Luis Naito
email: luisnaito@yahoo.com.brmarcia.terra@uol.com.br

Mendes Bezerra

Márcia Terra Da Silva

The Main Problems in the Design and Management of MOOCs

Keywords: MOOCs, problems of MOOCs, challenges of MOOCs

Despite the global scale, the wide range of courses and the high number of enrollments, some challenges have been emerging for the universe of the MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses), especially those related to project and management aspects. This article aims to identify the main problems faced by the managers of the MOOCs. Hence, an exploratory study was carried out through the analysis of existing publications in academic databases. The results show that after the survey it was possible to identify and analyze six problems, the main one of which was the very low completion rate of this type of course.

Introduction

Recently there emerged a new modality of distance education, known as MOOC (Massive Open Online Course). The MOOCs are open courses, with fully online format, without preconditions, without initial billing rates and with the potential to distribute education on a global scale, including to enable students from developing countries have access to institutions and courses of quality at low cost [START_REF] Hyman | In the year of disruptive education[END_REF][START_REF] Cooper | Reflections on Stanford's Moocs[END_REF][3].

In 2011, about 3 years after the first MOOC1 had been offered, Sebastian Thrun created the Artificial Intelligence course at Stanford University that attracted more than 160,000 students from 190 countries. As from 2011, the growth of this distance education modality has been breathtaking, with the initial emergence of three big hubs -Coursera, Udacity and EdX -for the provision of MOOCS [START_REF] Little | Massively Open?[END_REF][5][START_REF] Sandeen | Integrating MOOCS into traditional higher education: the emerging "MOOC 3.0[END_REF].

The research shows that the main reasons for the interest of students in MOOCs can be summarized in four relevant aspects: interest in learning about certain subjects; knowledge increase; updating on some previously seen subject or learning something specific that should contribute to the professional development [START_REF] Fini | The technological dimension of a massive open online course: The case of the CCK08 course tools[END_REF][START_REF] Belanger | Bioelectricity: A quantitative approach Duke University's first MOOC[END_REF].

However, despite the global scale having been reached, the large number of students served and the considerable growth in the number of courses, some challenges have been appeared in the universe of the MOOCs. Several authors have researched problematic aspects in the design and management of these courses, such as, for example, the pedagogical model [START_REF] Vardi | Will MOOCs destroy academia?[END_REF][START_REF] Fournier | Challenges to research in MOOCs[END_REF] and the quality of MOOCs [START_REF] Read | Toward a quality model for UNED MOOCs[END_REF].

Through this paper, based on a bibliographical study, the main problems in the design and management of MOOCs can therefore be objectively identified and analyzed beyond pointing out the most significant problem and clarifying how the issues relate to each other.

In addition to this introduction, this paper is divided into six parts. In the initial section, the methodology used to achieve the objective of this research is presented, then a study on the main problems in the design and management of MOOCs. Afterwards, the results and analysis are shown, followed by conclusions and, eventually, the bibliographical references.

Methodology

From an exploratory, non-systematic study, conducted through the analysis of existing publications in academic databases, such as Springer, Science Direct, ERIC database, ACM Digital Library and Google Scholar, the main problems in the design and management of MOOCs were identified. The bibliographic survey covers the period between the offer of the first MOOC in 2008 [START_REF] Dellarocas | Money models for MOOCs[END_REF] and the year in which the research has been conducted (2015). After reading and analyzing titles and abstracts, 20 articles that constitute this analysis were selected.

Main Problems in the Design and Management of MOOCs

The MOOCs, as already said, have a huge potential to provide free education on a global scale, with the opportunity of democratizing access to higher education of good quality [START_REF] Cooper | Reflections on Stanford's Moocs[END_REF]. No doubt his growth has been quite expressive. Only in Europe, according to the website of [13], which gathers data about the MOOCs in European countries, 510 courses were offered in April 2014. In the same year, in September, there were 770 courses, a growth of 50.98% [13].

Despite the apparent expansion, the MOOCs model is the target of a lot of criticism and concerns because, besides being a still recent teaching mode, it is often compared, erroneously, to traditional distance education courses and also seen as competitor of face-to-face teaching. Such concerns, however, can be considered unfounded since they are modalities with differentiated goals and functions.

The MOOCs, due to their open character and short duration, do not allow for the issue of undergraduate or graduate certificates and furthermore carry out a complementary role to distance education and face-to-face teaching, providing students the opportunity to expand their knowledge and/or have a professional update. Another important point that distinguishes them from distance education and private face-toface teaching is the fact that the services offered by MOOCs are free of fees because their business model is different from traditional education institutions [3] as will be discussed below.

The following is an attempt to interrelate the main problems encountered in literature regarding the design and management of these courses.

─ Business model -some authors cite the MOOCs as a new business model for higher education institutions. Even though the courses are exempt from fees for registration and access to content, institutions may charge fees for issuing certificates.

According to the author [START_REF] Dellarocas | Money models for MOOCs[END_REF], the business model of the MOOCs is related to the one adopted by technology companies, such as Google and RedHat Linux, which provide a basic service to customers, then offer add-ons to be paid for. In the case of MOOCs, the charge for the certificate would be the complementary service.

Considering the large number of students, such an initiative could generate a sustainable business model [START_REF] Hyman | In the year of disruptive education[END_REF][START_REF] Dellarocas | Money models for MOOCs[END_REF]. However, at this point, such a model is accessible only for a small portion of educational institutions, such as Harvard, Stanford and MIT, which are using their long tradition and excellent academic reputation to receive sufficient funds to pay for the costs of creating platforms for content production and distribution on a large scale, resulting in the creation of for-profit companies and inspired by the model of Silicon Valley startups such as Coursera (Stanford University) and Edx (MIT and Harvard) [START_REF] Sandeen | Integrating MOOCS into traditional higher education: the emerging "MOOC 3.0[END_REF]. The MOOCs can also serve as a marketing element to the major institutions of higher education, mainly for institutions of great reputation and prestige like the previously already mentioned ones. According to the author [START_REF] Sandeen | Integrating MOOCS into traditional higher education: the emerging "MOOC 3.0[END_REF], about 65% of all students who enrolled on the Coursera platform reside outside of the United States, a fact that could help to attract more foreign students who would pay substantial registration fees for attending face-to-face undergraduate and graduate courses.

─ Very low completion rate of the courses -a concern often raised in the surveys conducted on the MOOCs relates to the fact that thousands of students enroll but only a small part of them have completed the courses. Abandonment in this teaching modality is generally quite high, currently around 90% [START_REF] Sandeen | Integrating MOOCS into traditional higher education: the emerging "MOOC 3.0[END_REF][START_REF] Daniel | Making sense of MOOCs: Musings in a maze of myth, paradox and possibility[END_REF][START_REF] Morris | MOOCs, emerging technologies, and quality[END_REF][START_REF] Hew | Students' and instructors' use of massive open online courses (MOOCs): Motivations and challenges[END_REF][START_REF] Wilkowski | Student skill and goal achievement in the mapping with Google MOOC[END_REF][START_REF] Alraimi | Understanding the MOOCs continuance: The role of openness and reputation[END_REF]. According to the author [START_REF] Jordan | Initial trends in enrolment and completion of massive open online courses[END_REF], the completion rate is related to the number of people who receive the certificate or are approved to the course. According to the author [START_REF] Khalil | MOOCs completion rates and possible methods to improve retention-A literature review[END_REF], the completion rate of MOOCs cannot be compared to that of face-to-face courses or even traditional distance education because MOOCs students do not pay tuition and also do not receive university credits; hence the motivation for its completion is largely inherent in the model of the course itself.

─ Certificationthe majority of MOOCs are adaptations of subjects offered in the degrees of higher education institutions around the world. Thus, they do not configure a full degree course and their certification could generate some questions, such as if being free of cost, they would have the same value as a paid face-to-face course. Moreover, it would be important to analyze how potential employers assess such certificates [START_REF] Hyman | In the year of disruptive education[END_REF][START_REF] Cooper | Reflections on Stanford's Moocs[END_REF].

─ Pedagogical model -the most accepted classification for the approach or pedagogical model is the one that divides the MOOCs into two categories: cMOOCs and xMOOCs, according to authors like [START_REF] Sandeen | Integrating MOOCS into traditional higher education: the emerging "MOOC 3.0[END_REF][START_REF] Vardi | Will MOOCs destroy academia?[END_REF][START_REF] Welsh | The New Generation of Massive Open Online Course (MOOCS) and Entrepreneurship Education[END_REF][START_REF] Zutshi | Experiences in MOOCs: The perspective of students[END_REF][START_REF] Saadatmand | Participants' perceptions of learning and networking in connectivist MOOCs[END_REF]. In this context, the cMOOCs constitute the first generation -beginning in 2008 -with a focus on creating and generating knowledge through interaction among the participants. In this model, the participants are encouraged to use a variety of technologies and to reflect on their learning, following the principles of connectivism which considers the intense interaction between the participants as fundamental for the construction of knowledge. The xMOOCs are the second generation -beginning in 2012 -with pedagogical approach based on behaviorism and more traditional format. Counting on content and assessments based on previously provided teaching materials. In this model, monitoring and mentoring actions are less systematic, with discussion forum and automated assessment. This is the model that prevails today, being adopted by the major platforms Coursera and edX [START_REF] Blanco | A methodology proposal for developing adaptive cMOOC[END_REF][START_REF] Clow | MOOCs and the funnel of participation[END_REF][START_REF] Kennedy | Characteristics of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs): A Research Review, 2009-2012[END_REF].

