Biodiversity conservation and strategies of public awareness: Natural landscapes of central Tunisia

Keywords: Eco Landscape, Transboundary Mountains, biodiversity, Biodiversity, high steppe population, policies of public management

This research examines the global issues for the development of mountain areas considered as difficult territories to manage. The study area is part of the sub-region of High Alpine Steppes belonging to the Tunisian Ridge and reaching Tebessa's mountains in Algeria. The central question of this article is based on the analysis of the links between the representations produced by mountain landscapes and the construction of a border life that must meet the requirements of sustainable development. Eco-landscape determinants, the role of public authorities and the local population must be better defined so that the products of this space provide a better quality of life endowed with the alternatives of local and sustainable development. Our hypothesis is that the mountain areas of West Central Tunisia still show real ecological aptitudes little disturbed by chimerical development. They can constitute assets for the territorial development of the zone. The approach adopted by this work is a scoping audit based on the floristic richness and the monitoring of its spatiotemporal dynamics. The results of this research allowed us to draw rich investigations: the Phyto-ecology approach has shown a relative floristic richness that remains highly dependent on climatic cycles and the intervention of human action; this area must be considered as a priority by the policies of the public planning to improve the quality of lives in these fragile zones in the context of sustainable development.

Introduction

The evolution of human society has turned out to be extremely fast during these last centuries, requiring modifications extreme in the natural environment, its well-defined footprint being represented by its anthropic medium with characteristics modified in depth. The analysis of the existing relationship between human communities and the forest highlights the close correlation between the two basic subsystems of the geographical system (Guran-Nica et al, 2008).

"The forest biodiversity provides many ecosystem services, such as protection of plant, water, and soil resources" [START_REF] Rusu | Current trends of forest areas designed to protect biodiversity at global and regional[END_REF], it is also essential for maintaining the ecosystem's functionalities. According to [START_REF] Kemp | La conservation des ressources génétiques des forêts tropicales aménagées[END_REF], forests are dynamics systems, their genetic diversity, particularly in forest formations relatively complex, due not only to the number of species present in a given area but also the stages of succession.

Forests are also the cover of mountains which have always been special geographical, economic and social entities. The relief, climate, history, and cultural heritage imply a specific policy of development, planning and protection. Much of the plant and animal species in Tunisia are located in mountain ecosystems [START_REF] Saadaoui | Fragilisation of transboundary areas : Essay of landscaped Geomédiation of mountains of the central west Tunisia[END_REF]. In addition, mountain areas are characterized by significant handicaps leading to more difficult living conditions and restricting the exercise of certain economic activities, in particular by a considerable limitation of the possibilities for land use and a significant increase in the costs of the work involved [START_REF] Gharbi | Nature Reserve tella and buffer zone / boundary[END_REF]. Projects in landscape ecology cover a wide range of issues ranging from ecological risk analysis to the study of biodiversity and the development of socially acceptable management and spatial planning strategies as well as the observation of public attitudes towards landscape changes [START_REF] Aghzar | Groundwater nitrate pollution in Tadla (Morocco)[END_REF]. Hence, the need to protect the natural vegetation covers in arid areas and assess the environmental impact and economic cost (Matthew et al., 2006[START_REF] Kalpana | Social and Economic considerations in conserving wetlands of Indo-Gangetic plains: A case study of Kabartal wetland, India[END_REF]. Biodiversity (the first link in trophic chains) is now recognized as a vital and common property. This article focusses on characterizing plant biodiversity in a mountain forest area and revealing its evolution in space and time. Our objective is to analyze the current dynamics of plant communities in order to be able to answer the following questions in the long run: do we observe dynamic stability or, on the contrary, are communities evolving? What are the underlying variables, and in particular what are the respective roles of natural (climatic) and local (anthropogenic) factors causing these changes? Tunisia, part of the Mediterranean basin, is one of the richest regions of the world in terms of biodiversity of flora and fauna, [START_REF] Myers | Biodiversity hotspots for conservation Priorities[END_REF]. Indeed, the Mediterranean countries hold almost 4.5% of the world's flora. Understanding the evolution of a space involves, first of all, analyzing the visual dimension (the landscape). As the first step in this article, we present and process the floristic data, and in particular the floristic lists of the years 2013, 2014 and 2015, in order to highlight the floristic composition and to characterize the floristic landscape of the study site. Next, we have chosen to quantify the floristic biodiversity and to follow its spatiotemporal evolution through the calculation of the indicators of the biodiversity on the same site for three successive years. The final phase will be established through statistical analyses using factor analyses to reflect the effect of anthropogenic action on the distribution of flora in the mountainous regions of Central Western Tunisia.

