Ngilyang Rinyo

Taku Tara

Gyati Tallo

Dr Dani Sulu

Dr Tage Kanno

Ngilyang Talley

Gyati Aapa

Roto Chobin

Hage Gumto

The Apatani language, or Tanii agun, is spoken by some 26,000 people living in the State of Arunachal Pradesh, India. It has been listed by UNESCO as a "definitely endangered" language in its electronic Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 2009. Sadly, India's Northeast Region, which hosts 120 out of country 196 threatened languages registered by UNESCO, has become a world "hotspot" of language endangerment. When, as a Social Anthropologist, I started a research study on the Apatani culture in 2007, that question was simply a non-issue for me. Having now become more familiar with the language I have acquired the conviction that the threat is real. Language is the backbone of any people's culture, and also a major component of anyone's identity.

I -APATANI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

A-a a [´a:] vi-r. 1. to go or come home; to visit someone's place. Ngo siisida ude ho adukuran. I have just come home (at the instant). Tacho ado ha? Has Tacho come? Ngo so kiiran adu. I often come here. So ato! Come here! Aba more innii (hokii) akumaran. Daddy has not returned from jungle yet. Niida Itanagar apa hendo? When do you plan on coming to Itanagar? 2. to go in; to enter. Ura a'nge. Go inside! [Note: compare with 'ura ato', 'come inside!'] 3. (of a sound) to reach. Ngo luladoto nii, phone ane. I was speaking when the phone rang.

-a [´a:] vsuff. in; inside (home). Gramm: directional suffix indicating that the action identified by the verb is directed towards an inside space or towards someone's home. Syn: ha. aba [´a:´ba:] n. father; daddy (term of address and reference). aba-akha general term of respect for married male adults. aba-apa (atan) [´a:´ba: ´a:´pa:] n. forefather(s); ancestor(s). Bilo anyan ho, ngunuka aba-apa atan hii bije-siko mi ano ayabutii. In the past, our forefathers preserved the bamboo groves very well. Si bilo aba-apa ka nitin nii. This is a parable of our forefathers' time. aba bankun n. 1. great grandfather (one's father's paternal grandfather). 2. patrilineal ancestor, in general. aba-chi n. stepfather. aba vi. (of a plural subject) to come together. Ngiinyi abasii. We both came together. Tallo, Tapu nyi abasiimane. Tallo and Tapu did not come together. Nunu hutii abasii? Who among you came together? aba vt. to put a load over something; to add something on an already existing load. abagii vt. to bring along with; to cause someone to come along. Picnic ho ajin ako abagiilya. Bring one friend with you to the picnic. aban [a´bã] n. 1. elder brother. 2. all male elders considered as 'elder brothers' (male speaker). Usage: can be used both in address and in reference. Often used as a polite way for addressing a non-kin related person of the same generation, older than the speaker. aban ja nphr. eldest person. Syn: akha

The Language

Apatani belongs to the Tani branch of the Tibeto-Burman family (Sun, 1993). It is a tonal language that also contrasts vowel and consonant length. Dialectical variations exist but are not very important, and the fact that all Apatani can freely understand each other fosters in them a secure sense of common identity. Apatani is a highly agglutinative language, marked by the profusion of verbal suffixes denoting various tenses, moods and aspects. Any action can be expressed a few dozen ways by adding to the verb root various combinations of inflectional or derivational suffixes, along with several types of reduplication. Each of the many resulting forms gives different shades of meaning to the verb. Major lexical categories are nouns, verbs and adjectives. Most nouns are bisyllabic, consisting of a root and a prefix which tends to function as classifier (such as siifor quadrupeds, pa-for birds, san-for trees, ta-for small animals, cane and bamboos, etc.). The language also has a wide array of classifiers and a case-marking system.

The Apatanis possess a priestly language, with many words not etymologically related to their counterparts of the conversational form. This 'classical' language is performed mainly (but not only) in ritual context, and forms a specific part of the Apatani oral literature known as 'miji'. However, classical or poetic words pertaining to mythology or migration stories often surface at conversational language through several structural devices or discourse features, such as these 'noun-pairs' which are so typical of Apatani formal discourse outside the ritual context. Such words permeate the common language through idioms, schemes of thought, or today modern songs. Even the intellectuals who publish pamphlets of Meder Nello, the Apatani local form of "Donyi-Poloism", use a great deal of vocabulary related to the oral literature in their attempt to elevate the traditional religion to the rank of a religious philosophy.

The effective speakers of the language are about 2% of Arunachal Pradesh's total population. So far it is used at best as a language of informal instruction in the primary school, and not as a curriculum subject. English is the State's official language, but Hindi is the medium of teaching, though Apatani teachers may resort to the mother tongue whenever they feel like. Apatani is basically an oral language. Many educated people have started using Roman script to transcribe it, but to date no standard orthography exists for this language, and very few attempts have been made to publish books or journals using Tanii agun.

Language endangerment

At first sight it may seem that the Apatani language is threatened because it has a relatively small number of speakers. In fact, linguists have demonstrated that the size of a group hardly matters for determining the viability of any endangered language. Tiny groups successfully manage to maintain their native languages intact, whereas some larger groups fail to pass on them to new generations. What are crucial factors here are the intensity of language contact and the general attitude of native speakers with respect to their heritage language.

ii Language contact Linguistic influence from Hindi, English or even Assamese came very late for Apatanis as their valley was in state of virtual isolation prior to 1950. However, as their villages are all located in the vicinity of the District headquarters, their exposition is now probably greater than it is for any other Arunachal indigenous community. Partly due to this proximity their literacy rate ranks highest in the State of Arunachal Pradesh: 70.6 % according to 2001 Census, with 86 % of the children attending schools in the 5-14 age group. There they are taught in English and mostly Hindi, with Apatani used as best as a third, informal language. Moreover, as Apatani parents pay a lot of attention to their children's education, those who can afford often send them to boarding schools were they are discouraged from speaking their mother tongue. Most Apatani still learn Tanii agun as a first language at home, but those many who pursue higher studies live near other communities where the children speak Assamese, Hindi or English, and, for that reason, tend to gradually forget their mother tongue. This is a heavy price that Apatanis have to pay for their otherwise remarkable achievement in the field of education. Ironically, the more people become educated, the more they tend to replace Apatani with Hindi or English in social life.

The result is that the level of knowledge of the native lexical items is dwindling fast among the younger generation. The total number of Apatani "words" used in conversational language can be roughly estimated at around 20,000. Having worked with many Apatani students on their language, I found that most of those who are still able to converse in Apatani use a stock of less than 1,000 genuine words. It means that, for them at least, 95% of the language has been lost in 2 or 3 generations. What will they be able to pass on their own children? Parent-child transmission of the language is at risk of being severly altered or interrupted at the next generation.

Fluency here is quite pivotal. In the area of vocabulary, many of the words in some traditional semantic domains are no longer known by younger Apatanis. To my surprise, the terms for denoting some basic colours were recalled with great difficulty, as were also some classifiers. There are numerous typical Apatani verbs that are now uncommon in the usage and have been replaced by their Hindi or Assamese counterparts. Knowledge pertaining to animal and plant names appears to be minimal, as is the vocabulary related to kinship and the associated system of social obligations. The fact is that there are many native lexical items that are being replaced fast by the loan words from Hindi, Assamese or English. Apatani language is not moribund, but if nothing is done it is at risk of becoming so heavily mixed with Assamese, Hindi and English that it may rapidly become a sort of pidgin. More recently, a new trend has emerged with the introduction of Christianity in the Apatani Valley. In an attempt to use only Apatani words to introduce concepts for which there were no words in the traditional language, some Christian preachers have started to forge neologisms, most of them being mere literal translation of English words such as 'aro aya' (good morning), 'alyin aya' (good evening), 'danyi alo' (Sunday), piilo halo (Monday), 'piniibo' (the Creator). Despite of being a laudable effort to promote the use of Apatani words instead of loan words it has a pernicious effect of accelarating to the pidginization of the language.

Attitudes towards the language

Surprisingly, out of the 25,576 Apatani listed in the 2001 Census, less than 10,000 returned as Apatani speakers, and therefore Apatani is not even regarded officially as a Non Schedule Language. Although the methods used for language data collection may be questionable, it also seems indicative of a general desaffection with the language issue. Till now the children of Ziro still speak Apatani, but much of their cultural background is Hindi-and English-oriented. Many youngsters consider their mother tongue as old fashioned, though few will express this view openly. Most youngsters readily admit that they don't have a good command over Apatani language, and some of them hardly speak it. Young people believe that their iii mother-tongue can't compete with other languages that are taught in school because it has only a limited vocabulary. Many think that Apatani is a simpler or archaic form of language, because "it has no gender nor plural", and "no grammar", despite the fact that three Apatani grammars have been published so far, two of which by Apatani scholars. They simply don't want to learn languages that they know few people outside their immediate vicinity will be able to understand. Most Apatani still learn Tanii agun as a first language, but due to the emphasis put on education parents often encourage their children to speak either English or Hindi over their mother tongue at home. Some people also choose, for a variety of valid reasons, not to teach their children their own mother tongue. As a result the few attempts which have been made to implement the language in school at primary level have met with little success. This general attitude hampers further action that could be initiated by the State or local NGOs.

Today many children learn their mother tongue imperfectly and, if nothing is done, will probably be unable in future to pass along the language to their own children. Yet, very few people seem aware that their language may vanish within the next generations. Further, very few people realize how much the language has changed since the middle of the last century. Teenagers tend to think of the decade having followed India's independence as that of their "forefathers", i.e. something very remote in time, forgetting that it was only their grandparents' time. During the past 60 years following the opening up of Ziro Valley a tremendous amount of change has occured, and so tremendous is the today's generation gap. Large sectors of traditional knowledge are being forgotten or discarded by the younger generation, mainly due to scarce communication between young and old people. A good indicator of this language evolution is the domain of proverbs and old sayings (nitin-hormin). This particular genre of oral literature is marked by extreme economy of expression, in a way reminiscent of Japanese haiku. As rhetorical devices it uses contracted, often elliptic forms of the language, and frequent use of metonimy that makes it very difficult to understand for most Apatanispeaking youngsters, though those proverbs were understood by the general population just one or two generations ago, and still are by the elders of Ziro. Moreover, many Apatani words make sense only by reference to a mythological background which is now largely unknown to the Apatani youth. The fact is, the languages not only carry the cultures with them, but are also embedded into the cultures.

Fortunately, a growing number of Apatanis are now aware of this language situation. There is a fear that unless parents teach more of Tanii agun to their children, unless the language is maintained in a written form and used as a medium or subject in schools, it will die out sooner or later. The trend can still be reversed, as to date many aspects of the traditional culture and oral literature remain vivid. It is the responsibility of the present generation to work toward language development, revitalization and perpetuation.

The online Dictionary of the Apatani Language, first of its kind, is an attempt to counter the trend of language erosion among educated Apatanis. The present edition is the printed version of the online Dictionary of the Apatani Language (http://www.http://apatani-language-society.com/) that was launched in July 2011. It is the result of a collaborative project between Apatani intellectuals and Western researchers. We wanted it as part of the collective effort to keep the Apatani language alive, especially among the younger generation. For those many ones who are either pursuing their studies or working outside Ziro, a new dictionary as a free resource tool appeared to be most suited.

The current version has about 10,000 items including main entries and subentries, as well as several hundred example sentences. The examples sentences are particularly valuable as they put words in a familiar context corresponding to actual conversation, and should prove useful for everyone wishing to learn or improve his/her skills in this language. Dialectical variations have been taken into account and usage location, when known, are indicated, so that no dialect or village speech takes precedence over others. Apart from the main section featuring common words sorted by alphabetical order, the dictionary includes several topic-specific sections with several hundred illustrations. For the sake of reliability, most word entries were iv checked by more than one Apatani speaker. As a work in progress, however, some entries are more reliable than others. The phonetic analysis of words being currently unfolding, not all entries have yet a phonetic transcription attached to the headword.

We hope that our documentation efforts will help the Apatanis to maintain their language and encourage new speakers among the present generation.

Pascal Bouchery

Poitiers, France v Tara who worked intensively on hundreds of words and example sentences, for his tireless help; the courteous cooperation of Dani Sulu for his explanations of the meaning of difficult or obsolete words is greatfully acknowledged. I am deeply indebted to Gyati Tallo for having kindly allowed us to use use a significant number of example sentences from some of his previous writings and his insightful comments for clarifying various grammatical points. I express my gratitude to Hage Gumto, Roto Chobin and Tage Kanno for their contribution to the illustrations of the present edition. I want also to thank Gyati Aapa, Gyati Tallo and Roto Chobin for their warm and invaluable assistance during fieldwork in Ziro. Several other Apatanispeaking individuals have made a positive contribution as occasional informants, and even though they may have worked on a limited number of words they deserve to be given credit. Overall, the Apatani community has proved very receptive to this project. I wish also to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Mark W. Post from the Research Center of Linguistic Typology, La Trobe University, whose excellent study on Galo language has been a source of inspiration during the compilation work. Without his constant support and helpful comments there is little doubt that the present edition could not have been achieved. In order to maximize descriptive continuity between related languages I have chosen to adopt much of his own nomenclature, especially regarding verb suffixes whose diversity is a major feature of all Tani languages. I am very much thankful to Dr. Tage Kanno for having accepted to read and correct the final draft of the present edition. My sincere thanks also go to the Dree Central Committee (CCDFC) for formally announcing the launching of this first edition in Itanagar on July 5th, 2011. Special thanks to Drs. François Jacquesson and Boyd Michailovsky from CNRS-LACITO, Paris, France, for their advices regarding the language structure and/or word transcription. I am also thankful to Dr. Philippe Ramirez from CNRS, Paris, for his assistance in various ways throughout the project.

Poitiers, July 2011 vi

Word transcription

As most endangered oral languages, Apatani does not yet have a standardized orthography, and there is still some debate among the Apatanis on which script should be used to transcribe it. It was beyond the scope of the present work to address this issue, or to make a choice between the various options that have been proposed so far. At the same time, there exists a widespread, yet informal practice of writing Tanii agun using Roman script which has been adopted by most educated people in their printed publications, correspondence or casual conversations on internet, though the spelling and spacing of words often vary from one person to another. As the ultimate goal of this project is to promote the use of the language among the present generation of Apatanis, it seemed obvious to us that we should put effort to remain as close as possible from this common writing usage, so that all Apatanis can easily adapt to it. For that reason the reader will find only minor modifications from earlier informal transcriptions, which were made in order to simplify the spelling and eliminate several inconsistencies. In our approach we have tried to be :

• practical, in the sense that the same phonetic element is always transcribed in the same way regardless of pitch and length of the phonem, which is easier to learn. /ma /is transcribed as ma, may it be actually pronounced as /maa/, /´ma/, or /´maa/. This not only facilitates reading and writing but also dictionary searching.

• consistent, in the sense that word spacing follows grammatical principles, and that a root, a prefix or a suffix is always transcribed in the same way.

• close to the existing writing practice because the transcription of all vowels and most consonants is left untouched.

The following set of rules has been adopted for the present edition:

-The transcription of other letters does not change, in particular ɨ (barred-i) remains represented by a double i. Most sounds are represented by one letter. Sounds which are represented by two letters are /tɕ/ (written ch), /ɲ/ (ny), /ŋ/ (ng), /x/ (kh) and /ɨ/ (ii).

z letter is represented as -j throughout the dictionary, as /z/ appears to be only a particular phonological realization of /j/. The reader will find jilan pulye, not zilang pulye.

-For the same reason, letters f, v, c that were used in earlier transcriptions have not been retained in the Apatani alphabet.

e letter is always pronounced as /e/, as in English 'penny', never as in English 'me'. The word for dao/sword is written ilyo, not elyo. Similarly /e/ of 'penny' is always represented as e, never as a.

The word for 'husked uncooked rice' is embin, not ambing.

ng occuring at the end of syllables (final velar nasal), which is commonly found in informal written Apatani, is represented as n only. Since most -if not all-of those so-called final velar nasals are just nazalisations on the wovels, it would be inaccurate to mark a final consonant 'g' which is actually unheard. Thus the word for 'cooked rice' is apin, not aping; the word for 'friend' is ajin, not ajing.

vii

-/ng/ appearing at the begining of a syllable, when it follows a vowel, is preceded by an apostrophe ('), in order to differentiate from the final velar nasal, e.g. ka'ngu (ka+ngu, 'to discriminate').

-Tones are unmarked, and therefore final 'h' letters which were sometimes used to mark a high tone or a short wovel have been removed. The reader will find tape, not tapeh.

-Vowels or consonnant lengths are unmarked, that is, as a rule doubled letters do not occur. The reader will find ama, not aama; chikan, not chikkan. Double s have been suppressed. Double n occurs only when a syllable ending with a final velar nasal is coupled with a syllable whose first letter is n. For example Mo henne (hen+ne): He/she thought.

-Consonant n often transforms into m before b and p letters, as it does in English, though not as systematically as in English.

-The use of hyphens (-) within a word or word group is restricted to lexical compounds and pairs having at least one prefix or one root in common, in order to underline the presence of a common element. For example, both lanchan-lankho and diigo-tango are separated by hyphens in the dictionary, but not lanchan koman.

-The above rules do not apply to proper nouns such as place names, clan names, etc., since their 'official' usage is already well established. Therefore we continue to write Ziro, Bulla, Tajang, Hong, Tasso, Ngilyang, Radhe, etc.

Word boundaries : As many Apatani words are disyllabic, to date in the absence of a standard orthography many people are tempted to write down their language by marking a space between units having two syllables each, in order to make 'words'. However, this practice has been a source of multiple confusions.

For example, a two-syllable unit which stands as a "word" in one particular sentence will be split into two independent units in another. It also often leads to consider as 'words' verbal suffixes which are dependent units and have no meaning when taken separately. In the present work we consider grammatical words only, i.e. real units of meaning. For example the sentence "he/she has slept" is written mo imineku, not mo imi neku, because neku is a suffix combination inflecting the meaning of the verb root imi ('sleep') which has no meaning independent of the verb to which it is attached and cannot stand alone without having a verb attached to it. Written this way, certain Apatani words such as particles can be monosyllabic, whereas others such as sufixed verbs can sometimes be much longer, up to six or seven syllables. For our Apatani readers this will probably be the biggest difference that they will notice from the common usage. Hopefully they should also soon discover that this grammatical approach of 'words' helps clarify their meaning and enhances global comprehension of the language.

viii Dictionary Use Entries : Each headword gives the basic form of the word. It is followed by the lexical category (noun, adjective, verb, adverb, etc.), and a concise definition. Some entries, especially those related to Apatani culture, required additional information, which is given under the abbreviated label Encycl. Example phrases or clauses with translation are often provided, as well as synonyms (Syn.) and antonyms (Ant.), the latter especially for adjectives. Compound-words are grouped under a common headword.

Verbs: Verbs appear in their basic form, that is mostly without the set of meaningful suffix-like elements which in conversation, most often occur on them. This basic form can be regarded as broadly equivalent to the infinitive form in English, though Apatani does not have infinitive in the strict sense. In their simplest form, those are monosyllabic "verbal roots" (v-r.). The various suffixed elements inflect the meaning of the verb, modifying its aspect, mood or tense, and their number can be as high as six or seven. It is of course not possible to list all those suffixed forms. At the same time, providing only monosyllabic verbs is clearly not enough, so we had to compromise. For the sake of convenience, both verbal roots (such as dii 'to eat'), together with a dependent set of disyllabic common derivatives (such as diibo 'to eat along with others') are listed in the dictionary. Besides, most commonly found suffix combinations are provided as separate entries, preceded by a hyphen, under the label vsuff. (verbal suffix). The hyphen indicates that these are not grammatical words, but dependent units attached to verbs or adjectives, for eg. prospective suffix -nedo ('may').

Searching a verb encountered in a text as a suffixed form requires its verbal root or disyllabic first derivate to be identified first. We recommend to start searching for the two initial syllables, then, if not found, the monosyllabic root. Once the meaning of this form is identified (having either one or two syllables), the reader can turn on the suffixed part. The suffixed part is to be searched as a separate entry, it appears prefixed by a hyphen. From there the global meaning can been easily reconstructed. For example, if the suffixed form is diibalado, a first search for 'diiba' will give the basic meaning of the verb ('to eat together') and a second search for -lado will inform that this suffix is a marker of the present continuous form ('am/are/is [do]ing').

Therefore Molu diibalado will be translated by the reader as 'they are eating together'.

Note: for dictionary searching ii, ch, kh and ng are treated as if they were four separate letters, therefore words (and letters within words) are sorted according to the following order:

a, b, ch, d, e, g, h, i, ii, j, k, kh, l, m, n, ng, o, p, r, s, t, u, w, y, z

According to this order, *ngiiyi occurs after *nyibu, *aku precedes *akha, and so on.

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Abbreviated labels

Grammatical or other characteristics of an entry are indicated as follows: abyu vi-r. to move; to make a movement. Usage: Bulla. Var: abi. Usage: Hija. abyu-akhelama adj. unable to move.

abyun vt. 1. to fill a hole with soil 2. to finish binding, as of a rope. Syn: abyun-alyun. abyunnanii n. any tool used to fill a hole with soil or to bind something tightly with a rope, e.g. the wooden boards packed tightly and stuck at the base of a*babo mast by means of wooden hammers that function as chocks to maintain the *babo firmly into the ground.

acha vt. to put up; to move or raise something to a higher place or position from a lower one; to erect. achi [´at :i] ɕ adj. painful; aching. Siilo niika adin so achido ha? Today do you have headache? achi-ahe n. disease; ailment; sickness. achi-chiga vi. to be often/always sick. Richo ano achichigadu. Richo always gets sick. achi-chigii vcn. to cause someone to be or feel sick. achichipyo adj. prone to get sick. achi-chiru adj. hardy, as of a person. doli achi vcn. to be feverish. achi vi. to hide or conceal oneself. achi taker n. star. Syn: taker. achin See: atan. achin vi. to know how to come.

acho n:qual. many; plenty of. Gramm: qualifying noun following another noun with the overall sense 'many N'. Miyu acho. Many people. Yo acho dotoku la, niibo mi diichiku henderlakuma. There were many kinds of meat, I didn't know which one to eat. Syn: acho-acho Balu so, yalan achoacho do. This garden is full of stones.

achu-amyo [´at u-´amjo]

ɕ n. animal. Var: acho-amyo.

achu galan n. (Zool.) Bee-eater, in general, including Green Bee-eater (Merops orientalis) .

achun [at ũ] ɕ vt. to hide or conceal something; to secret something away. Yo mi achunto, ami diikenendii ke. Hide the meat, [otherwise] the cat may eat it! along with his wife (i.e. who is neither divorced nor a widower). ada nyibu n. priest who is married, has never divorced, and whose wife is still alive. adu [´adu] vr. (of thorn, stick, pebble, etc.) to prick (as one steps on it). Ngiika liipyo ho tiire adubiine. A thorn pricked my sole (as I stepped on it). adun-arun adj. sluggish, as after sleeping or drinking alcohol. aduniin n. noise; cry; call. Aro konchi ho piita aduniin. Early morning bird cry. aga 1. adj. quick; fast; speedy. 2. adv age [´age] vt. (Agr.) to drain out water from paddy field. Siikho daka yasi mi ageto. Drain the water out from the field channel! Aji yasi agetasa. Let's go and drain off the field.

ager [a´gər] n. (Agr.) bund separating paddy fields; dyke. Var: agar . ager gar vcn. to construct a bund in a paddy field. ager sopi n. (Agr.) dike, short in height. Syn: ager-garlo.

agin-aye mii

vcn. (esp. of children) to make trouble; to be a pain; to make a fuss. Hiinkane agin-aye miiyo. Don't make so much fuss! agin ho post. with; alongwith. Gramm: accompaniment postposition to a noun or noun phrase. Tara ngiika agin ho dukindo. Tara shall stay with me. No Taki agin ho Ziro ho tohe. Go down to Ziro with Taki! Syn: agin pa. Moka agin pa chaboto! Come (up) along with him/her! agii [agi] vt-r. to dress; to put on cloth; to put a cloth on someone. Opi mi tarii agiito. Put a shirt on Opi. agii vt. to take someone along with oneself; to go/come along with someone. Ngunumi Energy Park ho agii pe! Take us to Energy Park! Bilo tiipe giima nyimii yugyan ho agiimatii. In olden days women or girls who did not wear a tatoo did not join others to the clan altar. No Sunka mi agiito. Come along with Sunka! ago n. outside; exterior. Ant: ura. ago empun [ago`empun] n. portion of space stretching from the entrance door to the hearth. Ant: ura enpun. ago ho 1. post. outside. Ude ago ho habundo. It is cool outside the house. 2. adv. outside; outwards. Mo ago ho linne. He went outside. Ant: ura ho. ago nyibu n. priest who assists the main priest (*ura nyibu) during the performance of a *murun. ago ugu n. primary hearth located near the main entrance of a traditional house. Ant: ura ugu. yapun ago hokii advphr. from the sky. ago n. coming, or visit, which is due or yet to occur. ago vt. to come before someone else does. Ngo momi agoyato. I came before him/her. Tamo, Pussang mi apyokiinento. No agoyo. Tamo, let Pussang come first. Don't come before him! agoalo a vi. to compete to reach or come. Ngiinyi ago-alo akasiisa. Let us see who comes earlier [between you and me]. Ropo Omo nyi ago-alo akasiito la Omo agobiine. Ropo and Omo competed to see who came earlier, and Omo arrived before Ropo. agojapa a vi to come earliest. Tamo agojapa ane. Tamo came earliest. agobiila a vi. to come in turn; to come one after the other. Agobiila ato! Come in turn! agun [a´gũ] n. 1. mouth. 2. language. No Tanii agun chindu ha? Can you speak Apatani? 3. entrance (of a hole, e. g.). Kubu agun ako do. Here is an entrance of rat [hole]. agun goncha adj. mute. Syn: piicha lua. agya n. entrance. Ngunuka lembo agya si ano kachodo. The entrance of our road is very dirty. Car hii market agya si domoto la do. The car is parked just in front of the entrance of the market. Var: hagya. Syn : agun. agya [a´gja:] vt. to place one's hands side by side with palms facing upwards, as when receiving something. Ala lapyo ho agyato. Take in your handpalms! agya vt-r. to take/collect (esp. rice) by some ustensil or from a receptacle. Syn: gya. agya vi. to come the wrong way; to come to a wrong place.

agyan [agjã] n. altar; ritual structure made of bamboo and leaves. aji agyan n. altar erected in paddy field during *myoko

. danyi agyan n. altar erected at the backyard of the house during *myoko

. agyan miiniin n. construction of an altar.

agyan-aye n.

excuse. agyan-aye mii vcn. to make excuses.

agyo [a´gjo] vt. to combine; to put together; to add something or someone.

agyu [a´gju:]

See aha.

ah [´a ]

ʔ excl. eh. Gramm: tag marker occuring at the end of a sentence, used to get agreement from the addressee or check information by turning it into a question. Hiila miisa ah. Let's do it like this, ok? aha [´aha] n. 1. heart. 2. mind; thought; feeling. Ngunu Tanii miilanru aha puye pa giila. We all Taniis shall have a same thought. Siika buko simi, ngatiihajaku la diitiilakuma ka aha oh. (I think/feel that) this large wild rat is too tasty/oily to be finished. Opi ka nyimo si aba mi ano giido ka aha. (I think/feel that) Opi's face resembles that of her father. aha aban n. (Med.) acidity. aha ahii vcn. to forget or miss something; to forget to do something. Syn: ahii. Ngo armyan mi ahaahiibiido. I forgot his name. Ngunuka agun mi aha-ahiibiinyado. We are forgetting our language. aha ba vcn. to mind; to take umbrage. aha banii n. enemy; foe. aha baniin n. hostility; animosity; ill-will; enmity. aha bulun adjphr. feeling nausea. aha duniin n. beat, of a heart. aha hemper adjphr. heartbreaking; heart-rendering. aha kamo adjphr. feeling down; depressed; morose; despirited. aha keyin adjphr. having a gentle disposition; kindly; caring. aha lyilyi adjphr. horrified. Road accident daka siima mi kapate la aha lyilyi biiso hempa. I was horrifed when I saw the corpse on the spot of the road accident. Syn: lyilyi miiri. aha piimo adjphr. coward. aha piiro n. bamboo basket where the severed hearts of slaughtered pigs at *Myoko are placed.

aha puhe nphr. one heart. Var: aha puye. aha puhe pa advphr. as one; together; united (lit. 'as one heart'). Var: aha puye pa. Ngunu Tanii miilanru aha puye pa giila. We all Apatanis shall have a same thought. ahin aha nphr. resentment (literally 'heavy heart').

aha n. branch. Syn: aha-abya; aha-abyo; halo. sanii aha-abya n. tree branches. Syn: sanii aha.

aha n. 1. handle of a cane-made basket. 2. shoulder strap of a sword sheath.

aha [a´ha:] vt-r. to dry something above or over a fire; to smoke-dry. Syn: ha. Reke ho yasan ahachato. Dry the firewood [by putting it] on the ceiling floor! aha [a´ha ] ʔ vt. to hook; to hang from a hook. Syn: hage. Ngiika tarii mi inka lochi so ahato. Hang my shirt on that wall hanger. aha [a´ha] 1. n. itch. 2. vi. to be itching. Ngiika ala si ahado. My hand is itching. Aya! adin aha. Ah! My head is itching. aha-akha adj. difficult/unpleasant to come. Nunu lembo si jebi adin doto la ano aha-akhado. There was only one muddy road leading to your village, [so] it was very difficult to come.

ahe [ahe:]

vr. to bet; to wadger with someone. Spain, World Cup tuminkendo la ngiika agin ho ahetayi ha no? Will you make a bet with me that Spain is going to win the World Cup? ahi [a´i:] n. (Anat.) tooth; teeth. ahi biilii nphr. loose tooth. ahi-hipin n. feline lower jaw, with special reference to the ornament attached to the strap of ceremonial sword sheaths . ahi tachan pibiido exp. have dental caries (literally "worms have eaten the tooth"). ahi adj. mean; miser; narrow-minded; egoistic. See: chahi. ahi-abii mii vcn. to be reluctant to do something out of meanness. Kago ka mihi donation bilinsiiniin mi ano ahi-abii miido. Kago's wife is very reluctant to make a donation (out of meanness).

ahi-are adj. feeling unconfortable.

ahi [´a-i] n. fruit. Siika ahi mi bachin hiila ludu. Si more ho ahi du. We call this fruit 'bachi', it grows in the wild. ahi hilin vi. to fructify; to become fruitful. ahin adj. same; similar; identical; equal. Var: ain; ayin. Molu ainsiitii. They were similar. Syn: halyan. ahin-ahin adv. similarly; equally. Var: ain-ain; ayin-ayin. Yo ayin-ayin bito. Distribute meat equally (among guests)! ahin aha nphr. resentment (literally "heavy heart"). ahin-aha ba vcn. to have resentment towards someone. India nyi Pakistan nyi ahin-aha basumadu koda ayakendo. It would be good if India and Pakistan didn't have tensions and resentments towards each other. ahin-aha banii nphr. 1. enemy; foe. 2. (in a nominal or relatived clause/phrase) resentful. ahin pamin n. variety of necklace worn by women. ahii vt. to go beyond a certain limit; to cross a limit (in space). Ngo Unka ka ude mi ahiibiidoku. I have gone beyond Unka's house.

ahii [a´hi] vt. to forget; to leave. Ude ho aber kone ahiibiido. I forgot/left something in the house. Ngo diigo diissaniin mi ahiitoku. I have forgotten to eat the meal/I have forgotten the food. Syn: aha-ahii.

ahu [a´hu:]

n. 1. son-in-law (equivalent to *mabo, but used in direct addressing in place of it to express affection). 2. kin term of address applied to all people considered as classificatory sons-inlaw, such as father's brother's son's daughter. See: mabo.

ahu [a´hu:]

n. typical body ornament worn byApatani males in olden days, consisting of strands of cane strips dyed in red, loosely fastened together and bent into a loop, thus resembling a 'tail'. This 'tail was set on a loin belt (*yari) that was fastened around the waist. Nowadays *ahu and invitation, by someone who participates fully to Myoko by sacrificing a pig, of his ceremonial friends who belong to the same *aso as him (*khiibo ajin). See: aso. patan ajin n. common term used to refer to a member of one's own *patan group. piinyan ajin n. variety of ceremonial friend to whom is offered the head of animals sacrificied on certain occasions, especially *murun and *subu tado. Syn: punyan ajin; subu piinyan; subu punyan. Encycl: every Apatani male can have several *punyan ajin who may be of the same or of another village. As a rule, the relationship is transmitted from father to eldest son. It formally establishes bonds of mutual obligations, also a pseudokinship in the sense that the children of two *punyan ajin cannot intermarry.

ajinbo [a´dʑibo] n. friend (term of address).

ajo n. fare, as a transport fare; wages.

ajo n. cost of benefit for coming. Dokun ho ajo nyikinma ke amin lo ka. There's no use coming to the meeting. ajo adj. careful and slow; cautious. ajopa adv. cautioulsy; carefully and slowly; without haste. aju [a´dʑ:u] n. appearance, of a person; look; manner. Syn: aju-amyo. Aju-amyo mi niimpa kadu? Henju-hemyo mi no katotiika. Why are you looking at somebody's features? Look at the character. aju n. handicraft; artefact. aju adj. weak; feeble. Syn: iju. ajuja adj. weakest. ajuya adj. weaker. aju interj. ok. Gramm: interjection indicating agreement or positive comprehension of the addressee's statement(s). aka vi. to try to come; to come as a test or trial. Tamo ngiika ude ho akama. Tamo never comes to my house. A: Ude ho mi akamasune ha? B: Ma. Mi kone tere akamane. A: Did someone come to my house? B: No one came. So oye akato! Come over here once! Inka dukan ho akasa. Let's enter into that shop (or Let's go and see that shop). So oye akato. Come over here once. akan [´a´kã] 1. n. low/lower level. 2. adj. low; lower. 3. adv. down. Akan toto. Come down! Akan to'nge. Go down! (downstair; downslope; downhill, etc.). Ant: ayo. akan dalyi post. downward. Richo adan mi akan dalyi ho chilibiine. Richo threw his spear downward. akan ho post. down; downstair; downslope, downhill, etc. akanja adj. lowest. akanya adj. Lower. stepping on my foot! 2. wheel. Paji ali. Wheel of a vehicle. ali-aran n. base of the leg and foot. ali aran ho advphr. down; on the ground. ali buye nphr. one leg. ali chakur n. footmark; foot print. Syn: chakur. ali-ingii vcn. to cause something or someone to follow. ali innii-nanii n. bamboo stilts, used by children for walking at a greater-than-usual height. ali liiger nphr. bow-legged. ali paga nphr. 1. with one's legs wide apart. 2. astraddle; astride. ali tarin n. traditional leg ornament, a plaited ring knitted from *taser yaso cane which used to be worn by adult males and children below the knee. Today only worn by *nyibus during certain important occasions such as *Murun, *Myoko, or *Subu tado. Syn: tarin. liichi ali n. left leg. liibi ali n. right leg.

ali [ali:] vt-r. to bury something. Siima mi alibiidoku ka ah. The corpse has been buried (lit. 'one has buried the corpse').

ali [´ali:] vt-r. to plant in soil. Yorlu ho tanyi alisa. Let's plant maize in the garden. Syn: lii.

ali lenda See: lenda. alin 1. n. ball; round object. 2. vt. to make something round with palm (clay, etc.) 3. vt. to wind a quantity of yarn or thread into a ball, esp. by using a kind of spinning wheel known as *piiriie.

alin adj. (esp. of cattle) behaving wildly.

alii [ali:] n. 1. relationship to the mother's brother, that is manifested through regular gifts. 2. particular sacrificial share of the pig slaughtered at *Myoko consisting of the upper part of the foreleg. 3. the person entitled to be the recipient of an *alii. See: liyo-pani.

alii [a´li] alu n. work or task to be done. alu-ale vt. to be busy at; to be occupied in doing something. Nii alu-aledo? What are you busy at? Apa ano alu-ale la da. These days Apa is very busy.

alu n. (Bot.) potato (Solanum tuberosum). From: Hindi. alun adj. 1. shocked. Iinga alungiine. The baby was shocked. 2. sudden. alunpa adv. suddenly. alun dado adv. suddenly. Alun dado siitii dore harhalyi mi. Suddenly an elephant ran in. alunlungii vcn. to cause someone to be or feel shocked.

alya vt-r. to lick. Aki si ngiika ala mi alyado. The dog is licking my hand. alyi [a`lji:] n. pig. Alyi-lyiye. One pig. alyi amu n. pig hair. alyi atu n. piglet. alyi durgu n. pig wooden trough. alyi ikha n. pig excreta (used as organic fertiliser in paddy fields). alyi-lyido n. food or eatables for pigs. Syn: lyido. alyi-lyiku n. bacon. Syn: lyiku. alyi-lyila n. pig forelimb. alyi-lyinii n. sow (female pig). Alyi-lyinii atu kone. One small female pig. alyi-lyinyo n. small pig (i.e.small in size). alyi-lyipo n. male pig. alyi miige n. trough cleaner. Syn: miiche. alyi piiro n. basket made up of splitted bamboo to carry pigs. alyi-lyiro n. big pig. alyi giiri n. pigsty; boarded-up enclosures located below the pile-borne houses where pigs are kept. Encycl: pigs are not left to roam freely in Apatani villages. alyi yo n. pork. alyi n. wind; air. Sarpu daka alyi supa hankele sarpu si sapidoku. The balloon got flattened as air was removed from it. alyi aro n. strong wind; windstorm.

amin-ahi [a´min´ahi]

n. 1. gift; present. 2. toy; plaything. amin-ahi kheniin n. distribution of gifts/prizes. amii [´ami] n. term of address for 1. daughter-in-law. 2. brother's son's wife. 3. sister's son's wife. 4. father's brother's son's wife, younger than the speaker. 5. father's sister's son's wife, younger than the speaker. Var: amu. Syn: nyahii. amii 1. adj. tiny; small. 2. fine (not coarse). Ant: aru. amiija adj. smallest; finest. amiiya adj. smaller; finer. tiiko amii nphr. (of money) change; coins. amii-alo adj. casual; unimportant. amloke n. (Bot.) Wild Himalayan Amla (Emblica officinalis), a fruit tree species. From: Assamese. am sanii n. (Bot.) mango tree. From: Hindi 'aam'.

amo n. (Agr.) unhusked rice. amu adj. false; erroneous; lying. amupa adv. falsely. amupa lu vca. to lie; to tell lies.

amu n. quantity of grain; crop (as quantity).

amu [´a´mu] n. 1. (of humans) body hair. 2. (of animals) fur. amu perun [´a´mu pe´rũ] n. (Bot.) variety of soya bearing white grains in a hairy pod, not eaten by humans. Syn: potun perun. amur vi. to come by mistake. amya [´amjã] n. (Anat.) penis.

an [´ã] part. is it? Gramm: tag marker occuring at the end of a sentence, used by the speaker to elicit a reply from the addressee. When occuring in an interro-negative sentence preceded by assertive particle *ke, indicates that the speaker is expecting an affirmative reply from the addressee. Nanya niinyi ajin sii nyan an? Are you and Nanya friends? Mo anyi iche heter giisuma ke an? They don't resemble at all, do they? Mo moka aba mi iche heter giima ke an? He/she doesn't resemble to his/her father at all, does he/she? anar n. (Bot.) pomegranate (Punica granatum). From: Hindi 'anar'.

anaras n. (Bot.) pineapple. From: Hindi 'ananas'.

ane [´a:ne] n. mummy; mother. Usage: most villages except Hari and Tajang. Syn: ama.

ane vt-r. to provide packing or support to join or mend something.

ani n. (Bot.) fruit bud; fertilized flower bud that matures into a fruit. Taku ani lindoku. A small bud of cucumber has appeared.

anii [´a:ni] n. mother (term of reference). anii-chi n. stepmother; woman who has married one's father after the death of, or divorce from one's natural mother. anii-aba n. parents (term of reference); mom and dad. Syn: ane-aba. anii-akha n. general term of respect for married female adults. anii-oho n. mother and child (term of reference only). Mo anyi anii-oho sii pe ha? Are they mother and son?

anii [ani:] n. leaf. Var: yanii. Anii taye/tahe. One leaf.

anii [´a:ni] n. one who comes (unspecified). aniibo n. the one who comes (specified).

anii [a´ni] n. hurry; haste.

aniin [´a:ni] n. 1. coming; state of coming. 2. coming back; return. uyi aniin [´ui´a:ni] n. spirit possession (lit. 'coming of a spirit').

ano [´a´no] adv. very. ano lama adv. seldom. Mo ano lama pasu ke kheta puridu nii. He/she seldom reads books.

ano [´a´no:] vt-r. to sting, as of a plant. Ngiimi sari anobiine. I got stung by a *sari tree. See: pano.

ano vt-r. to apply, as ointment.

anu [´a´nu] n. 1. younger brother (male speaking). 2. younger sister (female speaking). 3. term of reference for brother's son (male speaking). 4. more generally, all males that are considered by a male speaker as his classificatory younger brothers (e.g. one's father's brother's son if he is younger to him). 5. more generally, all females that are considered by a female speaker as her classificatory younger sisters (e.g. one's father's brother's daughter if she is younger to her). anu-aban n. brothers (term of reference for male representatives of one's kindred, i.e. brothers, paternal cousins and uncles). anu-ami n. sisters (term of reference for female representatives of one's kindred). anu-barmii n. younger siblings in general; (by extension) juniors. Ant: ate-ata.

anyan [a´ɲã] n:time 1. year. Anyan-nyannge. One year. Ronnge anyan ho, .... One year, ... Hiika anyan ho,.... Those years, ... 2. season.

anye [´aɲe] n:num. two. Gramm: when referring to a particular object. When enumerating only, as in school, *anyi is used in place of *anye.

anyi [´aɲi] 1. n:num. two. Gramm: when enumerating only, without reference to a particular object. 2. n:qual. both. Gramm: qualifying noun following a noun or a personal pronoun, giving the sense 'both' or 'both of'. Molu anyi. Both of them. Ngo siika anyi agin ho inbolakinma. I can't go along with them. See: nyi.

anyin n. 1. (Anat.) breast. 2. milk. Opi ka anii momi anyin asinlado. Opi's mother is breastfeeding her daughter [lit. 'is feeding her with milk']. anyin-nyimper n. (Anat.) nipple; teat. Etym: from *anyin 'milk', *aper 'pimple'.

anyo vt-r. to observe a ritual proscription or abstinence (from work, certain foods, fresh green vegetables, etc.). Uyi miisu lala ngunu anyodoran ke, haman diikinma. We are still observing abstinence after performing a ritual, we cannot eat vegetables.

anyo vt-r. to flatter or cajole someone, as in order to win favour. Opi aba mi sotegii ya pa la anyodo. Opi cajoles her father into playing with her. a'nga [a´ŋa] 1. n. sheaf. 2. vt-r. to bundle up; to tie into bundle with a rope, thread, etc.; to wrap something up in a packet. Syn: nga. a'nga [a:´ŋa:] n. term used to address a child affectionately. Syn: ii'nga.

apa [a´pa] vt-r. to give up; to leave; to disregard. Apato! Leave it! apa adj. (esp. of bamboo) immature. Bije apa. Immature bamboo.

apa-ama adj. innocent; naive; artless. Usage: generally used in a negative sense.

apan keman n. (Zool.) variety of large dragonfly.

aper [a´pər] n. 1. any solid object more or less spherical in shape. 2. pimple, pustule, or similar small, rounded swelling of the skin. 3. (Anat.) small dark, sack-like appendix of the liver, the size and shape of which is of particular significance in liver divination. aper tado tasan n. variety of necklace worn by women, made of small roundish yellow beads . See: akho tado tasan.

aper n. (Anat.) gallbladder.

aper See: arpe. arhan [arhã] vt-r. to block off; to put something over or into the mouth of something, so as to obstruct it. Sudu mi arhanto. Cover the bamboo container! arhan-nanii n. cork.

