Dr Md Zillur
email: zillurmd@gmail.com

Head, Rahman Librarian
email: rahman@ciu.edu.bd

The emergence of 'Open Science' to promote research using Open Access Repositories: Experience of University Libraries of Bangladesh

Keywords: Current Practices, Emerging Trends, University Library, Open Science, Open Access, Repositories, Intellectual Capital, Knowledge Management, Bangladesh

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to discuss the movement of 'Open Science' to foster research using Open Access Repositories: Perspectives of University Libraries of Bangladesh. OS movement has largely adopted in European countries recently but in low middle income countries like Bangladesh OS activities are moving slowly. Realizing its importance for university and research potentiality, university libraries of Bangladesh permitting OA to their content for internal and external members. This research attempts to explore the extent of OS activities through OA repositories and provides necessary recommendation for future development in Bangladesh.

Design

/methodology/approach -This paper begins with an overview of intellectual capital management strategies currently being employed by universities. It moves into a discussion of the impact of open science instruments in research to establish more vibration in open methodology. It closes with a set of recommendation in implementing Open Science in university repositories and plans to ensure that the research output of the university remains accessible over the long term. Data have been collected through survey questionnaire in preparing PhD dissertation in Dhaka University during the year of 2013. Informal interview with the senior professionals in the filed were also conducted and other part of this article has been adapted through intensive literature review and observation. Findings -The result reveals the fact that most of the public/government and private university libraries have failed to meet the requirement of open science concept. Due to insignificant research and field based educational activities there are huge lacking in generation of sufficient number of electronic content. Existing intellectual capitals are managed with some kind of open sourced library software without maintaining minimum standard and policies country wide. In maximum cases content has been preserved for the internal use rather than ensuring open access to the external users.

Research limitations/implications -Academic libraries in tertiary level of education fall into many categories in Bangladesh. These are degree awarding public/government and private universities and colleges under National Universities and Intuitions and Open University. This research concentrates on public/government and private university libraries leaving all other categories. Strategic sampling has been made from 130 universities though a larger numbers of sample could have been produced better result.

Practical implications -Draws a clear indication for adaptation of open science as an instruments of research development national wide and provides necessary suggestion for improvement the situation. Hence, policy makers, library professionals, researchers and students might have been getting a better understanding from the findings of this paper.

Introduction

The advent of the World Wide Web and associated technologies has brought an explosion of free online information, which has had a deep impact on most aspects of our daily lives [START_REF] Hendriks | Why share knowledge?' The influence of ICT on the motivation for knowledge sharing[END_REF][START_REF] Morrison | A taxonomic analysis of what World Wide Web activities significantly impact people's decisions and actions[END_REF][START_REF] Destro-Bisol | Perspectives on Open Science and scientific data sharing: an interdisciplinary workshop[END_REF]. Internet has become a common tool for mankind by which information are shared saving procuring cost among the intellectual community to reduce gap between developed and developing countries. Open Science is a social movement in the realm of WWW to exchange knowledge and research advancement around the world. "Open Science (OS) offers researchers tools and workflows for transparency, reproducibility, dissemination and transfer of new knowledge [START_REF] Grigorov | Winning Horizon 2020 with Open Science[END_REF]." OS impart contents in digital, online, free of charge for everyone with an internet connection and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions [START_REF] Suber | Removing the Barriers to Research: An Introduction to Open Access for Librarians[END_REF]. It includes practices such as: "publishing open research, campaigning for open access, encouraging scientists to practice open notebook science, and generally making it easier to publish and communicate scientific knowledge (Wikipedia)." OS movement has largely adopted in European countries recently but in low middle income countries like Bangladesh OS activities are moving slowly. Realizing its importance for university and research potentiality, university libraries of Bangladesh permitting OA to their content for internal and external members. This research attempts to explore the extent of OS activities through OA repositories and provides necessary recommendation for future development in Bangladesh.

Open science means opening up the research process by making all of its outcomes, and the way in which these outcomes were achieved, publicly available on the World Wide Web [START_REF] Kraker | The case for an open science in technology enhanced learning[END_REF]. Open science is understood as a process, something under construction, that mobilizes different interests and points of view which are, in some respects, antagonistic. It also allows for multiple (and sometimes conflicting) interpretations (Albagli et al, eds., 2015).

Purpose of the study

The purpose of this paper is to discuss 'Open Science' revolution in the digital age, provides an analysis of the current state of the art in Open Access Repositories, its potential in higher education development and research and present situation in the university libraries of Bangladesh.

Literature review

For the purpose of the present study this researcher reviewed relevant articles and found no research has yet been done focusing on the main theme of the present study in Bangladesh. Relatively a certain number of books and research articles have been found related to the automation and application of ICT and digitization of library resources. [START_REF] Rahman | Digital resources management in libraries: Step towards digital Bangladesh[END_REF] conducted a survey on "Digital Resources Management in Libraries:

Step Towards Digital Bangladesh" and found that libraries in Bangladesh are giving priority to born digital materials than digitally converted objects, and their main concern is to journals, e-books, and thesis databases. The university libraries emphasize on digitizing thesis, reports, and newspaper articles. In all these cases, there is an attitude to provide access to the resources freely (no direct cost) available in the internet and linked those to the either ILS, or library website or in the DRM system. The majority of the libraries has less materials to digitize, whereas, Old public universities, National library, National Archives, National Museum, and Public library preserve a huge collection of archival materials, historical documents, cultural documents, 100 or more years old books, pamphlets, manuscripts that are in the urgent need of digitization. [START_REF] Das | ETDs in agriculture: status and way forward with case studies from India and Bangladesh[END_REF] conducted a survey on ETDs in agriculture: status and way forward with case studies from India and Bangladesh and found that due to growing global awareness and interests about free and open accessibility and knowledge sharing (Open Access) among the researchers and research managers, till date about 100 research repositories have been established in India and 10 in Bangladesh respectively. However, when compared to the amount of research taking place in agriculture, very few online ETDs have been established in India and Bangladesh the only popular ETDs in agriculture in India is KrishiPrabha (now part of KrishiKosh) and in Bangladesh, Digital Archive on Agricultural Theses and Journal (DAATJ). These repositories are now primarily being made available online for the academicians and research community [START_REF] Das | ETDs in agriculture: status and way forward with case studies from India and Bangladesh[END_REF]. A survey conducted by [START_REF] Rahman | A Plan for Modernization of University Libraries in Bangladesh[END_REF] among 20 public and private universities of Bangladesh and found that 65% of libraries have no digital archives or repositories. One of the important findings of the study was that the extensive use of open source software in the university libraries of Bangladesh. The study reveals that 40% of university libraries use open source software. Due to the availability of Internet and communication technologies university libraries are extensively using open source and free software rather than using customized or purchased software packages. Open source software is user friendly and may be customized with minimum effort.

Bangladesh entered into IR activities in different university libraries in 2007 when BRAC University for the first time introduced IR project supported with fund from INASP using Dspace Software. Subsequently some private universities started IR project in their libraries. [START_REF] Chowdhury | Building institutional repositories in Bangladesh using Dspace: A new paradigm of scholarly communication[END_REF] carried out a study on IR activities in Bangladesh funded by ICDDR'B and found that 'ICDDR,B and BRAC University, a leading private university in Bangladesh, are now working on IR using Dspace software supported with fund from INASP. [START_REF] Alam | Digital library initiatives in Bangladesh: Current status and future challenges[END_REF] conducted a study on "Digital library initiatives in Bangladesh", twenty public and private university libraries were selected as sample and found that libraries hold some electronic literature on CD-ROMs and DVDs. 15% of libraries reported that they preserve their research output in electronic format. The study also revealed that digitization activities have been hampered for the cause of dual expertise particularly in prefect OCR level scanning, metadata extraction, subject analysis, searching and retrieval.

A massive works have been started under Higher Education Quality Enhancement Project (HEQEP) of Bangladesh assisted by the World Bank since independence in 1971. The project has been launched in May 2009 and include in the Government's Annual Development Program (ADP). A total number of 18 public and private university libraries and one Information Science & Library Management Department of Rajshahi University got this project from 1 st Round AIF to 3 rd Round AIF since the project tenure from 2009 to 2015 (UGC, 2015).

Methodology

This paper begins with an overview of intellectual capital management strategies currently being employed by universities. It moves into a discussion of the impact of open science instruments in research to establish more vibration in open methodology. It closes with a set of recommendation in implementing Open Science in university repositories and plans to ensure that the research output of the university remains accessible over the long term. Data have been collected through survey questionnaire in preparing of PhD dissertation in Dhaka University during the year of 2013. Informal interview with the senior professionals in the filed were also conducted and other part of this article has been adapted through intensive literature review and observation of the writer of the article.

Open Science what does it mean?

