical deterioration of sensory-motor behavior. Disorders of motion, balance and coordination, loss of reactivity and low energy expenditure are the expression of this physical deterioration. Physical activity is known to be efficient in the prevention or limitation these problems. If the amount of practice of 'static' video games is known to be correlated with sedentary behaviour [START_REF] Ballard | Correlates of video game screen amon males : body mass, physical activity and other media use[END_REF], new interaction devices, like the Wiimote or Wii balance board, equipped with motion or force sensors have allowed the development of a kind of "serious" gaming that involves motion of the entire body and energy expenditure. Non static video games developed for solitary or family practice of physical activities at home have emerged recently and may substitute real activity. Even if the commercial target of the game industry is a family game for all ages [START_REF] Khoo | Designing physical and social intergenerational family entertainment[END_REF], health and aging professionals consider that the practice of such games may be a valuable alternative or complement to classical care methods for their patients [START_REF] Aimonetti | Intérêt de la Wii pour les personnes âgées : oui à la Wii ![END_REF]. However, apart from medical case studies of injuries caused by extensive practice of the games (see [START_REF] Hirpara | The "Wii Knee": A case of patellar dislocation secondary to computer video games[END_REF] for instance), scientific publications regarding (1) the study of conditions in which the game has to be practiced, (2) the physical benefits of this kind of training have been little studied [START_REF] Lanningham-Foster | Activity-Promoting Video Games and Increased Energy Expenditure[END_REF][6] [START_REF] Baranowski | Paying for real : video games and stories for health-related behavior change[END_REF][8] [START_REF] Deutsch | Use of a low-cost, commercially available gaming console (Wii) for rehabilitation of an adolescent with cerebral palsy[END_REF]. Consequently, we propose to present and discuss the results of an experimental study that involved four participants of different ages returning to physical activities via ten sessions of practice of the Wii Fit game.

The aims of this study are :  to experiment a short program of personal but supervised physical training for participants of different ages  to provide an estimate of the changes in the level of performance of participants for eight different activities proposed by the WiiFit game.  to establish if aging has an influence on the level of performance of the game and an influence on the way the participant interacts with the game and the coach.  to question the ability for all participants to be able to take part of the immersive aspects of the game  to discuss if this practice can be efficient and secure without the help of the coach.

II. METHODS

A. Participants

Participants were four female volunteers who were aged respectively 23, 29, 36 and 60 years old (designated as P23, P29, P36 and P60). None of the participants had known physical or neurological pathologies. None of them carried out physical activity or played video games. Importantly, they had no previous experience of the Wii balance board. They gave informed consent for the experiment and filled in a short questionnaire at the end of the last session. Each participant was individually instructed by both the real coach and the virtual coach proposed by the Wii. Each participant had her own Mii, a character that is the avatar of the participant in the game. The game required the use of the Nintendo TM Wii game console, the wii balance board device. The Wiimote, the remote controller that is the common interface for the Wii console, was sometimes required and used either by the participant or the coach depending on the activity. The Wii balance board is a rectangular plate-form 42 centimeter in length and 25 centimeter of width. Four force sensors recorded the weight of the player and the trajectory of the center of pressure of the participant during the game. Two Wii were kindly lent by the Nintendo France Corporation.

B. Training sessions and role of the coach

An intensive program of ten sessions with two or three sessions per week was carried out. Each session lasted between 30 to 45 minutes. The functions of the real coach were to (1) give complementary explanation concerning the rules of the games if required by the participant, (2) to ensure the security of the participant and particularly to prevent the risk of fall, (3) to prevent participants from using incorrect postures or movements or to cheating movements.

