Alessio Tornese
email: alessio.tornese@cea.fr

Antonio Clemente
email: antonio.clemente@cea.fr

Christophe Delaveaud
email: christophe.delaveaud@cea.fr

A New Method for End-Fire Array Gain Optimization Using Spherical Wave Expansion

This work presents an analysis of the radiating properties of lossy antennas using the Spherical Wave Expansion (SWE) theory. A new formula to predict the gain of uniformlyspaced end-fire arrays based on the dissipation factor is proposed. The latter allows an analytical synthesis of the complex excitation coefficients associated with the array elements to achieve supergain characteristics. Similar studies have been previously dealt with (super)directivity optimization, characterized by high sensitivity and severe gain attenuations, when the dimensions of the array are considerably reduced. In this context, the proposed study shows a significant improvement of the antenna gain and efficiency compared to synthesis procedures having an objective of the directivity maximization.

I. INTRODUCTION

The maximization of the directivity in the case of end-fire arrays has been recently demonstrated using Spherical Wave Expansion (SWE) [START_REF] Clemente | Design of a super directive four-element compact antenna array using spherical wave expansion[END_REF]. It is clearly established that the super directivity is all the more important as the inter-element distance is reduced. However, when the inter-element spacing is reduced (< 0.2), the very compact dimensions of the arrays lead to a significant impact of the mutual-coupling effect and enhanced losses, at great expenses of the gain. A trade-off between the array size and the directivity should be done, to keep a reasonable radiation efficiency. Hence, the estimation of gain in a preliminary phase of the array design represents an important advantage. More attractive seems the possibility of designing supergain arrays. Although a lossless antenna, regardless of its size, can have arbitrarily high gain, the dissipative losses limit the gain for a real antenna system.

In the literature, a first synthesis procedure for a twoelements electrically small end-fire array was provided in [START_REF] Yaghjian | Electrically small supergain srrays[END_REF], highlighting the rapidly increasing narrow tolerances which prevent the practical realization, especially for more than two elements. Another study, based on the use of SWE theory [START_REF] Arbabi | Maximum gain of a lossy antenna[END_REF], defines the "loss merit factor", providing only theoretical efficiency limits as a function of the spherical modes degree.

More recently, the synthesis of supergain end-fire arrays is discussed in [START_REF] Debard | Three-element end-fire linear arrays (super) directivity and gain optimization[END_REF], where a three-element dipole-based array is optimized based on the array factor theory. In [START_REF] Georgiadis | A convex optimization approach for the design of supergain electrically small antenna and rectenna arrays comprising parasitic reactively loaded elements[END_REF] an alternative method based on convex optimization is proposed for two-and three-electrically small dipoles, and theoretical results are presented for optimization with parasitic loads, and constraints on the admittance are formulated. In this work, the proposed gain model is obtained by reviewing the definition of dissipation factor as defined by Harrington in [START_REF] Harrington | On the gain and beamwidth of directional antennas[END_REF]. The latter permits to introduce losses in the representation of the field using the SWE theory. In fact, this figure of merit associates the antenna radiation efficiency with each spherical modes, which already have a cut-off behavior due to the size of the source. The dissipation factor is then used to define a new formula to calculate the gain in spherical waves. The latter is used to define an analytical synthesis procedure maximum gain end-fire arrays. The results are shown for arrays of 2, 3 and 4 half-wave electrical dipoles.

II. GAIN IN SPHERICAL WAVE EXPANSION

The gain is a figure of merit that inform us on how the antenna system is able to convert the input power into radiated power. The intrinsic gain can be expressed as the ratio between the field intensity in a given direction and the total accepted power, as

2 00 00 0 | ( , ) | ( , ) 2 (
)

rad loss E G PP      (1)
where 0

 is the free-space impedance and   00 , E  is the electric field in the chosen direction. The denominator is the sum of the radiated and the loss powers. Assuming a radiating source entirely enclosed in a sphere of radius kr, with k the wavenumber and r the radius of the minimum sphere enclosing it, the SWE consists of a decomposition of the field in a set of spherical modes. These functions are strongly dependent on the value of kr, and for an array of P sources , , ( , ) ( , )  is proportional to the total radiated power, according to [START_REF] Harrington | On the gain and beamwidth of directional antennas[END_REF]. Harrington in [START_REF] Georgiadis | A convex optimization approach for the design of supergain electrically small antenna and rectenna arrays comprising parasitic reactively loaded elements[END_REF] addressed the calculation of the maximum gain for the ideal case of a spherical metallic shield. For a generic N and radius kr the losses can be quantified applying the general definition of the dissipation factor as

smn tot p smn p smn smn p E K Q        (2
2 0 2 Re{ } ' 2 ( ) ( ) c nn n D r F k F kr      (4)
where the metal losses

( ) ( )

nn F kr kr h kr 

, describing the amplitude dependence of the spherical waves, for each mode order. Figure 1 displays the dissipation factor in a multiple views. For each spherical modes the dissipation factor is calculated for a ka equal to 1.69, 2.01 and 2.45, corresponding to the case of the radiansphere of 2,3, and 4 half-wave dipoles spaced by d = 0.2, respectively. The values are displayed for a rloss = 1, 1e -2 , 1e -4 , respectively. As stated by Harrington [START_REF] Georgiadis | A convex optimization approach for the design of supergain electrically small antenna and rectenna arrays comprising parasitic reactively loaded elements[END_REF], because of the orthogonality of power , ( 1)

rad loss rad n n n P P P D     
. Based on this statement the gain can be expressed as

III. DESIGN OF MAXIMUM GAIN END-FIRE ARRAY

The maximization of gain for a uniformly-spaced end-fire array of P electrical-dipoles, with P = 2, 3, and 4 consists in the definition of the set of P optimal complex coefficients p. As demonstrated for the case of (super)directivity in [START_REF] Clemente | Design of a super directive four-element compact antenna array using spherical wave expansion[END_REF], these coefficients represent the excitations, or parasitic impedance loads, of the p-th element, and can be extracted with a priori knowledge of the optimal field distribution which corresponds to the maximum gain. The implementation of this synthesis procedure starts then with the design of the array and its simulation in a full-wave simulator (in our work we used CST MWS). The far-field pattern, given as the sum of all the p-th The optimal coefficients are calculated by comparing the optimal field distribution for maximum gain, calculated using [START_REF] Georgiadis | A convex optimization approach for the design of supergain electrically small antenna and rectenna arrays comprising parasitic reactively loaded elements[END_REF], with the imported field, through a matrix inversion (see [START_REF] Clemente | Design of a super directive four-element compact antenna array using spherical wave expansion[END_REF]). Finally, the optimal complex coefficients are used for post-processing the field in the full-wave simulator. The simulation results of the gain optimization method are compared with the one obtained by optimizing the directivity as in [START_REF] Clemente | Design of a super directive four-element compact antenna array using spherical wave expansion[END_REF] for the same array geometry and depicted in Figure 2. The mutual coupling between the dipoles enhance the effect of losses, which degrades the gain. For an increasing number of elements P this phenomenon occurs for a larger element spacing d. Where the directivity optimization for very small d does not compensate for losses, the proposed gain optimization shows a remarkable increase of radiation efficiency, and a consequent higher gain.

IV. CONCLUSIONS

A new way to evaluate antenna(s) losses using an analytical approach based on the SWE theory is proposed. The losses modelling have been addressed by re-defining the dissipation factor [START_REF] Debard | Three-element end-fire linear arrays (super) directivity and gain optimization[END_REF]. With this quantity the gain is expressed in spherical waves, where also radiation efficiency is considered. The new gain formula ( 5) is used in the optimization procedure of end-fire arrays of 2, 3 and 4 electrical dipoles. The full-wave simulated results in the case of optimized gain are compared with the gain for maximized directivity. The gain optimization show a remarkable increase of radiation efficiency, for the same radiating structures.

Figure 1 .

 1 Figure 1. Dissipation factor for TE and TM modes function of the electrical size kr. The losses are normalized to the unity.

K

   are the spherical wave far-field functions. The terms , smn p Q indicate the spherical wave coefficients, discriminated by the index s = 1,2 for TE or TM modes, the mode degree n = 1,..,N, and the azimuthal oscillation order m= -n,..,n, as defined in[START_REF] Harrington | On the gain and beamwidth of directional antennas[END_REF]. The p are the complex excitation coefficients associated to the array elements. Then, substituting (2) in (1) the gain in SWE is written as

c

   in[START_REF] Debard | Three-element end-fire linear arrays (super) directivity and gain optimization[END_REF], which expresses the material losses in the ideal case of the metallic shield, is substituted with the normalized loss resistance of the antenna , loss p r. In this way the gain in (5) is extended to the general case ofan array of elements with efficiency

Figure 2 .

 2 Figure 2. Gain from full-wave simulations for 2,3 and 4 electrical dipoles. The dashed lines represent gain for maximum directivity.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to thank Dr. HDR P. Pouliguen and Dr. P. Potier for their useful suggestions and comments on the work presented in this manuscript. This work is partially supported by the DGA (Direction générale de l'armement).


Laurent Maxit

Mathieu Aucejo

Jean-Louis Guyader

Modelling of sound transmission through ship structures using the Patch Transfer Functions approach

Keywords: fluid-structure interaction, heavy fluid, numerical methods

Finite Element model can be used to predict the vibro-acoustic behaviour of elastic structures coupled by water filled cavities. These calculations can be time consuming due to the large size of the problem. To overcome this drawback, one proposes to use the Patch Transfer Functions (PTF) approach to partition the global problem in different sub-problems. Then, one studies different manners of partitioning the problem and different approaches to estimate the PTF of each sub-problem. One will show that the partitioning outside the near field of the structures permits to reduce the number of patches for frequencies below the critical frequency. On another hand, a non standard modal expansion based on a symmetrical formulation of the fluid-structure problem permit to calculate the PTF with enough accuracy to ensure the convergence the PTF method and to save computing time compared to direct resolution. This approach is an efficient tool for modelling of sound transmission through ship structures in the mid-frequency for instance.