This new data-rich era of instantaneous communication creates novel challenges and opportunities for research, one that researchers cannot avoid confronting. The process of doing so is vigorously underway in many research fields that are making scientific knowledge and underlying data available to the whole scientific community and the public, owing to the combined efforts of researchers, science communicators and other stakeholders [START_REF] Neylon | Open science: tools, approaches, and implications[END_REF][START_REF] Boulton | Science as an open enterprise[END_REF][START_REF] Destro-Bisol | Perspectives on Open Science and scientific data sharing: an interdisciplinary workshop[END_REF].Within a view to share scholarly publication, open science movement has started with the advent of academic journal since 17 th Century (Wikipedia). Though the importance of Open Science initiatives felt long back, the term gaining popularity in last two decades during the booming of internet and www. The topic of "open science" is gaining ground not only within institutional environments for science, technology and innovation, but also in other contexts that, until now, were kept apart from these activities. As a result, it is mobilizing other social groups as interlocutors of scientific practices. In turn, the resulting transformations in the relations between science, technology and society integrate the new dynamics of production and circulation of knowledge as well as the new role played by these dynamics in contemporary processes of social participation and change (The Open Science and Research Handbook, 2014).

There is now a growing international movement for "open science", by which is meant making publication of scientific concepts and the data on which they are based readily accessible to all, together with procedures for sharing important data sets. This trend is not only limited to technical and IT aspects, but extends to epistemological, sociological and political issues [START_REF] Destro-Bisol | Perspectives on Open Science and scientific data sharing: an interdisciplinary workshop[END_REF][START_REF] Fecher | Open Science: One Term, Five Schools of Thought[END_REF][START_REF] Mauthner | Open Access Digital Data Sharing: Principles, Policies and Practices[END_REF][START_REF] Velden | Explaining field differences in openness and sharing in scientific communities[END_REF]

Instruments of open science

Open Science encompasses several instruments that have been extracted from several definition of Open Science. These are:

Open Access Repositories

The serials pricing crisis is now in its fourth decade. We're long past the point of damage control and into the era of damage. Prices limit access, and intolerable prices limit access intolerably. Every research institution in the world suffers from intolerable access limitations, no matter how wealthy. Not only must libraries cope by cancelling subscriptions and cutting into their book budgets, but researchers must do without access to some of the journals critical to their research [START_REF] Suber | Removing the Barriers to Research: An Introduction to Open Access for Librarians[END_REF]. [START_REF] Suber | Removing the Barriers to Research: An Introduction to Open Access for Librarians[END_REF] argued that pricing and permission crisis may be solved by open access. The impact of digital technologies is not restricted to science, but creates challenges for the whole range of research and scholarship. In the "digital humanities" for example, research often entails new methodologies and intellectual strategies that are nonetheless grounded in traditional humanistic areas of focus (the nature of authorship, continuity of concepts over time, the social context of artistic expression). The challenges not only apply to data that are born digitally, but also across large corpora of text, as well as visual, aural, audiovisual, sensory, neurological and even kinesthetic forms of information [START_REF] Destro-Bisol | Perspectives on Open Science and scientific data sharing: an interdisciplinary workshop[END_REF].

The term open access was coined by the Budapest open access initiative [START_REF] Boai | Budapest Open Access Initiative[END_REF]: "By 'Open Access' to this literature, we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself."

Elements that are shared through Open Access these are:

1. Open access journals, 2. e-print archives and 3. e-theses repositories are covered with an emphasis on the sciences including the physical sciences, mathematics and the biomedical sciences [START_REF] Fernandez | Open Access Initiatives in India -an Evaluation[END_REF].

Institutional Repositories

The archiving of electronic documents is a hot topic in many institutional communities, including universities, libraries and archives, museums, private businesses, and the records management industry (Teper and Kraemer, 2002). In Bangladesh repositories basically started as a subset of institution's digital repository which is "*…+ a digital archive of the intellectual product created by the faculty, research staff, and students of an institution and accessible to end-users both within and outside of the institution, with few if any barriers to access (Essential elements section) [START_REF] Crow | The case for institutional repositories: a SPARC position paper[END_REF][START_REF] Rahman | Current Practices and Emerging Trends in Preservation of Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) in University Libraries of Bangladesh[END_REF]. University libraries usually host the institution's local repository within their digital library in implementing IR project as a subset of digital process of the university library. Open access repositories play a variety of roles in the scholarly communication system, and these roles continue to expand and evolve. To date, their primary functions have been to

provide visibility and open access to research outputs, with a focus on the journal literature, as well as to ensure archiving of this material over the long term. Much of the journal literature is currently only available through subscription and/or pay per view fees, creating a significant barrier to the widespread dissemination and use of this research knowledge. To improve the visibility and impact of their research, many funders have adopted policies that require open access to journal articles. Repositories are a key infrastructure component to support these policies. Indeed, the vast majority of open access policies and laws requiring or requesting authors to deposit articles into an open access repository (European Commission, 2015). In the area of e-journals, the economics of publishing is based on the print subscription model. The incremental costs of going online are low enough so as not to affect journal viability. Open access has distinct advantages in providing more visibility and widening the geographical distribution of both readers and authors. However, promotion of these journals continues to be challenging as only some of these journals are indexed by well-known abstracting and indexing services. Moreover if they are not OAI compliant they cannot be searched by search engines as part of a universal archive [START_REF] Fernandez | Open Access Initiatives in India -an Evaluation[END_REF].

Findings of the Study

Open access to Bangladeshi research is still in its infancy. A few of Bangladeshi premier university are providing open access to their research. For example: Digital Archive on Agricultural Theses and Journal (DAATJ) particularly at the Agriculture disciplines and a2i project at the government level. Many universities in Bangladesh are at present lacking in infrastructure for establishing institutional repositories. Basic resource sharing and networking among the universities did not establish since 1971. A few initiatives were found but did not sustain due to non-cooperation of the participating institutions and proper policy at the national level. Core research activates in the field of applied science and sciences are still inadequate at the tertiary level of education. Universities which have established institutional repositories under the support of HEQEP and government funding do not maintain the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH).

Basically they are providing access for the institutional members only.

Open Access E-Journals

There is no forum which produces e-journal to enhance research at the university level. A few public and private universities are publishing print journal on various disciples as well as electronic version of the same copy and upload full-text at the university websites. Sometimes appeared full-text publicly accessible documents. "In Bangladesh, e-journal databases first appeared in 2002. Currently, 47 libraries are subscribing 37 databases (including 13 free of cost databases) through BIPC and providing access to the users. It is evident that libraries welcome e-journal databases immediately after its availability in Bangladesh [START_REF] Rahman | Digital resources management in libraries: Step towards digital Bangladesh[END_REF]."

Open Access ETDs

There are two types of Higher Educational Sectors in Bangladesh: a) Government b) Private. Private sector emerged after the Private Universities Act in 1992 and Government Universities started after the Dhaka University Ordinance in 1921. All the government/public universities have right to give MPhil as well as PhD degree on various disciplines but no Private University has such kind of permission. As a result, only public universities produce Theses and Dissertations (TDs) as a partial fulfillment of MPhil and PhD degrees [START_REF] Rahman | Current Practices and Emerging Trends in Preservation of Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) in University Libraries of Bangladesh[END_REF].

In private universities mandatory Internship Report (IR) has to be completed for the fulfillment of Bachelor Degrees during an Industrial attachment for a maximum period of 6 months. Other sources of TDs are voluntary submission by a PhD or MPhil degree holder faculty members after completing his/her degree in abroad and a link of Electronic copy where he/she has completed degrees. They usually submit theses in a form of print thesis [START_REF] Rahman | Current Practices and Emerging Trends in Preservation of Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) in University Libraries of Bangladesh[END_REF]. Theses and dissertations from all academic departments become part of the university's library collection. ETD has a great impact on thousands of graduate students in many universities as well as diverse researchers countrywide. Proper initiatives have not taken by any university yet [START_REF] Rahman | Current Practices and Emerging Trends in Preservation of Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) in University Libraries of Bangladesh[END_REF].

E-Resource Consortium

University Grants Commission (UGC) of Bangladesh has set up an e-resources consortium called the UGC Digital Library (UDL) as a sub-component of Higher Education Quality Enhancement Project (HEQEP) in 2012 [START_REF] Ahmed | The use of IT-based information services[END_REF]. Currently, 41 universities have joined the consortium (UGC, 2015). The UDL provides access to subscribed e-journal databases only [START_REF] Rahman | Digital resources management in libraries: Step towards digital Bangladesh[END_REF].

BanglaJOl

Some initiatives have also been taken by BanglaJOL (www.banglajol.info) with the help of International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications (INASP) to digitize all journal articles published in Bangladesh. BanglaJOL is a database of Bangladeshi journals, covering the full range of academic disciplines. The objective of BanglaJOL is to improve the visibility of the participating journals and the research findings they carry. All the materials available on BanglaJOL are free to search, view and browse. Copyright of all included matters is retained by the journals or authors of respective journals. Permission is required for any use or reuse of the content that falls outside the concept of fair use [START_REF] Chowdhury | Building institutional repositories in Bangladesh using Dspace: A new paradigm of scholarly communication[END_REF].