─ Quality -According to the author [START_REF] Rosewell | The OpenupEd quality label: benchmarks for MOOCs[END_REF], the concern with quality in the MOOCs is related to the problem of high drop-out rates in this type of course. Still according to the same authors, how can MOOCs managers declare quality learning in their courses, if students are failing to complete the same? Again according to the author [START_REF] Rosewell | The OpenupEd quality label: benchmarks for MOOCs[END_REF], the MOOCs should follow the same quality principles applied in traditional courses because, to a great extent, they derive from undergraduate disciplines, being produced by the same faculty, with the same material, however, adapted to the new environment. Therefore, it is important to be concerned with the issues involving the guarantee (quality assurance) and improvement (quality enhancement) of the quality of MOOCs. The quality assurance process is mentioned in the works of [START_REF] Read | Toward a quality model for UNED MOOCs[END_REF], dealing with a quality program called UNED MOOC and also by [START_REF] Rosewell | The OpenupEd quality label: benchmarks for MOOCs[END_REF], dealing with the model named OpenupEd Quality Label.

─ Validation and plagiarismaccording to the author [START_REF] Cooper | Reflections on Stanford's Moocs[END_REF], a fundamental aspect and a great challenge for the MOOCs is to ensure that the works are original and valid. To do so, a system to prevent and detect plagiarism of the activities generated by the students is necessary. Still according to the same authors, the platform Coursera studies to deploy a software for detecting plagiarism, just as Udacity and Edx which formed a partnership with Pearson VUE, a test center provider, to validate the tests in supervised form. However, it is important to highlight that this practice entails generating cost to students.

Table 1 summarizes the six problems and the author(s) that were used as a reference.

Results and Discussion

This section is dedicated to the presentation of the relations between the previously presented differing concepts.

The business model currently adopted by the big hubs in the offer of MOOCs, as Coursera, Udacity and Edx, considers that such courses aim to reach a large number of students, attracted by the opportunity to participate in courses offered by major institutions of higher education like Harvard, MIT and Stanford [START_REF] Alraimi | Understanding the MOOCs continuance: The role of openness and reputation[END_REF].

Although there are no registration fees or tuition, educational institutions may have a new source of financial resources through charging for issuing certificates. For example, the University of Washington, which is part of the Coursera platform, is testing a hybrid model, which introduces more rigor in granting academic credits and also considers charging a fee for the issuance of the certificate [START_REF] Dellarocas | Money models for MOOCs[END_REF]. However, the sustainability of such a model can be compromised if the courses have a high drop-out rate, around 90% [START_REF] Jordan | Initial trends in enrolment and completion of massive open online courses[END_REF]. Hence, increasing the retention of students would be a measure of paramount importance to ensure the sustainability of the currently practiced business model.

The work of [START_REF] Khalil | MOOCs completion rates and possible methods to improve retention-A literature review[END_REF] suggests some measures to increase the retention rate such as attending the students according to the pace and profile of each individual, teachers who motivate the student to complete the course, with the use of techniques such as the recognition of the results achieved by the students, beyond increasing the participation and interaction between students and teachers in the discussion forums for each course. Additionally, thinking of increasing retention, the MOOC managers should also be concerned with issues involving quality guarantee (quality assurance) and improvement of quality (quality enhancement) of the MOOCs.

The issuance, validity, form and the market acceptance of the certificates issued by institutions that offer MOOCs is another aspect that has caused concern and discussion among those involved in the MOOC segment. To the extent that such certificates are accepted by employers and educational institutions, it is likely that this fact affects the way the MOOCs are seen in relation to traditional teaching. Further discussion can be found in the works of authors [START_REF] Li | Massive Open Online Proctor: Protecting the Credibility of MOOCs Certificates[END_REF][START_REF] Schroeder | Emerging Open Online Distance Education Environment[END_REF][START_REF] Venkatesh | Analysis on Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC): Oportunities and Challenges towards 21 st Century Online Education[END_REF].

Of all the problems pointed out in the survey, the main challenge and key problem for the MOOC managers is related to the very low completion rate of this type of course. Such a problem is caused by the quality of the courses and also by the adopted pedagogical model. It is necessary to also consider that the higher the completion rate of a particular course is, the more students could potentially pay for the certificates of completion issuance, contributing to the business model being sustainable.

Conclusions

The research aimed at identifying and analyzing the main problems in the design and management of MOOCs, based on a bibliographical study. After the research it was possible to identify six relevant issues, such as the very low completion rate, the certification of the courses, the pedagogical model, the process involving the assurance and improvement of the MOOC quality, the acceptance of the certificates, in addition to the concern with validation and plagiarism in this type of course. The analysis showed that the main challenge for MOOC managers is to increase the retention rate of their courses. From the management point of view, the reduction of the drop-out rate, nowadays around 90%, would make it possible that the business model becomes more feasible once it would allow that more students could complete the courses and, therefore, consider the payment of fees for the certificate issuance. Furthermore is important that employers know the MOOCs better and increasingly accept such certificates in the same way that face-to-face course certificates are accepted.

The concern with quality is another aspect to be considered by the managers because the adoption of quality assurance and improvement programs would be timely to meet the expectations of students and increase the retention rates of the courses.

In a general analysis, for consolidating the business model of the MOOCs, the issues involving the pedagogical model, the increase of the completion rate and the acceptance of the certificates need to be thoroughly questioned and analyzed in order to achieve a level of maturity which is sufficient to ensure sustainability and continuity of this education modality.

The main contribution of this research was to interrelate the main problems in the design and management of MOOCs as to then identify the most significant problem, in this case the very low completion rate, beyond examining how the issues interrelate.

In terms of future work, a deeper study about the main reasons for the high dropout rates in MOOCs is suggested.

Table 1 .

 1 summary of problems and authors

	#	Problem	Author(s)
	1	Business model	1;12;6
	2	Very low completion rate of the courses	14;15;6;16;17;18;19;20
	3	Certification	1;2
	4	Pedagogical model	6;21;22;23;9;24;25;26
	5	Quality	27;11
	6	Validation and plagiarism	2

The first MOOC was created in September

in Canada.


Eder Ferragi

Irenilza Nääs
email: irenilza@gmail.com

Assessing the Relationship Between Commodity Chains: Ethanol, Corn and Chicken Meat

Keywords: agribusiness, social network analysis, interrelated global chains

des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Introduction

According to the conceptual approach of the global commodity chain -GCC [START_REF] Gereffi | The organization of buyer-driven global commodity chains: How U.S. retailers shape overseas production networks[END_REF], the first dimension of the chain is an inputoutput structure, which describes the transformation process of raw materials and other inputs in the final products. In this approach, the ethanol, the corn and the broiler chains are interconnected. From a global point of view the final product of the corn chain can be an input of the ethanol chain, and both corn and ethanol chains outputs provide inputs for the broiler chain. A great part of the studies found in current literature define the border of the chain or network analysis based on one single product or commodity [START_REF] Thompson | Between hierarchies and markets: The logic and limits of network forms of organization[END_REF][START_REF] Talbot | The comparative advantages of tropical commodity chain analysis[END_REF][START_REF] Bair | Global commodity chains -Genealogy and review[END_REF], and therefore, fail to consider important aspects that refer to the inter-relationship between one chain and another. Defined as a network of labor and production processes the supply chain concept surpasses the issues of the transformation processes and goes on to consider the ways in which people, places, and processes are related to each other in the global economy [START_REF] Bair | Global commodity chains -Genealogy and review[END_REF]. The second dimension of the chain includes a configuration of geographical outline [START_REF] Gereffi | The organization of buyer-driven global commodity chains: How U.S. retailers shape overseas production networks[END_REF] considering transportation and communication, as well as institutional structures from each region, grounded in the world system theory [START_REF] Wallerstein | The rise and future demise of the world capitalism system: Concepts for comparative analysis[END_REF]. According to this concept, it is understood that the productive processes is developed following a relationship based on some logic/concern between countries in the southern hemisphere and the northern hemisphere. The commodity chain approach becomes global and changes the focus of production in a specific country to a specific commodity. Consequently the focus is how the agents in the several countries cooperate or diverge from the rules to govern the chains and take ownership of the profits generated [START_REF] Talbot | Tropical commodity chains, forward integration strategies, and international inequality: coffee, cocoa and tea[END_REF].

Given the relevance of agribusiness in the national and global scenario, the present study relates the total production of ethanol, corn and broiler chains in Brazil, and in the United States, the world's largest producers of these commodities [START_REF] Ferragi | Ethanol, corn and broiler: The interdependence between the global chains[END_REF]. The Social Network Analysis -SNA and the Graph theory [START_REF] Borgatti | Network analysis in the social sciences[END_REF] were applied in the quantitative analysis. A chain is composed of nodes and links, which connect the nodes. In the SNA the nodes (people or companies) are connected to each other through links, and patterns can be analyzed and calculated at two different levels: analysis of the nodes and analysis of the entire chain. In the first case, it is possible to assess the involvement and importance of a particular node about the complete chain [START_REF] Freeman | Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification[END_REF][START_REF] Wasserman | Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications[END_REF]. It is possible to calculate centrality rates that measure the degree (the link's volume of direct relation with the other nodes), the closeness (the indirect linking capability with the other nodes in the chain), and the betweenness (which considers the possibility of relationship between different groups of nodes that compose the chain) [START_REF] Freeman | Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification[END_REF].

Regarding the chain in its' completeness the SNA metrics allow the calculation of density, centralization and complexity rates, which enables the possibility to observe the organization of the whole chain from the point of view of the set of links of which it is composed of [START_REF] Kim | Structural investigation of supply networks: A social network analysis approach[END_REF].

The present study aimed to identify a quantitative instrument that allow to indicate the importance degree of a commodity chain output in relation to others chain's outputs. We seek for contributing to the analysis of the global commodity chains and their inter-relations, both in particular moments as well as in their evolution through time.