C. Choice of activities

A variety of activities involving the whole body are available with the WiiFit game. Certain activities are accessible at the beginning of the game while others are unveiled when the player overstep certain performance levels. We chose to focus on a restricted panel of eight activities that we considered as accessible for every age (see table one). Activities relating to the control of balance are voluntary over represented for two reasons : (1) the balance board device is obviously particularly adapted for the practice of balance games and (2) one targeted application of such game is the rehabilitation of balance for instance for elderly people. We distinguish between activities that simply rely on the mimicking of a movement or posture and "funny" activities in which participant has to deal with even simple rules. All these activities were present at the beginning of the game. However, we allowed the participant to choose the last activity of the session in order to increase motivation. Each session ended with a particular activity : a physical test where the mean position of the center of gravity and the BMI are recorded by the Wii.

Table 1: Activities chosen for the ten training sessions. D. Estimation of the level of performance and final questionnaire

The outcome measures used in this study were based on the performance data provided by the Wii fit game: for each session we recorded the BMI, the mean position of the center of pressure (CP), the "WiiFit age", and the scores of the different activities the participant practiced. We used a Pearson correlation coefficient test between the dependent variables and session numbers to evaluate the existence of a significant change in scores across sessions..The aim of the final questionnaire was to try to measure the subjective impression and motivation of participants and the possible subjective benefit of the sessions. The questions were : The coach was also instructed to note every interesting observation or remarks of participants. He also noted also the supplementary activity chosen by each participant at the end of each session.

III. RESULTS

A. Feasibility of the program

The program was correctly achieved without any problems. All the participants were able to practice the chosen activities. A short pause was frequently asked by participants in the middle of the session. The first session lasted longer than expected because of the explanation require by the participant concerning the rules of the activities and the use of the interactive device.

B. Changes in scores across sessions

There were no significant changes for the BMI or the WiiFit age across sessions for all the participants. The changes in scores across sessions was not always significant (see figure 1 for instance). Concerning the posture or movement activities, the scores of activities that change significantly were the abdominal respiration for two women (P29 and P36) and the posture of the warrior (right) for one women (P36). There were more significant changes for fun activities (table 2).

Figure 1: Changes in the score for the header game across sessions for the four participants. Dashed lines represent the linear approximation of the changes in scores.

The level of performance is not strictly dependent on age of the participant. However the oldest woman exhibited a level of performance systematically lower than the other participants.

C. Results of the questionnaire

Participants found that activities were not difficult (100%). Three participants reported that the activities gave them a better knowledge of their body. They said they did not have any particular expectation regarding their participation in the experiment except one participant who expected a greater level of cardio-training than she felt was provided by the game. Half of the participants felt that the sessions were too short. At the end of the program, participants said that they wished to start a physical activity (75 %) or/and to buy the game console (50 %).

D. Virtual environment and usability

The coach noticed real difficulties notably for the oldest participant to deal with the different virtual environments proposed by the game. Players are confronted with three kind of situations :

 a demonstration environment : the virtual coach demonstrates the appropriate movement that the player has to execute (yoga activities for instance)  a game environment : the visual stimulation represents objects controlled by players without the intention of producing an immersive effect (marbles).  An immersive environment where the players are supposed to represent themselves in the virtual environment with the possible help of an avatar (headers or skiing for instance).

Interestingly, the visual environment that caused the greatest difficulties was the demonstration environment : the oldest woman for instance hesitated to reproduce movements made by the virtual coach as in a mirror or inversely, and tried to rotate herself in order to reproduce the attitude of the coach but in doing so she turned her back to the screen. The help and explanations of the real coach were essential to allow this participant to adapt to the situation. One negative aspect of the immersive environment is that participants may have difficulties in both playing the game and ensure their own security in the real world. The plate-form of the Wii balance board is rather narrow and a fall is possible. This point was critical for the oldest participant : she had no difficulties in immersing herself in the game but was not able to do that and at the same time pay attention not to fall off the board.

IV. CONCLUSION

As mentioned before, this exploratory study was designed to establish if a program of physical training assisted by video games can be proposed to participants of different ages who are neither familiar with physical activities nor with the practice of video games. One other question that we wanted to address was the need for a real human coach during sessions of practice of the game. Even if the population of participant was small, this study gave precious indications concerning these questions.