Open Source Software

University libraries preferred Open source software for institutional repositories and completing digital library platform. Among the open source software DSpace is used in almost all the private and public university library repositories. 'Libraries took the advantages of open source software for digitization within two years of its appearance (public version of DSpace released in November 2002). The library professionals played the key role for these accomplishments. It is an enormous achievement in the last decade, while computerization and digitization got momentum in Bangladeshi libraries [START_REF] Rahman | Digital resources management in libraries: Step towards digital Bangladesh[END_REF].' Other preferred software are SLiMs, EPrints, FEDORA, GreenStone, and Evergreen.

Recommendation

Lack of national level policy and poor infrastructure hindered the extensive implementation of institutional repositories at universities in Bangladesh. Basic infrastructure like making a common platform for sharing knowledge and research experience should be build up to foster the open access initiatives in the country. A common policy should be adopted to make harmony in creation and preservation of research output in the university libraries of Bangladesh. The problem of erratic power supply should be solved to facilitate consistent communication among the participating universities. Improvement of computer networking as well as data transfer facilities and bandwidth should be increased for smooth transaction and handling big data.

Appointment of library position by improving infrastructure is an urgent issue in the country now. Most of the university library are suffering due to lack of trained librarian and occupying the position by a nonprofessional staff. Professional recruitment should be increased as well as existing staff should be trained with modern tools and technologies. Bangladesh library professionals are lack in technical expertise for software implementation especially when additional programming is necessary. So, training on programming and software is necessary.

Library budget should be increased to a logical standard so that adoption of modern equipment, tools and techniques become easy. Mentality of the higher authority and internal management should be changed to adopt refurbishment as well as for new establishment. University Grants Commission (UGC) of Bangladesh may frame a regulations on the submission of theses and dissertations in electronic format for proliferation of institutional repositories in the country. National professional groups like LAB and BALID may come forward to take a leadership role in framing polices and guiding policy makers at the government level.

Conclusion

Amsen described that open access has been growing steadily over the past decade, and open peer review is becoming more popular. Many major funding organizations are asking for not just publications, but also the underlying data to be shared openly, and crowd funded researchers are also often incentivized to share their work with their funders. Meanwhile, citizen science has been around for over a century, and is only growing with novel web applications that enable everyone to participate in scientific research and drug discovery. Online post publication peer review is still quite new, and open notebook science has not spread very far yet, but both of these are steadily growing as well. So despite researchers' fear of competition, and a reward system that still favors publication in exclusive journals (where openness is not a main concern), scientific research is gradually moving towards an open science system.

Despite various limitations the university libraries are building institutional repositories though maximum of these are close access in nature. Though there is huge lacking in setting up research laboratories and holding national conferences, symposium and workshop at the government science and technology department and expected that the situation will improve day by day. The universities of Bangladesh can learn a few lessons from our neighboring countries if research to be promoted. To specify the role of librarian in accelerating promotion of the benefits of open access Fernandez specified some important factors and mentioned that faculty could help publicize the issues involved. Fernandez also mentioned that 'subject librarians could participate to a larger extent in these efforts as part of their liaison activities. Mediated deposit can be utilized where faculty non-compliance is an issue. Sharing of best practices among institutions could help generate more interest in developing research repositories.'

  Over the last 20 years, open access repositories have been implemented around the world and are now fairly widespread across all regions. Repositories provide open access (OA) to research publications and other materials and enable the local management and preservation of research outputs. They are a key infrastructure component supporting the growing number of open access policies and laws, the majority of which recommend or require deposit of articles into an OA repository (European Commission, 2015).

  and to governmental initiatives to open official data both to citizens and to entrepreneurs able to offer new data-based services. "Open science" is a very broad concept that encompasses several different practices and tools linked to the use of collaborative digital technologies and alternative intellectual property tools. Some inclusive definitions propose that open science embraces practices as different as open access to scientific literature, digitally-mediated forms of open collaboration, as well as the use of copy left licenses to foster reuse of scientific results and protocols (Delfanti e Nico Pitrelli, 2015). For example, FOSTER (2015), a project recently funded by the European Commission to set in place sustainable mechanisms for EU researchers to embrace open science practices, defines open science as "the conduction of science in a way that others can collaborate and contribute, where research data, lab notes and other research processes are freely available, with terms that allow reuse, redistribution and reproduction of the research." The taxonomy tree of this concept branches into several directions (see also Fecher; Friesike 2014).


Behrooz Rasuli
email: rasouli@students.irandoc.ac.ir

Assistant Professor, Mehdi Alipour-Hafezi

Sam Solaimani
email: s.solaimani@nyenrode.nl

The identification of criticalsuccess factors in the development of national ETDs programs:A literature review

Keywords: Electronic Theses and Dissertations, Critical Success Factors, Systematic Literature Review, National ETDs Programs

National Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) programs have been recognized as one of the most effective channels through which Theses and Dissertations (TDs) can be made available to academic communities. However, to establish a national ETDs developers need to be aware of the Critical Success Factors (CSFs). CSFs are the few key areas where "things must go right" for the program to flourish and without them the organization's efforts for the period will be less than desired. This paper aims to identify CSFs deemed crucial for the implementation of national ETDs through review the existing body of knowledge related to this topic. Based on categorizing and thematizing data, this paper conceptualizes a generic framework comprised of five broad dimensions (managementand organization, involvement, service, content, and technicalities) in order to make a national ETDs program successful. With knowledge about CSFs, stakeholders and managers would be more able to achieve organizational goals, make critical decisions, and allocate resources that are required to make national ETDs implementation programs successful.

Introduction

Sharing of information and scientific findings is crucial for the education, which in turn, leads to the advancement of civilization (Fox et al., 1997b). One of the influential ways for sharing information is ETDs. ETDs programs have beenincreasingly recognized as a vital tool for accessing information resources and scholarly communication during past two decades, and the number of ETDs programs, especially at the institutional level, is increasing significantly every year. Along with the growth of institutional ETDs, other types of ETDs (i.e. national, regional, and global programs) have been developed to optimize sharing of students' research findings. Among these types, national programs are more important for countries, since they disseminate national research output and indicate national scientific power.

However, managing ETDs or other scientific databases at a nation-wide level is a challenging domain. Developing a national ETDs initiative has been underlined by manycountries around the world and some countries have tried to develop their ETDs program. Nevertheless, establishment and maintenance of a national ETDs program is not as simple as an institutional ETDs program. Diversity (for example, various stakeholders, different standards, diverse backgrounds, several policies, etc.) makes establishing a national ETDs initiative more complicated than an institutional ETDs program. Therefore, different factors may affect a national ETDs initiative; these factors may force a program to stop or they can lead that to a long-term viability. Undoubtedly developers of ETDs programs want them to be successful in various aspects, and as [START_REF] Teper | Long-term retention of electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF] have emphasized, "the goal of most programs is similar, procedural variations impact a program's long-term success" (p. 61). Therefore, to design, implement, and manage a national ETDs initiativemore effectively, developers need to know the critical factorsfor a successful program.

In the management terminology, critical success factor (CSF) is a concept which includes different important factors affecting the success of a phenomenon. From 1960s academicians have begun to explore CSFs in various contexts, and [START_REF] Daniel | Management information crisis[END_REF] was the first author who coined this term in Harvard Business Review. Since its emergence, many scholars have tried to explain what the CSF is, but the Rockart's definition is more popular among them. [START_REF] Rockart | Chief executives define their own data needs[END_REF] provides the meaning of CSFs as follow:

"[CSFs are] the limited number of areas in which results, if they are satisfactory, will ensure successful competitive performance for the organization. They are the few key areas where "things must go right" for the business to flourish. If results in these areas are not adequate, the organization's efforts for the period will be less than desired" (p.85).

Obviously, these areas need top managers' attention to make a system successful. Although CSF was originally developed as an approach for determining the key information needs of top managers [START_REF] Rockart | Chief executives define their own data needs[END_REF], in recent years this concept has been adopted for various purposes, including performance evaluation, information requirements determination, and planning [START_REF] Peffers | Extending critical success factors methodology to facilitate broadly participative information systems planning[END_REF].

Though CSF is a frequently-used concept in this area, still one may ask 'what does the success mean?' Although success may be defined diversely from different approaches and in different contexts, but mostly it will be measured based on mission and goals of a certain system/corporation/organization/program. Since the primary objective of national ETDs -as most of them have joined the open access movementis the distribution of student's researches, it can be argued that it is the use of ETDs by different users (e.g. scholars, industries, or policymakers) that determines the success of such programs. For example, when [START_REF] Wang | Publishing student scholarship: exploring the ETD initiative at a medium-sized institution[END_REF]want to prove the success of the Indiana State University ETD program, they point out to 'page views per year'(p. 244) in their research. However, perhaps national ETDs aiming to collect TDs, preserve the most of the intellectual properties around a country, impact on target communities, as well as help policy-making in scientific areas. Therefore, it is important to measure the success of an ETDs program based on its goals and objectives, as well as to control those factors may predict this success.

While several studies have been done on requirements for establishing an ETDs program at institutional levels, there is a lack of knowledge of the critical success factors for ensuring successful implementation of national ETDs initiatives. Accordingly, this paper is mainly concerned with national ETDs as a specific type of information service and aims to identify critical success factors deemed crucial in the implementation and maintenance ofa national ETDs program.