Methodology

To analyze the relationship between the mentioned chains, the outputs were considered as the total production of each commodity (ethanol, corn, and broiler). It was assumed that the total of the annual production represents the result of a complex business that involves previous decisions based on price [START_REF] Mitchell | A note on rising food prices[END_REF][START_REF] Ajanovic | Biofuels versus food production: Does biofuels production increase food prices?[END_REF], climate [START_REF] Lobell | Climate Trends and Global Crop Production Since[END_REF], availability of natural resources [START_REF] Nusser | The National Resources Inventory: a long-term multi-resource monitoring programme[END_REF], labor [START_REF] Radhakrishna | Agricultural Growth, Employment, and Poverty: A Policy Perspective[END_REF], and economic and governmental politics [START_REF] Krueger | Agricultural Incentives in Developing Countries: Measuring the Effect of Sectoral and Economywide Policies[END_REF], as well as an interaction with other areas of knowledge such as biology, agronomy, mechanics, chemistry, physics and sustainability [START_REF] Demirbas | Political, economic and environmental impacts of biofuels: A review[END_REF]19].

The values were obtained from the data published by the organizations USDA -United States Department of Agriculture, RFA -Renewable Fuels Association, National Chicken Council, CONAB -Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento (National Supply Company), ÚNICA -União da Indústria da Cana-de-Açúcar (Brazilian Sugarcane Industry Association), e UBABEF -União Brasileira de Avicultura ( Brazilian Poultry Union). Although the measurements are expressed in different units by the countries, all of the values were transformed in metric tons (1,000 kg) for comparison purposes. The studied period covers the years 2000, 2006 and 2012 (Figure 1). To establish a comparison between the outputs of the chains, the proportions were calculated for each commodity production over the production of the other two. Values expressing the rate of importance of each one over the two others were obtained, in terms of quantity produced in Brazil and in the United States, in the selected periods (Table 1). Ethanol, corn, and broiler were considered as nodes within a simplified network. The links between the nodes were quantified using the values expressed in Table 1.

Data were processed using the software UCINET [START_REF] Borgatti | UCINET ® 6.0[END_REF] to identify the centrality index for each node indicating the outdegree, which evaluates the relationship of a product when compared to the others; and the indegree, indicating the relationship with the others to the same product [START_REF] Freeman | Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification[END_REF].

Since graphic representation helps the understanding of the connections within a network [START_REF] Hanneman | Introduction to social network methods[END_REF], the software NetDraw 4.14 [START_REF] Borgatti | NetDraw Software for Network Visualization[END_REF] along with the software UCINET for Windows was used to elaborate the graphics that shows the relationship between the three commodities production.

Results and Discussion

According to the rates calculated in Table 1 and represented by the graphs in Figure 2, it was possible to establish and view the comparisons between one commodity (node) and the others.

The size of the nodes is proportional to the volume of the specific production. The lines that connect the nodes indicate the relationship between the volume of production of each good, and the numbers next to the nodes indicate the ratio between the production of a good versus the other one it is related to. It was possible to observe the relationship and the evolution of ethanol, corn, and broiler productions through time: in 2000, 2006 and 2012 in Brazil (Figure 2 a,b,c), and in the United States (Figure 2 d,e,f).

The aim of the paper was the development of an indicator that enable to assess the ratio of an element (node) not only with one another, but with all the other elements (nodes) that are part of the network. The values of the networks structural properties were compared: density (the ratio of all ties that are actually present to the number of possible ties), degree centrality (which refers to the amount of immediate ties the actor has within the network, %), closeness centrality (which relates the distance of an actor to all others in the networks by focusing in the distance from each actor to all others, %), betweenness centrality (which views an actor as being in a favoured position to the extent that the actor falls on the geodesic paths between other peers in the network, %), clustering coefficient (which refers to the average of the densities of the neighbourhoods of all actors), clique (which is a sub-set of a network in which the actors are more closely and intensely tied to one another than they are to other members of the network), N-clique (which is used to define an actor as a member of a clique if they are connected to every other member of the group at a distance greater than 1, with N being the length of the path allowed to make a connection to all other members), node (which is the same as element or actor), edge (which is the same as relationship), and geodesic distance (which is the length of the shortest path between the actors). However, we focused on the indegree and outdegree of the networks studied.

Using the software UCINET, was possible to calculate the outdegree (which measures the degree of importance of each product over all the others), as well as the indegree (that measures the importance of all the others over it) [START_REF] Freeman | Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification[END_REF][START_REF] Opsahl | Node centrality in weighted networks: Generalizing degree and shortest paths[END_REF]. Table 2 shows the indegree and outdegree of each product in Brazil and the United States during the period studied. Thus, a single indicator is introduced to assess the relation of production between a specific commodity with all the others considered in the chain or network. The results obtained in Brazilian data indicate a relatively smooth trajectory for the three commodities considered. In the case of the ethanol derived from cane sugar, the outdegree slightly increased, ranging from 1.60 in 2000 to 1.68 in 2012. The corn showed a slight decline of its outdegree, ranging from 12.12 to 10.81. No change in the broiler's importance degree compared to the other two commodities was observed at the same period. These indicators reinforce the lack in Brazilian policy to encourages biofuel production [START_REF] Farina | A política de petróleo e a indústria de etanol no Brasil[END_REF], neither to favor the production of grain, feed and poultry, whose advances occur despite the financial constraints, lack of supportive transport logistics and distribution infrastructure [START_REF] Valdes | Changing food demand challenges Brazil's farm sector[END_REF][START_REF] Embrapa | Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária[END_REF].

On the other hand, in the United States, the evolution of the degree of importance of ethanol when compared to the decrease of the importance of corn and chicken, confirm both the policy of encouraging the production of renewable energy as an alternative to fossil fuels derived from oil [START_REF] Figueira | Programas para álcool combustível nos Estados Unidos e possibilidades de Exportação do Brasil[END_REF][START_REF] Sorda | An overview of biofuel policies across the world[END_REF][START_REF] Banerjee | Food, Feed, Fuel: Transforming the competition for grains[END_REF], as well as the productivity leap achieved by ethanol chain, whose outdegree jumped from 0.36 in 2000 to 2.42 in 2012. The evolution of the importance of ethanol in the last twelve years occurs despite the outdegree declined of the corn, its main raw material, from 72.71 to 23.71; and also the chicken outdegree decreased from 3.01 to 0.50 which used the same corn as a feedstock.

Considering the production total amount of the three commodities in both the United States and Brazil, it was detected a large increase in importance in the biofuel chain over the food chains (corn and broiler). The evolution of the ethanol outdegree from 0.70 in 2000 to 2.08 in 2012, compared with the food chains such as corn and broiler which outdegree decreased from 37.56 to 18.44 and from 1.58 to 0.60 respectively in the same period, have contributed with quantitative evidences to the food versus fuel discussion.

Conclusions

The values of outdegree and indegree were obtained for the three simplified studied commodity chains, using the SNA concept. The calculation of these values and the visualization of the network allow assessing the output behavior of a chain, about one another over time. Further studies are recommended to include the full extent of the commodity chain to have a more precise view of the interrelations of the agribusiness chains.

Fig. 1 .

 1 Fig. 1. American and Brazilian ethanol production from 2000 to 2012

Fig. 2 .

 2 Fig. 2. Graphic representation of the relationship between ethanol, corn and broiler production in Brazil and in the U.S.A, from 2000 to 2012..

Table 1 .

 1 Compared production of Ethanol, Corn, and Broiler in the USA and Brazil

				BRAZIL		UNITED STATES
			2000	2006	2012	2000	2006	2012
	PRODUCT		Production*			Production*
	Ethanol	8367.35 14096.81 18348.79	4635.72 13807.62 37825.20
		Corn	42289.70 51369.90 81007.20	251854.00 267503.00 273819.52
		Broiler	5980.00	9340.00 12650.00	13702.80 15930.31 16621.08
	RELATION
	a	b		Ratio **			Ratio **
	Corn	Ethanol	5.05	3.64	4.41	54.33	19.37	7.24
	Corn	Broiler	7.07	5.50	6.40	18.38	16.79	16.47
	Ethanol Corn	0.20	0.27	0.23	0.02	0.05	0.14
	Ethanol Broiler	1.40	1.51	1.45	0.34	0.87	2.28
	Broiler Corn	0.41	0.18	0.16	0.05	0.06	0.06
	Broiler Ethanol	0.71	0.66	0.69	2.96	1.15	0.44
	* Production = 10 3 tons
	** Ratio = a/b
	3

Table 2 .

 2 Outdegree and indegree values of the ethanol, corn and broiler chains output

		BRAZIL	UNITED STATES	TOTAL
		2000 2006 2012 2000 2006 2012 2000 2006 2012
	OUTDGREE
	Ethanol	160 178 168 036 092 242 070 119 208
	Corn	1212 914 1081 7271 3616 2371 3756 2405 1844
	Broiler	085 084 085 301 121 050 158 099 060
	INDEGREE
	Ethanol	576 430 510 5729 2052 768 2413 1234 684
	Corn	034 045 039 007 011 020 011 017 024
	Broiler	847 701 785 1872 1766 1875 1560 1372 1404


Nobuhiro Sugimura
email: sugimura@me.osakafu-u.ac.jp

Koji Iwamura

Nguyen Quang Thinh

Kousuke Nakai

Seisuke Fukumoto

Yoshitaka Tanimizu

Production Cost Analysis and Production Planning for Plant Factories Considering Markets

Keywords: Plant Factories, Prodction Planning, Cost Analysis

Much emphasis is now given to development of fully closed and controlled plant factories, aimed at supplying various vegetables safely and constantly. However, one of the most important issues of the plant factories is the high production costs due to the investment and equipment in the factories and the daily operations. Systematic methods are considered here increase the delivery prices of the vegetables and to reduce the running costs in the plant factories.

