Robert Ari Waker
email: bobwaker@gmail.com

Mario Mollo Neto
email: mariomollo@gmail.com

Antonio H Q Conceição

An innovative way to add value to organizations: people relationship modeling

Keywords: Social network analysis, Process innovation, Organizational structure

Communications agencies are private organizations that have a fundamental role in marketing and communication markets. Following this perspective, this study, with the support of Social Network Analysis tools, the structure of an agency will be modeled with the purpose of identifying the most important actors and its relationships, and show its interdependence with the workflow of the production chain. To achieve compatible results with the organization goals, it is important that their areas or teams relate with one another so as to optimize their production processes. With support of the Ucinet ® software and its integrated module NetDraw ® , this paper describes through a case study, how to implement this innovative approach and follow the evolution of the network in order to improve their operational performance. The results pointed out an increase in productivity after the analysis and change in the organization's internal communication.

Introduction

According to the Brazilian Association of Advertising Agencies (ABAP), Brazil is the sixth advertising market worldwide [START_REF] Abap | A indústria da comunicação no Brasil[END_REF]. According to data from the Brazilian Institute of Public Opinion and Statistics (IBOPE), the activities directly related to advertising in 2011 generated R$ 88.32 billion in revenues and represented 2.13% of the Brazilian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) [START_REF] Ibope | Meios de comunicação[END_REF]. The Brazilian Geography and Statistics Institute (IBGE) disclosed that the Brazilian GDP in 2011 was R$ 4.15 trillion [START_REF]Indicadores econômicos[END_REF]. The communication chain is basically made up of four groups of actors: the advertiser, the communication agency, the media vehicles and the market, which here includes the consumer public. According to Corrêa [START_REF] Corrêa | Planejamento de propaganda. Global[END_REF], each group has its share of responsibility and contribution toward making the communication process a success, as can be seen in figure 1. According to Corrêa [START_REF] Corrêa | Planejamento de propaganda. Global[END_REF], the communication chain is dynamic and has a direction of motion that represents a process aimed at reaching the market efficiently. This motion is also made up of a feedback, which has as result a cycle that keeps the chain always adjusted to the reality. The role of the communication agency is to develop communication campaigns, which can be in the form of: advertising; promotion; public relations; direct marketing and events. Its main objective is to take the client's message to the desired public [START_REF] Sant'anna | Propaganda: teoria, técnica e prática[END_REF].

The development of communication products/services, especially in scale, involves work teams with different professional profiles that work simultaneously and create mutual interferences during practically all stages of a job, which must be managed and coordinated over time. Formal tools and techniques are required to assure that the job will attain its objectives and is completed in time and within the budget. However, the network analysis approach can be applied to contribute toward management of the production chain of communication agencies to provide a more efficient environment for leaders to understand and add value to their companies [START_REF] Quirke | Making the connections: using internal communication to turn strategy into action[END_REF].

According to Cross and Thomas [START_REF] Cross | Driving results through social networks: how top organizations leverage networks for performance and growth[END_REF], the social network analysis approach can drastically improve performance in the vital areas of an organization. This perspective allows leaders to identify key points of collaboration and weak points in their organizations so as to control critical points related to value creation. A network is made up of nodes and links interconnecting the nodes. The nodes can be called actors, who may represent individuals or organizations, while the links represent the relationships between them.

According to Granovetter [START_REF] Granovetter | The strength of weak ties[END_REF], the concepts used in the intra-organizational networks are related directly with analysis of interpersonal networks, even because they were originally conceived in a context of how relations between people occur. Processes analysis in interpersonal networks provides the best view of how the relations between micro and macro interactions occur. One way or another, it is through these networks that the interaction in small scale is converted into large-scale standards, and these, in turn, feedback the small groups.

The networks help people to attain to an objective that they cannot attain alone. In this wise, all will benefit from the network. However, they must also collaborate to ensure it remains healthy and productive [START_REF] Cross | Knowing what we know: Supporting knowledge creation and sharing in social networks[END_REF].

According to Cross and Thomas [START_REF] Cross | Driving results through social networks: how top organizations leverage networks for performance and growth[END_REF], leaders who notice how networks work will be able to increase the organization's competitive advantages, producing differentiated results like increase in income, efficacy, cost reduction and even innovative solutions. According to Cross et al. [START_REF] Cross | Knowing what we know: Supporting knowledge creation and sharing in social networks[END_REF], it is important to find ways to help people become better connected, thus the organization will be able to obtain the real benefits of its expertise more efficiently.

According to Corrêa [START_REF] Corrêa | Planejamento de propaganda. Global[END_REF], the essential departments for an agency to exist and operate include: administrative; attendance; planning; media; creative and production. In this configuration, the administrative department covers the following areas: management, financial, accounting, legal, human resources, purchases, stock control, office services and information technology.

For agencies to obtain results compatible with their goals, it is important for their areas to relate with one another so as to optimize their production processes. On understanding how knowledge flows through the various borders of an organization, it is possible to obtain an understanding of how the management should direct its efforts to promote collaboration, which will have a strategic return for the organization [START_REF] Cross | Knowing what we know: Supporting knowledge creation and sharing in social networks[END_REF].

Currently, internal communication really appears as a function of the company at the same level as production, financial administration or personnel management [START_REF] Angeloni | Comunicação nas organizações da era do conhecimento[END_REF]. According to Kotler [START_REF] Kotler | Marketing 3.0: from products to customers to the human spirit[END_REF], the management models adopted by organizations directly influences the communication model. The participative models are based on broad communications, aiming at sharing information and knowledge, while organizations based on a strong hierarchic structure of control tend to have little communication.

Communication is a "mean" and not an "end" activity, which provides service to other areas of the organization. Communication, both internal and external, gives the organization consistency and organicity. Internal communication integrates all communications that take place in the organizational system, giving support to decisions, grouping networks, objectives, norms, policies, programs, directives, among others. The primordial function of internal communication is to establish the official process through which the organization and its internal public communicate [START_REF] Kotler | Marketing 3.0: from products to customers to the human spirit[END_REF].

The communication flow in a business process model can be defined as the level in which the model clearly shows how the communication interactions (e.g., face to face, e-mail, internal memorandums, workflows) occur in a business process [START_REF] Kock | Communication flow orientation in business process modeling and its effect on redesign success: Results from a field study[END_REF].

For an internal communication policy to be successful, it must be strategically aligned with the organization's values and culture, as well as with its operational structure. According to Kotler [START_REF] Kotler | Marketing 3.0: from products to customers to the human spirit[END_REF], lack of communication alignment can have as result a drop in the productivity of employees due to the incoherence of messages and, on the other hand, in the external plane, the organization can also lose credibility before other stakeholders (clients, suppliers and investors). Thus reducing its profitability.

The objective of this research is to apply social networks analysis (SNA) to one of the actors responsible for the communication chain: the communication agency, where the network's internal connectivity characteristics will be surveyed, relating the performance of three specific areas with the number of interactions among its actors.

Methodology

The study was conducted in a small agency (under 20 employees). To evaluate the production process in a consistent way, one single type of material was used in the survey: the development of simple printed material. In order to align the production process with the workflow, data collection was performed surveying all interdepartmental interactions during the production of each job, recorded in their internal management system. To conduct the case study, the methodological research approach suggested by Miguel et al. [START_REF] Miguel | Metodologia de pesquisa em engenharia de produção e gestão de operações[END_REF] was used. Figure 2 shows the internal information flow of the communication agency, considering its departments.

Fig. 2. Communication agency information flow

All jobs with the same technical description were raised, within the range of one month (month 1), totaling 19 jobs. Of all materials developed, 13 were delivered within the estimated time (68.42%) and 6 were delivered out of the estimated time (31.58%). In this analysis, was made an arithmetical mean of the number of interactions of each actor, for the two possible situations: jobs that were delivered on time and jobs that were not delivered on time.

The actors involved in this study are respectively: attendance, creative, production and client (external). In figure 3 it is possible to visualize the production process workflow of printed materials. Based on this workflow is that all data were collected in the survey.

Fig. 3. Printed materials workflow of the communication agency

The aim was to inspect the interactions, identifying the actors and their respective relations. These relations among the actors allowed identification of the relationships weights, and are based on the number of interactions made between one department and another, during the production process. According to Lazzarini [START_REF] Lazzarini | Empresas em rede. Cengage Learning[END_REF], to map out the network analyzed, the concept of groups will be used, which is defined as a finite set of actors delimited by conceptual, theoretical or empirical criteria on which the network measurements are based. Understanding the relationship process of actors is crucial to understanding its dynamics and to obtain efficiency in its operational results.

Both the network structure and position of the actors can affect the organization's functioning and its abilities to create value for the company [START_REF] Lazzarini | Empresas em rede. Cengage Learning[END_REF]. Connectivity, which is able to interconnect each one of the network's individuals, can be represented by the intensity and frequency of communication among the actors [START_REF] Cross | Tie and network correlates of individual performance in knowledge intensive work[END_REF].

To evaluate the network studied, two structural indicators were chosen: overall density and Freeman's degree centrality measures [START_REF] Lazzarini | Empresas em rede. Cengage Learning[END_REF]. In this research, the degree centrality and density indicators were established using the theory of graphs in the Ucinet ® software and its integrated module NetDraw ® , which allows the viewing of data in graphical format [START_REF] Borgatti | UCINET for Windows: Software for social network analysis[END_REF]. According to Coleman apud Lazzarini [START_REF] Lazzarini | Empresas em rede. Cengage Learning[END_REF], dense networks allow maximum information flow among the actors. The value of the density measurement is obtained from the number of ties observed divided by the maximum number of ties the network can have. The degree centrality indicator evaluates the number of ties that an actor has with other actors of the network. The more centrally positioned in the network, the more capacity will this actor have to access other actors of the network [START_REF] Lazzarini | Empresas em rede. Cengage Learning[END_REF].

Based on the obtained indices was possible to relate them with the performance of the evaluated network in order to give information to the management team, and therefore, generate corrective actions in the production chain. After analyzing the first month (month 1) some actions were taken, which generated an improvement in the delivery of the jobs in the following month (month 2).