Literature Review

CSF has been applied in many domains; for example, education [START_REF] Volery | Critical success factors in online education[END_REF], knowledge management(Yew [START_REF] Wong | Critical success factors for implementing knowledge management in small and medium enterprises[END_REF], construction (Sanvido et al, 1999), Internet-of-Things [START_REF] Solaimani | Critical design issues for the development of Smart Home technologies[END_REF]health (Ben-Zion, Pliskin, and[START_REF] Ben-Zion | Critical Success Factors for Adoption of Electronic Health Record Systems: Literature Review and Prescriptive Analysis[END_REF]. However, CSF are mostly studied in management area and is not very popular in Library and Information Science (LIS) domain. Based on the number of documents indexed in Scopus database1 , researchers from business and management field are more interested in looking for CSFs than other academic fields, 2 following by computer science, and engineering. Not surprisingly, a search on Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts (LISTA) retrieved only less than 40 documents about CSFs. However, during the past decade, LIS researchers have tried to investigate CSFs in various subjects in the field. For example, CSFs for knowledge management [START_REF] Chung | Research on the Correlation Among Critical Success Factors, of Knowledge Management, Executive Degree of Knowledge Management Activities and New Product Development Performance in Taiwan's High-Tech Firms[END_REF][START_REF] Kimble | Some success factors for the communal management of knowledge[END_REF][START_REF] Lehner | Knowledge Management Success Factors --Proposal of an Empirical Research[END_REF][START_REF] Mohaghar | Identification and Ranking of Critical Success Factors of Knowledge Management Using Fuzzy Quality Function Deployment Approach: A Case Study[END_REF][START_REF] Saniah Sulaiman | Success Factors in Knowledge Sharing Behaviour Among Student Bloggers[END_REF][START_REF] Sedighi | Evaluating Critical Success Factors Model of Knowledge Management: An Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Approach[END_REF], resource sharing [START_REF] Alidousti | A study of success factors of resource sharing in Iranian academic libraries[END_REF], information centers management [START_REF] Alwis | Success factors for the future of information centres, commercial and public libraries: a study from Germany[END_REF], Magal et al., 1988, Magal and Carr, 1988), usage of electronic information resources [START_REF] Millawithanachchi | Electronic resources usage by postgraduates at the University of Colombo: Identifying the critical success factors[END_REF], library gateways [START_REF] Calhoun | Library gateway: Project design, teams, and cycle time[END_REF], information quality management [START_REF] Baškarada | A Critical Success Factor Framework for Information Quality Management[END_REF], digital libraries [START_REF] Lagzian | An identification of a model for digital library critical success factors[END_REF], institutional repositories [START_REF] Lagzian | Critical success factors for institutional repositories implementation[END_REF][START_REF] Westell | Institutional repositories: proposed indicators of success[END_REF][START_REF] Thibodeau | If you build it, will it fly? Criteria for success in a digital repository[END_REF][START_REF] Shearer | Institutional repositories: towards the identification of critical success factors[END_REF][START_REF] Cassella | Institutional repositories: an internal and external perspective on the value of IRs for researchers' communities[END_REF], and information systems [START_REF] Chow | Determinants of the critical success factor of disaster recovery planning for information systems[END_REF][START_REF] Zhou | Examining the critical success factors of mobile website adoption[END_REF][START_REF] Rahnavard | Critical Success Factors in Implementation of Executive Information Systems: A Case Study[END_REF][START_REF] Ben-Zion | Critical Success Factors for Adoption of Electronic Health Record Systems: Literature Review and Prescriptive Analysis[END_REF].

In additions, LIS researchers have tried to explore critical factors affecting the success of institutional repositories (for example, [START_REF] Lihitkar | Electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) in India: a comparative study[END_REF][START_REF] Westell | Institutional repositories: proposed indicators of success[END_REF][START_REF] Giesecke | Institutional repositories: Keys to success[END_REF][START_REF] Shearer | Institutional repositories: towards the identification of critical success factors[END_REF][START_REF] Thibodeau | If you build it, will it fly? Criteria for success in a digital repository[END_REF][START_REF] Cassella | Institutional repositories: an internal and external perspective on the value of IRs for researchers' communities[END_REF], which can be considered relevant to the current paper. While each study highlighted different factors, [START_REF] Lagzian | Critical success factors for institutional repositories implementation[END_REF] did a systematic literature reviewof these studies and concluded that 46 variables under six factors (management, services, technology, self-archive practices, people, and resources.) are critical for the success of IRs implementation. They also investigate critical factors affecting the success of digital libraries and drew six dimensions of CSFs (motivation, resource, people, process, location, and time) and 36 potential success factors.

Although in the ETDs area authors did not find a study to investigate CSFs specifically, but there are some studies on institutional ETDs that pointed out some success factors. Table 1 shows important factors may affect the success of institutional ETDs.

Table 1. Factors affecting success of institutional ETDs

Factors

Author(s)

Intra-and inter-organizational collaboration (between different related departments in an institution, as well as with other institutions) [START_REF] Feuer | ETD on a shoestring[END_REF][START_REF] Jewell | University of Waterloo electronic theses: issues and partnerships[END_REF][START_REF] Early | Evolving in Collaboration: Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Workflows in North Carolina[END_REF][START_REF] Baro | Electronic Theses and Dissertations Initiatives: A Survey of University Libraries in Nigeria[END_REF][START_REF] Li | Campus partnerships advance both ETD implementation and IR development. A win-win strategy at Syracuse University[END_REF][START_REF] Perrin | Digital Preservation Challenges with an ETD Collection -A Case Study at Texas Tech University[END_REF] Preservation [START_REF] Alemneh | Theses and dissertations from print to ETD: The nuances of preserving and accessing those in music[END_REF][START_REF] Teper | Long-term retention of electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF][START_REF] Wolverton | The Development and Assessment of ETD Initiatives[END_REF][START_REF] Lippincott | Institutional strategies and policies for electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF][START_REF] Perrin | Digital Preservation Challenges with an ETD Collection -A Case Study at Texas Tech University[END_REF] (Open) accessibility [START_REF] Alemneh | Theses and dissertations from print to ETD: The nuances of preserving and accessing those in music[END_REF][START_REF] Lippincott | Institutional strategies and policies for electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF][START_REF] Shuto | Possibilities of networked electronic theses in Japan[END_REF][START_REF] Ubogu | Spreading the ETD Gospel: A Southern Africa Perspective[END_REF] Information resources management [START_REF] Alemneh | Theses and dissertations from print to ETD: The nuances of preserving and accessing those in music[END_REF] Hardware/software/technical services [START_REF] Ian | Promoting open access to scholarly data: A case study of the Electronic Thesis and Dissertation (ETD) Project at the Simon Fraser University Library[END_REF][START_REF] Edminster | Graduate education and the evolving genre of electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF][START_REF] Mikeal | Large-scale ETD repositories: A case study of a digital library application[END_REF][START_REF] Wolverton | The Development and Assessment of ETD Initiatives[END_REF][START_REF] Lippincott | Institutional strategies and policies for electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF][START_REF] Potvin | An Analysis of Evolving Metadata Influences, Standards, and Practices in Electronic Theses and Dissertations[END_REF] Policies [START_REF] Ian | Promoting open access to scholarly data: A case study of the Electronic Thesis and Dissertation (ETD) Project at the Simon Fraser University Library[END_REF][START_REF] Teper | Long-term retention of electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF][START_REF] Wolverton | The Development and Assessment of ETD Initiatives[END_REF][START_REF] Lippincott | Institutional strategies and policies for electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF] Workflows [START_REF] Ian | Promoting open access to scholarly data: A case study of the Electronic Thesis and Dissertation (ETD) Project at the Simon Fraser University Library[END_REF][START_REF] Teper | Long-term retention of electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF][START_REF] Wolverton | The Development and Assessment of ETD Initiatives[END_REF] Copyright [START_REF] Ian | Promoting open access to scholarly data: A case study of the Electronic Thesis and Dissertation (ETD) Project at the Simon Fraser University Library[END_REF][START_REF] Copeland | The development and promotion of electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) within the UK[END_REF][START_REF] Ratanya | Electronic theses and dissertations (ETD) as unique open access materials: case of the Kenya Information Preservation Society (KIPS)[END_REF] Students and academic staff [START_REF] Carbery | Implementing an ETD policy in WIT Libraries[END_REF][START_REF] Mikeal | Large-scale ETD repositories: A case study of a digital library application[END_REF] Content Quality (Schöpfel, 2013a, Fox et al., 1997b) Strategic plan (Schöpfel, 2013a) Communications with faculty, students, and policy making bodies [START_REF] Edminster | Graduate education and the evolving genre of electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF][START_REF] Mikeal | Large-scale ETD repositories: A case study of a digital library application[END_REF][START_REF] Wolverton | The Development and Assessment of ETD Initiatives[END_REF] Human resources [START_REF] Edminster | Graduate education and the evolving genre of electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF]Moxley, 2002, Wolverton et al., 2009) Stakeholder engagement and Institutional support (Mikeal et al., 2009, Schöpfel and[START_REF] Schöpfel | Providing Access to Electronic Theses and Dissertations: A Case Study from Togo[END_REF] Document workflow [START_REF] Mikeal | Large-scale ETD repositories: A case study of a digital library application[END_REF][START_REF] Wolverton | The Development and Assessment of ETD Initiatives[END_REF] Identity management [START_REF] Mikeal | Large-scale ETD repositories: A case study of a digital library application[END_REF] Project planning [START_REF] Teper | Long-term retention of electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF]Kraemer, 2002, Schöpfel and[START_REF] Schöpfel | Providing Access to Electronic Theses and Dissertations: A Case Study from Togo[END_REF] Costs [START_REF] Teper | Long-term retention of electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF]Kraemer, 2002, Lippincott, 2006) Budget and funding //isn't it part of cost? [START_REF] Schöpfel | Providing Access to Electronic Theses and Dissertations: A Case Study from Togo[END_REF] Marketing and create awareness [START_REF] Schöpfel | Providing Access to Electronic Theses and Dissertations: A Case Study from Togo[END_REF] System and organizational infrastructure [START_REF] Schöpfel | Providing Access to Electronic Theses and Dissertations: A Case Study from Togo[END_REF] Standards [START_REF] Lippincott | Institutional strategies and policies for electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF] Innovative and risk-taking approaches [START_REF] Feuer | ETD on a shoestring[END_REF][START_REF] Li | Campus partnerships advance both ETD implementation and IR development. A win-win strategy at Syracuse University[END_REF] Flexibility [START_REF] Li | Campus partnerships advance both ETD implementation and IR development. A win-win strategy at Syracuse University[END_REF] Beyond of institutional and national ETDs, Fox, Hall, and Kipp (1997a)believe thesuccess of a global ETDs program like NDLTD depends on adopting sensible strategies, suitable standards, interoperability matter, and social issues. At the other hand, Materu-Behitsa and Levey think the provision of full-text can guarantee the long-term success of theDATAD project [START_REF] Ubogu | Spreading the ETD Gospel: A Southern Africa Perspective[END_REF] which is a regional ETDs program.