Materials and methods

Study site

The study is conducted in three of the most representative municipalities in the region of Central West Tunisia. These delegations are Feriana, Foussana and Hidra, which belong administratively to the Governorate of Kasserine, representing nearly 70% of the mountains of the Governorate and which share a 102 km borderline with Algeria.

The study area presents part of the sub-region of high alpine steppe and covers an area of 235 thousand ha. The zone is located geographically between the two followingcoordinates: 8°26'30,53'' N 34°54'14,56''E South. Saadaoui I., 2014. OTC., 2014 Figure1. Geographic location of study site

8° 29'3'' N 35°40'13''E North.

Methodology

The study attempts to inventory the natural vegetation and characterize it in ecological terms while highlighting the importance of environmental conditions and anthropogenic action. The method is based on a phytoecological analysis aimed at the quantification of the richness and the floristic diversity of the ecosystem of those forests using the Generalized Linear Modeling method, for determining the qualitative environmental realized niche (QERN) of plant species [START_REF] Austin | Measurement of the realized qualitative niche: environmental niches of five Eucalyptus species[END_REF]. Statistical analyses were carried out using the XLSTAT 2015 software to carry out the Factor Analysis of Matches (FAM) in order to represent the spatial dynamics in relation to the anthropogenic and natural conditions of the environment and the ecological characteristics of the flora. Statistical analyses were carried out to identify the spatial and temporal dynamics of the flora in relation to human activities: monitoring of frequencies and indicators of biodiversity (specific diversity, using the Simpson Index and Shannon Index), [START_REF] Bolker | Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution[END_REF][START_REF] Lohbeck | Trait-based approaches for guiding the restoration of degraded agricultural landscapes in East Africa[END_REF][START_REF] Kleinebecker | And the winner is …. ! A test of simple predictors of plant species richness in agricultural grasslands[END_REF][START_REF] Fontana | Individual-level trait diversity predicts phytoplankton community properties better than species richness or evenness[END_REF][START_REF] Mensah | Height -Diameter allometry in South Africa's indigenous high forests: Assessing generic models performance and function forms[END_REF][START_REF] Gelman | Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models[END_REF][START_REF] Bryk | Hierarchical Linear Models[END_REF].

Sampling mode

The first stage is a prospecting phase because the study area was unknown to us, and it was carried out during the first visits during the year 2013. It was necessary to eliminate certain sites in order to choose those which, due to their originality and their complexity, were considered appropriate to study.

The second stage is more practical: it is the operational phase in which we carried out the transects and plots, collected the plant samples, and surveyed the local populations both for natural factors and their activities. A comprehensive survey of species in the defined plots was carried out to determine the different biodiversity indicators for all the studied formations [START_REF] Julve | Problèmes conceptuels dans la définition des unités de perception du paysage végétal en rapport avec la géomorphologie[END_REF].

The surveys

We identified two parcels: the first is fenced and the second unfenced; each has an area of 10,000m². We placed ropes every 10 m in order to delimit the square plots of 100m².

Species are counted and classified according to their biological and ecological characteristics. Obviously, we used the plots of 100 m² only when the wood groups were the most dominant. On the other hand, when the plant population is dominated by herbaceous plants, the minimum area used is 4 m² (2 m x 2 m) and a maximum of 25 m² (5 m x 5 m) depending on the medium studied (Muljosukojo, 1992).

Data processing

The floristic lists recorded on the site of the flora characteristic of the mountain zone are supplemented by quantitative and qualitative data which allow us to characterize the flora and to describe the vegetation.

From these data, we follow the spatio-temporal evolution of the annual and perennial flora of the site from the calculation of the frequencies.