Results and Discussion

The intra-organizational network graph of the agency, shown in Figure 4, was obtained from the data of the actors and their ties in module NetDraw ® [START_REF] Borgatti | UCINET for Windows: Software for social network analysis[END_REF]. After processing data with the NetDraw ® module, two different networks were found: one related to jobs delivered on time and another related to jobs delivered after the deadline. Figure 5 shows the relationships identified according to the number of times that each actor enters in contact with other network actor. The properties of the actors were adjusted and arranged according to their geodesic structure and their links according to their strength. The construction of both networks was done identifying the interactions between the actors of the network in order to present a comparison of the operational response found in both situations.

Fig. 5. Networks obtained using data collected in month 1

After processing the data with the module NetDraw ® , the weights of relations between the participating actors were processed with the software Ucinet ® , so the parameters that describe the networks analyzed were found. Table 1 presents the structural data (Freeman's Degree Centrality Measures and Overall Density) of the evaluated networks. In this way, the key player of this network, in terms of interactions (centrality), is the account management area. It has an input degree of 42.00 and a 40.00 degree output for materials delivered on time, and an input degree of 66.00 and a 62.00 degree output for assignments delivered after the deadline. This study sought a better understanding of the relation between the actor's relationships and the performance of the production chain. For this purpose, have been found indicators that reflect the network with high density and degree centrality. The actual structure of the network provides a unique view of the client, by the attendance area (account management). Due to this view, which is not shared with other actors, the jobs end up having a high rate of rework and consequently are delivered out of the schedule. Analyzing the density indicator for materials that were delivered out of time is perceived an increase due to the various interdepartmental interactions generated from the rework process.

From the point of view of network resources, internal connectivity should be dense, but not redundant, within the limits of the organization, this analysis is consistent with the citation of Cross and Thomas [START_REF] Cross | Driving results through social networks: how top organizations leverage networks for performance and growth[END_REF] and Freeman apud Lazzarini [START_REF] Lazzarini | Empresas em rede. Cengage Learning[END_REF]. This way, due to the optimization of the internal connectivity, organizations can achieve better results in their production processes.

Based on obtained results, the organization management team tried to bring the creation and production departments closer to the client, through face meetings, with the objective of minimize the high degree of centrality of the attendance department, and also reduce the network density index. After this directive, a new survey was made in the following month (month 2) in order to monitor the indexes of the developed jobs. All jobs with the same technical description were raised, totaling 18 jobs. Of all materials developed, 16 were delivered within the estimated time (88.89%) and 2 were delivered out of the estimated time (11.11%). Comparatively, there is a decrease of 64.82% in jobs delivered out of time during month 1 in relation to month 2, and an improvement of 29.92% in jobs delivered on time, which can be seen in Table 2. The authors Cross et al. [START_REF] Cross | Knowing what we know: Supporting knowledge creation and sharing in social networks[END_REF] affirm that social networks, apparently invisible, are fundamental to the performance and execution of business strategy. Thus, the results confirm that, with an appropriate connectivity within the organizations, we can have a significant impact on efficiency and innovation.

Conclusions

Through social network analysis techniques it was possible to evaluate how the production chain of a communication agency behaves through its network structure. The results show the necessity of identifying points of knowledge sharing within the organization that have strategic importance. The organization management can better understand how their daily tasks behave, and from that moment, seek better ways to use their social capital to leverage an increase in operational efficiency [START_REF] Cross | Driving results through social networks: how top organizations leverage networks for performance and growth[END_REF].

To improve individual performance indicators it is necessary to seek, within the network, knowledge of the best techniques and procedures, and through a more efficient internal communication, distribute it to all employees. In this context, it may be more effective to engage in processes that help promote lateral connectivity, so the group can leverage their collective intelligence [START_REF] Quirke | Making the connections: using internal communication to turn strategy into action[END_REF].

So, for this organization to obtain a competitive gain it will be indispensable to improve its internal structures to increase collaboration between actors, reducing borders and bringing people closer together to generate a better knowledge flow.

Fig. 1 .

 1 Fig. 1. Communication chain (Source: Adapted from Corrêa [4])

Fig. 4 .

 4 Fig. 4. Network graph obtained using the software Ucinet ® and its module NetDraw ®

Table 1 .

 1 Structural data of the evaluated networks

	Network	Centrality	Centrality	Density
		(OutDegree)	(InDegree)
	Materials delivered on time			1.6071
	Account	40.00	42.00
	Client	24.00	20.00
	Creative	14.00	18.00
	Production	12.00	10.00
	Materials delivered out of time			2.4643
	Account	62.00	66.00
	Client	32.00	30.00
	Creative	28.00	28.00
	Production	16.00	14.00

Table 2 .

 2 Indexes of developed jobs

	Developed jobs	Month 1	Month 2	Difference
	Materials delivered on time	68.42%	88.89%	29.92%
	Materials delivered out of time	31.58%	11.11%	64.82%


Álvaro Colombero Prado

Cristina De Oliveira

Jair Liliam S Sakamoto
email: liliam.sakamoto@gmail.com

Minoro Abe

Marcelo Nogueira

Álvaro Colombero Prado

Álvaro A C Prado

Cristina Corrêa De Oliveira

Liliam S Sakamo- To

Jair Minoro

Reaching Energetic Sustainability through a Self-oriented Battery Charger, Based on Paraconsistent Annotated Evidential Logic Eτ

Keywords: Sustainability, Energy, Battery Charger, Paraconsistent Annotated Evidential Logic Eτ

des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Introduction

In modern times, a growing demand for new technologies is largely visible, plus a great effort on improving techniques and manufacturing processes, disposal and power generation, aiming an environmental impact as low as possible, bringing into account the concept of sustainability, and combining maximum output results with minimum losses to the environment.

In contrast to this scenario of great development, cases of very scarce resources are not rare, particularly in locations distant from urban centers, and therefore devoid of many of the advantages offered by them. One of the most important of these resources is the electricity, often unavailable because of the distance between distribution networks and the locations itself, or even because the great importance of the local ecosystem, causing the impossibility to build any type of network. [START_REF] Bursztyn | A Difícil Sustentabilidade: política Energética e Conflitos Ambeintais[END_REF] The solutions adopted in these cases, normally results in high environmental impact. Generators and combustion engines, or even gas and kerosene lanterns, offers physical risks to those who handle them, in addition to high greenhouse gas emissions. An interesting method for obtaining energy without burning fossil fuels is through the sunlight. Supply only implies in the cost of equipment (and not the power generation itself), and no carbon is liberated during operation.

One important problem is related to the positioning of the solar panel, which is often fixed and does not have the ability to follow the natural movement of the sun throughout the day. There is an option to circumvent this problem by using a timer-controlled servo, which puts the panel on pre-set positions, but this may not match the actual position of the sun.

By using an agent system, and connecting sensors and actuators to the panel, it is possible to obtain a correct positioning of it. This alternative combined with the use of Eτ logic on the decision-making process by the agent, seeks to provide an optimal performance by positioning the panel in an optimized way. The design of the self-sustainable battery charger now proposed is intended to power small devices of everyday use, by charging batteries that can be used in various applications, thus eliminating the solutions already mentioned and consequently reducing the environmental impact.

2

Paraconsistent Logic

Historical Background

The Both logicians, Vasil'év and Łukasiewicz, cared more about a possible exception to the principle of Contradiction, but stopped short of building systems that would take out this possibility. Alongside the works of Jaskowski, the Brazilian logician Newton C. A. Da Costa started in 1954 studies that could lead to construction of logical systems that could deal with inconsistencies.

Going beyond the work of Jaskowski, Da Costa has extended its systems for the treatment of very special cases, having been recognized for it as the introducer of Paraconsistent Logic; Abe [START_REF] Da Costa | Lógica Paraconsistente Aplicada[END_REF], also a Brazilian logician, set several other applications of Annotated Systems, specially Logic Eτ, establishing the basic study of model of Model Theory and the Theory of Annotated Sets.

Certainty and Uncertainty Degrees

Founded on the cardinal points, and using the properties of real numbers, is possible to build a mathematical structure with the aim of materializing how to manipulate the mechanical concept of uncertainty, contradiction and paracompleteness, among others, according to figure 1.

Such mechanism will embark, of course, somehow the true and false states treated within the scope of classical logic, with all its consequences. To this end, several concepts are introduced which are considered "intuitive" for the purpose above:

Perfectly defined segment AB:

µ + λ -1 = 0; 0 ≤ µ, λ ≤ 1 Perfectly undefined segment DC: µ -λ = 0; 0 ≤ µ, λ ≤ 1
The constant annotation (µ, λ) that focus on the segment has completely undefined the relationship µ -λ = 0, ie µ = λ. Thus, the evidence is identical to the positive evidence to the contrary, which shows that the proposition p (µ, λ) expresses a blurring. It varies continuously from the inconsistency (1, 1) until the paracomplete (0, 0).

Since the constant annotation (µ, λ) that focus on the segment has clearly defined the relationship µ + λ -1 = 0, ie µ = 1 -λ, or λ = 1 -µ. Therefore, in the first case, the favorable evidence is the Boolean complement of contrary evidence and, second, the contrary evidence is the Boolean complement of favorable evidence, which shows that the evidence, both favorable and contrary 'behave' as if classic. It varies continuously from the deceit (0, 1) to the truth (1, 0).

The applications are introduced as follows:

G ic :[0, 1]×[0, 1] → [0, 1], G pa :[0, 1]×[0, 1] → [-1, 0], G ve :[0, 1]×[0, 1] → [0, 1], G fa :[0, 1]×[0, 1] → [-1, 0].
Defined by: Inconsistency Degree:

G ic (µ, λ) = µ + λ -1, since µ + λ -1 ≥ 0 Paracompleteness Degree: G pa (µ, λ) = µ + λ -1, since µ + λ -1 ≤ 0 Truth Degree: G ve (µ, λ) = µ -λ, since µ -λ ≥ 0 Falsehood Degree: G fa (µ, λ) = µ -λ, since µ -λ ≤ 0 Fig. 1. τ Reticulate [3]
It is seen that the Accuracy Degree "measures" how an annotation (µ, λ) "distances" from the segment perfectly defined and how to "approach" of the state, and the true degree of Falsehood "measures" how an annotation (µ, λ) "distances" from the segment perfectly defined, and how to "approach" the false state.