INTRODUCTION

The modeling of the interaction between an elastic structure and water filled cavities is of interest in many applications, especially in the nuclear and the naval industries. The finite element methods and boundary element analyses are relevant in an industrial context to model fluid-structure interaction since they allow considering the structures and interfaces of arbitrary shapes. However, these models lead to non-symmetric matrices and the number of degrees of freedom to be taken into account (ie the number of unknowns) increases rapidly with frequency. The direct solution of the corresponding linear system may then be too time-consuming. Alternative methods [START_REF] Roy | Impact of residual modes in structural dynamics[END_REF][START_REF] Roy | Efficient Computation of the Radiated Sound Power of Vibrating Structures using Modal Approach[END_REF][START_REF] Tiliouine | Sur la symétrisation du problème de vibrations des systèmes couples fluide-structure[END_REF][START_REF] Tiliouine | A numerical model for time domain analysis of dams including fluid-structure interaction[END_REF][START_REF] Wang | Displacemeent/Pressure Based Mixed Finite Element Formulations for Acoustic Fluid Structure Interaction Problems[END_REF][START_REF] Sigrist | Dynamic analysis of fluid-structure interaction problems with modal methods using pressure-based fluid finite elements[END_REF][START_REF] Sigrist | Symmetric and non-symmetric formulations for fluid-structure interaction problems: reference test cases for numerical developments in commercial finite element code[END_REF][START_REF] Ohayon | Reduced models for fluid-structure interaction problems[END_REF][START_REF] Tran | Comparison of Robust CMS Methods for Damped Vibr-acoustic Problems[END_REF] have been proposed to overcome this obstacle. Some [START_REF] Roy | Impact of residual modes in structural dynamics[END_REF][START_REF] Roy | Efficient Computation of the Radiated Sound Power of Vibrating Structures using Modal Approach[END_REF] use the modes of the uncoupled subsystems (i.e. in-vacuo modes of the structure and modes of the cavity with rigid walls) and the addition of residual modes to improve the convergence of modal expansions. Others [START_REF] Tiliouine | Sur la symétrisation du problème de vibrations des systèmes couples fluide-structure[END_REF][START_REF] Tiliouine | A numerical model for time domain analysis of dams including fluid-structure interaction[END_REF][START_REF] Wang | Displacemeent/Pressure Based Mixed Finite Element Formulations for Acoustic Fluid Structure Interaction Problems[END_REF][START_REF] Sigrist | Dynamic analysis of fluid-structure interaction problems with modal methods using pressure-based fluid finite elements[END_REF][START_REF] Sigrist | Symmetric and non-symmetric formulations for fluid-structure interaction problems: reference test cases for numerical developments in commercial finite element code[END_REF] consist to symmetrize the matrices describing the fluid-structure interaction in order to extract easily the coupled modes in a second step. In this paper, we propose to sub-structure the fluid-structure problem from the PTF approach (Patch Transfer Functions) [START_REF] Ouisse | Patch Transfer Functions as a Tool to Couple Linear Acoustic Problems[END_REF][START_REF] Totaro | Extension of the Patch Transfer Functions method to high frequency domain (sub-cavities decomposition)[END_REF][START_REF] Aucejo | Introduction of residual modes concept in the Patch Transfer Functions method to model the structure-acoustic coupling in heavy fluid[END_REF] for a frequency range well below the critical frequency of the structure, f c . This PTF approach is based on substructuring through surfaces divided in elementary areas called patches and it consists in studying each subsystem independently in order to build a set of transfer functions defined by using mean values on the patches, called Patch Transfer Functions. Then, assembling PTF by using the superposition principle for linear passive system and using the continuity relations lead to a fast resolution of the coupled problem. This method was successfully applied to address problems of acoustic radiation for the automotive industry. We wish extending it here to the interaction between a structure and a heavy fluid cavity. The principle of the method is recalled in section 2. The PTF approach making no assumptions about the strength of the subsystems coupling, we will discuss in section 3 the possibility of sub-structuring the problem in the near field of the structure or outside this zone. A basic analytical model allows defining a criterion that estimates the optimal position of the coupling surface surface in order to the pressure distribution varies spatially as the acoustical wavelength on the coupling surface. It permits to define the patch size criterion based on the acoustic wavelength that reduces the number of patches comparing to a substructuring in the near field of the plate. These investigations are validated on a basic test case. This approach implies the calculation of PTFs for a subsystem made up of a mechanical structure and a surrounding fluid. The computation of these PTFs is not easy, since the FE matrix associated to this subsystem is non-symmetric. To overcome this difficulty, a non standard modal expansion involving a symmetrization of the finite element equations of the fluid-structure problem is proposed in section 4.

PTF approach

Let us consider the vibro-acoustic problem as illustrated Fig. 1 on an academic case. An elastic structure is excited by a harmonic point force and coupled to a rigid-wall cavity filled with a fluid at rest. The global system is decomposed into two subsystems by cutting the volume through a coupling surface, S c . This surface is then divided into N patches. The position of this coupling surface and the number of patches will be discussed in section 3. To define the Patch Transfer Functions, each subsystem is considered independently. For the subsystem α (α= [START_REF] Roy | Impact of residual modes in structural dynamics[END_REF][START_REF] Roy | Efficient Computation of the Radiated Sound Power of Vibrating Structures using Modal Approach[END_REF]), a constant normal velocity α i v is prescribed on the patch i of surface i S ∂ , whereas a null normal velocity is prescribed on the other patches. One defines the PTF of subsystem α by: -the Patch Transfer Functions between the patch i and the patch j,

α ij Z : i i j ij S v p Z ∂ = α α α , (1)
where α j p is the space-averaged pressure on the patch j.

-the Patch Transfer Functions between the patch i and the point M inside the subcavity,

α iM Z : i i M iM S v p Z ∂ = α α α , (2)
where α M p is the resulting pressure at point M.

For the subsystem 1 which is excited by the external source, one defines also the blocked pressure of patch i, 1 ~i p as the mean of the resulting pressure on patch i due to the external force F. By using the superposition principle for linear passive and writing the continuity conditions on the N patches, we obtains (see [START_REF] Ouisse | Patch Transfer Functions as a Tool to Couple Linear Acoustic Problems[END_REF]) a system of N linear equations having the N patch velocities as unknowns:

(

)

[ ] 1 2 2 1 1 , 1,..., N ji ji j j i j Z Z S v p i N =   + ∂ = ∀ ∈   ∑ ɶ . ( 3
)
After solving this system, we can deduce (with the superposition principle for linear passive system), the pressure at point M of subsystem 1:

1 1 1 2 1 N M M iM i i j p p Z S v = = - ∂ ∑ ɶ , (4)
and, the pressure at point M' of subsystem 2:

2 2 2 ' ' 1 N M iM i i i p Z S v = = ∂ ∑ . ( 5
)
The normal displacement at point M'' of the mechanical structure (subsystem 1) may be deduced with the same process and using appropriate PTFs between the patches and the receiving point M''.

The PTF approach allows us to calculate the response of the global system from the knowledge of the PTFs of each uncoupled subsystem and inverting a square matrix whose dimensions correspond to the number of patches. PTFs can be calculated by different techniques depending on the considered subsystem (analytical, finite element, boundary element, Rayleigh integral, etc.). These calculations are performed on each subsystem, separately. Then, the computer resources for achieving these calculations are generally lower than those require for solving the global problem.

Position of the coupling surface

In this section, the position of the coupling surface S c is studied. This surface defines the interface between two subsystems. Since no assumptions are made in the PTF formulation on the subsystems coupling, it is theoretically possible to partition the global system by any fictive surface.

Furthermore, a parametric study has shown that the patches should have a size lower than the half acoustic wavelength at the greater frequency of interest (i.e. patch size criterion λ/2) [START_REF] Ouisse | Patch Transfer Functions as a Tool to Couple Linear Acoustic Problems[END_REF].

In the present paper, the structure is loaded by a heavy fluid. In general, in heavy fluid applications, the wavelength of the flexural motion of the structure is smaller than the acoustic wavelength, insofar as the critical frequency is very high. These two wavelengths will play a role in the fluid medium, depending of the distance from the structure. Indeed, in the near-field of the structure, the acoustic pressure varies according to the bending wavelength λ f of the structure. Thus, the patch mesh criterion has to be based on the structural wavelength. However, it leads to an important number of patches. On the contrary, in the far-field of the structure, the acoustic pressure varies according to the acoustic wavelength λ a . In this situation, a patch mesh criterion based on the half acoustic wavelength can be applied that limits the number of patches for frequencies below the critical frequency.

In order to define the portion of the fluid domain where one can assume that the acoustic pressure varies according to the acoustic wavelength, one studies the decay of evanescent waves in the fluid medium generated by an infinite flat plate equivalent to the considered structure. Based on a criterion of an attenuation of 10 dB of the evanescent waves, one obtains a minimal distance defined by:

2 0 2 lim 2 ) 10 ln( k k Z f - = , ( 6
)
where f k , is the wavenumber of bending of the structure and 0 k , the acoustic wavenumber at the considered frequency.

To illustrate this discussion, one considers the test case shown on Fig. 1. It consists in a rectangular simply-supported plate excited by a point force F and coupled to a parallelepiped water filled cavity (stell plate: 2m x 1.5m; thickness, 17mm ; material : water filled cavity: 2m x 1.5mx1m). One proposes on Fig. 2 the patch size criteria λ f /2, λ a /2 and the limit distance Z lim in function of the frequency for this test case. One can observe that if one considers a patch size of about 0.7 m, the criterion λ a /2 is well respected up to 750 Hz, whereas it is only satisfy below 60 Hz for the λ f /2 criterion.

Two partitions of the cavity are considered for the PTF calculations: -The first where the coupling surface is positioned at 0.3 m from the plate, i.e. at a distance of the plate greater than Z lim for frequencies above 50 Hz (see substructuring of Fig. 1); -The second where the coupling surface is at 0.05 m from the plate, i.e. at a distance less than Z lim , whatever the frequency in the frequency range [1 Hz -750 Hz]. PTF calculations are achieved for these two sub-structurings (9 patches on the surface coupling). The PTFs of each subsystem are obtained by solving directly the equations related to the finite element model of each subsystem (SOL108 in NASTRAN code). A reference result for this test case is obtained by a direct resolution of the FE problem of the global system. A comparison of the two PTF results with the reference one is proposed on Fig. 3.

This comparison shows that the PTF calculation with the first substructuring gives results very close to the reference calculation over the entire frequency range while the PTF calculation with the second substructuring did not converge. The same results are obtained for others points inside the fluid domain and for points on the plate. It may be emphasized that the coupling surface of the PTF calculation with the first substructuring is located at a distance less than Z lim for frequencies below 50

Hz, but the calculations converge at these frequencies because the size of the patches is less than λ f /2.