First, the program was globally successful since all the participants found that it was pleasant and efficient, notably concerning their knowledge of their bodies. The changes in scores show a global progression among sessions, especially for the activities that present a fun component. However, it is difficult to make a statement to which extent the game logic and the Wii device are supporting the training since significant changes in the level of performance could be related only to the learnability of the game user interface and not to the improvement of sensory-motor skills.We did not observe any change of the BMI or of the WiiFit age but we suppose that this is due to the fact that the duration of the experiment was short (about five weeks) with activities that do not require a large energy expenditure. The program was motivating since participants expressed the wish to continue the physical stimulation.. However, age appears as an important factor that influence both the evolution of performance and the conditions in which the program has to be organized. The oldest participant did not show a significant improvement in scores except for the step class activity. But this significant improvement can be explained by a very bad level of performance for the first session due to difficulties in understanding the instructions and code used by the game to drive the steps of the player. Consequently, a similar program designed for seniors should last longer to provide a significant change in the level of performance. The contribution of the coach appears to be crucial for this population for both security and efficiency reasons. The difficulties of elderly people to maintain their attention both to interactions with the game and to their real environment and posture can be explained by cognitive impairments caused by aging. For instance, difficulties to in carrying out dual tasks are known to be common for elderly people [START_REF] Verhaeghen | Aging, executive control, and attention: a review of meta-analyses[END_REF]. Perhaps the old lady had difficulties to mentally follow the game and physically balance at the same time. The specific question of the behavior of seniors confronted with virtual environments is a point that has to be clearly addressed by the video game development community. This work was a very informative preliminary study for a more ambitious longitudinal study concerning the use of the WiiFit game and of the Wii balance board. For a study involving people with known pathologies, more participants have to be recruited for a longer program (i..e. at least 10-12 weeks). The choice of activities and evaluation methods has to take into account gender differences in perception and spatial navigation abilities. Quantitative evaluation via some cognitive and sensory-motor tests has to be introduced before the first session and after the last one in order to establish if the changes in the scores displayed by the game are correlated with the improvement of cognitive and executive functions of the players [START_REF] Basak | Can training in a realtime strategy video game attenuate cognitive decline in older adults?[END_REF].

This experience was also very informative concerning the eventual concrete use of the WiiFit game for rehabilitation programs in institutions for elderly people : we strongly recommend the presence of one or several coaches for both security and usability reasons.

Table 2 :

 2 List of dependant variables and chosen activities :crosses indicate a significant correlation (=0.05) between score and session number.

Proceedings of « Haptic, Audio, Visual Environments and Games » (HAVE 2009), pp 54-57. Politecnico di Milano november 7-8, 2009 (Lecco, Italy). Supported by the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Society (this document is the author file)

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We thank the Nintendo France Corporation for the lending of consoles.


Plan

Collaborative, free, open copyright, online, written by voluntary authors and checked by voluntary editors 1993 : Interpedia (The Internet Encyclopedia, R. Gates) free online collaborative encyclopedia, but no collaborative tool for writing 1997 : Distributed Encyclopedia (U. Fuchs, future German Wikipedian) against the "growing importance of the market sphere on the web" 1999 : GNUpedia and GNE's Not an Encyclopedia (R. Stallman, GNU project and free software) multilingual encyclopedia aiming at "preserving the human knowledge open and free for everybody" 2000 : Nupedia (J. Wales, a trader), a collaborative advertising-supported encyclopedia written by "experts"

6 / 68 Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia

Nupedia, the mother of Wikipedia the native project Nupedia Jimmy Wales : @Jimbo founder of the Bomis society working on managing advertising-supported pornographic web sites planning to build the "free" encyclopedia Nupedia, advertising-supported with the help of the Bomis society Larry Sanger : Dr of Philosophy, hired by Wales as editor-in-chief in the Nupedia project 2000 : Nupedia : collaborative advertising-supported encyclopedia written by "experts" (with at least a PhD). "Written by experts" implies "a peer-reviewed process" (as in the academic world) (plus, timeline) and what are the pros and the cons ? about negotiation : is there (linguistic) cues for detecting threads that will bring about a consensual solution vs. threads that will sink into chaos ?