Similarly, the inconsistency degree "measures" how an annotation (µ, λ) "distances" from the segment undefined and how "close" it is from the inconsistent state, and degree of Paracompleteness "measures" how an annotation (µ, λ) "distances" of the segment undefined, and how "close" it is from paracomplete. Is called G in uncertainty degree (µ, λ) from an entry (µ, λ) to any of the degree of inconsistency or paracompleteness. For example, the maximum degree of uncertainty is in an inconsistent state, ie G ic (1, 1)_=_1.

It is called the Certainty Degree G ce (µ, λ) of an annotation (µ, λ) to any of the degrees of truth or falsity. With the concepts shown above, it is possible to work with "truthbands" rather than the "truth" as an inflexible concept. Perhaps more well said that truth is a range of certainty with respect to a certain proposition. The values serve as a guide when such a proposition is considered; for example, "true" in order to make a decision positively, and so on. The extreme states are represented by Truth (V), False (F), Inconsistent (T) and Paracomplete (⊥ ⊥ ⊥ ⊥); and the not-extreme logical states by the intermediate areas between the states. The areas bounded by notextreme values depend on each project.

Applying the Logic Eτ to the Agent System

Starting from the principles shown above, the agent system works based on the readings of a photoresistor, which works as a lightening sensor, attached to the solar panel and providing to the controller board the light values as voltage levels between zero and 5 volts, corresponding to each position. To work with such values by using the Logic Eτ, the agent system uses a "Para-Analyzer" algorithm, developed by Brazilian logician Newton C. A. da Costa, which is able to express the paraconsistent analysis by treating the favorable and contrary evidence degrees, providing a 12-digit binary word where a single active digit, which represents the logical state of the resulting analysis, plus an analog output, represents the certainty and contradiction values. The operation of the algorithm is detailed in Figure 2. In order to obtain from the sensor the input values of favorable and contrary evidence, it was determined experimentally that reading values below 2.5V will represent the contrary evidence, and above it, favorable.

The system works as follows in the activity diagram of figure 3, which shows the steps performed by the software in its operation: 3

Controller Board and Electronic Circuit

The solar module used is capable of supplying a voltage of 17.5 V with maximum current of 286mA. With relatively small dimensions (338mm x 315mm x 18mm), it provides an effective charge to the battery, optimized by the self-orientation system. For the section of the controller board, responsible for the embedded software, was chosen the Arduino Duemilanove model, based on the ATMEGA168, a simple and versatile microcontroller.

The sensor is positioned next to the solar panel, and provides an idea of the position of the sun to the controller board. As actuator, a low cost servo motor has been chosen, connected mechanically to the solar panel through a pair of tipper gears. An analog regulator provides adjustment of the load current, adapting it to the battery used, a small 12V sealed lead acid (SLA), operating under cyclic charge. A second battery, maintained under continuous charge, provides the energy for operating the positioning system. The use of lead acid type batteries is providen-tial, as most readily available and low cost rechargeable types.

Conclusion

In times of a growing technologies and optimized systems, there are still situations of extremely scarce resources, especially in distant places. One of these important resources is the electricity, often not available due to reasons like great distances and importance of local ecosystem. Normally, solutions adopted in these cases are not self-sustainable.

This paper aims to propose a low-environmental impact alternative for powering small devices in places where the electricity is not available. The proposed charger is capable to work without consuming any fuel, thus without release of carbon. The use of Paraconsistent Annotated Evidential Logic Eτ in the decision-making process by agent system, seeks to provide an optimal performance by positioning the panel in an optimized way, extracting maximum performance of a relatively small solar panel.

It is not intended a comparison between the model here proposed with any other similar solutions, based on different systems or even in Classical Logic, since that constitutes object for new iterations, following the present paper on the future.

3

 3 Decision States: Extreme and Not-Extreme

Fig. 2 .

 2 Fig.2. Schematic of "Para-Analyzer" algorithm.[START_REF] Da Costa | Lógica Paraconsistente Aplicada[END_REF]

Fig. 3 .

 3 Fig. 3. Activity diagram, showing the work of the Agent system.


Renato Perrotta

Oduvaldo Vendrametto

Rodrigo Franco Gonçalves

Adilson Rocha

Jorge Monteiro

Program Inovar-Auto, Initiatives toward Innovation and Competitiveness in the Automotive Sector in Brazil

Keywords:

des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Introduction

The global financial crisis of 2008 has put in evidence the technological and competitive brittleness of the vehicles produced in Brazil. The trade balance of the sector, formerly positive, became adverse as from 2008, which can be observed in the Table 1. Aware of the situation, authorities decided to introduce the program "Inovar-Auto", a set of policies that create tax reliefs to car manufactures, who decide to invest in the local production and in the development of the whole productive chain [START_REF] Perrotta | Development of Engineering Competencies in Brazil and Innovation Policies, an Overview of the Automotive Sector[END_REF] [3].

The main targets of the program are: create favorable conditions of competitiveness to companies produce cleaner and safer vehicles; invest in the local supply chain through suppliers enablement and in product and industrial engineering and incrementing actions of R&D local [START_REF] Perrotta | Development of Engineering Competencies in Brazil and Innovation Policies, an Overview of the Automotive Sector[END_REF] [3].

Objectives

The objective of this paper is to present the opportunities, the challenges and the counterparts deriving of the creation of the program "Inovar-Auto" of the Brazilian federal government, in force to the period between 2013 and 2017. Besides, having an understanding of the necessary outlays and investments, demanded to suit the goals of the program.

Methodology

The methodology applied for this research is exploratory, based in bibliographic review and secondary data collected through the information obtained among the Inovar-Auto decree, ANFAVEA (National Association of Auto-motor Vehicles Producer) and its annual report; OICA (Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers); MDIC (Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade) constitute the basis for this study.

Results and Discussion

Through the analysis of the content of the decree number 7819 published in 3rd of October 2012, shall be deemed to be enabled companies that produce, in the country, motorized vehicles; companies that do not produce, but commercialize in the country such products; companies that have approved investment plan to install factories; or to the ones that are already installed that have approved investment plan to create new plants or industrial projects to produce new models [2] [3].

According to [3], the habilitation to the program shall be requested to MDIC and shall be granted jointly by the Minister of Development, Industry & Foreign Trade and the Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation. Its validity is for a period of 12 months and may be requested the extension to another 12 months, at the end of each period and limited to 31 st of December of 2017. The general conditions to the habilitation are: regularity with respect to federal taxes; commitment of the applicant company to achieve minimum levels of energy efficiency [3]. The specific conditions describes necessary actions for each case of habilitation, like described: companies that produce, in the country, motorized vehicles; companies that do not produce, but commercialize in the country such products; companies that have approved investment plan to install factories; or to the ones that are already installed that have approved investment plan to create new plants or industrial projects to produce new models [3].

Companies that have approved investment plan to install factories or the ones that plan to create complementary or new plants shall observe that the habilitation will be specific and issued to each factory, plant, or industrial project that is intent to be installed. Always, observing the condition that the license is valid for 12 months. In this case, the extension is only permitted to another 12 months, provided that in compliance to the plans of installation and capital expenditure. Finally, the investment plan shall contemplate the technical descriptions of the vehicles to be imported and produced [3].

The habilitation of the brands that do not produce, but commercialize vehicles in the country is conditioned to the company's commitment in comply with the requisites described in the Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6 of this paper. Automakers that install production plants after 2013 will have to follow the targets related to local production and minimum amount of manufacturing processes; outlays in engineering and R&D; and energy efficiency. The targets are respectively described in Tables 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. The compliance to the goals of the program that are related to the year 2013 shall be postponed to first calendar-year of the habilitation; the targets for 2014 in the second calendar-year of the homologation, consecutively until 2017 [3].

To the companies that are already installed in Brazil, the main condition to the license shall be subjected through the company's compliance in performing locally, directly or through third parties, the minimum amount of manufacturing activities, infrastructure and engineering, according Table 2 of the processes listed in the Table 3, in at least eighty percent of vehicles manufactured. Thereby, the Table 2 represents the number of processes, for each vehicle category, that the company must fulfill in every calendar-year, until 2017. So forth, the Table 3 lists the processes that the company shall select to fulfill the requisits of Table 2. Note that the expenditures related to R&D and engineering described in the Table 4 and Table 5 shall be performed either directly; or via a contractor; finally, through universities; institutions of research; companies that has a determined specialization and independent inventors.

3-Adhere to the program of energy efficiency and carbon emission labeling determined by MDIC to be controlled by INMETRO (National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology), with a percentage of products according to the schedule in Table 6. The adhesion to the program of energy efficiency and carbon emission labeling, the applicant company must fulfill levels of energy efficiency and autonomy expressed in kilometers per liter (Km/L), or in energy consumption expressed in mega-joules per kilometer (MJ/Km). Measurements and instrumentation procedures must be according to the standard ABNT NBR 7024:2010 [3] [4].

In order to fulfill the requisites of the program Inovar-Auto, the applicant company should be able to achieve until 1 st of October 2017 levels of energy consumption not higher than the following equation: CE 1 =1,155 + 0,000593 x M applicant CE1: Energy consumption limit to apply for the program Inovar-Auto. M applicant : average weight in Kg per gear of the all vehicles sold by the company weighted by the number of vehicles sold in the 12 months prior [3] [4].

The application to the program Inovar-Auto and the compliance to its requisites will ensure a tax relief up to 30%. The benefit will be applied as presumed credit in the IPI (tax over industrial production) and it will be calculated by multiplying the coefficients presented in Table 7 with the values of the expenditures made with strategic supplies and tool-shop, defined in the Table 3. From 1 st of January 2017 until 31 st of December 2020 the companies will be entitled to have IPI relief of 1% or 2% according to the levels of energy efficiency achieved.