In conclusion, this result shows that a patch mesh criterion based on the half acoustic wavelength can be considered while the coupling surface is located at an "optimal" distance defined from Eq. ( 6). In this section, the PTFs of each subsystem were obtained by a direct resolution of the FEM equations, which were time consuming. We propose in the next section a non-standard modal approach for solving the fluid-structure problem related to the subsystem 1 (structure + surrounding cavity).

A modal expansion method for a fluid-structure problem

Let us considered the finite element model (FE) of subsystem 1 composed by the plate and the surrounding fluid. The formulation (U, P) model is written by (see [START_REF] Tiliouine | Sur la symétrisation du problème de vibrations des systèmes couples fluide-structure[END_REF]):

      =             -             - Q F P U M A M P U K A K F T S F S 0 0 2 ω (7)
where: -U and P represent the nodal displacements and the nodal pressure; -F are the nodal forces and Q the nodal volume velocities; -S M and S K are the mass and stiffness matrices of the structure; -F M and F K are the mass and stiffness matrices of the cavity; -A are the fluid-structure interaction matrix, and, the subscript T refers to the transposed matrix. This matrix system is not symmetric. Then, one can not directly apply conventional methods for extracting normal modes. To make it symmetric, one proposes applying the technique described in reference [START_REF] Tiliouine | Sur la symétrisation du problème de vibrations des systèmes couples fluide-structure[END_REF][START_REF] Tiliouine | A numerical model for time domain analysis of dams including fluid-structure interaction[END_REF] which consists in multiplying equation [START_REF] Totaro | Extension of the Patch Transfer Functions method to high frequency domain (sub-cavities decomposition)[END_REF] on the left by the matrix S as follows:

      - = - - I M A M K S S T S T S 1 1 0 . ( 8
)
One obtains the symmetric matrix system:

[ ] , 2 F X M K = -ω (9)
where:

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 , , , . 0 T T T T S S S S S S S S T T T S S F S S F U K M K K M A K M F K X K M F P A M K K A M A A M F Q M - - - - - -       -   = = = =         - + - +         (10)
Considering a FE model with lumped masses, the inversion of the mass matrix of the structure that occurs in these expressions is straightforward, avoiding the use of a numerical inversion process which consumes computational resources.

As M and K matrices are symmetric, one can write the generalised eigenvalue problem:

{ } { } [ ] . 0 Re Re = - X M K λ (11)
From a modal extraction method, the Θ first eigenvalues n λ and the associated mass-normalized eigenvectors n φ are numerically computed such that:

{ } 1 Re = n T n M φ φ , { } n n T n K λ φ φ = Re , [ ] Θ ∈ ,.., 2 , 1 n . ( 12
)
In a second step and in order to improve the convergence of modal series, one introduces residual mode shapes with the technique described in [START_REF] Aucejo | Introduction of residual modes concept in the Patch Transfer Functions method to model the structure-acoustic coupling in heavy fluid[END_REF][START_REF] Balmès | Theoretical Course Notes: Methods for Vibration Design and Validation[END_REF]. It consists in enriching the modal basis with "quasi-static" responses of the system for the different excitations, and then to orthogonalize the new basis. In our case, to calculate the PTF of subsystem 1, one considers the N excitations corresponding to the successive excitation of the N patches and the external excitation of the structure to calculate pressures blocked.

At a specific angular frequency ω c , one calculates the residual shapes φ i due to the N+1

excitations i F : { } { } [ ] i i c F M K = - ϕ ω Re Re 2 . ( 13
)
From these residual shapes, a new reduction basis P is defined as:

{ } 1 1 1 ... ... + = N P ϕ ϕ φ φ θ (14)
This basis is then re-orthogonalized with respect to the mass matrix, M and the stiffness matrix, K . α λ' and α χ , [ ]

1, 1 N α Θ + ∀ + ∈
are, respectively, the new eigenvalues and the new eigenvectors which are mass-normalized.

Then, to estimate the forced response X from Eq. ( 13) due to the excitation, i F , an approximate solution can be found in the new basis { } 1 1 ... '

+ + Θ = N P χ χ , Γ = ' P X (15)
where Γ is the vector of the modal coordinates.

To this end, this expression is introduced in Eq. ( 13) and the resulting equation is projected in the ' P basis.

By neglecting the off-diagonal terms of the imaginary part of modal matrices, and by introducing the modal damping factors, α ζ , α η and the generalized force, α i F defined as follows:

( ) α α α χ χ ζ M T Im = , ( ) α α α χ χ η K T Im = , α α χ i i F F = (16)
one obtains the modal coordinates α Γ : (

+ + Θ ∈ ∀ + + + - = Γ N j j F i α λ η ω ζ α α α α α (17) ) ( ) [ ] 1 , 1 , ' 1 1 2
The response of the structure-cavity system is then calculated from Eqs. For the test case described previously, one proposes on Fig. 4 to compare three calculations of the input patch transfer function of patch 1 of subsystem 1: a reference calculation obtained by a direct resolution of the finite element problem, a second calculation by the modal superposition method described in this section without considering the residual modes and finally, a third calculation using the modal superposition method taking into account the residual modes as described in this section. For these calculations, we consider the normal modes with a natural frequency below 1500 Hz (ie 100 modes) and the specific pulsation ω c for calculating the residual shapes is set to 314 rad/s. It can be seen on Fig. 4 that the residual modes can significantly improve the convergence of modal expansions.

A modification of the specific pulsation ω c does not alter these results as far as this one does not correspond to a natural pulsation of the considered subsystem. One emphasizes that the use of residual modes does not increase significantly the calculation times. These PTFs calculated from the modal method are then used in the PTF approach for estimating the global response of the test case. The acoustic pressure inside the cavity obtained from the PTF approach is compared with the reference results in Figs. [START_REF] Wang | Displacemeent/Pressure Based Mixed Finite Element Formulations for Acoustic Fluid Structure Interaction Problems[END_REF]. One can notice that the poor convergence of the PTFs calculated without the residual shape modes leads to significant errors in the PTF calculation of the acoustic pressure inside the cavity. On the other side, the use of residual modes yields results close to the reference result. A significant decrease in the computing times is obtained with the proposed PTF approach compared to a direct FE calculation.

CONCLUSIONS

One has shown that the PTF approach can be an efficient tool for modelling the heavy fluidstructure interaction. The optimal process has been obtained by substructuring the structure-cavity system outside the near-field zone of the structure and by using a non-standard modal decomposition for estimating the PTFs of the subsystem composed by the structure and the surrounding fluid. The approach can be used, for example, for estimating the sound transmission though bulkheads in the Sonar cavity of a submarine.

Figure 1 .

 1 Figure 1. Structure-Cavity problem and PTF substructuring.

Figure 2 .

 2 Figure 2. Patch size criteria λ/2 (upper) for the fluid medium (black) and for the plate structure (blue). Z lim parameter defined by Eq. (10) (lower).

Figure 3 .

 3 Figure 3. Comparison of the pressure level inside the cavity for three calculations: red line, PTF results with the first substructuring; green line, PTF results with the second substructuring; black line, direct FEM results (reference).

  was written to perform the calculations of the coupled modes and the residual modes in the MSC/NASTRAN code. It may be noted that this non-standard modal decomposition for fluid-structure system shows two damping factors for each mode, α ζ , α η . Their values depend on the damping factors associated to the structure and the cavity, and on the spatial distribution of the mode shapes.

Figure 4 .

 4 Figure 4. Comparison of three methods for estimating the input patch transfer function: dash-dotted line, modal superposition without residual shapes; dash line, modal superposition with residual shapes; solid line, direct FEM results.

Figure 5 .

 5 Figure 5. Comparison between three calculations of the pressure level in the cavity of the test case: dash-dotted line, PTF results using modal superposition without residual shapes; dash line, PTF results using modal superposition taking the residual shapes into account; solid line, direct FEM results.

laurent.maxit@insa-lyon.fr

mathieu.aucejo@insa-lyon.fr

jean-louis.guyader@insa-lyon.fr


Francesco Terrone

Ritamaria Bucciarelli

Andrea Rodrigo

Javier Julian Enriquez

Francesco Saverio Tortoriello

Ilaria Veronesi

Sentiment

; R Bucciarelli

; A Rodrigo

; J Julian Enriquez

; I Veronesi

SENTIMENT ANALYSIS: AUTOMATIC CALCULATIONS IN NOOJ ENVIRONMENT

Keywords: Scientific computer science, computational sciences, high performance computing, text production techniques, data processing in NLG. comunicación lingüística LSP, describir y validar científicamente las características, a través de conjeturas y Informática científica, ciencias computacionales, computación de alto rendimiento, técnicas de producción de texto, procesamiento de datos en NLG

niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

ANÁLISIS DE LOS SENTIMIENTOS: CÁLCULOS AUTOMÁTICOS EN EL ENTORNO DE NOOJ Resumen

La movilidad inteligente influye en la vida de nuestras ciudades con nuevas soluciones tecnológicas. Una economía impulsada por una inmensa cantidad de datos que nos permite hacer nuevos negocios. Abre un nuevo horizonte cultural y una nueva educación en la que el conocimiento se funde y genera osmóticamente nuevos conocimientos. Exploramos estrategias de enseñanza y excelentes habilidades, que pueden satisfacer las necesidades de la educación superior, como la última generación de tecnologías utilizadas en los negocios, la vida social y personal, así como en instituciones y colegios de educación superior.

El conocimiento es reformulado y las disciplinas adquieren nuevas connotaciones especializadas en campos científicos como la informática científica y distribuida y la lingüística computacional. El equipo de investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar las características de los sistemas de

Introduction

The use of synthetic communication, which includes fixed sentences or paraphrases of fixed sentences (pre-contextualized texts), is becoming more prevalent in the language galaxy. Linguistic resources that can ensure specialized communication are required for this type of communication. That is, models that are precise, but are created using terminologies that are specific to certain professional fields and reproduce a short semantics. The formal grammar and phrasing order are the most noteworthy features (Bucciarelli 2006, p. 24). The research question that the team asks itself is the following: What education and tools must a trainer of excellence use to convey knowledge? Will technical specialist languages completely replace traditional technical skills? Will we be able to overcome the dispute about the codes and the discussion of communication procedures that are perfect, punctual, on the other hand at the borders of the planetarium, and on the other, with obsolete and imprecise definitions?

In this research hypothesis, the team tries to validate the evolution of the ESP languages using linguistic techniques and explain their validations using irrefutable mathematical models such as: 1) Characteristics of the LSP-NLG-ESP languages with a scientific description of the NLG model.