In summary, it seems LIS researchers have focused more on technical issues than managerial, cultural, and social aspects. According to table 1, there are (at least) 24 possible factors that can be important for the success of institutional ETDs programs. Among these factors, scholars had a special emphasis on technical issues, preservation, intellectual property rights, accessibility, and collaboration among the related groups for the success of all institutional ETDs programs.

Methodology

The main objective of this research is to explore the CSFs that are required to the implementation of national ETDs programs. To obtain this objective, the authors conducted a systematic review ofrelevant studies which focused on the factors affecting the success of ETDs programs. Current literature review follows the process (Table 2) proposed in Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions [START_REF] Higgins | Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5[END_REF]. The authors identified potentially relevant studies through searching "electronic theses and dissertations" term and its variants in major applicable bibliographic databases (Table 3).

→→→→→→ Interpreting results and drawing conclusions

In addition to bibliographic databases, ETD symposiums are a valuable source of ETDs related literature, while presented studies in these symposiums are not indexed in the commercial bibliographic databases. Therefore, most of the presented studies were retrieved through visiting events' websites. Table 3 shows the number of records retrieved from bibliographic databases and ETD symposiums. TI ( "electronic theses and dissertation*" OR "electronic thesis and dissertation*") OR SU ("electronic theses and dissertation*" OR "electronic thesis and dissertation*") OR AB ("electronic theses and dissertation*" OR "electronic 183 thesis and dissertation*") OR KW ("electronic theses and dissertation*" OR "electronic thesis and dissertation*")

LISA -Library & Information Science Abstracts (ProQuest) ab(("electronic theses and dissertation*" OR "electronic thesis and dissertation*")) OR ti(("electronic theses and dissertation*" OR "electronic thesis and dissertation*")) OR su(("electronic theses and dissertation*" OR "electronic thesis and dissertation*"))

130

Retrieved studies presented in ETDs symposiums According to Figure 1, 635 records through database searching were identified for initial cursory. These records were downloaded and imported into a local database designed by EndNote X7. As records were downloaded from different databases, removing duplicates yielded a total of 329 unique publications. Furthermore, 491 records were found through ETDs symposiums searching and imported to MS Excel file. After initial cursory based on relevancy of studies to research question (factors affecting success of ETDs programs), 87 records from database searching and 68 records from symposium searching were selected to full-text reading. Among these records, 45 articles from databases and 22 studies from symposiums (sum: 67 records) were included in the final sample.

At the next step, synthesizing the data using categorization schemes, all identified possible CSFs (codes) were categorized in various dimensions (themes). Two CSFs models proposed by Lagzian, Abrizah, andWee (2013, 2015) were selected as initial frameworks for the categorization. These models provide CSFs for digital libraries and institutional repositories which are related to ETDs. However, during categorizing process, authors excluded, changed, and created themes to cover all identified codes, properly. After an iterative process among authors, CSFs framework for ETDs was structured. While research process will partially ensure validity, further investigations are required to validate and finalize the proposed framework.

Selecting relative keywords

Searching bibliographic databases (635 records)

Duplication removal (329 records)

Full-text reading (87 records)

Final sample (45 records)

Searching ETD symposiums (491 records)

Full-text reading (68 records) final sample (22 records)

Findings and Discussion

The analysis of various studies is performed to obtain the objective of this research. According to the literature review, there are various factors which can affect implementing national ETDs successfully. After an iterative process, authors propose MISCT model for categorizing all possible CSFs extracted from the literature. MISCT model is comprised of five dimensions of CSFs, including managementand organization, involvement,service,content, and technicalities. These five dimensions are defined in Table 4.

Management and organization

Branding [START_REF] Mikeal | Large-scale ETD repositories: A case study of a digital library application[END_REF] Policies [START_REF] Ian | Promoting open access to scholarly data: A case study of the Electronic Thesis and Dissertation (ETD) Project at the Simon Fraser University Library[END_REF][START_REF] Teper | Long-term retention of electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF][START_REF] Wolverton | The Development and Assessment of ETD Initiatives[END_REF][START_REF] Lippincott | Institutional strategies and policies for electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF] Procedures [START_REF] Ian | Promoting open access to scholarly data: A case study of the Electronic Thesis and Dissertation (ETD) Project at the Simon Fraser University Library[END_REF][START_REF] Teper | Long-term retention of electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF][START_REF] Wolverton | The Development and Assessment of ETD Initiatives[END_REF] Business model [START_REF] Rasuli | Understanding Electronic Theses and Dissertations through a Business Model[END_REF][START_REF] Anthony | A new electronic service for UK theses: access transformed by EThOS[END_REF] Staffing and personnel [START_REF] Edminster | Graduate education and the evolving genre of electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF]Moxley, 2002, Wolverton et al., 2009) Costs [START_REF] Teper | Long-term retention of electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF] Budget and funding [START_REF] Schöpfel | Providing Access to Electronic Theses and Dissertations: A Case Study from Togo[END_REF] Defining objectives and strategies (Schöpfel, 2013a) Planning [START_REF] Teper | Long-term retention of electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF]Kraemer, 2002, Schöpfel and[START_REF] Schöpfel | Providing Access to Electronic Theses and Dissertations: A Case Study from Togo[END_REF] Flexibility [START_REF] Li | Campus partnerships advance both ETD implementation and IR development. A win-win strategy at Syracuse University[END_REF] Intra-and inter- (Feuer, 2014, Jewell et al., 2006, Early and[START_REF] Early | Evolving in Collaboration: Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Workflows in North Carolina[END_REF] the content.

Technicalities

Technicalitiesdimensionrefers to a wide range oftools, skills, activities, etc. pertaining to computers or technology. Usually, technicians or someone from computer science can deal with these issues. Technicalities are the base for running an ETD database. Harvesting content from other repositories, data registry and organizing process, and making information available for end-users are some of main activities in this dimension. Technicalities are involved in different stage of designing an ETDs program, because such systems are relied on ITs.