The supra-specific diversity

This index is important since it reveals alterities that could be masked if we only consider specific richness. For example, a stand of about 100 species is considered to be less diverse if it is composed of species belonging to the same taxonomic group in contrast to the situation when they belong to very different groups. We estimate this supra-specific diversity at the level of Gender and Family [START_REF] Lamotte | A propos de la biodiversité[END_REF].

Evolution of the number of floristic species

of perennial species likely to contribute to the stability of the ecosystems of the arid and semi-arid zones.

of annual species, sometimes characteristic of certain stages of succession.

To evaluate the significance of the variation in the state of the sample plots between protected and unprotected plots on the distribution of harvested species, we used a two-factor Anova test with experience replication.

The hypothesis: H0: the protection of forest plots has a powerful influence on the size of a species. Specific Frequency (SFi) of a taxon: number of points where this taxon was read The Centesimal Specific Frequency (CSFi) of a taxon: ratio in% between its FSi and the total number N of reading points along the line

Biodiversity Indicators

The biodiversity or biological diversity of an ecosystem depends on the number of species (S) and number of individuals (N). There are 2 indicators of biodiversity in an ecosystem:

The 1st indicator: the number of species (S)

The specific richness of the flora is the number of plant species present on a given site.

The 2nd indicator: the specific diversity (D) of MARGALEF

The heterogeneity of biodiversity

Two scientists (Claude Elwood Shannon and Norbert Wiener) proposed indicators in 1949 to quantify the biodiversity of an environment by taking into account the relative abundance of each species in an ecosystem.

The 1st indicator: SIMPSON indicator (Is)

Indicator between 1 and S If IS = 1 then only 1 species is present.

If IS = S then the species have the same relative abundance.

The 2nd indicator: SHANNON-WEAVER indicator (H ')

Where Pi is the proportional abundance of species i in the sample.

Pi = Ni / Ntotal

Ni = number of individuals of species i N total = total number of individuals of all species Indicator between 0 and log2 S If H '= 0 then only 1 species is present.

If IS = log 2 S then the species have the same relative abundance.

Results

Current aspects of flora and vegetation

The present aspects of the flora are studied by treating the floristic lists drawn up by phytoecological survey on the two plots (fenced and not fenced) representative of the same territory. This analysis focuses on the nuances of floristic diversity and the distribution of species in plant formations in

N x n FSC i i 100 % = 𝑫 = 𝑺 -𝟏 / 𝒍𝒏 𝑵 IS = 1/ ∑i=1Pi² H' = -Σ pi (log2 pi)
response to different patterns of spatial organization and thus to degrees of artificialisation of the Distinctlandscape.

We apply the ecological data calculated from bibliographic sources and our field observations to the floristic lists.

Supraspecific diversity

Supraspecific diversity is revealed through the number of families and genuses identified in the study site (Table 1). The two most represented families are Asteraceae and Poaceae.

We have recorded through the data collected indicators of the presence of an agropastoral activity. We also record a high level of crops, weeds and grasslands. We distinguish a larger distribution of Grasses (e.g. Quackgrass, Common Barley, and plantains.) in the unfenced plot with only 27% of the species in the fenced plot. Plantaginaceae are distributed mainly in the unfenced plot with a rate of 81%. These species are indicators of high anthropogenic activity, and represent weeds and wastelands.

We also note an abundance of Asteraceae with rates of 43% in the fenced plot and 57% in the unfenced plot.

Pinaceae and Cupressaceae have higher rates in the fenced plot,;this distribution is caused by the deforestation of tree species in the unfenced plot. The flora of the study area is composed of 41 genera. The majority of the genres listed are represented by a single species, while 21.9% of genera are represented by more than one species.

Description of vegetation: the vegetation spectrum of the forests of the mountains of the Centre-West of Tunisia

This phase of floristic study is devoted in the first stage to the characterization of the global vegetation of the study site. Then, an analysis of the distribution of these species according to their autoecological characteristics influencing their distribution on the site is undertaken. Adventitious species represent the highest rate with 35%, while species that reflect anthropogenic activity have a rate of 44%: 24% for prairie species, 10% for cultivated species and 10% for wasteland species. In order to refine this analysis, we then compared the distribution of the number of species in the two different neighbouring plots (Figure 3), which guided us to the following results:

-Weeds, cultivated and grassland species are predominantly distributed in the unfenced plot, -We note a much smaller distribution of the cultivated species in the fenced plot.