Introduction

Much emphasis is now given to development and application of fully closed and controlled plant factories, aimed at supplying various vegetables safely and constantly. Many plant factories have been equipped and operated in suburban areas and downtowns for supplying the safe and high quality vegetables directory to the markets [START_REF] Takatsuji | Fully Controlled and Closed Plant Factory[END_REF][START_REF]Outline of Facilities (R&D Center for the Plant Factory[END_REF]. However, one of the most important problems of the plant factories to be solved is the production costs due to the investment and equipment in the factories and the daily operations. A mathematical model is proposed in the research to estimate the production costs of the vegetables due to the investment, equipment and operations, based on the production conditions of the vegetables and their production volumes in the plants. The proposed model are verified by comparing the estimated production costs by the proposed model with ones of the real plant equipped in Osaka Prefecture University [START_REF] Takatsuji | LED Plant factory[END_REF].

A production planning method is proposed to select a suitable production plans of the vegetables to be cultivated in the daily operations of the plant factories referring to the forecasting model developed to estimate the market prices of the vegetables. The market prices are forecasted by applying a GP (Genetic Programming) model representing the relationships between the market prices and the weather data.

An electric power supply market is also disscussed to get the electric power for the plant factories, aimed at reducing the electricity costs, since the plant factory requires large amount of electric power for the lighting sources and the air conditioning equipment.

Plant Factories and their Markets

Plant factories are production systems which constantly produces safe and high quality vegetables rapidly and constantly. However, the production costs in the plant factories are higher than the ones of the conventional farms, due to initial investment costs including plant constructions, air conditioning equipment, lighting devices and produciton equipment and also running costs for electirc power supply. Therefore, two markets are considerd in the research to reduce the operarion costs and to increase the selling prices of the produced vegetables.

Figure 1 shows the vegetable markets and the electirc suppliers related with the plant factories. The vegetable markets are the markets dealing with the vegetables produced by both the conventional farms and the plant factories, and the market prices are determined based on the supplies and the demands in the markets. The market prices of the leaf lettuces dynamically change day by day due to various environmental conditions, and the selling prices are increased if the delivery timing is fit to the date with high prices of the lettuces. Therefore, a suitable production plans are required to deliver the lettuces to the high price markets.

As regards the electric power supply, two types of supply systems are considered. They are, conventional electric power suppliers and electric power markets. The plant factories get most of the required electirc powers from the conventinal suppliers and a part of the electirc powers from the markets to decrease the procurement costs.

The following three issues will be discussed in the paper to manage the plant factories based on the vegetable markets and the electirc power markets.

(1) Production cost analysis of plant factories, (2) Production planning of plant fatories based on vegetable market prices, and (3) Purchasing electirc powers from electirc power markets

Production Cost Analysis of Plant Factories

The production costs of the vegetables produced in the plant factories are classified in to following items. (1) Construction costs of plant factories, (2) Machinery costs of plant factories, such as pallets to seed vegetables, conveyers to transport the pallets, and devices to pick up the grown-up vegetables, (3) Lighting source costs to give required photon flux density of the vegetables, (4) Air-conditioning device costs to keep the environments in the plant factories, such as temperature and humidity, (5) Running costs for the electricity required to operate the plant factories, and ( 6) Other running costs.

The individual cost items are investigated based on the documents and data in the web-sites to estimate the production costs of one piece of the vegetables. The cost items considered here include such items as the construction costs of the plant factory buildings for an unit area, the conveyer costs for an unit length, the lighting device costs for the fluorescent lights and/or LED lights required to cultivate the vegetables, the air-conditioning costs to remove an unit kWh heat, and the power purchasing costs for an unit kWh.

The cost items are analyzed and a set of formulas are developed to estimate the production costs for the individual pieces of the vegetables. By applying the formulas, the production costs for the leaf lettuces are estimated for the cases of the fluorescent lights and the LED lights. For an example, Eq. ( 1) gives the photon flux requirement of the lighting sources to produce the vegetables, which is one of the most important formulas for designing the plant factories.

L all p V S PFD PF      ( 1 )
where, PF mol s -1 ] : Total photon flux required in the plant factories. PFD mol m -2 s -1 ] : Photon flux density required to the lighting sources to cultivate the vegetables. Sp [m 2 ] : Areas which the individual vegetables occupy. V all : Total number of vegetables in the plant factories.

 L : Efficiency of the lighting sources.

The numbers of the lighting sources are estimated by applying Eq. ( 1), and the capacity and the electric powers of both the lighting sources and the air-conditioning systems are estimated based on the numbers and the electric powers of the lighting sources.

The basic specification of the pant factories considered here is summarized in Table 1, based on the experimental plant factory in Osaka Prefecture University. Table 2 shows the specification of the leaf lettuces produced in the experimental plant factories. Whole plans of the plant factories for both fluorescent lights and the LED lights have been designed based on the specifications, and the production costs are estimated for individual pieces of the lettuces.

The estimated costs are summarized in Table 3 for the plant factories equipped with the fluorescent lights and ones with LEDs. The estimated costs are roughly same with the production costs of the existing plant factories. The differences of the cost items between two light sources are also roughly same as the existing plant factories. In the case of ones equipped with LED lights, the lightning device cost is high, but the airconditioning cost and the electricity costs are low, due to high efficiency and low energy consumption of the LED lights against the fluorescent lights.

Production Planning and Purchasing of Electric Power

Estimation of Wholesale Market Prices

A suitable production plans for the Plant factories are required to produce and to supply the vegetables in suitable timing to the markets. A production planning method is discussed in the section based on the market price estimation of the lettuces.

The market prices of lettuces are changing day by day due to surrounding conditions such as seasons, whether, and climate [START_REF][END_REF]. Many research works have been carried out to forecast the vegetable market prices by applying the ARIMA model of the time series analysis and the Neural Network model [START_REF] Shukla | Applicability of ARIMA Models in Wholesale Vegetable Market[END_REF][START_REF] Nasira | Forecasting Model for Vegetable Price Using Back Propagation Neural Network[END_REF]. However, it is required to establish long-term forecasting methods for the production planning, due to the long lead time in the plant factories. Therefore, the correlations between the wholesale market prices in Tokyo and the various parameters of the weather such as temperature, humidity, and so on, were firstly analyzed, and it was found that the lowest temperature The factory B has the equipment to produce two vegetables and the production costs are higher than ones of the factory A, (b) Both the leaf lettuces and the vegetable have same cultivation period of 25 days, (c) The vegetable  can be sold by the price same as the production costs, and (d) The retail vegetable market prices are higher than the wholesale market prices in either 3, 3.5 or 4 times.

The following procedure is proposed to carry out production planning. STEP 1: Forecasting of lowest temperature and wholesale market prices The lowest temperature of 25 days after are firstly forecasted based on the weather forecast and the wholesale market prices of the lettuces are also estimated by applying Eq. ( 2) . The cultivation period in the plant factories is set to be 25 days, and the production planning requires the forecast of the market prices of 25 days after, in order to select the cultivation operations in the next day. STEP2: Selection of vegetables to be cultivated in the nest day (1) Plant factory A The production planning system for the plant factory A selects the one of the following tow operations for the next day. a) Cultivating lettuces, if the forecasted price is higher than the production costs, or b) No cultivation, if the forecasted price is lower than the production costs. c) (2) Plant factory B The production planning system of factory B selects one the following two operations for the next day. a) Cultivating lettuces, if the forecasted price is higher than the production costs, or b) Cultivating vegetable , if the forecasted price is lower than the production costs.

In the plant factory B, the vegetable  is cultivated to avoid the loss of the running cost, for the cases that the forecasted lettuce price is lower than the production costs. However, the production cost of the plant factory B is higher than one of the plant factory A, due to the additional production equipment for two types of vegetables.

Purchasing of electric power from market

As regards the electric power supply, two suppliers are considered in the research. One is the conventional electric power suppliers, which provide the electricity by the fixed prices based on the long term contracts. Another is electric power markets, in which the amount of power supply and the prices are determined based on the daily supplies and demands, such as Nord Pool in EU and JEPX (Japan Electric Power eXchange) in Japan [START_REF]Japan Electric Power eXchange[END_REF]. Figures 3 and4 show a structure of the electric power markets and the relationships between the balanced prices and the amount of the electric power supplied to the markets, respectively.

When the vegetables to be cultivated in the next day are fixed, the total electric power requirement is estimated and the demands to the electric power market are determined. The demand of the plant factory is sent to the market, and the market determines the amount of electric power and its price in next day.

Simulation Results

One year simulations of both the factories A and B have been carried out by applying the forecasted prices and the real prices of the lettuces from Jan. to Dec., 2010. As regards the electric power market, a statistical simulation model is proposed, which include 10 suppliers and 20 customers including the plant factory. The daily supplies and demands of the individual suppliers and customers are selected randomly in the simulations.

Figure 5 shows the simulation results about the profits of the plant factories A and B. The profits of both the factories depend on the market price of the lettuce. When the market price is low, the combined production of the factory B reduces the loss by producing the vegetable . The simple production of the factory A gets the higher profit in the case of high market price. The combined production in factory B is not so efficient, if the market price is high and stable. The production volumes in factory B is summarized in Fig. 6. The percentage of the lettuce is high in the winter seasons, since the market price is high due to low temperature, as shown in Fig. 3. The simulations have been carried out for five times due to the statistical characters of the market price forecasting. The individual lines in Fig. 6 show the different simulation results, but all the tendency are almost same.