arhi [ar´hi] vr. to choke. Iche-iche diito, arhikodii ke. Eat small quantities, [or] you may get choked on your food! ari [ari] n. border, limit of an area. ari-apii [ari api] n. neigbourhood. Ari-apii daka miyu atan. The people in the neighbourhood. ari [´a´ri] 1. price, esp. of land. 2. bride price; gift presented during a wedding ceremony either to the bride's or the groom's party. Var: are. Usage: Hari. Syn: barmii ari. ari bonii n. groom's friends who accompany the groom to the bride's house at the wedding. ari diinii n. recipient of an *ari gift (litt. 'one who eats a gift/price') Syn: ari pakonii. ari mechu See: mechu ari. ari pakonii See: ari diinii. ari paniin Formal presentation by the bridegroom or his parents to the bride's kinsmen. Usually consists of a full-grown mithun or the cash equivalent of a mithun. The bride's kinsmen later reciprocate by performing several ceremonies such as *ritu piniin, *mida miiniin, *eli baniin/badu etc. Var: ari panii. ari ponyo n. 1. particular part of the bride price, which two selected persons belonging to the bride's close kin are entitled to receive. Either a brother or first paternal cousin of the bride, a member of the bride's patrilineage (*uru) or a person not belonging to the bride's clan. Usage: Bulla. Syn: mechu ari; ari mechu. Usage: Hari, Hija. 2. by extension, the recipients of that part of the bride price known as *ponyo. Altogether with *diiran and *lache, they are in charge of assisting the bride during the wedding and later the married wife for the duration of her marriage. ari rutu n. rice given by the bride's parents to the groom's family before marriage. Var: ari riitu. barmii ari n. bride price. Barmi ari mi uru ho pebine. The bride price was distributed among the lineage members. dachi ari n. formal gift/bride price presented to the bride's parents in the context of dachi mida*, or ordinary marriage. datii ari n. formal gift/bride price presented to the bride's parents in the context of datii mida*, or large-sized marriage. diipa ari n. part of the marriage ceremony, a symbolic reciprocation made by the bride's family for the bride price (*ari) previously received from the groom's family. Syn: diipa. ari n. saw. From: Hindi 'ari'. arjin [ardʑi] vi-r. 1. to straighten up. 2. to stretch one' body, for relaxing or when feeling tired. Arjinlyi ho ahu hii hempyoyado. One feels better when stretching one's body.

arkii

vt. to bind, as with a cane rope (*yaso). Inka taru simi arkiito. Bind this rope! Usage: Hija. Var: akii. Usage: Bulla. Syn: karki. arko [arko] vt-r. to bolt. Alye simi arkototiika aha. I think you should bolt this door. Nesu alye mi arkoto. Lock up the granary door! Var: ako. arko-nanii n. wooden lock of a door. Var: akonanii.

arkhu [ar´xu] vr. 1. to belch; to burp (after having ingested food or drink). 2. (by a baby) to regurgitate. Anga arkhubiido. The baby has regurgitated. Var: akhu. arle adj. hard to chew or eat; firm, as overcooked meat. Sii alyo byakhannii ano arledo. Overburn skin of cow is very hard to eat/chew. arme n. term of address used reciprocally by two persons having the same name. For example, Mr. Koj Byai and Mr. Chiging Byai may address each other as *arme.

armin adj. ripe.

armyan [ar´mjã] n. name. Niika armyan niihii la pe/Niika armyan nii la? What is your name? Ngiika armyan hii Tatu/Ngiika armyan Tatu hiila. My name is Tatu. atebo [´a:tebo] n. term of reference for an elder brother, real or classificatory. Encycl: this kin category includes for an Ego, besides his real elder brothers, all consanguines whom he addresses as his '*ate' (elder brother), e.g. his paternal uncle. Biilyo ngo ngiika atebo mi kariidu pa railway station ho ate. Yesterday I went to pick up my elder brother at the railway station. Mo ngiika atebo ako ka oho. He is the son of one of my paternal uncles. atii [a´ti:] vt-r. to keep; to put; to store. No nona ngiika diiri mi atiito nii? Where did you put/keep my belongings? Aber kone da atiisiito, kapakuma. I kept that somewhere, but couldn't find it. Var: atu. Usage: Bulla. ato [´a:to] n. term of address for 1. grandfather (paternal and maternal). 2. father-in-law (spouse's father). 3. spouse's grandfather. 4. spouse's brother (if of the father's generation). 5. wife's nephew. ato-ayo n. grandparents. akha-ato n. great grandfather.

ato n. owner, as of a property. Aji (ka) ato. Paddy field owner. Tamo siika ude ka ato. Tamo is the owner of this house.

ato [´ato] n:qual. self; own; oneself; by oneself. Gramm: qualifying noun following a noun or a pronoun, used to indicate one's own person or one's own thing in the possessive sense. Refers to one single person or object. May also stand for a singular reflexive noun (myself; yourself; himself; herself; itself; oneself), depending on the context. Often occurs together with reflexive suffix *-sii/su located at the end of the predicate suffix chain, prior to the tense markers. Ato abi-tarii mi giito. Wear your own cloth! No ato duko ho duto. You sit in your own place! Ato miisuto. Do it yourself! Mo inkiiso ato chasutalyi. He/she will climb there himself/herself. Ngunu ato ganda mi, ayapa kalyan-talyanbiido koda sii ano ayakendo nii. If we take good care of Ziro by ourselves, that will be very nice. ato-ato n:qual. selves; own; selves; our/your/their own. Gramm: qualifying noun following a noun or a pronoun, used to indicate one's own person or one's own thing in the possessive sense. Refers to a plurality of persons or objects. May also stand for a plural reflexive noun (ourselves; yourselves; themselves). Often occurs with associated suffix *-sii/-su. Kone-abi ato-ato duko ho duto. Everybody sit in your own place. Ato-ato mi lukosiisa. Let's talk about ourselves! Ato-ato mi lukosiisa! Let's introduce ourselves! ato-mi n. relatives and non-relatives (guests, outsiders, etc.). Ato-mi henma pa yo ayin-ayin bito, mi lo mii'ngu-miiredo hiila henkodiike. Give meat equal to both the relatives and the other guests, so that the latter may not feel being discriminated.

atobo [´a:tobo] n. term of reference for 1. grandfather (paternal and maternal). 2. father-in-law (spouse's father). 3. spouse's grandfather. 4. spouse's brother (if of the father's generation). 5. wife's nephew.

atoka [´atoka] n. self; own. Gramm: qualifying noun used to indicate one's own person or one's own thing in the possessive sense. Atoka bije-more so abuyapa bije/sanii alyibiisa. Let's plant more bamboos and trees in our forests! See: ato. atu n. (Anat.) vagina; vulv.

atu n. fee paid on borrowed items or money; compensation to the lender; interest. atu 1. n. (of humans) progeny; decendant(s); person (as member of a descent group). No Tanii atu sii nyan ah? Iin, ngo Tanii atu sii cho. You're an Apatani if I'm not mistaken? Yes, I 'm an Apatani. 2. n. (of animals) litter. Aki si moka atu mi lyahi-lyasobiida. The dog is licking its puppy. 3. adj. small; ayin vi. (of a plural subject) to come together.

ayin-ayin See: ahin-ahin.

ayo [´a:jo] n. term of address for 1. grandmother (paternal and maternal). 2. mother-in-law (spouse's mother). 3. spouse's grandmother. 4. spouse's brother's wife (if of the father's generation). 5. all female in-laws of the generation preceding that of the speaker.

ayo [´ajo] n:time. 1. night; night time. 2. night cycle. Ayo-yoye/yohe. One night. Ayo yoye, Manu hende-hende hela, imitalyiku la biidi ako hempatii. One night, Manu kept thinking over and over, and as she was about to sleep she imagined a plan. ayo-ayo n:time. every night. ayo ho advphr. in the night. ayo-yolyan n:time. late night.

ayo [a´yo] 1. n. upper/higher level or place. 2. adj. upper. 3. adv. up (upstair; upslope; uphill; etc.). Syn: haho. Ant: akan. ayo ho post. on; at the top of. ayoja adj. uppermost. ayoya adj. upper. ayo tape n. (Bot.) pumpkin. Usage: Bamin-Michi. Var: ayo tiipe. Usage: Hong. Var: tape. Usage: Hari, Bulla. Var: epe. Usage: Hija.

. ayo asi n. ancestors. Var: ayo-ashi. ayo-asi mendu vcn. ritual performed to placate ancestral souls when they are believed to trouble their surviving kinsmen for not having treated them well during their lifetime and request some reparation. Var: ayo-ashi mendu.

ayobo n. term of reference for 1. grandmother. 2. mother-in-law (spouse's mother). 3. spouse's grandmother. 4. spouse's brother's wife (if of the father's generation). 5. all female in-laws of the generation preceding that of the speaker. ʔ vt-r. to carry (on the back of something, on one's shoulder, on the top of the head, etc.).

Ii'nga mi bagiito. Carry the baby! (i.e. on your bag, with the help of a carrier) ba [´ba:] vt-r. to roll a sphere-like object, of any size. Syn: bahii. See: jir.

ba [´ba] vt-r. to vomit.

-ba [ba] vsuff. together. Gramm: collaborative suffix indicating that a plural subject participates 'together' in the action denoted by the verb. Usually followed by suffix *-sii indicating the plurality of subjects, both occuring before the negation and tense markers. Tallo Tapu nyi abasiimane. Tallo and Tapu did not come together.

babi [´ba bi] ʔ vt. to carry/bring for someone. Aba, ngiipa bagan rinyo apu babiyaku ah. Father, do bring me a primula flower. Aji hokii tasin babibo hii, ngiika ane It's my mother who brings dragonflly larvae for me from the paddy-fields. Mo anyipa nii mi babilyiku? What have you brought for them? Tapu ngiimi pen sonye babi. Tapu brought me two pens.

babi n. swing. babi bi vcn. to swing; to dangle. Syn: hamii bi. babi biniin n. act or state of swinging.

babin vt. (of a plural subject) to carry something jointly. Molu yasan mi babindo. They are carrying firewood together. babin vt. (of a plural subject) to roll something jointly. babin adj. stark; bare, as of a field. Hiika balu mi babindopa miito! Weed that homegarden properly (i.e. so that all weeds are removed). See: tabin; tabin-lalin. babo [ba´bo] n. ritual pole on which acrobatics were performed in olden days during Myoko festival. akha babo n. wooden mast erected by the members of a clan near their *lapan for the use of grown-up people during *Myoko festival . santin babo n. smaller type of babo, a wooden mast attached to the house front porch (*byago) at the begining of *Myoko festival, for households having at least one male child . babo achaniin n. babo erection. Var: babo achanii . babo taper n. element of a *babo structure, four elongated planks of 5-6 meters long arranged so as to form a narrow twin-armed platform when iserted into the upper end of the mast. babo rinyo n. element of the *babo structure, a cane framework or rug-sized screen-like banners made of loops of cane (today sometimes replaced by some tissue or synthetic net) which is tied to and hangs from each tip of *akan taper, in a manner that it sways rythmically in strong wind or when acrobatic performers apply a tensile load to the mast .

babo vt. 1. to carry along with someone. 2. to help someone carry something; to assist someone in carrying a load. ) Keelback (Amphiesma sp.), a snake species. borlan babro n. (Zool.) Striped Keelback (Amphiesma stolata), a snake species .

babu adj. plump, as of a child in good health and/or pampered.

babyan vt. to carry some more (in addition to another load).

bacha vt. to roll up.

bacha vt. 1. to carry up; to raise (e.g. a platform). See: pucha. 2. to move up to carry.

bachin [ba´tɕi] n. (Bot.) Kaphal/Box Myrtle (Myrica esculenta/Myrica nagi), a sub-temperate evergreen tree yielding tasty, reddish fruits. The plant is also used as a remedy for indigestion . Bachin more ho ahi du. Bachin is a fruit that grows in the wild. bagii vt. 1. to carry along with oneself; to bring. Lera simi bagiito. Carry this haversack! Tara niinyipa hangii bagiiku ha? Did Tara bring something for you two? Apple sanii hii ahi abuje bagiito la bikudoku. That apple tree bears so many fruits that it has become slanted. 2. to give someone a lift; to drop someone off. Mo ngiimi, ngiika lemba hokii ka tolyiku ho gari pa bagiiku. He/she gave me a lift yesterday when I was returning from my village.

bahi vt. to roll down. bahi-bala adj. (of personality or behaviour) 1. rude. 2. proud; unpleasant. Omo mingohankukiile aya bahi-balasiidaku ke. Omo has become very proudy after gaining wealth. bahii vt. to roll; to turn; to move a sphere-like object to another position by rolling it. Hiika bije mi oye baheto. Turn that bamboo once. Ball mi bahiito. Roll the ball! bahii-bakhe vt. to roll over; to roll from one place to another. Syn: jirhii-jirkhe. bahii-bakhe vt. 1. to carry something from one place to another. 2. to turn/rotate something while carrying it. Hiika ball mi oye bahii-bakhe bakato. Turn/rotate that ball! 3. to exchange something that is being carried with somebody. Anga ngiinyi ka yagii mi bahii-bakhesiichi. Anga and I, we are going to exchange our carrying baskets. baji n. 1. time. Nehe baji do? What time is it? 2. hour. Seminar 10 baji hokii sii miikindo nii. Kiije, arun-are ako da, dumosa. The seminar starts at 10 o'clock. Let's go and sit somewhere. From: Hindi. bajo n. 1. price or reward for carrying. 2. carrying fare. baka vt. to carry as a trial. Ngo Opi mi bakadu. I am carrying Opi on my back. Aba, ngiimi oye bakape. Daddy, please carry me! Hiika ball mi oye bahii-bakhe bakato. (Try to) turn/rotate that ball! baka adj. depressed, as of a part or place; sunken; hollowed. Siika kiidi si bakado. This part of ground is depressed. Tara kera piichan si bakado pa kiibiine. Tara hit the cauldron so hard that it became sunken. Syn: paka. bako vt. to dig a pit or excavation in the earth by extracting soil from the ground. Mo bakobiine. He/she has dug a hole in the earth. bakhe adj. (of a speech) impolite; rude; ill-mannered; harsh. Syn: nyade. bakhe-bakhe adv. rudely; harshly. bakhe vt. to turn something upside down. Hiika bije mi oye bakheto. Turn that bamboo upside down! bakho vt. to damage or reduce the value of something by carrying it, e.g. when one tears off a cane basket by carrying heavy loads into it. balii vt. to carry in; to take/bring in something by carrying it. Inka abya si nohopa yu baliigiido nii? Where is that ladder brought from? Ranka, milin ano diima hendu, Tamo ka lukoneniin momi hospital ho baliigiitu hiila. I hope that Ranka's condition is not very serious, Tamo told me that he is being admitted to hospital. balo vt. to roll down a sphere-like object. balo vt. to remove or take off a load. balu [ba´lu] n. private garden located near the house for growing vegetables, chillies, millet, etc. Also used as nursery for garden and bund. See: yorlu. ba-nanii n. carrier; device, tool or mean of transport for carrying something.

banii [´ba n

ʔ i] n. 1. carrier (person); one who carries (unspecified). 2. adj. (in a nominal, adjectival, relative phrase or clause) who carries/that carries.

baniin [´ba n

ʔ i] n. 1. act or state of carrying; carriage; porterage. Yasan baniin. Carrying of firewood. 2. act of carrying away (theft). Abya baniin. Carrying away of a ladder (belonging to some other's house).

banye n:num. (of a disc or disc-like thing) two pieces; two sheets. bapa vt. to lose. Hiika ho ngo ngiika cell phone mi bapasiito. I lost my cell phone there (over there by your side).

bar-[´bar] class. disc; disc-like object. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for round and flat objects of various sizes such as coins, plots of lands, geometrical shapes. Also for planets which are viewed as being flat-shaped objects, and lunar cycles or "months" (since the moon is viewed as a round and flat object, so is the lunar month, metaphorically). bare, barnye, barhinnge, barpe, barngohe, barkhe, barkanuhe, barpinye, barkoahe, barlyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 round and flat object(s). Tiiko barnye. Two rupees. Kiidi barnye. Two plots of land.

bar vt-r. to carry something with the help of a horizontal bar or rod, as is done when carrying pigs. Alyi mi barbiidoku. They have carried the pig.

bar vt-r. to charge or generate interest.

bar vt-r. (by priest) in ritual context, to chant or recite phrase after phrase complemented by an assistant. Nyibu anye si yi bariisiilado. These two Nyibus are chanting.

bar vi-r. to crack. yalo bar vcn. to have cracks. Siika mirror si yalo bardoku. This mirror has got cracks.

bara n. fare. Gari bara. Car/vehicle fare. A: Bus bara nehe na ladu nii? B: Bus bara barngohe. A: How much is the bus fare? B: The bus fare is five rupees. From: Hindi. bara vt. to carry beforehand. Ane ka yagii mi ngo baragiilyi. I am going to carry my mother's *yagii (i.e. since I'm using hers, there won't be any available for her). bahi-bara vt. (esp. of rolling objects) to roll off or out; to displace something by rolling it. Red ball ka bahi-barako ho green ball atiito. Put the green ball where the red one has been rolled out from its place (i.e. put the green ball in place of the red ball which has rolled out).

baran n. corner (esp. of a house). Syn: baran-bako.

barbii See: bar.

barbo vt. 1. to carry on a horizontal rod/stick along with someone. 2. to help someone carry something by means of a horizontal pole or stick.

barbo-lyibo n. term of reference for a man's wife's sister's husband (i.e. the husbands of two sisters refer to each other as *barbo-lyibo).

barbu adj. fertile, as of a plot of land. Balu si barbudo. This homegarden is fertile.

barcha vi. (of interest in a loan) to rise. Biinyan ngo tiiko jare labii Tara kokii, siisi atu abu barchadukudo. Last year I borrowed one thousand rupees from Tara, now it seems that the interest has risen a lot. Punyang kokii tiiko narbiinii hii abuje barchabiidoku. The money borrowed from Punyan has generated much interest.

barde n. variety of basket used for distilling beer. Syn: o barde.

bare n:num. (of a disc or disc-like thing) one piece; one sheet. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *barkun is used in place of *bare. See: bar.

bare vi. (of a rope, string, yarn, thread, etc.) to break. Siika taru si tiitihankele barene. The rope broke as someone pulled it tightly.

barhii-barkhe vt. to carry around by means of a horizontal pole or rod.

bari n. (Bot.) Angiopteris evecta, a large fern species, the roots of which are eaten by humans .

bari vi-r. 1. to stand (up); to get up. Ngo bariduku ke ah! I have got up! Ant: duha. 2. to get off the bed. Tam, baritotiika! Tam, get off the bed! Ant: giha.

barju n. loosely woven basket used during outings in paddy fields or distant gardens (*yorlu) for carrying vegetables or firewood, catching fish, etc.

barkun [´bar´kũ] n:num. (of round and flat objects) one. Gramm: when enumerating only, i.e. without referring to a particular object, as in school or in a list. When referring to one object in particular, *bare is used instead. See: bar.

barkho vi. to sit astraddle or in a straddling position.

barmii [´barmi] n. term of reference for 1. younger sister (male speaking). 2. niece (brother's or sister's daughter). 3. paternal aunt. 4. father's paternal aunt (as well as her son). 5. all female cousins. barmii ari n. bride price. Barmii ari mi uru ho pebine. The bride price was distributed among the lineage members. barmii atan n. collective name for the group comprising one's sisters and daughters along with the families in which they have married. Encycl: this group has a traditional obligation to assist a man materially, particularly in situations of dispute settlements involving mithuns. barmii-barniin n. call for assistance from one's sisters, paternal aunts and paternal aunt's daughters during a conflict.

barne pron. (of round and flat objects) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used to inquire about a countable number of round and flat objects of various sizes such as plates, coins, plots of lands, geometrical shapes, planets, etc. Also for lunar cycles. Anyan ho piilo barne dodu? How many months are there in a year? (lit. 'how many lunar periods'). basii n. (Agr.) side of a paddy field adjoining a canal or river. basii-balyi n. embankments running alongside a canal or river that are formed by the bunds of adjacent paddy fields. baso adj. long. bate vt. to carry at, or from some distance. Ngunu yasan batetalyi. We are going to fetch some wood. Syn: giite. bate 1. to make someone fall by carrying someone else on one's back. 2. to unload something by dropping it energetically on the ground. 3. to make something fall that is/was carried on someone's back. Subu si arii bate-bakasiidu. The mithuns [during a fight] lock horns and try to make each other touch the ground. Syn: batin. batin n. (Agr.) hedge; row of cut trees or shrubs to prevent cattle from entering gardens and tree groves. Usually a passage for humans is erected by means of a wooden ladder .

batin vt. to put down something over a hole, way, etc. in order to block or close it. be [´be:] vt-r. 1. (by priest) to invoke a particular spirit by chanting or reciting, esp. in context of *chichin rituals. Syn: uyi be. 2. to curse; to put a curse on someone by invoking the name of a spirit.

be vt-r. to weave bamboo splits, esp. in a criss-cross way, for manufacturing mattings (walls, floors, etc.).

be vt-r. 1. to scratch at the ground, as of a bird. Paro bedo. The chicken is scratching at the ground. 2. to paw the ground, as of a mithun or cow. 3. to paw or scratch at the ground, as of humans. Syn: bepa.

-be vsuff. release. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something which has been under tension is released as a result of the action denoted by the verb, as a spring action trap.

bebo vt. to jump across.

bebo vt. 1. (by priest) to chant or recite along with someone. 2. to assist someone in chanting or reciting. Syn: uyi bebo. Ngo tari ka agin uyi bebokendo. I will assist the priest in chanting.

bebo vt. 1. to manufacture bamboo mattings along with someone. 2. to help someone manufacture bamboo mattings. begya-tagya n. curse.

beha vi. to jump into something, as of a frog or a fish. Ngiiyi simi turla ho behakenento. Get that fish jump into the mug! behe n. (Bot.) bamboo shoot. Usage: Hija. Var: byapu. Usage: Hari, Bulla.

behu vi. to give light; to illuminate. Danyi behudo. The sun is shining/giving light.

behii vi. to somersault, as when performing acrobatic stunts around the rope of a *babo mast.

bekho v. to crack, as of wood; to peel.

belii n. adjoining house or room.

belii vi. to jump and fall into something, as of a frog or a fish. Ngiiyi simi ubu so oye beliikenento.

Get that fish jump into the hole! belin vi. 1. to sprout, as of plants; to produce new leaves, shoots, etc. 2. to hatch, as of an egg.

belin vi. to shine, as of the sun. Danyi belindo. the sun shines. Etym: from *ben, 'to shine', *-lin 'out'.

belo vi. to hatch.

belun n. 'mister'; 'friend'. Gramm: general term for addressing unknown, non-related persons. belunku n. 'Ladies and gentlemen'. Gramm: general term used for addressing an audience or initiating a speech, roughly equivalent to English 'Ladies and Gentlemen'.

belun-bemun vt. to shine improperly, as of the sun through clouds. Usage: Hija. Var: belunbemya; belun-belya. Usage: Bulla.

belye vi. to chatter; to talk volubly and inconsequentially. bembya 1. n. burn from some heat source. 2. adj. burnt, as from getting the heat of sun or fire. Var: bemya. danyi bembya n. sunburn. yamu bembya n. burn due to the heat of a fire.

bempi vt. to dry by exposure to a light source, e.g. sunlight. Syn: besin.

bemur vt. (by priest) to chant or recite in the wrong way. Ant. beda.

bemya See: bembya.

ben vi-r. to shine. Danyi bendo. The sun is shining.

ben vi-r. to sing, as of a bird.

benga vi. bepa-beya vt. to leap/hop here and there, as of a frog or like a frog. Giyan haman ka kormo si bepa-beyane. Mustard seeds spilled by jumping all around.

bepa-beya adj. 1. reckless. 2. fearless. Anyo bepa-beya dado lula. Anyo is speaking recklessly/fearlessly. ber- [´ber] class. piece of cloth. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for clothes, blankets, quilts, mats, etc. bere, bernye, berhinnge, berpe, berngohe, berkhe, berkanuhe, berpinye, berkoahe, berlyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 pieces(s) of cloth. Var: byar-/bya-. Usage: Bulla. ber vt-r. to jump, in general, whether high or long, but usually implying that the jump intensity is high, by comparison with *lyo. Siibi berdo. The monkey is jumping. Molu sulu mi berbiidu. They jumped over the fence. Var: byar. Usage: Bulla.

-ber vsuff. spoilt. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is dirtied or spoilt as a result of the action denoted by the verb. Giber. Fall flat, esp. in mud, silt, etc. and get one's clothes dirtied or spoilt. Diiber. Eat too much and have one's body reacting badly because of it later on. berba vt. to overlie. Usage: Hija. Var: byarba. Usage: Bulla. berbo vt. to jump across or over something. Var: byarbo. Usage: Bulla. Syn: berbo-berka. Var: byarbo-byarka. Usage: Bulla. Siika table si mi byarbo-byarkato. I jumped over the table.

berkun n. one (piece of cloth). Gramm: by enumeration only, without reference to a particular object, as in school. Var: byarkun. Usage: Bulla. berne pron. (of pieces of clothes) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used to inquire about a countable number of pieces of clothes. Var: byarne. Usage: Bulla. bernii [berni] n. 1. one who jumps; jumper (unspecified). 2. (in a nominal, adjectival or relative phrase or clause) who jumps; what jumps. Var: byarnii. Usage: Bulla. berniibo n. the one who jumps; jumper (specified). Var: byarniibo. Usage: Bulla. berniin [berni] n. jump; jumping. Var: byarniin. Usage: Bulla. bernyo adj. small, as of a piece of cloth. Var: byarnyo. Usage: Bulla. Ant: berro. berpo vt. to fold a piece of paper, tissue or cloth so that the two sides overlap. Usage: Hija. Var: byarpo. Usage: Bulla. Syn: perba. Usage: Hija. berpya vt. to unfold; to unwrap; to unfurl; to unroll. Usage: Hija. Var: byarpya. Usage: Bulla. berpyun vt. to overlap; as of two or more pieces of cloth. Var: byarpyun. Usage: Bulla. berro adj. (of a piece of cloth) big; big-sized; large-sized. Var: byarro. Usage: Bulla. Ant: bernyo/byarnyo. bersa n:qual. (of two or more pieces of clothing) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Var: byarsa. Usage: Bulla. besin vi. to dry something by exposure to a light source. Hiika yo alyo mi danyi besinkiinento. Let that skin meat dry under sunlight. Syn: bempi. betun vi. to become smaller; to contract; to shrink. beyun n. (Bot.) tomato. Usage: Hija. Var: byayun.

bi [bi] vt-r. 1. to give. Anyo Opi mi apin bilado. Anyo is giving food to Opi. 2. to lend. Molu ngiimi tiiko bihii. They gave me money. Bipe please give me! (imperative). Siika pen mi ngiimi bipe. Give this pen to me! bi [´bi] vi-r. 1. to flow, as of water. Yasi siicho hopa bido. Water is flowing through the pipe. 2. to run, as of a crack or a crevice. Kere talo si yalo bidonii, ayumapa tachenedo. There is a slight crack running along the mirror, it may soon break.

bi [bi:

] vi-r. to swing; to sway; to dangle. Mo babi bido. He/she is swinging.

bi vi-r. to emit or make a sound. yalo bi vcn. to echo or echo back.

-bi vsuff. on someone else's behalf; for someone else. Gramm: benefactive suffix indicating that the action of the verb is done for someone, for the benefit of someone, or on behalf of someone else. Miiliibito! Put it (in) for others! -bi vsuff. wastefully. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject acts in a wasteful manner in bringing about the action denoted by the verb, using more than necessary.

-bi [bi:] vsuff. pleasant; preferable to [do]. Gramm: adjectivizer. Derives an adjective with the basic meaning 'pleasant or preferable to x', x describing the action identified by the verb. Abi. Preferable to come. biba vt. (of a plural subject) to give together. bibi vt. to give on someone's behalf/for someone. bibo vt. 1. to give along with others. 2. to help someone give something; to contribute; to share. Ngo lunch pa tiiko biboto. I paid my share of the lunch bill. bibyan vt. to give some more (in addition to something that is already given). bicha vt. 1. to give something to someone located upward. 2. to move up to give something. Ant: bilo. bichin vt. to know how to give. to be or become frightened by; to be afraid of; to fear. Road accident daka siima mi kapate la aha lyilyi biiso hempa. I was horrifed when I saw the corpse on the spot of the road accident. biiso kacho n. tabooed thing. biiso kapa adj. fearsome. hiinya biiso n. self esteem; respect; pride. biisu 1. vi. to loosen, as of a rope; to become less tight; to slacken. 2. vt. to make loose; to release; to unbind; to unfasten; to slacken. Usage: Bulla, Hari. Var: busu. Usage: Hija. biiya adj. soft, as of any substance (as opposed to hard). Syn: bulyun. Ant: aler. biiyaja adj. softest. biiyaya adj. softer. biiya n. (Zool.) variety of non poisonouns snake of overall light brown colour, resembling a mockviper (Psammodynastes pulverulentus). Var: buya. biiya-yalan n. (Zool.) Ochraceous Catsnake (Boiga ochracea), a venomous snake species unlikely to be dangerous to humans. Var: buyayalan. biiyi adj. (of small things like grains, etc.) tender; smooth.

biiyo n:time last night. biiyo adj. weedy, as of a field. Syn: sansun.

bo [bo:

] vi-r. to move across (going or coming); to move by crossing something such as a river, lane or road on the way. Lembo ho parda a'nge, inka lembo padin-siikho ho lachi dalyi bo'nge. Go straight, turn left at the crossing. Ngo taxi pailakindo pe ha? Iin, hii pa, no taxi stand bodolyikindo. Can I get a taxi ? Yes, for that you have to go to the taxi stand. bo vt-r. 1. (by an animal) to hold something/someone in the mouth and run away 2. (by running water) to carry/take away. Ngiika tarii mi yasi bobiine. My shirt has been carried away by the water flow. 2. (by human or spirit) to kidnap (without a legitimate reason). Richo mi Police bobiine. Richo was taken away by the police. Yalo mi uyi bobiidu. The spirit carries the soul.

bo [bo:

] vt-r. to pull or drag something along by a rope, such as log, animal, etc. Aba subu mi more ho boliibiine. Daddy is taking a mithun to the forest.

-bo vsuff. along with. Gramm: comitative suffix indicating that the subject carries out the action denoted by the verb along with others, or accompany/assist others in performing the action denoted by the verb. Ngo Tamo agin ho Delhi bobotalyi. I will go to Delhi with Tamo.

-bo vsuff. across; over. Gramm: directional suffix indicating that the subject moves by crossing a river, path, road, etc. on his way.

-bo [bo] vsuff. the one who [does or is]; [do]er. Gramm: subject nominalizer attached to verb and adjective roots, often following the verb suffix *-nii, used to specify the subject of a particular action or the person having a particular quality. Also used to make subordinate clauses. Daniibo. The one who is standing. Asubo. The lazy one. Inka kayebo sanii. Those big trees. Siilo ngiiyi laniibo Tama. The one who caught fish today was Tama. See: -nii. bogya vi. to take a wrong way while moving across. boha n. cane rope wrapped around a *babo mast between *ayo and *akan taper, first used to hoist the mast and then left hanging loosely from its top, on which acrobatic stunts are performed. Encycl: made out of *taser yaso, a variety of cane (Calamus acanthospathus). The lower end attached to a pole (*botu) secures tightly to the ground at such a distance that the rope forms an angle of approximately 45-60° with the *babo pole. Etym: from *babo, 'ritual mast'; *aha, 'string/rope'. Var: boa. boha be vcn. to somersault over the rope by holding it (i.e. to perform acrobatic stunts on *babo during *Myoko festival). boha beniin n. acrobatics performed by Apatani men around the *babo mast at the end of *babo achanii ritual. Traditionally used as an occasion for young men to mark their skill. Var: boa benii. bohin vi. (of a plural subject) to go/come together (by crossing something on the way). bokin vi. to show how to go/come (by crossing something on the way). bokun vi. (of a plural subject) to go/come collectively (by crossing something on the way). bokun vt. (of a plural subject) to pull or drag along several objects or animals together by a rope.

bokunniin n. collective pulling/dragging of objects or animals with rope. subu sii bokunniin n. gathering of mithuns prior to a *murun or sacrifice. bokur vi. to go/come back (by crossing something on the way). bokha vi. to fail to go/come across. boli vt. to take something (by dragging it with a rope) as a revenge. Mo ngiika subu mi bolibiine. He took my mithun to avenge himself. bolyo [bo:´ljo] adj. 1. thin, as of an object or a person. Hiika kheta hii bolyodo. That book is thin. Hinda ka ahu si bolyoja. Hinda is very lean and thin (i.e. he looks unhealthy). 2. light, as of a beverage. O si iche bolyokiilindo. This beer is not very strong. Syn: bolyo-riipe. bolyoja adj. thinnest. bolyoya adj. thinner. bompu vi. to be surrounded by a large number of things, as a swarm of bees. Usage: Hija. Var: bumpu. Usage: Bulla.

boniin n. pulling/dragging by a rope. babo boniin n. collective dragging of a tree trunk from the forest by each clan as a preparatory event of *Myoko. lapan boniin n. collective dragging of a huge tree from the forest to prepare a *lapan out of it, a preparatory event of *Myoko. bonti n. housemaid; domestic servant. From: Assamese 'bondi'. where they are known as 'Dzi' and very much sought after as they are thought to provide people with protection. The ultimate origin of those stones appears to be the Indus Valley, where they have been manufactured for the most part between 2700 BC to 1000 AD. The Tibetans from Tibet and the Monpas from Arunachal Pradesh find them occasionally in the earth when tilling their fields or taking their animals for grazing. Syn. bukhe ripu .

buli n. (Bot.) variety of plant.

buli n. plague of rats occuring during the periodic flowering of bamboos. Encycl: this phenomena only affects wild bamboo species, not the *bije variety cultivated by the Apatanis which, due to specific care, normally never flowers. Encycl: according to oral tradition the ancestors of the Apatanis found the valley filled with swamps inhabited by large amphibious reptiles which were said to have had small heads set on long necks. 2. (Zool.) crocodile. Note: no crocodile species is found living in Ziro area. bya-class. way. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for roads, paths, etc. byahe/byaye, byanye, byahinnge, byape, bya'ngohe, byakhe, byakanuhe, byapinye, byakoahe, byalyanhe 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 path(s)/road(s)/way(s).

bya vt-r. to be dubious; to hesitate. Ngo, mi kokii help lasaniin mi ano byado. I very much hesitate to seek help from others.

bya [bja:

] vt-r. to burn in a fire; to roast on fire. Ngo Yampi pa yo byato la doye. I roasted some meat for Yampi. bya 1. vi-r. to wear something out, as clothing. 2. adj. worn out, as clothing. Siika tarii si khuku la byadoku. This shirt is old and worn out. 2. vt-r. to ruin; to impoverish.

-bya vsuff. burn. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something (usually represented by the direct object) gets burnt as a result of the action indicated by the verb.

byachi n. small, semi-enclosed area of the front veranda at the entrance of the house where the mortar (*yaper) and a some baskets are stored, and where husking is done. Also used as shelter for poultry. Usage: Hija; Hari. Var: byaran. Usage: Bulla . byakho-habin n. additional payment which is due by the purchaser of an ancestral field to the seller, consisting of a fixed set of prestige goods (*maji, *talo, etc.) and smoked pork meat (*yo aso).

byan-class. bunch; cluster. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for bunches of flower, beads, etc. byannge, byanye, byahinnge, byanpe, byanngohe, byankhe, byankanuhe, byanpinye, byankoahe, byanlyannge. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 bunch(es).

byan vi-r. to suffice; to be sufficient; to be enough.

-byan vsuff. more, in addition to. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is carried out in addition to a previous iteration of the same action, or in continuation of that action.

byane pron. (of roads, ways) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used to inquire about a countable number of items.

byanii adj. defective (imperfect, having defects). byar-class. wall. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for counting walls. byare, byarnye, byarhinhe, byarpe, byarngohe, byarkhe, byarkanuhe, byarpinye, byarkoahe, byarlyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 wall(s). -byu vsuff. conflict. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the action indicated by the verb leads to conflict.

byukho n. (Agr.) stick used for digging up a hole in soil (e.g. a rat hole).

byurii-byarii adj. unclean, as of an appearance or look; dirty; unhygienic; unappetizing.

cha [´tɕa:

] vt-r. to split along the length with a blade (knife or sword), as a bamboo or cane section; to tear something lengthwise, as a rope. Aba yaso chalado. Daddy is splitting a cane rope.

cha vr. to step; to step on something. Ngo abya lo malo ho chachi. I will step onto the roof by using a ladder.

cha vt-r. to take paddy out of the granary. Ane nesu ho diilo chahane. Mummy has gone to collect rice to be unshusked from the granary.

-cha vsuff. up; upward. Gramm: directional suffix indicating that in bringing about the event mentioned by an intransitive verb the subject moves in an upward direction, or that the subject performs the action indicated by a transitive verb in an upward motion chicha vi. to move up very fast in water on in air, as of a fish, vehicle, airplane, etc. Tasser aya uro loda bike lo chichane ke. Tasser was riding his bike very fast (in an upward motion).

chichin n. loin loom . Syn: chichin-chinnanii. chichin se n. back-strap harness for a loin loom .

chichin n. generic term for rituals aimed at the restoration of order in case of events attributed to the action of some malevolent spirit such as illness, fire, etc. chichin uyi n. generic term for gods worshipped during *chichin rituals. See: tiigo.

chidii n. opening made in the ceiling floor to access the ceiling area by a ladder. Also includes the portion of the ceiling adjacent to it. choyi vi. to pop out and fall (as of water, e.g.).

-chu adj-r. small; juvenile. Gramm: adjective root suffixing classifiers and certain noun roots. Aki-kichu. Puppy. Paro-pachu. Chick. small basket made out of bamboo splits that is usually fixed to the rack hanging above the fireplace. Mainly used for storing household items that need to be kept dried (such as matchbox, tobacco, etc.). Chukha-khaye/khahe. One *chukha basket.

chun vt-r. to hide; to conceal; to secret away.

-chun vsuff. hidden. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the object becomes hidden as a result of the action denoted by the verb. dane cop. was/were. Gramm: perfective copula or existential verb, referent standing. Tapu inso ho dane. Tapu was (standing) there.

dangi vi. to fall (as of a tree, pole, etc.). Inka sanii si dangilado. That tree is falling. Syn: daryi.

danii n. term used to designate the bride during the wedding ceremony (*mida). danyo adj. (of a step/pace) small. Ant: daro. danyo adj. aimless; useless. danyopa adv. aimlessly; uselessly. Ngo danyopa inpyo-insopasu, no intema ha? I'm just going out for a stroll, won't you join? Laling danyopasii ke adu danii. Laling is speaking uselessly. Niika mobile mi tiiko bimapa danyopa ha labiinii? Did your mobile phone come free of charge? dapo n. 1. penalty; fine levied by a collective body to a wrong doer for transgressive behaviour. 2. rule, customary law. 3. group of male persons empowered to impose a fine and to execute the levied fine. Usually consists of some clan representatives (*bulyan) and some knowledgeable persons (*giitii-giira). In some cases, to enforce their decision they can resort to the destruction of the offender's economic sources. Dapo hii kami-kaloja ho Manu kokii dapo pachatii. Finally Dapo members imposed a fine on Manu. dapo sudu/dapo sodu phr. first stage of the pursuance of disputes and the attempts at settlement. supun dapo n. public hearing to award penalty to a wrong doer.

dapo n. term used to designate the groom during the wedding ceremony (*mida). See: danii. danii-dapo n. term designating the bride and the groom during the wedding ceremony (*mida). dapo v. to cross (by stepping or walking).

dapo-pogyan n. cattle bucrane used as a warning sign during certain rituals to ensure that visitors do not cross the threshold that it marks.

dar vt-r. to move or lift with a lever (stick, rod, etc.). Var: da.

dar [´dar] vi-r. to break down, as of a tree, pole, etc. Ngiika alo si dardo. My bone is broken.

dar vt-r. 1. to drive or lead an animal, esp. cattle 2. to move with an object (e.g. a ball) by keeping it under one's control, as in dribbling. dingyo vt. to whistle using a leaf, mimicking the cry of a deer in order to lure the animal to come near. Etym: from *siidin, 'deer'.

dinko n. metal skewer inserted horizontally through the hair knot of males . dinko ranyi n. metal ring chain put on both the ends of the priest's skewer during important rituals. diiri [´di´ri:] n. 1. buying or borrowing of food (esp. food-grains) in time of scarcity, or by anticipation to protect oneself against a shortage of food. 2. name of a major festival. Syn: Dree. Var: ei in. Usage: Hong. Encycl: originally a ritual performed at the village oldest *lapan when the saplings were transplanted from nurseries to the field, in order to protect the plants from pests by propitiating the gods and goddesses who, according to oral tradition, helped Abo Tani to get bumper crops by controlling harmful insects and other pests. Since 1967, has become a centralized agricultural festival celebrated on 4th, 5th and 6th July every year at Nenchaleya, Old Ziro, and Itanagar. Includes traditional dances, cultural shows, etc. diiri barniin n. priest chanting during the performance of Dree rituals. diiri beniin n. ritual chanting of the priest in each village at the inauguration of *Dree festival in the evening of the 4th July. diiri gora n. person who assists the priest during *Dree ritual. diiri hulo n. prosperity. Ngunuka Ziro ganda, ngunu Tanii miyu mika diiri hulo bulyingiiko ganda. Ziro, the place where our people flourished and prospered. diiri janda torniin n. unfurling of the Dree flag. diiri kholi n. person appointed as a representative of his clan, whose duty is to inform the people about the date of performance of Dree rituals, to collect and store small quantity of rice or millet from each individual in order to meet the expenditure of the ceremony, to prepare rice beer and collect the sacrificial animals. Syn: diiri gora. diiri pachi n. belongings. Diiri pachi simi oye nulyan-nudato. Tidy up your personal belongings! diiri piilo n. the month during which Dree festival is celebrated, traditionally from mid-June to mid-July. Literally 'the month for buying/borrowing food'. diiri pogyan n. altar erected during Dree festival. dopa n. ember/glowing piece of charcoal taken from the hearth, on which one spits out. Encycl: according to an ancestral belief this is used as a remedy against nausea.

dopa vi. to lie or remain useless, unused, neglected or ignored. Ngo college ihanku ke la ngiika school uniform si ane dopadoku. My school uniform remained unused after I joined the College. Pagi hii dopama. Debts do not fade away.

-dopa [´dopa] vsuff. so that. Gramm: suffix combination added to verb and adjective roots in order to form adverbial clauses of purpose. May also be used to form an equivalent of the English 'gerund mood', or adverbial form of the verb, to express the idea of the verb while indicating a circumstance relative to another verb in the sentence (as in English 'I read while listening to the radio'). Mo ngiimi hiinyandopa lubiine. His/her talks made me shameful. Hiika balu mi babindopa miito! Weed that homegarden properly (i.e. so that all weeds are removed). Sarii ngiimi hiinyan mohidadopa gada.

E-e

e [e] vt-r. to shoot, with a bow or a gun.

-e num-r. one. Gramm: numeral root used for combining with classifiers ending with an -r to indicate one specimen of a collection of objects. Used to specify a particular object. Subu dore. One mithun. See: -he/-ye; -nge. ebin vt. (of a plural subject) to shoot jointly; to shoot together. ebo vt. 1. to shoot along with someone. 2. to help someone to shoot; to assist someone in shooting.

ebo vt. to shoot across. e byo interj. Yes (assertive). e byo cho interj. interjection expressing surprise, shock or sympathy.

echin vi. to know how to shoot; to shoot skillfully; to be a skilled archer. eda vt. to shoot successfully; to make a good shot. Ant: ekha. ego n. arrow shot or gunshot, as an action yet to be performed. ehanii n. collective ritual marking the last part of *Myoko celebration. alo aji ehanii n. a collective day's work offering in paddy field on the 30th day of *Myoko festival. konchi aji ehanii n. food offering deposited in early morning on paddy field altar by all women having participated to *pigyan-huniin during *Myoko festival. more bije ehanii n. food offering deposited on an altar located in the vicinity of pine and bamboo groves 1) by clan male members towards the end of *Myoko festival. 2) by the performer of a *murun accompanied by his male household members and close relatives. Primarily intended to make offerings to clan ancestors and spirits protecting the groves .

ejo n. empun [´empũ] n. front section of a house; portion of the traditional house located in front of the hearth towards the entrance. ago empun n. front space stretching from the entrance door to the main hearth (*ago ugu). ura empun n. portion of space stretching in front of the rear hearth (*ura ugu) towards of the entrance. n. bamboo tube used to store grain for poultry. enda piilo n. fifth lunar month of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of May.

endi n. 1. rice (as plant). Enda piilo ho endi hii hartin karduku. In May-June nodes appear on rice (stems). 2. rice seedling; sprouted paddy. Midin si endi chadoku. Rice seedlings have grown in the nursery. Ane-akha atan kotuto la endi liila danya daye. The old women were planting rice saplings in a bent forward stooping posture. endi ali vcn. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, gii vt-r. to scale, as a wall or fence. Var: gi.