The analysis of the data of autoecology shows us that thestudy site is a medium characterized by its drought. More than 70% of the species encountered are species that adapt to poor or very poor water soils.

The species found in the study site are rather very demanding species in relation to light. This indicates a dense woody environment, allowing the different species to benefit from the light, and consequently a strong distribution of the heliophilia species.

Woody plants represent respectively 36% of the species encountered the study site. This demonstrates that the environment is a very dense woody environment. Hemicryptophytes, therophytes, and geophytes account for 33%, 24% and 7%, respectively, of the vegetation of the study medium. This leads us to conclude that the flora are mainly represented by annual summer species and perennial herbaceous plants.

The study of the modes of of the flora in the mountains of the Center-West of Tunisia enabled us to conclude that its zones are rather regions characterized by their windy aspect and their arid climate.

The species which are disseminated by anemo-moria are the most encountered with a rate of 35%; This mode of dissemination tells us that this region is distinguished by its windy appearance. We encounter this mode of dissemination not only in annual and biennial species, but also in Aleppo Pine. This forest tree, which dominates the tree flora of the region, is also disseminated by means of anthropochoria. It is a tree planted in forest restoration operations in order to preserve the forest aspect of the area and maintain the equilibrium of the forest ecosystem. 5% of the species encountered, such as Eucalyptus and Acacia, are planted by anthropochoria. Species disseminated by epizoochory also have a high rate (21%). Species disseminated by barochoria have a rate of 32% of the species encountered. On the basis of the recorded plant data, we noticed a greater number of perennial species in the fenced plot, with the most important species for the year 2013 being woody species.

Spatio-temporal analysis

We observe an evolution in the number of fallow species that were totally absent during the year 2013 which then registered 5 species of wasteland during the year 2015 with 59 individuals (Figure 4 With the increase in precipitation (rainfall and snowfall) recorded for the years 2014 and 2015, we have seen a considerable increase in the number of species but also with the appearance of new species during the sampling.

Figure 5. Spatio-temporal distribution of cultivated and grassland species in the study area

Indeed, the distribution differs according to the type of the plot (Figure 5). Other than the effect of natural factors, the distribution of cultivated and grassland species depends on the presence of anthropogenic activity, which indicates a more intense distribution in the unfenced plot. The study area is very close to an urban agglomeration, where agriculture (family farming) and pasture activities have been observed.

Associated with the natural factors of the study area, anthropogenic activities are responsible for the distribution of cultivated, grassland and wasteland species in the study sites.

Figure 6. Spatio-temporal evolution of the number of individuals for the ecological group of forest species

For forest species, the mountainous zone of the CentreWest region of Tunisia is characterized by the abundance of the Aleppo Pine forest species. We recorded a decrease in the number of forest species in the 2014 surveys (Figure 6). This decrease is more remarkable in the unfenced plot. It is mainly due to the effect of the deforestation carried out by the inhabitants of this mountain area and in the total absence of the control by agents of the Directorate General of Forests.

Specific Centesimal Frequency (SCF)

Specific frequency Centesimale SCFi for the year 2013

In the unfenced plot, we note that the annual species are more frequent whereas the number of perennial species is low. This distribution is completely the opposite within the fenced plot (Table 3).

This may be due to increased human activity in unprotected areas, with some deforestation and grazing activities occurring. A net presence of perennial species with a low presence of annual species in the total area of sampling. It should be remembered that the fall and winter periods of the year 2014 were rainy periods with the recording of important snowfalls during the month of December and the beginning of January for the governorate of Kasserine in general and the study area in particular: we recorded a surplus ranging from 3% to 41%, compared to the year 2013 marked by water deficits in all governorate delegations, which varied from 1% to 33%. These water deficits influence the distribution of annual species that are more frequent during the year 2014 compared to the year 2013.