Conclusions

A plant factories and its production planning system are discussed in the paper. The followings are concluded.

(1) The production cost items are considered to plan and to estimate the production costs of individual piece of leaf lettuces, based on the investigations of the experimental plant factories in Osaka Prefecture University and related documents. (2) A genetic programming (GP) based method is proposed to forecast the future prices of the lettuces, since the long lead time of 25 days are required for cultivating the lettuces. (3) A production planning system for the plant factories is proposed to select a suitable vegetable to be cultivated in every day operations, aimed at increasing the profits and decreasing the operation costs.

Fig. 1 .

 1 Fig. 1. Vegetable market and electric power market

Fig. 2 .

 2 Fig. 2. Relatio ns with the le loped to forec h the market p rocess are gen rices in the r uation (2) sho the prices.

Fig. 3 .Fig. 5 .

 35 Fig. 3. Electric Power Market Fig. 4. Market mechanisms

Fig. 6 .

 6 Fig. 6. Production volumes of lettuce in plant factory B

Table 1

 1

	Specification of a plant factory
	Daily production	5,000 [pieces]
	Capacity	25,000 [pieces]
	Lighting sources	Fluorescent lights or LED
	Efficiency of light	80 [%]
	Table 2 Specification of a leaf lettuce
	Cultivation period	25 [days]
	Photon flux density	150 [mol m 2 s -1 ]
	Table 3 Summary of production costs for plant factories (Yen/Piece)
		Plant factories	Plant factories
	equipped with fluores-	equipped with LED
		cent lights
	Lighting source	9.88	58.9
	Air conditioning	14.2	2.19
	Construction	11.0	11.0
	Equipment	2.78	2.78
	Seeds, water, etc.	6.10	6.10
	Electric power	88.4	28.4
	Total Cost	132	109


Genivaldo Carlos

Jair Minoro

Learning evaluation using non-classical logics

Keywords: Paraconsistency, non-classic logics, teacher evaluation

Among the various existing methods used in teachers' evaluation, one of the most used is the survey of the students themselves. This method may have incomplete (paracompleteness), conflicting or inaccurate results as they often deal often with subjective and contradictory opinions. This work presents a case study using a non-classical logic, to analyze these conflicting views. The Paraconsistent Annotated Evidential E Logic proves to be helpful in the analysis of these data types in order to see more clearly the items that should be improved.

Introduction

Several countries have intensely discussed more efficient ways to analyze the performance of teachers in an institution so they can provide the best possible learning to their students.

According to Derrington [START_REF] Derrington | Changes in Teacher Evaluation: Implications for the Principal's Work[END_REF] the function of the director of the institution remains a key component in the evaluation of teachers, but a more comprehensive evaluation model incorporating a greater body of evidence will produce a more accurate view of teachers' skills. There are many other methods, including the self-reflection of teachers, student performance data and feedback from students. Concerning on feedback from students, one of the methods is the survey of the opinions themselves.

This research is a case study that uses a mathematical approach by evidential E paraconsistent logic, applied to the analysis of the results of research conducted with students in teachers' evaluation. It is expected, in this research, that the results obtained can give a clearer view of the relevance of the analyzed items, as well as its importance in the general context of assessment, showing those items that need to be improved.

Background

Abrami [START_REF] Abrami | How should we use student ratings to evaluate teaching[END_REF] shows that this model should not only include the evaluation of all teacher assignments, but also incorporate the socioeconomic and cultural context in which the professional works.

Fenwick [START_REF] Fenwick | Using student outcomes to evaluate teaching: A cautious exploration[END_REF] discusses the process, often difficult to assess the effectiveness of teaching in terms of student learning outcomes and suggests approaches to micro and macro level evaluation of teachers using student outcomes.

According to LaFee [START_REF] Lafee | Students Evaluating Teachers[END_REF], students are very close to their teachers and are in a good position to assess their activities in room and know what works or not in their learning. According to Ferguson [START_REF] Ferguson | How Framework for Teaching and Tripod 7Cs Evidence Distinguish Key Components of Effective Teaching[END_REF] even in developed countries like the USA, the school system is developed in some respects and underdeveloped in others. The main reasons for this underdevelopment are structural gaps and systemic inefficiencies in the education system to prepare young people for employment.

Rosenshine and Furst [START_REF] Rosenshine | Research on teacher performance criteria[END_REF] identified some factors that influence learning, such as clarity, teacher orientation tasks, student involvement, among others.

The project "The Measure of Effective Teaching [START_REF]Asking about Teaching Students, Student Perception Surveys and Their Implementation[END_REF] -founded by the Bill & Melinda Gates -studying methods that provide a more effective learning and among the elements used in the project is a survey of a dozen thousands of students who answer questions about their experiences on education. The results of the survey were used as one of the evaluation tools and feedback to teachers. However, this method may have incomplete, conflicting and inaccurate data, and risk evaluate metrics that have little to do with the really important behaviors of teachers face to educational goals due to because it is subjective opinions. DE MELO [START_REF] De Mello | Observação da interação professor-aluno: uma revisão crítica[END_REF] Abe [START_REF] Abe | Paraconsistent Artificial Neural Networks: an Introduction[END_REF] presents some aspects of paraconsistent systems and its applications in various fields.

Paraconsistent, Paracomplete and Non-alethic Logics

In what follows, we sketch the non-classical logics discussed in the paper, establishing some conventions and definitions. Let T be a theory whose underlying logic is L. T is called inconsistent when it contains theorems of the form A and A (the negation of A).

If T is not inconsistent, it is called consistent. T is said to be trivial if all formulas of the language of T are also theorems of T. Otherwise, T is called non-trivial.

When L is classical logic (or one of several others, such as intuitionistic logic), T is inconsistent if T is trivial. So, in trivial theories the extensions of the concepts of formula and theorem coincide. A paraconsistent logic is a logic that can be used as the basis for inconsistent but non-trivial theories.

A theory is called paraconsistent if its underlying logic is a paraconsistent logic. Many logicians have appreciated issues such as those described above. In 1910, the Russian logician Nikolaj A. Vasil'év (1880-1940) and the Polish logician Jan Lukasiewicz (1878-1956) independently glimpsed the possibility of developing such logics. Nevertheless, Stanislaw Jaskowski was in 1948 effectively the first logician to develop a paraconsistent system, at the propositional level.

His system is known as 'discussive' (or discursive) propositional calculus. Independently, some years later, the Brazilian logician Newton C.A. da Costa (1929-) constructed for the first time hierarchies of paraconsistent propositional calculi Ci, 1 iof paraconsistent first-order predicate calculi (with and without equality), of paraconsistent description calculi, and paraconsistent higher-order logics (systems NFi,1 i). Another important class of non-classical logics are the paracomplete logics.

A logical system is called paracomplete if it can function as the underlying logic of theories in which there are formulas such that these formulas and their negations are simultaneously false. Intuitionistic logic and several systems of many-valued logics are paracomplete in this sense (and the dual of intuitionistic logic, Brouwerian logic, is therefore paraconsistent).

Consequently, paraconsistent theories do not satisfy the principle of non-contradiction, which can be stated as follows: of two contradictory propositions, i.e. one of which is the negation of the other, one must be false. In addition, paracomplete theories do not satisfy the principle of the excluded middle, formulated in the following form: of two contradictory propositions, one must be true. Finally, logics that are simultaneously paraconsistent and paracomplete are called non-alethic logics. According to Rosenshine and Furst [START_REF] Rosenshine | Research on teacher performance criteria[END_REF] and the report Student Perception Surveys and Their Implementation [START_REF]Asking about Teaching Students, Student Perception Surveys and Their Implementation[END_REF], a set of factors (Sn) was extracted, which constituted the research with students. The factors chosen were Attention, Control, Plainness, Knowledge, Magnetism, Checking and Reinforcement. Each factor has five statements, which shall be assigned grades from 0 to 10 for both possibilities, "Acceptance" and "Rejection", representing respectively the Belief and Disbelief levels for each statement. The results were analyzed according to Paraconsistent Logic Annotated Evidential E and presented in graphs using the paraanalizer algorithm according Da Silva Filho [START_REF] Silva Filho | Uncertainty Treatment Using Paraconsistent Logic -Introducing Paraconsistent Artificial Neural[END_REF] and compared according to figure 1.

Where: In Figure 3, we have the result of the paraanalyzer algorithm analysis that shows that factors S1, S3 and S6 Attention -Plainness -Checking respectively, are considered viable, which means that they have been evaluated and do not require improvements.

On the other hand, we see that the factors S2, S4, S5 and S7 were considered inconclusive, it means, the information is not enough to lead to a decision on the items evaluated and eventually would require some improvement to achieve better evaluation levels.

Figure 3 -Features Analysis Table



Outcomes of Logic E

Figure 4 shows the result of global analysis, located on the near Quasi-truth tending to inconsistency area in the Square Unit of the Cartesian plan (SUCP), which indicates that some factors need to be improved in order to have a better assessment of the teacher.

Conclusion

The study achieved its goal in order to provide a tool to assess a group opinion. They may be contradictory, considering the weight of each opinion from the many experts, which in this case study are students of an institution. With this tool it is possible to identify features that can and should be improved.

This analysis can also be applied in all types of educational institutions and companies in which they have conflicting information for decision-making.

Figure 1 -

 1 Figure 1-Paraconsistent Logic States

Figure 2

 2 Figure2shows the table with the data for the operational research group, with the same methodology used for B and C groups.