-gii [gi] vsuff. 1. lead; guide. 2. take along with oneself. Gramm: comitative suffix indicating that the subject is the leader in the activity indicated by the verb in which he is followed by others. On intransitive verbs, especially verbs of motion, gives the sense 'take along with' or 'bring along with'. Mo tonsergiido. He/she advises others. Sir student mi ingii. The teacher took the student along with him. Nyajeyo, (ngo) sotegiichi ke. Put that face off, I'll take you for an outing. Picnic ho ajin ako abagiilya. Bring one friend with you to the picnic. 3. along with. giirii n. variety of spring action snare. Encycl: mainly for birds and small mammals, made out of a splitted bamboo or cane which is tensed by a string in the manner of a bow. A small wooden spike functions as a spring trigger. The trap is set along animal paths such as the bunds in paddy fields. Any disturbance on the spike triggers the release of the trap which jerks tight and catch the animal as in a vise . pai giirii n. variety of *giirii snare made of bamboo to catch small passerine birds, mostly in paddy fields, such as White Wagtails (*aji pai piita). giite vt. to fetch, esp. firewood. Ngunu yasan giitetalyi. We are going to fetch some wood. Syn: bate.

giitu-giira n. knowledge about Apatani traditional relations and ways of life. giitu-giira chinnii miyu nphr. person well-versed in the Apatani customs and traditions.

giiye n:num. (of baskets of the *yagii or *raju variety) one. Var: giihe; giie. Gramm: used when referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *garkun is used in place *giiye. See: gar. giiyi vi. to go/move down across a wall or fence. Ant: giicha. giiyo n. variety of snare-type trap which traps animals in a noose. go-class. handspan. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for "handspans", construed as the measured length between the tip of the thumb and the tip of the forefinger with the two fingers are fully outstretched. gohe/goye, gonye, gohinnge, gope, go'ngohe, gokhe, gokanuhe, gopinye, gokoahe, golyanhe 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 handspan(s).

go [go:] vt-r. to fly.

go vt-r. to hold on arm(s). Rinyo Opi mi golado. Rinyo is holding Opi in her arms. Yasan goto. Take that firewood off (and put it onto your arms)! go vt-r. to make a boundary by fencing; to make an enclosure (*sulu or *narun). Mo sulu golado He/she's putting fencing.

go vt-r. to propel through the air; to throw. Usage: Bulla. go vt-r. to take a "handspan", i.e. to measure the length between the tip of the thumb and the tip of the forefinger when the two fingers are fully outstretched.

go vt-r. to cuddle as a baby; to pamper; to fondle. go vi-r. to swell, as of a lesion or a cake; to bulge; to expand. Roti si godo. The pan is swelling. Syn: pyan.

-go vsuff. before (someone). Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject surpasses the object in the action indicated by the verb. Ngo momi agoyato. I came before him/her. Tallo lupa miiladokiile Anyo lugobiine. As Tallo was about to speak, Anyo spoke before him. Tamo, Pussang mi apyokiinento. No agoyo. Tamo, let Pussang come first. Don't come before him! -go vsuff. thing to be [do]ne. Gramm: nominalizing suffix, derives a noun with the basic meaning 'thing to be done' or 'thing that can be done', the particular action to be performed being indicated by the verb. Diigo. Eatables, food (i.e. things that can be eaten). Miigo. Work, task (i.e. pending work).

-go vsuff. to miss; to omit; to skip; to forget to include. Gramm: result suffix indicating that in performing the action denoted by the verb something or somebody is missed or omitted. Ngo anyo mi mitai bigote. I missed to give a sweet to Anyo (while distributing to others). gobii-chibii vt. to preserve. Siisi ngunu Tanii miyu atan si, more-mopa daka sali-sapa atan mi gobii-chibiima koda arida alyi nii anyan so ngunuka Ziro hii karuyanedo. If today we Apatanis do not preserve the trees of our forests, in future years our Ziro may become more ugly.

-gobiila vsuff. in turn; one at a time. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that a plurality of subjects brings about the action denoted by the verb in alternation or in turns. Usually occurs in compound forms marked by reduplication of the verb root. Agobiila ato. Come in turn! Diigobiila diito! Eat one at a time! gobo vi. to fly along with someone. gomur vi. to fly in such a way that something goes wrong; to experiment something bad while flying. Siilo jaji gonii si gomurte ke, ngiika lap-top mi alyusiite. Today's flight was bad as I lost my laptop.

gomur vi. to make an enclosure by fencing in such a way that something goes wrong; to experiment something bad while making an enclosure. Siilo ngo bije gomurte ke, ngiika ali mi bije pipobiine. Today was not a good day as a bamboo cut/pierced my leg while I was putting up a fence. gon-class. mouth; mouthful; speech; voice; language. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for for 1. mouths 2. mouthfuls 3. speeches 4. voices 5. languages. gonnge, gonye, gohinhe, gonpe, go'ngohe, gonkhe, gonkanuhe, gonpinye, gonkoahe, golyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 handful(s).

gya vt-r. to spread, scatter or disperse by throwing. gya vt-r. to cut by an inward motion of the blade towards oneself, e.g. as is done when harvesting rice and millet with a small sickle. Sarse gyato! Cut the millet! gya vi-r. (esp. by humans) to wander; to roam. gya vi-r. to dry up, as of a liquid. gya vt-r. to take from a recipient or serve food with the hand. Aping gyaye gyato. Take a handful of rice! Var: agya.

-gya vsuff. wrongly. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject acts wrongly or erroneously.* -gya vsuff. helpfully. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject performs the action of the verb as help to someone, or to reciprocate a favour. gyabo vt. to spread, scatter or disperse by throwing across something.

gyae See: gyaye. gyahi-gyaso vi. (esp. by humans) to roam around to relax.

gyai n. uppermost shelf of a *dareke, the fireplace shelving complex, used for storing dried meat, *tapyo, pine splits for torch and salt container, etc. Usage: Hija. Var: khapo. gyaker v. to roam around; to travel. Supun miilan gyakerjalopa, ngunu Ziro kapu hokii kapama.

Wherever you may travel on Earth, there is no place like Ziro.

gyakun n:num. one handful. Gramm: used for enumerating only, i.e. without reference to a particular measured quantity. Otherwise, *gyaye/*gyae is used. gyalan hipa n. purification ritual performed by the priest before sacrificating the pigs at Myoko. Performed in order to drive away the evils attached to the pigs. gyalin vi. to ooze (e.g. rubber from a tree). See: lin; bilin. Ager hokii yasi gyalindo. Water is oozing from the bund. gyambo n. war. Syn: chambyo. gyambo pasu v. to battle. gyambo sonii n. demonstration war; mock battle; battle march. Encycl: in olden days, in certain cases when a grievance was to be vent out against a village or an individual by other villages, a *gyambo sonii was performed, in which the group demonstrated exactly how they fought a battle in a show of force. Those ritualistic, limited duels supervised by the *bulyan of both sides were organized in order to prevent massive bloody war from happening within the Apatani community, although casualties could not always be avoided. gyasi n. 1. portion of mithun meat which a married man and woman must give to the representatives of their respective mother's mother's brother's patrilines on the occasion of a *subu tado. 2. persons who are entitled to receive the sacrificial share of slaughtered animals known as *gyasi. 3. the relationship between the giver and the receiver of a *gyasi. See: alii; liyopani. gyata vt. to throw something that sticks at something or someone, such as mud. Syn: gyatagyana.

gyatu-gyapo vt. to hack/cut into pieces, esp. rice or millet. gyaye num. one handful. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *gyakun is used in place of *gyaye. Var: gyahe; gyae.

gyo [´gjo ]

ʔ vt-r. to call. Ngiinyimi principal gyone. The principal called both of us.

gyo vt-r. to smoothen a cane or bamboo splint with the help of a knife or a machete before making a rope or weaving a basket.

gyo vt-r. to hurt or kill inadvertently, without intention of doing so.

-gyo vsuff. to be returned. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject does a favour to somebody through the action indicated by the verb, which has to be returned.

- haja/-haja 1. suff. too; too much. Gramm: manner suffix added to verbs and adjectives, indicating that the action identified by the verb is overdone, or that the property indicated by the adjective is too much or overdone. May also occur as a particle following nouns. Mo jantuhajado. He/she is too fat. Siika buko simi, ngatiihajaku la diitiilakuma ka aha oh. This large wild rat is too tasty (oily) to be finished. Si pa koda khiigahajabiido. For it, the cost is too high. Tam, baritotiika.

Nyibyahajado ke, ngiimi imikiinempe. Tam, wake up! It's too early, let me sleep! Ngiika aha si hadiihaja la bute-buyepa miidoku. I got so much angry that my heart was about to burst out [of my chest]. Var: haje. Usage: Hari. Inka nyimii si luruhajedo. That girl is too stubborn. 2. part. too; too much. Gramm: post-nominal particle describing either an excess of the quantity indicated by the noun, or that the property indicated by the noun is too much or overdone. O abu haja tayo. Don't take too much beer. Yamu arun haja ho duto la ali mi yabya-yalyabiine. I was sitting too near to the fire, so I got my leg burnt. haye v. to be kidnapped or caught by a spirit.

haju
-he/-ye 1. num-r. one. Gramm: numeral root used for combining with classifiers ending with a vowel to indicate one specimen of a collection of objects. Used to specify a particular object. Papu puhe/puye. One egg. See: -e; -nge. 2. part. part; quantity; amount. Gramm: partitive particle attached to verbs, used to refer to a selection of a part (or quantity) out of a whole (or amount). Also suffixes classifier roots and certain numerals to form numerals when they occur associated with nouns. Tiiko innaniipahe kontii bida. Give just enough money for the journey. (Lit. 'give only the amount of money that is needed for going'). Pota taye. One sheet of paper. Alo lokanuhe. Seven days.

he 1. vi-r. to blow, as of wind or any type of air-producing device. Alyi hedu. The wind blows. 1. vtr. to blow; to send out air from the mouth. Inka hand-held fan simi buto la alyi oye helyato! Take that hand-held fan and blow some air with it! he vt-r. to remove soil, esp. by levering with a tool (knife, shovel, stick, *kele, etc.); to dig out with the help of some levering tool or lever mechanism. Mo belcha lo kiidi helado. He/she is digging the soil with a shovel. Hiika haman atan mi heto. Extract those vegetables from the soil! he vt-r. to operate a lock, either to fasten or unfasten it.

he vt-r. to knit; to embroider. Anyo sweater heladone. Anyo was knitting a sweater.

he vt-r. to take from a recipient or serve food by using a ladle or spoon. Aping heto. Take/serve some rice [by using a spoon]! he vt-r. to sharpen something using a knife.

-he vsuff. go and [do]! Gramm: Motion modal suffix attached to verbs having two or more syllables, used as hortative/imperative when the addressee, in carrying out the action identified by the verb, is moving away from the speaker. Often best rendered in English by 'Go and [do]!'. Yasan batehe. Go and fetch some firewood! Inka hagya mi miikohe. Open that door (which is located at some distance from both the speaker and the addressee)! Momi luriihe, kala-kapasiidu pa. Go and talk to him/her, so that you know each other! Tatu mi more ho ingiila yasan tagiihe. Take Tatu along with you to the forest and make him cut wood.

-he vsuff. stuck. Gramm: Result suffix indicating that the action identified by the verb results in something getting stuck or caught. hebo vt. to take/serve food with a ladle or spoon along with someone.

hebo vt. to remove soil/dig out along with someone.

hebo vt. 1. to embroider/knit along with others. 2. to help someone embroider/knit something.

hebo vt. to sharpen something with a knife along with someone.

hedu n. pork intestines and fat, a special cut of meat from the pig sacrificed at *Myoko. Encycl: the eldest female representative of the patrilineage (*uru) is entitled to receive this particular share of meat. It is viewed as a gift from the younger 'sisters" of the patrilineage towards their eldest sister (*ami akhaja). In olden days an oil was made from it, which the Apatani ladies used to apply on their long hair. hende-hende vt. to keep on thinking about something again and again. Ayo yoye, Manu hendehende hela, imitalyiku la biidi ako hempatii. One night, Manu kept thinking over and over, and as she was about to sleep she imagined a plan. hepi vt. to dry something by blowing on it, as of wind or any type of air-producing device. hepa vt. to remove soil with the help of some levering tool or mechanism. Labourer si belcha lo hepalado. The labourer is removing soil with a shovel. hepin vt. to fasten a lock. Ant: heko. hepya vt. to unlock. heru 1. n. sorrow; sadness. 2. adj. sad; unhappy; feeling sorrow for. Nii na, hangii herumapa sii ha? What, is there something wrong? 3. vi. to moan. heru-henka vi. to be or feel depressed. herumyankha n. sadness. heruyo! interj. I'm sorry. hete vt. to throw or push something down by a bending action. Alyi hetenii sanii atan si giyo-gichi gila donyado. The trees which have been uprooted by the wind lie around haphazardly on the ground.

heter [hetər] part. even. Gramm: particle usually signaling that 'even' the marked noun participates in the action/state indicated by the verb. Ame-aje heter apin nyikuma ha? Isn't there [even] a little bit of rice left? iche heter adv. 1. even a little. 2. (in negative sentences) not even a little, not at all. Mo moka aba mi iche heter giima ke an? He/she doesn't ressemble to his/her father at all, does he/she? kone heter pron. even one. Gramm: indefinite pronoun of person. When used in a negative sentences, gives the sense 'no-one'. School ho miyu kone heter nyima. There is no one in the school (lit. 'not even one person').

heu vt. to grudge; to feel envy/jealousy towards someone. Syn: kau.

heyi n. particular portion of the innards of an animal, esp. pig. hikhii vt. to wring.

hikhiin vi. to feel like being unable to chew, e.g. after eating some sour item such as a citrus fruit.

Etym: from *ahi, 'tooth', *-khiin, 'overdone'.

hikhu n. fermented, sliced or diced bamboo shoot, used as flavouring ingredient in many dishes. See: hi. Encycl: fresh bamboo shoots are washed, peeled and cut into slices, then stored in a tightly closed bamboo-mat container along with banana or leaves from a particular plant known as "ekkam" . This mixture is kept for fermentation for about one week. Throw it away! 3. adv. there (distant from the speaker but close to the addressee, used to denote an action that is taking place at the time of speaking or writing). 4. post. nominative case marker. Ngiika armyan hii Kanno. My name is Kanno. 5. vt-r. so he/she says/said. Aba, apin diilyi ho luriisiiyo hiidu. Father tells us not to talk during the meals. Tapu school inne po? Ngo momi inlya hiito niin. Tapu has gone to school, hasn't he? I told him not to go. hii yu ke interj. He/she said so; so he/she said.

hii vt-r. to bind or tie.

hii vt-r. to collect, esp. vegetables.

hii vt-r. to put something vertically into the ground, as a stick, post, etc.; to drive in; to insert.

-hii...-khe vsuff. shifted; changed; moved; exchanged. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something has its place or position changed, or is exchanged through the action identified by the verb. Bahii-bakhe. To carry something from one place to another/to turn something while carrying it/to exchange something that is being carried with somebody. hiika [´hika] dem. that. Gramm: addressee-proximate demonstrative; genitive case. Used to refer to an object or person located at some distance from the speaker but closer to the addressee, or to point to an event that is distant in time. Best rendered in English by the demonstrative adjective 'that'. Hiika ude hii perodo. That house is big. Hiika ball mi ngiimi lato pe. Take that ball for me. Hiika anyan ho. That year. See: inka. hiika atan dem. those. Gramm: addresseeproximate plural demonstrative; genitive case. Hiika hime atan hii khelido Those kids are playing. hiika atan pron. these; those. Gramm: addressee-proximate plural demonstrative pronoun. No bus jalo tempo latulakindo. Hiika atan inka arun so domodu. You can take a bus or a tempo. They stop over here. hiika hii pron. that. Gramm: addressee-proximate demonstrative pronoun used to refer to an object or person located at some distance from the speaker but closer to the addressee. Hiika hii ngiika ude. That is my house. Syn: hii. hiika ho adv. there, over there (distant from the speaker but close to the addressee, or used to denote an action that is distant in time). Hiika ho ngo ngiika cell phone mi bapasiito. I lost my cell phone there (by your side). hiika hopa conj. for that reason; because of that. Gramm: Complementizing conjunction used to link a factual information with its cause. Ngo billyo doli achiladoto, hiika hopa school amato. Yesterday I had fever, so I did not come to school. hiika myodu ho advphr. 1. at that exact time. 2. in the meantime.

hiikane [´hikane] pron. that much. Gramm: indefinite pronoun of quantity (as size, amount, etc.). Hiikane tuniipa ngo miiladiima! I may not be able to do it so quickly! hiikaneja pron. so much. Ngunu niimpa pe hiikaneja halyan henju-miiju mi harjomondo nii? Why do we follow so much the ways of life of people of the plains?

hiiku n. large twisted chank bead put on *sampu tasan .

hiila [hila] 1. conj. like that; thus; in that way. Hiila ke ah? Isn't it like that? Hiila do. It is/it does (confirming a statement or answering positively to a question). Hiilama ha lo? Is'nt it like that? No, VKV ho masii ha, purido nii? Do you study in VKV school? Iin, hiila cho. Yes I do. Mo hiila lune. He/she said like that. Ngiika armyan Tatu hiila. My name is Tatu. 2. then; therefore. Gramm: conjunction used to express a temporal connection between two sentences, or some kind of causal relationship. Mo aji miinasiila dadu hiila puri-riderkuma. Being completely absorbed in his/her work in the fields he/she could not study properly. Insiima ko indu hiila no kiiri inlyu-siibiitalyi ke.

If you go to the wrong place you will suffer lose in your business. 3. that; to (in indirect or reported speech). Gramm: complementizing conjunction used in direct and indirect speech to report what someone says, think or does. Tama ngiimi siika envelope mi niimi bitolya hiila lune. Tama asked me to give this envelope to you. Hiila pe hendo. I think so (polite). Siika ahi mi bachin hiila ludu. One calls this fruit 'bachi'. Inka balu si nunukii hiila chindu ha? Do you know that garden is yours? Spain, World Cup tuminkendo hiila ngiika agin ho ahetayi ha no? Will you make a bet with me that Spain is going to win the World Cup? hiilaja conj. precisely; exactly like that. hiila do phr. so it is/so it does. Tapyo si hajmola hiilyan dota ka aha. Hiila do nyan. A: This Tapyo salt tastes like Hajmola. B: It does. hiila ha int. tag is it like that? hiila ke interj. ho vt-r. to scratch to stop an itch.

ho vt-r. to collect with the hands.

ho vt-r. to talk in a wordy or indecisive manner; to waffle.

ho vt-r. to remove, esp. weeds; to de-weed. Aji hodu. Weeding the field.

ho vt-r. 1. to feed (animals); to give food to animals. No alyi mi diigo hoto ha? Did you give food to the pigs? 2. to treat someone to a meal. Pukun apin honiin. Meal served collectively to the participants of a *murun. Syn: oho.

ho vt-r. to catch or hold in a noose, esp. an animal. Tamo hiika subu mi saha lo hone. Tamo caught that mithun with a rope.

-ho vsuff. away; aside. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the object is removed or put aside as a result of the action denoted by the verb.

-ho vsuff. mark. Gramm: result suffix indicating that a mark is left as a result of the action identified by the verb. holya yola interj. wait! just a minute! Gramm: interjection requesting the addressee to wait or pause for a brief period or time.

homya vt. to stain something or someone by throwing something at it/him. Syn: homya-hosa.

hon vt-r. to burn something in bulk, using a fire source; to burn the greater part of something. buji-buji hon vi. (by fire) to crackle; to burn with crackling sounds. Yamu ho buji-buji honbiitola. There were crackling sounds in the fire.

hone vt. to touch someone with one's fingertip, esp. with the intention of drawing his attention.

honki vi. to stoop; to bend down. Usage: Hija. Var: hunki. Syn: hu'nga.

honiin n. (of animals) feed. apin honiin n. serving/offering of a meal to a guest. Moka apin honiin si polehaja hodo ke. His/her party is too lavish. Pukun apin honiin. Meal served collectively to the participants of a *murun.

honiin n. de-weeding; removal of weeds.

honyo adj. small, as of a fire. Ant: horo.

horo adj. large, as of a fire. Ant: honyo.

hopa [´ho´pa]

post. 1. for (purposive). Gramm: locative case marker, purposive case. Postposition marking nouns, pronouns or subordinate clauses with the basic meaning 'for', 'for the purpose of'. Inka habya si nohopa yu baliigiido nii? For where did you bring that ladder? 2. via; through; by way of. Gramm: viative/perlative postposition marking a noun, used to indicate an object or location which is passed by, or a path/way which is followed during the course of an action or event. Dumi more hopa ado. Dumi is coming through the forest. Lopa mi ubu hopa liiboto. Put the (bamboo) stick across the hole! Lemba ato. Come by road! 3. of; out of. Gramm: partitive postposition used to refer to a selection of a part out of a group. Acho-amyo hopa patii hii uroja hii.

The tiger is the strongest animal (lit. 'strongest among animals'). Syn: hokii. hopa [´hopa] conj. therefore; thus; so. Gramm: subordinating conjunction usually used to link a cause with an effect. Ngiikii arda ngoya ingo ako do hopa school alakenma. I have to go somewhere tomorrow, therefore I cannot go to school. Miido hudo hopa ngo ude ho du. It's raining, so I'm staying at home (since it's raining I am staying at home). Ngo siilo doctor mi kapakendo, hopa school alakenma. I shall see the doctor today so I shall not be able to come to school. Hopa lo. That's why. hiika hopa conj. for that reason; because of that. hopa vt. to remove or take off something, such as weeds from a field. hopa-hoya See: hupa-huya.

hor-class. bundle of threads. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for thread bundles. hore, hornye, horhinnge, horpe, horngohe, horkhe, horkanuhe, horpinye, horkoahe, horlyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 bundles of threads.

hor vi-r. (esp. of rice when it is dried before unhusking) to become hard. Ant: horma.

hor vt-r. to look in a clumsy or ackward way.

hor See: hur. horchi adj. reacting readily and quickly. horda vt. to stare at. hore n:num. one bundle of threads. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *horkun is used in place of *hore. horjin vt. to strain, as a muscle. Aro horjin la ngiika ali tuhii-tukhelama. I pulled a tendon so I cannot move my leg.

horku adj. 1. (of a way of dressing or wearing something) inappropriate. 2. (of eyes) squint; squinting; (of a person) cross-eyed; looking askance or sidelong.

horkun n:num. one bundle of threads. Gramm: when enumerating only, i.e without reference to a particular object, as in school. Otherwise, *hore is used in place of *horkun. Insi hu na khedonii? Who is crying there? Hu na si? Who is this? (proximate). Hu na ude ho anenii? Who is the one who came to my house? hu kokii pron. from whom. hu ya pe idiom. who (polite).

Gramm: idiomatic expression used as a polite way to inquire about the identity of a person. No, hu ya pe? Who are you? Inka atan si hu ya pe Tama ka anii? Who among them is Tama's mother?

hu vi-r. to rain; (by rain) to fall. Miidu huto la ngo ude ho duto. Since it was raining, I stayed at home.

hu vt-r. to shake something.

hu vi-r. to glow, as of a light; to shine. Danyi hudo. The sun shines.

hu vi-r. to be awake.

hu vt-r. to collect (clothes, etc.).

hu vt-r. to pound, as with a log, pestle, etc.; to crush (paddy, maize, etc.).

hu vt-r. to trim off; to make neat or tidy by clipping or lopping off, as of a stick; to hull.

hu vi-r. to simmer, as of a liquid.

hu vt-r. to pierce, as with a needle.

-hu vsuff. stimulate. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is started of simulated through the action indicated by the verb.

-hu-...-ha vsuff. bother; hassle. Gramm: split manner suffix indicating that, in bringing about the action denoted by the verb, the subject acts in a bothersome manner. in [´i] vi-r. to go; to walk. Gramm: used for unspecified orientation, i.e. when it is not specified or known whether it is a way up, down, or on flat ground. Mo school indu. He/she goes to school. Inhe. Go! See: cha, to, bo. inba vi. (of a plural subject) to go together (unspecified orientation). Tamo Tatung nyi inbasiine.

Tamo and Tatung went together. inbe vi. to get bored of going somewhere again and again (unspecified orientation).

inbi vi. to go on someone's behalf/for someone (unspecified orientation).

inbi vi. to be happy to go (somewhere); to go (somewhere) with pleasure (unspecified orientation). inbo vi. to go along with someone (unspecified orientation). No ngiinyika agin ho inbo ta ma ha? Won't you go with us? Ngo niika agin ho inbotalyi. I will go with you. Ngo siika anyi agin ho inbolakinma. I can't go along with them.

inbo [´ibo]

vi. to go across (unspecified orientation).

inchin vi. to know how to go (unspecified orientation).

inda vi. 1. to go or arrive at the right time. 2. to reach the right place (unspecified orientation).

indi-inpin vi. to go regularly to a place (unspecified orientation).

indin vi. to go with a purpose (unspecified orientation).

indin-inko n. direction for going (unspecified orientation). Ngo Delhi chikan niti ganda ho abii la indin-inko henderlakinma. If I go to a new place like Delhi I will be confused to move around by myself.

indu n. time for going; time to go. School indu doku ke. It's time to go to school.

indun vi. to move or go around (unspecified orientation).

ine pron. (of night cycles) how many? Gramm: interrogative pronoun used for a countable number of items.

inekunii n. 1. one who has gone (unspecified); something that has gone (unspecified). 2. (in a nominal, adjectival or relatived phrase or clause) past; preceding. Inekunii anyan. Last year. Inekunii piilo. Last month.

ingi-ire vi. to feel uncomfortable in a ride, walk, drive or journey.

ingii vt. 1. to go somewhere with someone. 2. to take someone along with oneself to go somewhere; to take/lead someone somewhere. Obing mi niinyika agin ho ingiihe. Take Obing along with you! ingiiko vi. to be guided or led by someone somewhere. Kago nolo school ingiikochi ludo. Kago insisted for being accompanied to school by you. ingii vi. to go away (unspecified orientation).

ingo n. obligation/commitment to go. Ngiikii arda ngoya ingo ako do hopa school alakenma. I have to go somewhere tomorrow so I cannot go to school. ingo-miigo n. work to do; duty; task. Ayu ho, ingo-miigo asubo hii diigo-tango diipane. In olden days, those who were lazy at work were deprived of food. ingo vi. to go before someone else does (unspecified orientation). ingu 1. vi. to change direction. 2. vt. to divert; to make something or someone change direction. ingya [´igja] n. (in a traditional house) passageway between the side wall and the fireplace(s). Usage: Hari, Hija. Var: dugya. Usage: Bulla. ingya liipa n. sitting place around the hearth traditionally reserved for the wife of the household head. milo ingya n. male's side of an house. Encycl: household heads, sons and male guests are normally entertained in this section. If the house has to be rebuilt after a fire accident, this part is reconstructed by, or with the help of the owner's *milobo nyanii group. Var: milo dugya. Usage: Bulla. nyimii ingya n. female's side of an house. Encycl: housewives, daughters and female visitors normally sit in this section. In case of fire accident this part is reconstructed by, or with the help of the owner's *nyimii nyanii. Var: nyimii dugya. Usage: Bulla. ingya vi. to go the wrong way (unspecified orientation). Syn: ingya-inlya. ingya vi. to go and help someone in turn for reciprocal labour. Mo aji ingyasiila. He is going to [someone''s] paddy fields (to reciprocate a work previously done on his own fields). inhii vi. to go farther/beyond the limits (unspecified orientation).

inhii-inkhe vi. to move around; to go from place to place (unspecified orientation). inja vi. to stop going to somewhere, esp. because of the completion of something. School inja lala kula la hiika hiiba pa/ho college inkindo. After school completion one has to go to college.

injan See: enjan. injo n. 1. price/cost of a walk; drive or journey. 2. reward/benefit for a walk, drive or journey. injo-miijo n. pay; income; wages. injo vi. to keep on walking or going (unspecified orientation). Syn: injo-injo. injomon vi. to follow someone or something by walking. inka ... si dem. that. Gramm: split demonstrative used to refer to an object distant from both the speaker and the addressee in space or time. Inka alyi si atudo. That pig is small. Inka miyu si hu? Who is that man? Inka sulu simi pyapasa. Let's demolish that fence! Syn: hiika. See: siika; intoka. inka...so dem. at that; in that; on that. Gramm: split demonstrative used to refer to an object distant from both the speaker and the addressee in space or time. Locative case. Ngiika tarii mi inka lochi so ahato. Hang my shirt on that wall hanger! inka insi pron. that Gramm: demonstrative pronoun used to refer to an object distant from both the speaker and the addressee in space or time. Inka insi ngiika ude. That is my house. Syn: insi. inka ... atan si 1. dem. those. Gramm: split demonstrative used to refer to a group of objects distant from both the speaker and the addressee in space or time. 2. pron. those. inka...atan so pron. those. Gramm: split demonstrative pronoun used to refer to an object distant from both the speaker and the addressee in space or time. Genitive case. inka atan sokii pron. Gramm: split demonstrative pronoun used to refer to an object distant from both the speaker and the addressee in space or time. Ablative case. Inka atan sokii hubo ya pe Tama ka anii? Who among those is Tama's mother? inkane pron. that much. inkasi 1. pron. that. Gramm: demonstrative pronoun used to refer to an object distant from both the speaker and the addressee. 2. adv. there (distant from both the speaker and the addressee, used to denote an action which is taking place at the time of writing or speaking). inkaso adv. there (distant from both the speaker and the addressee in space and time). Syn: inso; inkiiso. inkha vi. to go the wrong way; to go to a wrong place (unspecified orientation). Syn: inkhamiikha. inkiisi 1. pron. that. Gramm: demonstrative pronoun used to refer to an object distant from both the speaker and the addressee. Syn: insi; inkasi. 2. there (distant from both the speaker and the addressee, used to denote an action which is taking place at the time of writing or speaking). inkiiso adv. there (distant from both the speaker and the addressee in space and time). Mo inkiiso ato chasukendo. He/she will climb there himself/herself. inko-inpe v. to run into each other by chance; to pass each other while going in opposite direction; to intercross; to cross one another's way. inkun vi. (of a plural subject) to go together; to go collectively (unspecified orientation). inkur vi. to go back to where one has come from (unspecified orientation). inlya vi. 1. to go somewhere meanwhile/in the meantime (unspecified orientation). 2. to go somewhere on credit for someone. inlya-miilya vi. 1. to go and do something meanwhile/in the meantime. 2. to go and do something on credit for someone.

inmur

vi. to go somewhere wrongly or mistakenly; to go somewhere in such a way that something goes wrong on the way (unspecified orientation). inmyo vi. to go in advance (unspecified orientation).

innu-inna vi. to go somewhere without any result, fruitlessly (unspecified orientation). He/she wants to go first.

in-nanii

inpyo-inso vi. to go for a walk. Ngo danyopa inpyo-inso pasu, nii intema ha? I'm just going out for a stroll, won't you join? inri vt. to start going or walking (unspecified orientation). Mo niido insu-intopa inribiine? When did he/she start walking? inrii vt. to meet someone along the way; to run into; to come across. Syn: inrii-inta. Obing mi lenda ho inriiheku. Go and meet Obing on the way! insi 1. pron. that. Gramm: demonstrative pronoun used to refer to an object distant from both the speaker and the addressee. Inka insi ngiika ude. That is my house. Syn: inka insi. 2. adv. there (distant from both the speaker and the addressee, used to denote an action which is taking place at the time of writing or speaking). Kano insi da. Kano is standing there. Yam insi alado. Yam is coming there. See: intosi, inso. Syn: inkii si. See: si; into si. insiiko n. place to where one should go. insiimako n. place to where one should not go. Insiimako indu hiila no kiiri inlyusiibiitalyi ke. If you go to the wrong place you will suffer lose in your business. inso adv. there (distant from both the speaker and the addressee in space and time). Into so arda ngunu bosa. Let's go there tomorrow. Syn: inkaso, inkiiso. See: intoso. inso hao adv. up there. Ngo inso hao chatema. I will not go up there.

insu-into adv. unsteadily/with uncertain steps. insu-into in vca. to waddle, as of a baby who is learning how to walk. Opi niido insu-intopa inribiine? When did Opi start walking? into adv. over there (far away). See: inka; hiika. intodaka dem. that (far away from both the speaker and the addressee). Intodaka ude hii ngiikii. That house is mine. Intodaka ball mi ngiimi latope. Take that ball for me. intodakiisi 1. pron. that. Gramm: demonstrative pronoun used to refer to an object which is far away from both the speaker and the addressee. Intodakiisi ngiika ude. That is my house. 2. adv. over there (far away). Syn: intosi. intosi [itosi] 1. pron. that. Gramm: demonstrative pronoun used to refer to an object which is far away from both the speaker and the addressee. Syn: intodakiisi 2. adv. there (away, referring to an action which is taking place at the time of writing or speaking). Aki hii intosi du. The dog is sitting there. Intosi ngiika ude. That is my house. intoho adv. there (away from both the speaker and the addressee, referring to an action distant also in time). intoso adv. there (away from both the speaker and the addressee, referring to an action distant also in time). Into so arda ngunu bosa. Let's go there tomorrow. See: inso. intu vi. to go for the first time (unspecified orientation).

intun vi. to be disheartened about going (esp. to a place one has already gone to). iidan See: adan.

in'yin

iichi padu n. (Zool.) Ant Lion; Doodlebug .

iidii adj. hot, of food; spicy. iidiija adj. hottest; most spicy. iidiiya adj. hotter; more spicy.

iimyo n. (Bot.) Aconite (Aconitum ferox), a variety of poison collected from the tuber of a highaltitude herbaceous flowering plant. Encycl: the tuber is made into a paste an applied on arrow tips .

iin iirii n. fumigation of paddy hays against rodents. kubu iirii n. fumigation in rat holes to catch rats.

iiro o khiinin n. preparation of rice/millet beer.

iis-iis interj. Scat! Shoo! Usage: interjection used for chasing away dogs, chicken or pigs.

iisan n. high jump. iisan lyo vcn. to perform high jump. dulu iisan lyokasiiniin ncl. high jump competition displayed by the youngsters during the procession (*penii-inniin) of a *murun.

iita n. stinger, on bees, wasps, etc.

J-j

ja n:qual. some. Gramm: qualifying noun following another noun with the overall meaning 'some', 'some of'. When occurring in negative clauses or sentences, gives the sense 'no x'. Subu ja kapama. No mithun is visible. Ude ja kone heter nyima doye. There was no house. ja abuje n:qual. many. Ude ja abuje do. There are many houses. ja...ja n:qual. many. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Gives the basic meaning 'many', 'lots of'. Yo ja yo ja. Lots of meat. Yasi ja yasi ja. Lots of water/flooded. ja [dʑa:] vi-r. 1. to move unsteadily; to walk in a shaky, tottering or swaying way; to stagger while walking 2. to glide.

-ja vsuff. complete. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the action indicated by the verb is completed, or carried out completely. Mo lujane. He/she finished speaking. Mo apin (mi) diijabiine. He/she has eaten up his/her meal. Ngiika discovery miiniin simi tagyan-miido chinjabiidoku. My discovery is known to the entire world.

-ja [´dʑa] vsuff. tear off. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb results in an entity/object being torn off. Etym: from *paja, 'having edges that are jagged from injury', as in *tarii paja, 'torn shirt'), *nyachu paja ('cleft lips'), etc. Siija. Tear off something by scratching. Paja. Tear off by cutting with a machete or sword. Tapu ngiika tarii mi sarjabiine. Taru has torn off my shirt (by hand). Syn: -ja...-ya.

-ja [´dʑa] adjsuff. most; the most. Gramm: superlative suffix added to adjective roots, with the basic sense 'most' or 'the most'. Occurs prior to the tense markers. Kapyoja. Most beautiful. Kago ayajado. Kago is the best. Apa miilanru mi kayejado. Apa is the tallest of all.

jabyo n. outskirts. jabyo aji n. rice field situated on the outskirts of the village, whose value is usually less that those located nearer to the dwellings. Ant: lengo aji. jabyo ho post. 1. on the outskirts. Jabyo ho aji do. It's a paddy field located on the outskirts of the village. 2. (in a figurative sense) besides the point; out of the topic. Jabyo hosu ke lusu da nii. He is speaking meaninglessly. jagii v. to sway or cause to sway.

jahaji n. airplane. From: Hindi, Assamese. jaji piilan n. (Zool.) generic term for small passerine birds with stunning colours. Especially refers to minivets (Grey chinned minivet, Scarlet minivet), flowerpeckers (Yellow-bellied flowerpecker), among others.

jaku-jalya vi. to move unsteadily; to stagger. jalo [dʑalo] conj. or. Gramm: disjunctive coordinating conjunction marking alternation between two identically constructed grammatical elements (words, phrases or clauses). Pen jalo pencil akoako mi labiihe. Take either a pen or a pencil. No bus jalo tempo latulakindo. You can catch a bus or a tempo. jalo...jalo [dʑalo dʑalo] conj. either...or.

-jalo [dʑalo] 1. vsuff. even if; even though. Gramm: concessive subordinating suffix indicating that an event will happen despite or although the marked information. Aba gadabiilyijalo, ngo cinema katetalyi. Even if my Dad scolds me I will go to see a movie. Hiimkane loda abu bimajalo ayanedii ke. Even if you don't give that much to them it will be ok (i.e. it is not necessary to give that much to them). Syn: -jalopa. Supun miilan gyakerjalopa, ngunu Ziro kapu hokii kapama. Wherever we may travel on Earth we won't find any place like Ziro. 2. part. even. Gramm: nounmarking sense of the subordinating suffix *-jalo. Siisi jalo. Even by now.

janiin [dʑa:ni] jar vt-r. to propel some flat or disc-shaped object through the air so that it spins in flight. Syn: jarpa.

jarbo vt. to throw some flat or disc-shaped object across something.

jare n:num. one thousand. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *jarkun is used instead. jari vi. to fall or come as a shower.

jarkin n. variety of container.

jarkun [dʑar´kũ] n:num. one thousand. Gramm: when enumerating only, without reference to a particular object, as in school. When referring to a particular object, *jare is used in place of *jarkun. jarpa vt. to propel some flat or disc-shaped object through the air so that it spins in flight. -je vsuff. truely; actually; for real. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject performs the action indicated by the verb in a true, truthful, real or actual manner. Luje. To tell the truth or speak truthfully. Miije. To do actually. Gije. To lie down for real.

-je vsuff. over; on. Gramm: directional suffix usually occuring on intransitive activity verbs, indicating that the action denoted by the verb takes place over, or on a particular object. Harje. Run over something. Ate, no ngiika ali mi chajebiido. Brother, you are stepping on my foot! -je...-pe vsuff. intentionally. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject brings about the action denoted by the verb deliberately or intentionally. jebi 1. n. mud; sludge. Jebi mi lembo ho niimpa na miimya-miisabiilyi nii? Why have you smeared mud here and there on the road? 2. adj. muddy; wet. 3. adj. in muddy condition; pasty; gluey; viscid. Apin jebido. The rice is pasty/gluey (i.e. overcooked, which the Apatani people usually dislike). kalyan [ka´ljã] vt. to help. kalyan-kada vt. to look after; to take care of. kalyan tada vt.

to help each other. kalyan-talyan vt. to take care of someone or something. Ngunu ato Ziro ganda mi ayapa kalyan-talyanbiido koda, sii ano ayakendo nii. If we take good care of Ziro by ourselves, that will be very nice.

kalyi [ka´lji ]

ʔ vt. 1. to look askance. 2. to look askance at someone; to consider something or someone with suspicion or in a disapproving way. kami-kaloja ho adv. at last; eventually. Hime hii akha luniin mi tamapa pale miilyi ho kamikaloja ho akha ala hosu aduku nii. When children do not obey their parents, eventually they end up in the hands of elders. kamipa adv. late; lately. Mo ano kamipa apin diine. He/she had his/her meal very late. kamiya hii phr. the latter.

kami-kami adv. in front of someone's (very) eyes. 1. vt. to see; to look; to manage to see or look. Tama tarii mi kapabiine. Tama saw the shirt. Ngo doctor kapate, medicine labiitii. I saw the doctor and took some medicine. Ho nii kapatii? What did you see there? Ngo siidin mi more ho kapato. I saw the deer in the jungle. Ngo hii niimi kapabiido. I am glad to see you. Aber kone da atiisiito, kapakuma. I kept that somewhere, but couldn't find it. 2. vi. to look; to seem; to appear. Nunuka abi-tarii giinii si kapyo kapama. The clothes that you are wearing do not look good. Nii na, hangii herumapa sii ha, miyo-miyo kapa danii? What's the matter, you appear very lethargic-something wrong? 3. to find; to find out (by seeing). Kapato. Go and see!/go and find!/go and find out! (imperative). Ngo ude penko kapama. I don't find a place to build a house. Anku hime mi imiladopa kapabiine. Anku found the child alseep. kapa-kaka vt. to manage/happen to see or look. Ngo molumi kapa-kakama. I haven't seen them before.

kapa [ka´pa:]

vt. to pay no attention to; to shut one's eyes to; to ignore. kar-class. loop; ring; any circular thing formed by a line, rope, wire, etc. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for loops, rings, and other circular things. kare, karnye, karhinnge, karpe, karngohe, karkhe, karkanuhe, karpinye, karkoahe, karlyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 loop(s), ring(s), etc. kar vi-r. (of round-shaped things such as the moon, paper roll, etc). 1. to emerge. 2. to appear in a new shape (as the new moon of the month). Piilo kardo. The moon begins to emerge (in the evening sky). Enda piilo ho endi hii hartin karduku. In May-June nodes appear on paddy (stems).

kar vt-r. to cut something breadthwise with a machete or sword (as opposed to *ta). kar 1. vt-r. to kekha-kere vt. to rub off, as dirt or some unwanted thing off the surface of something.

kela [kela:] adj. able to write; skilled good at writing; skilled in writing.

kele n. (Agr.) pointed split bamboo stick resembling a chisel which supplements the hoe for removing weeds. See: palii .

-kele See: -kiile.

kelya vt. to write momentarily/for the moment/for the time being. Pen ho ink giima milo pencil lo kelyato. Write with a pencil for the moment if your pen has no ink.

- -ken [´k ] ẽ vsuff. can [do] (ability). Gramm: modal suffix indicating that the subject is able to bring about the action denoted by the verb. Often occurs following another modal suffix of ability, *la. Ngo miilakendo. I can do (it). See: -laken.

-ken [kẽ] vsuff. will [do]; should [do]; must [do]. Gramm: irrealis modality suffix attached to verb roots having two or more syllables, used as non proximal future marker. More appropriate for second and third persons tough it may also be used in first person. Gives a sense that the event will happen, or should normally happen. Occurs before the tense markers. No imikendo. You shall sleep. Var: -kin. Usage : Hija. -kendo See: -ken.

-kenen [kenẽ] vsuff. make someone [do] something. Gramm: causative suffix combination indicating that the subject makes or causes the object to carry out the action denoted by the verb. Gokenen. Make to fly. Tari ka pale hii moka aba mi ala lalinkenenbiine. Tari's disobedience made his father to slap him (lit. 'to take out his hand'). Var: -kiinen. Usage: Bulla.

- kepu vt. to make a mistake in writing; to write mistakenly.

kepu vt. to cover with a cloth; to drape over the body, as a shawl or a blanket.

-ker [k r] ə vsuff. surround. Gramm: directional suffix indicating either that the subject moves around something while performing the action denoted by the verb, or that the object is affected by the action indicated by the verb from all sides. Koker. To make a loop or circle, esp. with cane or bamboo strips. kera piichan n. cauldron. From: hindi 'kerayi' .

kere vt. to grind or reduce to powder, esp. dried things.

kere talo n. looking glass; mirror. Kere talo si yalo bidonii ayimapa tachenedo. There is a slight crack running along the mirror, it may soon break. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 rope bundle(s). Etym: from*akii, 'to bind, as of cane ropes'. kii [ki] post. since; from. Gramm: postposition marking a time noun or an adverb of time from which an event endures or has endured. Ngo siiro kii apin diimaran. I haven't eaten since this morning. Siisida kii la ngo ano rengii hempa dane. Recently, I have been feeling really tired. kii/-kii [ki] part. of. Gramm: possessive case marker used after a proper name or a pronoun. Occurs as independent particle when following a common name, as suffix when following a personal pronoun or a demonstrative. Huka tarii na? Tama kii. Whose shirt is this? Tama's shirt. Miilanja kii. Of everyone. Mokii oho milobo hinhe du. He has three sons. Hiika hata daka ude hii Apa kii. That house in front (of you) is Apa's house.

kii See ke.

kii vt-r. to punch; to deliver a blow with the clenched fist. Mo ngiimi kiibiine. He/she has punched me. Mo uye kiibiine nii nyan hime si khegiido nii. He/she gave a blow so the child is crying.

-kii vsuff. let (someone do something). Gramm: permissive suffix indicating that the subject allows others to perform the action indicated by the verb. Mo miilyakiine. He/she allowed others to do [it]. Var: -ke. Syn: -kiinen; -kenen. No molumi niida inkiinenchiku. When will you let them go? kiiba vt. (of a plural subject) to punch together. kiibi vt. to punch on someone else's behalf/for someone. kiibin vt. (of a plural subject) to punch jointly. kiibo vt. 1. to punch someone or something along with someone. 2. to assist someone in punching something or someone. kiibo vt. to punch across. kiibun n. after-effect of a punch, e.g. an internal injury caused by a punch. kiibyo vi. 1. to sparkle; to flash. 2. to twinkle, as of a star.

kiiche [´kitɕe]

n. bamboo cup used for measuring rice or millet. -kiinen See: -kii.