2) Starting from the premise that LSP languages are now classified as ESP, the team scientifically explains their NLG production by proving that professional texts are not emotion-free and can lead to ambiguities in NLG production: will this be true? The pedagogical potential of corpus work was first appreciated by ESP teachers in this context, as per [START_REF] Bernardini | Corpora in the classroom[END_REF] since the corpus approach's advantage is its capacity to merge frequency data for all words in a corpus and the verbal context in which they appear.

Man builder text: phase A

The Mood Woman, the virtual director, is the symbol of our society in the intelligent era. The research's focus lies in the planning and decision-making of suitable conduct criteria for establishing the data collection model and for selecting the descriptive linguistic methodology lexicon-grammar [START_REF] Elia | Lessico e strutture sintattiche[END_REF], as it provides a description of the combinatorial mechanisms (morphosyntactic, distributive, and transformational) associated with specific lexical input. It is the phase in which people generate and transform a language for their functions, according to anthropology, sociology, and culture. He/she humanizes and becomes a language for the areas. He/she is the builder of his/her knowledge and uses descriptive techniques, grammars of the language being used, and then establishes criteria and characteristics. To put it simply, they develop a specialized LSP language for intelligent communication that is approved for both fixed and synthetic applications. For data collection during the design phase, they implement some linguistic structures and emphasize syntactic elements. Their identification of writing mechanisms includes the synthetic techniques of minimum sentences and keyword structuring.

No more forecast data, but certain irrefutable data. This is where the research intervenes to validate these textual aspects of the LSP communication, in the context of the topic, with appropriate examples on central themes of the syntax to conjecture or refute the proposed models. [START_REF] Gotti | I linguaggi specialistici: caratteristiche linguistiche e criteri pragmatici[END_REF] defines among the various denotations of special language… The term "special language" could also be reserved for those languages that, although they generally share the communicative conventions of a particular language, also have some that are not included in the common linguistic heritage. One of those languages, for example, is SEASPEAK (Gotti, 1991, pp. 6-7). [START_REF] Hoffman | Recent psycholinguistic research on figurative language[END_REF] describes the fundamental criteria that characterize specialized languages as accuracy, simplicity, clarity, objectivity, abstraction, generalization...... Our preference is to continue with synthesizing, fixedness, and homologation. We do not want to focus on cunning and instead try to define emotionality scientifically. In addition, for lexical and syntactic characteristics, the metamorphoses, according to [START_REF] Meeuwisse | Everyday realities and visionary ideals among social workers in the Nordic countries: A matter of specialization and work tasks[END_REF], should be consulted: .... Therefore, you get the double advantage of clarity by using the specific term and by reducing the ambiguities that arise, for example, from the use of pronouns, allowing you to be identified as belonging to the scientific or professional group that shares the language. Regarding the structure of these languages, it is observed that, from a syntactic point of view, the criteria of economy, precision and objectivity are strongly strengthened by frequent use of nouns instead of verbs and, always with respect for them, the reduction of time and modes, the preference for impersonal and passive ways to highlight events instead of agents.

Based on these premises, the research team returns to the design phase carried out by the LSP text producer and performs the following processes: identify the operator in a certain number of possible sentences, that is, identify and then submit them to their skillful use by describing the possible combinations of verbs with forms of names (experimenting with the concrete possibilities of the speaker). Structuring and de-structured tests of possible economic language sentences begin, and as a result, their calculating and substitutive effects are observed, such as: Carlo lets know Dino; N0 Vsupp. N1; Carlo is the informant of Dino N0 Vsupp. Det. N2; Carlo gives information to Dino, N1 Vsupp det N2. Certainly, it is only the transfer of a sample model of many marked sentences. In addition, a high rate of pre and post verbal pronominal effects such as: I am writing to inform you about Ppv Ppt V det V Ppt .I have the honor to inform you Ppt N0 det. V Ppo Basic phrase: Joe writes to Max N0 V det N1 = I write a sentence to you = change and dissociative use of the initial sentence = I still write to you = V Ppo, etc. In this phase of analysis, we can already define the validation of the criteria and characteristics of the ESP languages on the LG model because the minimum unit of grammar and semantics starting point of investigation on the LG studies is the Fs e From [START_REF] Gotti | I linguaggi specialistici: caratteristiche linguistiche e criteri pragmatici[END_REF]. The structure of these languages meets the criteria of economy, precision, and objectivity from the syntactic point of view.

It should be noted that the Fs is a grammatical and semantic context formed by a single predicative element (Operator-modifier -Name). Thus, the verbal operator and the use of superior lexical units are essential elements, which prevail for the construction of fixed sentences and meanings and because in the LSP lexicon fixed distribution combinations are preferred for the minimum or 0 of variability and co-occurrence between words and therefore with semantic atonicity.

A smart language with the following characteristics has already been scientifically defined by the research team, with homologation, fixity, non-compositionality, synthesizing, and emotional predictability.

Manufacturer and generator acronyms: phase B

The phase of data change is represented by the acronyms manufacturer and generator, and we employ computer environments that perform scientific calculations and supercomputing to aid in designing actions. During the elaboration process for converting LSPs into LNG, humans become formal constructors, i.e. they rewrite the text in formal terms. The language being reformulated results in the fixed sentence becoming a keyword and formal element of semantic unity. The automaton's role involves describing and defining itself as a language recognition or acceptor. As from [START_REF] Bertoni | Quantum computing: 1-way quantum automata[END_REF], a finite state automaton A is a system A = < Q, , , q0, F >, where Q is a finite set of states,  is a finite input alphabet, :

Q   → Q is the transition function, q0  Q
is the initial state, and F  Q is the set of final states. The function  : Q   → Q can be extended to  : Q    → Q as follows:     being the empty word, we let (q, ) = q and (q, wa) = ((q, w), a) for any word w    and symbol a   Thus, the language L(A) recognized by the automaton A is the set L A new grammar, new techniques, and a different symbology have been developed. But especially NLG coding techniques related to elementary design calculations and complex calculations required for instrumentation are being developed, such as environments and products where sophisticated designs are made using NLG languages. The analysis of text in the 'generation' mode can be done by using large dictionaries and grammars with a priori structure, to generate automatic paraphrases of phrases that are described by grammars, but not written texts. NooJ is a software that helps with language development and corpus processing. NooJ is the evolution of Intex [START_REF] Silberztein | Dictionnaires électroniques et analyse automatique de textes: le système INTEX[END_REF][START_REF] Silberztein | Text indexation with INTEX[END_REF]

(A) = { w    | (q0, w)  F }.

Web crawling and software crawler per data center

Web crawling is an activity that automatically and systematically explores the Web to search for content / documents to download. From the main html page of the interface, a user can create a web crawling session, log in and monitor the generated Internet traffic. A crawler (also called a web crawler, spider, or robot) is software that analyzes the content of a network (or a database) in a methodical and automated way, usually on behalf of a search engine. Specifically, a tracker is a type of bot (program or script that automates operations), which acquires a textual copy of all documents on one or more web pages, creating an index that allows, subsequently, searching and visualization. Extremely common use is made of crawlers on the Web; it is based on a list of URLs to visit provided by the search engine (which, in turn, is initially based on the addresses suggested by the users or on a list preloaded by the programmers themselves). During the analysis of a URL, it identifies all hyperlinks present in the document and adds them to the list of URLs to visit. The process can be concluded manually or after a certain number of links have been followed. For a database and data center production, we propose a safe index based on the Bloom Filter Count (CBF) to search for multiple classified keywords. The proposed scheme uses multiple algorithms to maintain and search for CBF, while a pruning algorithm is utilized to eliminate repeated elements and save space. In addition, the relevant scores are encrypted by the Paillier cryptosystem. The encryption of the relevant scores in different bits guarantees that they can withstand statistical analysis of the encrypted text. Likewise, since the Paillier cryptosystem supports the homomorphism addition of the encrypted text without knowledge of the private key, the main processing work in the classification could be moved from the user side to the cloud server side. Hence, the proposed scheme has enormous potential in mobile devices with limited resources, such as mobile terminals of [START_REF] Yao | Secure index for resource-constraint mobile devices in cloud computing[END_REF]. Secure index for resource-constraint mobile devices in cloud computing. IEEE Access, 4, 9119-9128... In this section, we present manifold algorithms for CBF. In our scheme, we will build and lookup the SICBF index by these algorithms:

There is an array C of m counters where each counter Ci is associated with i bucket of the hash table. We compute k hash functions h1 (sc), h2(sc)…, hK(sc) on each input item and increment corresponding k counters indexed by their hash values. The item T is stored in the list Ai associated with k buckets. As shown in

2: if (∪i K =1Chi(x) > 0) then 3: I = index of min {∪ k i=1Chi (𝑥)} 4: if (x ∈ A I ) then 5: return A 1 (𝑥)
Other authors may disagree with the hypothesis that the team has examined and described through a descriptive process. As in the technological society, the global citizen manages to transfer their anthropologies and cultural values even through synthetic communication, it seems to contradict the characteristics that have been validated so far, but it is also said that a good manipulation of the phrase can lead to success.

The text advertising the sale of emotions

Creating a semantic analysis of the automatic process of a text advertisement is not an easy task, according to [START_REF] Ingale | Automated Irrigation System[END_REF], and by presenting a specific example of the risks of producing sentences that are not useful for text construction. Textual analysis advancements have led to the recent interest in emotion detection in computational linguistics. The use of emotion detection in textual analysis is the newest, so it has weaker standard methods. In this way, we will deal with analysis or pattern matching technique, and syntactic driven parsing technique as regards Natural language processing (NLP). NLP is the computerized approach to analyze text that is based on both a set of theories and a set of technologies. It is concerned with the interactions between computers and human (natural) languages. NLP is presenting naturally occurring texts at one or more level of linguistic analysis for the purpose of achieving human-like language processing for a range of tasks or applications. Like this manner, as [START_REF] Wiebe | Learning subjective language[END_REF] point out, NLP applications such as information extraction, question answering, text categorization, and summarization could benefit from having knowledge of subjective language. Their method identifies potentially subjective collocations automatically, including fixed collocations and collocations with placeholders for unique words. The advertising message comes predefined with a flash of alliterative, dysmorphic, and phonic morphemes, as well as the fragile use of pronominal position, and images accompanied by sounds that convey emotions and that lead us to a fantastic world. Although it may seem utopian, it is true.