From the surveys prepared during the year 2014 we recorded the following results:

-The perennial species of the unfenced plot show only 13% of the annual species;

-The perennial species of the fenced plot have a much larger number of perennial species recorded in the unfenced plot, the frequency of these species exceeds 43%, whereas in the unfenced plot the frequency is 11.84% (Table 4). Total area 25 75

The high frequency of annual species recorded throughout the territory is mainly due to the suitable climatic conditions (significant rainfall) but also to the dissemination of herbaceous species, with the presence of an important anthropogenic activity, especially in the unfenced and the fenced plot of the study area (e.g. grazing andcrops).

Centesimal Specific Frequency for the year 2015

The decline in annual rainfall during the year 2015 influenced the distribution of the number of annual species in the study area. From the data on the number of perennial and annual species recorded during the year 2015, we note that the perennial species presence rate is 75% of the vegetation cover, whereas the annual species have a low frequency of about 25%. Perennial species in the fenced plot have a specific centesimal frequency of 39%; this frequency is twice the frequency of perennial species in the unfenced plot.

The frequency of annual and perennial species and their evolution over time

The analysis of the spatio-temporal variation of the flora shows the following results:

The number of perennial species is decreasing from one year to the next. We observe a fall in the specific centesimal frequency in the two parcels:

-In the fenced plot FP, from 76.8% for the year 2013 to 39.1% for the year 2015 -In the unfenced plot UFP from 47.5% to 17.2%.

Perennial species are deforested by the population of the area, especially for the unfenced plot, but this action is also carried out in the protected plot, which is a major threat to the forest ecosystem of the area.

The analysis of the evolution of the number of annual species shows a significant increase in the specific frequency throughout the territory from the year 2013 to the year 2015.

In order to study the dynamics of evolution in time and space of perennial and annual species, we used the "Anova test"for two factors with repetition of experience.

We found the following results:

For perennials:

There is a significant variation in the distribution of species between the different sampling plots since the probability P is highly less than 0.05.

Indeed, when analysing the interaction within the plots, we note that there is no significant difference in the distribution of perennial species for the years 2014 and 2015 within the same plot (Table 5). The case of annual species:

For annual species, we did not notice a significant difference in the distribution of the species numbers over time (between 2014 and 2015) for the two sampling plots (closed plot and unfenced plot). This shows that the natural and anthropogenic conditions between the two years of monitoring did not strongly influence the distribution of flora in the study area.

Furthermore, we note that P is well below 0.05 in the case of monitoring the evolution of the number of species within the same plot. We can then conclude that the plot protection factor can influence the distribution of annual species, which is reflected in a higher number of species in the fenced plot since the population practices on pasture mainly in unprotected areas (Table 6). An area characterized by a very diverse vegetation cover.

Biodiversity quantification

Hierarchy of factors influencing vegetation distribution and floristic composition

In summary for the overall floristic list:

Figure9. Factorial distribution of ecological groups in the study site

The graph shows the projections in the F1 x F2 factor plane of the profiles associated with the vegetation species found in the study site (Figure 9).

From this graph we have constructed the following table :   Table 8. Key contact details of the ecological groups in the factorial plan:

Standard contact information (lines: ecological groups):

F1 F2 F3 F4
Steppes and lean meadow Species -0,542 0,619 0,347 0,050 Forest Species 0,808 0,199 0,318 0,077 Adventitious species -0,228 -0,758 0,412 0,056 Cultivated Species -0,001 -0,023 -0,421 -0,789 Species Wasteland -0,038 -0,037 -0,656 0,605

The projection of the ecological groups on the factorial plane F1 / F2 (Figure. 9 and Table 8) show the following results:

-Forest, prairie and weed species (herbaceous) show positive signs; they are the most encountered species, -Cultivated and uncultivated species have very low negative indices, indicating their low distribution in the territory.

These results demonstrate the forestry vocation of the area with the presence of a grazing action characterized by the presence of grassland species.

By interpreting the factor plane F1-F2 in Figure10, it can be seen that at the level of:

-Positive coordinates of the F1 axis: we find the taxa of species that have a steppe aspect, such as Hyparrhenia hirta, Stipa tenacissima and Stipa capillata etc.

These species show a positive trend towards steppisation and the formation of lean grasslands, in view of the steppe and the pastoral trend of the site.