-kiinen See: -kenen.

-kiinen pe [kin pe] ẽ vsuff. let me [do]. Gramm: permissive modal suffix combination indicating that the speaker asks the addressee to allow him to perform the action indicated by the verb. Ngiimi (iche) inkenen pe. Please let me go. Ngiimi imikiinen pe! Let me sleep! Var: -kenen pe. See: -kiinento.

-kiinento [ kiiri n. broker. kiiri du vt. to broker; to act as a broker for someone; to negotiate for someone. kiiri dunii n. go-between. Encycl: as per tradition, person who cooperates in transactions by barter, finding a purchaser and taking a commission (*dujo mudu). His function is also to testify the nature of the original contracts. Variant: kiiri innii.

kiisa n:qual. (of two or more bundles of ropes) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from*akii, 'to bind, esp. cane ropes'. kiisan-kiiso n. (Zool.) variety of semi-aquatic mammal resembling a rat, but having a shorter tail. Feeds on river fish. Usage: Hong. kiita vi. to suffice; to be enough. kiite vt. to knock down by punching.

kiiye n:num. (of cane ropes) one bundle. Gramm: used for counting a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *kiikun is used instead. Yaso kiihe lalinto. Take out one bundle of cane ropes! Var: kiihe; kiie. ko [´ko] post. in, at, to. Gramm: locative case marker used in place of *ho when the speaker does not wish, or is not able to specify the distance (either as proximal or remote) separating him from the marked location. See: ho.

ko-

class. bowl; bangle. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for bowls and bangles. koye/koe, konye, kohinnge, kope, ko'ngohe, kokhe, kokanuhe, kopinye, kokoahe, kolyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 bowl(s)/bangle(s). Etym: from *kobyan, 'bangle; metal bracelet'.

ko vt-r. to lever; to use as a lever.

ko vt-r. to perform divination by examining the liver of a sacrificed chick. See: pi. ko vt-r. to eject from the mouth; to spit out. ko vi-r. to move the buttocks. Etym: from *ako 'bottom'.

ko vt-r. to twist something as a yarn or rope.

-ko [´ko] vsuff. place for/where. Gramm: locative nominalizer to an adjective or verb, forming a noun describing the place where the action indicated by the verb occured, or should normally occur. Buko. Birthplace. Soko. Playground. Ngo ude penko kapama. I don't find a place to build a house. Red ball ka bahi-barako ho green ball atiito. Put the green ball where the red one has been rolled out from its place (i.e. put the green ball in place of the red ball which has rolled out).

ko [ko] part. Gramm: noun marking sense of the locative suffix *-ko. Occurs as particle following proper names, as suffix to personal pronouns, often along with locative case marker *ho. Gives the basic sense 'in someone's place', 'by someone's side', 'in someone's possession'. Ngo Taki ko chakinsiine, miido huto la opatoku. I should have gone to Taki's place, [but] as it was raining I gave up the idea. Siilyin ngiiko ho dukunsa. Let's gather at my place tonight/this evening. Ngunu niinyiko ronnge tere soka hama. We haven't visited your place even once. Niiko ho tiiko iche dokindo ha? Do you have some money (in your possession)? -ko vsuff. be [done] (passive voice). Gramm: verb suffix transforming the object of an otherwise active sentence to become the subject of a passive sentence. The agent, when indicated, is marked by the postposition *lo. Occurs before the tense markers in a suffix chain. Kago no lo school ingiikochi ludo. Kago insisted on being taken to school by you. Dema denjoko pa mo miinekobiine. He was beaten for being naughty. Mo aba lo ude penkobiine. His father built a house for him (literally: "he got a house built by his father"). Hogya taker hii nolo menkone. The leopard was killed by you. Ngo siika atan lo aji ronnge miibokokindo. I shall require help from them once in my field. Sira mi Hija ho arda konchi dado kabohe no, lenda ho mi miyu lo hatu-hapokotemapa. You go tomorrow morning to meet Sira at Hija, without being stopped by someone on the way. kobii n. 1. portion of meat from a slaughtered pig, mithun or cow meat which, on certain occasions such a *Myoko, *Murun and *Subu Tado, a married man and woman must give to a man of his/her mother's patrilineage regarded as a maternal uncle, with whom special bonds of mutual assistance are established. Encycl: for *Myoko this cut of pig meat consists of a rectangular strip of skin and fat from the belly, not including the cartilage of the shoulder. One portion is given to one of the househlder's maternal uncles (real or classificatory), the other to one of his wife's maternal uncles. Both of them are referred to as *kobii. 2. person who is entitled to receive the cut of slaughtered animals known as *kobii from one of his uterine nephews or nieces. 3. the relationship between the giver and the receiver of a *kobii. Var. kobu; korbu. See: koro. kobo vi. to move aside/across from one's place (esp. a sitting place). Etym: from *ako 'bottom'. Ngiimi niika tarii mi siisi artahepa kontii bilya pe. Give me your cloth only for a moment. A: Naku niika ajin ha? B: Ma, ngiinyi kalasiiniin kontii sii. A: Is Naku a friend of yours ? B: No, not really -he is just an acquaintance. Tiiko innaniipaye kontii bida. Give just enough money for the journey (i.e. don't give more). Halu more hoka kiira dunii mi ude miilyi ho kontii siiran/tulyi pasu-pake nantii nii. In the clan forests, cutting chetnut trees was only allowed for the purpose of making posts and pillars for a new house. Syn: adin. koro n. 1. portion of meat from a slaughtered pig, mithun or cow meat which, on certain occasions such a *Myoko, *Murun and *Subu Tado, a married man and woman must give to a man of his/her mother's patrilineage regarded as a maternal uncle, with whom special bonds of mutual assistance are established. Encycl: for *Myoko this cut of pig meat consists of a rectangular strip of skin and fat from the belly including the cartilage of the shoulder. One portion is given to one of the householder's maternal uncles (real or classificatory), the other to one of his wife's maternal uncles. Both of them are referred to as *koro. 2. person who is entitled to receive the cut of slaughtered animals known as *koro from one of his uterine nephews or nieces. 3. the relationship between the giver and the receiver of a *koro. See: kobii. koro 1. n:time the morning before last (morning). 2. adv. the night before last (night). koter n. bamboo sticks used as counters, especially for keeping the memory of debts or for counting a number of participants to a feast. koter chiniin n. counting with sticks, esp. during a *murun for counting the number of participants, in order to determine the precise quantity of meat required. siibi koter n. (Anat.) ischium, the strongest and lowest bone in the pelvic area, the one on which the body rests when sitting. -kun [´kũ] num-r. one. Gramm: numeral root used for combining with classifiers to indicate one specimen of a collection of objects. Used in counting only (as in one, two, three...), without reference to a particular object. Dakun. One (step). Khonyi. One (stick). See: -he.

kun vt-r. to remove; to transfer from one place to another.

-kun [kũ] vsuff. collectively; as a group. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is performed by a plural subject acting collectively, as a group, everyone doing more or less the same thing as others do, in an uniform way.

-kun vsuff. early. Gramm: temporal suffix indicating that the action identified by the verb occurs early, or at an early stage.

-kun...-mu vsuff. hastily and improperly. Gramm: split manner suffix indicating that the action of the verb is carried out in a rush and without proper preparation.

- kheloniin n. ritual celebrated on the fifteenth day of *Myoko, by which all male clan members demarcate their household properties and ritual structures with pieces of split bamboo sticks all around. Encycl: on that day a ritual is performed for clan members who have kept in common the lower jaws (*so) of the slaughtered pigs . After the ritual those pieces are taken back to their respective owner's homes and deposited in the sacred corner of the house (*dokho achan). Var: khelonii.

khempi vt. to dry something by heating it.

khen vt-r. to fry something by heating only, without a direct contact to the flame. Tanyi mi khento. Fry the maize! (i.e. in front of the fire with its heat alone). See: khe.

khen vt-r. khii vt-r. to pound with a spoon, stick or pestle into a hole, etc.

khii vt-r. to treat with respect; to esteem; to honour. Ziro daka Police officer mi miyu atan achi khiibiinyado. People are treating Ziro police officers with respect.

khii vt-r. to make a rope by twisting cane. Taser yaso hokii subu sha khiidu. Ropes for tiying mithuns are made from *taser cane.

khii vt-r. to insert; to tuck in. See: khiilii.

khii vi-r. to slide while in a sitting position.

-khii vsuff. killed. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb results in the killing of the object. Often used in a figurative sense to express the idea that the speaker's desire to perform the action indicated by the verb has been suppressed or 'killed'. Henkhii. To have no more desire to repeat something after having had a bad experience. ladii n. (Anat.) forefinger. ladii goye n:num. one unit of linear measure equal to the distance from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the forefinger, when the hand is fully extended.

-ladiima [la:dima] vsuff. 1. may not be able to [do]. Gramm: presumptive modal suffix combination indicating that there is a chance or possibility that the subject is unable to perform the action identified by the verb. Hiikane tuniipa ngo miiladiima! I may not be able to do it so quickly! 2. would not be able to [do].

-lado [lado] vsuff. am/are/is [do]ing. Gramm: imperfective aspectual suffix combination indicating that the action of the verb is ongoing. Usually translates English Present Continuous/Progressive form. Kano insi alado. Kano is coming there.

-ladokindo [ladokido] vsuff. will be [do]ing. Gramm: continuous aspectual suffix combination marking an event that is planned to happen in the future. Usually translates English Future Continuous/Progressive. Ngo imiladokindo. I shall be sleeping.

-ladokindoku [ladokidoku] vsuff. will have been [do]ing. Gramm: continuous aspectual suffix combination marking an event that is planned to happen and be completed in the future. Usually translates English Future Perfect Continuous/Progressive. Mo luladokindoku. He will have been speaking.

- lake n. ring made of small strip of split cane fashioned as finger band. This is worn on the fingers covering all the four fingers of the hand. Encycl: Helps grip the arrow tightly with the thumb on one side and fingers on the other side and shoot the arrow well. See: lyiha-lako.

lake adj. having one's leg crossed over the other; cross-legged.

-laken vsuff. can. Gramm: modal suffix combination indicating the subject's ability to perform the action identified by the verb. Var: -lakin. No bus jalo tempo latulakindo. You can catch a bus or a tempo.

-lakenma vsuff. cannot. Gramm: modal suffix combination indicating the subject's inability to perform the action identified by the verb. Var: -lakinma. Ngo siika anyi agin ho inbolakinma. I can't go along with them. Ngo sa mi tantiilakenma. I cannot finish the tea.

-lakin See: -laken.

-lakinma See: -lakenma.

lako n. element of the *babo structure, a wooden stick inserted at each tip of the *ayo taper and *akan taper and joining them. See: babo .

lako n. button. Si ngiika tarii ka lako. This is a button of my shirt. abi lako n. trousers button. pulye lako n. cloth button. tarii lako n. shirt button.

lako n. cross-sign placed at the entrance of the house indicating that a ritual has been performed inside, and also, in certain cases, that visitors have to refrain from entering. lalin vt. to take out something from an inside space. Yaso kiihe lalinto. Take out one bundle of cane ropes! Tari ATM hokii tiiko lalinlado. Tari is taking out money from an ATM. Tari ka pale hii moka aba mi ala lalinkiinenbiine. Tari's disobedience made his father to slap him (lit. 'to take out his hand'). li vt-r. to engage oneself in a *yalu contest.

-li vsuff. lii vt-r. (Agr.) to plant a seed, seedling or sapling directly into the ground (as opposed to *li). Inka apple sanii simi Tallo liibiine. That apple tree, it was Tallo who planted it. Ane-akha atan kotuto la endi liila danya daye. The old women were planting rice saplings in a bent forward stooping posture.

lii vt-r. to push, esp. elongated things.

lii vt-r. to insert; to put in. Syn: alii.

lii vi-r. to lie down.

lii vt-r. to shed. Sanii anii liido. The tree is shedding its leaves.

- lo-[´lo] class. day. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for counting or qualifying days. lohe/loye, lonye, lohinnge, lope, lo'ngohe, lokhe, lokanuhe, lopinye, lokoahe, lolyan n:num 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 day(s). lo [´lo] post. 1. with; by means of. Gramm: instrumental case marker. Postposition usually following a noun, used to mark the object, means or method by which the action indicated by the verb is accomplished. Dula lo aki randu. One ties dogs with ropes. Yasi gubu lo ali mi tobyasiitii. I got burnt on my leg from spilling hot water on it. 2. by (agental case). Gramm: postposition following a noun or a pronoun used to mark the agental case in passive constructions. Kago no lo school ingiikochi ludo. Kago insisted on being taken to school by you. Ngo siika atan lo aji ronnge miibokokindo. I shall require help from them once in my field. lo [´lo] part. interrogative particle indicating that an affirmative answer is expected from the hearer. No ayasiido lo? Are you fine? (i.e. I hope that you are fine). No kesutii lo? Have you written? (i.e. I expect that you have written). Hiila ha lo? Like this? (i.e. expecting that it is so). See: ha. lo vi-r. 1. (of a day) to dawn. Gramm: usually occurs in compounds, with associated noun *alo. Alo lodo. The day is dawning. 2. to go through (time). Northeast daka terrorist problems si ayamanii alo logiilado. Terrorist problems of Northeast are going through bad days.

-lo [lo] vsuff. down; downward. Gramm: directional suffix indicating that the object moves down as a result of the action identified by the verb. Jopalo. To throw down. Kalo. To look at something/someone located downward. Ant: -cha.

-lo [lo] vsuff. calm down. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the object is calmed down as a result of the action identified by the verb. Aba ka hadii mi Ane yanudopa lulobiineku. The mother calmed down the father's anger. -lyan vsuff. copy. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subjects carries out the action of the verb to copy others.

-lyan vsuff. amend; set in order. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject performs the action indicated by the verb in order to amend, rectify or set an object in order. lyen vt-r. to stretch hands horizontally and sidewise.

lyenkun n:num. one fathom, construed the distance between the fingertips of both hands when the arms are raised horizontally in the sides. Gramm: by enumerating only, i.e. without reference to a particular object, as in school. When referring to a particular object, *lyennge is used instead.

lyennge n:num. one fathom, construed as the distance between the fingertips of both hands when the arms are raised horizontally in the sides. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. -malyi [malji] vsuff. will not [do]. Gramm: temporal suffix combination marking an event that is not going to happen in the proximal future.

mamo vt. to encourage. Usage: for kids, instead of *tamo which is used for adults or persons older than the speaker.

man vt-r. to roof; to cover with or as with a roof.

man vi-r. (of a plant) to creep.

-mane [mane] vsuff.

[did] not. Gramm: negative form of the perfective aspectual suffix, marking an event that was not completed in the past (usually non proximal); second and third persons. -min [mi] vsuff. as play; for pleasure; as pastime. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject performs the action denoted by the verb as play, pastime or leisure. Hime atan hii ball tuminsiidu. The kids play ball to kill time.

-min [´mi] vsuff. win. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the subjects wins over the object in performing the action indicated by the verb.

- miila adj. clever or good at doing something. Mo narun-nako miilado. He is good at constructing fences and all (i.e. he knows how to construct fences and all). miila-lula adj. skilled; expert. Syn: miki. miilan [mi´lã] 1. n:qual. all. Gramm: qualifying noun usually following another noun and giving the basic sense 'all of N'. In a negative sentence, gives the sense 'none of the'. Miyu miilan. All humans, all people. Mo ame-aja miilan mi diijabiine. He/she has eaten up till the last morsel (lit. 'all the remnants of food'). Supun miilan gyakerjalopa, ngunu Ziro kapu hokii kapama. Wherever we may travel on Earth we won't find any place like Ziro. Supun miilan ka heniin hii, ali-aho mi ayadopa. Everyone's desire is to get a healthy crop. (extract from Dree Anthem). 2. pron. all; everybody. Var: mulan. Syn: miilanru; mulanru; jimer. Kago, Ampi la Rinyo miilanru so ane. Kago, Ampi and Rinyo, all of them came. Moka gambling addiction hii uru mulanru mi byakhapa giine. His/her gambling addiction has led the whole family to ruin. miilanja 1. n:qual. all without exception. Yagii miilanja simi lato. Take/collect all these baskets! Moka armyan mi Ziro daka miyu miilanja tapanyatii. Absolutely all the people in Ziro (had) heard of his/her name. Subu miilanja mi kapado. I see all mithuns (without exception). 2. pron. all; everybody. Miilanja ane. All came. Subu miilanja mi kapama. None of the mithuns are being seen. Var: mulanja. kiidi miilanja ho advphr. everywhere; all over the world.

miilanru [mi´lã´ru]

See: miilan.

miile n. remainder of an act or activity which has already been partially performed.

miili vt. to act to avenge oneself.

miilin vt. to make; to create; to generate. n. forest; jungle. Encycl: primarily describes those areas forest land located beyond the bamboo groves (*bije) and the tree groves (*sansun) that are jointly held by all the members of a clan. By extension, may also be used to describe a forest in the general sense. more dunyan n. (Bot.) Chinese 'dunya' (Eryngium foetidum), a forest plant used as a vegetable. -mur vsuff. incorrectly; mistakenly. Gramm: manner/result suffix indicating that the subject performs the action denoted by the verb in a wrong or erroneous way, or that the action brought about by the subject results in some failure or accident. Ant: -da. Tamur. To mishear/misunderstand something that one hears. Siilo jaji gonii si gomurte ke, ngiika lap-top mi alyusiite. Today's flight was bad as I lost my laptop. -myu vsuff. last. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject is last among a group in carrying out the action identified by the verb. Ant: -tu.

N-n na part. thing; matter. Gramm: focusing particle usually following an interrogative pronoun. May also indicate that the speaker wishes to refers to a particular event or matter he has in mind. Hu na ude ho anenii? Who is the one who came to my house? No na aki pido nii? Where is the dog barking? Niika ala mi nii na miibiine nii? What happened to your hand? Si nii na? What (thing/matter) is this? Paro rone na da nii la khiikato. (Try to) count the number of hens! Siika luku si ne khiiniin na? What is the price of these shoes? na vt-r. to collect, esp. building materials, and bring them together in a particular place. Mo ude miidu pa hiila bije nalado. He/she is collecting bamboos for building a house. Ngo ude nadu. I'm collecting building materials. ni vt-r. (Agr.) to prune; to cut tree branches, in order to make trees grow straight and tall, esp. pine trees.

-ni vsuff. wedged; pinched. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is wedged or pinched between two objects as a result of the action denoted by the verb. nimbu n. (Bot.) Lemon (Citrus limon). Agun diipyo-nanii pa nimbu pere bipe. Give me a slice of lemon to refresh my mouth. From: Assamese 'nemu'/Hindi 'nibu'. See: nere tiinga.

nimbu See: nembu. niniin See: nenniin. niti [ni´ti] adj. 1. new. Khu emo nyi mi niti emo nyi mi tadinsiito. Mix the old rice with new rice together into a single heap! Anyan niti. New Year. 2. modern. Bilo anyan ho siisi ka niti diiro-yasi si Tanii lemba ho nyimatii. In olden days, the modern medicines of today were not available in the Apatani villages. nitin 1. n. parable; proverb. Si bilo aba-apa ka nitin nii. This is a proverb/parable of our ancestors' time. 2. vt. to reduce something to a parable. nitin-hormin n. Apatani proverbs, a popular oral genre. Encycl: though the vocabulary is basically from conversational speech, Apatani proverbs are typically arranged in two-line couplets and use a contracted form not readily understandable to all, which consequently requires some interpretation. In addition, each line of a couplet very often begins with one component of a given noun-pair. nii [ni] part. I guess (that). Gramm: declarative sentence particle indicating that the speaker is not certain whether the information conveyed in the sentence is true. Bilo, ngunu Tanii miyu hii jarpinye kontii hepa siido dusunyatii nii. In olden days, we Apatanis may have been only about eight thousand people [by adding *nii, the speaker expresses uncertainty about the number].

nii vt-r. to strike, thrust, shove against or prick, often with head or horns.

-nii [ni] vsuff. 1. one who [do]es (unspecified); [do]er. Gramm: subject nominalizer to a verb or adjective; creates nouns that denotes actors, agents or attributes of the action/quality indicated by the verb/adjective. Also used to construct relative or nominalized clauses. Pasunii atan. fighters; those who fight. Sii alyo byakhannii ano arledo. Overburn skin of cow is hard to eat/chew. Bije donii si narun miinii-nanii pa khekenma ke, bije iche melii-mehato. The bamboo lying here is not sufficient for erecting fence, manage some more (by searching around). Taki sii simi kebiinenii. It was Taki who wrote it. Alyi hetenii sanii atan si giiyo-giichi giila donyado. The trees which have been uprooted by the wind lie around haphazardly on the ground. Ngo ami-michanii miyu kone kapato. I saw a blind man. Ii'nga hii anii ka akunii mi kalyaladu. The kid is waiting for her mother's return. Sunka Ziro ho chalanii miichi la ano heladone. Sunka was thinking very much of going to Ziro. Talyato la, Post Office noho pe donii kalamasu pe ha? Excuse me, do you know where the Post Office is? 2. See -niin. 3. Adjectivalizer. Gramm: adjective-forming suffix to a verb. Hime khenii. A crying child.

-nii [ni] vsuff. near; nearby. Gramm: directional suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is carried out near or nearby, or directed near or nearby. Ant: -sa. niibo [´nibo] pron. 1. which; which one. Gramm: selective interrogative pronoun. Niibo hii niika tarii. Which is your shirt? A: Inka milobo si hu na? B: Niibo? A: Who is that boy? B: Which one? Niibo yu moka lumyonii hii? Which one is the one reserved by him/her? 2. which; which one.

Gramm: relative pronoun. Yo acho dotoku la, niibo mi diichiku henderlakuma. There are many kinds of meat, I don't know which one to eat.

-niibo [nibo] vsuff. the [do]er; the one who [do]es (specified). Gramm: subject nominalizer to a verb or adjective; creates nouns that denotes a specific actor, agent or attribute of the action/quality identified by the verb or adjective. Also used to construct relative clauses. Giiniibo. The one who carries. Lanchan malo giiniibo ude. A house with a red roof (lit 'a house that bears a red roof').

niibyu n. handloom. Syn: niibyu-tano. niida [´ni´da] pron. when (in the future). Gramm: interrogative pronoun of time, used when the action or event is envisaged in the future. Molu niida akindo? When will they come? Bus niida harne yu ha? When does the bus leave? Niida Itanagar apa hendo? When do you plan coming to Itanagar? See: niido. niido [´nido] pron. when (in the past). Gramm: interrogative pronoun of time, used when the action or event refered to happened in the past. Mo niido ane? When did he/she come? A: Niika ala mi laniibo hu pe? B: Niido? A: Who was that man who shook your hand? B: When? See: niida. niido kii pron. since when. Mo niido kii Ziro ho dudu? How long has he/she been living in Ziro for? (literally 'since when does he/she live in Ziro?' nyampe n. ritual element of sacrificial altars imitating the metal pin that is inserted horizontally to tie a male hair knot (*piidin)

.

nyampo

P-p pa [´pa]

post. 1. purposive case marker. Gramm: postposition following verbs used to mark adverbial subordinate clauses, with the overall meaning of 'for (the purpose of)', 'in order to'. Also occurs as a suffix to pronouns and demonstratives. Kiiran-ranjo pa, prize mi bine. He was given a prize for his hard work. Moka ate ngiipa siti tahe khebiitii His/her elder brother wrote a letter for me. Siika tarii si niipa ke. This shirt is for you. Ngiipa pen soye bazaar hokii riibiilya. Buy one pen for me from the market. Siika blackboard si nii class ho pa? This blackboard is for which class? Siika tarii si hupa? This shirt is for whom? No seminar pa ha adu nii? Do you come to attend the seminar? Ngo lunch pa tiiko biboto. I paid my share of the lunch bill. Momi luriihe, kala-kapasiidu pa. Go and talk to him/her, so that you know each other! 2. dative case marker, marking the recipient of a verb. Ngo siika tarii mi Anya pa riichi. I will buy a shirt for Anya. 3. as, in the manner of. Gramm: postposition marking a noun with the basic sense 'in the manner of'. Tonnge pa. As a group. Ngunu Tanii miilanru aha puye pa giila. We Apatanis shall all have a same thought (lit. 'be as one heart'). Mo miyu pa hemper yapa ayapa da. He is a very handsome young man (lit 'as a person he is a very handsome youth'). 4. by means of (esp. indicating means of travel). Gramm: postpostion following a noun, used for marking the means through which the action indicated by the verb is accomplished. Ngiinyi lenda ponsa pa ude ho aku. We came home by different routes. Mo ngiimi, ngiika lemba hokii tolyiku ho gari pa bagiiku. He/she gave me a lift as I was descending back from my village. Ngo Tanii pa ludu. I speak in Apatani. 5. into; so that something or someone becomes. Gramm: postposition marking a noun into which something or someone is transformed or becomes. Often occurs along with the verb root *lyi (to become), to indicate a change of state. Yasi hii tapin pa lyido. The water became snow.

-pa [pa] suff. 1. adverbializer (-ly). Gramm: suffix attached to adjectives and certain bisyllabic verbs to form manner adverbs and adverbial subordinated clauses. Goropa. Loudly. Ayapa. Well. Kapyopa. Beautifully. Mo niido insu-intopa inribiine? When did he/she start walking? 2. that. Gramm: complementizing suffix marking a clause, most often occuring on verbs of perception. Ngo Zero Point ho linpa hendo. I'm thinking of going to Zero Point. Niida Itanagar apa hendo? When do you plan on coming to Itanagar? -pa la suff. by; with. Gramm: suffix attached to adjectives followed by coordinating conjunction 'la', used to form manner adverbs and adverbial subordinated clauses. Mo gagerpa la taru mi gatubiido la putu chapene. By holding the rope firmly and exerting full effort, he/she managed to climb the hill. Gagerpa la oye chato. Come here at any cost! Inka miyu si bayo-bayopa la putu so chaladiima. That person is fat and therefore may not be able to climb the hill. See: -dopa la/-dupa la. -pa mii vsuff. be about to; be going to. Gramm: inchoative (or imminent action) aspectual suffix combination indicating that the action of the verb is about to happen. Anyo letter mi ripa miido ke. Anyo is about to read the letter. Mi inpa miidoku ha? Is the stranger leaving/going to leave? Ruja alyi ho ngo apin diipa miito. I was about to have my meal when Ruja came. pa part. about; approximately (referring to numbers). Ngiika alyi ho 3:30 pa miine. It was about 3:30 when I came. Syn: hepa. pa [pa] vt-r. 1. to cut, chop or hack something with the blade of a machete or sword; to strike/hit hard with a machete or sword. 2. to kill an animal or a person by striking with a blade, usually in a single blow. pache vt. 1. to cut/strike so as to divide something; to break/split something with a machete or sword. Ape mi pachela lala ngiimi pere bipe. Split the pumpkin and do give me one piece. 2. to clasp or trap something between a split bamboo or wood. In a figurative sense, may also mean 'to catch hold of someone, esp. a debtor'. pache-nanii n. any tool used for gripping or nipping things, such as pincers. pachehe n. half (of something that has been cut/split with a machete or sword). pachuhe n:num. 1. one chick or chicken. 2. old unit of measure used in barter transactions consisting of one small chicken, or the cost equivalent to one small chicken. May be used to describe the amount of rice contained in one *pachuhe yagii as the wage given for hired labour, one day's wage in olden days. Can also denote, by metaphorical extension, the labourer himself. In this case *parohe usually refers to a day's wage for one person, or one hired labourer. Encycl: the Apatani barter system used to start from *puhe (one egg), *punye (two eggs), *pachuhe (one small chicken). Next were *parohe, *puhinnge, *pupe, pu'ngohe, *pukhe, *pukahuhe, *pupinye, *pukoahe and *pulyanhe.

padin n. (Agr.) embankment or retaining wall made from bamboo and wood built along the bank of a stream to preempt soil erosion. padin ditin n. to build a bund/retaining wall along the embankment of a stream. padin-siiko n. confluence; place where two streams or rivers join. Lembo ho parda a'nge, inka lembo padin-siiko ho lachi dalyi bo'nge. Go straight on the road, turn left at the confluence of the two streams. padin vt. to cut/strike with a machete or sword intentionally. pamin n. chicken feed.

pamin vt. to gain a victory in a fight; to defeat/beat an opponent.

pamii vt. to cut up or chop up into very small pieces with a machete or sword; to mince; to reduce to powder. papu n. rice or maize grain that blows when heated dry; popcorn.

papyo See: papei.

par vt-r. to fry, as with oil, grease, etc.

par-See: per-.

par-See: per-.

par vt-r. to crush.

par vt-r. to pierce; to rotate; to pierce by a rotating motion.

par vi-r. to crawl through the thicket.

par vt-r. to make or prepare a fire. Sanii-sanko hokii yamu pardu pa yasan padu. One cuts firewood from trees and plants to make fire. pennge, pennye, pehinnge, penpe, penngohe, penkhe, penkanuhe, penpinye, penkoahe, pelyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 building(s)/ Etym: from *pen, 'to construct; to build'.

Var: pin-. Usage: Hija.

pen-class. stanza of an *ayu song. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for for stanzas of *ayu traditional songs. pennge, pennye, pehinnge, penpe, penngohe, penkhe, penkanuhe, penpinye, penkoahe, pelyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 stanza(s).

pen vt-r. to construct (esp. a house); to build. Var: pin. Usage: Hija.

pen vt-r. to bequeath; to hand down or transfer property, etc. to a legal heir. Var: pin. Usage: Hija.

pen vi-r. to mature.

penchi vt. to achieve or complete something.

pepu [pe´pu]

n. 1. (Bot.) Tall Reed/South Asian Khagra Reed (Phragmites karka). Encycl: a large perennial reed growing mostly in damp, water logged areas, used by the Apatanis to make *tapyo salt and mats for the household. Also used as a medicine to treat fever and cough. 2. mat made of the *pepu plant. Syn: dota-nanii pepu. pepu tabu n. (Zool.) Bedbug (Cimex sp.). per-class. small, grain-like thing. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for relatively small and round objects such as beads, seeds, small pebbles, particles of soil, etc. pere, penye, perhinnge, perpe, perngohe, perkhe, perkanuhe, perpinye, perkoahe, perlyanhe num. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 small and roundish object(s), plot(s) of land, etc. Usage: Hari, Hija. Var: pyar-. Usage: Bulla. Etym: from *aper, 'small-sized spherical object'.

per-

class. plot of land. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for plots of land. pere, pernye, perhinnge, perpe, perngohe, perkhe, perkanuhe, perpinye, perkoahe, perlyan n:num. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 plot(s) of land. Var: par-; pyar-. per vt-r. to fold. Usage: Hija. Var: pyar. Usage: Bulla. Pulye mi pyarto. Fold the cloth! perba vt. to fold a piece of paper, tissue or cloth so that the two sides overlap. Usage: Hija. Syn: berpo.

pere n. bamboo mat used for sun-drying things (such as maize).

pere n:num. (of relatively small and roundish objects/plots of land) one. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *perkun is used instead. Usage: Hari, Hija. Ape mi pachela lala ngiimi pere bipe. Split the pumpkin and do give me one piece. Var: pyare. Usage: Bulla. -pinye [piɲe] num-r. eight. Gramm: numeral root used for combining with classifiers to indicate eight specimens of a particular collection of objects. Subu dorpinye. Eight mithuns.

-pinyi [piɲi] pii vt-r. to sweep; to brush off; to brush away.

pii vi-r. to float, as on water.

pii vt-r. to collect something with the palms of the hands, esp. rice or millet. Embin go'nge piito pe! Pick a handful of paddy for me! pii See: pu.

-pii vsuff. breadthwise. Gramm: directional suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is directed or exerted from the sides of something.

-pii See: -pi.

piibi vt. to sweep on behalf of someone/for someone.

piibi vt. to collect something with the palms on someone's behalf/for someone. piimii-piije n. alternate name for the sixth lunar month of the year, roughly corresponding to June-July. Nowadays sometimes used to refer to the month of June, or July. See: piilo. piinan n. (Agr.) rice husk; chaff. Encycl: paddy husks are spread over the field after the harvest, to serve as organic fertilizer. piinan byakan n. ground located beneath the semi-enclosed area of the front veranda (*byachi/*byaran) where rice husks are deposited after grinding of rice grain in the mortar (*yaper). po part. yes/no question marker. Gramm: polar question marker occuring at the end of a clause or a sentence, immediately after the main verb. Either marking the information as something that the speaker is aware of, or indicating his/her surprise. Tapu school inne po? Ngo momi inlya hiito niin. Tapu has gone to school, hasn't he? I told him not to go [here the speaker is aware that Tapu has gone to school. Note the difference: 'Tapu school inne ha? Has Tapu gone to school?' Here the speaker is not aware whether -po vsuff. out. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is brought out as a result of the action indicated by the verb. Mo inpone. He/She went out.

-po vsuff. from the middle. Gramm: directional suffix indicating that the action of the verb is carried out from the middle of a length, space, time span, or midway through a process.

-po vsuff. cut. Gramm: result suffix indicating that someone cuts oneself as a result of the action denoted by the verb. Siilo ngo bije gomurte ke, ngiika ali mi bije pipobiine. Today was not a good day as a bamboo cut/pierced my leg while I was putting up a fence. poi n. waste product of locally made beer, the residue of fermented rice or millet that remains in the filter after filtration. Encycl: generally prepared during the month of *Myoko, beer left over is allowed to ferment, then used for cooking a dish known as *poi pike. Also used as organic fertiliser in paddy fields. See: ipo. poi pike n. *pike prepared with the fermented leftover of rice/millet beer. poi 1. n. cuddle. 2. adj. cuddlesome; cuddly (inviting cuddling). poi-poso vt. to caress. poju vi. to crouch. Usage: Bulla. See. chogin.

pokun n:num. (of cylindrical object, yarns or thread, task to be performed) one. Gramm: when enumerating only, i.e. counting without reference to a particular object. Otherwise *pohe/*poye is used instead.

pokhe n. beer that has become diluted after repeated pouring of water through fermented rice or millet mixture. pokhii adj. (of a person) stooping; having a bent posture.

polan n. (Bot.) variety of herbaceous plant found in meadows with straight, blade-like thin and long leaves which cattle graze; by extension, may describe a grazing land. Encycl: the straws of this plant were used to thatch roofs in olden days. Tanii ganda polan, Misan ganda Tapi. Lands where the *polan grass grows belong to the Apatanis, lands where the *tapi grass grows belong to the Nyishis and Miris. [Apatani saying]. See: tapo. pole adj. exaggerated. Moka apin honiin si polehaja hodo ke. His/her party is too lavish. polepa adv. exaggerately. polepa lu vca. to exaggerate. Syn: polepa adu. Polepa aduyo no. Don't overstate! poli n. seeds. See: kormo. poli-poli adv. rapidly; one after the other. Usage: used to denote a quick growth or appearance in a group, as paddy sprouting in nursery can be said to be growing *poli-poli after some days, i.e. rapidly. polin vi. 1. to jump out. 2. to bud, as of a plant; to sprout from the ground. 3. to protrude, as of a roof. pon-class. classifier for villages. ponnge, ponnye, pohinnge, ponpe, ponngohe, ponkhe, ponkanuhe, ponpinye, ponkoahe, polyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 village(s). Ziro ho Tanii lemba ayu hokii ponkanuhe do. -pu vsuff. by mistake. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject acts mistakenly, unknowingly or inadvertently in bringing about the action indicated by the verb. Syn: -pu...-pu.

-pu vsuff. alike to; similar to. Gramm: predicate suffix usually attached to a verb of perception, indicating that two objects are similar as perceived through the action indicated by the verb. Kadi la kako ho, nyachu ami nyi kapusiido. Their lips and eyes are similar if you watch them closely.

-pu vsuff. cover. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is covered as a result of the action denoted by the verb. Kepu. To cover with a cloth/to drape over the body.

pua See: puha. pucha vt. to build up; to erect; to raise (e.g. a platform). See: bacha.

pubi vt. 1. to make, build or construct something on someone's else behalf/for someone.

pubin vt. (of a plural subject) to make/build/construct jointly.

puchun n. small hill; hillock; mound in the earth. ) Jungle Crow (Corvus macrorhynchos). Syn: piiha . 2. variety of colour pattern for male and female mithuns. Denotes animals having an overall white body colour with a large black patch on the back which, seen from a distance, looks as if a crow was perched on the back of the mithun.

puhan n. traditional unit of measure used in economic transactions. Consists of one *chiri, or one white shawl with broad multi-coloured border (possibly *pyamin pulye), or one small pig, or three *puhe yagii of unhusked rice. puhinnge [puhiŋe] n:num. 1. (of round or cylindrical medium-sized objects) three. 2. n:num. old unit of measure used in barter transactions, consisting of three *puhe yagii of unhusked rice, or the cost equivalent to three *puhe yagii. Also denotes the amount of rice contained in three *puhe yagii as the wage given for hired labour, or sometimes, by metaphorical extension, the labourer himself. pujin vt. to stretch; to pull out to greater size. Syn: tiijin. pukanuhe [pukanuhe] n:num. 1. (of round or cylindrical medium-sized objects) seven. 2. old unit of measure used in barter transactions, consisting of seven *puhe yagii of unhusked rice, or the cost equivalent to seven *puhe yagii. In olden days it could be one Assamese silk cloth, or one large pig. Also denotes the amount of rice contained in seven *puhe yagii as the wage given for hired labour, or sometimes, by metaphorical extension, the labourer himself. pukoahe [pukoahe] n:num. 1. (of round or cylindrical medium-sized objects) eight. 2. old unit of measure used in barter transactions, consisting of nine *puhe yagii of unhusked rice, or the cost equivalent to nine *puhe yagii. In olden days it could be one large Tibetan sword (*chiri). Also denotes the amount of rice contained in nine *puhe yagii as the wage given for hired labour, or sometimes, by metaphorical extension, the labourer himself.

pukun [pu´kũ] n:num. one (spherical or cylindrical medium-sized object such as fruit, egg, etc.). Gramm: used when enumerating only, i.e. counting without reference to a particular object. Otherwise *puhe/*puye is used instead. See: pu. pukun-honii n. close relative of the giver of a *murun who assists him economically in supplying food and drink for the participants. pukhe [puxe] n:num. 1. (of round or cylindrical medium-sized objects) six. 2. old unit of measure used in barter transactions, consisting of six *puhe yagii of unhusked rice, or the cost equivalent to six *puhe yagii. In olden days it could be one long Assamese dao, or one big male goat, or one pig of the size of a dog. Also denotes the amount of rice contained in six *puhe yagii as the wage given for hired labour, or sometimes, by metaphorical extension, the labourer himself. pulin vt. to manufacture; to produce. pulin [pu:´li] vi. (of a flower) to open; to bloom; to flower; to blossom. Apu pulindo. The flower is blooming. Takun apu, piita apu, sembo apu, papi apu, bagan rinyo pulinlyi ho ngunu Ziro hii ano kapyoja. Our Ziro is beautiful when flowers of peach-trees, pear-trees, cherry trees, orchids and primulas are blooming. pulu adj. 1. white. 2. fair (human skin complexion, animal fur). Ngiika aki kapaniin hii pulumane. The dog whom I saw was not white. puluja adj. 1. whitest. 2. fairest (complexion fur). puluya adj. 1. whiter (colour). Niihii puluyado? Which is whiter? 2. fairer, fairest (complexion, fur). Subu puluja mi kapado. The fairest mithun is visible. pulu tata adj. whiter, pure white. pulu vt. to cover something. pulyan n. moutain peak. Putu chalyi ho, pulyan chapekendo. While climbing a mountain, one shall reach the peak. Putu chaniin mi pulyan chapeto. Climb the mountain till the peak is reached! pulyanhe [puljãhe] n:num. 1. (of round or cylindrical medium-sized objects) ten. 2. old unit of measure used in barter transactions, consisting of ten *puhe yagii of unhusked rice, or the cost equivalent to ten *puhe yagii. In olden days it could be one new large Tibetan sword (*chiri). Also denotes the amount of rice contained in ten *puhe yagii as the wage given for hired labour, or sometimes, by metaphorical extension, the labourer himself.

pulye n. 1. shawl. 2. cloth (in general). pulye papo n. horizontal bamboo pole suspended along the walls for putting clothes, towels, etc. Syn: papo. jilan pulye n. variety of fringed shawl with intricated motifs, the most expensive piece of the ceremonial priestly attire

. lyapu pulye n. ordinary shawl or cloth of olden days. misan pulye n. variety of shawl. Var: mishan pulye. pyamin pulye n. fringe cotton shawl worn by both males and females on ritual or important occasions. Encycl: this cloth is traditionally given to the new groom during the engagement ceremony (*mabo-inchi). Usually worn by males, but both sexes can wear it. Syn: tiipya pulye. Usage: Hija. pulyi vt. to strip or peel off, as or like skin; to remove skin/cover from.

pun-class. cluster; bunch. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for clusters or bunches, e.g. bunches of keys. punnge, punye, puhinnge, punpe, punngohe, punkhe, punkanuhe, punpinye, punkoahe, pulyanhe num. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 bunch(es). Etym: from *apun, 'cluster, bunch'. Var: pyun. Usage: Bulla. punde vi. to bulge; to swell, as of a balloon. pune pron. (of round or cylindrical medium-sized objects) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun.

pu'ngohe n:num. 1. (of round or cylindrical medium-sized objects) five. 2. old unit of measure used in barter transactions, consisting of five *puhe yagii of unhusked rice, or the cost equivalent to five *puhe yagii. In olden days it could be one normal size indigo and orange shawl, or three bazaar cloths. Also denotes the amount of rice contained in five *puhe yagii as the wage given for hired labour, or sometimes, by metaphorical extension, the labourer himself. punii 1. n. one who creates/builds/manufactures; creator/manufacturer (unspecified) 2. adj. (in a nominal phrase) created/built/manufactured. 3. n. created thing; creature. Var: piinii. puniin n. packing of food with some leaf. nyibu puniin n. literally 'packing of priest [food] in leaf'. Last ritual performed by the priest at the end of a *murun in the house of the performer, after which the priest and his assistants are served with meals and offered with pieces of meat and some ritualistic artefacts (nowadays some cash). puniin n. creation; building; manufacture. Var: piiniin. punko [puŋ´ko:] n. middle; intermediate position. Var: penko [peŋko]. punko ho post. between. Sanii anyi ka punko ho. Between (the) two trees. Syn: penko. punko lu vcn. 1. to interfere in a conversation or speech; to meddle. 2. to verbally intervene between two or more disputants in order to bring about an agreement or a compromise; to mediate. punkun n:num. one cluster or bunch. Gramm: by enumerating only, i.e. counting without reference to any particular object, as in school. Var: pyunkun. Usage: Bulla. punnyo adj. (of a cluster, bunch, etc.) small. Var: pyunnyo. punnge n:num. one cluster or bunch. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *punkun is used instead. Sabe punnge. One bunch of keys. Var: pyunnge. Usage: Bulla. punsa n:qual. (of two or more clusters or bunches) 1. distinct; different. 2. one cluster/bunch for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from*apun, 'group; cluster; bunch'. Var: pyunsa. Usage: Bulla. puntu adj. (of surface, etc.) raised.

punya n. variety of body colour pattern for mithun cows. Describes an animal of overall white coat. See: tapu; punya. punyan n. javelin, made of the same, well seasoned tree species as the spear (*adan/iidan). Formerly used for attacking enemies who were within well protected walls or in bunkers. pupe n:num. 1. (of round or cylindrical medium-sized objects) four. 2. n:num. old unit of measure used in barter transactions, consisting of four *puhe yagii of unhusked rice, or the cost equivalent to four *puhe yagii. In olden days it could be one small blue and red cloth, or three bazaar cloths. Also denotes the amount of rice contained in four *puhe yagii as the wage given for hired labour, or sometimes, by metaphorical extension, the labourer himself.

pupinye n:num. 1. (of round or cylindrical medium-sized objects) eight. 2. old unit of measure used in barter transactions, consisting of eight *puhe yagii of unhusked rice, or the cost equivalent to eight *puhe yagii. In olden days it could be one small Tibetan sword (*chiri). Also denotes the amount of rice contained in eight *puhe yagii as the wage given for hired labour, or sometimes, by metaphorical extension, the labourer himself.

pupyo adj. pyo vt-r. to seize with the tongs. Yamu miiri mi pyodu la pyobyasiitii. I got burnt while seizing live embers with the tongs. pyo vt-r. to clean someone's teeth, with reference to toothbrushing. Syn: pyosu. pyo vt-r. to detach/remove a chip of wood.

-pyo [´pjo:] vsuff. first. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject performs the action of the verb before anyone else does. Tamo, Pussang mi apyokiinento. No agoyo. Tamo, let Pussang come first. Don't come before him! -pyo [pjo] vsuff. 1. easily; with pleasure. 2. easy to [do]; pleasant to [do]. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject carries out the action denoted by the verb in an easy or pleasant manner. Also derives an adjective indicating that the action denoted by the verb is easy or pleasant to perform.