Humans calculate everything without realizing it, which creates an emotional resonance that can be explained. This is how the team is described.: the model presented is refutable according to [START_REF] Ingale | Automated Irrigation System[END_REF], because the calculation of emotion production is structured to produce at the reception the same emotions that come from the words or sounds of a pure heart. Predefined advertising messages arrive between a flash of alliterative dysmorphic morphologies, a fragile position exists in the use of pronouns because they are the predefined results of the techniques of writing fixed texts from yesterday and today. For the research work, the team has divided the calculation of production: calculation techniques and laboratory techniques. In the past, a man with an elementary calculation prepared the text in accordance with the defined model. Our approach to the emotional text involved a rhetorical calculation style and the use of phrase manipulation and word juxtaposition to create tone and sound, that is, syntactic devices and morphological changes were arranged according to the order of the sentences. In classical literature, the final position was usually reserved for verbs preceded by their complements, while the subject was usually given preference at the beginning (VS). This is utilized to highlight certain parts of a sentence or to produce a sequence of words that meets the needs of euphony or expressiveness. Latin has already taught us that word order is not unimportant: on one hand, it is controlled by specific habits and preferences; on the other, it is governed by considerations of meaning, style, or rhythm. The use of the verb in the initial position in a war chronicle is a consequence of this functional interpretation, the Bellum Africurn where it appears that the verb at the start of the sentence represents a clear approach strategy. This position arises when the sentence is not self-sufficient, but rather serves as a close statement, resulting in strict concatenations.

Accidit res incredibilis, ut equites minus XXX Galli Maurorurn equitum. 11 Hispania loco pellerent fugarentque in oppidurn (6.3). We use the same production techniques nowadays, but with instruments that are increasingly perfect for converting words, sounds, movements, and emotions. If calculated well, sound, and morphemic effects can be produced even in fixed texts when the speaker's phonology is considered, which involves an exhaustive analysis of words and sounds. This is to validate the transformation of LSP languages into ESP. The study ends with a laboratory analysis of cause and effect. The project focuses on the psychoeducation of the soul, ranging from perception analysis to automatic elaboration calculations. The team's demonstration shows that decoding is done using various techniques established by linguistic and professional codes, the emotional degree and tone levels of the communicative act are personalized by the mind. In fact, it is in the structuring of the text that the degree, level, and methods of structuring the text are calculated first. In this phase, it defines a precise emotion as love, and searches for words, sentences and uses and elaborates them, that is, a predefined message is projected, such as sheet music, writing, sound, signs, traction, brush, and so on. If we describe a tonal, phonic degree, the density of color and pressure, the deictic position, dictated by the soul at the time of perception, will make you rejoice and suffer, since this belongs only to man, to his sacred values, to his deontology and its values. Despite being predisposed to emotional messages reaching his/her heart, a man/woman can produce the same messages or likely matching the emotions dictated by the heart. The experiment will demonstrate that even calculated movements can elicit emotional responses. These statements claim that the soul's voice can be heard even by those who are deaf.

Let C be an elastic string of length l, density µ, tensioned by two opposing forces, applied to its ends, of intensity T. Think, for example, of the string of a guitar. If we pinch C, that is, we move one of its points P from the equilibrium position, due to the hypothesis of elasticity of C and the surrounding medium, the string oscillates and generates a sound (musical note) whose fundamental frequency is given by:

= 𝟏 𝟐𝒍 √ 𝑻 µ
This relationship establishes a link between the frequency emitted by the string and the quantities (length, density, voltage) that characterize it, so that by varying at least one of these parameters we obtain oscillations with different frequencies and, therefore, different sounds (or notes: LA f = 440 Hz). Let now us consider two chains C1 and C2 that have the same length, density, and tension.

Let us suppose we only vibrate the first string C1. After a short period of time, the second C2 string will also begin to oscillate with the same frequency, emitting the same sound (or note) as C1. To verify it, just stop the oscillation of C1 and you will continue to hear the same sound, this time coming only from C2. Hence, the phenomenon is given the name of resonance and the relative frequency, that of: Resonance Frequency. In doing so, we could say that the condition of existence of this phenomenon is that the two bodies have the same resonance frequency. Man/woman manages to create these conditions. This is the magic of a virtual world.

Lexical-algebraic grammar in the NooJ environment

Having to proceed with validation in a linguistic environment or formal coding of a new formal grammar and dictionary, and implement co-occurrence texts, we will move on to the realization of transformational and distributional analysis of the sentences tested in the chosen traits, with a local grammar and an electronic dictionary in a NooJ linguistic environment. Silberztein's work on Intex [START_REF] Silberztein | Dictionnaires électroniques et analyse automatique de textes: le système INTEX[END_REF][START_REF] Silberztein | Text indexation with INTEX[END_REF] under Maurice Gross at LADL resulted in the evolution of NooJ over a decade (1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002). Various types of linguistic descriptions can be formalized by linguists using NooJ: spelling dictionaries, linguistic dictionaries that focus on simple words, multi-word units and frozen expressions, flexible and derivational morphology, local, structural, and transformational syntax. An important feature of NooJ is that all linguistic descriptions are reversible, i.e. both a parser (to recognize sentences) and a generator (to produce sentences) can use them. Like this manner, in line with [START_REF] Silberztein | Variable unification in NooJ V3[END_REF][START_REF] Silberztein | Formalizing natural languages: The NooJ approach[END_REF], we can show and build, by combining a parser and a generator and applying them to a syntactic grammar, a system that takes a sentence as input, and which produces all the sentences that share the sentence the same lexical material with the original expression. The second one can be implemented in Nooj via the following grammar: This chart uses three variables $ NO, $ V, and $ N1. When analyzing the sentence, Mercy lives in you, the variable $ N0 stores the word, Mercy. $ V stores living $ N1 stores in you. The output of the grammar "$ N1 is $ V_V + PP of $ N0" produces the string Mercy lives in you. Note that morphological operations such as "$ V_V + PP" operate on NooJ's Atomic Linguistic Units (ALU) rather than just strings. In other words, Nooj knows that the word form is an instance of the verb to live. It can produce all the word form conjugated and derived from this ALU, such as the living. Here, $ V_V + PP takes the value of the variable $ V (ama), lemmatizes it (vive), produces all its verb forms, and selects those that have properties + PP. The transformational and distributional analyzes of the minimum sentence of the chosen triplet has a fixed formal code and represents the minimum unit that...

The digital text workshop in the NooJ environment

The lexical-grammatical and automatic text analysis: 1

NooJ is geared towards developing grammars processing large amounts of texts and therefore contains a full-fledged corpus processing module, indexing, annotation and querying of corpora is a basic functionality. Corpora's size is typically ………… Text can be imported in a wide variety of formats and a lexical analysis is immediately applied based on a robust dictionary module that has a built-in morphological analyzer. The result of the lexical analysis becomes the initial tier in a set of stand-off annotation levels containing at first POS and morphological codes as well as the result of any morphological grammars that carried out typical pre-processing normalizations of the text. This basic annotation, amounting to indexing of the corpus, can be enhanced with an arbitrary number of further tiers as subsequent syntactic grammars are applied in a cascaded manner…… 2

Transformational analysis of feature mechanisms and graphs are used to produce computations and graphs in the NooJ environment:

One of the most attractive features of the system that immediately appeals to users is the ease with which sophisticated grammars (of various levels of computing power) can be built in graph form and applied to corpora as a query [START_REF] Beesley | Finite-state morphology: Xerox tools and techniques[END_REF] (see, Figure 2, for an example). This feature alone makes NooJ ideal for teaching and rapid application development tool alike. The graphs have alternative textual notation in case that mode of definition proves more applicable3

1 Per la realizzazione dell'analisi testuale automatica è stato utilizzato il pacchetto software NOOJ, principalmente basato sull'uso di dizionari elettronici, grammatiche locali e automi e trasduttori a stati finiti (da qui in poi FST). Nel corso delle applicazioni del software, sono stati utilizzati i dizionari elettronici sviluppati dal Dipartimento di Scienze della Comunicazione dell'Università di Salerno, ovvero cinque dizionari del sistema DELA (dizionari elettronici di parole semplici e composte) ai quali è stato affiancato un dizionario elettronico specialistico del settore della comunicazione .

2 Max SILBERZTEIN1 Tamás VÁRADI2 Marko TADIĆ3 Open source multi-platform NooJ for NLP In accordance with the above, [START_REF] Silberztein | NooJ: a linguistic annotation system for corpus processing[END_REF] points out that one characteristic of NooJ is that its corpus processing engine uses large-coverage linguistic lexical and syntactic resources, which allows NooJ users to perform sophisticated queries, which include any of the available morphological, lexical, or syntactic properties. In this way, these Silberztein methods could serve as a basis for carrying out operations in the Linguistic, Physics, and Mathematics setting that would allow users to build broader mathematical, lexical, and semantic structures in these fields of study. As a great complement to these approaches, we could also make use of PeCo-Graph 4 , which is the software for obtaining and graphically representing the counting data obtained by the Visual Tools counting applications. It does draw on a simple PC application that, on the one hand, facilitates data collection and, on the other hand, simplifies its analysis and graphical representations. In other words, it is a multilingual application for computer databases.

Conclusion

The results of the research have led us to validate the moments of the design, because it is in that phase that the mind builds the semantic contents and prepares with methods, tools, and techniques the purpose, criteria, and tools of the communicative message. In this phase, the man/woman has innate competences that make it inevitable for them to transmit smells and perfumes, his/her land has history, anthropology, and culture, along with his/her ego, which is about his/her identity and acquired competences. In the first phase of design man/woman uses linguistic tools of his thought and manipulates language, using only his/er skills and identity, but above all prepares the text for use and purpose. He/she then moves on to processing and generates a finished product using complex databases and calculations. With proper design, the reaction will be cause-and-effect, just like written text, and the risks are identical. A professional emotional advertising text, if well produced, gives the same emotions, and invites us to buy the product. For this reason, Silvia Bernardini's thesis is irrefutable when she states that today the global citizen sends messages in ESP that is tonal and phonic in perfect technicalities. It is the grammar of feelings that prevails and guides the technique, but that makes us rejoice, love, laugh and cry, because it is only the man/woman, who can...

Figure 1 .

 1 Figure 1. A state diagram of a finite state automaton

  , which Silberztein worked on in the decade 1992-2002 under the guidance of Maurice Gross at LADL. NooJ allows the construction of dictionaries and electronic grammars and their application to large corpora. Thanks to these tools it is possible to build main linguistic resources: dictionaries and grammars. The language modules concerning economic languages have been performed at the Computer Pole of the University of Salerno dir. and is the evolution of the lingware developed for Intex. NOOJ, which is the natural implementation of INTEX. It is described by Max Silberztein in[START_REF] Bucciarelli | I Technology and languages 4[END_REF].