Ecological groups

Cistus creticus, and Scirpus sylvaticus). We note their distribution on the positive side of the factorial axis F1. The F1 factor design shows a positive interaction between steppe species and forest species. The same plan shows a negative interaction between cultivated and ruderal species with forest species: this interaction shows the presence of anthropogenic action in a forest environment.

These results indicate the forestry and pastoral vocation of the study site.

-

The negative coordinates of the F1 axis:

There is a cultivated appearance (Avena Sterelis, Hordeum vulgaris, Artemisia vulgaris, Othonna cheirifolia) with a remarkable distribution of adventitious species, which shows an index of anthropogenic action.

For the F2 axis:

-Positive coordinates:

Only the forest species (e.g. Pinus halepensis and Scirpus sylvaticus) have a high positive index, but these species are negatively correlated with the steppe and prairie species (e.g. Stipa tenacissima, Thymelaea hirsuta, and Retama retam). The distribution of these species is influenced by anthropogenic action.

It is a forest environment: a nature influenced by human practices; (Forest environment correlated with the steppisation and the prairial vocation).

-Negative coordinates:

Adventitious, cultivated and uncultivated species have negative indices from which the justification for the existence of a weak anthropogenic action in the study site. These species are positively correlated with grassland species. We can then conclude that anthropogenic favours the distribution of prairie species. It is mainly the pasture and the contribution of the herds in the site that favours the dissemination of certain species (dissemination by endozoochorie and epizoochory).

Through this article and through the phytoecological approach, we have reached our objectives: the description and understanding of vegetation, and the two-dimensional spatial and temporal organization, qualitatively and quantitatively, of the plant species that constitute it. The Centre West of Tunisia is the area of the arid steppe with xerophilic formations adapted to low precipitation (150-400 mm/year), high thermal amplitudes, intense evaporation and, frequency of dry winds. In this article, we have studied a forest environment with a steppe tendency with a clear presence of an anthropogenic action, given the geographical location of the study site, its proximity to an urban agglomeration with farms close to the forest environment, which justifies the presence of fallow and cultivated species in the studied plots. The area is characterized by the richness of its floristic biodiversity which is progressively evolving from year to year, thanks to natural conditions and anthropogenic actions that favor the distribution and maintenance of certain floristic species.

The area is characterized by its rich flora that is positively changing gradually under the influence of natural and human conditions that promote the distribution and the maintenance of certain species.

Indeed, the species distribution depends primarily on weather conditions, it was noted that the increase in annual rainfall from 2013 to 2017 has favored the emergence of new species especially annual herbaceous species.

Also, we noticed especially that the number of Aleppo pine trees is following a progressive decrease in shares of deforestation. Arguably human action affects the distribution of flora since it constitutes the major threat to sustainable forest plant communities and especially by the practice of grazing and excessive deforestation.

Policies of territories management have to be more rigid and more efficient especially in those fragile zones.

Conclusion

Despite the fragility of these landscapes generally linked to the physical conditions of the natural environment and to the pressures exerted by the anthropic factor, the development of this space is always possible through a landscaping mediation that connects the forces of the decision-makers, the managers and the involvement of the occupants of this region who will mutate, we hope, to a potential and formal development territory. In the same continuum, it is necessary to ensure overall management plans that safeguard the sustainability of the human and nonhuman landscape elements.

It would be wise to continue this cross-disciplinary research to detect the real landscape potential of the border areas and eventually to propose concrete actions of eco-development.

Figure 2 .

 2 Figure 2. Distribution of the different families by number of individuals b. Genus diversity

Figure 3 .

 3 Figure 3. Distribution of ecological groups of flora per plot

  the presence of strong anthropogenic action in the study site (agropastoral activities).

Figure 4 .

 4 Figure 4. Spatio-temporal evolution of weed and grassland numbers

  Fig. 4.a

Figure 7 .Figure 8 .

 78 Figure 7. Regeneration of Aleppo Pine with presence of the steppe species of Atractylis and Hyparrhenia hirta.

Figure 10 .

 10 Figure 10. Interaction of species by ecological groups in the study site

Table 1 .

 1 Number of Families and Genus

		Family	Genus
	Observation site (Bouchebka's	17	41
	forest)

a. Families' diversity 17 families are encountered in the study sites (Table

2

); the main families are represented by 12 or more species which correspond mainly to annual species.