-pyo vsuff. as a refreshment. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject performs the action identified by the verb to refresh oneself. Syn:-pyo...-so.

R-r

ra [ra] vt-r. to bind or tie, esp. bundles of firewood or things of relatively large size; to tie someone or something up. Syn: ra. Syn: ara.

ra-[ra] class. bundle of firewood. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for counting bundles of firewood. rahe/raye, ranye, rahinnge, rape, ra'ngohe, rakhe, rakanuhe, rapinye, rakoahe, ralyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 bundle(s) of firewood. ra-class. 1. cane haversack. 2. basket for carrying firewood. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for counting cane haversacks or baskets used by males for carrying firewood. rahe/raye, ranye, rahinnge, rape, ra'ngohe, rakhe, rakanuhe, rapinye, rakoahe, ralyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 racksak(s)/basket(s). Etym: from *lera, 'cane haversack' , and *yara, 'basket for carrying firewood'.

-ra vsuff. empty. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is emptied as a result of the action denoted by the verb. rabe vi. to wiggle/squirm in the mud. Syn: rabe-ralyi. rabi vt. to tie someone or something on someone else's behalf/for someone. rabin vt. (of a plural subject) to tie someone or something jointly or collectively. rabo vt. 1. to tie something along with others. 2. to help somone tie something.

rabu n. hole in the soil; hollow or hollowed-out place; cavity. Sanii rabu ura ho tabu do. There is a snake inside the tree hole. Syn: ubu-rabu. ralin n. palpable mass of tissue inside skin or body which may be due to pathological condition, or swelling resulted from such a mass of tissue. ralin-rachin n. any growth of body tissue of somewhat rounding shape. ralyan vt. to bind in order to rectify/repair/renew something, as is done with altars before performing rituals. Gyunyan tiigo mi ralyanma koda, miyu sanko nyima. Without the performance of rituals there would be no place for humans to live. |Apatani saying]. ralyupyala adj. (of a person) absent-minded. Aji ho hime atan si ralyupyala solya la da. Kids are playing absent-mindedly in the paddy field (i.e. instead of helping). See: epun-taru. ramba adj. (of yellow, orange or brownish colours) dark. Siika pila si pilan ramba. This *pila is dark brown (lit. very brown). See: koman.

-rami vsuff. 1. still [do]ing. Gramm: continuative aspectual suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is still unfolding. Usually occurs following aspectual suffix -*do or *-du, or copulas *da, *do, *du. Yama biiro kii aji miido-rami. Yama had been cultivating the field since the last morning. Student atan hii siiro ka purinii siisi lyiye puri ridorami. The students have been studying from this morning and are still doing so. Ngiika alyi ho Anyo apin diiladorami. Anyo was still eating food while I arrived. 2. still [be]ing. Ngo anyan-nyanlyanhe Delhi ho date la ude abiihankiile, ngunuka aki hii darami. I found my dog still alive when I returned home after having spent ten years in Delhi. Usage: Bulla. Syn: -ran.

-rampa [rãpa] vsuff. while; as; during. Gramm: temporal subordinating suffix combination indicating that the marked action/event occurs at the same time as another action/event indicated by verb of the following clause. Ngo aladorampa, bus harnubiine. The bus went off before I arrived. (literally 'as I was on the way'). Ant: -marampa.

ran vt-r. to tether; to tie cow, etc. Dula lo aki randu. One ties dogs with ropes.

-ran [rã] vsuff. still [do]ing. Gramm: continuative aspectual suffix combination indicating that the marked event, which began at an earlier time, is still unfolding. Usually occurs in final position in a predicate suffix chain, most often following aspectual suffixes -*do or *-du, or copulas *da, *do, *du. Ngo apin diiduran. I'm still eating food. Ngo siisi lopa vacation doran. So far I am still on vacation. Mo luladoran. He is still speaking. Ngo siisida ude ho adukuran. I have just come back home. Ngo Delhi ho daran. I'm still in Delhi. No rengii siidudo, hojalo yasan khonyehe tatoran. You must be raye adj. 1. serious. 2. (of a person) stubborn.

re vt-r. to scrape from a surface. re vt-r. to cross, as a river.

-re vsuff. broken. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is broken, or comes apart, as a result of the action identified by the verb. rekha v. to bruise; to injure body tissue, as by blow, without breaking the skin but causing a bruise. rekha vt. to scrape something off (of one's skin, e.g.).

rengii [´re´ŋi] adj. tired; worn out; fatigued. No rengii siidudo, hojalo ngiimi bazar linkun pe. You must be feeling tired, still please accompany me to the market. Var: renge; renge pehe. Usage: Bulla. Sipun ngo ano rengela dato. These days I have been feeling really tired. kalya rengii adj. feeling tired of waiting for something; impatient. reniin n. scraping; shaving; rubbing. resu vt. to shave, as one's face with a razor. gomu resu vcn. to shave one's face. ri n. drool; saliva dripping or running from the mouth. ri [ri] vt-r. to throw (stones, etc.). See: chi. ri vt-r. to read; to study. Jalyang letter mi ripa miido ke. Jalyang is about to read the letter. Syn: puri-ri. ri [ri:] vt-r. to draw a line, as on the ground or some large surface. Tama asii pa rido. Tama is drawing a line. ritu vt. to stitch for the first time.

rii-[ri] class. bundle of bamboo. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for counting bundles of bamboos, or bundles of small pieces of wood. riihe/riiye, riinye, riihinnge, riipe, rii'ngohe, riikhe, riikanuhe, riipinye, riikoahe, riilyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 bundle(s) of bamboo.

rii [ri] vt-r. to bind, esp. bundles of bamboo. Syn: arii.

rii [´ri] vt-r. to buy; to purchase. Anyo dukan hokii books riida. Anyo is purchasing some books from the shop.

rii [ri] vt-r. 1. to mince; to cut. 2. to grind (esp. millet); to reduce to powder by pounding. Ane mirii riido. Mummy is pounding the millet (by using a stone mortar).

rii [ri] vt-r. to cut, esp. longer leaves of fully grown millet plants at the time of their transfer from nursery to fields.

rii [ri:

] vi-r. (by birds) to perch. Paro atan si riibii ho riida. Fowls are perching on the veranda railings.

rii vi-r. (by water) to stagnate. Ngiiyi siiper si yasi kacho riilado. Dirty water stagnates in the fish pond.

-rii vsuff. face to face. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is carried out by two or more subjects facing each other, as when talking, playing or working together.

-rii vsuff. meet. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the subject meets the object as a result of the action denoted by the verb. Obing mi lenda ho inriiheku. Go and meet Obing on the way! riibe n:qual. full of (something). Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Syn: rudu.

riibi vt. to buy something on someone else's behalf/for someone. Akha ludo mo ami riibitalyi la.

Akha said he will buy (me/him/her/them) a cat. Siika mobile si mi ngiika aba riibi. My father bought this mobile for me.

riibin n. area of jungle or bush that has been cleaned for jhum cultivation. riibin panii n. destruction of jhum cultivation (e.g. as an offense against customary law).

riibii n. railings on a house open platform .

riiboda [riboda] adv. three days hence. riiboda aro adv. three days hence morning. riiboda alyin adv. three days hence evening. riiboda ayo adv. three days hence night.

riichako n. house of one of the *bulyan members which serves as a ritual place during the first day of Myoko. See: riiloko.

riigan n. rim, as of an utensil; brim; edge.

riigin n. element of a *giirii trap, the part where the animal is caught as in a vise.

riigii raga adj. lean and thin.

riigo n. plaited cane loops fixed on the horns of an ox to tie it before sacrifice. sii riigo n. cane loops for tiying cows. subu riigo n. cane loops for tiying mithuns.

riiha n. string of a *giirii trap. riiko n. (Bot.) Sweet Tea Vine (Gynostemma pentaphyllum), a hardy perennial creeper bearing palmate leaves and small, deep green fruits that are marked with white lines. Encycl: the dried stem, having a bitter taste, is used as a delicacy and also as a medicine after being reduced into powder. Can be used to treat gastric problems if taken on an empty stomach. Mixed with *tapyo and Sichuan pepper seeds (*yorkhan), it is used as a tonic beverage and a remedy for throat irritation .

riikhiida adv. four days hence.

riilan adj. (esp. of babies) heavy. Anyo hime ho ano riilanne. Anyo weighed a lot (i.e. was very healthy) during her childhood.

riili adj. unsteady. riili-riili adv. unsteadily. Mo riili-riili da. He/she is standing unsteadily.

riilo vt. to pour something through a hole or an outlet. Siika ubu si yasi riiloko ke. This hole is for pouring water. The teacher snatched Tatung's paper while he was still writing. Aki hii yo robiine. The dog took the meat away.

riiloko
ro vt-r. to spy; to follow someone discreetly; to look at someone or something discreetly.

-ro vsuff. enlarged. Gramm: result suffix indicating that an object or space is enlarged, expanded or loosened as a result of the action indicated by the verb.

- ru vt-r. to shed leaves, as of a plant.

ru vt-r. 1. to chase. Bilo anyan ho, miyu ka alo mi miikhii-siilyi ho, lemba daka yapa atan hii puha ka asi mi rute-nyatii. In olden days, when a person fractured a bone, the village youngsters used to chase a crow's nest. 2. to lurk; to ambush; to wait in ambush. Taki patii mi mendu pa la rulyaladu.

Taki is lurking the tiger to kill him.

ru vt-r. 1. to stalk someone. 2. to conspire.

- san vt-r. to push/stuff something in.

-san vsuff. partially. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject carries out the action indicated by the verb partially, i.e. in such a way that it favours one persons, faction, etc.

sana v. to breathe rapidly and heavily, as from running fast; to pant; to gasp; to be breathless. Encycl: the Apatanis traditionally believe that hollowed tree trunks are the abode of spirits, and as such should not be disturbed nor cut down. Sangonii taser. Cane having a hollowed stem.

sango tape n. fastener for necklaces made of a flat, round or square chank shell button, usually worn on the nape of the neck .

sanii [´sa:ni:] n. tree. Siika apu si nii sanii hoka gii nii? To which tree/plant species does this flower belong to? sanii aha-abya n. tree branch. Syn: sanii aha. sanii ingyin n. (Bot.) manioc (Manihot esculenta). Syn: sanii alu. From : Tanii 'sanii' (tree) and Hindi 'alu' (potato). saniisanko ['sa:ni ´sãko] n. forested areas. sanii taro n. (Bot.) Woody Vine (Actinidia sp.), commonly known as Kiwi tree plant. sanii tero n. (Bot.) Sichuan Pepper (Zanthoxylum sp. possibly Z. rhetsa), a small tree species whose tiny fruits are commonly eaten as spice. Encycl: the Apatanis use the outer pod of the immature green fruits, which are very similar to *yorkhan fruits but have a smooth skin. Etym. literally "tree pepper". sati n. 1. resin of pine wood. 2. pine wood containing resin, or from which resin is oozing. By extension, torch made of a stick or a bundle of pine wood on which pine resin is applied. Encycl: believed to have some medicinal value for toothache and boneache; also used as an ointment for massaging. sembi n. leaf that has partially withered, e.g. after being plucked from a tree.

semo [´se´mo]

n. (Bot.) 1. variety of wild cherry. 2. variety of wild cherry tree. Encycl: growing in open forests between 1600 and 1800 m and planted outside the village in bamboo groves. Makes a valuable firewood as it produces a lot of charcoal. Also cultivated for its fruits. The Apatanis use them also for making fences to enclose their fields. Var: sembo. Usage: Hari, Hija .

sen vi-r. 1. to grow skinny, as of an animal. 2. to shrivel up or become dry, as of a plant.

senji See: senyi.

seniin n. pulling out, esp. things of relatively small size. sepii vt. to pull something breadthwise or from the sides.

sepo n. thin long cut caused by some sharp edge scratching over a body tissue.

-ser [s r] ə vsuff. strangled. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something becomes strangled as a result of the action denoted by the verb. Hoser. To strangle with a rope. Paser. To strangle someone. setu vt. to stop something by an act of pulling or dragging.

sha See: sa. sha chiri n. variety of highly prized Tibetan sword (*chiri). Etym: from *shado, 'male lover'. See: pinji; hulu. shado n. boyfriend; male lover; boy or man who can be a prospective boyfriend or lover. See: yapa. Usage: *shado (for males) and *mundo (for females) are used in poetic expression only. In conversational language, *miha stands for boy friend or male lover, *nyimun for girl friend or female lover. Var: sado. See: mundo; miha. shor vt-r. to complain. Mo sarkar shordo. He/she complains to the Government. kam shor vt. to look/appeal for a job or work.

shor vr. to hang vertically.

shor vr. 1. to lie down. 2. to measure horizontally. shu vt-r. 1. to rear an animal; to breed and raise an animal. 2. to rear a child; to take care of a child.

shu n. spring. shuhu adv. continuously, as of something that is flowing or being generated. Sukun daka yasi si shuhu hulin-hukando.The well water is continuously filled up (by some spring).

shuhun n. hanging bridge. si [si:] 1. n. urine. 2. vi-r. to urinate. si sita n. urinal; place/area for urinating. si [si:] n. spring used as a source of drinking water by humans or animals. si [si] 1. dem. the, this. Gramm: simple proximate demonstrative used to refer to an object or person close to the speaker. Occurs immediately after the marked noun. Piita si pado. The bird is pecking. Sika ude si ngiikii. This house is mine. Police si public kokii kamo laga-lale lalado. The police takes excessive bribes from the public. 2. pron. this. Gramm: speaker-proximate demonstrative pronoun. Si piita dore. This is a bird. Si ngiika ude. This is my house. See: sika. 3. adv. here (close to the speaker, to denote an action that is taking place at the time of speaking or writing). Syn: siikasi. atan si dem. these. Gramm: speaker-proximate plural demonstrative. Occurs immediately after the marked noun. si ta pron. loc. this one also. si ya pron. loc. rather this one.

si vt-r. to sing. Biisi sito! Sing a song! Syn: biisi si.

-si [si] vsuff. take one's turn. Gramm: suffix indicating that the subject takes one's turn to carry out the action indicated by the verb. No diisito. You eat now/next (i.e. as it is your turn now/next).

-si [si] vsuff. secret; hidden. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is carried out in a secret or hidden way, concealed from sight or notice. Syn: -si...-si. Hensi-hensi. To keep one's thought to oneself, without letting others know about it.

-si vsuff. join. Gramm: result suffix indicating that two things are joined as a result of the action denoted by the verb. Syn: -si...-me.

-si...-ha vsuff. difficult/hard/unpleasant to [do]. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject carries out the action denoted by the verb in an uneasy or unpleasant manner. Also derives an adjective with the basic meaning 'uneasy to', 'unpleasant to'. Ant: -pyo.

-si...-me vsuff. join. Gramm: result suffix indicating that two things are joined as a result of the action denoted by the verb. Syn: -si.

-si...-si vsuff. one after the other. Gramm: temporal suffix indicating that the action identified by the verb occurs over a period of time through the repetition of similar events in regular succession. Molu asi-asido. They are coming one after the other. sii ikha [´si i´xa] n. cow dung. sii lutii n. grazing ground for cows. sii-subu n. cattle. sii-subu bonii n. name/title given to the groom's elderly clansmen who take the groom's mithun to the bride's father during *ari paniin ceremony. Syn: subu bonii. sii talan adj. unidentified color, possibly brown/orange for coloured cows. sii yo n. beef. See: siibo; siinii. sii [si] cop. to be. Gramm: perfective and imperfective copula, roughly equivalent to the verb 'to be'. Links two noun phrases, or a noun phrase and a noun, or a noun and a nominalized clause. Can be followed by temporal suffixes and a few other verb suffixes. A: Naku, Nanya nyi ajin sii ha? B: IIn, mo anyi ajin siidu. A: Are Naku and Nanya friends? Yes, I think so. Nanya niinyi ajin sii nyan an? Are you and Nanya friends? Taki sii kebiinenii. It was Taki who wrote it. Hiila sii koda. If it is so. Siika si piigo anii sii ha? Will it be useful?

sii [si] vi-r. to die. sii [si:] vt-r. to scratch.
sii vt-r. to unroot (a plant or tree).

sii vt-r. to seize with one or two hands; to grasp; to catch hold of. Tara mi siitubiilyato. I kept holding Tara (by holding his clothes). sii vr. to dry.

-sii [si] vsuff. plural. Gramm: verb suffix used to indicate that the action denoted by the verb is performed jointly by several subjects. Occurs before the negation, tense and continuous form markers. Taki Tallo nyi school inbasiido. Taki and Tallo are going to school together. Apa Tapu nyi abasiimane. Apa and Tapu did not come together. Simi nunu chinsiidu ha? Do you know this? Kadi la kako ho, nyachu ami nyi kapusiido. Their lips and eyes are similar if you watch them closely. Talo Rambo nyi yasan gobasiilado. Talo and Rambo are lifting firewood together. Syn: -siinya.

-sii [si] vsuff. thing that can be [do]ne, or has to be [do]ne. Gramm: nominalizer, derives a noun indicating a thing that can or should be done through the action denoted by the verb. Diisii. Eatable. Hangii diisii nyima sii ha? Do you have something to eat? Miisii. Task/work.

-sii vsuff. although; even (though); even if; despite (that). Gramm: concessive subordinating suffix used to link two contrasting statements, or potentially contrastive statements. Often occurs in combination with suffixes *-jalo or *-jalopa. No rengii siidudo, hojalo yasan khonye-he tatoran. You must be feeling tired, still cut/split some more firewood! See: -siijalo; -siijalopa.

-sii adjsuff. Gramm: suffix added to adjectives and existential verbs, indicating that the speaker is not sure whether the property/quality/state denoted by the adjective is the case, but assumes or presumes it may be so. Often occurs along with particle *lo. Yasi dariisiido ha hiila uye kakato. Go and see if the water is clean! No ayasiido lo? Are you fine? Molu ayasiidu lo. I hope they are fine. Mo kedo byo lo ayasii lo. It's good if (at least) he is writing. Unka Delhi ine koda ayasii lo. If Unka went to Delhi then it's alright. [Note the difference: Unka Delhi inne, ano ayado. Unka went to Delhi, that's good.]. Molumi lama-kiilin bijalopa ayasii lo. It doesn't matter even if we gave a little to them. Niiriipaye diigo dosiido cho. (I guess that) there is adequate food available. -siijalo vsuff. although; even (though); even if; despite (that). Gramm: concessive subordinating suffix combination used to link two contrasting statements, or potentially contrastive statements. Ngo luposiijalopa, mo takinma. Even if I tell him, he won't listen. Syn: -siijalopa. See: -sii. siijer-siiniin n. self-murder; suicide. Var: shiijer-shiiniin. siika [sika] dem. this. Gramm: simple proximate demonstrative, genitive case, used to refer to an object or person close to both the speaker and the addressee. Immediately precedes the marked noun. Siika pen mi ngiimi bipe. Please give this pen to me. Siika ball mi ngiimi lato pe. Take this ball for me! Var: sika. siika anyi dem. 1. these two (used for both people and things). 2. pron. they two (used for both people and things). Ngo siika anyi agin ho inbolakinma. I can't go along with them. Niihii pe siika anyi ka room? Which is their room? siika anyi si pron. these two. siika atan dem. these (used for two or more people or things). siika atan si pron. these (used for two or more people or things). siika ... si. dem. this (close to both the speaker and the addressee). Siika ude si ngiikii. This house is mine. siika si 1. pron. this; this one. Siika si ude. This is a house. Siika si piigo anii sii ha? Will it be useful? 2. adv. here (close to the speaker, denoting an action that is taking place at the time of speaking or writing). Var: siikii si. siika ...so 1. in this (locative case, contracted form of 'si ho'). Siika window so oye nyangato. Stick your head out of the window! 2. adv. here (near the speaker, denoting an action taking place in past or future). Syn: so; siikii so. siikane pron. this much. Gramm: indefinite pronoun of quantity (as size, amount, etc.). -siima vsuff. are not. Gramm: aspectual suffix combination indicating, of a plural subject, that an action or event is not realized or that a quality/property is not the case. Molu ayasiima. They are not keeping in good terms with each other.

-siimane vsuff. you (pl.)/they did no [do]. Gramm: perfective aspectual suffix combination indicating, of a plural subject, that an event was not completed in a non proximal past; second and third persons. Tallo Tapu nyi abasiimane. Tallo and Tapu did not come together. so-[so] class. long, thin, often potentially flexible objects or living things. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for counting 1. long, slender objects such as ropes, hair, threads, long thin rods (iron rods, cane rods), wires, bamboo strips, pens, pencils, etc. 2. snakes and other crawling animals, fishes. soye/soe, sonye, sohinnge, sope, so'ngohe, sokhe, sokanuhe, sopinye, sokoahe, solyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 long, thin objects/animate beings. Etym: from *yaso, 'cane/cane rope'. so [so] 1. dem. at this; in this; on this. Gramm: speaker proximate demonstrative, locative case. Mobile so Anyo ka number mi oye telinto pe. Please dial Anyo's number for me on this mobile phone. Balu so, yalan acho-acho do. This garden is full of stones [lit. 'in this garden there are plenty of stones']. 2. adv. here (something or somewhere near to the speaker). Ngo so kiiran adu. I often come here. Diipyonii atan so linto ! Those who have taken their meal, come here! Syn: siika so.

so [so]

post. 1. in; at. Gramm: locative case marker marking time nouns or nouns/clauses referring to a particular period of time, indicating a moment envisaged as a span or duration rather than a point, within which an event takes place. Miyu santun so. In the generation of men. 2. when. Gramm: temporal subordinator marking a subordinate clause as a time within which an event takes place. Bilo, gari-paji ka abudomaran so, miyu atan ka abudu linmaran so, ngunu Ziro si ano kapyoyatii. In the past, when vehicles weren't many and people were less numerous, our Ziro place was very beautiful. Ngiika imimaran so ngo miigo mi iche miilyatalyi. Before I sleep I will do a little work. Ngunuka diinan-tanannii, yasi-yamu pa sali-sapa mi pako so ngunuka Ziro si alo-lolinlyi karmyanja mi ano karuyalado. When we cut forests for basic necessities or for food, day after day we're making our Ziro place become more ugly. so vt-r. 1. to play; to spend the time leisurely. 2. to joke; to crack jokes. 3. to celebrate. Milo piilo ho Dree sodu. In July one celebrates Dree. 4. to flirt; to have an affair with someone. Mo nyimun sone. He had an affair with a girl. solan n. (Zool.) Asian Golden Cat, Temminck's golden cat (Catopuma Temmincki). Encycl: a mainly nocturnal wild cat whose diet consists chiefly of rodents, birds, reptiles as well as small ungulates such as goral and barking deer. In India, only Arunachal Pradesh and parts of Assam have golden cat habitats .

soli n. part of the hind leg of a slaughtered mithun running from the lower part of the thigh just above the knee down to the hoof, viewed as a sacrificial share. Encycl: the eldest married woman of the sponsor's *uru (by birth) is normally entitled to receive this share. somin-ngarmin vi. to entertain oneself; to recreate; to play; to have fun.

son vi-r. to move through, or along a rope or some horizontal pole; to move up and down on a pole or a rope, especially by using the hands and feet.

sone pron. (of long, thin objects/living things) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used for a countable number of items or specimens in a collection. -su [su] vsuff. 1. by oneself; to oneself. Gramm: reflexive suffix indicating that the subject is acting by itself; or is performing the action indicated by the verb to himself. On transitive verbs, it often indicates that the action of the verb is directed back to the subject. Ato miisuto! Do it yourself! Var:

-sii. Usage: Hari, Hija. Ngo miiposiito. I cut myself. Ngo yasan takele ala tabyasiito. I hurt my hand as I was splitting the firewood. Hiika ho ngo ngiila cell phone mi bapasiito. I lost my cell phone there (by your side). Ali mi yamu chabyasiitii. I got my leg burnt from stepping on the fire. 2. (with a plural subject) each other. Barmii anyi hii henkosiisudo. The two sisters love each other.

-su vsuff. detach. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is detached from a whole as a result of the action denoted by the verb. Josu. To detach something by lifting it.

subi vt. to follow or spy someone on someone else's behalf; to seek information for someone.

subi vt. to draw water from the bucket for someone.

subo vt. to draw water across something.

subu n. (Zool.) mithun (Bos frontalis) Var: siibu. subu ane n. mithun with horns equal to the span from thumb to middle finger, counted as four mithan value in the traditional bartering system. subu atu n. mithun calf. Subu atu dore. One mithun calf. subu bonii n. name/title given to the groom's elderly clansmen who take the groom's mithun to the bride's father during *ari paniin ceremony. Syn: sii-subu bonii. subu henii n. main ritual chant recited by a priest during the performance of a *murun. subu ipa n. mithun dung. subu mitin n. Darjeeling Oak (Quercus lamelosa)

. subu nyanyi See: nyanyi. subu penge n. mithun calf without horns, counted as one mithun value in the traditional bartering system. subu riigo n. plaited cane loops fixed on the horns of a mithun to tie it before sacrifice. subu saha n. rope made of cane wicker for tiying, fettering or hobbling mithuns. Var: subu siiha. Usage: Hija. subu si n. spring, puddle or pond where mithuns gather to drink. subu-sii n. cattle. subu siibo n. mithun bull. subu siido n. young or half-grown mithun. subu-siidohe n. young mithun with horns equal to the breadth of two fingers, counted as two mithun value in the traditional bartering system. subu siikha n. ritual altar where the mithun to be sacrificed for *siikha botinto is brought and tied up. subu siinii n. mithun cow. subu tado n. common term denoting the sacrifice of a mithun 1. during the month of Murun, a ritual of somewhat lesser importance than *Murun proper. 2. during a rite performed at the groom's family's *lapan as part of the wedding ceremony, for which a mithun and a cow are slaughtered. Syn: subu tadu; subu tanii. subu tayan n. (Zool.) horsefly. subu tute n. (Bot.) variety of wild strawberry. Syn: subu tute jilyun. dorin subu n. mithun with horns equal to the breadth of 3-4 fingers, counted as three mithun value in the traditional bartering system. uyi subu n. (Zool.) yak (Bos grunniens). won't find any place like Ziro. supun ho advphr. in the world. supun melan n. part of a penalty imposed for the customary settlement of an offense that goes to the village authority. supun pinta n. container used for distributing rice beer during rituals . supun tarii n. variety of sleeveless fringe white shirt richly decorated. supun niin n. particular moment of a *murun preceding a mithun sacrificial ceremony, when every close kith and kins of the solemniser go to *lapan in ceremonial attires. Encycl: nowadays it has become an occasion for the female members of the family to display their dresses and ornaments. supun vt. to smear animals to be sacrificed with rice powder. subu supundo n. ritual smearing of a mithun prior to its sacrifice during a *murun.

T-t

ta-class. piece of flat object; sheet; volume. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for thin, flat objects or materials such as sheet of paper, books, etc. taye/tae, tanye, tahinnge, tape, ta'ngohe, takhe, takanuhe, tapinye, takoahe, talyanhe 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 sheet(s)/pieces of flat object(s). Etym: from *pata, 'flattened object'. ta part. more; again; too; also. Gramm: additive particle usually following verbs, having the basic sense 'too', 'also, 'in addition to''. Mo, Obing hiilyan, luju-lumyo ayado, ano sola-ngarladu ta. He is a nice fellow, polite and humorous, just like Obing. Tallo ka agin ho aki halindo ta. Aki has come out along with Tallo. Opi Itanagar tone ta. Opi too went (down) to Itanagar. ta [´ta:] vt-r. 1. to hear something; to listen to something. 2. to listen to someone. 3. to listen to someone and obey; to obey. ta [´ta] vt-r. to cut, chop, split or crack something with some tool having an extended handle, such as an axe or a hoe. When referring to the cutting of a log, implies that the cutting is done lengthwise, as opposed to *kar. Kiidi mi tato. Work the soil (with a hoe)! Yasan tato! Chop the wood! ta [ta] vt-r. to dig; to turn the soil over deeply, as with a hoe. Kiidi tato! Dig a hole in the soil! ta [ta:] vt-r. to bite, as of a snake. tabi vt. to cut (with an axe or a hoe) on someone else's behalf/for someone.

tabi vt. to dig on someone else's behalf/for someone. tabin-talin adj. 1. naked, as of a person; nude; without clothing. 2. stark, as of a landscape; bare. Syn: tabin-talin. tabin vt. to cut together jointly (esp. with an axe or a hoe). tabo vt. 1. to cut (with an axe or a hoe) along with someone. 2. to help someone cut something (esp. with an axe or a hoe). tabo vt. 1. to dig along with someone. 2. to help someone dig something. tabo vt. 1. to cut (with axe or hoe) across. 2. to move across to cut (with an axe or a hoe).

tabu [´ta´bu] n. (Zool.) snake, in general. This category encompasses not only snakes, but also monitor lizards. gyoyi tabu n. (Zool.) Common Indian Monitor (Varanus bengalensis), a large lizard with an elongated neck an a forked tongue. tabu choka haman n. (Bot.) unidentified vegetable species (lit. 'snake spit'). tabu ngiiyi n. (Zool.) Snake Head Fish (Channa sp., esp. Ch. stewartii and Ch. orientalis). tabu niimi n. (Bot.) variety of forest plant bearing a very distinctive inflorescence (or spathe) that resembles an arum flower. Usage: Hari. Var: tabu riibi. Usage: Hija.

. tabu somin n. (Zool.) Blindworm, a variety of legless lizard.

tabu [´ta´bu] n. (Zool.) bedbug (Cimex sp.). Syn: pepu tabu.

tabu-taru adj. grainy/pimple-like, as of an appearance on skin. Yana tabu-taru dado nyimo ho powder negiitolado. Yana rubbed some powder on her face that made her skin appear somewhat grainy.

tabun n. (Med.) smallpox. tabu-talyun n. (Med.) chicken pox.

tabyo n. (Bot.) Chimonobambusa callosa, a variety of bamboo whose young shoots are edible. The nods are studded with short thick conical spines.

tabyo n. temporary house.

tachan n. (Zool.) 1. generic term for wood boring insects and their worm-like larvae, including termites. 2. Hairless worms in general. tachan-tiyo n. (Zool.) generic term for pests, comprising insects in general and their larvae.

tache 1. vt. to cut/strike so as to divide something with an axe or a hoe; to divide or break something by cutting it (esp. by means of an axe or a hoe). 2. vi. to break; to crack. Kere talo si yalo bidonii ayimapa tachenedo. There is a slight crack running along the mirror, it may soon break. take n. infectious agent or germ, in general. Var: tiike. Syn: take-tiyo. take birii n. bamboo tube used to suck human blood. Encycl: in olden days it was commonly believed that removing an excess of blood could help curing various diseases. The affected parts were submitted to the suction of several of these bamboo bloodletting devices. The blood oozed into the tube and the healer then came to collect it, sucking it out and spitting it into a bowl.

taker n. 1. star. 2. spotted, as of a mithun bull coat or a wild animal fur. For mithun bulls, denotes an animal having an overall white body with many black patches which, seen from a distance, look like a starry sky. takho v. to disagree.

takhun [´ta´xũ]

n. variety fish trap made of of a bamboo tube which is split at one end and shaped like a circular funnel. Used for catching small fish, especially eel-fish (*ngiiyi-ribu). talii vt. to agree to a proposal.

talii vt. to cut in, with an axe or a hoe. -talyi vsuff. shall [do] surely. Gramm: irrealis modality suffix combination attached to verb roots having two or more syllables, used as non proximal future marker, first person singular. Gives a sense that the event or state is almost certain to happen or occur. See: -chi; -kin; -ken. Ngo imitalyi. I shall sleep. Ngo nunuka agin ho tobotalyi. I shall go (down) along with you. Ngo moluka agin ho dubotalyi. I shall stay/sit with them. Ngunu yasan batetalyi. We are going to fetch some wood.

-talyiku vsuff. am going to [do] at the instant. Gramm: irrealis modality suffix combination attached to verb roots having two or more syllables, used as proximal future marker. Most appropriate for first person singular. Ngo apin diitetalyiku. I'm going to eat now. Ayo yoye, Manu hende-hende hela, imitalyiku la biidi ako hempatii. One night, Manu kept thinking over and over, and as she was about to sleep she imagined a plan.

talyi vt. to praise unsincerely, as in order to win favor; to flatter.

talyun n. (Med.) cysticercus (the larval form of the Taenia tapeworm).

tama n. (Bot.) variety of plant resembling a palm-tree or a giant fern, typically found in the submontane forest zone. tama amu n. filandrous bark of the *tama plant. Encyl: the Apatanis used to extract fibers from the outer bark of the *tama tree and incorporate them into various basketry works such as *lecha or *byoper, to render them waterproof. The fibers may also have been used

for tying fletches onto arrowshafts in the old days.

- tari n. (Bot.) general term for ferns, including species such as Asplenium nidus, Angiopteris evecta, Dicranopteris linearis, etc. Encycl: some fern species are commonly eaten as vegetables, or used for making *piyu (remaining ashes after burning) and *pila (alkaline liquid obtained by filtration of *piyu).

tari vt. to begin to drink or smoke. tase n. (Bot.) Tree Fern (Cyathea gigantea), a variety of edible giant fern, traditionally exploited for its starch. Encycl: the giant fern is common along the river bank slopes at elevations up to 1,000 meters. In olden days, *tase used to be the emergency food in time of extreme scarcity in all Tanispeaking groups. The bark was removed, and the soft, white inner part (pith) cut into small pieces or reduced to powder. The flour could be eaten raw, roasted, boiled, steamed, heated under fire inside leaves or fried and eaten. Nowadays *tase flour is sometimes used to feed pigs. The leaf is also used as a remedy against bodyache . -te vsuff. [did]; [was]. Gramm: perfective aspectual suffix, first person singular, marking an event that was completed in the non-proximal past, more appropriately in a place remote from the speaker at the time his statement is made. Usually refers to a relatively punctual event, or an event having occured over a well delimited period of time. See: -to. Bilo ngo ngiika atebo mi kariidu pa railway station ho ate. Yesterday I went to pick up my elder brother at the railway station. Ali mi yamu chabyasiite. I got my leg burnt from stepping on the fire. Siilo jaji gonii si gomurte ke, ngiika lap-top mi alyusiite. Today's flight was bad as I lost my laptop.

-te vsuff. knock down. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is knocked down as a result of the action denoted by the verb. Yasi glass mi cricket ball lo Tara ritebiine. Tara threw a cricket ball which made the water glass to fall.

-te vsuff. far away. Gramm: directional suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is, was or will be carried out in a place located far away from the speaker. Occurs before tense and imperative markers. Kiije, kiile ho apya tatesa. Let's go swimming in the river! Kiije sotesa. Let's go for an outing! Ngunu yasan batetalyi. We are going to fetch some wood. tebi vt. to cut down grass on someone else's behalf/for someone. tebin vt. (of a plural subject) to cut down grass jointly. tebo vt. 1. to cut down grass along with someone. 2. to help someone cut down grass. teda vt. to lean on or against something. A: Inka milobo si hu na? B: Niibo? A: Tarsi hoka tedato la daniibo. A: Who is that boy? B: Who? A: the one who is leaning against the wall. teku adj. slanted, as of a tree, pole, mast, etc.; slanting; tilting. Babo si tekuto la do. This *babo mast is tilting.

tekhu-teche vt. to cut/mow the major portion of a given area of land. telii vt. to push something in by fingers. Ant: telin. teli n. oil. From: Hindi 'tel'. telin vt. to push something out by fingers. Ant: telii. Mobile so Anyo ka number mi oye telinto pe. Please dial Anyo's number for me on this mobile phone. telya adj. not balanced; lopsided. Syn: telya-techa. tema vt. to touch.

-tema vsuff. will not [do]. Gramm: temporal suffix combination used to to indicate that an action will not occur. Usually best translated by the negative form of the Simple Future. ti vt-r. to score a surface; to mark with significant lines, scratches or notches across a surface.

ti [´ti] vt-r. 1. to rub with the finger. 2. to rub with a matchstick to light a fire. Usage: Hari, Hija. Var: tii.

-ti [ti] vsuff. again; repeat. Gramm: temporal suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is happening for a second time, or as a second round.

-ti [-ti:] face. Men's tattoo consisted of a single line running down from the lower lip to the point of the chin. Women were tattooed on the chin with five vertical parallel lines running down from an horizontal line located just below the lower lip, and another vertical line running from the middle of the forehead to the tip of the nose. From 1973 onward the Apatani Youth Organization campaigned against facial tattooing, and the practice was progressively abandoned. Bilo Tanii-lu tiipe byankernii mi ano kapyopa khiinyasiitii. In olden days a thick facial tatoo was regarded as beautiful by the Apatanis. Bilo tiipe giima nyimii yugyan ho agiimatii. In olden days women who did not wear a tatoo did not join others in the clan altar .

tiipe See: tape.

tiipi-tiipo adj. neatly; suitably; properly.

tiipin See: tapin.

tiipii See: taper.

tiipu vt. to collide by mistake; to stumble against. Etym: from *tii, 'to collide', *-pu, 'mistakenly'.

tiipya [tipja] n. small necklace consisting of a black thread with a few beads on it that is given as a personal talisman to a newborn baby, usually by his aunts or by the *lache and *ari mechu at the time of the wedding ceremony (*mida). May also be used as a ritual element in sacrificial altars . ton-class. group; band; herd; flock. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for group of persons or packs of animals. tonnge, tonnye, tohinnge, tonpe, tonngohe, tonkhii, tokanuhe, tonpinye, tonkoahe, tolyanhe 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 group(s)/band(s)/herd(s)/flock(s), etc. Var: tan-. Etym: from *atan, 'group'. ton vt-r. 1. to haul up; to raise aloft, as a flag. 2. to exhibit; to put or spread out; to display. ton vt-r. to offer, as in a ritual or sacrificial offering.

tonnge n:num. one group; one band; one herd; one flock. Gramm: used when referring to a particular object. When enumerating only, as in school, *tonkun is used in place of *tonnge. Var: tannge. Aji patan tonnge. One agricultural labour team. tonnge pa advphr. as a group.

tongo n. 1. Tibetan coarse woolen cloth, made out of sheep hair. 2. wool; woollen. Encycl: wool has never been produced locally but was bartered or bought from outside, especially in the Assam plain. The Apatanis used to unravel the woollen yarn, dye it and use it for the manufacture of multicoloured embroidery applied on locally produced cotton clothes or ceremonial shawls. tonkin vt. to exhibit; to unfold to the eye; to display. tulu n. subclan, a descent group comprising male members having the same paternal ancestor, their wives and unmarried sisters. Encycl: a *tulu constitutes a ritual unit in the sense the sacred blood of the pig killed during Myoko is shared only within the *tulu of the individual having sacrificed the pig. Strictly speaking, even a female member of the family who is engaged may not be allowed to share it.

tulya vt. to wait (with an intention of doing some action), to wait in ambush; to ambush. Police diipyonii mi latudu pa la tulyaladu. The police is waiting to catch the thief. tur-class. bamboo mug. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for counting liquid quantities contained in a bamboo mug (*turla). ture, turnye, turhinnge, turpe, turngohe, turkhe, turkanuhe, turpinye, turkoahe, turlyanhe 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 measure(s) of liquid contained in one mug (or cup). turda vt. to support something by means of poles or sticks so that it stands of its own. Var: torda. Usage: Hija. tursa n:qual. (of two or more mugs or cups) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from*turla, 'bamboo mug' turtu vt. to support. Liima-laga atan hii basii-balyi mi yakenemapa turtudu. Roots of plants prevent the portions of paddy field adjoining the river to collapse. turtu-nanii n. anything that provides support for a thing; for plants, or for feet (e.g. for climbing); garden stake. the same given event. uhe/uye, unye, uhinnge, upe, u'ngohe, ukhe, ukanuhe, upinye, ukoahe, ulyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 . uyi be vcn. to invoke spirits by chanting or reciting in ritual context. uyi inii n. shaman; seer. Encycl: person who is able to contact/enter the realm of spirits with the help of a tutelary deity, usually by falling in trance, for inquiring about the causes of an individual's affliction. See: mikhii runii. uyi kaho n. punishment attributed to a spirit/god; divine sanction. uyi kalo n. spirit of a departed ancestor; ancestor's soul. Syn: uyi miyu kalo. uyi kubu n. (Zool.) Indian Mole Rat (Bandicota bengalensis), an almost naked rodent species having a bad odour, found in paddy fields and bamboo groves, occasionally in houses . uyi mii vcn. to perform a ritual or sacrifice to spirits. Uyi miisu lala ngunu anyodoran ke, haman diikinma. We are still observing abstinence after performing a ritual, we cannot eat vegetables. uyi pami n. (Anat.) goose pimples, as appearing on skin when one feels cold or frightened. uyi niniin n. generic term for rituals aimed at sending spirits back to their residence after inviting them. uyi peron [´ui pe´rõ] n. generic term for plants bearing beans in seed pods and of unusual appearance, such as Velvet Bean (Mucuna pruriens). Var: uyi perun. uyi poper [´uyi po´pər] n. (Zool.) generic term applied to several strange looking butterfly species, esp. moths. uyi subu n. (Zool) yak (Bos grunniens). uyi tanyi n. (Bot.) Cobra Lily (Arisaema sp.), a wild flowering plant whose single, phallus-like green inflorescence (or spathe) resembles a maize ear. Has a foetid smell that attracts insects . uyi yarlan n. variety of domestic healing ritual. dema uyi nphr. evil spirit, malevolent spirit. gyunyan uyi [gjuɲã´u´i] n. generic term for malevolent/ harmful spirits. lyanniibo uyi n. benevolent spirit; tutelary spirit. yapun uyi n. literally 'sky spirit/god', name of a divinity residing in the sky who is believed to control rains. Also describes an agrarian festival organized just before the harvest in July or August, aimed at propitiating *Yapun so that hailstorms do not damage the crops.

Y-y ya n. term of address for 1. uterine nephew (sister's son). 2. sister's grandchildren. 3. father's sister's son and his children. 4. father's father's sister's son and his children. Encycl: basically the reciprocal of the relationship to a maternal uncle. That is, a person will address as *ya anyone who calls him or her as '*aku'. But the relationship is also passed from father to sons: if B is A's *ya, B's sons will be A's son's *ya. ya part. 1. rather; instead. 2. as for; on the other hand. Gramm: contrastive particle following a noun or a pronoun, used for contrasting with a previously mentioned object or a preceding statement. Si ya. Rather this one. Simi ya tiika. Take this one instead/[You should] rather take this one. Gilusii la dosii niimi Gym ya ilatiika. Instead of losing your time you'd better go to Gym. Niika Tanii agun kenii sii ano puri-ripyosiido, ngo ya aya kechinmarampa ke. The way you write Apatani is very easy to read. I myself don't know yet how to write well. 3. different; another. Tabu hii lenda ako ya ho lyiguneku. The snake has crawled in another direction. 4. except. ya vi-r. to rot; to become rotten. ya vi-r. to slide or glide down.

-ya adjsuff. more; more than. Gramm: comparative suffix added to adjective roots indicating that the subject has a property or quality greater in extent thant that of the object. Kapyoya. More beautiful. Ayayado. Better. Diipyoyado. More delicious.

-ya vsuff. fight. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the action of the verb results in a quarrel. Diiya. To clash over eating something. yabin n. 1. (Bot.) Cephalostachium capitatum, an edible small bamboo species growing at elevations of approximately 1500-2000 m, the stem of which has a comparatively large diameter. Syn: yabin byapu. 2. bamboo knife made out of the *yabin variety. Encycl: traditionally used to castrate pigs and to cut the umbilical cord of a newborn. yabun vi. to be half-burnt or roasted; to be improperly burnt or roasted. Yo hii yabunto la do. The meat is half-burnt. Syn: yabun-yalyun. Yasan si yabun-yalyunto la do. The firewood is half-/improperly burnt. yabya vi. to be or get heated. Yamu agin ho dulyi ho yabyado. When I seat near the fire I get too heated. yabya-yalya vi. to get burnt. Yamu arun haja ho duto la ali mi yabya-yalyabiine. I was sitting too near to the fire so I got my leg burnt. n. container made of plaited bamboo or cane splits for storing precious articles (clothes, jewelry, etc.). yadu-yanyi vi. to be reduced to or fallen into partial ruin or decay; to be or get ruined. yage vi. to break out, as of fire. Short circuit hokii yamu yagene. Fire broke out due to a short circuit. Var: lyage.

yagii [´yagi]

n. multipurpose basket made of bamboo or cane which is carried with the help of a strap held on the forehead. Yagii giiye/giihe. One *yagii basket. Sarse nyimi emo nyimi yagii ho alii adinsiito. Put the millet and the rice together in the basket! yagii kanii n. person who examines the quality of the contents of *yagii baskets that are presented as gifts during the marriage ceremony (*mida), and as such is entitled to receive gifts from the groom's family. eli yagii n. basket containing some newly reaped rice, maize, two ginger plants, two eggs, a gourd filled with beer and a hen with her chicks, that the bride carries to her husband's house during *eli baniin ceremony. paro yagii n. variety of conical shaped basket. Encycl: *paro yaggii serves as a unit of measure for counting gifts of rice from close relatives during a *Murun, and is equivalent to 1,5 kg, or 6 *kiihe, of unhusked paddy. It is never used for daily activities nor serves any other purpose. piru yagii n. variety of cane basket used to winnow the threshed paddy to separate it from chaff. puhe yagii n. quantity of unhusked rice contained in one *puhe yagii basket, equivalent to 2,5 kgs or 10 *kiihe. As for *paro yagii, it is also used for counting quantities of rice required from certain relatives during a *Murun. Var: puye yagii. -ye vsuff. dented. Gramm: result suffix indicated that something becomes dented as a result of the action indicated by the verb.