Still at the first stage : bleaching threads for identifying prototypical interactions :

  research topic for human sciences Some background and history A research subject ...for Sociology ...for Natural Language Processing -NLP ...for Linguistics WP Talk Pages, the other side The WikiDisc corpus, a resource for corpus-based linguistic description A wide variety of talk pages What kind of interactions in the WP talk pages ? A Top-Down Approach to conflict and personal attacks A Bottom-Up Approach to Pages and Threads Profiling Conclusion sharing and recording humanity knowlegde 1-The wiki technology 1990 : co-authoring concept (C. M. Neuwirth) 1995 : WikiWikiWeb co-authoring tool (W. Cunningham) 2-Grand projects of free online encyclopedia [Sah15]

Plan

  Wikipedia as a research topic for human sciences WP Talk Pages, the other side The WikiDisc corpus, a resource for corpus-based linguistic description A wide variety of talk pages What kind of interactions in the WP talk pages ? Conclusion / 68 Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia An online discussion behind the article... 22 / 68 Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia ... associated with metadata and containing threads and (dates and signed) posts 23 / 68 Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia

A

  opens a thread by asking a question, B answers to A who thanks B A opens a thread by lauching a vote, B votes, followed by C, D, ..... Z A puts a cat among the pigeons (toxic post ?), B reacts strongly, C too... fight65 / 68Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia

15.01.2001, WP[EN] was launched

	Birth of Wikipedia -WP First steps of Wikipedia -the WP spike Nowadays, a global phenomenon (amount of articles) Plan A research subject of a huge importance Plan A wikicracy i.e. "democracy by consensus" Plan A Corpus Factory for Many Languages [KRPA10] WP for Linguistic Corpus-Studies
	Birth of English WP -WP[EN] The Nupedia peer-review process : two experts per submission ; once the submission reviewed, the two experts have to submit for acceptance a revised version of the submission to all the Nupedia members, for the final revision and acceptance This burdensome process → very few articles WikiWikiWeb as a solution for facilitating this process 02.2001 600 articles (drafts) in WP[EN] 03.2001 1300 05.2001 3900 01.2002 20,000 09.2003 more than 100,000 articles Nupedia was abandoned (with only 24 accepted and pu-blished articles) https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias Wikipedia as a research topic for human sciences Some background and history A research subject ...for Sociology ...for Natural Language Processing -NLP ...for Linguistics WP Talk Pages, the other side The WikiDisc corpus, a resource for corpus-based linguistic description Wikipedia as a research topic for human sciences An observatory for human collaboration Exploiting articles Wikipedia as a research topic for human sciences A Arabic (Arabic web corpus) B Basque (basque_WaC) Bengali (bengaliWaC) Bosnian (bosnianWaC14) http://wikipapers.referata.com "a compilation of resources [...] focused on the research of wikis" Some background and history A research subject ...for Sociology ...for Natural Language Processing -NLP ...for Linguistics WP Talk Pages, the other side The WikiDisc corpus, a resource for corpus-based linguistic description collaborating for free in a democracy by consensus (vs. by the majority) Knowledge extraction [ZMG08, MMLW09] Multilingual resources building [KRPA10] C Cantonese (Cantonese WaC) Chinese (ChineseTaiwanWaC) Croatian (hrWaC, hrWaC_10M) Some background and history D Danish (danishWaC) Dutch (Dutch web corpus, nlWaC, nlWaC_1) E English (pukWaC, ukWaC, ukWaC_1, ukWaC_10M, ukWaC_10M_1, ukWaC2, ukWaC2_1, ukWaC3, ukWaC_mcd, uk-Enclyclopedia discourse as a genre, from the Enlightenment to Enclyclopedia discourse as a genre, from the Enlightenment to A research subject WaCsst) F Filipino (filipinoWaC) Finnish (finnishWaC) Frisian (frisianWaC) French (frWaC, frWaC1_1) Wikipedia Wikipedia ...for Sociology G Georgian (georgianWaC) German (deWaC, Parsed DeWaC (sDeWaC)) Greek (gkWaC) Gujarati (gujarathiWaC) H Hebrew (hebWaC) Hindi (hindiWaC, hindiWaC3) CreativeCommons long exporsitory texts available for linguistic CreativeCommons long exporsitory texts available for linguistic ...for Natural Language Processing -NLP I Igbo (igboWaC) Indonesian (indonesianWaC) Italian (itWaC) J Japanese (jpWaC, jpWaC_10M, jpWaC2) annotation (document structure, headings, enumeration, complex annotation (document structure, headings, enumeration, complex ...for Linguistics K Korean (koreanWaC) Kannada (Kannada WaC) L Latin (latinWaC, latinWaC2) Latvian (latvianWaC, latvianWaC_shallow) Lithuanian (lithuanianWaC, lithuanianWaC_v2, referential chaining, etc... e.g. [AMB + 17]) referential chaining, etc... e.g. [AMB + 17]) WP Talk Pages, the other side The WikiDisc corpus, a resource for corpus-based linguistic R Romanian (romanian_WaC) Russian (Russian Web Corpus) description lithuanianWaC_v2_10M) M Malay (malayalamWaC, malaysianWaC2) Maltese (malteseWaC, malteseWaC2, malteseWaC2_sample) Maori (maoriWaC) N Topic evolution through a thread, across languages, since almost 20 Topic evolution through a thread, across languages, since almost 20 Nepali (nepaliWaC) Norwegian (norwegianWaC) P Persian (WBC-Per) Polish (Polish Web Corpus) years ! years !
	S		A wide variety of talk pages A wide variety of talk pages A wide variety of talk pages Samoan (SamoanWaC) Serbian (serbianWaC, serbianWaC14, srWaC, srWaC22M) Setswana (setswanaWaC, setswana-WaC2) Spanish (Spanish wen corpus) Swahili (swahiliWaC, swahiliWaC_1) Swedish (swedishWaC, swedish_WaC, swe-Linguistic features of interactions (politeness, implicature, appraisal, Linguistic features of interactions (politeness, implicature, appraisal,
	2018 WP is the 5th most visited web site just after Google, Fa-cebook, Youtube, Baidu with 5,184,686 views per hours What kind of interactions in the WP talk pages ? A Top-Down Approach to conflict and personal attacks What kind of interactions in the WP talk pages ? A Top-Down Approach to conflict and personal attacks dish_WaC_10M) Tamil (tamilWaC) Tatar (Tatar Sample) Telugu (teluguWaC, teluguWaC2) Thai (thaiWaC) Turkish (turkishWaC, turkish-argumentation, etc.) argumentation, etc.) What kind of interactions in the WP talk pages ? A Top-Down Approach to conflict and personal attacks WaC2, turkishWaC2_1, turkishWaC2_1_s, turkishWaC2_1_uniattr) Urdu ⇒ exploring the WP Talk Pages T U
	V W		for WP[EN]. more than 50 million articles, about 300 A Bottom-Up Approach to Pages and Threads Profiling A Bottom-Up Approach to Pages and Threads Profiling vietnameseWaC2 (Viatnamese) A Bottom-Up Approach to Pages and Threads Profiling Welsh (welshWaC)
	Y	Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion different languages Yoruba (Yoruba web corpus)
	9 / 68 10 / 68 / 68 12 / 68 / 68 / 68 18 / 68	Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac	The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia

(Wiki(Nu)pedia), as the "draft side" of Nupedia.