Figure 2 .

 2 Figure 2. (Implementation of type 3 grammars Published in COLI

Fig 3 .

 3 Fig 3. (Four items are inserted into CBF) Algorithm 1 Insert an item into CBF 1: CBF Insert Item (𝒙) 2: for i = 1 to k do 3: Ch i(sc) + + 4: A hi (𝑠𝑐) = A hi (x) ∪ 𝑥

Fig 4 .

 4 Fig 4. Syntactic driven parsing technique[START_REF] Wiebe | Learning subjective language[END_REF]

Figure 5 .

 5 Figure 5. Minimum sentence Fs

Figure 6 .Figure 7 .Figure 8 .

 678 Figure 6. Sentence processed LOC

Figure 9 .

 9 Figure 9. Transformational analysis: Pronominalization

IBIDEN pag


Francesco Terrone

Ritamaria Bucciarelli

Andrea Rodrigo

Javier Julian Enriquez

Francesco Saverio Tortoriello

Ilaria Veronesi

; R Bucciarelli

; A Rodrigo

; J Julian Enriquez

; I Veronesi

Linguistic Resources for Automatic Natural Sign Language Generation

Keywords: Corporal phraseology, Dictionary for consultation, Text former

ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Introduction

During an ultra-decennial experimentation conducted at the Department of Communication Sciences of the University of Salerno, in collaboration with other Research Centers and with the Laboratoire d'Automatique et Linguistique (CNRS -Paris 7), it was developed new methods for linguistic research. Syntactic vocabularies were constructed with the goal of providing the most complete and formalized description of a language through data processing. The research is part of the Grammar Program of the Italian Language and LS (L.G.L.I.). The theoretical reference model is represented by the grammar "to operators and arguments" [START_REF] Harris | The two systems of Grammar: Report and Paraphrase[END_REF]. The aim of this activity is to improve linguistic research methods and discover ways to use modern glottodidactic techniques in curricular settings. The inclusion of didactics is proposed in Work-Tools, which is Linguistic Resources for Automatic Natural Language. The user uses linear-dominant interactive models, ITS (Intelligent Tutoring System) models, and becomes a builder of their own knowledge. It acquires the potential of semantic and syntactic dimensions and the possibility of subjective expansion of the linguistic heritage, which will allow it to be unusual mobility in the linguistic space. The aim is to carry out a scientific description and production of a natural language to the analysis of the lemma and syntax speech, for a correct translation and trans codification production, which has a linguistic coherence found in applications in the sciences of information and communication.

Operating hypothesis

It needed to build a software that could solve the production of written texts; with the correct transcode from one natural code to the other, that is, the L1 native language to L2 native language of reception. It involved breaking the link between these two moments in the reformulation of the syntagmatic axes. The process involved manipulating international changes during the transition phase from L1 (which had socio-linguistic consequences for the speaker) to L2 with a faithful transcoding in the switching in how and with which reference models. The reference works of the study were:

➢ Max Silberztein for a detailed description of the sentence and for electronic versions, to whom I worked in the POLO DSN team at the University of Salerno. ➢ G. Aston for the usefulness of the fixed phrase in the production of dialogues. ➢ Rosalee Wolfee project with scientifically comprehensible corpus for ASL description and switching in American Sign Language.

Reference models: M. Silberztein

Silberztein's focus (1993) lies on the intersection of descriptive linguistics, formal linguistics, automatic language processing, formal informatics, and algorithmic texts. The NOOJ approach is used in this book to present a complete project on formal description of natural languages. It analyzes the representation of the basic language. According to [START_REF] Aston | Enriching reality: Language corpora in language pedagogy[END_REF][START_REF] Aston | Learning phraseology from speech corpora. Multiple affordances of language corpora for data-driven learning[END_REF], the phrase phraseology of fixed phrases in the automatic construction of speech is necessary. Above all, it can be a valuable aid for individuals, who strive to integrate into social life when we use a natural language (L2) that is different from their own. Phraseology is essential for fluency in speech production and reception, especially in cognitively/effectively demanding contexts like interpreting, there is substantial evidence. Phraseological items are limited in repertoire for most second language speakers because they lack knowledge of their lexical, functional, and prosodic aspects. Constructing speech corpora that align transcripts with audio from subtitled video materials is a simple task, and learners can use them to view and hear concordance data. Examples are provided for phraseological item documented in a one-million-word corpus of talks from the TED -Ideas worth WordSmith Tools [START_REF] Scott | WordSmith Tools (Version 5.0[END_REF]. Activities for performance with and by learners are also suggested, aimed at increasing their phraseological awareness and expanding their repertoires. [START_REF] Sinclair | Collocation: a progress report[END_REF] proposed that the 'idiom principle' is crucial to language production and comprehension, based on retrieving and elaborating phraseological items as wholes.

Reference model American Sign Language (ASL)

We developed an avatar that reflects sign language using reusable hand animation following [START_REF] Novogrodsky | The acquisition of synonyms in American Sign Language (ASL) toward a further understanding of the components of ASL vocabulary knowledge[END_REF]. Sign languages lack a universally accepted written form, unlike many spoken languages, and depicting them convincingly remains an open question. We aim to create a representation that could synthesize novel utterances from American Sign Language (ASL) as realistic and... ➢ Reproduce texts or fixed texts.

➢ Rephrase clear-cut and precise phrases, namely transferring and switching from one natural code to another.

➢ Translation in real time.

Thus, it was necessary to introduce DB-WT fixed phrases that are not compositional and have a production location where free phrases can also be included. The new digital-computational WT has several interesting moments from this experience. Enhancing the spheres of linguistic knowledge can improve IT output qualitatively. The software consists of the following steps.

Data storage

It allows for the development of a morphological parser called syntactic semantics that can make structural choices based on codes, such as the position of a particular component. Fixed structures and formulas are provided for analysis of different parts of the text, with the aim of starting transcription systems. So, you can get a taxonomy of phrases or textual parts that transforms and reduces the phrase. You can create a database for interfaces and implementations of ADT stack and FIFO queues by obtaining fixed structures encoded in acronyms, which will treat very useful algorithms and serve as a basis for many of the analyzed implementations and taxonomic collections. For example, we can talk about merge (join) operations of queues to combine two queues into a single queue, a type of data that can exist multiple instances, and that we can assign to variables. In this phase of archiving, we aim to evaluate the various probabilities of converting morphemes and phrases into smaller elements. Phonological analysis of the significant elements of modern language reveals that the grammatical morpheme is the pivotal unit of morphology. Hence, constant reductions of the same can be obtained. Morphological is the term used to describe the form's encoding and gathering of information in taxonomies, such as prefixation, suffixing, and conjunctions. The more challenging it gets to synthesize the important elements of the word, in terms of the lexical morphemes, we are referring to words that convey the message we are trying to convey. The reduction in code extends to the fixed structures and textual parts. Finally, in the archiving phase you can insert objects, such as documents, image files.

Production phase

At this point, the protagonist is responsible for guiding and building the text, which is composed using both fixed phrases (for recall) and free phrases. That is, he /she defines the content and manipulates the emitting language with that of receiving and opens the video object for comprehension in language, i.e. he /she writes the text composed of acronyms and phrases free from L1 in L2.

Transmission phase

In real time, the text is made with a simple reminder: reformulated and reproduced in full on the scroll bar, with the advantage of reformulating the axes of the language in the transmission.

Conclusions

It is a valuable tool for professionals, who want to work quickly on the electronic construction of a document, whether it is to translate an LIS language to written text or to reproduce spoken language in written language. As a support tool for students experiencing perceptual disorientation or absence, it can be useful in teaching. Not only does the software produce text but it also stores it in a short amount of time.

Figure

  Figure 1: Description

Figure 2 :

 2 Figure 2: Sign Language (ASL)

Figure 3 :

 3 Figure 3: documents and image files

Figure 4 :

 4 Figure 4: Production phase

Figure 5 :

 5 Figure 5: Transmission phase

Author's Considerations

It is utopian to think that you can translate from one language to another by thinking of retaining the semantics in its entirety, because there is always a lack of information in the languages. Only the translation of fixed, i.e. professional languages can keep the content intact.


Valentin Moulay

Caroline Freissinet

Arnaud Buch

Felipe Gomez Gomez

Cyril Szopa

Future in-situ chemical analysis on Europa and Enceladus: impact of salts on the detection of organic compounds in samples from hypersaline Tirez lake

Future in-situ chemical analysis on Europa and Enceladus: impact of salts on the detection of organic compounds in samples from hypersaline Tirez lake (La Mancha, Spain) with GC-MS.

Introduction: Europa and Enceladus, two ocean worlds in our solar system, are targets of high interest for astrobiology in the decades to come. Past space missions (Cassini-Huygens and Galileo) and recent observations with the Hubble Space telescope have revealed the presence of salts (sulfate and/or chloride) in the plumes of Enceladus and in the components of Europa's surface [START_REF] Mccord | Hydrated salt minerals on Europa's surface from the Galileo near-infrared mapping spectrometer investigation[END_REF][START_REF] Waite | Cassini Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer Enceladus Plume composition and Structure[END_REF][START_REF] Trumbo | Sodium chloride on the surface of Europa[END_REF][START_REF] Trumbo | A New UV Spectral Feature on Europa: Confirmation of NaCl in Leadinghemisphere Chaos Terrain[END_REF]. These salts could interfere in the in-situ chemical analyses of organic molecules present in the collected samples, thus limiting the chance to detect potential biosignatures in these worlds. In order to study this potential analytical interference, terrestrial analog samples to the ocean of Europa and Enceladus were characterized with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the associated pretreatment techniques (pyrolysis, derivatization and thermochemolysis) currently used for in-situ analyses of extraterrestrial environments.

Analog samples: Tirez lacustrine system is located in La Mancha, Spain. The samples studied in this work were collected from seven salty lakes in 2019. They are in liquid state and characterized by a high concentration of Mg, Na, SO and Cl. These samples are of particular interest for oceans worlds because of spectra obtained from Fourier transform infrared technique were similar to the Galileo spectral data for Europa [START_REF] Prieto-Ballesteros | Tírez Lake as a Terrestrial Analog of Europa[END_REF]. In addition, micro-organisms from the three domains (bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes) were identified in Tirez lake materials (6).