The following equation describes the level of energy efficiency to be achieved until 1 st of October 2016, in order to have an IPI relief of 2%, from 1 st of January 2017 to 31 st of December 2020:

CE 1 =1,067 + 0,000593 x M applicant
The next equation describes the level of energy efficiency to be achieved until 1 st of

Conclusion

In summary, with the introduction of the new program, Brazilian authorities uplifted by 30% the IPI of all vehicles commercialized in Brazil. In the other hand, companies that stay in compliance to the Inovar-Auto requisites will be able to have a tax benefit in equal percentage, during the period of the program duration, which means, 1st of January 2013 until 31st of December 2017. From 1st of January of 2017, add up the incentives related to the energy efficiency that can elevate the benefit in 1% or 2%. However, from 1 st of January 2018, the IPI burden will be reduced to prior levels and the only tax incentive, from that, will be granted based in the energy efficiency. Historically, concerns in Brazil, as well as in other developing countries, have been in how to boost its industry through more innovative and competitive products has been focus of governmental actions in favor of technological development combined to industrial applications. It is in according with [START_REF] Pereira | Shedding light on technological development in Brazil[END_REF] [6] [7] [START_REF] Wang | The influences of technology development on economic performance-the example of ASEAN countries[END_REF].

It should be taking into account the Schumpeterian vision that economic growth and trade performance are normally related to activities in industries of technology intensive [5] [9]. The understanding of this research is aligned with [START_REF] Amsden | Import substitution in high-tech industries: Prebisch lives in Asia[END_REF], ergo, in a country, where the automotive industry is constituted in majority by foreign multi-national companies, the program Inovar-Auto seeks to attack the lack of continuity and long-term commitment due to political and economic issues that has been one of the main obstacles the country to sustain its industrial development.

The results of the new program are still uncertain, once, its requisites create barriers in opposition to the free trade. Nevertheless, the internal market is significant and this can be observed in a surveying from [START_REF] Franco | Aposta no Inovar-Auto[END_REF] that appoints to investments around USD 33 billion until 2017 to meet the requisites of the new legislation, which, nearly USD 24 billion are the investments in course or forecasted by vehicle manufacturers and USD 9 billion by the system and auto-parts manufacturers.

The condition that stipulates minimum amount of expenditures with R&D and engineering, gives the opportunity to do it directly or through third parties. The initiative indicates a potential problem related to engineering resources, presented in [START_REF] Perrotta | Development of Engineering Competencies in Brazil and Innovation Policies, an Overview of the Automotive Sector[END_REF]. The indication derives from the fact that the sector revenue and extrapolated revenue to the next years until 2017. The volume increase that is objective of the program and estimations from [START_REF] Anfavea | Brazilian Automotive Yearbook[END_REF] and [START_REF] Franco | Aposta no Inovar-Auto[END_REF] appoint to investments in engineering and R&D around USD 14 billion. Another important issue is energy efficiency, and its definition is according to [START_REF] Godoi E Oliveira | Gestão da eficiência energética. 2nd International Workshop Advances in Cleaner Production[END_REF], which means, the rationalization of energy and it is based on the laws of thermodynamics. Energy efficiency includes the set of actions of rationalization, leading to the reduction of energy consumption without loss of quantity or quality of goods and services produced, or the comfort provided by energy systems used. Thus, one can say that energy efficiency is an activity that seeks to optimize the use of energy sources. So, in line with [13], both, energy efficiency as renewable energy are considered the two pillars of sustainable energy policy.

With the implementation of Inovar-Auto, automakers will be entitled to benefits such in the case of achieving energy efficiency levels, for example, vehicles of the new system will have to consume, by 2017, 12% less fuel than current products. Through the data obtained from [13], the paper concludes that the energy efficiency requisites are still shy and not aligned with the requisites of countries that are integrating the group of the biggest world car markets, who have already adopted mandatory energy efficiency measures for at least three decades.

Table 1 .

 1 Trade Balance -Brazilian Automotive Industry. Adapted from[START_REF] Anfavea | Brazilian Automotive Yearbook[END_REF]

Period Trade Balance -Automotive Industry -US$ million

		IMPORTS	EXPORTS	BALANCE
	2004	4750	8383	3633
	2005	6191	11442	5251
	2006	7150	12308	5158
	2007	10327	13461	3134
	2008	16372	14012	-2360
	2009	12459	8318	-4141
	2010	18247	12843	-5404
	2011	24301	16230	-8071

Table 2 .

 2 Minimum amount of manufacturing activities to be locally performed.Adapt from[3]

Period Vehicles Passenger Cars and Light Commercial Trucks Powertrain aggregated in Chassis

	2013	6	8	5
	2014	7	9	6
	2015	7	9	6
	2016	8	10	7
	2017	8	10	7

Table 3 . List of manufacturing process required per vehicle category. Adapt from [3]

 3

		Vehicles
	Processes	Passenger Cars and Light Commercial	Trucks	Powertrain aggregated in Chassis
	Stamping	X	X
	Welding	X	X	X
	Corrosion treatment and painting	X	X	X
	Injection of Thermoplastics	X	X	X
	engine manufacturing	X	X	X
	Manufacture of gearbox and transmission	X	X	X
	Assembly of steering and suspension systems	X	X	X
	Assembly of electrical system	X	X	X
	Assembly of brake system and axles	X	X	X
	Assembly, final check and compliant trials	X	X	X
	Laboratory for development and tests of
	products	X	X	X
	Chassis and cabin assemblage		X	X
	Monobloc production or chassis assemblage	X
	Final assemblage of cabins with installation
	of finishing acoustic and thermic items		X
	Body production preponderantly through
	parts stamping regionally		X
	Additionally, the companies that are already installed in Brazil must meet at least two
	of the following requisites:
	1-Accomplish, locally, minimum outlays in R&D corresponding to the company's
	revenue, according to the following schedule in Table 4:

Table 4 .

 4 Minimum outlays in R&D required to fulfill requisites of Inovar-Auto program (based in company's turnover). Adapt from[3]

		Outlays in R&D based in com-
	Period	pany's turnover
		Percentage
	2013	0,15%
	2014	0,30%
	2015	0,50%
	2016	0,50%
	2017	0,50%

Table 5 .

 5 Outlays in engineering, industrial technology and suppliers enablement required to fulfill requisites of Inovar-Auto program (based in company's turnover). Adapt from[3]

		Outlays in engineering based
	Period	in company's turnover
		Percentage
	2013	0,50%
	2014	0,75%
	2015	1,00%
	2016	1,00%
	2017	1,00%

Table 6 .

 6 Volume of products to be adhered to the program of energy efficiency and carbon emission labeling. Adapt from[3]

Period Minimum amount of products adhering emission labeling

		Percentage
	2013	36%
	2014	49%
	2015	64%
	2016	81%
	2017	100%

Table 7 .

 7 Coefficient applicable over expenditures with strategic supplies and tool-shop[3]

		Presumed credit
	Period	coefficient to be applied
		Coefficient
	2013	1,30
	2014	1,25
	2015	1,15
	2016	1,10
	2017	1,00

October 2016, in order to have an IPI relief of 1%, from 1 st of January 2017 to 31 st of December 2020: CE 1 =1,111 + 0,000593 x M applicant


L Ruini
email: luca.ruini@barilla.com

E Ferrari
email: emilio.ferrari@barilla.com

P Meriggi
email: p.meriggi@horta-srl.com

M Marino
email: marino@studiolce.it

Increasing the sustainability of pasta production through a life cycle assessment approach

Keywords: Life cycle assessment, LCA, Food, Pasta, Durum wheat

Barilla put forth a project to increase the use of cereal sustainable cropping systems. The first part of the project was focused on identifying potential improvements in the most diffused cropping systems for the cultivation of Durum wheat in Italy, while maintaining high levels of quality and food safety standards. Results show that the well-known low input agronomic practices are environmentally friendly and also often economically advantageous. Implementation of dicotyledons into a cereal-only rotation allows a reduction of environmental impacts (-36% GHG), a reduction of DON risk and an increase in net income for farmers (up to 31%). In the second part Barilla gave to 13 farmers a decision support system (DSS) to help them in reducing production costs and environmental impacts. Results show that the only adoption of DSS contributes in reducing carbon footprint (-10%), and costs for pesticides and fertilizers (-10%).

Introduction

Considering that many studies revealed that the agricultural phase of food products have a relatively high environmental impacts, a specific study was conducted to determine whether different crop rotations could aid in increasing sustainability of the whole process (Caporali et al., 1992). Fig. 1 Ecological, Carbon and Water footprint of Barilla's pasta produced in Italy , (Barilla, As it's shown in the figure 1, Barilla has released its study on the environmental impacts of pasta conducted with the life cycle assessment methodology through the publication of the Environmental Product Declaration (Barilla, 2010).

Durum wheat cultivat ecological footprint and for entirety of the water footprint, it has the same carbon footprint impact of the home cooking phase. Due to this reason, Barilla put forth a specific project aimed to increase widespre sustainable cropping systems of durum wheat. Analysis was based on a holistic approach, taking into consideration economic, agronomic, food safety and environmental indicators. The project focused on identifying potential improvements of the most cultivation of Durum wheat, while maintaining high levels of quality and health standards.

Research background

Italy was the first cultivation area considered because it is the country where Barilla purchases more than 6 entire pasta production.

The project started in 2010 and it has been developed in different phases.

In the first years the Company put in place theoretical studies on durum wheat cultivation in Italy and the evaluati overall agriculture efficiency through the use of economic, social and environmental sustainability indicators.

Ruini, L.1*, Ferrari, E.1, Meriggi, P.2, Marino, M. 3, Sessa, F. 3 Ecological, Carbon and Water footprint of Barilla's pasta produced in Italy , (Barilla, 2010).

As it's shown in the figure 1, Barilla has released its study on the environmental impacts of pasta conducted with the life cycle assessment methodology through the publication of the Environmental Product Declaration (Barilla, 2010).

Durum wheat cultivation is responsible for more than 80% of the ecological footprint and for entirety of the water footprint, it has the same carbon footprint impact of the home cooking phase. Due to this reason, Barilla put forth a specific project aimed to increase widespread use of sustainable cropping systems of durum wheat. Analysis was based on a holistic approach, taking into consideration economic, agronomic, food safety and environmental indicators. The project focused on identifying potential improvements of the most diffused cropping systems for the cultivation of Durum wheat, while maintaining high levels of quality and health standards.