Format [START_REF] Alemneh | Theses and dissertations from print to ETD: The nuances of preserving and accessing those in music[END_REF]Hartsock, 2014, Teper and[START_REF] Teper | Long-term retention of electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF] Migration and refreshing [START_REF] Alemneh | Theses and dissertations from print to ETD: The nuances of preserving and accessing those in music[END_REF] Software (suitability, functionality, and sustainability) [START_REF] Edminster | Graduate education and the evolving genre of electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF][START_REF] Copeland | The development and promotion of electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) within the UK[END_REF][START_REF] Yiotis | Electronic theses and dissertation (ETD) repositories: What are they? Where do they come from? How do they work[END_REF] Backups [START_REF] Edminster | Graduate education and the evolving genre of electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF] Interfaces [START_REF] Edminster | Graduate education and the evolving genre of electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF] System architecture [START_REF] Mikeal | Large-scale ETD repositories: A case study of a digital library application[END_REF] Interoperability [START_REF] Mikeal | Large-scale ETD repositories: A case study of a digital library application[END_REF], Schöpfel, 2013a[START_REF] Potvin | An Analysis of Evolving Metadata Influences, Standards, and Practices in Electronic Theses and Dissertations[END_REF][START_REF] Copeland | The development and promotion of electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) within the UK[END_REF] Repository platform [START_REF] Mikeal | Large-scale ETD repositories: A case study of a digital library application[END_REF] Document workflow [START_REF] Mikeal | Large-scale ETD repositories: A case study of a digital library application[END_REF][START_REF] Wolverton | The Development and Assessment of ETD Initiatives[END_REF] Scalability [START_REF] Looi | The inevitable future of electronic theses and dissertations within Malaysia context[END_REF] Security [START_REF] Looi | The inevitable future of electronic theses and dissertations within Malaysia context[END_REF][START_REF] Lippincott | Institutional strategies and policies for electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF][START_REF] Copeland | The development and promotion of electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) within the UK[END_REF] Searchability [START_REF] Looi | The inevitable future of electronic theses and dissertations within Malaysia context[END_REF][START_REF] Copeland | The development and promotion of electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) within the UK[END_REF][START_REF] Edminster | Graduate education and the evolving genre of electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF] Storage [START_REF] Looi | The inevitable future of electronic theses and dissertations within Malaysia context[END_REF]Yeng, 2003, Copeland and[START_REF] Copeland | The development and promotion of electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) within the UK[END_REF] Standards [START_REF] Lippincott | Institutional strategies and policies for electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF] The literature review reveals that technical issues dimension have more variables, which means the academic community has focused on this dimension more than the others. Probably the main reason for this focus is that the most authors and developers in ETDs field have a technical background and think a robust hardware and software infrastructure will lead ETDs program to success. Furthermore, the main driver to emerge ETDs in the 1980s was technological development, so that not-surprisingly academics refer to literature and practices of the first generations ETDs. Of course, developing technical infrastructure and proper software is the most important stage to start a national ETDs program. Since a national ETDs repository is a strategic intellectual asset of a country, it should be secure and scalable with suitable storage support to collect resources. Also, it collects ETDs from various institutions with different specifications, so that interoperability is vital to contact with heterogeneous systems, standards, and architectures.

In additions, users should be able to search in the database in an effective mannerand find proper formats.

However, technical issues are not the most important CSF in the other relevant fields. For example, [START_REF] Lagzian | Critical success factors for institutional repositories implementation[END_REF] highlighted management support as the most important factor for the success of institutional repositories. While technical issues are important in the first stage of developing ETDs programs, organization and managerial issues can ensure the sustainability and viability of programs. Controlling financial aspects as well as defining plans, objectives, procedures, and strategic cooperation are important to manage an ETDs program, in particular at the national level. In recent years, along with sustainability and viability issues of ETDs programs, more people from academic and practice are talking about management and organization dimension.

Another identified success factor thematized from the literature is the content dimension, which is referred as the core of ETDs repositories. Obviously, ETDs programs rely on providing content to serve their certain communities. However, this is the quality of content that makes an ETDs program successful. Since a national ETDs program has to compete with other information discovery systems, such as institutional repositories, ensuring the quality of content and information resources is vital for success. Hence, a national program should try to control selection, validation, and dissemination of ETDs. In additions, content should be indexed and classified based on suitable metadata models. One of the most challenging variables in this dimension is copyright, which should be addressed even before the start of every program. Intellectual property right is even more challenging when content will be collected and accessible through a national program.

Although other two dimensions of MISCT model attracted less interest of academics as factors for make a program successful, but they have a vital role in the success of a national ETDs program. Without the participation of (all) institutions around a country, a national program will never be established. Some countries prefer to mandate deposit of TDs (such as India and Iran), but others call institutions to deposit their content in the national program, voluntarily. While there are success and failure stories about these two methods, it seems work on effective incentives for institutional participation should be included in 'to do' list of national programs' developers. Offering valuable and unique services, for example, is an important incentive for institutions to participate in programs. Offering these services, also, can attract attentions of users, policy-makers, stakeholders, and other funding bodies to support a national ETDs program, and ultimately, to make it successful.

Conclusion

Implementing and improving national ETDs programs may help to build a stronger global ETDs program, which, in turn, facilitate sharing of information and scientific findings through an international database that is accessible for researchers around the world. Several countries have already started and some are going to establish ETDs programs for managing TDs in a better way and maximizing access to students' research findings. Establishing a national ETDs program needs time, human resources, money, etc., so that program managers need to know what are affecting success of the programs. What is important for successful implementing such programs can be summarized in CSFs. While they perhaps are informed of some important factors, there is no a generic and holistic framework to control CSFs in the ETDs field.

This researchinvestigates the CSFs in establishing ofnational ETDs programs. The paper presents the MISCT model under five dimensions (managementand organization, involvement, service, content, and technicalities) and 45 variables. Literature analysis revealed that technical issues dimension has attracted more attention of academics than the other dimensions. Since the current issues of ETDs program are sustainability, so that other dimensions, like management and organization, ensuring the quality of content, and offering proper services are critical for the success of ETDs programs. While national ETDs programs depend on content providers' participation more than institutional repositories, involvement is more important in such contexts, which academics have not paid attentions to this dimension very well.

Finding of this research no only helps ETDs' developers to establish and maintain programs, but also provides a framework for evaluating programs; they will find what is important for successfulness of the programs, then evaluating ETDs programs against MISCT framework will bring them valuable results. Since the surveyed studies have not pointed success factors out based on a specific order or the importance of them, the dimensions of MISCT model are not prioritized in this study. However, "prioritization is of great importance because it is always unfeasible to address all factors concurrently and they can focus on the most critical factors first and then gradually address the others" [START_REF] Chin | Identifying and prioritizing critical success factors for coopetition strategy[END_REF]. Although prioritizing factors can be investigated in future studies; for example, determination the relative importance of each dimension is possible through consulting a group of experts.

This researchis providing useful information on CSFs, however further studies in this area arerequired. While the most of CSFs are presented in MISCT model in this study, perhaps there are other variables that are not covered in this paper, because they have not appeared in the ETDs literature and they will be extracted from practice and real contexts.

- 491 Figure 1 .

 4911 Figure 1. Decision tree for sampling literature

Table 2 .

 2 The structured review process → Research question: What are the success factors critical to theimplementation of national ETDs programs? →→ Searching for studies: searching ("electronic theses and dissertation*") OR ("electronic thesis and dissertation*") in title/abstract/keywords until June 01, 2016 through bibliographic databases (Library Science Database, Web of Science, Scopus, LISTA, and LISA) and ETDs symposiums' papers.→→→ Selecting studies: Selecting journal articles and book sections which include possible success factors of institutional/national/regional/global ETDs programs.

→→→→ Analyzing data: synthesizing the data using categorization schemes.

→→→→→ Presenting results: critical success factors are presented in a table.

Table 3 .

 3 Searching for literature

	Database	Search formula	No. of records
	Library Science Database (ProQuest)	all("electronic theses and dissertation*") OR all("electronic thesis and dissertation*")	81
	Web of Science (Indexes: SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, BKCI-S, BKCI-SSH, ESCI)	TOPIC: ("electronic theses and dissertation*") OR TOPIC: ("electronic thesis and dissertation*")	79
		( TITLE-ABS-KEY ("electronic theses and
	Scopus	dissertation*")ORTITLE-ABS-KEY ("electronic thesis and	162
		dissertation*") )
	LISTA -Library, Information Science &
	Technology Abstracts (EBSCO)

Table 4 .

 4 Definitions of MISCT model dimensions The quality of the content is an important factor to show the success of ETDs programs. Those activities that increase the quality of the content are categorized in this dimension.ETDs programs should have clear policies ona set of standards and criteria for the selection and validationThe results of the literature review indicate that MISCT model includes 45 CSFs variables which influence on implementing national ETDs programs. Technical issues dimension includes 15 variables, which has more variables than other dimensions, following by management and organization dimension (13 variables), content dimension (10 variables), involvement dimension (4 variables), and service dimension (3 variables). All 45 variables with reference literature are presented in Table5.

	CSFs dimensions	Definition
		Managementand organization dimension refers tothe governing
		process of dealing with or controlling things or people in a
		program. This dimension consists of organizing resources to
	Managementand organization	accomplish goals and objectives. Managerial roles (e.g. planning, staffing, etc.) are categorized in this dimension.
		Financial aspects of a program, for example, are one of the
		main challenges in this dimension, which program manager
		should deal with.
		Cooperation among various groups is required for
		implementing national ETDs programs.Involvement dimension
	Involvement	refers to contributions and supports of these groups which have an important impact on the success of such programs. The main
		challenge in this dimension is about participating of institutions
		to provide content for ETDs programs.
		Servicedimension refers tothe provision of services to
		programs' users, which is beyond basic functionality.It may be
		required to perform additional activities for the provision of a
	Service	range of services. Some of these services areadded values
		which are not a part of programs'core services. Usually, a wider
		range of services will increase usage and the impact of national
		ETDs programs.
		Content dimension refers to data and information recourses
		directed towards users.
	Content

Table 5 .