-ye vsuff. was; were. Gramm: temporal suffix added to existential verbs *da, *do or *du to mark the past tense. Hapoli so miyu giije-giije dado daye. There was a huge number of people in Hapoli. Piita biije duye. Birds were in great numbers [there]. Apin nyimapa yo adin doye. There was no rice, only meat was available. Nunuko mi duye ha? Was there anyone at your place? Var: -e.

-ye vsuff. sufficient. Gramm: predicate adjectivalizer. Derives an adjective with the basic meaning 'sufficient for'.

yeru See: yaru.

-yi vsuff. down; downward. Gramm: directional suffix indicating that the subject moves in an downward direction in bringing about the event identified by the verb. Ant: -cha.

yilin See: ayi-yilin.

yilu vt. to shed skin, as of a snake. Tabu alyo yiludu. The snake sheds its skin.

-yin vsuff. all together. Gramm: collaborative suffix indicating of a plural subject that all participants are performing the action identified by the verb together or at the same time. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 varieties/types/kinds. Agun yonye. Two types of language.

yo-[yo] class. night; colour. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for counting 1. nights, construed as a full night cycle 2. colours. Syn: lyo. yohe/yoye, yonye, yohinhe, yope, yo'ngohe, yokhe, yokanuhe, yopinye, yokoahe, yolyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 nights/colours. Ayo yoye, Manu hende-hende hela, imitalyiku la biidi ako hempatii. One night, Manu kept thinking over and over, and as she was about to sleep she imagined a plan.

-yo vsuff. do not [do]. Gramm: Prohibitive suffix occuring at the end the predicate suffix chain, used to express the negative form of imperative. Indicates that the speaker exhorts, orders or requests the addressee not to perform the action denoted by the verb. Diiyo. Don't eat! Hiitampa ngiimi kadiyo. Don't stare at me like that! Syn: -yo ka. Ant: -to.

-yo vsuff. become mixed. Gramm: result suffix indicating that two or more things become mixed or combined as a result of the action denoted by the verb. Syn: -yo...-chi. yobo vi. (by horses, cows, etc.) to gallop/jump across.

-yoka vsuff. you cannot [do]. Gramm: negative form of the permissive imperative modal suffix, formed by combining the negative imperative marker *-yo with the permissive particle *ka. Used to indicate that the speaker does not allow the addressee to perform the action indicated by the verb. No luyoka. You don't speak! (i.e. you are not allowed/permitted to speak). Ant: -tiika. yor-class. row. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for lines of aligned objects such as rows of fence, mountain ridges, etc. yore, yornye, yorhinhe, yorpe, yorngohe, yorkhe, yorkanuhe, yorpinye, yorkoahe, yorlyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 row(s)

  achaniin n. erection; elevation; lifting up. Babo achaniin. Erection of a *babo mast. ache adj. narrow; tight. achi [´a:´t i:] ɕ n. term of address for any wife of one's *ate: 1. elder brother's wife. 2. father's brother's wife. 3. father's brother's son(older)'s wife. 4. paternal grandfather's brother's wife. achibaro n. kiths and kin. Var: achi-buru. achi adv. very; very much; a lot. Gramm: emphatic adverb. Has the function of intensifying the meaning of the verb. Tara achi loda lugado. Tara speaks a lot. Construction labourers atan si achi apo khennyado. Construction labourers are working very hard. Tayo Tago mi achi latinkiibiine ke. Tayo punched Tago very hard.

  akan vi. to come late. ake n. food. aki [´aki] n. dog. Aki-kiye. One dog. aki amu n. dog hair. aki asi [aki asi:] n. kennel. Var: aki ashi. aki dula n. rope used to tie dogs. aki durgu n. dog wooden trough . aki ipa n. dog excreta. aki jilyun n. (Bot.) Mock Strawberry (Potentilla indica). Var: aki jilyin . aki-kibo n. male dog. aki-kichu n. puppy. aki-kinii n. bitch. aki-kinyo n. small dog. aki-kipo n. pup. aki-kiro n. big dog. aki-paro n. domestic animals, in general. aki piiro n. loosely woven basket for carrying dogs. aki tader n. (Zool.) tapeworm of dogs. aki takhii n. (Zool.) flea. Var: aki tiikhe. akin vt. to show how to come. Momi oye akinto! Show him/her once how to come! akii See: arkii.

  vt. to insert; to put in. Sarse nyimi emo nyimi yagii ho alii adinsiito. Put the millet and the rice together in the basket! Aliitotiika luhankele. I told you to put it in! alii-aha [ali ´a´ha] vt. to exchange; to swap. Ngiinyi ka tarii mi alii-ahasiisa. Let's exchange our shirts! Syn: lii. alo [alo] n. salt. alo sudu [alo sudu] n. salt container kept inside the house. alo [a´lo:] n. (Anat.) bone, skeleton. Ngiiyi alo. Fishbone. alo khu n. old property inherited from forefathers, which was never purchased nor sold. alo [´a´lo] n. day. Ngo Ziro ho alo lohinhe dute/date. I spent three days in Ziro. alo-alo n:time. everyday. alo liipa n:time noon; midday. Syn: alo-lolyan, danyi lolyan. alo lo vcn. 1. (of a day) to dawn. Alo lodo. The day is dawning. 2. to go through (time). Northeast daka terrorist problems si ayamanii alo logiilado. Terrorist problems of Northeast are going through bad days. alo lohe [´a´lo´lo´he] n:num. one day. Var: alo-loye. alo-lolyan n:time. mid day. Syn: danyi lolyan; alo liipa. alo [alo:] vt-r. to sundry; to dry something under the sun. Emo mi danyi ho aya kiilin aloto. Put the paddy under the sun so as to dry it properly! Tarii mi nula lala aloto. Dry the shirt under the sun after washing! alo [´alo:] vt-r. to drop. Hiika ahi mi aloto. Drop that fruit! Aloto, ngo latutoso. Drop it! I'll catch it. Syn: tiilo. aloniin [alo:ni] n. drying by sun. Diilo aloniin. Drying of rice grain in sunlight. Emo/sarse aloniin. Drying of rice/millet.

  alyan [a´ljã] n:num. ten. alyan hela ako [a´ljã le ko] n:num. eleven. Syn: alyan le kun. alyan hela anye num. twelve. Syn: alyan hela anyi, alyan le nye, alyan le nyi. alyan hela hinhe n:num. thirteen. Syn: alyan le hin. alyan hela piilye num. fourteen. Syn: alyan le pe, alyan le pi. alyan hela ya'ngo n:num. fifteen. Syn: alyan le ngo. alyan hela khiiye n:num. sixteen. Syn: alyan le khe, alyan le khii. alyan hela kanuhe n:num. seventeen. Syn: alyan le kanu. alyan hela pinye n:num. eighteen. Syn: alyan hela pinyi, alyan le pinye, alyan le pinyi. alyan hela koa n:num. nineteen. Syn: alyan le kowa. alyan piilye n:num. fourty. alyan yango n:num. fifty. alyan khiiye n:num. sixty. alye [´a´lje:] n. door. Alye-lyehe. One door. alye 1. vi-r. to quaver; to shiver; to tremble, as in fear or cold. Syn: pinjer. 2. adj. quavering, as of a voice; shivering; trembling. alye-ache adv. (esp. of a person) nervous and trembling; shaking. Mo alye-ache da. He stands shaking.

  alyi [´a´lji] n. bow. alyi-lyikho n. bow without its string used in the Myoko ritual only alyin [a´lji] n:time evening. alyin jimi jama nphr. twilight (lit. 'hazy evening') Ant: aro jimi jama. alyin kamo n. late evening (lit. 'dark evening'). alyin apin n. dinner. Alyin apin diidu doku. It's dinner time. alyin dalyi adv. Afternoon. alyin [a´lji:] n. (Anat.) pancreas. alyin adj. smart; vigourous; lively; active; alert. Syn: alyin-atu. Mo alyin-atusiido pe ha? Is he active? alyo [´aljo] 1. n. (Anat.) skin, hide; bark, as of a tree. 2. vi. to be skinny. alyo dipa vcn. to peel the skin of something (e.g. a fruit).

  api [api:] n. (Anat.) body fluid, in general. api ala n. 1. (Anat.) body fluid, as of the serum contained in a blister. 2. sap. api [´api:] vt-r. to dry. Syn: pi. Tarii mi nula lala danyi ho apito. Dry the shirt under the sun after washing! Emo mi danyi ho ayakiilin apito. Dry the rice properly under the sun! api [api:] vt-r. to rub a blade or a tool either to sharpen it or to blunt it with stone, iron, or some other hard material. Ilyo apidu ha? Do you rub your machete? Syn: pi. api [a´pi] vt-r. to lay on the floor, as of a mattress, cloth, etc. Pulye apito. Lay the cloth on the floor! Var: apyu. Syn: pi. api vt-r. to break small, usually rounded objects by dropping, as when dropping an egg. Papu mi apibiidu ha? Did you break an egg? Syn: apu. api vt-r. to feed (birds and fowls).api-ara n. clapping. Ngarkalyi hoka api-ara pikinnii, ngiika ane. It's my mother who shares her joy with me when I smile/laugh. apin [a´pi] n. 1. cooked rice. 2. (by extension) meal. Nunupa ngo apin miibiidu. I have prepared a meal for you. Aro apin diitiiku ha? Did you have your breakfast? Anyo Opi mi apin bilado. Anyo is giving food to Opi. apin binii n. part of the betrothal ceremony, when the bride's parents arrange a lunch party for the declaration of engagement. Syn: mabo apin binii; mabo inchinii. apin dii [a´pi di] vcn. to have a meal; to eat. Apin diisa kan. Dining table si jotodo ke. Let's have meal! It's ready on the dining table. apin diigo [a´pi digo] n. meal. apin hurta [a´pi hur´ta:] n. wooden board used for draining rice while cooking. apin piichan [a´pi pi´tɕã] n. pot used for cooking rice. apin piichan miidu [a´pi pi´tɕã´mi´du] n. dinner time (lit. 'rice cooking time', usually in late afternoon). apin piiha [a´pi pi´ha:] n. bamboo basket used as lid to cover the rice pot (*apin piichan). apin [a´pi] vt-r. to warm one's hands close to the fire. Etym: from *lapin, 'back of the hand'. Lakhiido la, ala mi yamu ho iche apintalyi. It's cold, I'll warm my hands by the fire. apii [a´pi] n. 1. arrow, in general 2. bamboo-tipped arrow, unbarbed, consisting of a rounded shaft with a pointed tip, having no separate head. Var: apu. apii-age n. quiver. Var: apu-age. apii-alyi n. 1. bow and arrow. 2. ritual element of sacrificial altars imitating a bow and an arrow . apii-piitu n. iron point of an arrow. Var: apu-putu . morto apii n. iron-tipped bamboo arrow. Var: morto-apu. Encycl: Tanii arrows are feathered with finely cut letches (*murto) and, apyun n. bunch; cluster. Kulu apyun pyunnge da. There is one [hanging] bunch of bananas. apyu See: api. ara [a´ra] adj. empty. ara vt-r. to bind or tie, esp. bundles of firewood or things of relatively large size. Syn: ra. aran [´arã] n. bottom of a tree or a bamboo. Hiika bije si aran ho pato. Cut at the bottom of that bamboo! Ant: mitu. ali-aran n. (Anat.) base of the foot and leg. ali-aran ho adv.loc. on the ground. aran [a´rã] adj. 1. deep, as of a river. Syn: uran. 2. (of relationship) intimate; close. Ajin aran. Intimate friend. arbi n. particular cut of meat of the pig sacrificed at *Myoko. Describes the backbone starting from hips which is cut into two pieces longitudinally up to and including the first rib. Encycl: one part is given to the eldest female representative (*ami akha) of the lineage (*uru) of the household head, the other to the eldest female representative of his wife's lineage . archi vt. to roll. Var: archii. arda [arda] n:time tomorrow. Arda Ziro ho Governor akindo. Tomorrow the Governor will come to Ziro. arda alyin n:time tomorrow evening. arda-rida n:time in future. Usage: used for counting an unspecified number od days, months or years. Arda-rida ngo Thailand inchi. I will visit Thailand in future. Syn: arida. arda ayo n:time tomorrow night. are adj. sharp, as of a blade; sharp-edged. areja adj. sharpest. areya adj. sharper. are adj. loose. are vt. to wash, esp. the interior of a dish or pot. Piichan mi areto. Wash this pot! areniin n. (of a blade) sharpness.

  ari [a´ri:] vt-r. 1. to string together (as beads in a necklace). 2. to stitch. ari-rigo n. stitching work. Pulye ari-rigo hii doran. Stitching work remains to be done on [this] cloth. 3. to sew. Syn: ri. ari vi. to come in turn. Mulan aribiila ato. Come one by one! ari vt-r. to lay the foundations of a building. arida [arida] adv. in future. Usage: used for counting an unspecified number od days, months or years. Syn: arda-rida. arin adj. easily broken or shattered; brittle; breakable; fragile. arii n. (of cattle, rhino, etc.) horn. arii molan n. (Bot.) variety of red, non edible berry. arii tute n. 1. horn and forehead of cattle. 2. (Bot.) variety of plant which is eaten by cattle. arii n. 1. bundle, esp. of bamboo. Syn: bije arii. 2. to bind, esp. bundles of bamboo. Syn: rii.

  atiibi vt-r. to keep/store something for someone. Niimi pe siika anyi pa atiibichi nii? Which one shall we keep for them? atiiniin [a´ti:ni] n. storage. Emo atiiniin. Rice storage.

  ayu [ayu:] n. traditional chants performed by males in context of verbal competition or antiphonal singing; oral tradition in song form. Syn: ayu-bari. ayu [a´yu:] adj. old; olden. ayu ho advphr. in olden days. Ayu anyan ho... Long time ago... (lit. 'in olden years')... Ayu hoka Tanii aba-apa atan hii.. The Apatani ancestors of olden days... ayumada adv. 1. (referring to an event in the past) recently. No ayumada Itanagar tone pe la hento nii, hiira tochinkiilyi po? You have been to Itanagar recently, are you going again? 2. (referring to an event in the future) soon. Var: ayimada. Syn: ayumaran; ayumapa. Kere talo si yalo bidonii, ayumapa tachenedo. There is a slight crack running along the mirror, it may soon break. Var: ayimapa B-b ba [´ba ]

babo vt. 1 .

 1 to roll something along with someone. 2. to help someone roll something. babo vt. 1. to carry across. 2. to move across to carry. babo vt. to roll across. babro n. Var: babur. Usage: Hija. bokhe babro n. (Zool.

  bade n. ceiling rack located at the rear of the house. Usage : Hong, Hija. Syn: yo bade. Var: khachi; yo lankhan. Usage: Bulla, Hari . badin vt. (of a plural subject) to carry and gather together. bagan rinyo [ba´gã ri´o] ɲ n. (Bot.) variety of primrose (Primula sp.), a perennial herb whose flowers can be seen everywhere in Ziro around March-April. See: neha . bagan rinyo apu n. primrose flower. bagan rinyo tasan n. small necklace made by clipping away little chips of primrose intermittently, which is used to decorate children's ears. bager See: pager.

  balya n. slope. bamban adj. (of voice) rough; husky; hoarse. Var: bamba. ban See: aban. -ban vsuff. stamp down. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is stamped down as a result of the action denoted by the verb. banan vi. feel nauseous; feel like vomiting.

  barnyo adj. (of round and flat objects or geometrical shapes) small. Ant: barro. baro [baro] n. 1. brother (term of reference, female speaking). 2. brother's son (term of reference, female speaking). baro manyan n. ceremonial friend belonging to Nyishi or Miri community. Encycl: ceremonial friendship is hereditary among Apatanis. See: manyan. achi baro n. kits and kin. Syn: achi buru. barro [´bar:o] adj. (of round and flat objects or geometrical shapes) big; large. Kiidi barro. A big plot of land. Ant: barnyo. barsa n:qual. (of two or more discs or disc-like objects) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun.

batin

  See: bate. bayo adj. (esp. of corpulent persons) slow; slow moving. Syn: bayo-bayo. bayopa adv. (esp. referring to corpulent persons) slowly. Inka miyu si bayo-bayopa la putu so chaladiima. That person is fat/slow moving and therefore may not be able to climb the hill. Syn: bayo-bayopa. bayo vt. to mix by rolling. Syn: bayo-bachi. be [be] vi-r. 1. (by frog) to leap or hop. 2. (by humans) to leap as in playing leapfrog.

  bebu n. gun. Usage: Bulla. Var: mubu. Usage: Hija. Var: bibu. beche vt. to crack. Syn: tache. beda vt. (by priest) to chant or recite correctly. Ant: bemur. bede vt. to tighten something by means of a stick. bede-nanii n. element of the handloom, a weaving tool used to prevent shrinking of woven cloth.

  bibo vi. (by water) to flow across. bibu n. gun. Var: bebu. Syn: mubu.

  bide bide vt. to give over and over again. bidin vt. to give intentionally or purposely. bidin See: siibi-bidii. bidin pado vphr. ritual performed during *Myoko, at the end of which the head of the brown short-tailed monkey previously hunted is placed in the clan *nago. Syn: bidin panii; bila lanii . bidu-bikan n. bamboo grove. Syn: bije. bigo vt. to miss someone while giving something. Ngo anyo mi mitai bigote. I missed to give a sweet to Anyo (while distributing to others). Obing mi application form mi bigote. I missed to give an application form to Obing (while distributing to others). bigo vt. to give first to someone (overtaking or excluding others); to give before someone else does. Ngo Yabo mi mitai bigote. I gave a sweet first to Yabo. bigya vt. to give something wrongly. bihan n. bamboo (cultivated variety) whose colour has turned black. bihe n. (Bot.) variety of bamboo. Syn: hiiso. bihii n. (Bot.) Chimonobambusa sp., a variety of bamboo with brittle culms found in areas around 1400-1800 m. bihii-bikhe vt. to exchange. bihin vt. (of a plural subject) to give together. Var: biyin. bije [´bije] n. 1. (Bot.) bamboo (generic). Bije buye. One piece/stem of bamboo. 2. (Bot.) Phyllotachis bambusoides, a medium size, straight stemmed cultivated bamboo species . 3. bamboo grove outside the village where bamboos of the *bije variety are cultivated. Encycl: The cultivated species is non-indigenous to the valley, though its exact origin is unclear. Oral tradition has it that the ancestors of the Apatanis brought the seeds with them during their migration. The Apatani bamboo is grown on a three year rotation, and propagated only through rhizome. This way, it never flowers. Shoots are eaten, trunks are used mainly for construction and thatching purposes. bije arii n. bundle of bamboo. See: rii-. bije-binyi n. small diameter bamboo of the cultivated variety. bije-biran n. bamboo stump. Etym: from *aran, 'bottom'. bije byapu n. shoots of *bije bamboo. bije eha n. ritual held in the bamboo grove area on the 30th day of *Myoko festival. bije lenda n. (Agr.) agricultural labour group having bamboo garden at same locality, whose primary responsibility is the construction and maintenance of foot-path for carrying bamboo, timber and fuelwood. bije nyanyi n. (Bot.) variety of bright-orange mushroom or lichen growing around bamboo nodes. Syn: bije yartan . bije more n. bamboo groves and forests. bije pata n. half section of a bamboo stem which is cut longitudinally. bije riiye nphr. one bundle of bamboos. See: byapu. bije-siiko n. poetic/literary form of the word *bije. bije sudu n. bamboo smoking pipe. ado bije n. bamboo grove located far away from the dwelling area (as opposed to *uko bije). bije yartan See: bije nyanyi. uko bije n. bamboo grove located close to the dwelling area (as opposed to *ado bije). bikin vt. to show how to give. biko-biko adv. (esp. by treetop) in a swaying manner; swayingly. Sanii biko-biko ohodoye. The tree was very tall and swaying to the wind.biko-bipe vt. to give reciprocally; to exchange gifts. biku adj. tilted, as of the upper portion of a tree or of any tall structure. Apple sanii hii ahi abuje bagiito la biku doku. That apple tree bears so many fruits that it has become slanted. biku adj. to flow in the wrong direction, as of a liquid. Yasi si biku la bilado. Water is flowing in the wrong direction.biku-bilya adj. boastful . Tana sport car ako riilaku lala aya biku-bilya adusiida ke. After purchasing a sport car Tana has become boastful. bikun vt. (of a plural subject) to give collectively; to give together. Syn: bikun-bipa. bikur vt. to give back. Niimi Tara English kheta mi bikur daku ha? Did Tara give you back your English book? bikha vt. 1. to fail to give. Tamo ngiinyi bikhasiito ke, mo Itanagar inneku. Tamo and I failed to give as he/she had already left for Itanagar. 2. to give a wrong thing to someone. Kago mi ka bisiinii mi Apa mi bikha-bito la. I mistakenly gave to Apa what was to be given to Kago. bilan abi n. variety of three-vertical band (white, red and blue) cotton skirt worn by ladies on festive and ceremonial occasions.bili vt. 1. to pay or compensate for something lost. 2. to reciprocate by giving something. biliniin n. compensation; repayment; reciprocal gift for something lost. bilin vi. to ooze; to flow out. Abu hokii yasi bilindo. Water is oozing from the pipe.bilii vt. 1. to give in. 2. to send something in; to post (e.g. letters or parcels). Siika siti mi biliito. Post this letter! bilo [´bilo] adv. long ago; a long time ago; formerly. bilo anyan ho advphr. long time ago. Usage: also a common way to express 'once upon a time...'. Syn: bilo anyan so . bilo vt.

biisi 1 .

 1 n. female traditional song or chant. See: ayu. 2. vt. to sing. Ngo biisidu. I sing/I am singing. Mo biisitalyi. She will sing. biisi si vcn. to sing. Biisi sito. Sing a song! biiso 1. n. fearsome thing. 2. adj. frightened. Uyi biiso mi nago ho, miyu biiso mi lapan ho. A person frightened by spirits [can find refuge] in a *nago; one who is frightened by another person [can find refuge] on a *lapan. [Apatani saying] 3. vt.

  boba vi. (of a plural subject) to go/come across together. Ngiinyi Paris bobasiisa. Let's go together to Paris! bobi vi. to go/come across on someone else's behalf. Ngo Apa ka bosiiniipa bobilyi. I shall go on Apa's behalf. bobin vt. 1. to pull/drag along by a rope in a joint manner. Aba ngiinyi subu mi bobinte. My father and I are pulling a mithun together by a rope. 2. to gather by pulling along by a rope. Inka subusiibo nyimi la subu-siinii nyimi bodinsiito. Bring that mithun bull and that mithun cow together! bobii See: bo. bobo vi. 1. to go/come across along with someone. Obing agin ho Thailand bobotalyi. I will go to Thailand with Obing. 2. to help someone go/come across. bocha vt. to pull/drag something up by a rope. bochin vt. to know how to go or come across. bodin vi. to go/come across intentionally. bodla n. revenge. From: Hindi 'badla'. bodla la vcn. to take revenge. bogii vt. to take someone along with oneself to go or come across. bogo vi. to move across first (overtaking or excluding others). bogo vt. 1. to miss something or someone while moving across. 2. to leave some distance uncovered while going/coming across. bogo n. 1. (Agr.) canal, esp. that containing the flow of water which is diverted from a natural source for irrigation purposes. Syn: yasi bogo . 2. (Agr.) agricultural labour group in charge of one common irrigation source, whose main duties are the annual repair and regular maintenance of a canal. Usually consists of one person from each household. bogo ato n. group leader of a *bogo, whose first duty consists in construction and maintenance of a water supply system and regulation of the sharing of water among the group. bogo-boran n. (Agr.) artificial dam diverting water into various water canals. bogya n. (Agr.) entrance, esp. of a paddy field. Syn: aji bogya. Aji bogya ho kapasiisa. Let's meet at the entrance of the paddy field.

  bopyo vi. to move across ahead/in first position; to move across before anyone else does. borba tami n. (Bot.) variety of weed used as a medicinal plant, possibly Billygoat Weed (Ageratum conyzoides). The juice is used in cuts or injuries, as it is said to have healing properties. Usage: Hija. borta n. (Zool.) Cobra Snake, with special referrence to King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah). Usage: Hija. Var: burta. Usage: Bulla. Syn: borta-tabu . botu n. element of the *babo structure, describes the pole that secures tightly the rope (*boha) to the ground. Set up at such a distance that the rope forms an angle of approximately 45-60° with the *babo pole. botu vi. to go for the first time (by crossing something on the way). Ngo New York ho botu-bolyi. I will go to New York for the first time.

  busa n:qual. (of two or more long cylindrical or spherical objects) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. bushan n. (Zool.) Green Rat Snake (Rhadinophis prasina or Ptyas nigromarginatus

  byachi n. smart. Syn: chibyi. byada adj. going in the right direction, as of a road. Ant: byakha. byago [´bja:go] n. front side of the house, referring more specifically to the open porch or "veranda" located at the entrance of a traditional Apatani home. Ant: uko. byago alye n. front door; sliding hanging door separating *byago from *byachi; threshold. Encycl: this door is closed only at the time of *uyi anyo ritual . byago subu siikha n. ritual altar erected in front of an Apatani house for *Murun where the mithun to be sacrificed for the *siikha botinto ceremony is brought and tied up. Var: subu siikha; byago siikha . byago takho n. (Zool.) variety of dragonfly . byai mibya n. priest officiating during Myoko, esp. by leading the *khiibo innii procession. byai piilo n. cut of meat received by the priest (*byai mibya) on the second day of Myoko, consisting of a piece of pig skin. byakan n. portion of the ground lying beneath the house (including the space beneath the two raised platforms). byakan vt. to burn something for a long time or beyond the alloted time. Sii alyo byakannii ano arledo. Overburn skin of cow is hard to eat/chew. byako n. (Bot.) Turkey Berry/Pea Eggplant (Solanum torvum), a variety of eggplant originally imported from Itanagar. Fruits are cooked as vegetables . Adi byako n. (Bot.) variety of small, edible eggplant . kochi byako n. (Bot.) variety of small, edible eggplant having a bitter taste . Tanii byako n. (Bot.) Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum), a native variety of eggplant bearing roundish red berries in small hanging clusters . Misan byako n. (Bot.) Indian nightshade (Solanum indicum), a native eggplant species. siitii byako (sanii) n. (Bot.) Yellow Berried Nightshade (Solanum virginianum, syn. S. xanthocarpum), a variety of eggplant bearing thorny leaves, not eaten by humans but used as a medicine against toothache . byakha adj. going in the wrong direction, as of a road. Ant: byada. byakha vt-r. to ruin/impoverish, esp. due to ill-management, bad luck or game addiction. Moka gambling addiction hii uru mulanru mi byakhapa giine. His/her gambling addiction has led the whole family to ruin. byakha vt. to burn off the hairy part of anything. Sii alyo mi byakhato, diisa. Burn the cowhide and let's eat it! byakhan vt. to roast something purposefully for someone. Ngo Tamo pa yo byakhanpato la doye. I roasted some meat specially for Tamo.

  byansa n:qual. (of two or more bunches/clusters of flowers, beads, etc.) distinct; different. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. byantun adj. (of a flower, etc.) big and thick. byanyo adj. (of a road) narrow. Lembo byanyo. A narrow road. Ant: byaro. byapu [bja´pu] n. bamboo shoot. Variant: bije. Usage: Hija. byapu tale n. onion of the Chinese Green Onion (Allium fistulosum). byapu aru n. outer cover of a bamboo shoot. See: kiku. byar See: ber. byar vt-r. to flip, as a sheet of paper, a piece of tissue or cloth. Pulye simi oye byarto. Flip this cloth! Usage: Bulla. Var: ber. Usage: Hija.

  byar-See: ber-. byar See: ber. byaran [´bja:rã] n. small, semi-enclosed area of the front veranda at the entrance of the house where the mortar (*yaper) and a some baskets are stored, and where husking is done. Also used as shelter for poultry. Usage: Bulla. Var: byachi. Usage: Hija; Hari . byarba See: berba. byarbo See: berbo. byarbo-byarka See: berbo-berka. byare n:num. one (wall). Gramm: used for specifying a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *byarkun is used instead. byare See: bere. byarkun n. one (wall). Gramm: by enumeration only, without reference to a particular object, as in school. See: byar. byarne pron. (of walls) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used to inquire about a countable number of items. byarnye See: bernye byarnyo See: bernyo.

  byoda n. piece of animal skin used as a floor covering. byoda adj. bright; brilliant. byoda kiila adv. brightly. byodin n. ritual element of sacrificial altars . byohu vt. to brighten. Danyi byohudo. The sun shines. Piilo huto hii lenda mi byohudo. The moon light is brightening the road. byokhe vt. to overshadow; to cast a shadow over. byokhu n. (Bot.) variety of wild taro or yam. See: didii, yeru. byokhu n. 1. element of a priestly ceremonial outfit covering the head. 2. ritual element of sacrificial altars imitating a *byokhu . byokhu nyampe n. ritual element of sacrificial altars. byokhu-tajer n. part of a priest ceremonial outfit, an embroidered headscarf covering the back of the head, along with a scarf pin inserted in the hair knot. byolo vt. to put off a fire. Fire fighters hii yamu byololado. The fire fighters are busy putting off the fire. byomi vt. to extinguish a fire. byoniin n. 1. act of shining; shine. 2. state of shining. byopa [bjo´pa] n. traditional headgear; cane hat. Encycl: the Apatani traditional headgear is made of cane and has a bowl shape, except for a protruding appendice rolled at the back of the cap. The headgear. It is decorated with twisted cane ropes and trimmed with bird tail feathers set up horizontally at the top of the cap towards the back . byopa vt. to put out a fire. byoper [bjo´per] n. particular variety of cane headgear (*byopa) which is rendered waterproof by adjunction of tuft of the outer bark of a plant called *tama. The tufts are incorporated into the basketry, which for that purpose is made coarser . byoyun n. leather quiver for arrows . byu [´bju] vr. to suck. byu vr. to uproot (esp. trees); to dig up (pillars, etc.). Sanii liima mi byuto! Dig out/unearth the root of the tree! byu [´bju:] n. grave; tomb.

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  chan vsuff. normally. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject carries out the action denoted by the verb in a normal way, or in a way that is consistent with social norms. -chan ho vsuff.+post. in the manner of. Gramm: occurs with reduplication of the verb. Noka Richo ayadachan ho datotiika. Try to live life the right way as Richo! Noka mingodachan ho datotiika. Try to live as rich people do! chanchan n. cold. Ant: gubu. chanchi-dochi adj. critical-natured, as of a person or character. Also used to describe someone whose views, thoughts or actions are bothersome to others. chanchu [tɕã´tɕu] n. tripod used for supporting cooking pots over a fire, originally consisting of three upright stones. halyan chanchu n. iron cooking tripod . chandii tamu n. ritual performed during the month of February/March when the soil is being prepared for cultivation. Syn: chantii tamu. change-change 1. adj. intense. 2. piercing, as of a noise or a scream. Inka ii'nga ka kheniin si change-changeja. That baby's cry is most piercing 3. adv. intensely. Change-change achido. Feeling a sharp pain. change-change lu vca. to hurt someone verbally. chani vt. to step on someone's finger. chaniin [´tɕani] n. climb; ascent; ascension; climbing. Putu chaniin mi pulyan chapeto. Climb the mountain till the peak is reached! chanko [´tɕãko] n. any piece of plate-shaped object, as for eg. a frying pan. Kiidi chanko koye hoto. Lift an earth cake with your hoe. chankun n:num. (of plate-shaped objects) one. Gramm: by enumerating only, i.e. counting without reference to any particular object. When referring to a particular object *channge is used in place of *channge. chankha-dikha adj. (of a land, area, etc.) unproductive; fruitless; barren. channe pron. (of pots, pans, saucepans, etc.) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used to inquire about a countable number items in a collection. channge [´tɕãŋe] num. (of plate-shaped objects) one. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *chankun is used instead. Syn: chankun. chansa n:qual. (of two or more plate-shaped objects) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from *piichan, 'pot, saucepan, container for cooking'. chanta n. rice flake. murun chanta n. special rice flake prepared during a *murun. chantii-dotii n. universe. chantu n. (Zool.) variety of rat.Chantun name primordial protective divinity who is believed to be the progenitor of humankind. Also describes the ritual performed on various occasions to propitiate this deity, e.g. as part of the marriage ceremony. Syn: Lyapin Chantun. chanu 1. vi. to move in an upward/northward direction before someone else does. 2. vt. to overtake someone while climbing. chanyo adj. (of a plate-shaped object) small. chanyu n. (Bot.) variety of tree fern species, the trunk of which was used in olden days to make bridges, or heavy logs put on the foot of prisoners to prevent escape. Syn: chanyu tari . chape [´tɕa:´pe] vt. to climb till the destination is reached. Putu chaniin mi pulyan chapeto. Climb the mountain till the peak is reached! Mo gagerpa la taru mi gatubiido la putu chapene. By holding the rope firmly and exerting full effort, he/she managed to climb the mountain. chape vt. to go up by crossing something on the way. Tara, niika Daporijo chalyi ho Ziro ho chapebiilya. You should make a stop at Ziro on your way to Daporijo.

  chogin vi. to hunker; to squat; to crouch. cholin vi. to hop or pop out. Yamu miiri cholin la chobyabiine. I got burnt from the sparks that popped out of the fire. cholo n. element of the *babo structure, a wooden plank made in the shape of a machete on which designs are added by the use of charcoal. Encycl: it is tied on the upper end of *babo to what is considered as its 'back side'. A decoration consisting of a bunch of bamboo sheaves or tassels hangs from the broader end . cholya adj. lame. chomyo 1. silence. 2. adj. silent. chimi chomyo adj. silent; peaceful. chor vt-r. to spray (water, etc.). chorjin-chikii adj. stretched out lengthwise. Paro ako insi lakhii la chorjin-chikii dado siito la do. One chicken is dead in a stretched position due to cold. chorke adj. strong, as of a taste. Usage: Bulla, Hija, Dutta, Diibo. chorkii adj. smart, either active/strong in work, or having a straight posture/personality. See: chikho.

  dahi-damo vi. to stay awhile; to stand or stay for a short period. Syn: hengii-hemo.dahin See: dayin. dahii-dakhe vi. (by a plural subject) to exchange position by stepping. Gambo ngiinyi dahiidakhesiisa. Kago, let's exchange our positions! daka[daka] post. in; at; on. Gramm: locative case marker, marking a noun indicating its position. Typically occurs on clauses where the marked noun and its associated postposition are embedded into a noun phrase. Ari-apii daka miyu atan. People in the neighbourhood. Lenba daka yapa atan hii. The village youngsters. Table daka apin diira paku mi lachunto. Hide the dirty plates on the table! Into daka subu atan si ngiiki. Those mithuns are mine. Aki, paku daka apin mi diikhapabiine. The dog has completely finished off the rice on the plate. Siinyan ngiika aji daka emo si ensu adin do. This year, my paddy crop is of dud rice only. Syn: hoka. dakan vi. to stay/stand for a long time.dako n. standing place. dako ganda n. residing place. Ziro hii ngiika dako ganda. Ziro is the place where I'm residing.

  dalii vt. 1. to drive something inside by beating it. 2. to hammer down something. Syn: dilii. dalin n. 1. hunting track 2. stamping ground. Syn: more dalin. dalin vi. to walk (out); to step out of. dalin See: darlin. dalo See: darlo. dalya vt. to stay or stand for a while; to wait (in a standing posture); to stand temporarily. Iche dalyato. Please wait a moment! (addressee in a standing posture).dalyi 1. n. direction; side. 2. post. towards; in the direction of. Gramm: directional postposition marking a noun, pronoun or adverb, with the basic meaning 'towards'. Often, but not obligatorily followed by locative postposition *ho. Can also indicate a temporal direction. Si dalyi boto. Come this side (by crossing a river, road, etc.)! Into dalyi bo'nge. Go that side (by crossing a river, road, etc.)! Alye mi labi dalyi ho giboto. Move that door towards the right! Inka lembo padin siiko ho, lachi dalyi bo'nge, lembo ka labi dalyi ho sign board kapatodii ke. Turn left at the river junction, you will see the signboard in the right side of the road. Ayo dalyi. Towards night time. No labi dalyi ho chaboto. Please move towards the right. daminda n. variety of traditional dance accompanied by songs performed by a group of women. Syn: damin. damu n. (Agr.) wooden digging stick with a pointed head used as agricultural implement for planting millet or maize seeds. Syn: damu-dankho . dan [dã] vt-r. to beat; to hit repeatedly with a stick or a tool. danba vt. (of a plural subject) to beat together. Var: damba. danbo vt. 1. to beat along with; to join others in beating something or someone. 2. to help someone beat something/someone. danche vt. to break by beating.

  danti vt. to secure something by beating it, e.g. a pole into the ground. danye [da:ñe] 1. n:num. two steps. 2. n:num. two paces. 3. adv. at a walkable distance. Lemba hokii, danye dalin la school doda do. The school is located within walking distance from the village. danyi [´daɲi] n. 1. sun. 2. an important female figure of Apatani mythology. danyi a vcn. (by sun) to set. Danyi akumarampa akusa. Let's return back before the sun sets. danyi adu n. sunset; moment the sun disappears below the horizon. danyi agyan n. altar erected for 1) a ritual performed during *Myoko at the backyard of individual houses . 2) a ritual performed during *Dree. danyi cha vcn. (by sun) to rise. Danyi chamarampa insa. Let's go before the sun rises. Danyi chado/chalya. The sun rises. danyi chacha n. (Zool.) smaller variety of cicada, black overall with a yellow strip. See: lil lilan. danyi chadu n. sunrise; moment the sun appears above the horizon. danyi ho advphr. under the sun. Tarii mi nula lala danyi ho apito. Dry the shirt under the sun after washing! danyi huto n. sunlight. danyi lolyan n. mid day. Danyi lohyan ho ato. Come at mid day! Syn: alo lolyan; alo liipa. danyi parda ho advphr. at noon (when the sun is at its zenith). danyi rila n. sun ray.

dar

  See: da. dara adj. stiff, as of a cliff; sheer, as of a slope. Biidan dara. A steep cliff. darcha vt-r. to move/lift something up with a lever. Var: dacha. Ant: darlo. dare n. variety of stone crush trap. dareke [da´r:eke] n. bamboo shelving complex located above the main fireplace in a house, used for smoke-drying provisions and storing various things (boxes, kitchen utensils, firewood, etc.) darhii-darkhe vt. to move or lift around with a lever (stick, rod, etc.). Inka ball simi lopa lo darhii-dakhehe. Go and move that ball to and from with a stick! Var: dahii-dakhe. dari See: daryi. darii vi. to stand face to face. darii [da´ri] adj. 1. clean; neat. 2. clear, as of water. 3. clear; evident. 4. pure/open, as of somone's heart or mind. Ant: kacho. dariija adj. cleanest. dariipa adv. cleanly; neatly; purely. Dariipa kelyato! Please write clearly! dariijapa adv. more cleanly; more neatly; more purely. Ngunuka Ziro ganda mi supun ho dariijapa busa. Let us keep our Ziro in a cleaner condition. dariiya adj. cleaner; neater; purer. darii-pyabya [da´ri pjabja] adj. clean. Ngunu Tanii miyu atan si ato ganda mi darii-pyabyadopa bulado koda ano ayakindo. It will be a good thing if we Apatanis keep our own land clean. darlin vt-r. to move something out with a lever. Ball mi lopa lo darlinto. Remove the ball with a stick! Var: dalin. darlo vt-r. to move something down with a lever. Var: dalo. Ant: darcha. darnyo adj. (of a funnel-shaped material used for filtering beer) big. Iche darnyodopa miito. Prepare for a small *sader of beer! Ant: darro.

  dinkhii n. unwashed sticky hair. dinkho n. bald head. dinkhu n. bony remaining part of a head. See: dinta. din-nanii n. pillow. dinnii [´dini] n. (Zool.) doe; female deer. Syn: siidin-dinnii. Ant: dimbo; siidin-dimbo. dinshii n. plaited hair knot fastener. dinso n. string used for tying a male hair knot. Etym: from *adin, 'head', *yaso, 'cane rope'. dinsu vt. to resort to an ordeal. dinta n. (Anat.) scalp; area of the head where hair grows. dintu vt. to comb and fix hair. dipa [di´pa] vt. to detach; to peel off. Papu alyo dipato. Peel the egg shell! dipe n. (Agric.) hoe . diran See: diiran. diter ta vcn. to prepare the soil of a rice field before cultivation, esp. by breaking up clods of earth with a hoe. ditin n. cliff.

diiran n. 1 .

 1 principal gift to be presented by the groom's family to the bride's parents. 2. by extension, principal recipient of the bride price at the wedding. Encycl: usually this role is played by the father of the bride or, in the absence of the bride's parents, a brother (real). Altogether with *lache and *mechu, this person is in charge of assisting the bride during the wedding and later the married wife for the duration of her marriage. diiran yakhan n. traditional unit of measure corresponding approximately to 35 kilogramms of unhusked rice, which is expected as a contribution from a married woman's *diiran on certain occasions such as *murun. diiran sankhan n. (Bot.) variety of forest plant bearing edible berries resembling bluberries, also used for its medicinal properties. Var: diiran sanchi. Usage: Hong. diire tanche n. glutton; (of a person) who eats too much.

  duye n:num. (of bamboo section used as a receptacles) one. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *dakun is used instead. See: du-. duye cop. was/were. Gramm: perfective copula or existential verb, referent sitting. Nunuko mi duye ha? Was there anyone at your place? Var: due. duyi vi. (esp. of liquids) to fall down. Miido-dodu duyido. Raindrops are falling. duyin vi. (of a plural subject) to sit together.Var: duhin.

  emer n. dew (droplets of water). emer tarpin n. (Zool.) variety of small graminivorous passerine. emi See: imi. emiin n. dew. emo [´emo] n. 1. (Bot.) generic term for the late ripening varieties of rice. Var: imo. Usage: Hija. See: mipya. 2. (Agr.) general term for rice's paddy crop. Siinyan ngiika aji daka emo si ensu adin do. This year, all my entire paddy crop is of dud rice. 3. rice grain. Khu emo nyi mi niti emo nyi mi tadinsiito. Mix the old rice with new rice together into a single heap! 4. uncooked, unhusked rice. Var: imo. Usage: Hija. emo danii n. (Agr.) paddy threshing. emo ditun n. paddy harvest ritual. Emo piilo ho emo ditun sodu. In November people celebrate paddy harvest ritual. (Agr.) emo henii n. winnowing of rice. Var: emo heniin. emo hiniin n. ritual held in July-August aimed at protecting the paddy from pests and natural calamities. emo huniin n. (Agr.) unhusking of paddy. emo piilo n. eleventh lunar month of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of November. rade emo n. (Bot.) white, late-ripening variety of paddy. empii n. 1. (Bot.) paddy husk. Syn: piinan. Endi atan hii empii giidu. The paddy plants carry husks. Encycl: paddy husks are spread over the field after the harvest to serve as organic fertilizer. 2. n. (Bot.) ear of rice. 3. n. sixth lunar cycle of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of June. Syn: piimii-piije; piimii-piije piilo; piimii-piilo. empii koniin n. the last of *Myoko rituals performed by the priest, during which rice is roasted by burning the logs previously collected in the house of the *yugyan ato, each representing one household of the clan. Var: empi konii. empii n. fried rice. empu n. (Bot.) white, late-ripening variety of paddy.

  empya n. cotton Var: impya. Usage: Hija. empya duti n. (Agr.) instrument for weeding out cotton seeds. empya tiyo n. (Zool.) silkworm, or silkworm pupae (chrysalis). Encycl: silkworm pupae are considered as a delicacy by the Apatanis. empya kormo n. cotton seed. empya sanii n. (Bot.) cotton plant. empyan [em´pjã] n. grain for poultry. empyan sudu [em´pjã sudu]

  entii n. (Agr.) paddy harvest. entii patan n. (Agr.) agricultural team set up to share labour during paddy harvesting. entii pere n. (Agr.) matting where the paddy is spread and left to dry up after harvesting. entii pi vcn. to cut/harvest new rice by cutting the ear off with a small sickle into a basket. entii pinii n. harvesting of paddy. Var: enti piniin. entii piilo n. tenth lunar cycle of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of October. Syn: buntii piilo; bunchibuntii piilo. entii yagii n. variety of agricultural basket which is also used as a measure of capacity, roughly equivalent to 35 kilograms of unhusked rice. entii tari n. (Bot.) variety of wild kiwi (Actinidia sp.). Syn: entii tari sanii. entii tari ahi n. wild kiwifruit . epe n. (Bot.) pumpkin. Usage: Hija. Var: tape; ayo-tape. epe apu n. pumpkin flower. Usage: Hija. eran n. (Bot.) rice stalk base. Encycl: rice stalk bases remains in the field after harvesting. Etym: from *emo, 'rice', *aran, 'base' . ere [e´re] n. (Anat.) belly; abdomen; stomach. Usage: Hari, Bulla. Ngiika ere hii potedo. My stomach is full. ere pukunniin n. collective meal offered by the performer of a *murun to all women of the neighbourhood on the day following a *penii.

  giiro adj. (of a basket of the *yagii or *raju variety) big. Ant: giinyo. giiru-giira adj. loose, as of a snare. giisa adj. (of two or more baskets carried by a strap around the forehead) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from *yagii, 'cane/bamboo basket carried by a strap aroung the forehead'.