Figure 2 -

 2 Figure 2 -Operational research data -Group A


Ronny Weinreich

No

Neu Mann

Ralph Riedel

Egon Müller
email: egon.mueller@mb.tu-chemnitz.de

Scrum as method for agile project management outside of the product development area

Keywords: agile project management, Scrum, case-study, non-development, purchasing

In recent years Agile Project M anagement (APM ) and especially the Scrum framework have grown in popularity in order to deal with "vuca" business environments. Scrum has become more and more common practice in software development and has already been tested in a few hardware domains. But is it also applicable outside the development area? The paper aims to show potentials and limitations in the use of Scrum in a purchasing environment and describes implemented customizations.

Introduction

Present business environment became "vuca", which means companies have to face an increasing volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambigu ity [START_REF] Bennett | What a difference a word makes: Understanding threats to performance in a VUCA world[END_REF]. To deal effectively with these challenges they need to develop certain capabilities. In recent literature agility is frequently mentioned, while the concept itself is defined very heterogen eously and comprises many sub-disciplines [START_REF] Jentsch | Wandlungsfähigkeit im M anagement produzierender Unternehmen[END_REF]. Agile Project Management (A PM) as one of them seems to provide successful approaches [START_REF] Riedel | Systemische Fabrikbetriebsplanung auf Basis eines kybernetischsoziotechnischen M odells[END_REF]. Relevant experience issues main ly fro m software development and rarely fro m hardware development [START_REF] Riedel | Systemische Fabrikbetriebsplanung auf Basis eines kybernetischsoziotechnischen M odells[END_REF]. Outside the product development there are only scattered papers which address the potential of ag ile approaches, e.g. in the field of factory planning [START_REF] Reinema | A giles Projektmanagement -Einsatzpotentiale und Handlungsbedarfe im Rahmen von Fabrikplanungsprojekten[END_REF] or sales [START_REF] Van Solingen | Scrum in Sales. How to improve account management and sales processes[END_REF]. For this reason the paper tries to figure out potentials and limitat ions for APM outside of the product development area based on a case -study in a purchasing environment.

Therefore the art icle presents some theoretical basics on Agile Pro ject Manag ement and Scru m followed by a comparison of differences between the fields of pro duct development and non-development. Thereafter the research methodology is d escribed as well as the analyzed case. Finally the paper concludes with the evaluation and discussion of the results and an outlook on future research intentions.

Theoretical Background and Research Methodology

Agile Project Management

The need for APM as well as its ideas, concepts and methods originated fro m the field of software development [START_REF] Riedel | Systemische Fabrikbetriebsplanung auf Basis eines kybernetischsoziotechnischen M odells[END_REF]. Its success story began after the articulation of the agile man ifesto [START_REF] Beck | M anifesto for Agile Software Development[END_REF], which b rought high attention to the field [START_REF] Dingsøyr | A decade of agile methodologies: Towards explaining agile software development[END_REF]. APM is based on the principles of agile manufacturing and lean management.

The most common method in APM is Scrum (see chapter 2.2), followed by Kanban and several methods, which are mainly focused on software development. A broad field of hybrid or customized solutions exists besides these stand -alone methods. The field where APM is most common is software development. Other do mains where APM has already been adopted are (hard ware) product development and process optimizat ion [START_REF] Komus | Status Quo Agile 2014. 2 nd international study on application of agile methods[END_REF][START_REF] Conforto | Project M anagement Agility Global Survey[END_REF].

Scrum

In the field of project management the term "Scru m", which is originally a formation in rugby sports, was at first mentioned in 1986 in an article of Takeuchi and Nonaka. They describe self-organized and "mult ilearning" pro ject teams which work crossfunctional and subtly controlled in overlapping development phases [START_REF] Takeuchi | The new new product development game[END_REF]. Sutherland and Schwaber took these findings and the term "Scru m" and developed in the early 1990s the today known framework, wh ich was first presented in 1995 [START_REF]The Scrum Culture. Introducing Agile M ethods in Organizations[END_REF].

Fig. 1. Events during a sprint within the Scrum framework

Scru m is defined as "a framework within which people can address complex adaptive problems, while productively and creatively delivering products of the highest poss ible value" [12, p. 3]. The underlying principles are transparency, inspection and adaption, which are be followed by using a special iterat ive process (see fig. 1), a special role model (see table 1) and a nu mber of art ifacts [START_REF] Schwaber | The Scrum Guide. The Defenitive Guide t o Scrum: The Rules of the Game[END_REF]. Most of these artifacts are not defined by the framework itself but are good practices in the field of APM. Examples are the use of (kanban-) taskboards, pair working or the use of estimation techniques like p lanning poker [13, p. 24]. Moreover, Scru m requires an agile cu lture, which focuses on collaboration and creation wh ile hierarchy and co mpetit ion step back. The structural elements of Scru m support this. It could be noticed that these values are partially contrary to those of hierarchical organizations. As a consequence the implementation of Scru m requires many changes in the field o f management [START_REF]The Scrum Culture. Introducing Agile M ethods in Organizations[END_REF].

Devel opment of Social Systems

In order to show commonalities and differences between possible areas for the application of APM it seems to be worthwh ile to analy ze the systems they work with. Therefore table 2 shows a number of attributes, adopted from systems theory [START_REF] Ropohl | Allgemeine Systemtheorie. Einführung in transdisziplinäres Denken[END_REF].

As purchasing builds up the interface to other companies (suppliers) the authors interpret it as an area for social systems development. Especially the differences in terms of system behavior and testing possibilities lead to the question, how these special circu mstances affect the application of Scru m and which necessities for customizat ions can be derived fro m that.

2.4

Research methodol ogy

Due to the exp lorative and primarily qualitative character of the research question a case study approach was first chosen as suitable research methodology. A case study can be described as the "detailed examination of a single examp le of a class of ph enomena" [15, p. 34]. In the current stage of research this approach is useful to first provide hypotheses, which can be tested systematically later on with a b roader emp irical basis [START_REF] Flyvbjerg | Five M isunderstandings About Case-Study Research[END_REF].

A case study research design has the following components shown in table 3 [START_REF] Rowley | Using Case Studies in Research[END_REF][START_REF] Yin | Case study research; design and methods[END_REF] with its equivalents in our particular case. The study's propositions SCRUM as an agile project management method is applicable in non-development do mains and it leads to better, faster, more goal-oriented, more focused, more flexib le and more creative problem solving processes. The non-development domain leads to some part icularities.

The study's units of analysis

One concrete case in the purchasing department of a big automotive supplier with several events (on-site-training, CSM -workshop, daily stand-ups, sprint plannings and review, retrospectives) and project team members, the team coach, the product owner. Informat ion was gathered fro m interviews, document analysis and participatory observ ation.

The logic of linking the data to the propositions Conclusions build on a qualitative analysis of documents, interviews and observations, including a classification scheme and qualitative variab les.

The criteria for interpreting findings History of events; time effects , accumu lations of particular conditions; correlations with specific ro les, environ mental impacts etc.; outcomes of the project; opinions, emotions, satisfaction of the participants.

The case study itself can be seen as embedded in a superordinated cycle of action research because the research itself is participative, i.e. the researcher is more or less part of the team, as well as problem-identificat ion, planning, act ion and evaluation are interlinked [START_REF] Waterman | Action research: a systematic review and assessment for guidance[END_REF]. The knowledge created in the research process is to be fed back in the system to improve the system's resp. the agile project's processes and outcomes [START_REF] Susman | Action Research: A Sociotechnical Systems Perspective[END_REF].

Case Study Analysis

Case Description

The analyzed case was a single project in a loss -making business division of a global automotive supplier. The p roject goal was to secure break even by reduction of e xpenses. Because the biggest expenditure item was material cost the focus was main ly on purchasing but also on logistics and production. Therefore the participants of the project came fro m different depart ments and different countries in order to build up a cross-functional (or functional dissolved) and multinational team. Each team member was more or less specialist of his domain wh ich is required by the high specificity of the automotive branch.

The project environment contained many stakeholders and a high management a twhich imp lied many internal polit ics and a high dynamic. So a "vuca" env ironment was given. For that reasons the chosen operating system was Scru m, in order to be able to cope with the named circu mstances:

 iterative process to adapt on changes due to the existing dynamics  cross-functional and self-organized team, scraped together at one location and supported by a Scru m Master to create required creat ivity  Product Owner to handle needs of stakeholder and management

The team has been grown during the project fro m t welve to 15 members (inclusive Scru m Master and Product Owner). Five people were transposed during the observed project time due to several reasons , e.g. job change or limited secondment.

Nobody in the team had experience with APM. Therefore the Product Owner and Scru m Master got a CSM-certification first wh ile the who le team got a 2-day-training to introduce in Scrum. Besides this the first four sprints (8 weeks) were supported by a consultancy.

Less than 50% of the team staff had practical experience within the problem field.

The team was co-located for only three days per week (Tuesday to Thursday) because the employees came fro m all over Europe. The used task-board was not digitalized in order to have all participants most of the time at the same location to secure direct commun ication and full participation. Other used artifacts were an impediment log, an overall road map to show the strategy (comparable to a release plan), an availability plan of all team members and a central server in order to have full access to all documents and information.

The chosen sprint length was two weeks, while every sprint contained the planning meet ing, four stand-ups (twice a week), the sprint review and the sprint retrospective.

The vision was formu lated as the amount of cost the team had to reduce. The backlog items to reach this vision consisted of ideas from the whole team but were prior itized by the Product Owner.

The observer (first author), which is CSM as well, had the function of a scientific attendant. Mostly he participated in the Scru m events , e.g. planning, review and retrospective, to gather data and to act like a pro moter, consultant or questioner.