Research background

Italy was the first cultivation area considered because it is the country where Barilla purchases more than 60% of the durum wheat necessary to its entire pasta production.

The project started in 2010 and it has been developed in different phases.

In the first years the Company put in place theoretical studies on durum wheat cultivation in Italy and the evaluation of environmental impacts and of overall agriculture efficiency through the use of economic, social and environmental sustainability indicators.

Ecological, Carbon and Water footprint of Barilla's pasta produced in Italy , (Barilla, As it's shown in the figure 1, Barilla has released its study on the environmental impacts of pasta conducted with the life cycle assessment methodology through the publication of the Environmental Product ion is responsible for more than 80% of the ecological footprint and for entirety of the water footprint, it has the same carbon footprint impact of the home cooking phase. Due to this reason, ad use of sustainable cropping systems of durum wheat. Analysis was based on a holistic approach, taking into consideration economic, agronomic, food safety and environmental indicators. The project focused on identifying diffused cropping systems for the cultivation of Durum wheat, while maintaining high levels of quality and Italy was the first cultivation area considered because it is the country 0% of the durum wheat necessary to its

The project started in 2010 and it has been developed in different phases.

In the first years the Company put in place theoretical studies on durum on of environmental impacts and of overall agriculture efficiency through the use of economic, social and In 2010-2011 Barilla analysed a sample of farm to compare real data from farms with optimal values to obtain sustainable productions. The results shows that rotation of durum wheat with dicotyledons is more sustainable than rotations only with cereals and monoculture, and a reduction in production costs is possible with a better efficiency in the use of inputs. The results of this study were published in the Handbook for sustainable cultivation of quality durum wheat in Italy, which serves as source of practical suggestions for farmers. Horta S.r.l, one of the partner of this project, has subsequently developed the decision support system (DSS) granoduro.net TM , a web service that integrates information on weather patterns, soil conditions and varietal characteristics to provide famers decision support related to seeding, weeds control, nitrogen fertilization and information about risk for fungal diseases (yellow and brown rust, septoria, powdery mildew, fusarium head blight and related mycotoxin).

Finally, in 2011-2012 the project was extended to about 15 farms to demonstrate that an accurate planning of crop rotations and the use of a decision support system as granoduro.net could help in being more sustainable, both environmentally and economically. In this part of the project the DSS was given to the farmers to help them following the suggestions of the Handbook for the sustainable cultivation of quality durum wheat in Italy.

The "sustainable durum wheat" project is going on. In 2012-2013 the sample involved in the last crop year will be supplemented with new farms (around 100) situated in initially not considered areas.

Methods

With the improvement project in focus, analysis of durum wheat cultivation was performed by identifying the main durum wheat cropping systems. The cropping systems considered were four-year rotations in which the cultivation of different crops was planned. Durum wheat cultivation in Italy was relegated to four main areas: Northern Italy (Lombardy-Veneto area and Emilia Romagna), Central Italy (Tuscany, Umbria and Marche) and Southern Italy (Apulia and Sicily).

Tables 1,2, 3 and 4 list the crop rotations identified in those four main areas. Then, Barilla compared two different durum wheat crop management. The first one consists in farmer's usual crop management with only farmer crop choices and strategies, while in the second one the farmers were supported by the handbook and the DSS granoduro.net TM . The test was conducted in 13 farms, located in the most important areal for durum wheat cultivation in Italy. In order to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the suggested practices, farmers have agreed to cultivate part of their land following the handbook and granoduro.net and part following their routine practices.

Measures

The indicators used to quantify the different cropping system impacts were divided into environmental indicators (carbon footprint, water footprint and ecological footprint), agronomic indicators (NUE), food safety indicators (DON index) and economic indicators (Net income).

Carbon footprint, also known as "global warming potential" (GWP), expresses the total amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) produced to the system and it's usually expressed in kg of CO2-equivalent. It is regulated at an international level by the documents Greenhouse gas protocol (World Resource Institute, 2010) and PAS 2050 (British Standard Institute, 2011). Concerning the Carbon footprint of products an ISO regulation is under development.

Water footprint measures the water consumption of a system in terms of volume of water evapotranspirated by plants, consumed or polluted. It is regulated by the document "The water footprint assessment manual" (Hoekstra et al, 2011). Data about the water footprint of the main crops cultivated in the world are reported in the database of Mekonnen (2010).

Ecological footprint is a measure of how much biologically productive land and water surface an activity requires to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb the waste it generates. It is measured in global hectares (gha) and it is regulated by the document "Calculation methodology for the national Footprint accounts" (Ewing et al., 2010).

NUE is the Nitrogen Use Efficiency: it is measured in terms of kg or product per kg of nitrogen given to the crop through fertilization (Rahimizadeh, 2010).

The DON Index expresses the risk of molecules toxic to human health originated by the proliferation of pathogenic fungi Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), producers of secondary metabolites called mycotoxins. These mycotoxins can be present in different quantities of crop yields obtained. It depends on the choices made and on the seasonal cultivation during the crop cycle. The development of these fungi depends on meteorological factors, along with specific factors linked with production unit, such as varietal susceptibility, the rotation of crops and the tillage of soil. DON content in wheat for human consumption is limited by law. The DON index is calculated on a scale of 0 to 9 where 0 is a risk-free condition and 9 is that of highest risk (Ruini et al., 2011). This one is related to law limit. For unprocessed durum wheat the limit is 1750 ppb of deoxynivalenol contamination. High DON risk means high probability to overcome the law limit. Regions of Northern Italy have meteorological conditions more favourable to the onset of DON.

Net Income is the difference between direct costs of cultivation (in field activities and technical tools) and the gross marketable production. This profitability indicator refers to March 2011 quotation for medium quality durum wheat in Italian commodity exchange (280-290 €/ton).

Agricultural practices can influence the environmental, economic and food safety performances of cultivation (Tilman et al, 2002). In particular, this study contemplates the main practices of crop rotation, use of fertilizers, tillage, seeding, and weed and pest management.

Results

The study shows that in the Lombardy-Veneto area, where agriculture is considered advanced for a technological and knowledge standpoint, rotation 2 (durum wheat after soybean) performed better than rotation 1 (durum wheat after maize) with regard to all the indicators (Table 5). Aversion of maize as precession for durum wheat allows considerable reduction of the DON risk index.

In Emilia Romagna (Table 6) rotation 1 (cereal based) yielded high DON risk due to maize as precession for durum wheat, while having lowest NUE among the rotations considered. The low efficiency in nitrogen utilization has as consequence higher values of carbon footprint.

In central Italy (table 7) durum wheat cultivation has the lowest environmental impact for rotation 2 (fodder). The net income in such rotation is however lower the rotations 3 and 4. Rotation 1, with 3 years of durum wheat and 1 year of sorghum produced the highest environmental impacts and DON risk with the lowest yield and net income.

In southern Italy (table 8) rotation with four years of durum wheat was the poorest in all indicators. Then, 13 farms were involved in the study. The cultivation of durum wheat after several crops was tested. Such previous crops were divided into four groups as shown in table 9 (cereals, industrial crops, leguminous, vegetables). A comparison of the durum wheat cultivated after those crops was made.

Previous crops were then divided into three groups (favourable, neutral and unfavourable) according to their influence on durum wheat cultivation (table 10). A comparison was made, for each type of previous crop, between and without the use of the decision use of granoduro.net contribute in reducing carbon 10%, fig. 5), supply to the reduction of production costs 10%, fig. 6) and rtilizers management Fig. 5 Carbon footprint (t CO2/ t durum wheat) and granoduro.net

Conclusions

The project has demonstrated the importance of an integrated approach to study the sustainability of a cropping system. It's to bear in mind that agriculture is primarily an economic activity and The project has demonstrated the importance of an integrated approach to study the sustainability of a cropping system. It's important to bear in mind that agriculture is primarily an economic activity and there's the risk walking contribute to a reduction in direct €/ton), a reduction in Carbon footprint (fficiency and

The project has demonstrated the importance of an integrated approach to study the sustainability of a cropping system. It's important to bear in mind there's the risk walking the line of counter-productivity when merely focusing on environmental and food safety issues. However, the study shows that environmentally friendly practices are also often economically advantageous because they greatly increase the efficiency of technical tool usage and the yield (+1,3 t/ha). Implementation of dicotyledons into a cereal-only rotation allows a reduction of environmental impacts (-0,21 t CO2-eq/t grain), a reduction of DON risk and an increase in net income, thanks to the reduction of production costs (-57€/t).

The project has also highlighted the importance of technical instruments such as the DSS granuduro.net to help the farmers in their decisions. With this kind of support the agriculture would be less costly (-10%) and at the same time the environmental impacts linked to its activities could be reduced (-10%).

The next steps of the project are to continue the undertaken experimentations and to take "sustainable agriculture" to a large scale by signing in the next years an increasing number of contracts with farmers that encompass sustainable practices.

Fig

  Fig. 6 Production costs (

  Ruini, L.1*, Ferrari, E.1, Meriggi, P.2, Marino, M. 3, Sessa, F. 3 Carbon footprint (t CO2/ t durum wheat) and granoduro.net Production costs (€/ t durum wheat) and granoduro.net

Fig. 7

 7 Fig. 7 Production costs (€/ ha) and granoduro.net To sum up the use of granoduro.net TM contribute to a reduction in direct costs of production (-10% = -15 €/ton), a reduction in Carbon footprint ( 0,12 ton CO2/ton), an increasing in nitrogen use efficiency and maintain high yields.

Table 1 . Crop rotations of the Lombardy-Veneto plain.