Among the numerous samples collected during the field trip, this work focused on ten of them for time of investigations.

Results: Thanks to the pretreatment techniques associated to GC-MS, numerous molecules were identified. For instance, with derivatization (dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal) all the components from triglycerides were detected such as fatty acids (Figure ) and glycerol. For some sample among the ten selected, phytol coming from the degradation of chlorophyll present in cyanobacteria was also detected. In addition, pyrolysis at different temperatures revealed the presence of furan derivatives, as well as phenol derivatives and naphthalene ones. For the two first, these come from the thermal degradation of carbonates and peptides respectively. In spite of the presence of salts, these few results show that we can identify molecules coming from the living with the usual analytical techniques used for space exploration. Perspectives: Numerous compounds from micro-organisms were not detected such as amino acids or nitrogenous bases. In the near future, we want to try to desalinate these samples in order to identified more organic biosignatures. In addition, specific extraction will be made, particularly for amino acids, in order to characterize their content and confirm or deny that the salts prevent their detection.

EPSC Abstracts

Figure :

 : Figure: Chromatogram of a derivatized sample (from Lillo Lake) with DMF-DMA after evaporation of the water. I.S.: internal standard.

26/02/2024 20:49


H Kurokawa

S Sugita

T Yoshida

Y N Miura

Y Cho

H Kumagai

F Leblanc

N Terada

H Nakagawa

S Kasahara

K Yoshioka

N Iwata

Y Saito

MARS ATMOSPHERIC NEON PROBES MANTLE VOLATILE CONTENT AND EARLY SURFACE ENVIRONMENT

Introduction: While Mars' surface has been largely altered by exogenous (impacts and atmospheric escape) and endogenous (volcanism) processes, its interior could record formation history. The potentially large volatile content of the mantle is also thought to have controlled the climate evolution of early Mars through volcanic supply of atmospheric gases and water.

Noble gases are chemically inert, and thus useful to study both the origins of planetary volatile elements and atmospheric evolution. Here we show that Mars' atmospheric neon (Ne) is a powerful probe for the volatile content of its interior, accretion, and early evolution (see [1] for details).

Atmospheric Ne probes deep interior: The Martian atmosphere is being continuously lost by atmospheric escape processes. Noble gases including Ne are removed chiefly by a process called sputtering. Based on a model validated with NASA's MAVEN observations [2], we estimated the lifetime of atmospheric Ne to be 60-100 Myrs. The short lifetime is caused by the low mass of Ne, which leads to a high scale height above the homopause and a high sputtering yield.

The lifetime of atmospheric Ne much shorter than Mars' age suggests contentious supply from a source. We estimated the supply from asteroids, comets, interplanetary dust particles, and cosmogenic Ne in crustal rocks, and found that supply fluxes from these sources are smaller than Ne escape flux (0.7-10 × 10 20 atoms s -1 , whose uncertainty is derived from those in atmospheric Ne abundance 1-6 ppm constrained with Viking measurements [3] and the homopause-exobase separation) by orders of magnitude. Thus, we concluded that volcanic degassing of mantle Ne is the most promising origin of atmospheric Ne.

Current mantle Ne content: The balance between the volcanic supply and sputtering loss enables us to estimate Ne abundance in the mantle. Given the maximum estimate for the total (extrusive and intrusive) magma production rate during the late Amazonian, 0.045-0.09 km 3 yr -1 [4], Ne abundance in the source magma was estimated to be > 0.3-4 × 10 -9 g/g.

The melt fraction of the source mantle is estimated to be 0.02-0.1 from the analysis of rare earth elements in Martian basaltic meteorites [5,6]. Multiplying the above estimated Ne abundance in the magma by 0.02 leads to Ne abundance of the current mantle to be > 0.5-8 × 10 -11 g/g (Figure 1a, left axis). The estimated Ne abundance in Mars' mantle is higher than Earth's, suggesting Mars' volatile-rich interior which could have affected the climate evolution through degassing.

Primordial bulk Ne content: Incorporating the large amount of Ne into the mantle requires an even larger amount of total Ne during the formation stage because of Ne's low solubility in silicate melt and incompatibility. We modeled Ne partitioning between the atmosphere, magma ocean, and solidified mantle in the magma ocean stage and obtained the primordial bulk Ne content to be >1-20 × 10 -9 g/g, which is >300 times larger than that of current bulk Mars (dominated by the mantle; Figure 1a, right axis). Origin of abundant Martian Ne: Because different Ne sources have different 20 Ne/ 22 Ne ratios, the origin of abundant mantle Ne can be constrained by its 20 Ne/ 22 Ne ratio. Mantle Ne is not easily accessible, but the balance between the volcanic supply and sputtering loss, latter of which causes isotopic fractionation, again enables us to relate the mantle 20 Ne/ 22 Ne ratio to that of the atmosphere (Figure 1b).

The isotopic ratio of atmospheric Ne ( 20 Ne/ 22 Ne) has not been measured in situ, and the analysis of trapped gases in Martian meteorites has suggested two possible values: 20 Ne/ 22 Ne ~ 10 and ~ 7 [7] (here defined as MM1 and MM2). Figure 1b shows that the former suggests the solar nebula gas or the solar-wind-implanted dust as Ne source, whereas the latter a chondritic source. Different Ne sources imply different accretion histories (e.g., the solar-nebula-gas origin suggests rapid accretion) and, consequently, different primitive bulk volatile compositions.

Primitive bulk volatile content and early atmosphere: Because the primitive bulk volatile content is now anchored by the Ne abundance, identifying the Ne source with the isotopic ratio (and thus the ratio of other volatile elements to Ne) would enable us to estimate primitive bulk contents of other volatiles as well.

If Ne originated from chondritic sources, which are relatively depleted in Ne compared to the solar nebula gas, the derived primitive bulk volatile content is larger. For instance, the H/Ne ratios are 1 × 10 8 and >2 × 10 6 g/g in CI chondrites and comets, respectively [START_REF] Lodders | In Landolt-Börnstein[END_REF]9]. Adapting the latter leads to the primitive bulk H abundance >2 × 10 -3 .

In contrast, if Ne originated from the captured solar nebula gas, the derived primitive bulk volatile content could be lower. Adapting the protosolar H/Ne ratio (4 × 10 2 g/g), the primitive bulk H abundance supplied from the same source is 4 × 10 -6 g/g.

To demonstrate that the two cases suggest quite different evolution scenarios, we computed the evolution of the primitive atmosphere (composed of H2, CH4, and CO) by using the XUV-driven hydrodynamicescape escape rate in Yoshida and Kuramoto [10]. While Model 1 atmosphere (the solar-nebula-origin case) was lost within 1 Myr, Model 2 atmosphere (the chondritic-origin case) remained for a few hundred Myrs to reach geologic ages (< 4.1 Ga). Note that partitioning into surface and interior reservoirs and mantle degassing are not explicitly considered but should have affected the actual evolution.

Future measurements of atmospheric Ne: The above discussion suggests future measurements of Mars' atmospheric Ne isotopic ratio and its abundance as important targets to elucidate Mars' accretion history and volatile content.

The most abundant isotope 20 Ne has not been measured so far due to the interference of 40 Ar ++ to 20 Ne + in mass spectrometry. Because of the difficulty, only the abundance of 22 Ne has been determined for Ne with in situ analysis [3]. Miura et al. [11] proposed a method to separate Ne from Ar using a permeable membrane. They experimentally investigated preferential permeation of Ne compared to Ar through polyimide and Viton sheets under the terrestrial atmosphere. This method would enable us to measure atmospheric Ne on Mars with future exploration missions.

Mars Sample Return (MSR) is another potential opportunity to measure Mars' atmospheric Ne. The MSR mission will bring back the headspace gas present over the solid samples within the sample tubes. The feasibility to measure Mars' atmospheric component depends on gas exchange with solid samples and potential leakage of gases in transit back to Earth [12].

Figure 1 .

 1 Figure 1. (a) Minimum estimate for mantle (left) and primitive bulk (right) Ne abundances as a function of atmospheric Ne abundance (blue). (b) Mantle Ne isotopic ratio as a function of the atmospheric ratio (blue). Adapted from [1].

Figure 2 .

 2 Figure 2. The evolution of the primitive atmosphere via hydrodynamic escape. Models 1 and 2 denote the solarnebula and chondritic origin cases, respectively.

53rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2022)


AGRICULTURAL ENGINEER & LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Fares Zemmeli
email: fareszemmeli@gmail.com

FIRST REPORT OF THE PLEISTOCENE MARINE FOSSILS IN THE REGION OF AMIRET EL FHOUL GOVERNORATE OF MONASTIR, TUNISIA

Keywords: Amiret El Fhoul, Monastir, geology, fossil, bivalve, gastropods

The Amiret El Fhoul fossil site, located within the Governorate of Monastir, stands as a remarkable repository of marine fossils, prominently featuring bivalves and gastropods. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the marine fossil assemblages found at this site, employing both surface and deep fossil sampling techniques to elucidate the diversity and distribution of these taxa. Surface sampling involved systematic collection in the fossil site, while deep fossil sampling targeted stratigraphic units through excavation and core sampling. The findings reveal a rich diversity of fossilized specimens spanning various geological epochs, offering insights into the evolutionary history and paleoenvironmental conditions of the region. Surface sampling unveiled a wealth of wellpreserved fossils, providing valuable data on the present-day distribution and abundance of marine taxa. Conversely, deep fossil sampling delved into hidden layers of sedimentary formations, uncovering a deeper temporal record of marine life and geological processes. This integrated approach, combining surface and deep fossil sampling methodologies, enhances our understanding of the paleobiogeography and paleoecology of the Amiret El Fhoul fossil site, emphasizing its significance as a key area for marine fossil research in North Africa.

INTRODUCTION

The Pleistocene epoch in Tunisia, spanning from approximately 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago, holds a treasure trove of marine fossils that provide glimpses into ancient marine environments and biodiversity. These fossils, found in sedimentary deposits across Tunisia, offer valuable insights into past marine ecosystems, environmental conditions, and evolutionary processes. By studying these marine fossils, researchers can unravel the mysteries of Tunisia's geological past and gain a deeper understanding of the region's rich marine heritage. The geological system in the governorate of Monastir is not very diverse. The geological outcrops are essentially Quaternary, followed by Mio-Pliocene marine and continental outcrops. The Quaternary deposits are essentially Pleistocene and are divided between marine and continental deposits. Holocene deposits are very limited in thickness and the surface area they cover and they are often located in small alluvial plains (A. Ouleslati, 1993) [START_REF] Foote | Principles of Paleontology[END_REF].