Evaluation Results and Discussion

Due to the limited extent of this art icle the evaluation focuses mainly on insights which are linked to the special environ ment of social systems development and the automotive business. Already known issues like team develop ment, cultural change or the influence of disturbances from different sources could be also recognized but are not addressed in this paper.

The most difficult challenge wh ile imp lementing Scru m in the non-development area is the fact that there is only a limited possibility to test ideas and solutions (see table 2). Try ing e.g. a new negotiation concept like it is usual in purchasing all tests would be real-time within the living system. This means to use a trial-and-errorapproach is only possible at a risk. As a consequence the team decided to implement quality gates due to the criticality of a task fail. Low criticality allo wed that team members could decide for the mselves or by four-eye-princip le; high crit icality needed the involvement of the Product Owner or so metimes the stakeholders. A problem which the authors observed is that these offered a possibility for micromanagement by the Product Owner or the stakeholders. Thereby, self-organization of the team and an autonomous idea creation, concept development and testing were more or less blocked. Another issue regarding the involvement of different parties is about speed. The more people are involved, the more time for decision making was needed (see e.g. [START_REF] Godwin | The road to agreement: Subgroup pressures in small group consensus processes[END_REF]). To overco me endless discussions in some places it was chosen to introduce the sociocratic consent moderation approach [22, p. 9], which pro mises faster decisions with a higher quality by min imizing rejection and veto instead of maximizing agreement.

Critical is also the granularity of items. If they are too restricted, often the solution is intended by the formu lation of the task. So the team could not determine the way of solving the problem and as a consequence creativity is limited.

Micro management and a restricted granularity of the tasks showed a negative impact on team motivation and the trust in the method Scrum, especially because the team members, who are all experts in their field, expected fro m an agile approach a more open way to work.

Another issue resulted from the social systems scope and from the specificity of different domains in automotive business. The one Product Owner d id not have the competence for all do mains and sometimes the translation from the stakeholders into the team failed. So it was inevitable that even team members had to talk direct ly to stakeholders, which is originally not intended within the Scru m framework. Later it was chosen to install a Chief Product Owner and three Product Owners each for specific areas in order to deal with the high co mp lexity. Scru m Planning was split in t wo partsone hour for the whole team moderated by the Ch ief Product Owner, one hour for planning within the specialized area. Thereby, the team was divided in s maller sub-teams (3-7 people) even though they constantly tried to act and optimize as a whole.

After three month of work a strategic change could be recognized. While at the b eginning the overall pro ject road map was structured by qualitatively described problem fields (purchasing material fields) without any relat ion to saving potentials , later on it changed to a prioritized action plan oriented at the relation between saving potential, estimated lead t ime and inherent risk. This implies that especially in case that the problem field is very complicated and the team is not familiar with it a set up time is needed. So in early sprints analysis and idea creation outweigh while later execution is more focused. This means not that there is a cut between a kind o f p lanning sprints and executing sprints. Planning and execution are always done in parallel in order to adjust over the whole project t ime.

Conclusion and Future Research

It can be concluded that most of the elements of Scru m can be used also within a project in the purchasing area wh ile some of them need some customization. In addit ion , there are other crit ical aspects, e.g. the difficulty to manage the variety of specialists in order to create a co mmon team or to find the right granularity of tasks and targets. Therefore especially in environ ments like auto motive with a less agile culture as well as in social systems development further qualitative research is required. On a long-term perspective broader quantitative research should aim at clarify ing the most effective tools and principles of APM and how those contribute to project success.

Also the used sociocratic consent moderation approach needs much more scientific investigation as it is relatively new, less used and differing fro m traditionally known decision methods like the autocratic decision by a powerful superior or the decision by election as it is used in a democracy.

Table 1 .

 1 Roles and their responsibilities within the Scrum framework

	Role within Scrum	Responsibilities
	Scru m Master	facilitator of team and Product Owner; maintains motiv a-
		tion and self-organizat ion of the team; moderator of the
		daily stand-up and the sprint retrospective
	Product Owner	interface to all customer and stakeholder; prioritizes the
		back log items in order to maximize the value of team
		results; moderator of sprint planning and sprint review
	Develop ment Team	self-organization and continuous improvement of produc-
		tivity; works on back log items to deliver value to the cus-
		tomer; responsible to fulfill Product Owner's requirements

Table 2 .

 2 Comparison of development areas

	Attributes	Software	Hardware	Social Systems
		Development	Development	Development
	elements	data	data; physical objects people
	relations	technical interplay	technical interplay	communicat ion
	dynamics	non-emergent	non-emergent	emergent
	behavior	complicated; deter-	complicated; deter-	complex;
		ministic or stochastic;	ministic or stochastic;	contingently
	testing and	directly testable;	simu lated or proto-	simu lated or direct;
	results	direct result	typed; direct result	delayed results
	memo ry	amnesic or resettable	resettable or rep lace-	reminding; existing
			able	path dependence

Table 3 .

 3 Research design

	Component	Equivalents
	The study's questions	Is it possible to apply SCRUM successfully in non -
		development domains and in living systems as organiza-
		tions? What phenomena result fro m the particular do main
		of application?


André De

Lira Muniz

Marcelo Nogueira

Jair Minoro

André Gomes De Lira Muniz

Importance of Bidimensional Data Matrix Code Against Medicine Counterfeiting

Keywords: Traceability, medicine, Data Matrix 1

ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Introduction

The pharmaceutical industry was held responsible for problems arising from the use of medicines in the use chain [START_REF] Camargo | Rastreabilidade: sinônimo de eficiência e segurança[END_REF]. However, the current situation and advances in tracking, reverse logistics, interchangeability of specific drugs and regulations have provided a meaningful way to address this issue. Currently beyond the financial aspect, consumer safety became mandatory from the perspective of responsibility and business ethics.

Prioritize the safety and quality of products and services contributes decisively to customer loyalty, and strengthening the relation-ship between patient and health institutions. This situation is critical and patient safety in hospitals is a matter to be analyzed in depth in society [START_REF] Camargo | Rastreabilidade: sinônimo de eficiência e segurança[END_REF]. Every year, thousands of people suffering from medical errors caused by flaws in the administration of medication and hospital procedures. A set of "best practices" has been developed and implemented by organizations that demonstrate an awareness in management processes, activities and relationship with patients. The challenge of improving its internal processes, based on continuous improvement with the technological support and new working methods. Traceability shall then be a way for industry and health organizations to implement management systems, providing efficiency in its operations, customer value and to remain competitive in the market.

Before the proposed objective, opposite the importance of the topic and its application, analyze the traceability of pharmaceutical drugs operating in Brazil, conducting applied research, given that it is not pure science; quantitative because they are used figures on counterfeit drugs in Brazil; and descriptive, for he knows the main object of study. Supported by pillars of traceability, which is the ability to track bidirectional forward with application or location of the same [START_REF] Mello | ISO 9001[END_REF], evaluation of historical medications, with their resilience through recorded identifications, allowing the tracking of what is considered as sources of consultations.

A bias of the problem

In recent years the world is faced with significant problems related to public health and counterfeit drugs has become a critical factor for the world's population. The drug falsification of its holistic approach can vary according to country [START_REF] Virella | Falsificação de medicamentos. Uma realidade à qual é preciso dar atenção[END_REF]. May classify drug counterfeiting the form of manufacturing the pharmaceutical product by someone not authorized to do so by copying or imitating the original without permission and with the purpose of deception or fraud by selling the product as if it were the original.

Aiming to solve the problem of definition of counterfeit medicines, the World Health Organization -WHO established a definition: "Counterfeit medicine is one which is deliberately and fraudulently subject to a change of identity and/or source. In conclusion that the product can be or generic brand and may include products with the correct or incorrect composition without active components, with insufficient active components or with a packaging false" [START_REF] Who | General information on counterfeit medicines[END_REF]. In Brazil, according to Law No. 8,072/90, counterfeiting is a heinous crime, prompting the offender to be penalized without the traditional mercies as bail, pardon and others, that despite the rigidity of the sentence, in an attempt to inhibit such crimes, not extinguish the problem. The society, government and industry must find solutions that restrain counterfeiting with effective mechanisms for control of production and distribution of medicines.

Faced with this challenge, the private sector, society and government leaders around the world have sought effective ways to combat counterfeiting. We know that, to a greater or lesser degree of difficulty, the current mechanisms in the package can still be played and lead the consumer to a misunderstanding that can be fatal.

Global Trends

The creation of the World Health Organization, a specialized agency for health in 1948 developed of norms, standards and processes in search of a suitable level of health for all people. WHO aims the quality of drugs at the international level and that makes recommendations to combat and prevent counterfeit drugs requiring not only cooperation between institutions but also at international level.

With the rise of international trade in drugs and ease in Internet sales was the rapid expansion of the counterfeit goods trade. With that in 2006 WHO held an international task force to combat Counterfeit pharmaceuticals (IMPACT), composed by Interpol Intellectual Property Organization, and the agencies and associations of countries that seeks to share knowledge to identify problems, seek solutions and coordinate activities.

In Brazil, the creation of ANVISA in 1999 began regulating the supervisory process in the country, it is one set up a body with special authority to direct and independent public administration.

The first fake ID case in Brazil was registered in 1877. In 1991, was identified nine brands of tetracycline antibiotics were forged eleven that existed in the market.

The drug counterfeiting practices worsened between 1997 and 1998 being registered 172 cases of forgery by the Ministry of Health. Appeared counterfeit medicines for the treatment of prostate cancer, for example Androcur Schering of Brazil, led to worsening of the disease and died at least five patients who used the fake medicines.