 1

	Crop	Year 1	Year 2	Year 3	Year 4
	rotation
	1*	maize	durum	maize	maize
			wheat
	2	soybean	durum	rapeseed	maize
			wheat

Table 2 . Crop rotations of Emilia Romagna Crop rotation

 2

		Year 1	Year 2	Year 3	Year 4
	1*	maize	durum	sorghum	soft wheat
			wheat
	2	soybean	durum	maize	soft wheat
			wheat
	3	tomato	durum	maize	soft wheat
			wheat
	*most common scenario

Table 3 . Crop rotations of Central Italy Crop rotation

 3

		Year 1	Year 2	Year 3	Year 4
	1*	durum	durum	sorghum	durum
		wheat	wheat		wheat
	2	proteic pea	durum	proteic pea	durum
			wheat		wheat
	3	alfalfa	alfalfa	alfalfa	durum
					wheat
	4	sunflower	durum	rapeseed	durum
			wheat		wheat
	*most common scenario

Table 4 . Crop rotations of Southern Italy Crop rotation

 4

		Year 1	Year 2	Year 3	Year 4
	1*	durum	durum	durum	durum
		wheat	wheat	wheat	wheat
	2	fodder	durum	fodder	durum
			wheat		wheat

Table 5 . Indicators calculated in the Lombardy-Veneto area Crop rotation Yi eld Carb on footprint Wate r footprint Ecologi cal footprint Net Income NUE D ON risk

 5

		t/h a	t of CO 2 -eq/t of d. wheat	t of water/t of d. wheat	global ha/t of d. wheat	€/t of d. wheat	kg of of N d. wheat/kg	-
	1	7.0	0.51	315	0.38	155	33.8	7.9
	2	7.5	0.42	294	0.36	167	44	1.7

Table 6 . Indicators calculated in Emilia Romagna Crop rotation Yi eld Carb on Wate r Ecologi cal

 6

	Net	NUE	D
	Income		ON

Table 7 . Indicators calculated in central Italy Crop rotation

 7

		Yi eld (t/ha)	Carb on footprint	Wate r footprint	Ecologi cal footprint	Net Income	NUE	D ON risk
		t/ha	t of CO 2 -eq/t of d. wheat	t of water/t of d. wheat	global ha/t of d. wheat	€/t of d. wheat	kg of of N d. wheat/kg	-
	1	3.3	0.67	745	0.73	24.1	28.4	3.9
	2	4.3	0.30	478	0.47	99.4	66.7	0
	3	5.3	0.43	502	0.49	139	45.3	0
	4	5.3	0.34	479	0.47	139	58.5	0

Table 8 . Indicators calculated in southern Italy Crop rotation

 8

		Yi eld (t/ha)	Carb on footprint	Wate r footprint	Ecologi cal footprint	Net Income	NUE	D ON risk
		t/ha	t of CO 2 -eq/t of d. wheat	t of water/t of d. wheat	global ha/t of d. wheat	€/t of d. wheat	kg of of N d. wheat/kg	-
	1	2.5	0.74	1429	1.11	23.3	32.4	1.1
	2	5.0	0.45	694	0.54	133	44.3	0
	3	4.2	0.53	874	0.68	112	38.7	0
	4	5.0	0.45	694	0.54	133	44.3	0

  BARILLA, 2010. ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION OF DRY SEMOLINA PASTA FROM DURUM WHEAT. WWW.ENVIRONDEC.COM/EN/DETAIL/?EPD=7699. LAST ACCESSED ACCESSED MARCH 2012. BRITISH STANDARD INSTITUTE, 2011. PAS 2050:2011. SPECIFICATION FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF THE LIFE CYCLE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS OF GOODS AND SERVICES, LONDON, UK. CAPORALI, F., ONNIS, A., 1992. VALIDITY OF ROTATION AS AN EFFECTIVE AGROECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE FOR A SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE. AGRICULTURE, ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT, VOLUME 41, ISSUE 2, JULY 1992, 101-113. EWING B., A. REED, A. GALLI, J. KITZES, AND M. WACKERNAGEL. 2010. CALCULATION METHODOLOGY FOR THE NATIONAL FOOTPRINT ACCOUNTS, 2010 EDITION. OAKLAND: GLOBAL FOOTPRINT NETWORK HOEKSTRA, A.Y., CHAPAGAIN, A.K., ALDAYA, M.M. AND MEKONNEN, M.M. (2011) THE WATER FOOTPRINT ASSESSMENT MANUAL: SETTING THE GLOBAL STANDARD, EARTHSCAN, LONDON, UK. MEKONNEN, M.M. AND HOEKSTRA, A.Y. (2010) THE GREEN, BLUE AND GREY WATER FOOTPRINT OF CROPS AND DERIVED CROP PRODUCTS, VALUE OF WATER RESEARCH KASHANI A, FEIZABADI AZ, KOOCHEKI AR, MAHALLATI MN (2010) NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY OF WHEAT AS AFFECTED BY PRECEDING CROP, APPLICATION RATE OF NITROGEN AND CROP RESIDUES, AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE 4 (5), 363-368. RUINI, L., FERRARI, E., MERIGGI, P., MARINO, M., BOERI, F., RUGGERI, M., 2011. SOSTENIBILITÀ DEI SISTEMI COLTURALI CON FRUMENTO DURO. FILIERA GRANO DURO NEWS 18. APRIL 2011 TILMAN, D., CASSMAN, KG., MATSON, P.A., NAYLOR, R., POLASKY, S., 2002. AGRICULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY AND INTENSIVE PRODUCTION PRACTICES. NATURE 418, 671-677 WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE, 2010. THE GREENHOUSE PROTOCOL -PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING STANDARD.

	REPORT	SERIES	NO.	47,	UNESCO-IHE,	DELFT,	THE	NETHERLANDS.
	HTTP://WWW.WATERFOOTPRINT.ORG/REPORTS/REPORT47WATERFOOTPRINT	CROPS-
	VOL1.PDF
	RAHIMIZADEH M,

The results are encouraging. A favourable previous crop contributes in reducing significantly the greenhouse gas emissions ( 0,21 t CO2-Concerning the expenses it contribute in reducing significantly production costs (-31% equivalent to To finish, as it's shown in fig. 4, a favourable previous crop contributes i obtaining a significantly higher yield (+20% equivalent to +1,3 t/ha) compared to an unfavourable one. The results are encouraging. A favourable previous crop contributes in reducing significantly the greenhouse gas emissions (-36% equivalent to -eq/t grain) compared to an unfavourable one (see fig. 2). Concerning the expenses it contribute in reducing significantly production 31% equivalent to -57€/t) compared to an unfavourable one (fig. 3). To finish, as it's shown in fig. 4, a favourable previous crop contributes i obtaining a significantly higher yield (+20% equivalent to +1,3 t/ha) compared to an unfavourable one.

Carbon Footprint (t CO2/t durum wheat) and previous crop Production costs (€/ t durum wheat) and previous crop

Vegetables

The results are encouraging. A favourable previous crop contributes in 36% equivalent tounfavourable one (see fig. 2). Concerning the expenses it contribute in reducing significantly production €/t) compared to an unfavourable one (fig. 3). To finish, as it's shown in fig. 4, a favourable previous crop contributes in obtaining a significantly higher yield (+20% equivalent to +1,3 t/ha) Increasing the sustainability of pasta production through a life Fig.

Previous crops were then divided into three groups (favourable, neutral and unfavourable) according to their influence on durum wheat cultivation (table 10). A comparison was made, for each type of previous crop, between the cultivation of durum wheat with support system Results show that the footprint (-10%, fig. 5), supply to the reduction of production costs especially in case of favourable or neutral previous crop ( contributes in reducing the costs of pesticides and fe (fig. 7).

Increasing the sustainability of pasta production through a life cycle assessment approach Fig. 4 Yeld (t durum wheat/ha) and previous crop Previous crops were then divided into three groups (favourable, neutral and unfavourable) according to their influence on durum wheat cultivation (table 10). A comparison was made, for each type of crop, between the cultivation of durum wheat with and without the use of the decision support system granoduro.net TM .

Neutral

Sunflow er

Unfavoura ble

Maize Sorghum Wheat

Results show that the use of granoduro.net contribute in reducing carbon 10%, fig. 5), supply to the reduction of production costs especially in case of favourable or neutral previous crop (-10%, fig. 6) and contributes in reducing the costs of pesticides and fertilizers management cycle assessment approach


L Ruini
email: luca.ruini@barilla.com

R Ciati

C A Pratesi
email: pratesi@uniroma3.it

M Marino
email: marino@studiolce.it

S Pignatelli
email: pignatelli@studiolce.it

Is healthy eating, healthy for the environment? Barilla Center for Food and Nutrition Double Food Pyramid

Keywords: Nutrition, ecological footprint, carbon footprint, water footprint

Barilla Center for Food and Nutrition decided to repropose an updated food pyramid, involving global warming and impacts of food on the environment. It has been made a reclassification of foods that together with their positive impacts on health also included their environmental impacts. These values were overlapped in descending order to obtain an upside-down pyramid that reproposes the same succession of foods. The new "Double Pyramid" shows that foods with higher recommended consumption levels are also those with lower environmental impact, and foods with lower recommended consumption levels are those with higher environmental impact. Two daily menu were analysed: both balanced from a nutritional point of view, but in the first one the protein is of plant origin, while in the second one it is mainly of animal origin. Vegetarian menu has an environmental impact that is two and a half times lower than the animal protein-based one.

Introduction

It is generally known that proper nutrition is an essential condition to health. This is a natural law that, however, has not received due attention in the last few decades. Indeed, the growing impact of disorders related to overeating serves as testimony of this last observation. Common disorders are: obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular pathologies -in people of all ages, including the younger portion of the population [START_REF] Must | The Disease Burden Associated With Overweight and Obesity[END_REF][START_REF] Burton | Health implications of obesity: NIH consensus development conference[END_REF].

In the 1970s, American physiologist Ancel Keys explained to the world the diet he dubbed "Mediterranean" based on balanced consumption of natural foods (olive oil, fruit, grains, legumes, etc.), thanks to which death rates from heart disease were shown to be lower than with saturated fat-rich diets typical of Northern Europe. In 1992, the US Department of Agriculture developed and released the first Food Pyramid which concisely and efficaciously explained how to adopt a nutritionallybalanced diet.