"Originally it was the Nupedia Wiki -our idea was to use it as an article incubator for Nupedia. Articles could begin life on this wiki, be developed collaboratively and, when they got to a certain stage of development, be put it into the Nupedia system."

(Sanger in 2006

https: // www. theguardian. com/ technology/ 2006/ jul/ 13/ media. newmedia ) 8 / 68 Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia the "democracy of the future" : a perpetual rethinking without establishment, a collaborative building with an "open government"... a lot of benevolence with some bad (toxic) behavior (vandalism, personal attacks, ..) Wikimedia (2009). Wikicracy. Retrieved on 4 March 2009 from http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikicracy&oldid=1406941 Wales' mail (13.06.2001) http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-June/000187.html Probably the most astounding fact about Wikipedia is that it is so good without any formal rules or restrictions at all. There are social customs and social pressures that do a really good job of keeping things in line. 14 / 68 Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia Plan Wikipedia as a research topic for human sciences Some background and history A research subject ...for Sociology ...for Natural Language Processing -NLP ...for Linguistics WP Talk Pages, the other side The WikiDisc corpus, a resource for corpus-based linguistic description A wide variety of talk pages What kind of interactions in the WP talk pages ? A Top-Down Approach to conflict and personal attacks A Bottom-Up Approach to Pages and Threads Profiling Conclusion / 68 Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia Wikipedia story ...for Natural Language Processing -NLP For Natural Language Processing -NLP Exploiting article history and edits Writing process analysis and modeling [FDG13, BWC + 15] diff between revisions for extracting spelling variants (spell checker), paraphrases (information retrieval), simplifications and summarization (for developing automatic processing) ⇒ http://contropedia.net/ Vandalism detection (about 7% of edits in WP[EN] [PSG08]) Exploiting the forums for discussion Negotiating process analysis an modeling [FGC12, FDG13] Disagreement, Conflict and Controversial topics detection [HDLPT17] 16 / 68 Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia 19 / 68 Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia WP for Linguistic Corpus-Studies 19 / 68 Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia

  Birth, first steps and influence of non English WPs WP talk pages shed light on the other side of the well-known WP articles : collaboration and writing processes WP talk pages remain complex objects that challenge the traditional models and methods used for linguistic characterization WP talk pages genres require different levels of investigation : toxicity on the post level, conflict on the thread level, "controversity" on the talk page level... Data mining techniques may give us some leads but...Qualitative analyses and manual annotation are crucialWe must improve features that describe the thread level as for example by looking at the headings, the first post of the section and the context (ex : https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discussion: Psychanalyse/arch1#choqu.C3.A9) A lot of work in progress....64 / 68Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia A complex and wide research area headings study expression of (dis)agreement annotation of the speech acts (e.g. [FGC12]) focus on more detailed interactions and special topics discussion about terminology issues : what is the right (layout) word that must be used in an article about a technical domain ? about neutrality and conflict : what are the most controversial topics