Competition in the Brazilian drug market is being fought not only by national and foreign companies, there's a new competitor that is in pursuit of revenue from this market in 2013 had revenues of 3 trillion [START_REF] Cff | O mercado negro de medicamentos[END_REF]. According appointment of the National Anti-Piracy Forum -FNCP, suppliers of smuggled, counterfeit and pirated products have a turnover of 30 billion dollars in the last year (2013). Counterfeiting and smuggling of products generate damage amounting to eight billion dollars a year representing 20% of the total market and about five billion dollars of tax evasion and in Brazil,it is considered a heinous crime, this number doubles the world average of 10%, as shown by WHO studies [START_REF] Cff | O mercado negro de medicamentos[END_REF].

The IRS conducted the seizure of more than 40 million dollars in smuggled medicines since 2010, and at first the door of counterfeit products in Brazil is Paraguay which accounts for 20 billion two-thirds of ticket dollars per year in illegal products. Traceability of medicines in the production chain aims at prevention and drug misuse weakening and reducing counterfeit products, enabling the identification of lots with quality problems or of dubious origin and quickly re-moving market.

Tracing -Using the automating tool for medicine safety

With technological advances and influences imposed by contemporary society has required adoption of increasingly bold solutions requiring restructuring of the productive sectors based on efficiency, so having an effective production ceased to be a differential and became a synonym for survival in the corporate panorama. The veracity in the economy and consumer market demand establish crucial factors in the survival of an enterprise, synonyms such as price, quality, innovation, term commitment to the safety of people and the environment are not evident guarantees attesting product quality [START_REF] Rocha | Fluxo da informação no sistema de rastreabilidade em uma empresa do segmento eletrônico[END_REF]. The ability to enter detailed information about the origin and characteristics of the products distributed, according to batches or individually, at various stages of the production chain, has become an important instrument of commercial advantage. In addition to representing a key condition to meet the demands of consumers.

Law 11,903, of January 14, 2009, deals with the traceability of production and consumption of drugs [START_REF] Nogueira | N. 11.903/09: LEGAL ASPECTS AND IMPACTS[END_REF]. Ratifies the law 12 097 of 24 November 2009, where debate the concept and application of traceability in the supply chain of bovine meat and buffalo. Finally, the law 12.305, of August 2, 2010, establishing the national solid waste policy [START_REF] Rocha | Fluxo da informação no sistema de rastreabilidade em uma empresa do segmento eletrônico[END_REF]. This set of law refers traceability in Brazil to a new level, transferring to businesses, industries, businesses, insurance companies, hospitals and others the responsibility of collecting products put on the market. On international standards ISO 9000 is the following definition, traceability is defined as the ability to trace the history, applications or the location of products from its origin to the consumer [START_REF] Santos | Rastreabilidade "do laboratório à mesa" : um estudo da cadeia produtiva da indústria de carne suína na empresa Doux[END_REF]. The hospital side, traceability is the hospital's ability to control the receipt, distribution, dispensing and administration of batch and validity of drug processes [START_REF] Rocha | Fluxo da informação no sistema de rastreabilidade em uma empresa do segmento eletrônico[END_REF]. To set, traceability in this study was used to Occam's razor, so traceability is defined as the origin of the product identification from the raw materials used, production process, market distribution to consumption [START_REF] Malta | Farmácia Hospitalar Rastreabilidade de medicamentos na farmácia hospitalar[END_REF]. As a result of tampering and counterfeit drugs is notorious the need to establish a process to control the product distribution chain to the end consumer, the process control should identify the lot and the validity and be registered so that they can monitor the stages of the entire cycle in jail where he is. In hospital approach, lack of process control directly affects the hospital control and that the hospitals studied alternatives to address this lack of information and to control properly the information concerning the product, new technologies for identification and product traceability comes in market, including the two-dimensional code.

The risks of palliative solutions and innovation

The work of relabeling is a stopgap solution and can bring some risks to update data because the control process has a heavy reliance on human interaction and a methodology that guarantees some checkpoints and data validation during the information chain. And for this control to be effective it is necessary to invest in labor-work which increases the cost of operation. There is also the entrance possibility in the stock of medicine with error in the hospital and, therefore, is essential to control of lots and the internal redistribution of products by updating controls and information systems.

One possible risk is duplication of information and the potential damage and to corrupt the traceability of medicines during the time he is active in the system. Therefore, validate the quality of labels, printing program, as well as keeping the maintenance of printers, and have adequate quality control process promotes sustainable solution.

According to a study from the Institute of Medicine (2001) shows that even in first world countries, such as in the United States at a rate of 24% utilization in reading bar codes in hospitals to make the conference of the product before being effective dispensing and to control inventory 29.9% using this technology. Therefore proper identification in the pharmaceutical industry is relevant [START_REF] Kreysa | Enabling safer patient care automatic identification standards for phar-maceutical and medical devices[END_REF]. The creation of the twodimensional code that has a variable format may promote the information that hospitals need and thus meet the need of retagging and yet increase the quality assurance in medicine. While reading the new code, automatic batch data import and validity restrict the occurrence of error for the inclusion of data in the system and thus expand the inventory management assurance company. Based on studies conducted on the status of the hospital pharmacy by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) highlights the cost reduction and expansion of security, mobilizing the fitness industry and the supply of drugs in individual doses and identified with bar codes, as identified in the study group of GS1 Brazil. This requires adapting the packaging and the code for single doses. This will be possible because, you can register up to 55 characters in a print only 2-3 mm2. Importantly, the GS1 Data Matrix code is being used in various medicines and ease of reduced printing and of great importance to the unit or small doses consumption.

Application in the medical field

In January 2009 it was published the Law 11,903, which creates the National System of Drug Control, which must be done through identification system, with the use of the capture, storage and electronic data transmission technologies. Companies will have a gradual period of three years for the implementation of the Data Matrix system. This law will bring numerous benefits to the industry, such as better control and security in the fight against counterfeiting, smuggling and theft; traceability of products by automated records systems.

Data Matrix is a worldwide used model that allows the identification of various features and product information through encryption that guarantees the traceability of the products from the beginning of the production process to end use. The data matrix was chosen for use in medicine because it has the ability to in-stall in smaller sized packages, such as medical and surgical equipment. Some companies are already deploying the system. Pharmaceutical industries as Eurofarma concluded its implementation in 2009; Baxter, who in March 2009 put its entire line with new print system; some hospitals in São Paulo as the German Hospital Oswaldo Cruz and the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein also already part of users of the Data Matrix code.

Benefits of using the Data Matrix in the hospital area:

As well as the industries of medicines, which are currently required to use the Data Matrix code is believed that this logo will also be an obligation to suppliers of hospital products in this way, companies in this sector, are already anticipating and so making use this code in marketing your products has the following benefits Alignment with the industry, given the mandatory implementation; Ease of traceability of products and medicines; Process improvement; Precise handling of inventories reflecting an improvement in purchasing management; Cost savings because there is no more need to use labels and ribbons; Of waste volume reduction is also a gain, because there is no longer a need to issue labels that future would be discarded.

All work in health aims to patient safety. An efficient traceability system is an-other component for ensuring the safety through the safe use of medicines and hospital medical supplies.

Noted that CT -Surgical Technique Trade Hospital Materials LTDA, importer of hospital supplies in 2011 invested in this technology and thus provided its customers yet another benefit [START_REF] Souza | DATA MATRIX[END_REF]. Finally the author connotes that some of the customers already using Data Matrix in the use of medications such as German Hospital Oswaldo Cruz and the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein mentioned above.

Materials and Methods

The present work, with quantitative essence, has descriptive and bibliographical character. To proceed the investigation, a bibliometric study was performed. According to [START_REF] Araújo | Bibliometria: Evolução história e questões atuais[END_REF], a bibliometric research consists on applying statistical techniques and mathematical patterns to descript aspects from literature and other means of communication.

Initially, scientific papers were selected for data collecting related to tracing using Data Matrix on medicines of health services. Choosing the papers was due to their representativeness on scientific research on academic scope. A time gap is 10 years was considered, between 2004 and 2014. The papers were collected from a research containing the following keywords: traceability, datamatrix, health care and drugs. The sampling resulted in ten papers from the following sources: Science Direct, Portal Capes and Ebsco. After selection, a database was created to perform the bibliometric analysis with origin, author, title and correlated keywords for each paper, as follows: It is noteworthy that not part of the object of this study, the other processes involved, nor other specific variables for mining of the above mentioned data, ie presenting a structure chain of medical supplies, as this would be an extension of this outbreak, which I would refer to other types of studies that were not in the midst of the objectives

Final Considerations

Performing this study enabled a better understanding about the work and importance of Data Matrix Bidimensional code. It was noticed that scientific literature does not explore this subject as it should, as management mistakes may cause high organizational impacts, leading the company to financial, ethical and moral losses. A significant rise on companies from diverse sectors that have adopted Data Matrix for identification of their products, particularly the pharmaceutical industry, as its use is mandatory due to law 11.903 that creates National System of Medicine Control.

For several times the responsible for hospital pharmacies have found obstacles which restrain the development of tracing projects and it is not uncommon that the reason is lack of support or financial resources. However, it is worth noting that there are solutions that adapt to a wide variety of budgets, as it has been exposed.

It is also worth noting that, facing the costs generated by error and time spent with workforce do not add value and offer more risks. They are factors that may show the quick feedback of the investment.

In addition, the focal point is the attention to regulations. With this study, it is expected the health assistance reaches a higher quality level, when it comes to authentic products and legal origin, as well as expect that a regulation for primary packages based on GS1 Data Matrix is created.

Figure 1 .

 1 Figure 1. Bibliometric study of keywords (source, authors).

Acknowledgements scope of the project: PEst-OE/EEI/UI0319/2014 by Portugal and University Paulista -Software Engineering Research Group by Brazil.