THE MONASTIR'S GEOLOGY

Through the utilization of this methodical process, we can efficiently navigate towards areas abundant in marine fossils, thus advancing our understanding of past marine ecosystems and evolutionary dynamics.

Deep fossil sampling

GASTROPODS FOSSILS

During the sampling process, fossils of gastropods, marine mollusks characterized by a single, coiled shell, were also collected.

These gastropod fossils, depicted in the series of images labeled as No.5, contribute to our understanding of past marine ecosystems and environmental conditions.

Gastropods are an abundant and diverse group of organisms, with a wide range of shell shapes, sizes, and ornamentation patterns. Seminal works by [START_REF] Kidwell | Taphonomy and Time-Averaging of Marine Shelly Faunas[END_REF], [START_REF] Stanley | Relation of Shell Form to Life Habits in the Bivalvia (Mollusca)[END_REF][START_REF] Vermeij | The Mesozoic marine revolution: evidence from snails, predators and grazers[END_REF][START_REF] Vermeij | Economics, Volition, and Evolution : The Case of Gastropod Shell Spirals[END_REF][START_REF] Vermeij | Gastropods in the tropics[END_REF] environments (e.g., [START_REF] Kidwell | Sedimentary dynamics of the intertidal bivalve communities: predicting response to sea-level rise and biotic interactions in a Holocene context[END_REF]Behrensmeyer et al., 2000). Such fossils serve as valuable indicators of past environmental conditions and ecological interactions (Brett & Baird, 1995), shedding light on the evolution of marine life and the geological processes that have shaped the landscape over time.

Furthermore, the depth at which these fossils are found provides insights into sedimentation rates and tectonic activity [START_REF] Montgomery | The buried foundation of the Yakima Valley, Washington[END_REF]. This interdisciplinary approach, combining insights from paleontology, sedimentology, and geology, allows researchers to construct a more comprehensive understanding of Earth's history and the complex interplay between life and the environment. The presence of marine fossils in Amiret El

Fhoul not only enriches our understanding of Earth's geological history but also highlights the dynamic interplay between terrestrial and marine environments over millennia.

These fossils serve as silent witnesses to the ever-changing landscapes and ecosystems that have shaped our planet throughout geological time scales.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the study of bivalves and gastropods fossils offers a window into the ancient marine environments and ecosystems that once dominated our planet.

Through meticulous analysis of these

FIGURE 1 .

 1 FIGURE 1. Geological map of the Monastir governorate, Tunisia (Carte géologique de la Tunisie).

  Recent and current alluvium clearly appears in the watershed of Wadi El Maleh and around the sebkhas. A good part of the Pliocene and Miocene outcrops appear in the southern center of the Monastir governorate. The vast expanses of Pleistocene deposits, often composed of limestone crusts, are favorable for the planting of olive trees, well known in the region. On the coasts, marsh coasts, sandy coasts and dune fields also appear (F. Brahim, 2005). The latter constitute areas favorable to wind dynamics, in particular the remobilization of sand. THE AMIRET EL-FHOUL FOSSIL COLLECTIONS Amiret El Fhoul (35° 26′ 39″ North, 10° 49′ 36″ east) is a Tunisian town belonging to the governorate of Monastir. It owns a fossil site for marine fossils (35.444214 North, 10.813326 East) dating back to the fourth geological period, which is the Pleistocene or Great Ice Age which extends from 2.58 million years to 11,700 years before present (Gibbard et al, 2009), these fossils include bivalves and gastropods. This site is 21 km from the sea, and it shows the extent of the sea's receding over millions of years since the fourth geological era.

FIGURE 2 .

 2 FIGURE 2. Map of the fossiliferous site of Amiret El Fhoul in the Monastir governorate, Tunisia (Zemmeli, 2023).

Figure 3 .

 3 Figure 3. Surface sampling routes for fossils (Zemmeli, 2024).

Figure 4 .

 4 Figure 4. Sedimentation of fossils (bivalves) in a soil profile (Zemmeli, 2024).

Figure 4 .

 4 Figure 4. Collection of different bivalve fossils from the Amiret el Fhoul fossil site in the Monastir governorate, Tunisia (Zemmeli, 2024).

Figure 5 .

 5 Figure 5. Collection of different gastropod fossils from the Amiret el Fhoul fossil site in the Monastir governorate, Tunisia (Zemmeli, 2024).

  provide compelling evidence supporting the significance of bivalves and gastropods in paleontological research. These references offer insights into the paleoecology, paleobiogeography, and evolutionary history of marine bivalves and gastropods, demonstrating their pivotal role in reconstructing past marine ecosystems. By analyzing the morphology, distribution, and assemblage composition of these fossils, researchers can discern patterns of biodiversity and environmental change over geological time scales. Thus, the plethora of references in the scientific literature serves to justify the importance of marine bivalves and gastropods as indispensable tools for understanding Earth's geological past and predicting its future. The discovery of bivalve fossils at soil depths of up to one meter presents a fascinating glimpse into the ancient ecosystems that once thrived in the region. This finding aligns with numerous studies in paleontology and sedimentology that have documented the preservation of marine organisms in terrestrial sedimentary

  the extensive body of research and references in the scientific literature, the study of bivalves and gastropods fossils continues to be a cornerstone of paleontological inquiry, contributing to our understanding of Earth's past and informing our efforts to conserve and protect marine ecosystems in the present and future.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I acknowledge the role of divine guidance in the fulfillment of my ambitions. Gratitude extends to all who have aided and inspired me, fostering my advancement. Even those who posed obstacles merit appreciation, as their challenges have fueled my determination to pursue excellence and progress steadfastly toward my goals.


Jean-Marie Bonny Agroresonance

Advancing from MRI Biomarkers to an Integrative Exploration of the Gut-Brain Axis in Parkinson Disease: Past, Present, and Future Directions

INRAE objectives

Why is MRI highly beneficial for extracting biomarkers of human brain disorders?

Multi-parametric From biomarkers to the diet Could dietary supplements potentially enhance the quality of life for individuals with PD ?

p. 17 Preliminary results / Behavior

Motor symptoms appearance at 45 DPI French-Gut

Human data

• Efforts must be made to minimize the impact of confounding variables • Increased degrees of freedom necessitate extensive databases that adhere to the FAIR principles

People••

  8200 agents = 2000 scientists / 3000 engineers National research public institute • Agriculture, Food and Environment • Many overlapping themes • Food / Global health "The goal is to understand the links between human health, food, and the environment to improve the sustainability of food production, food health benefits, and the accessibility of healthy diets" Genetic predisposition factors • Environmental factors Increased risk for exposition to • Pesticides PD was recognized as an occupational disease in agriculture professionals in France in 2012 • MPTP analogs Contaminant of illicit narcotics • Metals e.g. Manganese intoxication of minors See Ball et al. (2019) 10.3389/fneur.2019.00218 p. 4 CEFIPRA India-France joint meeting 20/2/24 How do diet intersect with PD ? Decreased risk for • General healthy dietary patterns • Mediterranean diet • MIND diet Hybrid of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and the Mediterranean diet • Intake of berries Beneficial for women but not for men See Knight et al. (2022) 10.3390/nu14214472… also coffee and tobacco/nicotine !

••••

  like to do … See e.g. Péran et al. (2018) 10.1002/mds.27307RESEARCH See e.g. Gore et al (2023) 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102359 Increase from 30 to 100 % in the substantia nigra (SN) of PD patients • Iron storage oxidative stress / aggregation of alpha-synuclein • Cause or a consequence of neuronal loss ? SN location from Zhang et al. (2017) 10.7554/eLife.26653 See Foley (2022) 10.1007/s00702-022-02505-5 p. 10 CEFIPRA India-France joint meeting 20/2/24 MRI of iron Iron • Different chemical forms • Paramagnetic ions T2* apparent relaxation time • 𝑅2 * = Τ 1 𝑇2 * = 𝑅2 * 𝑏 + 𝑘 𝐼𝑟𝑜𝑛 • 𝑅2 * can be mapped within all the brain • 𝑘 = relaxivity / magnetic field dependent Longitudinal study = more specificity i.e. Keep the between session variations of 𝑅2 * b small • ∆𝑅2 * = 𝑅2 * 1 -𝑅2 * 0 >0 in SN of PD patients • Correlated with the difference of disease rating scales i.e. UPDRS 1 -UPDRS 0 For more details see Ulla et al. (2013) 10.1371/journal.pone.Between-subject SD(𝑅2 * )~20% in SN mostly independent of the disease In the basal ganglia ROIs, between-subject variations are highly correlated ! • Intrasubject quantitative referencing method to reduce these non-specific variations For more details see Khedder et al. (2022) 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103231 p. 16 CEFIPRA India-France joint meeting 20/2/24

••

  Dysbiosis = Alteration in the gut microbiota • Constipation / Highly prevalent ~87 % • Gut inflammation • Increased permeability of colon • α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates in the GI tract Two subtypes of PD = "Gut first" or "Brain first" GI signs, cause or consequences of PD ? Evidences for bidirectional pathways Recovery of an healthy microbiota = An exciting therapeutic avenue … digestible ingredients Symbiotics = Pro + Pre-biotics Many studies • 31 clinical / 207 preclinical studies / 9 meta-analysis on PUBMED • Positive tendency for an efficacy But more consistency is needed in study design • Power / number of subject • Supplement parameters e.g. strains, duration, dosage p. 19 CEFIPRA India-France joint meeting 20/2/24 MENTAL project / Pre-clinical strategy Rat model • Low inter-subject variability in a cohort • Longitudinal following • Intra-cerebral injection of adeno-associated viruses to express α-syn in the rat midbrain see Huntington et al. (2021) 10.14336/AD.2021.0517Integration of multi-omic/-modal data• Extensive characterization of gut-brain axis • Same approach before and after administration of the supplement in the diet • Integration using explainable Experience on axenic Fisher 344 rats for performing transfer of microbiotaNo data of α-syn Fisher 344 rat model of PD

•

  Valuable tools for elucidating physiopathological mechanisms • AND establishing proof-of-principle for potential dietary supplement therapies BUT • Preclinical tools often lag behind those available for human investigation, • Models merely serve as proxies for human diseases

	Animal models
	• Clinical and genetic data	Controls included

• Microbiota p. 28 CEFIPRA India-France joint meeting 20/2/24 Conclusions