Aimed at commencing nutritional education, at the start of the 1990s the US Department of Agriculture elaborated and disseminated the first "food pyramid", based on the scientific studies of Ancel Keys. This structure provided a synthetic and efficient explanation on how to adopt balanced nutrition, serving as a general guideline. Since then, there has been an enormous increase of researches related to confirmation of disease prevention through proper nutrition.

During the last years the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) together with Biodiversity International, pointed out the importance of "sustainable diets" that recognize the interdependence between food production and consumption, dietary requirements and nutritional recommendations, while at the same time confirming the concept that human beings' health cannot be disconnected from the health of ecosystems (FAO, 2010).

Despite these studies, public awareness seems to still lag well behind. This is the first reason that leads the Barilla Center for Food & Nutrition (BCFN) to the re-proposal of the food pyramid, 20 years after its conception. This elaboration of the food pyramid put forth by BCFN has been updated to carefully integrate the latest findings by research. The second reason involves global warming and, more in general, the impact of man's activities on the environment.

Research background and results

In recent years, confirmation regarding the importance of proper diet in preventing illness has increased enormously thanks to further laboratory studies and empirical evidence.

However, the same cannot be said about the public awareness, which has grown more slowly. This is the reason why, it was decided to offer once again the Food Pyramid, a familiar and well-established tool in the scientific and nutritional circles. The second reason is less obvious and is connected to the problem of climate change and, more generally, the impact of human activity on the environment [START_REF] Wackernagel | Our ecological footprint: reducing human impact on the earth[END_REF].

It has been demonstrated that agriculture and animal farming are among the sources that yield the greatest amounts of greenhouse gasses (beating out transportation) [START_REF] Foster | Environmental Impacts of Food Production and Consumption: A report to the Department of the Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs[END_REF][START_REF] Williams | Determining the environmental burdens and resource use in the production of agricultural and horticultural commodities[END_REF]. Therefore, as it's explicitly emphasized and suggested by the paper "Climate Smart Food" -drafted in November 2009 by SIK -the Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology, as charged by the mandate of the Presidency of the European Union hold by Sweden -environmental variables must also be taken into account in regards to food and nutritional diet selection [START_REF] Sonesson | Really More Expensive? It Depends on How You Measure the Price[END_REF]. From this standpoint, the various food groups can be evaluated in terms of their environmental impact.

The environmental indicators that have been selected to built BCFN Food Pyramid are: "(i) the Carbon Footprint, which represents greenhouse gas emissions responsible for climate change and is measured in terms of amount of CO2 equivalent; (ii) the Water Footprint (or virtual water content), which quantifies the amount of water resources consumed and how they are consumed; it measures water use in terms of volume and (iii) the Ecological Footprint, which measures the biologically productive land and sea area human activity requires to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb the waste it generates; it is measured in square meters or global hectares" (BCFN, 2010).

The use of the Life Cycle Assessment method places all environmental markers at the same level for the duration of the analysis: in this work, carbon, water and ecological footprint have been studied as key performance indicators of food production chains. The data came from available public studies (Ecoinvent Database; Environmental Product Declaration Database; LCA Food Database; [START_REF] Andersson | LCA of Food Products and Production Systems[END_REF][START_REF] Baroni | Evaluating the environemntal impact of various dietary patterns combined with different food production systems[END_REF].

As stated in the BCFN publication (BCFN, 2010, p. 64): "the information is presented grouping foods according to the following categories that reflect the detailed process description: (i) foods derived from agriculture (fruit, vegetables, grains, etc.); (ii) foods derived from cultivation agricultural products (sugar, oil, pasta, etc.); (iii) foods derived from animal husbandry (dairy products, meat, etc.); (iv) foods from fishing; and (v) beverages. For every category examined, the values connected with each environmental indicator are given (…). The results for each of the environmental indicators examined (for both scientific studies and processed data) are expressed as a range of values since a specific value would not be representative of the category as a whole. For example, fruit includes a number of varieties with different cultivation processes and, as a result, a single value for the category "fruit" cannot be given for each indicator". However, once results have been obtained, a need for both communicational conciseness and clarity imposes a simple method that accounts for all outcomes. This is why the ecological footprint served as base indicator in the construction of the double pyramid. All motivations shall be illustrated in the main BCFN paper, but it can be briefly stated that these essentially depend on the ability to easily convey the environmental impacts linked to food chains. Thereby, analysis of the food pyramid and its categories reveals a wide array of values concerning the environmental impact of each category in terms of Ecological Footprint [START_REF] Ewing | The Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010. Global Footprint Network[END_REF].

Thus, the reclassification of food goes beyond their positive impact on health, encompassing their impact in descending order to obtain an upside proposes the same succession of foods. When this new Environmental Pyramid was brought alongside the Food Pyramid, it c called "Double Pyramid of Food and Environment" (BCFN, 2009(BCFN, , 2011(BCFN, , 2012)). It shows that those foods with higher those with lower environmental impact. Contrarily, those foods with lower recommended consumption levels are also those with higher environmental impact (Fig. 1).

This newly-elaborated version illustrates, in a unifi between two different but highly In other words, it shows that if the diet suggested in the traditional Food Pyramid is followed, not only do people live better (longer and healt lower impact -or better, footprint All of us, through eating responsibly, can definitely reconcile our personal well being (personal ecology) with the environment (ecological context).

Applying the model to everyday life and in order to estimate the extent to which the food choices of individuals affect the environmental impact, in terms of Ecological Footprint, two different daily menus were analysed: both are balanced from a nutritional point of and carbohydrates), but in the first one, the protein is of plant origin ("vegetarian menu"), while in the second, it is mainly of animal origin ("animal protein menu"). encompassing their impact on the environment, as well. These values are overlapped in descending order to obtain an upside-down pyramid that, in good measure, re proposes the same succession of foods. When this new Environmental Pyramid was brought alongside the Food Pyramid, it created a Food-Environmental Pyramid which called "Double Pyramid of Food and Environment" (BCFN, 2009(BCFN, , 2011(BCFN, , 2012)).

The Double Pyramid of Food and Environment (Source: BCFN, 2012).

It shows that those foods with higher recommended consumption levels are also those with lower environmental impact. Contrarily, those foods with lower recommended consumption levels are also those with higher environmental impact elaborated version illustrates, in a unified model, the connection between two different but highly-relevant goals: health and environmental protection. In other words, it shows that if the diet suggested in the traditional Food Pyramid is followed, not only do people live better (longer and healthier), but there is a decidedly or better, footprint -left on the environment. All of us, through eating responsibly, can definitely reconcile our personal well being (personal ecology) with the environment (ecological context).

e model to everyday life and in order to estimate the extent to which the food choices of individuals affect the environmental impact, in terms of Ecological Footprint, two different daily menus were analysed: both are balanced from a nutritional point of view, both in terms of calories and nutrients (proteins, fats and carbohydrates), but in the first one, the protein is of plant origin ("vegetarian menu"), while in the second, it is mainly of animal origin ("animal protein , C.A.2 , Principato, L.3, Marino, M. 4, Pignatelli, S. 4 on the environment, as well. These values are overlapped down pyramid that, in good measure, reproposes the same succession of foods. When this new Environmental Pyramid was Environmental Pyramid which called "Double Pyramid of Food and Environment" (BCFN, 2009(BCFN, , 2011(BCFN, , 2012)).

The Double Pyramid of Food and Environment (Source: BCFN, 2012). recommended consumption levels are also those with lower environmental impact. Contrarily, those foods with lower recommended consumption levels are also those with higher environmental impact ed model, the connection relevant goals: health and environmental protection. In other words, it shows that if the diet suggested in the traditional Food Pyramid is hier), but there is a decidedly All of us, through eating responsibly, can definitely reconcile our personal welle model to everyday life and in order to estimate the extent to which the food choices of individuals affect the environmental impact, in terms of Ecological Footprint, two different daily menus were analysed: both are balanced view, both in terms of calories and nutrients (proteins, fats and carbohydrates), but in the first one, the protein is of plant origin ("vegetarian menu"), while in the second, it is mainly of animal origin ("animal protein-based As it is shown in the figure 2, the animal protein impact that is two and a half times higher than the vegetarian one: 41 square global meters compared to 15; that is, a difference of at least 26, which represents a very significant share in the daily impact of an individual. The vegetarian menu has an environmental impact that is two and a half times lower than the meat one.

Fig. 2. Comparison between vegetarian and animal protein

An additional analysis was based on the calculation of the features for four different weekly menus, all balanced from a nutritional point of view, but with the only difference that their source of protein is from animal or plant origin. The sustainable (or BCFN) menu includes both meat and fish, with a preference for white meat, and provides a balanced consumption of protein both vegetable or animal origin. The meat menu and the meat and fish menu provide more conspicuous consumption of protein of animal ori from the vegetarian menu, and the sources of protein are animal etc.), as well as of plant origin (legumes).

Regarding environmental impact, the two menus richest in meat and fish have values that are higher compared to the sustainable (BCFN) and to the vegetarian menu. In fact the sustainable and vegetarian menus have a Carbon Footp respectively of 21 and 19 k Footprint of 32 kg CO 2 As it's shown in the figure 4, with a sustainable menu you can save up to 7,000 litre of water per week.

To finish, if you chose a sustainable menu, you can have less environmental impacts also in term of ecological footprint (F Is healthy eating, healthy for the environment? Barilla Center for Food and Nutrition Double Food Pyramid the figure 2, the animal protein-based menu has an environmental impact that is two and a half times higher than the vegetarian one: 41 square global meters compared to 15; that is, a difference of at least 26, which represents a very the daily impact of an individual. The vegetarian menu has an environmental impact that is two and a half times lower than the meat one.

Comparison between vegetarian and animal protein-based menu (Source: BCFN, 2012). additional analysis was based on the calculation of the features for four different weekly menus, all balanced from a nutritional point of view, but with the only difference that their source of protein is from animal or plant origin. The BCFN) menu includes both meat and fish, with a preference for white meat, and provides a balanced consumption of protein both vegetable or animal origin. The meat menu and the meat and fish menu provide more conspicuous consumption of protein of animal origin. Lastly, meat and fish are obviously excluded from the vegetarian menu, and the sources of protein are animal-based (cheese, eggs, etc.), as well as of plant origin (legumes).