 5 Critical success factors for national ETDs programs implementation

	CSFs dimensions	CSFs variables	Author(s)

June 01,

2015; TITLE-ABS-KEY ("critical success factor*") 2 around 1800 out of 4870 records

organizational collaboration 2010, [START_REF] Baro | Electronic Theses and Dissertations Initiatives: A Survey of University Libraries in Nigeria[END_REF][START_REF] Li | Campus partnerships advance both ETD implementation and IR development. A win-win strategy at Syracuse University[END_REF][START_REF] Perrin | Digital Preservation Challenges with an ETD Collection -A Case Study at Texas Tech University[END_REF] Clear workflow [START_REF] Wolverton | The Development and Assessment of ETD Initiatives[END_REF] Innovative and risk-taking approaches [START_REF] Feuer | ETD on a shoestring[END_REF][START_REF] Li | Campus partnerships advance both ETD implementation and IR development. A win-win strategy at Syracuse University[END_REF]

Involvement

Communities' awareness [START_REF] Schöpfel | Providing Access to Electronic Theses and Dissertations: A Case Study from Togo[END_REF] Participation of institutions [START_REF] Sale | The Impact of Mandatory Policies on ETD Acquisition[END_REF] Stakeholders and policy makers engagement (Mikeal et al., 2009, Schöpfel and[START_REF] Schöpfel | Providing Access to Electronic Theses and Dissertations: A Case Study from Togo[END_REF] Communications with content providers (institutions, faculties, and students) [START_REF] Edminster | Graduate education and the evolving genre of electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF][START_REF] Mikeal | Large-scale ETD repositories: A case study of a digital library application[END_REF][START_REF] Wolverton | The Development and Assessment of ETD Initiatives[END_REF][START_REF] Carbery | Implementing an ETD policy in WIT Libraries[END_REF] Service Scientometrics (Schöpfel, 2013b) Plagiarism check [START_REF] Mccutcheon | Morphing metadata: maximizing access to electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF][START_REF] Lippincott | Institutional strategies and policies for electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF] Other added value services (literature search, monitoring impact of ETDs, etc.) (Schöpfel, 2013b) Content (Open) accessibility [START_REF] Alemneh | Theses and dissertations from print to ETD: The nuances of preserving and accessing those in music[END_REF][START_REF] Lippincott | Institutional strategies and policies for electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF][START_REF] Shuto | Possibilities of networked electronic theses in Japan[END_REF][START_REF] Ubogu | Spreading the ETD Gospel: A Southern Africa Perspective[END_REF] Metadata (Schöpfel, 2013a[START_REF] Edminster | Graduate education and the evolving genre of electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF][START_REF] Copeland | The development and promotion of electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) within the UK[END_REF] Intellectual property [START_REF] Ian | Promoting open access to scholarly data: A case study of the Electronic Thesis and Dissertation (ETD) Project at the Simon Fraser University Library[END_REF][START_REF] Copeland | The development and promotion of electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) within the UK[END_REF][START_REF] Ratanya | Electronic theses and dissertations (ETD) as unique open access materials: case of the Kenya Information Preservation Society (KIPS)[END_REF][START_REF] Lavrenova | Structure and implementation of the RSL dissertations digital library[END_REF] Selection (Schöpfel, 2013a) Validation (Schöpfel, 2013a) Preservation [START_REF] Alemneh | Theses and dissertations from print to ETD: The nuances of preserving and accessing those in music[END_REF]Hartsock, 2014, Teper and[START_REF] Teper | Long-term retention of electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF] Classification [START_REF] Schöpfel | Providing Access to Electronic Theses and Dissertations: A Case Study from Togo[END_REF] Indexing [START_REF] Schöpfel | Providing Access to Electronic Theses and Dissertations: A Case Study from Togo[END_REF] Collection management [START_REF] Alemneh | Theses and dissertations from print to ETD: The nuances of preserving and accessing those in music[END_REF] Embargo [START_REF] Baccarne | A bachelor and master theses portal: Specific needs and business opportunities for the DoKS repository tool[END_REF][START_REF] Perrin | Digital Preservation Challenges with an ETD Collection -A Case Study at Texas Tech University[END_REF] Technicalities Hardware [START_REF] Edminster | Graduate education and the evolving genre of electronic theses and dissertations[END_REF]Moxley, 2002, Yiotis, 2008)


Patrick Letrémy
email: patrick.letremy@univ-paris1.fr

Marie Cottrell
email: marie.cottrell@univ-paris1.fr

Eric Esposito
email: eric.esposito@gazdefrance.com

Valérie Laffite
email: valerie.lafitte@gazdefrance.com

Sally Showk
email: sally.showk@gazdefrance.com

Consumer Profile Identification and Allocation

Keywords: Kohonen Maps, Profiles, Logistic regression, non-ordered Polychotomous Logit Model

We propose an easy-to-use methodology to allocate one of the groups which have been previously built from a complete learning data base, to new individuals. The learning data base contains continuous and categorical variables for each individual. The groups (clusters) are built by using only the continuous variables and described with the help of the categorical ones. For the new individuals, only the categorical variables are available, and it is necessary to define a model which computes the probabilities to belong to each of the clusters, by using only the categorical variables. Then this model provides a decision rule to assign the new individuals and gives an efficient tool to decision-makers. This tool is shown to be very efficient for customers allocation in consumer clusters for marketing purposes, for example.

Introduction

The methodology that we propose in this paper is very general and can be used in many different frames, even if the main applications belong to the marketing domain. A first presentation of the main ideas can be found in [START_REF] Letrémy | The "profilograph": a toolbox for the analysis and the segmentation of gas load curves[END_REF].

Let us define some general notations: Let X be a database, represented by a N × (p + l)-matrix, where N is the number of individuals, p the number of continuous variables (possibly with missing data) and l the number of categorical variables (no missing data are allowed). The first p variables are denoted X 1 , X 2 , . . . , X p , and the other l variables are denoted Y 1 , Y 2 , . . . , Y l .

In addition, we have a n × l matrix which corresponds to new individuals. For these new individuals, only the categorical variables Y 1 , Y 2 , . . . , Y l are wellinformed and the continuous variables are not available. For example, the N individuals in the database are consumers already registered as customers by a firm and who can be described by their expenses, while the new n individuals have only filled up a form and given some categorical indications (age, housing Fig. 1. The data status, education level, etc.) The first step of the study is to define homogeneous groups from the point of view of the continuous variables. The interest of such clustering is double : each cluster corresponds to a typical profile which is a summary of the whole class and the whole group can be treated in the same way by any decision-maker. To follow our example, the direction of sales can use particular targeting techniques to improve the efficiency of the advertising policy towards each cluster.

The second step consists in allocating a cluster to new individuals (for marketing purposes, for example). For this goal, it is necessary to define a model which computes the probabilities of belonging to each of the clusters, by using only the categorical variables. The parameters of this model will be estimated from the database X. For this step, the new data can be incomplete and missing values are acceptable.

The paper is organized as follows : Section 2 clarifies the relations between the two types of variables in X and gives indications about the selection of the relevant variables. Section 3 briefly deals with the construction of the clusters and the interpretation of each profile. In Section 4, we present the multinomial logit model to compute the membership probabilities. Then this model can be applied to new individuals in order to assign them to the most probable cluster. Finally section 5 is devoted to a real-world example and applies the proposed methodology to a survey data which contains the consumption structure of Canadian consumers, together with some personal categorical variables. Section 6 is a conclusion.

Variables selection

As the final goal is to assign an individual described by the categorical variables Y 1 , Y 2 , . . . , Y l to a cluster built from the continuous variables X 1 , X 2 , . . . , X p , it is obvious that the goal cannot be achieved if these two groups of variables are independent!

We assume that all the categorical variables are of interest for the applications since they are the only real characteristics which are available for the new individuals and have to be taken into account by the decision-makers. So it is necessary to select the relevant continuous variables which are strongly related to the categorical ones.

Let us consider the multidimensional l-ways additive ANOVA model ( [START_REF] Rao | Linear Statistical Inference and its applications[END_REF]) where the explained variables are the X i , when the explanatory variables are the Indicator Functions of each modality for all the Y j . For each component i, i = 1, . . . , p, a global Fisher Statistics and a Squared Correlation Coefficient are computed. The variables X i that give the least significant values are not considered in what follows.