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  go...-lo vsuff. compete. Gramm: split manner suffix indicating that two or more subjects are engaged in a competition in terms of the action denoted by the verb. Ngiinyi ago-alo akasiisa. Let us (two of us) see who comes earlier. goba vi. (of a plural subject) to fly together. goba vt. (of a plural subject) to lift together. Talo Rambo nyi yasan gobasiilado. Talo and Rambo are lifting firewood together. goba vt. (of a plural subject) to make an enclosure together. goba vt. (of a plural subject) to propel/throw together. gobin vt. (of a plural subject) to fly together. gobin vt. (of a plural subject) to make an enclosure together.

harbo 1 .

 1 vi. to run along with someone. 2. vt. drive along with someone. 3. vi. (of a vehicle) to go along with some other vehicle(s). harbo v. to bathe along with someone. harbyan adj. full, as of the moon. See: karbyan. harcha vi.

  heba vt. (of a plural subject) to blow together. heba vt. (of a plural subject) to remove soil or dig out together. heba vt. (of a plural subject) to knit/embroider together. heba vt. (of a plural subject) to take/serve food with a ladle or spoon together. heba vt. (of a plural subject) to sharpen something together with a knife. hebin n. (Bot.) variety of bamboo. hebin vt. (of a plural subject) to remove soil or dig together/jointly. hebo vt. to blow along with someone.

hender 1 .

 1 vt. to understand; to get or make clear; to figure out. Hendersiidu ha? Is it clear? Ngo henderlama I don't understand. Ngo, hu ya pe hiila henderlamato. I could not make out who he is. Yo acho dotokula, niibo mi diichiku henderlakuma. There are many kinds of meat, I don't know which one to eat. Biiso hendermapa. Without fear. 2. to remember. See: tader. Etym: from *hen, 'to think', *-der 'make clear'.hendi [´hẽ´di]1. n. good person; kind person; gentleman. 2. adj. a) gentle (mild-mannered, not stern, coarse or violent). b) considerate of others. c) righteous (of persons: virtuous, free from sin or guilt; of actions; morally good). Syn: hendi-miidi. henga [hẽ´ga] vt. 1. to bother/worry about someone or something. 2. to be concerned or troubled about something. henga-henkha [´hẽ´ga´hẽ´xa] 1. vt. to trouble; to annoy. Abu kela la niimi henga-henkhadopa miibitamasii ke. I will not trouble you by writing too long. Etym: from *hen, 'to think', *-ga 'much/a lot/often'. 2. vi. to be troubled; to be annoyed. Aya henga-henkha. I'm very much troubled.

  heta n. (Agr.) flat wooden baton pointed at one end, that is used for remodeling of dams and fields. Usage: Hija. Syn: aji heta. Var: hiita/aji hiita. Usage: Bulla. hete n. (Agr.) trench dug into a paddy field for providing shelter and spawning ground for fishes. Usage: Hija. Var: parkho. Usage: Hari, Bulla .

  hiiba adj. following; next. King siilaku la, hiika hiiba kingdom ho nii miineku? After the king's death what happened in the kingdom? hiiba ho post. after. Lonye-lohinhe ka hiiba ho, ... Twothree days later. School inja lala kula la hiika hiiba pa/ho college inkindo. After school completion one has to go to college. Chatung ka hiiba ho Tamo akindo. After Chatung, Tamo will come. hiibapa adv. following; next. hiika hiibapa advphr. after that; next. hiibi n. 1. tip of bamboo (including smaller branches or twigs). 2. single bamboo branch.hiichi n. name given to one of the two composite groups celebrating the Myoko festival simultaneaoulsy, comprising Hija, Duta, Mudang-Tage and Bamin-Michi. See: hiite. hiigu haman n. (Bot.) Japanese Parsley (Oenanthe javanica), a variety of vegetable. Usage: Hari. Var: hugu haman. Usage: Hija . hiiho sanii n. (Bot.) Common Walnut (Juglans regia). hiijan [hi´d ã] ʑ n. 1. new generation. 2. newborn. hiijan apin [hi´d ã ʑ a´piŋ] n. meal offered as a contribution at childbirth. hiijan liiha [hi´d ã ʑ liha] n. 1. ceremonial basket used to bring food contributions for the coming of a newborn. 2. variety of basket used by the mother of a newborn during her postnatal confinement. hiijan miinii n. formal presentation of gifts by the bride's parents to the children of a newly married couple during the wedding ceremony (*mida). Usually consists of a Tibetan prayer bell (*maji) and meat. hiijan yopo n. basket containing various pieces of meat that is presented to the newly married couple during the *hiijan miiniin ritual. hiiji tami n. See tami. hiijo n. (Bot.) variety of bamboo very similar to *bije (Phyllotachis bambusoides) but having a thinner skin. The stem is strong and for that reason commonly used to make pillars. Var: hijo. hiika n. (Bot.) variety of edible fern, which the Apatanis boil and prepare with some salty sauce. Mostly available during Myoko time. Syn: hiika haman .

  ho byo interj. enough! stop it! Usage: interjection used to express impatience or exasperation. Syn: ho chi. hoan n. (Anat.) back of the body. hoan alo n. (Anat.) 1. backbone; spine; spinal column. 2. vertebra. hogya n. (Zool.) Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) . hogya taker n. (Zool.) Spotted Leopard (Panthera pardus) . No hogya taker mi membiine. You killed a leopard. hogyo-holyo adj. mixed up; confused. hogyo-holyopa adv. confusely. Hogyo-holyopa la aduyo. Don't talk in a confused way! hoho adj. spacious; as of a room; roomy. Var: ho. Ant: hunta-renta. hoi adj. safe. hoi vt. 1. to be. 2. to happen. 3. to affect. From: Assamese. hojalo [´hodʑalo] conj. although; though; even though; in spite of the fact that. Gramm: concessive disjunct coordinator used to indicate something unexpected, or to contrast two informations. No rengiisiidudo, hojalo ngiimi bazar linkunpe. You must be feeling tired, still please accompany me to the market. Syn: hojalopa. Richo ngiimi school nyima ke hiila lune, hojalopa ngo akatalyi. Although Richo told me that there is no school, I will go and see. hoka n. loop trap. hoka pe vt-r. to lay a loop trap. hoka peniin n. laying of a loop trap. hoka [´hoka] 1. post. of, in (for places). Gramm: locative case marker, genitive case. Obligatory when two locative noun phrases occur in a single sentence. Yapun hoka jomu si ano kapyodo. Clouds in the sky are very beautiful. Ziro mi Arunachal Pradesh hoka kapyoja ganda ako pa kidu. Ziro counts as one of the most beautiful places of/in Arunachal Pradesh

  horlyi v. 1. to look askance at someone. 2. to look obliquely at someone or something. horma adj. (esp. of rice) not ripen enough. Ant: hor. hornanii n. bamboo frame used to make loops during the traditional process of cotton spinning, before dyes are applied to the thread . horne pron. (of bundles of threads) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used for a countable number of items in a collection. hornyo n:num. (of a bundle of threads) small. Ant: horro. horro n:num. (of a bundle of threads) large. Ant: hornyo.

  hua vi-r. to fall into something, such as a pit, pond, well, etc. Var: huha. huba vt. (of a plural subject) to shake something together. huba vt. (of a plural subject) to collect (clothes, etc.) together. huba vt. (of a plural subject) to pound together. hubin 1. n. sweat. 2. vi. to sweat. Var: hubyin. ali-ala hubin n. sweat of the hand and feet. hubin vi. (of a plural subject) to shake something jointly. hubin vt. to collect something together/jointly. hubo pron. who (among them/these/those). Gramm: interrogative pronoun of person. Used to inquire about the identity of a particular person in a group. Inka atan sokii hubo ya pe Tama ka anii? Who among those is Tama's mother? hubo-hulo vt. 1. to look like, esp. when depicting persons of same age. 2. (of a measure or quantity) to be roughly equivalent to. hubu n. bamboo tube receptacle for storing cooking utensils. hubur [hu´bur] n. (Agr.) duct inserted in the bund of a paddy field to let out the water. Encycl: can be made of plank, pine tree trunk, or bamboo stem, of different diameters. By blocking or opening it any field can be flooded or drained as required. Ducts are installed about 15 to 25 cm above the bed level of the fields in order to maintain the proper water level. Var: siikho. Usage: Bulla . parkho hubur n. (Agr.) pipe used in the trench of a paddy field. hubyin See: hubin. hubyu n. sheath of a machete or sword. takhe hubyu n. skeletal cane sheath of a machete or sword.hubyu vi. to boil, as of a liquid. Yasi hubyudo. Water is boiling.

  hunta-renta adj. congested, as of an area or room. Usage: Bulla. hunyi n. wooden pestle for grinding rice grain and millet. Syn: duhu hunyi. Hunyi buye. One pestle. hunyur n. (Bot.) variety of vegetable. Var: hunyur haman . hupa pron. for whom. Gramm: interrogative pronoun of person. Purposive case. Siika tarii si hupa? Whose shirt is this? hupa-huya vt. to spend lavishly, more than enough. Usage: Hija. Var: hopa-hoya. Usage: Bulla. hupo n. element of the old body armour used in combats, consisting of tanned mithun or buffalo hides which were fastened around the chest, offering an efficient protection from the armpit to the groin. See: ahu; hurin; lecha. hupur vt. to break by letting or making something fall (e.g. an egg). Syn: apur. hupyu v. to shake, esp. a liquid. Syn: hupyu-huser. hur vt-r. to remove excess water from cooked rice through filtration. Var: hor. Usage: Hija. hurin n. element of the body armour, a large cane belt or cane matted ring designed to protect the viscera, which was put around the waist. Usually consisted of two split long canes, around which numerous fibres from giant ferns were wrapped round very tightly. It offered an additional protection for the stomach and groin from injuries by blade weapons. huro vi. to wake up. hurta [hur´ta:] n. wooden board used for filtering rice water during the cooking process. Syn: apin hurta . aji hurta n. (Agr.) wooden baton with a flatten end for making leeways in paddy fields in order to remove excess water. husi-rasi adj. hot and unpleasant. huta adj. 1. classy (stylish, elegant). 2. showing off; flaunting.

  ikho honiin n. close relative of the performer of a *murun who sponsors the community meal shared by all participants of a *penii after the procession has returned back to the performer's house.ilaichi n. (Bot.) Cardamom (Elletaria cardamomum). From: Hindi 'illaichi'. ili See: eli. ili badu See: eli badu. ilyin n. (Anat.) anus. ilyin poliniin n. (Med.) rectal prolapse. ilyo [i´ljo ] ʔ n. 1. common machete, sword . 2. ritual element of sacrificial altars imitating a sword. See: pare sala . ilyo aha n. (of a machete or sword) strap made of plaited cane which is attached to the sheath (*hubyu). ilyo kortu n. hilt of a machete or sword . ilyo-lyolyi n. wooden handle of a machete. ilyo tarin n. plaited cane strips tied at intervals along the sheath of a machete so as to hold the blade in its sheath. ima See: ema. imi n. area around the fireplace where people sit or sleep in an Apatani house. imi vi-r. to sleep. Ngo momi imidopa kapato. I saw him/her sleeping. Ngo iminando. I feel like sleeping. imi bari See: imi guri. imi giha vcn. to lie down and sleep. Opi bed ho imi gihaneku. Opi laid in her bed and slept. imi guri vcn. to get up from sleep. Loder imi guridoku. Loder got up from sleep. Syn: imi bari. imi-ihii vi. to sleep late; to oversleep. imi-i'nger vi. to snore. imi niite vcn. 1. to nap; to nod off; to snooze. 2. adj. feeling sleepy. imidu n. time for sleeping; bedtime. imiko n. 1. sleeping place; sleeping area; bed. 2. any place for sleeping. iminiin n. sleep. imli n. (Bot.) White Hoarypea (Tephrosia candida), a cassia-like variety of tree. From: Hindi. imo See: emo impya See: empya.

  [´inani] n. walking stick.inniin[´ini] n. going; ride, walk, excursion. Aba more inniin (hokii) akumaran. Daddy has not returned from jungle yet. inpa vi. to leave; to go away (unspecified orientation). No inpa? Where are you going? inpe vi. to go till the destination is reached (unspecified orientation); to cover a distance completely (by going). Inpepa la innge. Go till the destination is reached! inpo vi. 1. to come across someone (unspecified orientation). 2. to cross something. Mo inpone. He/She went out [i.e. by crossing something on the way].inpo-ilo vt. to pass by. inpyo v. to go first; to go before anyone else does (unspecified orientation). Mo inpyonando.

  [ĩ:] interj. Yes. Usage: interjection used to give an affirmative reply to yes/no question, or to punctuate a conversation with expressions of agreement. A: Nanya niinyi ajin sii nyan an? B: Iin. A: Are you and Nanya friends? B: Yes we are. A: No seminar pa ha adu nii? B: Iin. A: Do you come to attend the seminar? B: Yes (I do). ii'nga [i´ŋa] n. child; baby; infant. Anyo iinga ako butiiku. Anyo has given birth to a baby. ii'ngamilobo n. son. ii'nga-nyimii [i´ŋa ´ñimi] n. daughter. ii'nga gii vcn. to be pregnant; to bear a child. ii'nga giinii 1. n. one who is pregnant (unspecified). 2. ncl. pregnant. iipii vt. to sweep (sweep out/sweep up), to broom. Mo anyi mi iipiikiinento. Let them broom. iipinanii n. traditional sweeping broom made from dried, tightly-clasped maize husks. iiran [irã] n. portion of the veranda (either front or back) located just along the outer wall. iiran alye n. door separating the front veranda from *byachi/*byaran. Encycl: this entrance is closed during a ritual marked by domestic claustration. Syn: byago alye . byago iiran n. portion of the front veranda located just along to the outer wall. uko iiran n. portion of the rear veranda located just along to the outer wall. Ant: byago iiran. iirii n. horn. Usage: Hija. Sii iirin. Cow horn. Var: arii.

  jarpi vt. to dry something by setting out in the sun and wind. See: hepi. jarpin n. (Med.) hysteria. jarpin vt. (by a spirit) to harm physically. Momi jarpinkoto la akhii achilado. He/she was harmed by a spirit and [now] he/she is having pain in the abdomen. See: arun. je vi-r. (of solid, relatively hard food) to soften/become tender by cooking. Apin jedoku ke The rice has softened (by cooking).

  jeje adj. wet, as of cooked rice containing too much water. Apin jeje. Wet (cooked) rice. jeme adj. flat; flattened.-jer vsuff. thrifty; sparing; economical. Gramm: adjectivalizing suffix indicating that the subject is practising or showing thrift in performing the action identified by the verb. Lujer. Cautious (in speaking). Syn: -jer...-ber. Miijer-miiber. Thrifty/careful in spending or using.jere vt. to cut/break into two pieces. Syn: jitu. jeta 1. vt. to flatten. Usage: colloquial. 2. adj. flattened. ji [´dʑi:] adj. black. ji kiina adj. deep black. Syn: ji kiini. Si ji kiinipa hiila -no nii na diido nii? What is this black thing you are you eating? ji vt-r. to roll. ji 1. vt-r. to melt a substance by heating it. 2. vi-r. to melt, as of a substance. Syn: jilo. -ji [dʑi] vsuff. 1. with pleasure or gusto. 2. pleasant for; convenient for. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject carries out the action denoted by the verb with pleasure or gusto. Also derives an adjective with the basic meaning 'pleasant for', 'convenient for'. Syn: -ji...-pa. jibi vt. 1. to roll something on someone else's behalf or for someone. 2. to give something to someone by rolling it. Paji mi jibito! Give the bike! jibi vt. to melt something on someone else's behalf/for someone. jibi vt. to roll toward the right. Ant: jichi. jibo vt. to roll across. jichi vt. to roll leftward. Ant: jibi. jide-jide vt. to roll on and on. jidin vt. to wield. jigjiro n. variety of simple dark-blue fringe shawl with yellow stripes, especially worn by priests during *Myoko and *Murun. jihi adj. quiet; silent; peaceful; undisturbed. jihi rara adj. silent, as of an environment or surroundings. jihin n. piece of cloth. jihii-jikhe vt. to move by rolling; to roll to and from. jije [´dʑi´dʑe] 1. n. truth; reality. 2. adj. true; real; actual. 3. adv. truely; truthfully. jije mii vcn. to do/act truly or truthfully. jijepa adv. really. Jijepa ha? Really? Jijepa cho an! Very true! jijeya adj. truer (than). jijeniin n. truth. jiji adj. (of colour) grue (i.e. alternatively blue or green, depending on the context). Yapun hii jijido. The sky is blue. Anii hii jijido. The leaf is green. Syn: niiji. jiji kiina adj. deep blue/deep green. Syn: jiji-jikho. jijin tayin n. (Zool.) variety of dragonfly. jiker vt. to surround/revolve around/circle by rolling something. See: paker. jikhe tarii n. variety of sleeveless white jacket richly designed with dark blue losenge designs, mostly used by ritual performers.jila adj. skilled/expert in *miji chanting. Syn: miji-jila. jilan pulye n. variety of outer, fringed shawl with intricated lozenge motifs and dots, formerly made of an admixture of wool and cotton. Encycl: the most expensive piece of the ceremonial priestly attire. This cloth is required in most important rituals performed at the time of *Myoko, *Murun and *Subu tanii. *Bulyan members are also entitled to wear it. According to oral tradition, the colours were copied from the colour combinations of the Grey Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron bicalcaratum), which the Apatanis call *tar piita or *tarlar. Syn: jilyan . jilo 1. vt. to melt down. Hulyi mi jiloto. Melt down the pig fat! 2. vi. to melt down. jilya n. coarse silk. Var: jilyan; jilyo. jilya pulye n. variety of coat of olden days, made out of coarse silk of different shades. Encycl: can be folded into two and wrapped around the body, or with two ends diagonally tied across one shoulder. The middle portion of the cloth can be held tight to the body by means of a belt. jilyo vi. to take the wrong path/way while rolling. jilyin n. bramble; berry (generic). Usage: Diibo, Bulla. Var: jilyun Usage: Hija. aki jilyin n. (Bot.) Mock Strawberry/Indian Strawberry (Potentilla indica), a small berry species having trifoliate leaves and relatively sour fruits which are not usually eaten by the Apatanis. The leaves may be consumed as a vegetable. Etym: from *aki, 'dog, *jilyin, 'bramble/berry'. Var: aki jilyun . jinkhe-jilyin n. (Bot.) Wild Karanda (Carissa spinarum), a thorny shrub commonly growing in forests up to 1,500 m, bearing edible small fruits of hyacint blue colour. Etym: from *-khe, 'purple/purplish', *jilyin, 'bramble/berry'. Var: jinkhe-jilyun. jimpu jilyin n. (Bot.) variety of yellow raspberry resembling the Yellow Himalayan Raspberry (Rubus ellipticus), but bearing berries which grow in clusters. Etym: from *pulu, 'white', *jilyin, 'bramble/berry'.Var: jimpujilyun . jintii jilyin n. (Bot.) variety of juicy, red berry. tiire jilyin n. (Bot.) Himalaya Blackberry (Rubus procerus), a thorny bramble bearing purplish-black berries. Etym: from *tiire, 'thorn/thorny', *jilyin, 'bramble/berry'.Var: tiire jilyun. Usage: Hari; tare jilyun . jilyun See: jilyin. jimer 1. n:qual. all. 2. pron. all; everybody. Syn: miilan/mulan.

  johe vt. to scratch/make a mark on something with a knife or a nail. johii vt. to move something to another position by lifting it. johii-jokhe vt. to move something out of its place by lifting it. joja vt. to finish carrying; to complete carrying. Mo yasan jojatiiku. He/she has finished carrying the firewood. jojer n. (Zool.) chafer (Cetonia aurata), a beetle having a metallic green coloration . jojo adj. refreshing. jojokhe vt. to carry/transport with one's hands. Emo jojokhe. Carry rice by hand. Syn: bahiibakhe. jojo ropo n. (Zool.) Wallcreeper (Tichodroma muraria), a small bird with stunning crimson, grey and black plumage, related to the nuthatch family . joju n. (Zool.) variety of fly. jojuru n. (Bot.) Catchfly (Silene sp. possibly S. heterophylla), a variety of wild creeper bearing edible, red, sweet pepper-like fruits. Var: jojiiru. Usage: Hari. jojuru ahi n. fruit of the *jojuru plant.joka vt.

  juye n:num. one ladle or ladleful, construed as the quantity contained in one *yaju. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *jukun is used in place of *jue/juye. Var: jue. See: ju-.K-kka/-ka part. of; 's. Gramm: genitive case marker occuring as a noun or noun phrase postposition, but as a suffix to pronouns and demonstratives. Moka ala. His/her hand. Siika pen mi ngiimi bipe. Please give me this pen. ka [´ka] part. emphatic particle. Gramm: emphatic particle to a declarative sentence. Indicates that the speaker wishes to present the marked information as obvious. Often occurs with tag marker *ah in order to get agreement from the speaker. Iche ngarnando ka ah. It's a little bit ridiculous! Diipyodo ka ah! Hey, that tastes good! ka [´ka:] vt-r. to look at; to see; to watch. No niimi kadu? What are you looking at? ka vi-r. to condense; to become more dense or compact. Pila ala si kadoku. This rice porridge has condensed. -ka vsuff. try/do as a trial; test/check. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject performs the action identified by the verb in a tentative or experimental way, as a trial. -ka vsuff. dented. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something becomes dented as a result of the action denoted by the verb. -ka vsuff. you can; you should. Gramm: verb suffix occuring at the end of a suffix chain, most often following an imperative suffix, used to indicate that the order is given as a permission or as something advisable. See: -tiika; -yoka. kaba [ka:´ba] vt. (of a plural subject) to look or see together. kabi [´ka:´bi] vt. to look or see on someone else's behalf/for someone. kabiidolatiika ah! interj. Watch it! Look out! Usage: idiomatic expression of caution or warning. kabo [´ka:bo] vt. 1. to see along with someone. 2. to help someone see something. kabo [ka:´bo] vt. 1. to look/see across. Ngo kabobiikele Tapu mi aladopa kapato. As I looked across, I saw Tapu coming. 2. to move across to look or see something. 3. to meet someone. Sira mi Hija ho arda konchi dado kabohe no, lenda ho mi miyu lo hatu-hapokotemapa. You go tomorrow morning to meet Sira at Hija, without being stopped by someone on the way. kabyo [´ka:´bjo] vt.

  kado ahi n. (Bot.) eggplant/Brinjal (Solanum melongena), a non-native fruit commonly used as a vegetable in cooking. Usage: Hija. kadoliili adv. openly and publicly; in front of everybody. Mo kadoliili sokii tarii labiine. He/she took the shirt from here in the front of everybody.kadu[ka´du] vt. to look up.kage [ka:´ge] vt. 1. to look fixedly at. Yapa kone ngiimi kagebiido la lune: "Niika armyan nii hiila pe?". One youngster looked at me and said: "What's your name?" 2. to look after; to take care of someone or something. Syn: kage-tage. kage-kage vt. (esp. of children) to long for something; to yearn after something; to pine for something. kage piicha vt. to stare; to look fixedly at someone; to gaze. Var: kago piicha. kagenii n. one who looks after (unspecified); caretaker; supervisor. Patan kagenii. Supervisor of an agricultural labour team. kagii [kag:i] vt. 1. to take someone along with oneself to look or see something. 2. to teach someone something (by showing him). 3. to learn from someone (by seeing). kago [ka:´go:] vt. to see or look before someone else; to see or look first (overtaking or excluding others). kago [ka:´go] vt. to fail to see someone or something; to overlook someone or something. kagotago vt. to fail to notice someone or something; to miss someone or something or somebody by paying no attention. kago [´ka:´go:] n. thing yet to be seen; thing to see. kago piicha See: kage piicha. kago-tago adj. famous; famed; reknown. Syn: tatu-katu. kagya [ka:´gja] vt. to look or see wrongly. kagyo vt. to see something and get involved into it. Pasunii mi kapadu la ngo kagyogiidoku, police case ho gyodo. As I had seen the figthing I got involved into the police case. kahe See: kaye. kahe vt. (Agr.) to separate grain, esp. paddy grain, from the lighter particles of chaff, dirt, etc., through winnowing action. kahe [´ka´he:] vt. to select; to choose. kahi-kaso vt. to take care of. kahii-kakhe [kahi kaxe] v. to look around. kahin See: kayin. kaho [´ka:ho] vt. to mark; to make or leave a mark. Tabin ka nyimo daka giikor si momi kahogiido. The scar left a mark onTabin's face. kaho vt. (esp. by gods/spirits) to punish. Uyi kahokodii la ngo diipyotama ke. I shall not steal as I may be punished by the gods/spirits. kaho tamo adj. extraordinary; exceptional; remarkable. kau vt. to be envious/jealous of another; to begrudge. Ngo Yanya mi kauja. I envy Yanya. Syn: heu kai part. emphatic particle. Gramm: marks a verb or an adjective to stress its meaning. No taper kai ela luda nii. You are saying too much. kaje [´ka:´dʑe] vt. to see the truth or reality; to believe or trust what one sees. kaji n. variety of Apatani dish consisting of an admixture of rice, meat chilly powder and salt, usually taken with rice beer. Ordinary *kaji is used in day-to-day life, but more elaborate ones can be prepared on various ceremonial occasions. myoko kaji n. variety of *kaji made during *Myoko festival. midin/aji kaji n. variety of *kaji. kajitin vi. to sneeze. kaju [´kadʑu] interj. ok. Usage: interjection expressing agreement. kaka [ka´ka:] vt. 1. to have or take a look at something. Simi kakato. Have a look at/to it! Mo anyi ka luku mi kakato. Look at their shoes! 2. to see. kaka-kaso int. Let me see. Nii kaka-kaso. Let me have a look at that. kaka-taka vt. to inquire about. kakan [ka:´kã] vt. to see/look for a long time, or beyond the allotted time. kaki See: karki. kakin [ka´ki:] vt. to show someone something. kakin tayin 1. adj. showy. Kakin-tayin kapa miidonii. One who does something to show off. 2. adj. good-looking; looking good enough; presentable. Ngiika aji si kakin-tayinsiido. My field is looking good enough (i.e. not too vast nor too small). kakun [ka:´kũ] vt. (of a plural subject) to look or see collectively. kakur [ka:´kur] vt. to look back. Taj Mahal mi American atan hii detail study miidupa la kakur hanyado. The Americans have returned to relook at the Taj Mahal for detail study. kakha [ka:´xa ] ʔ vt. 1. to fail to see something. 2. to see something wrongly/to see a wrong thing. 3. to disapprove something. kakha-takha adj. disgusted. kakha-kari vt. to look in detail; to examine; to have a thorough look at. kakhe vt. 1. to look angrily at someone; to frown on someone. 2. to look closely. kakhiin-kamii vt. to see confusedly.

kala 1 .

 1 vt. to know; to recognize. Talyato la, Post Office noho pe do nii, kala masii pe ha? Excuse me, do you know where the Post Office is? No inka car hoka, duniibo miyu mi kaladu ha? Do you know that man in the car? A: Naku niika ajin ha? B: Ma, ngiinyi kalasiiniin kontii sii. A: Is Naku a friend of yours? B: No, not really -he is just an acquaintance (lit. 'we just know each other'). Syn: kachin. 2. to appreciate. 3. adj. good at seeing something; able to see or recognize something. kala-tala adj. learned. kala-kapa 1. vt. to know; to recognize. Momi luriihe, kala-kapasiidu pa. Go and talk to him/her, so that you know each other! Syn: kala-tapa. 2. adj. familiar, known. kalii-kaha v. to appear; to seem. kalo [´ka:´lo:] vt. to look at something/someone located downward. Ant: kacha. kalya [ka´lja:] vt. 1. to wait. Ngo miyu ako kalyalado. I'm waiting for someone. See: dalya. 2. to keep looking at; to watch.. kalya rengii adj. feeling tired of waiting for something; impatient. kalyan adj. equal to (in height or length). Danyi bije kalyandoku. The sun is at the height of bamboo tips (i.e. the position of the sun indicates a particular moment of the morning session).

  kalyu-kacha vt. to fail to recognize someone. kame vt. to suppress. kami [´kami] adj. late. Syn: kokan. kamija adj. last. kamijapa adv. last; most recently. Obing mi ka kapakumanii ano adoduku. Kamijapa kamakuniin hii nyanngo dukudo. I haven't see Obing for ages. The last time I saw him was five years ago. Syn: kokanjapa. kamija ho adv. eventually.

kamo 1 .

 1 adj. (of color) dark. 2. n. darkness. kamo n. bribe. kamo dii vcn. to take bribe. kamo diiniin n. act of taking bribes; bribery. kamo diiniibo n. one who takes bribes or indulges in bribery (specified). kamu vt. to look at someone with a sideways glance; to look askance, as to mark one's suspicion, disapproval or anger.kamur[´ka´mur] vt. 1. to be confused by what one sees. 2. to see something wrongly; to see the wrong thing; to mistake something for something else. 3. to pay no attention or heed to; to ignore someone. 4. to look askance at someone. kamur-tamur vt. to be confused by what one sees and hears; to hallucinate. kan part. emphatic particle. Gramm: final particle usually occurring with associated hortative suffix *-sa. Gives an emphatic sense by rendering the sentence more insistent. Apin diisa kan. Dining table si jotodo ke. Let's have meal! It's ready on the dining table. Ngiika dukhu-palyo mi joliimon pe kan. You got to help me carry my luggage and all.-kan [kã] vsuff. go overtime. Gramm: temporal suffix indicating that the action of the verb continues beyond an expected, allotted or stipulated time.kanii[kani] n. one who sees (unspecified); examiner; diviner.kanu n:num. seven kanu-khannge n:num. seventy.-kanu num-r. seven. Gramm: numeral root used for combining with classifiers to indicate seven specimens of a collection of objects. Used in counting only (as in one, two, three...), without reference to a particular object. See: kanuhe.-kanuhe num-r. seven. Gramm: numeral root used for combining with classifiers to indicate seven specimens of a particular collection of objects. See: kanu. ka'ngu vt. to differentiate. ka'ngu-kare vt. to discriminate; to make a distinction. kapa[ka:´pa]

  karki [karki:] vt. to fold so as to give a cylindrical shape; to arrange in a cylindrical way. Usage: Hija. Syn: pyarki; kibu. Usage: Bulla. karki vt. to bind, as with a cane rope (*yaso). Var: kaki. Syn: arkii. karkun n:num. one loop; one ring. Gramm: when enumerating only, as in school. For counting a particular object *kare is used in place of *karkun. See: kar. karlin vi. (of round-shaped things such as the moon, paper roll, etc) to appear; to become visible. Piilo karlindoku. The moon has appeared (in the sky). Piilo karlindu pa myodu doku. It is time for the moon to emerge (in the sky). karmyan [karmjã] n:qual. every; all. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun with the overall sense 'all of' or 'every'. Sunday karmyan mi church into! Go to church every Sunday! Alo karmyan. Every day. karne pron. (of loops, rings, and other circular things) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun. karo [´ka:ro] vt. to see or look from a place of hiding. karpa piilo n. February (or February-March). Syn: pager piilo. See: kuye piilo. karpo See: kartu. karpya vt. to unroll; to uncoil. karsa n:qual. (of two or more loops, rings or similar circular things)

  kema [kema] vsuff. cannot [do]. Gramm: modal suffix indicating that the subject is unable to bring out the action denoted by the verb. Often occurs following another modal suffix of ability, *-la. Ant: -kendo. kembe adj. spoiled, as of fatty meat which has become bad in taste; stale; rancid. kemin-keyin vt. to write in a casual way. kemii vt. to reduce something to powder by crushing with the hands. kempa [kem´pa:] interj. Oh! Alas! Usage: interjection used to express pity or sympathy towards someone who is hurt physically. kemyo vt. to put or lay a cloth in advance/beforehand/ahead of time. Pulye kemyoto. Lay a blanket in advance on the bed! kemyo vt. to write something in advance/beforehand/ahead of time.

  kena-nanii n. writing utensils. kena See: kenda. kena kuru n. (Zool.) variety of bird. kenda n. (Zool). Black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis), a migratory bird that used to visit the Apatani Valley in June-July. Encycl: this bird has not been reported in the valley in recent years. Var: kena .

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  ko vsuff. open. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the action of the verb results in something being open. Ant: pin. -ko...-pe vsuff. reciprocally. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is carried out in a reciprocal manner, or in alternation, between two or more participants. koa [ko´a] n:num. nine. koa-khannge [ko´a xãŋe] n:num. ninety. -koa [ko´a] num-r. nine. Gramm: numeral root used for combining with classifiers to indicate nine specimens of a collection of objects. Used in counting only (as in one, two, three...), without reference to a particular object. See: koahe. -koahe [ko´ahe] num-r. nine. Gramm: numeral root used for combining with classifiers to indicate nine specimens of a particular collection of objects. Subu dorkoahe. Nine mithuns. See: -koa. koba vt-r. (of a plural subject) to lever together. koba vt. (of a plural subject) to practice divination together. koba vt. (of a plural subject) to spit out together. koba vt. (of a plural subject) to move the buttocks together. kobi n. (Bot.) cabbage. From: Assamese 'kobi', Hindi 'ghobii'. banda kobi n. (Bot.) Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subspecies). From: Assamese 'bhonda kobi'. puru kobi n. (Bot.) cauliflower (Brassica oleracea). From: Assamese 'phul kobi'. Var: pur kobi. kobin See: korbin.

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  kobo vsuff. 1. one who is/was [done] (specified). Diikobo. The one who was eaten. 2. the one to whom (something) is [done] (specified). Bikobo. The one to whom (something) is given. Miikobo. The one to whom (something) is done. kobu See: kobii. kobya adj. generous ; unselfish; charitable; altruistic. Ant: chahi. kobyan n. bangle; metal bracelet. Encycl: general term for brass bangles worn on forearms, originally imported from Tibet and China through bartering with neighbouring ethnic groups. See: kori; kotan. ami kobyan n. variety of bangle . kopii kobyan n. variety of bangle . kota kobyan n. variety of bangle . kori kobyan n. variety of bangle. Syn: nyime kori kobyan; nyime kori . kota kobyan n. variety of bangle . misan kobyan n. variety of bangle of Nyishi style . piilo kobyan n. variety of intricately designed bangle engraved with numerous spiral motifs seen as symbolic representations of the moon . piilo kobyan n. longest variety of bangle, a metallic band worn around the forearm. Var: pulo kobyan . rupu kobyan n. variety of long silver coloured bangle. Syn: rupii kobyan . tahi kobyan n. variety of bangle with spikes. See: kapun. kochi adj. bitter. kochi haman n. (Bot.) Dandelion (Taraxacum sp.). Literally 'bitter vegetable". The leaves are eaten and have a bitter taste. Commonly used as a vegetable and for its medicinal properties . kochun n. rump, as of a bird, the part of the body immediately above the tail. Etym: from *kota 'buttocks'. koda vt. to reach the right place while sitting; to sit in the right place. Etym: from *ako 'bottom'. Ant: kokha. koda vt. to reach the right place while spitting. Ant: kokha.

  kokha vt. to miss the place while sitting. Etym: from *ako 'bottom'. Ant: koda. kokha vt. to miss the place while spitting. Ant: koda. kokhe alo n. (Anat.) ilium bone, the uppermost and largest bone of the pelvis. Etym: from *ako 'bottom'. kokho vt. to carry something by means of a shoulder strap, e.g. as a shoulder bag. kol n. (Bot.) edible banana in general, non native varieties. From: Assamese. See: kulu. kola adj. expert in divination by examining the liver of a sacrificed chick. kolo [ko:´lo] n. (Anat.) iliact crest. Etym: from *ako 'bottom', *alo 'bone'. kolo [´kolo] 1. n:time day before yesterday. Kolo ka o miiliinii hii lyikin-lyirisiidoku cho. The beer which has been prepared one day before has fermented. 2. adv. day before yesterday; two days back 3. adv. (non specific) a couple of days back. Ngo Mumbai ho kolo aku. I arrived in Mumbai a couple of days back. koloda adv. day before yesterday. Koloda yasan donen ke. Yesterday there was [still] some firewood. kolya vi. to walk with faltering step; to limp. kolyan adj. (of shape) round; rounded; circular. Siika lachan si ano kolyan miiloto la kapyodo. This ring is very round and pretty. kolyin n:time the evening before last (evening). kolyo adj. not straight; uneven in shape. Etym: from*kolyan, 'round, rounded'. kolyun v. to thrust or move the pelvis forward. Etym: from *ako 'bottom'. kolyun-kolyo n:time primordial times. kolyun-kochun adj. imbalanced. Mo kolyun-kochun dado duane. He/she sat down in an imbalanced way. kom n. job. From: Hindi. koma adj. to get one's buttocks dirtied by something, esp. while sitting. koman adj. (of color) dark. Salyi koman. Dark green. Syn: kamo. kome vi. to be or sit cross-legged. komla tiinga n. (Bot.) orange. From: Assamese 'komola'. komo See: kormo. konchi [´kõtɕi] n. (Zool.) dragonfly. Usage: Hari, Hija. Var: gonchi. Usage: Bulla. Konchi mi payu agebiine. A dragonfly got sticked by glue. (lit. 'the glue has sticked a dragonfly'). apu konchi n. young dragonfly just after it has emerged from the exoskeleton or "chrysalis". halyan konchi n. generic designation for several non-native dragonfly species, such as the damsel dragonfly . dui gonchi n. (Zool.) variety of dragonfly with a characteristic black stripe . lanchan gonchi n. (Zool.) variety of reddish dragonfly . lyapu gonchi n. (Zool.) variety of dragonfly . See: apan keman; yaju piikho. konchi 1. n:time crack of dawn. 2. adv. early in the morning. Syn: aro konchi. konchi patan n. (Agr.) agricultural labour group set up for field preparation, transplantation and weeding, whose members usually work very early in the morning, from 5 am to 8 am.

konyan 1 .