Regarding environmental impact, the two menus richest in meat and fish have values that are higher compared to the sustainable (BCFN) and to the vegetarian menu. In fact the sustainable and vegetarian menus have a Carbon Footp respectively of 21 and 19 kg CO 2 eq. per week while the meat menu attains a Carbon 2 eq. per week (Fig. 3). As it's shown in the figure 4, with a sustainable menu you can save up to 7,000 litre of water per week.

To finish, if you chose a sustainable menu, you can have less environmental term of ecological footprint (Fig. 4).

Center for Food and Nutrition Double Food Pyramid 5 based menu has an environmental impact that is two and a half times higher than the vegetarian one: 41 square global meters compared to 15; that is, a difference of at least 26, which represents a very the daily impact of an individual. The vegetarian menu has an based menu (Source: BCFN, 2012).

additional analysis was based on the calculation of the features for four different weekly menus, all balanced from a nutritional point of view, but with the only difference that their source of protein is from animal or plant origin. The BCFN) menu includes both meat and fish, with a preference for white meat, and provides a balanced consumption of protein both vegetable or animal origin. The meat menu and the meat and fish menu provide more conspicuous gin. Lastly, meat and fish are obviously excluded based (cheese, eggs, Regarding environmental impact, the two menus richest in meat and fish have values that are higher compared to the sustainable (BCFN) and to the vegetarian menu. In fact the sustainable and vegetarian menus have a Carbon Footprint tains a Carbon As it's shown in the figure 4, with a sustainable menu you can save up to 7,000

To finish, if you chose a sustainable menu, you can have less environmental In the last version of the Double Pyramid publication (BCFN, 2012) it was pointed out the costs of sustainable diets, and in particular the Mediterranean on research question was: "Does sustainable diets cost more?".

As was used for the analysis of environmental subjects, public information sources are also used for this study. In this manner, the prices in Italy for typical diets are estimated, demonstrating that, when they have the same nutritional value, menus rich in protein of animal origin (meat and, especially, fish) have a slightly higher cost (about 10% more). Comparing the outcomes with the results of other research studies conducted in other countries as United States, France, and Great Britain (USDA, 2012; Drewnowski et alt., 2005;[START_REF] Aggarwal | Nutrient Intakes Linked to Better Health Outcomes Are Associated with Higher Diet Costs[END_REF][START_REF] Drewnowski | Obesity and the food environment: Dietary energy density and diet costs[END_REF]Drewnowski et alt., 2007;[START_REF] Cade | Costs of a healthy diet: analysis from the UK Women's Cohort Study[END_REF]WWF, 2011), the situation does not appear to be the same. In fact, in expensive for families, even if this fact can be at least partially conditioned by the different calculation criteria used (price per protein, price per gram, etc.).

Aside from some sectors for which additional be affirmed in any case that the Mediterranean diet is the cheapest, as long as the foods are selected judiciously, preferring those which have a low cost and high nutritional value, such as pasta, legumes, certain type fruit. In particular, low protein. The creation of a single modest addition of meat may be the best method to prov nutritional intake at a limited cost.

Therefore, sustainable eating definitely does not necessarily mean spending more money. However, this generally requires an additional effort by families in terms of the time dedicated to the Is healthy eating, healthy for the environment? Barilla Center for Food and Nutrition Double Food Pyramid Ecological footprint of the 4 menu analysed, all nutritionally balanced.

In the last version of the Double Pyramid publication (BCFN, 2012) it was pointed out the costs of sustainable diets, and in particular the Mediterranean on research question was: "Does sustainable diets cost more?".

As was used for the analysis of environmental subjects, public information sources are also used for this study. In this manner, the prices in Italy for typical diets are rating that, when they have the same nutritional value, menus rich in protein of animal origin (meat and, especially, fish) have a slightly higher cost (about 10% more). Comparing the outcomes with the results of other research studies ountries as United States, France, and Great Britain (USDA, 2012; Drewnowski et alt., 2005;[START_REF] Aggarwal | Nutrient Intakes Linked to Better Health Outcomes Are Associated with Higher Diet Costs[END_REF][START_REF] Drewnowski | Obesity and the food environment: Dietary energy density and diet costs[END_REF]Drewnowski et alt., 2007;[START_REF] Cade | Costs of a healthy diet: analysis from the UK Women's Cohort Study[END_REF]WWF, 2011), the situation does not appear to be the same. In fact, in some countries, the sustainable diet is more expensive for families, even if this fact can be at least partially conditioned by the different calculation criteria used (price per protein, price per gram, etc.).

Aside from some sectors for which additional analyses would be desirable, it may be affirmed in any case that the Mediterranean diet is the cheapest, as long as the foods are selected judiciously, preferring those which have a low cost and high nutritional value, such as pasta, legumes, certain types of vegetables, oil, and dried fruit. In particular, low-fat dairy products and eggs are the least expensive source of protein. The creation of a single-course meal based on vegetables enriched with a modest addition of meat may be the best method to provide the proper caloric and nutritional intake at a limited cost.

Therefore, sustainable eating definitely does not necessarily mean spending more money. However, this generally requires an additional effort by families in terms of the time dedicated to the selection and preparation of food.

Center for Food and Nutrition Double Food Pyramid 7

Ecological footprint of the 4 menu analysed, all nutritionally balanced.

In the last version of the Double Pyramid publication (BCFN, 2012) it was pointed out the costs of sustainable diets, and in particular the Mediterranean one. The As was used for the analysis of environmental subjects, public information sources are also used for this study. In this manner, the prices in Italy for typical diets are rating that, when they have the same nutritional value, menus rich in protein of animal origin (meat and, especially, fish) have a slightly higher cost (about 10% more). Comparing the outcomes with the results of other research studies ountries as United States, France, and Great Britain (USDA, 2012; Drewnowski et alt., 2005;[START_REF] Aggarwal | Nutrient Intakes Linked to Better Health Outcomes Are Associated with Higher Diet Costs[END_REF][START_REF] Drewnowski | Obesity and the food environment: Dietary energy density and diet costs[END_REF]Drewnowski et alt., 2007;[START_REF] Cade | Costs of a healthy diet: analysis from the UK Women's Cohort Study[END_REF]WWF, 2011), the situation some countries, the sustainable diet is more expensive for families, even if this fact can be at least partially conditioned by the analyses would be desirable, it may be affirmed in any case that the Mediterranean diet is the cheapest, as long as the foods are selected judiciously, preferring those which have a low cost and high s of vegetables, oil, and dried fat dairy products and eggs are the least expensive source of course meal based on vegetables enriched with a ide the proper caloric and Therefore, sustainable eating definitely does not necessarily mean spending more money. However, this generally requires an additional effort by families in terms of

Conclusions

The evidence of true interest that emerges from this new elaboration is the coincidence, in a single food model, of two different objectives that share fundamental importance for man: health and environmental protection. In other words, it has been demonstrated that following a diet put forward by the traditional food-nutrition pyramid not only leads to an improvement in quality of life (longer life-span and enhanced health conditions), but also yields a decisively lower impact, better expressed as Ecological Footprint, on the environment. Indeed, food that should be consumed in greater quantities, for example following the Mediterranean diet, fits into the category that inflicts less environmental impact overall. Vice-versa, foods falling into a recommendation of limited quantity consumption have also the higher impact on the environment. It has been demonstrated, that a vegetarian menu reduced by one third the environmental impacts compared to a animal protein-based menu.

The Double Pyramid model proposes the evaluation of all the choices and eating behaviours, even those which apparently, and at the present time, determine less obvious impacts on the individual or the community, but which can become substantial when measured cumulatively and over time.

With this in mind, the declination of the food and environmental pyramid regarding future generations, beginning with children, leads to some implications briefly mentioned below that can be further analysed and distributed to families and educators.

On the one hand, the dietary habits that are increasingly widespread among large sections of the population are leading to a gradual deterioration of the health of children and a consequent reduction in life expectancy, a fact which reverses an established trend of gradual improvement.

On the other hand, the excessive intake of certain foods -generally the same ones that should be eaten less frequently -determines a significant impact on the environment and the natural resources which, ultimately, can further reduce the quality of life and the overall well-being of future generations.

Therefore, for its positive nutritional and environmental effects, the adoption of a correct food model impacts both directly and indirectly on the future of our children.

This makes it absolutely vital today to start a process of collective responsibility. At this point, the BCFN's next focus is to promote actual implementation of the sustainable diet, by investigating potential obstacles, which would slow its spread or, in some cases, cause it to be abandoned by those who traditionally used it.

The first variable dealt with is that of price, rightly considered a potential obstacle, especially during the current economic crisis. The studies collected indicate that the situation is still debatable, although it would appear possible to state that the sustainable diet generally does not cost more, especially if its costs are evaluated using more appropriate criteria. The BCFN has found that the Mediterranean diet is, albeit slightly, more sustainable economically. And this cost comparison does not include the "hidden" costs of a poorly balanced diet, in terms of the environment and, especially, of people's health.

Certainly, much more research can be carried out on the topic of economic sustainability, especially if developing countries are included in the analysis (and it is indispensable that this be done) since, in these countries, the lack of resources and infrastructure, along with greater demographic growth, may render less economical that which is easily accessible in industrialized countries. How to make a sustainable diet truly accessible "to all" will be the subject of the BCFN's upcoming publications.

Fig. 1 .

 1 Fig. 1. The Double Pyramid of Food and Environment (Source: BCFN, 2012).

  ni, L.1*, Ciati, R.1, Pratesi, C.A.2 , Principato, L.3, Marino, M. 4, Pignatelli, S. 4

Fig. 3 -Fig. 4 -Fig. 5 -

 345 Fig. 3 -Carbon footprint of the 4 menu analysed, all nutritionally balanced.

Ruini, L.1*, Ciati, R.1, Pratesi, C.A.2 , Principato, L.3, Marino, M. 4, Pignatelli, S. 4

Ruini, L.1*, Ciati, R.1, Pratesi, C.A.2 , Principato, L.3, Marino, M. 4, Pignatelli, S.