	Few days after the WP[EN] birth, a Wikipedian raises the following question : what to do with discussions behind the articles ? WP[EN] : moderation by consensus with the help of the "Benevolent Dictator" : Wales (as a super editor) Wales : WP as a topic must be discussed in another place (e.g. on mailing lists) : No place for discussion In German, French and Italian first, a need for discussion Mostly because the "Benevolent Dictator" speaks only English, developing WP in other Languages require a forum for discussion and negotiation (vs. Exploiting the forum for discussion Plan Wikipedia as a research topic for human sciences Some background and history The WikiDisc Corpus building Collecting WP talk pages The WikiDisc Corpus [HDL15] : talk pages extracted from the WP[FR] The WikiDisc Corpus building Document structure encoding acc. to TEI-P5 Text Encoding Initiative, a norm for encoding all the properties of a Plan Wikipedia as a research topic for human sciences Some background and history A wide variety of talk pages version talk pages threads posts words A lot of talk pages with few interactions A need for cleaning and structuring Plan What kind of interactions in the WP talk pages ? A Bottom-Up Approach to Pages and Threads Profiling Global features Plan [HDLPT17] Plan Wikipedia as a research topic for human sciences Some background and history WP talk pages, where conflicts occur Wikipedia as a research topic for human sciences Some background and history Information extracted from the talk page itself The WP talk pages : Online discussions associated with each article where Wikipedian can discuss the ongoing writing process with other Wikipedian Computer-Mediated Communications -CMC From a scientific point of view, article Talk pages are a unique type of web discourse and a valuable resource for the humanities and writing sciences, since the discussions develop in parallel with the discussed articles and provide insights into the meta level of the collaborative writing process that normally remains hidden. With structured access to this resource, the linguists and researchers in the writing sciences have the unparalleled possibility to observe these hidden processes without having to conduct interviews or carrying out supervised field experiments. A research subject ...for Sociology ...for Natural Language Processing -NLP ...for Linguistics WP Talk Pages, the other side The WikiDisc corpus, a resource for corpus-based linguistic description A wide variety of talk pages What kind of interactions in the WP talk pages ? A Top-Down Approach to conflict and personal attacks A Bottom-Up Approach to Pages and Threads Profiling Wikipedia snapshot (dump) global backup file frwiki-20181020-pages-meta-current.xml.bz2 available on https ://dumps.wikimedia.org/enwiki/20181020/) Document structure of a talk page Talk pages are structured into threads and posts delimiting more or less explicitly in the wikicode (the wiki traditional syntax) Threads correspond to division delimited by (sub)headings signaled with /==. * ?==/ in the wikicode Posts are delimited by 1 timestamp and eventually user signature document (content structure and metadata) An international consortium, towards a universal document representation Ensuring the sustainability and interoperability of the resource A light TEI-P5 all available metadata in the teiHeader (genre, thematic portal, etc.) threads marked up as <div> threads topic indicated in the <head> element, a part of the first post posts : <post who="id User" when="publication date" indentLevel="#"> A research subject ...for Sociology ...for Natural Language Processing -NLP ...for Linguistics WP Talk Pages, the other side The WikiDisc corpus, a resource for corpus-based linguistic description A wide variety of talk pages What kind of interactions in the WP talk pages ? A Top-Down Approach to conflict and personal attacks A Bottom-Up Approach to Pages and Threads Profiling 2018 439,638 1,243,676 3,145,943 213,286,460 A lot of talk pages with few interactions On the 439,638 talk pages # % Single thread talks 263,103 60 Single post talks 213,721 49 Talks under 50 words talks 166,108 38 Talks involving one single contrib. (anonymous as one single) 281,519 64 Talks involving 8 up to 228 different contrib. 44,578 10 Wikipedia as a research topic for human sciences A research subject Conflicts between experts and non-experts A research subject logNnMots number of words From a scientific point of view, article Talk pages are a unique type of web discourse and a valuable resource for the humanities and writing sciences, since the discussions develop in parallel with the discussed articles and provide in-sights into the meta level of the collaborative writing process that normally WP Talk Pages, the other side ...for Sociology ...for Natural Language Processing -NLP ...for Linguistics ...for Sociology nbFils number of threads* Conflicts of interest and self-promotion suspicion ...for Natural Language Processing -NLP Exploring Rich Linguistic Features usually associated with nbPosts number of posts Conflicts between opposite points of view ...for Linguistics interactional and rhetorical structures profMax "interactional depth" remains hidden. With structured access to this resource, the lin-guists and researchers in the writing sciences have the unparalleled possibility to observe these hidden processes without having to conduct interviews or carrying out supervised field experiments. See [Fer14, p. 111] What kind of interactions in the WP talk pages ? A Top-Down Approach to conflict and personal attacks A Bottom-Up Approach to Pages and Threads Profiling Conclusion WP Talk Pages, the other side The WikiDisc corpus, a resource for corpus-based linguistic description A wide variety of talk pages What kind of interactions in the WP talk pages ? A Top-Down Approach to conflict and personal attacks A Bottom-Up Approach to Pages and Threads Profiling WP Talk Pages, the other side Mining talk pages and threads for discovering classes (without a priori nbContributeurs number of different participants Conflict management is absolutely necessary The WikiDisc corpus, a resource for corpus-based linguistic i.e. unsupervized approach) nbAnonymes number of anonymous posts From Wikipedia point of view, conflicts must be regulated as it affects productivity the Wikimedia foundation found that 54% those who had experienced on-line harassment expressed decreased participation in the project where they experienced the harassment description A wide variety of talk pages X.anonymes % of anonymous posts Identifying relevant classes that we could linguistically interpret ad nbBots number of posts written by bots describe (not the case with n-grams) X.bots % of posts written by bots What kind of interactions in the WP talk pages ? AdQ "1" if the talk page is linked to a A-class article A Top-Down Approach to conflict and personal attacks A Bottom-Up Approach to Pages and Threads Profiling polemique "1" if the talk page has the banner "keep calm"
	consensus and decision)[Lan14] Conclusion signature : <signed><name>xxxx</name><date>xxxx</date></signed> Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion
	/ 68 / 68 37 / 68 38 / 68 39 / 68 / 68 / 68 44 / 68 / 68 52 / 68	Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac	The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia

Wikipedia is an encyclopedia. The topic of Wikipedia articles should always look outward, not inward at Wikipedia itself.

24 / 68

Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia

In German, French and Italian, another way to moderate WP[DE] (March 2001) use of forums called Meinungsbilder (Meinung -opinion) for clarifying issues for which there is no consensus WP[FR] (March 2001) In October 2002, Florence Dévouard (@Anthère) created a page called "decision-making" where "the final choice will depend on a vote instead of a simple consensus" WP[IT] (May 2001) introduction of forums called Sondaggio "easy, quick and simple solution for resolving problems" 25 / Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia

WP Talk Pages, the other side of WP See [Fer14, p. 111] 26 / 68 Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia 2 a change of indent level indicated with zero, one or more semi-colon ( :) at the beginning of the post. 28 / 68 Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia Talk Page behind a talk page 29 / 68 Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia 31 / 68 Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia Wikicode behind the talk page 32 / 68 Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia

WikiDisc Corpus Structure -Metadata Metadata associated to a talk page "portal" i.e. associated portal sections e.g. History, Art, Sport, etc. (up to 7 sections associated with a same article). 11 sections "grade" i.e. article's quality assessments (from "draft" to "A-class") informations about the article (if it has been partly translated, if it is part of the Wikipedia 1.0 project, if its status has been discussed, if a problem happened, etc.) and the discussion (if it could be sensitive, out of range, or temporary blocked) 34 / 68 Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia

teiHeader TEI-P5 Structure 35 / 68 Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia A "structured access" could be... 40 / 68 Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia A "structured access" could be... 41 / 68 Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia 54 / 68 Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia Plan Wikipedia as a research topic for human sciences WP Talk Pages, the other side What kind of interactions in the WP talk pages ? Conclusion / 68 Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac The WikiDisc corpus: in the backstage of Wikipedia Conclusion Conclusion

1 First experiment on WP talk pages : the "Wikipedia DeTox", an automatic detector of toxic comments.

2

The "Wikipedia DeTox" is currently adapted to other CMC under the name of "Perspective API"

A "toxic" post is How do attacks vary with the quantity of a user's contributions ?

Are attacks concentrated among a few highly toxic users ?

When do attacks result in moderation ?

Is there a pattern to the timing of attacks ?

Answers and new insights in the paper