Table 2 .

 2 Number of species by census families

	Families	Number of	Families	Number of	Families	Number of
		species		species		species
	1. Asteraceae	12	7. Plantaginaceae	6	13. Myrtaceae	1
	2. Pinaceae	1	8. Fabaceae	4	14. Mymosaceae	1
	3. Cupressaceae	3	9. Lamiaceae	4	15. Caryophyllaceae	1
	4. Oleaceae	1	10. Thymeleaceae	2	16. Apiaceae	2
	5. Cyperaceae	1	11. Brassicaceae	3	17. Cistacea	1
	6. Poaceae	15	12. Linaceae	1

Table 3 .

 3 Calculation of species frequency for the year 2013

		SCFi of perennial	SCFi of annual
		species	species
	Fenced plot	76,8	19,3
	Unfenced plot	47,5	45,6
	Total area	62,1	35,9
	2.3.3.2.

SCFi for the year 2014

Table 4 .

 4 Calculation of species frequency for the year 2014

		SCFi of perennial	SCFi of annual
		species	species
	Fenced plot	43,7	56,2
	Unfenced plot	11,84	88,15

Table 5 .

 5 Analysis of variance: two factors with repetition of experience -the case of perennials

	DETAILED REPORT
		Fenced plot	Unfenced plot	Total
	Perennial species in 2014
	Number of samples	14	14	28
	Variance	68,7472527	24,5934066	57,6455026
	Perennial species in 2015
	Number of samples	14	14	28
	Variance	64,7472527	46,9945055	58,0992063
	Anova Two factors with repetition
	of experience
	Variation sources	F	Probability	Critical value for F
	Sample	2,06502344	0,1567027	4,02663122
	Columns	8,36771601	0,00556619	4,02663122
	Interaction	0,5854789	0,4476317	4,02663122
	Inside the group

Table 6 .

 6 Two-factor anova with repetition of experience -the case of annual species

	DETAILED REPORT	Fenced Plot	Unfenced Plot	Total
	Annual species 2014'
	Samples number				43	43	86
	Variance			20,6234773	58,3089701	47,4155951
	Annual species 2015'
	Samples number				43	43	86
	Variance			23,0863787	50,4518272	45,2318741
	VARIANCE analysis
	Variations
	sources	F	Probability	Critical value for F
	Sample	2,41914247		0,00027412	1,52588238
	Columns	59,9973915		1,723111	3,95188225
	Interaction	1,78761702		0,01181139	1,52588238
	Inside the group	2108,5		86	24,5174419
	Table7. Summary table for calculating the biodiversity indices for the years 2013-2014-2015
	Year/Indicator	2013			2014	2015
	Indicator (S) : Total	20 species			57 species	57 species
	number of species
	Indicator (D) : Specific	3,30 : This value is much	8,3 : Important species	8,1 : Important species
	diversity of MARGALEF	lower than 20 (S), which	diversity	diversity
		gives information on the
		diversity	of	species
		encountered.
	Indicator Is: (SIMPSON	13,73 : The majority of	40,1 : High diversity of	40,1 : A strong floristic
	Index)	species have the same	species	diversity in both fenced
		abundances			and unfenced plots.
	Indicator H ': Index of	4,07 : Moderately low	5,5 :An important	4,8 :
	SHANNON-WEAVER	diversity			floristic diversity, But still
					show that the majority of
					the species encountered
					have the same relative
					abundances

  The site is distinguished by a distribution of a significant number of forest species (e.g. Pinus halepensis, Juniperus oxycedrus, Phillyrea latifolia, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Acaciamangium Willd,

					Symmetric line graph (ecological groups)
						(F1 and F2 axes: 69.85%)
		0,3
		0,2		Steppes and lean meadow Species									Forest Species
	%)	0,1
	F2 (31,44	-0,1 0					Species Wasteland	Adventitious species
		-0,2
		-0,3			Cultivated Species
		-0,4
		-0,7	-0,6	-0,5	-0,4	-0,3	-0,2	-0,1	-1E-15	0,1	0,2	0,3	0,4	0,5
							F1 (38,41 %)