The clustering

First we only take into account the continuous variables X 1 , X 2 , . . . , X p to cluster the N individuals into K clusters. A that step, any unsupervised classification algorithm can be used. We propose to use a Kohonen algorithm due to several of its properties (see [START_REF] Kohonen | Self-Organization and Associative Maps[END_REF], [START_REF] Kohonen | Self-Organizing Maps[END_REF], [START_REF] Kaski | Data Exploration Using Self-Organizing Maps[END_REF], [START_REF] Cottrell | The Kohonen algorithm: a powerful tool for analysing and representing multidimensional quantitative et qualitative data[END_REF], [START_REF] Cottrell | Theoretical aspects of the SOM Algorithm[END_REF], [START_REF] Oja | Kohonen Maps[END_REF]):

-The Kohonen maps are known to produce well-balanced and homogeneous classes,with small quantization error, see [START_REF] De Bodt | On the use of selforganizing maps to accelerate vector quantization[END_REF]; -The visualization of the clusters is easy to interpret, thanks to the selforganization property, since there exists a neighborhood structure between classes; -The Kohonen algorithm is robust with respect to missing values, since it can be adapted to be used with incomplete data, see [START_REF] Ibbou | Classification, analyse des correspondances et méthodes neuronales[END_REF], [START_REF] Cottrell | Missing values: processing with the Kohonen algorithm[END_REF]; -It is possible to build a Kohonen map having a large number of classes and to reduce this number by using another clustering of the code-vectors and thus get a few clusters which will easily be interpreted and analyzed. These "macro" clusters are composed of contiguous Kohonen classes, which corroborates the self-organization property see [START_REF] Cottrell | Theoretical aspects of the SOM Algorithm[END_REF]. To build this second classification, several methods are available : one can choose an ascending hierarchical classification or a one-dimensional Kohonen algorithm. The advantage of this latter choice is that the "macro" clusters are naturally ordered, and this fact facilitates the interpretation and the description.

After the clusters are built and summarized by their code-vector or profile, one can describe them from two points of view :

-The classical statistics (mean, variance, quartile, median) are computed to characterize and distinguish the clusters. -The repartitions of the modalities for each categorical variable are computed as well as the test values (that is the ratio between the modality percentage inside the cluster and the modality percentage in the global population).

Once the classification stage is achieved, it is necessary to classify new individuals, who do not belong to the learning set, in one of the K clusters. A rough method could be to look after the cluster which contains the number of similar individuals. It would be a deterministic allocation method. We prefer a stochastic allocation.

Then, one has to estimate the probability for a new individual to belong to a cluster only from the categorical variables. The chosen model is a nonordered polychotomous logit model, since the variable to explain (membership probability to a cluster) has more than two values (there are more than two classes!)

Using the non-ordered polychotomous logit model as discriminating tool has been proposed by Schmidt and Strauss, [START_REF] Schmidt | The Prediction of Occupation Using Multiple Logit Models[END_REF]. It is an extension of the binary logit model, which is often used in the studies of appetence or attrition. The explanatory variables are categorical and the variable to explain can take more than two modalities which are not naturally ordered. The model uses the same theoretical frame, since it is estimated by using the maximum likelihood principle, [START_REF] Maddala | Limited-dependent and qualitative variables in econometrics[END_REF], [START_REF] Train | Qualitative Choice Analysis[END_REF]. The CATMOD procedure of SAS software is designed to estimate this kind of model, [START_REF] Allison | Logistic Regression Using The SAS System[END_REF].

One has to choose a class as a reference class, let us suppose that it is the class K. Let us define p k = P (k/y) as the probability that an individual belongs to class k, given the fact that it is described by y. Then the non-ordered polychotomous logit model is written as

p k p K = exp(y • β k )
for k = 1, 2, . . . , K -1, where the β k ∈ R l are the model parameters.

For each possible y, the CATMOD procedure provides the estimates of parameters β k ∈ R p , k = 1, . . . , K-1 and we compute the probabilities p 1 , p 2 , . . . , p K as a function of y and using equation p 1 + p 2 + . . .

+ p K = 1.
Then for each new individual m described by y m = (y jm ), j = 1, . . . , l and for each class k, one computes the probability that this individual belongs to class k. The new individual is assigned to the class for which the probability is maximum.

Application to Canadian consumers data

We apply the proposed method to a real-world problem: the domestic consumption of Canadian families. The data have been provided by Prof. Simon Langlois from the Université of Laval. For 8809 Canadian consumers in 1992, a survey provides the consumption structures, expressed as percentages of the total expenditure of the household. Besides, each individual of the survey is also described by categorical variables (such as Age, Education level, Wealth, and so on, see below the full list). In a previous publication, ( [START_REF] Cottrell | Analyzing and representing multidimensional quantitative and qualitative data: Demographic study of the Rhöne valley. The domestic consumption of the Canadian families[END_REF]) we have studied the consumptions profiles, but the allocation problem was not dealt with.

The first step is therefore to identify typical profiles and to define clusters in the population, on the sole basis of the consumption structures. Once these profiles and these clusters are defined, the problem consists in allocating a cluster to new consumers (for marketing purposes) by using the categorical variables. We follow the successive steps as described above. First, we write down the multivariate l-ways additive ANOVA model. For 5 consumptions variables (Alcohol; Financial costs; Furniture; Personal Care; Vehicles), the Squared Correlation Coefficients are less than 8% and we decide to skip these variables. So, in the following, we consider that p = 14 and the percentages are computed again with only these 14 consumptions functions.

We separate the 8809 households into two sets: a learning set with 8400 households, and a test set with 409 households. The consumers of this test set will further be assigned to one of the cluster, by using only the categorical variables, and we will compute the number of correct classifications as a performance measure.

We build a 5-cluster classification in two different ways:

-First we consider a Kohonen algorithm using a one-dimensional string and 20 units,the number of which is then reduced to 5 macro-classes, by using another one-dimensional Kohonen algorithm with 5 units, that operates over the 20 code-vectors: Classification C1. -Secondly, more simply, we consider a Kohonen algorithm using a one-dimensional string with 5 units: Classification C2. first classification C1. Fig. 5 shows the 5 code-vectors obtained by using a onedimensional Kohonen algorithm with 5 units, classification C2. We see that the code-vectors of C1 and C2 are similar, and that the clusters are more or less ordered according to the housing expenses. Briefly, we can describe the 5 clusters of C2 from the left to the right. Cluster 1 gathers quasi-poor tenants with low income and the head of family is unemployed. Cluster 2 groups future owner tenant, with part time job. In cluster 3, one founds managers who are owner without mortgage, whore are less than 45 and are quasi-rich or rich. Cluster 4 contains fairly rich workers who own their house. In cluster 5 there are old persons who are owners, but who are poor with a low education level. The housing expenses are decreasing from cluster 1 to cluster 5, while low income consumers correspond to clusters 1, 2, 5 and high income consumers belong to clusters 3 and 4. The tenants are in clusters 1 and 2, the owners are in the others.

In order to evaluate the performance of the allocation algorithm, we determine: 1) the "true" class of each individual in the test set (by comparing its Y 1 , Y 2 , . . . , Y l vector with the code-vector of each cluster); 2) the cluster for which the probability computed in section 4 is maximum.

We consider the contingency tables that match these two classifications. The sum of the diagonal entries is the number of exact allocations. We can also compute the number of times when the algorithm allocates the same cluster or its neighbors to the individuals of the test set. This number is the sum of the entries of the diagonal and of the entries just above or just below. It is the number of correct allocations.

In the next table, the lines correspond to the allocation procedure and the columns to the exact classification C1.

Conclusion

This paper proposes a simple method to study large databases which contain continuous and categorical variables at the same time, and to identify the category of an individual who is described by incomplete data. The results are convincing and it can give a very useful tool to decision-makers in many fields : insurance policies, personal tariffing, targeted advertising, credit scoring, etc.

Fig. 2 .

 2 Fig. 2. Mean Consumption Profile in 1992.

Fig. 3 Fig. 3 .

 33 Fig. 3 represents the 20 Kohonen classes and their code vectors as well as the 5 macro-classes (marked by different grey). We note that, due to the topological conservation property of the Kohonen algorithm, the macro-classes group only neighboring Kohonen classes. We see that the classes are homogeneous and well-balanced. Fig 4 shows the code vectors of the 5 macro-classes for the

Fig. 4 .

 4 Fig. 4. The 5 code-vectors for classification C1.

Fig. 5 .Fig. 6 .

 56 Fig. 5. The 5 code-vectors for classification C2.

Fig. 7 .

 7 Fig. 7. Distribution of the 5 residency status modalities over the 5 classes of C2, tenant (medium grey) have majority in class 1, while owner without and with mortgage (white and light grey) are predominant in classes 3, 4 and 5 .

  From this table, we conclude that the number of exact allocations is 186, and the number of correct allocations is 186 + 117, that is 303, which represents 74% of the test set.We can consider the same table for classification C2. exact allocations is 211, and the number of correct allocations is 186 + 141, that is 352, which represents 86% of the test set.

		Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Total
	Allocated to 1	55	22	29	11	6	123
	Allocated to 2	23	22	14	9	4	72
	Allocated to 3	17	11	59	26	9	122
	Allocated to 4	2	2	2	3	4	13
	Allocated to 5	6	4	7	15	47	79
	Total	103	61	111	64	70	409
		Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Total
	Allocated to 1	33	12	3	3	5	56
	Allocated to 2	23	33	22	17	3	98
	Allocated to 3	8	27	56	15	3	109
	Allocated to 4	0	3	11	42	21	77
	Allocated to 5	8	3	1	10	47	69
	Total	72	78	93	87	79	409
	The number of

The authors would like to thank Patrice Gaubert from SAMOS-MATISSE and Créteil Université for making the Canadian consumption data available to us, and the Gaz de France Company for partially funding this research via a previous partnership and collaboration on the allocations problem.