 1 n:time the year before last year. 2. adv. two years back. konyo adj. (of a bowl or a bangle) small. Ant: koro. kopa vt. to spit out. kopii vi. to lie breadthwise. kopii vi. to be sitting side by side (not face to face).

  kopii ngiiyi n. (Zool.) Catla-catla (Gibelion catla), a large Cyprinidae fish raised in paddy fields kopiiniin n. (Med.) sprain; entorse. Syn: kokhiiniin. kopya n. (Anat.) pelvis; pelvic region; bony pelvis. Etym: from *ako 'bottom'.

  koro adj. (of a bowl or a bangle) big. Ant: konyo. koro-koro onom. sound of a frog's call/croak. korpii vi. to lie breadthwise. kortu n. square-shaped piece of metal capping the end of a ceremonial sword (*chiri) handle. Syn: chiri kortu. kosa n:qual. (of two or more bowls or bangles) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from*kobyan, 'bangle; metal bracelet'. kosi-kolyi v. to wriggle. kosi-kosi pron. one by one; one after another. koso vi. to lie lengthwise. kota n. (Anat.) buttocks. Etym: from *ako 'bottom'. kotan n. variety of metal bangle originally imported from Tibet. Syn: nyime kotan. See: kobyan .

  khenji n. (Anat.) temples (sides of the head). Usage: Hija. Var: khenyi. Usage: Bulla. khenji amu n. (Anat.) sideburns. Usage: Hija. Var: khenyi amu. Usage: Bulla. khenniin n. (hard) labour. Syn: apo kheniin. Tanii aji hoka apo khenniin kanepa ngunu town daka miyu atan hii khenchilakenma. We the people from cities can't work as hard as Apatani farmers do. khenniin n. frying by heating (esp. by fire, without direct contact to the flame).khentii paku n. (Zool.) Ashy Wood-Pigeon (Columba pulchricollis) . khenyi See: khenji. khepa vt. to undress; to take off one's clothing. khepa vt. to winnow. kheta n. book. From: Hindi 'kitab', Assamese 'kitap'. Siika kheta atan si niikii. These books are yours. Kheta-taye. One book. kheta n. mark left by tears which have run down one's face after drying up. kheta vt. to distribute something along with, or in addition to something else. Principal books agin ho sweet khetanyange la lune. Principal told to distribute sweets along with books. kheyi n. (Bot.) Cinnamon tree (Cinnamomum verum), a small evergreen tree cultivated for its bark, which yields cinnamon. kheyi alyo n. Cinnamom bark . Var: kei; kehi. khërë [´xərə] n. (Zool.) mole. Usage: Hija. Syn: siipe. khii [xi] n:num. six. -khii [xi] num-r. six. Gramm: numeral root used for combining with classifiers to indicate six specimens of a collection of objects. Used in counting only (as in one, two, three...), without reference to a particular object. khii [´xi:] vt-r.

  lala[lala] conj. then; and then. Gramm: coordinating conjunction used to link two verbs envisaged as two successive actions. Often occurs along with the verb suffix *-la. Mo apin diila lala mo imineku. He slept after he had his meal (lit. 'he had his meal and slept.'). Ngo niimi kapa lala ano hempyodo. I am very happy to see you. Ape mi pachela lala ngiimi pere bipe. Split the pumpkin and do give me one piece. See: hela. lalan n. (Agr.) early variety of rice belonging to the *mipya group. See: mipya; empu; elan. lalin n. footprint, of humans or animals.

  lalyan n:num. thousand. Lalyan ako. One thousand. Syn: jar. lama adj. a few. lamaja adj. fewer. lama-kiilin adv. little. Molumi lama-kiilin bijalopa ayasii lo. It doesn't matter even if we gave a little to them. Syn: iche. lamaya adj. fewest. lamayapa mii vca. to reduce.-lama [la:ma] vsuff. cannot [do]; be unable to[do]. Gramm: modal suffix combination indicating that the subject is unable to bring about the action indicated by the verb. lampa vt. to ostracize. lampin n. (Anat.) nape; back of the neck (for humans). See: siilan pachan. lampii n. shelter, man-made or natural (e.g. a cave). Syn: lampi. Usage: Hari. lampii n. landslide. lampru n. traditional muffler used as a neck protection. lampun n. part of a penalty imposed for the customary settlement of an offense that goes to the witness, esp. in case of theft or killing of cattle. lamu-lange n. (Agr.) paddy flowering stage or time. lamu-layu adj. pink, in colour. lan [lã] num. hundred. lannge, lanye, lahinnge, lampe, lanngohe, lankhii, lankanuhe, lampinye, lankoahe num.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9hundred. Tiiko lannge. One hundred rupees. lankun, lanyi, lahinhe, lampyi, lanngo, lankhii, lankanu, lampinyi, lankoanum 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 hundred (counting by enumeration only, without referring to any particular object). lanchan adj. red, in colour. Inka lanchan car mi kapado nyan an? Do you see that red car? Lanchan malo giiniibo ude. A house with a red roof. lanchan kiina adj. deep red. lanchanlankho adj. bright red. lanchan koman adj. dark red. Syn: lanchan kamo. lanchan ngiiyi n. (Zool.) Crucian Carp (Carassius carassius), a large fish species of the Cyprinidae family grown along with paddy in paddy fields . lanchu 1. n. (of an ox) hump. 2. n. (Anat.) larynx box. lanchu alinniin n. swelling inside the neck just below Adam's Apple, often caused by a deficiency in iodine (normally mostly provided by salt), which in turn causes an hypertrophy of thyroid glands known as goiter or goitre. See: giipii. landa n. correct/right, as of a neck posture. Opi alan landadoku.

  le vi-r. to flap, as of a wing. Etym: from *ale, 'wing'. le vt-r. to sway a stick or a sword.-le vsuff. 1. excessively; too much. Gramm: excessive suffix indicating that the action identified by the verb is carried out to an excess. Syn: -ga...-le. 2. remainder; surplus; excess. Gramm: nominalizer. Derives a noun describing the remaining portion of an activity indicated by the verb which has already been partially carried out. Usually implies that the uncompletion is due to the fact that the whole quantity or amount was over and above what was needed or used, leaving some significant remainder. lebe vt. to flap. lebe vi. to be fed up of eating the same food repeatedly, or of a particular diet. Siipun alo karmyan hemii, hulyi yo adin diinanii, hulyi kapa dalyi lebedoku. Recently we have eaten only pork fat every sunday [so] I'm fed up of seeing it. Usage: Hija. lebu n. 1. carnelian or agate bead . 2. variety of carnelian bead necklace worn by women. Syn: lebu tasan . lebu ralin n. small cylindrical carnelian or agate bead found on *lebu tasan necklaces . rinyo lebu n. diamond shape carnelian or agate bead found on *lebu tasan necklaces . yasi lebu n. translucent carnelian or agate added on *lebu tasan necklace. May also be used to denote crystal beads .lecha n. haversack mounted with fur-like fiber (*tama amu) extracted from the bark of a tree, used as a rain shield during jungle trips and war-related rituals .lehii-lekhe vi. to shift from one place/occupation to another. Can also be used in a figurative sense to mean 'to shift or move from one topic to another'. leko vt. 1. to crisscross; to plait, weave or bind in a crisscross way or in diagonal cross hatch, as in manufacturing baskets, ropes or walls made of flattened bamboo. Yaso mi lekosiito. Crisscross the cane ropes! 2. to cross out; to make or draw a mark with two crossed lines. Ayamanii mi lekoto. Cross out the appropriate box/answer. See: hage. leku vt. to bind someone's hands behind him. lekho n. simple device comprising a wooden slab and a thin, smooth surfaced stick which is rolled over the slab for ginning cotton seeds. Syn: lyekho. Usage: Hong. See: yekho . lela adj. fresh; not spoiled, stale or rotten. Ant: khu. lelun sampu n. variety of white chank shell bead commonly used by Apatani women to make necklaces. lemba [lem´ba] n. 1. village. Lemba ponnge/lemba ako. One village. No nii lemba hoka? Which village are you from? 2. area in which members of various clans inhabit in close proximity, or an area inhabited by the members of a single clan. lemba miyu atan n. villagers.lembo [lem´bo] n. road; path. Lembo ho parda a'nge. Go straight on the road! Lembo ayatii koda, ngo Itanagar totiido. If road conditions were good, I would have gone (down) to Itanagar. Syn: lenda, lena. bije lembo n. path leading to bamboo groves. subu lembo n. forest path used to tend mithuns. yasan lembo n. forest path used to fetch firewood. lembo-siigya n. roads. lembya-leran n. crossroad. len vt-r. to filter, esp. fermented rice to obtain rice beer; to collect by filtration. lena See: lenda. lenda n. road. Var: lena. Ngiinyi lenda ponsa pa ude ho aku. We came home by different routes. Syn: lembo. lenda byahe n:num. one road. Var: lenda byaye. lenda arun n. roadside. Syn: ali lenda. lenda byasa nphr. two roads. lenda kagenii n. (Agr.) manager of a farmer group of people having their fields or bamboo groves located in the same area, who is in charge of construction and maintenance of foot-paths leading to the fields or the bamboo groves. aji lenda n. (Agr.) working group comprising farmers having their fields in the same area, whose duty is to coordinate the construction and maintenance of foot-paths allowing access to and from fields. bije lenda n. (Agr.) working group comprising farmers having their bamboo and pine groves in the same area, whose duty is to coordinate the construction and maintenance of foot-path for carrying bamboo, timber and fuelwood. lengo [´lẽgo] n. lawn. Syn: lengo-byago [´lẽgo´bja:go]. lengo aji n. (Agr.) rice field located within a short walkable distance from the village dwellings. Ant: jabyo aji. leniin n. saunter; stroll leniin n. flapping. lenkhu n. residue left after filtering. lenniin n. flowering, as of bamboo. lenniin n. application; spreading, e.g. of a cream or ointment. lenniin n. filtering; distilling; filtration; distillation. lenniin n. honey collection. lepi n. (Bot.) Chinese Green Onion (Allium fistulosum). Usage : Hong, Hija. See: tale . lera n. haversack made of cane wicker carried during jungle trips and hunting expeditions. Lera raye/rahe. One cane haversack. Lera simi bagiito. Carry this haversack! Var: lera raye . leta n. rug of animal skin used as floor covering. Syn: bipin. leta vt. to spread, as a wing. Usage: Hija. Var: leter. Usage: Bulla. leter vt. to sway a stick or sword to defend oneself. leter See: leta. leyu n. path leading through the bamboo groves into or outside the village. See: subu. leyusiigya n. paths leading into or outside the village, in general. leyu n. (Zool.) Katydid (possibly Elimaea sp.). li vt-r. (Agr.) to sow seeds. li [li:] vt-r. to bury.

  lii [´li] vsuff. in; inside; into. Gramm: directional suffix indicating that the action identified by the verb is directed to the inside of a space. Ngiiyi simi ubu so oye beliikenento. Get that fish jump into the hole! liiban [li´bã] n. (Anat.) knee. liiban alo [li´bã a´lo:] n. (Anat.) femur. liiban alo papu [li´bã a ´lo: ´papu] n. (Anat.) head of femur. liiban tapi (Anat.) patella; kneecap; kneepan. liiban banii n. person who takes care of the children of a newly married couple as a baby-sitter, and as such is entitled to receive gifts from the groom's family during the performance of *mida ceremony. liibe-labe 1. adj. feeling lazy. 2. vi. to feel lazy. liibi [li´bi] n. right leg. Var: liibii. Usage: Bulla. Syn: liibi ali. liibo vt. 1. to push (esp. elongated things) along with someone. 2. to push along with someone; to help push something, esp. elongated things. Hiika bije mi liiboto. Help to push that bamboo! liibo vt. to push across (esp. elongated things). Lopa mi ubu hopa liiboto. Put the (bamboo) stick across the hole! liibo vi. to lie down with or alongside someone. Mo agin ho liiboto. Lie down (alongside) with him! liibun n. unnatural/violent death for women. liibun myoko n. land of the dead for women who die of unnatural/violent death. liibun sii vcn. (by a woman) to die of unnatural/violent death. See: talii. liibun vt. to immerge; to plunge briefly into a liquid; to dip into the water. liibyo adj. (of a person) having long legs; tall and lean. liicha adj. lame of feet; crippled or physically disabled in the foot or leg so as to be unable to walk properly. liicha-lacha adj. lame of feet and hands; crippled; disabled; handicapped. liichan n. toe ring. See: lachan. liichi n. (Anat.) toe. liichi hanya n. (Anat.) little toe. liichi papei n. gap between two toes. Var: liichi papyo. liichi vi. to stumble on/over something. liichi podo vt. to meet with or have an accident. liichi n. left leg. Syn: liichi ali. liidi aran n. base. liidu n. (Anat.) heel. liige n. (Anat.) back of the knee; hollow of the knee; under-knee. liiger [li´gər] adj. slightly bent, e.g. as of a bamboo. Syn: liiger-bager [li´gər ba´gər]. liigo n. slashed heel. liigu n. (esp. of bird, poultry) incubation period.liigu vt. (Agr.) to transplant (paddy or millet). liigunii n. (esp. of paddy and millet) transplanting. Syn: endi bunii. liigyu n. (of bird) claw. liiha [li´ha] n. small basket used for carrying food or meat, used by women. Encycl: in olden days *liiha baskets were also used as units for measuring small quantities of chilly (*tero liiha) or paddy (*emi liiha). Contains approximately half a kilogramm of rice. liihin n. (Anat.) toe nail. liikan n. straggler; laggard. liike n. instrument such as a rope used for climbing trees. liike-liibe vt. to twist (one's leg around something). liikun vt. 1. (of a plural subject) to plant together/collectively. Yama nyi Yami nyi endi liikunsido. Yama and Yami are planting together. 2. to plant early. liikhiin n. dirt of the feet. liikhun-liimu vt. to plant in a hasty and improper manner. Var: liikun-liimu. liilii vt. to insert, as a thread, rope or rod in a hole, ; to put in. liima n. 1. root. Sanii liima mi byuto! Dig out/unearth the root of the tree! Syn: liima-laga. 2. rhizome; aerial horizontal root, as of a bamboo. liimin alo n. (Anat.) lateral malleolus (bony protrusion at the side of ankle). liinga n. (Anat.) ankle; the area of the leg between the foot and calf. Usage: Bulla. Var: liinge. Usage: Hari; liinger: Usage: Hija. liinge See: liinga. liinger See: liinga. liinii n. (Anat.) big toe; thumb toe. liiniin n. (Agr.) planting; plantation. Kolo ka tanyi liiniin si chadoku. The maize which was planted the day before yesterday has sprouted. liipa [li´pa] 1. n. middle; center; intermediate place/level. 2. adj. middle; median; central. liipa ho post. 1. in the middle of; between. Hong, Bulla nyi ka liipa ho Hari lemba do. Hari village is located between Hong and Bulla. Yolyan liipa ho. In the middle of the night. 2. in the center of. Ziro polyan hii Lower Subansiri District ka liipa ho da. Ziro plateau lies in the center of Lower Subansiri District. No lembo liipa ho indu hiila paji lo harje-kojebiichi. If you walk in the middle of the street you'll get run over by a car. liipi vt. to dry something in the sun or over the fire, esp. of slender and thin things. Yo aso mi liipito. Dry the pork! See: lapi. liipi n. (Anat.) shoulder blade. liipi 1. adj. numb, of the leg. 2. vi. to feel numbness in one's leg. liipi vt. to wash the feet by immersion. liipin n. (Anat.) instep; the top surface of the foot, between the ankle and the toes (as opposed to the sole). liipya n. (Anat.) shin; shank. liipya alo n. (Anat.) fibula or shinbone. liipyo n. (Anat.) sole of the foot. liirii n. (Anat.) joint/articulation of the leg. Syn: liirrii-lorii. liirii bako n. (Anat.) junction (of the leg). liiri piisa (Bot.) Himalayan Hemlock (Tsuga dumosa), a variety of pine tree seen esp. in Talle forests. Var: niiri piisa . liirin n. chain of beads worn around the calf by *Nyibus during rituals, originally made of gold, silver or bronze. liisi n. (esp. of paddy) straw. liisin n. (Anat.) calf. Var: liisin portii. liisu vr. to swap; to exchange. Syn. alii-aha. liita n. (of cock) spur. liiyi n. footprint. liiyi v. to shed. lo n. rope used to tie and hold on poultry.

  lobu [´lobu] n. (Anat.) bone. lobu-lochi [´lobu´lotɕi] n. 1. (Anat.) skeleton. 2. piece of wood or bamboo used as wall hanger in the house. Syn: lochi. Ngiika tarii mi inka lochi so ahato. Hang up my shirt on that wall hanger! Hiika yatii mi lochi ho hapito. Hang up that raincoat on the wall hanger so that it will dry out! . lobu n. element of a loin loom, a light and smooth bamboo separating the upper and lower warp. Found immediately above the *lokho and below the *lome . lobu-lome n. elements of a loin loom, or by extension the loom itself . lobyan n:time. full day. lobyo tiire n (Bot.) variety of thorny plant used for making *pila and *tapyo . lochi See: lobu-lochi. lochun [´lotɕũ] n. (Anat.) bone marrow. loda part. exactly; none other than. Gramm: also used to confirm a previous statement, at the same time indicating that nothing other than the marked information is the case. Hiimkane loda abu bimajalo ayanedii ke. It is not necessary to give that much to them. Tara achi loda lugado. Tara speaks a lot. Tasser aya uro loda bike lo chichane ke. Tasser was riding his bike very fast.lodii n:time. short day, as during the cold season.

  loli n. (Bot) Palm Grass (Molineria capitulata). The leaves are used for wrapping salt cakes (*tapyo) and in ritual functions. In particular, Palm Grass leaves are inserted in the nasal cavity of the monkey skull during *Myoko. lolyan n:time midday. Syn: lolyan-liipa; alo-lolyan; alo liipa. lolyan hopya adv. messy; messed; scattered about, as of things in a room. lome n. element of a loin loom, a stick inserted between the warp threads used to prevent their slackening. Found immediately above the *lobu and below the *ako potin. See: lobu, pintunanii, niiyi . lone n. (of days) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used for a countable number of days. loniin n. (of day) dawning. Alo loniin. The dawning of the day. lonyanda adv. two years hence. Var: lonyada. lonyi-lohin n:time a few days; a couple of days. Lonyi-lohin kapyopa, ngo niimi kapato. I saw you some days back. lopa [lo´pa] n. unsplit bamboo stick of small diameter used for various purposes in household works. Lopa mi ubu hopa liiboto. Put the stick across the hole! Ball mi lopa lo darlinto. Remove the ball with a stick! Syn: panyi. lopo n:time half day; either the morning or the afternoon of a day. lopopa adv. in the middle of the day. Siilo ngo office hokii lopopa inku. I left my office in the middle of the day (i.e. after a half day passed). loriilo interj. hopeless! interjection expressing disapproval in a humorous way. See: amaaralo. lorii n. (Anat.) joint (esp. of bones). Syn: liirii-lorii. lota n. plank-like ritual element of sacrificial altars . lotii adj. truthful; honest; straight; frank. loye See: lohe.

  lya vt-r. (by animals) to lick; to lap.-lyavsuff. use(d) to[do]. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the action identified by the verb is, or was habitual, or is/was performed in an usual way.-lya vsuff. [do !], should[do], must[do]. Gramm: imperative marker, used in place of *-to when the action is envisaged in the future. Also used in place of, or in conjunction with *-to and -*pe in order to give a more polite sense to the request. Arda alya. (Please) come tomorrow! Picnic ho ajin ako abagiilya. Bring one friend with you in the picnic. Ngiipa pen soye bazar hokii riibiilya. Buy one pen from me from the market. Dumolyato. Sit and make yourself comfortable. Niika pen mi bilya pe. Please lend me your pen. Ngiika alyihepa so kalyalya pe. Please wait here until I come. See: -to; -lyayo.-lya vsuff. meanwhile; in the meantime. Gramm: temporal suffix indicating that the action identified by the verb takes place, or should take place during the interval separating the moment of utterance from another specified action or event. Often occurs in conjunction with predicate suffix *-maran or *-maranpa ('before'). Bilya. To give temporarily/to lend something. No siilyin danyi akumarampa ngiika ude ho chalyato. Do come to my home this evening before sunset. lyacho n. tiny metal bell. Used in particular in *bimpu tasan. Also formerly used as decorative ornament for children of both sexes. Var: lyecho . lyage vi. to break out, as of fire. Short circuit hokii yamu lyagene. Fire broke out due to a short circuit. Var: yage. lyagya adj. usual; typical; normal. lyahi vt. to lick. Syn: lyahi-lyaso. Aki si moka atu mi lyahi-lyasobiida. The dog is licking its puppy. lyaka vt. to taste (beverage/food). lyala n. ripples on water, especially those caused by wind in paddy fields. See: bila. lyalyu n. element of sacrificial altars . -lyan [´ljã] num-r. ten. Gramm: numeral root used for combining with classifiers to indicate ten specimens of a collection of objects. Used in counting only (as in one, two, three...), without reference to a particular object. See: -lyannge. lyan vt-r. to bless. Lyanto pe. (Please) bless us! Ngiimika lyangiinii, ngiika ane. It's my mother who blesses me.

  lyigu vi. to change (motion, direction) while crawling. Tabu hii lenda ako ya ho lyiguneku. The snake has crawled in another direction. lyiha n. string of bow. lyiha lako n. support ring for an archer, made of cane. See: lake. lyihe post. till; until. Gramm: temporal postposition. Student atan hii siiro ka purinii, siisi lyihe puri ridoran. The students have been studying from this morning and are still doing so. Var: lyiye. Syn: lyihepa. Siisi lyihepa. Until now. Siilo lyihepa. Till today. Var: lyiyepa.-lyihe suff. till; until. Gramm: temporal suffix combination added to verbs or adjectives, indicating that an action is to take place continuously till the happening of the event/state identified by the verb or adjective. Adin dimpulyihe. Till one grows grey hair. Var: -lyiye.-lyihepa vsuff. till, until. Gramm: temporal suffix combination added to verbs or adjectives to form adverbial subordinate clauses. Indicates that the action identified by the verb of the main clause is to take place continuously till the happening of the event/state identified by the marked verb or adjective. Ngiika alyihepa so kalyalya pe. Please wait here until I come. Var: -lyiyepa. Alyi ka alyo mi pululyiyepa khaputo. Scrape the skin of pig until it becomes white/fair. lyiho n. 1. particular cut of meat from a slaughtered pig, the extra blanket of fat covering the big stomach. Encycl: during*Myoko, this portion is folded across a piece of small bamboo and normally given to the performer's wife's parents . 2. pig fat. lyiko n. hook attached to the wall in the house, used for binding purposes. lyikin-lyiri vi. (esp. of rice or millet beer) to ferment; to ripen; to mature. Kolo ka o miiliinii hii lyikin-lyirisiidoku cho. The beer which has been prepared one day before has fermented. See: sikun-siri. lyiku n. smoked bacon.

  mabo n. term of reference for 1. son-in-law (daughter's husband). 2. brother-in-law (sister's husband). 3. all husbands of *atabo. 4. all husbands of classificatory sisters (*barmii) regarded as juniors. 5. husband's sister's husband. 6. father's brother's daughter's husband. 7. father's sister's daughter's husband. mabo apin binii n. declaration of engagement. Encycl: a ceremony when bride's parents arrange a lunch party for the declaration of engagement. All important decisions regarding marriage take place on the same day. Syn: apin binii; mabo inchinii. mabo inchinii n. formal presentation of the bridegroom to the bride's parental home, which is the first of a series of ritualized visits involving the bridal couple and their close kin. Encycl: the bridegroom, accompanied by his father, two witnesses known as *gyuntan and two friends, makes the bridewealth payment (*ari) of one Tibetan sword (*ilyo chiri) and one mithun to the bride's brother (or father). The bride's parents reciprocate by giving a white shawl with orange borders known as the son-in-law's shawl (*mabo pulye). On that occasion, four key-persons are selected among members of the bride's patrilineage (*uru) to be the recipients of the bride price. For that reason they are collectively referred to by the term *ari (or *are) whose literal meaning is 'price'. This group is comprised of one *diiran (most often the bride's father, though there is no obligation for him), one *lache, and two *ari mechu (or *ponyo), the three latter being chosen among the bride's classificatory brothers. The bride price is shared among them according to their status: the *diiran receives the greatest share, followed by the *lache, then the two *ari mechu. Each reciprocates with substantial gifts to the bride's parents including a fixed amount of paddy. Later they are entitled special shares from the animals slaughtered during *Myoko or *Murun by the bride's family. mabo pulye n. locally produced white cloth with orange/yellow borders, which is given by the bride's mother to the groom as a token of betrothal . mabo yaju n. ladle filled up with beer that is presented to the bridegroom by the bride's parents during the *mabo inchinii ceremony .magu vi. (by humans) to cry out; to bellow.maji n. Tibetan prayer bells without clapper, traditionally used as valuables, ritual artefacts and barter objects. Encycl: formerly used as prestige goods and currency, it seems that the memory of their origin, the commercial route through which they were obtained, and the names of their successive owners were preserved. Nowadays *maji bells have lost their value as currency unit and are used mostly for ritual purposes. maji kanii n. person who examines the quality of *maji bells that are presented as gifts during the marriage ceremony (*mida) and as such is entitled to receive gifts from the groom's family. Maji poye/pohe. One Tibetan bell.

  following another noun. Can be used for humans or animals. Gora milobo. Stallion. Ant: nyimii. milobo nyanii n. affinal kinsmen of the husband of a married couple, comprising all people considered as *aku (maternal uncles), i.e. the mother's brothers, father's mother's brothers, mother's mother's brothers and their respective descendants. Encycl: along with *nyimii nyanii, this group of kinsmen is traditionally under an obligation to render a married couple assistance in emergencies. See: nyimii nyanii. iinga milobo n. son. See: iinga nyimii. milo piilo n. seventh lunar month of the year, roughly corresponding to July-August. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of July. Syn: mipya piilo. milo riiji n. (Bot.) Diplazium esculentum, a fern species used in the construction of altars. Syn: milo riije milya bari See: robari. milya ri vi. to have a sudden onset of pain in an eye, as when something is thrown into it. milyin n. (of tree, pole, grass, etc.) top; uppermost part. Syn. lolyin. milyin See: milin. milyo n. (Anat.) eyelid. Gramm: usually occurs in semi-reduplicated form *ami-milyo. Syn: amimilyo. Etym: from *ami, 'eye', *alyo, 'skin'. milyo amu n. eyelash. Syn: mibyo amu; mibu amu. milyo See: yamu milyo. mima n. (Bot.) Zebrinus (Miscanthus sinensis), an herbaceous perennial plant whose long slender leaves are commonly used for tying paddy seedlings .

  miitiinii n. repairing; repair. Sulu miitinii. Fence repairing. miitu vt. to break. Syn: miitu-miipo. miitu vt. to do something for the first time. miiya vt. to fight about; to quarrel; to dispute. miiyan n. (Bot.) variety of plant used to make tinder . miiyan chiru n. tinder bag usually made of animal skin. miiyan vt. to do things one after the other. miiye adj. (of an action) sufficient. Ngo miiyeja mi miikato. I tried to put sufficient effort (into doing something). miiyi vt. to move down to do something. miiyin vt. (of a plural subject) to act/do something together. Var: miihin. miiyo vt. to mix; to blend. Syn: miiyo-miichi. miiyo piilye n. feather duster-like priestly ritual object used esp. during *Murun and *Subu Tado, consisting of a bundle of feathers coming off a peacock's, hornbill's and cock's tails attached to a short cane handle . mo [´mo] pron. he/she/it. Gramm: third person singular pronoun; nominative case. mo anyi pron. they two; both of them. Gramm: third person dual pronoun. Mo anyi anii-oho siipe ha? Are they mother and son? Room n° 10 hii mo anyi kii. The room n° 10 is theirs. mo anyika pron. they two; both of them. Gramm: third person dual pronoun. Genitive case. mo anyiko adv. 1. (of two persons) at their place. 2. in their custody or possession. Mo anyiko tiiko bare tere nyikumane. They two were without even a penny left. mo anyimi pron. they two; both of them. Gramm: third person dual pronoun. Accusative and dative cases. mo anyipa pron. for they two; for/to both of them. Gramm: third person dual pronoun. Purposive case.

  From: Assamese 'Maan Dhoniya'. Var: more dunya . more-giira [more gira] n. forests. Usage: poetic/literary form of *more. Siidin atan hii more giira ho hiisan diila sandu. Deers subsist by eating grass in forests. more miiya n. (Zool.) Black kite (Milvus migrans) . more pai n. (Zool.) generic term used for several varieties of laughing thrushes (Garrulax sp. and Turdus sp.). Encycl: Those birds consume a large number of fruits of the Champa tree ( Michelia champaca) during its season . more paje n. (Zool.) a forest duck, possibly White-Winged Wood Duck (Cairina scutulata). more parsin n. (Zool.) Indian Jungle Fowl/Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus) . more-sansu n. forests, in general. Subu hii more-sansu ho dadu. Mithuns live in forests. halu more n. forest land jointly held by all the members of a clan. pimbu more nphr. privately owned forest. uru more n. forest tract of land jointly held by all the members of a patrilineage. morun [mo:´rũ] n. (Anat.) cheek. Opi ka morun si bulyun-bulyundo. Opi's cheeks are very soft. Var: moru. morun alo [mo:´rũ a´lo:] n. (Anat.) cheekbone. Syn: mogo alo. mosu [´mosu] pron. himself/herself. Gramm: third person singular reflexive pronoun; nominative case. See: atosu. moyu adj. unhappy, as of a face or look; gloomy. mu v-r. to blow (with mouth).

  mu vt-r. to brew rice or millet beer. mu vi-r. (of animals) to rut; to be in rut; (of female animals) to be in heat. Aki mudo. The dog is rutting. mubi vt. to brew beer on someone's else behalf/for someone. mubu [´mu´bu] 1. n. ash, especially from burnt firewood and bamboo. Encycl: ashes from household burnt are used as organic fertiliser in paddy fields. Var: miibu. Syn: muyu. 2. adj. grey, ashy (color). mubu-mulu adj. (of colour) grey; ashy. mubu ruju adj. (of colour) dull. Syn: sapu-salu. mubu n. gun. Usage: Hija. Var: bebu. Usage: Bulla. Var: bibu. muchu See: miichu. mudo [mu´do] n. rain. Var: miido. mudo byocho n. (Zool.) swallow, in general. mugo n. (Agr.) opening in the dyke of a paddy field to evacuate the surplus of water; channel in a paddy field used for drainage of water; canal. Encycl: fish fingerlings are put in *mugo after the transplanting of paddy. Var: miigo . muku [´muku] n. 1. tobacco. Syn: duhi. 2. (Bot.) tobacco plant . 3. smoke. muku-kuli n. tobacco plant seed. muku-mui n. carbon particles from smoke deposited on dust, spider web etc. in Apatani homes. Traditionally used as an ointment for skin disease. muku sudu n. traditional smoking pipe. Encycl: the bowl is made from a cane called *tare while the stem is made from the reed bamboo (*pepu). The hollow of the bowl is created by burning, to remove the soft pulpy inner part of the cane. A similar pipe is made by the Apatanis where the bowl is made from bamboo . See: sudu. muku tan vcn. to smoke. dachan muku sudu n. metallic smoking pipe. mula n. (Bot.) radish. From: Assamese 'mula'. mulu vt. to scare. Piidi mulu. To scare (small) birds. mundo n. girlfriend, female lover; girl or lady who can be a prospective girlfriend or lover. See: nyimun. Usage: *mundo (for females) and *shado (for males) are used in poetic expression only. In conversational language, *nyimun stands for girl friend or lover, *miha for boy friend or male lover. muniin n. (of animals) rutting season. muniin n. brewing process. mupa vt. to blow out.

mura

  See: miira. murchi n. (Zool.) variety of bird. muri See: miiri. murpa sai n. dense fog, esp. the typical hazy look in the horizon which is commonly seen in Ziro area around March-April. murpu n. bonfire. murto n. finely cut leaf fletches put on arrow tails. Var: morto. murun n. 1. first lunar month of the year, corresponding to the coldest period of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of January. Syn: murun piilo. 2. major individual festival celebrated in the month of *murun. Encycl: persons having conducted a *murung are entitled to wear a particular ceremonial shawl. murun-runser n. smallest type of *murun requiring the sacrifice of only one or two mithuns, or a mithun and a cow. Encycl: *murunrunser is performed at the village level, and the meat shared between contributors only. Syn: runser; runsere; ronsa. murun-runtii n. one of the highest and most expensive type of *murun ranking above *takun putu, involving the sacrifice of several mithuns and several cows. Marked by a procession (*penii) throughout the entire Ziro valley and a distribution of meat to every household. Syn: runtii. See: takun putu. murta tapan n. (Bot.) Lesser Duckweed (Lemna minor) a floating plant found in streams and paddy fields . muru n. torch; bundle of burning split bamboos or firewood. musha n. romance. Etym: possibly a compound word from *shado and *mundo.

  myoko n. open space beyond the village area. myokun n. ritual performed before the transplanting of paddy, which is intended to benefit its growth. myokha [´mjo:xa] n. flooring, made of half-sections of bamboo trunks. myole n. ritual element of sacrificial altars . myolyi n. (of a house, wall, mountain slope, etc.) west facing side. Ant: myobya. myopii [´mjo:´pi] n. bamboo mat used as flooring or partition inside the house. Myopii mi uropa chadin'yo. Don't tread heavily on the floor! Syn: tarsi. myora n. forest which is far in or deep.

  na vt-r. to press with the hand. -na vsuff. absorbed. Gramm: derives an adjective with the basic meaning 'wholly occupied in the action indicated by the verb. nabin vt. (of a plural subject) to arrange/collect, esp. building materials jointly for the construction of a new house. Syn: nayin; nanii. nabu-gombu adj. 1. swollen, as of face. 2. pouting, as of a child. nago n. small sacred bamboo hut usually located near a *lapan, whose roof is made of split bamboos and finished with cane leaves during *Myoko festival. Serves as a ritual centre for a group of clans . nago peniin n. construction/reconstruction of a *nago . nala n. drain. From: Hindi/Assamese. nalo vt. to push down. Ant: nancha. nalye n. (of house structure) rafters (usually 20 or so per face). nalye lyata n. roof battens placed horizontally on the roofing structure (usually 2 or 3 on each face

  ne vt-r. to struggle; to wrestle. ne [´ne] pron. how; how much; how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun of quantity. Siika luku si ne khiiniin na? What is the price of this shoe? ne oho pron. how tall. Danyi ne ohodoku? How high is the sun in the sky? (as a traditional way of asking about time).-ne [ne] vsuff. [did]. Gramm: perfective aspectual suffix, marking an event that was completed in the past (usually non proximal); second and third persons. Mo lune. He spoke. See: -to. -nedo [nedo] vsuff. may [do]. Gramm: Prospective modal suffix combination, second and third person singular. Indicates a possibility that the subject performs the action denoted by the verb, or a possibility that the action indicated by the verb is carried out. Siilo da miido hunedo. It may rain today. Kere talo si yalo bidoniin ayumapa tachenedo. There is a slight crack running along the mirror, it may soon break. See: -todo. neha n. human being. By extension, may denote a particular group of people, or a place where humans live. Usage: in ritual/poetic context. Syn: miyu. neha n. (Bot.) alternate name for the primrose (Primula sp.). See: bagan rinyo. neha apu n. primrose flower. neha tami n. (Bot.) variety of weed whose smell is considered as an indication of the presence of a ghost within the vicinity. nehe See: niihe. neka vt. to struggle/wrestle (as a trial or to see what happens). neka vt-r. (Agric.) to thresh (rice, millet) by trodding underfoot (as a trial or to see what happens

  niijalo pron. anything. Gramm: indefinite pronoun of content. A: Diigo-tango nyima sii ha? B: Biscuit hoi kendo aha? A: Niijalo hoi kendo ke. A: Haven't you got something to eat? B: Will biscuits do? A: Anything will do. niiji adj. (of colour) indigo; dark blue. Var: niji. Syn: jiji. niiji abi n. traditional red and white cotton skirt. niiji sanii n. (Bot.) Ghost Tree (Sterculia urens). niiji yanii n. leaf of the Ghost Tree, used in the beer fermentation process and in various rituals.Var : niiji anii . niika [nika] dem. your. Gramm: second person singular pronoun. Genitive case. niika [´nika] pron. what sort (of); what kind (of

  nyago n. (of pig, boar, etc.) snout. Alyi atan ka nyago hii ano alerdo. Molu kiidi mi bulldozzer hiilyan durlado. Pigs have very powerful snouts. They can turn over the ground like bulldozers. nyahii [ɲa´hi:] n. term of reference for 1. daughter-in-law. 2. brother's son's wife. 3. sister's son's wife. 4. father's brother's son's wife/younger than the speaker. 5. father's sister's son's wife/younger than the speaker. nyaje vi. to have an expression on one's face as if one is about to cry. Nyajeyo, (ngo) sotegiichi ke. Put that face off, I'll take you for an outing. nyakin vt. to point at something/someone in a demonstrative or ostensible way; to show something/someone by pointing one's finger at it/him. Traffic police, ngiimi stand daka board mi nyakinne. For me, the traffic policeman pointed his finger at a board on a stand. nyalin vt. to peep out. nyalyan n:num. ten years. nyambun v. to plunge/immerse one's head into the water. Var: nyambyun. Usage: Bulla. nyambyun See: nyambun.

  nyipa yaru n. (Bot.) Azolla (Azolla pinnata), an aquatic floating plant. nyitii n. (Agr.) one of the three botanical varieties of maize traditionally cultivated by the Apatanis. See: tanyi; mire. nyo vt-r. to abstain from work or food due to religious prohibition or taboo. Syn: anyo. -nyo vsuff. 1. practise. 2. habitually. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subjects practises doing the activity indicated by the verb, or performs the action indicated by the verb as regular practice/habit. -nyo adj-r. small; small-sized. Gramm: adjective root suffixing classifier roots and certain noun roots. Dornyo. small, as of quadrupeds or four wheeled vehicles. Ant: -ro. nyokhe n. (Zool.) Black panther. Black variant of the leopard species (Panthera pardus) . nyoko tati n. (Zool.) Wood louse. nyonii n. abstinence/avoidance of food due to religious/ritual prohibition or taboo. nyor vt-r. to put the feet up and down on mud. nyu vt-r. to skewer, as meat on a stick. nyu vt-r. to extract or remove something, esp. from someone's body. Syn: nyupa. nyu vt-r. to wipe. Syn: tipa. nyupa vt. to remove/dig out something from the body. Siika tare mi nyupato pe. Please dig out this thorn for me! nyupa vt. to rub or erase out. O-o o [´ o:] n. rice or millet beer, made from filtering water through fermented rice/millet. Encycl: Rice and millet are cooked and preserved in *yagii baskets after a yeast-like substance (*ipyo) has been incorporated for fermentation. o barde n. cane or bamboo basket used for distilling beer by squeezing it. Syn: barde. o khuyi haman n. (Bot.) Creeping Woodsorrel (Oxalis corniculata), lit. 'sour vegetable'), a common weed eaten as a vegetable, having a sour taste. Syn: khuyi haman; o haman; akho haman . o khiiniin n. rice/millet beer brewing. o sader n. funnel-shaped material used for filtering beer during beer processing. o tantenii n. first period of the Myoko festival, during which visiting guests are entertained with food and drink and compete their host in *ayu songs. Var: o tantiidu. o tarko n. male person in charge of rice/millet beer during festivals, e.g. *murun. o [o:] vt-r. to work with a hoe; to hoe. o-See: u-. obin vt. (of a plural subject) to cut/till jointly (with a hoe). obyo adj. long. Var: orbyo; iibyo. obyoja adj. longest. obyoya adj. longer. obyo ngiiyi n. (Zool.) Rohu (Labeo rohita), a relatively large fish of the Cyprinidae family grown along with paddy in paddy fields. Encycl: together with Catla (Catla catla) and Mrigal Carp (Cirrinhus cirrhosus), it is an important component of the carp polyculture which was introduced in Ziro area in the 50's. Syn: rohu. oha interj. wow! Usage: interjection usually either indicating surprise or excitement. Taku, oha baritotiika. 8:30 doku ka ah. Come on, Taku, wake up! It's already half past eight.

  pa vt-r. to suspend; to hang from a rope. pa[pa] vt-r. (by birds) to peck. pa vt-r. to put, place or lay something in.pa[pa:] vt-r. to stack; to pile or arrange things of relatively big size such as firewood in a stack; to bring together into a pile; to heap. pa [´pa:] vt-r. to fight; to join an ongoing physical fighting.pa vt-r. to throw/scatter, esp. flat objects.pa [´pa:] vt-r. to find/come across something by chance. Ngo pato. I found it.-pa [´pa] vsuff. off; away. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the subject gets rid of the object in bringing about the action identified by the verb.-pa vsuff. manage to. Gramm: modal suffix indicating that someone manages to perform the action denoted by the verb. No michama koda hiimi kapakendo cho. If you are not blind you should (manage to) see that.-pa...-ma vsuff. carelessly. Gramm: split manner suffix indicating that the subjects carries out the action denoted by the verb in an indiscriminate, neglectful or careless manner. Lupa-luma. To talk wildly or recklessly. paba vt. (of a plural subject) to cut/strike with a machete or sword together. paba vt. (by birds) to peck together. paba vt. (of a plural subject) to put/place/lay something in together. paba vt. (of a plural subject) to stack/pile together. paba vt. (of a plural subject) to fight together. paba vt. (of a plural subject) to throw/scatter together. paba vt. (of a plural subject) to find/come across something by chance. paban n. (Anat.) kneecap.pabi vt. 1. to cut/strike with a machete or sword on someone else's behalf/for someone. pabi vt. to bind something on someone else's behalf/ for someone. pabo vt. 1. to cut/strike something with a machete or sword along with someone. 2. to help someone cut something with a machete or sword. pabo vt. (by a bird) to peck along with other birds. pabo vt. 1. to pile something along with someone. 2. to help someone pile something.

  pabo vt. 1. to bind something with someone 2. to help someone bind something. pabo vt. to cut/strike something across with a machete or sword pabo vt. 1. to pile something across. 2. to move across to pile something. pabu n. topographical depression; chasm; valley. Syn: pabu-pako. pabya See: piibya. pabya adj. (of a collection of objects) untidy; messy; scattered; strewn. pabyapa adv. untidily; disorderly. Yasan hii pabyapa la do. The firewood is strewn all over. pabyo n. dispute; quarrel. pacha vt. to levy a fine. Dapo hii kami-kaloja ho Manu kokii dapo pachatii. Finally Dapo members levied a fine on Manu. pacha [pa´tɕa] vt. 1. to cut in an upward motion or blow with a machete or sword. 2. to move up to cut/strike something with a machete or sword. pacha vt. to move up to fight. pache n. other side, opposite side. pache dalyi ho advphr. towards the opposite side. No pache dalyi ho bahiito. Turn towards the opposite side! (e.g. for sleeping)

  pachi n. element of a *giirii trap, the small wooden spike which functions as a spring trigger. Syn: giirii pachi. pachi ladu n. element of a *giirii trap, a wooden peg on which the *pachi is tied. pachin vt. to know how to cut/strike with a machete or sword. pachosiinyo adj. (esp. of a child) drenched. Hime si pachosiinyopa miido ho sola da. The child is playing in the rain fully drenched. pachu n. chick; chicken. pachu-chuhe n. one chicken. Var: pachu-chuye. pachu koniin n. divination by examining the liver of a sacrificed chick . Syn: koniin. pachu-paro n. domestic fowls, in general.

  padii n. general term used to denote several plant species eaten as vegetables. aji padii n. (Bot.) Bittercress/Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta), a common weed. Syn: aji padii haman . hiiran padii n. (Bot.) variety of plant resembling Bittercress. padu vt. to damage or destroy something by striking it with a machete or sword. padu alyi n. strong seasonal wind which blows at the end of January or in the begining of February, often accompanied by rain. Usually lasts 2-3 days. Syn: padu alye. padu latu n. variety of *murun requiring the slaughtering of two to three mithuns, whose meat is to be distributed among the inhabitants of one or two villages belonging to the donor's own group. padun adj. unsteady. paga n. beam; rafter. paga n. width aparting two legs. ali paga advphr. 1. with one's legs wide apart. 2. astraddle; astride. paga adj. inclined to fight with others. See: gaga. page n. Chinese melon-shaped glass bead (generic). bilun page n. variety of yellowish *page bead. halan page n. variety of small blue *page bead found at the top of *sampyu page necklace . horpu page n. variety of whitish, translucent *page . pike page n. variety of brownish, amber-like *page bead . sampyu page n. 1. variety of light blue melon bead. 2. variety of necklace made mostly of light blue melon beads., worn by women . sankhe page n. variety of dark blue melon bead . santer page n. variety of light blue melon *page bead . saro page n. variety of blue *page bead. page vt. to drain water from a rice field. pager n. (Agr.) bund of a paddy field. pager pa vcn. to make/repair bunds of paddy fields. Aji ager atan mi pager palado. People are repairing bunds of paddy fields. pager piilo n. second lunar month of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of February. Usage: Hari. See: kuye piilo; karpa piilo. pager n. slightly bent. Syn: liiger; liiger-bager. pagi n. debt. Syn: gyandi. pagi gii vcn. to carry a debt; to be in debt. pagi vt. to lit, esp. a fire. Yamu mi pagito. Lit the fire! pagi yarii n. (Zool.) Common Hoopoe (Upupa epops), a bird species with white-barred black wings and tail, and a head topped by a prominent, erectile crest . (Zool.) aquatic birds, in general. pakan vt. to defer or postpone something. pake adj. 1. crossed. Tatung chair ho pake siitoladu. Tatung is sitting on the chair with his legs crossed. 2. entangled. paker 1. adj. circular. 2. vt. to surround; to revolve; to circle; to go around something. Supun paker. Go around the Apatani valley/Go around the world. paki adj. bent; curved. Var: pakii. pako n. element of the *babo mast, consisting of two wooden slabs (*rinyo pata) decorated with geometrical motifs with fine bamboo sheaves tied uniformly in between, which hangs from each tip of the *taper structure. paku [´pa:´ku:] n. (Zool.) pigeon; dove. Paku kuhe/kuye. One pigeon or dove. diilyan paku n. (Zool.) Mountain Imperial Pigeon (Ducula badia) . khentii paku n. (Zool.) Ashy Wood-Pigeon (Columba pulchricollis) . salyo paku n. (Zool.) Orange-breasted Green Pigeon (Treron bicincta) . ude paku n. (Zool.) Snow Pigeon (Columba leuconata) . paku [pa:´ku] n. plate, for eating from. Usage: Bulla; Hari; Hong. Paku-kuye/kue. One plate. Aki, paku daka apin mi, diikhapabiine. The dog completely finished off the rice on the plate. Var: paka. Usage: Hija. paku adj. slanted, as of a non-living thing; slanting; tilting. Syn: teku; biku. See: lanku. paku siima n. part of the penalty imposed for the theft or killing of a cow or a mithun which is to be given to the owner. Usually consists of a medium-sized mithun. pakun vt. (of a plural subject) to cut/strike something jointly with a machete or sword.pakun-pamu vt. to cut/strike something with a machete or sword in a hasty and improper way.

  pakha vt. 1. to fail to cut/strike with a machete or sword. 2. to cut the wrong thing with a machete or sword. pakhan vt. to throw the last piece, grain, etc. from a plate or pot by hitting it or scratching it.pakhe n. 1. (Agr.) bamboo tray on which crops, vegetables or meat are spread out to be sun-dried. 2. ritual element of sacrificial altars imitating a bamboo tray . ngiiyi pakhe n. bamboo matting obstructing the outlet of a paddy field to prevent fish from leaving it .pakhii See: paro-pakhii.pakhii vt. to kill a person or an animal by hitting with a machete or sword. Ngo aki mi ilyo lo pakhiito. I killed the dog with a machete.pakhii vt. to break/fracture bone in meat with a machete or sword. Siika yo si alo giido ke, pakhiito oye.

pale 1 .

 1 n. surplus; excess. Tari ka pale hii moka aba mi ala lalinkiinebiine. Tari's disobedience made his father to slap him (lit. 'to take out his hand'). 2. adv. too much pale mii vcn. to do something in excess. Hime hii akha luniin mi tamapa pale miilyi ho kami-kaloja ho akha ala hosu aduku nii. When children do not obey their parents, eventually they end up in the hands of elders. pale haja phr. too much. pale nyiche adj. 1. extra; abundant. 2. (of a person's behaviour) extravagant. Syn: pale-pabo; pale-pache. palepa adv. excessively, in excess. pali n. (Bot.) variety of tree. pali vt. to strike something or someone with a machete or sword as an act of revenge. palii n. (Agr.) small agricultural device used by women in dry fields for weeding. Traditionally made out of split bamboo looped so that the crossed ends form a handle. Nowadays also made of iron. Var: palu . palii [pa´li] vt. to cut/strike in with a machete or sword. palo n. ritual element of sacrificial altars. palo vt. to cut/strike something down with a machete or sword. palo vt. 1. to throw down, esp. flat objects. 2. to sow seeds by throwing. Ayo tanyi palodo. Grandma is sowing the maize crop. midin palonii n. sowing of paddy seeds in nurseries. palo-malo adv. everywhere. palu See: palii. palya-pacha vi. to totter; to be unsteady on one's feet; to sway or stagger when walking, as when drunk. palyan n. (Zool.) Spangled Drongo (Dicrurus bracteatus). See: chikhii-chikho . palyan vt. to pile something neatly. Syn: palyan-pada. palyi vt. to mend; to patch. Syn: palyi-pachi. palyo n. patch; piece. palyo n. ritual element of sacrificial altars. See: diinii palyo . palyo adj. bent. palyo-pakho adj. old; worthless. palyu n. (Zool.) parakeet (generic). Includes all species found in the region such as Plum Headed Parakeet, Droseringed Parakeet, Slaty Headed Parakeet, Alexandrine Parakeet, Red-Breasted Parakeet and Rose-ringed Parakeet. paman n. bamboo rack of the front veranda, built along the outer wall of the house . pami n. (Zool.) chicken louse usually found on newly-hatched chicks. Syn: paro-pami; uyi pami. uyi pami n. (Anat.) goose pimples, as appearing on skin when one feels cold or frightened. pami n. (Zool.) variety of insect commonly found in peach trees (*takun).

  ] n. (Bot.) Hedychium sp., a flowering plant, more specifically H. spicatum, H. gardnerianum or H. coccineum. papi apu [´papi a´pu:] n. Hedychium flower . talan papi n. any variety of Hedychium yielding red flowers. talan papi apu n. red Hedychium flower. papi n. chip, thin piece of wood, stone, etc. yasan papi n. wood chip. papi ngiiyi n. (Zool.) Ticto barb (Puntius ticto), a small fish species of the Cyprinidae family. Syn: ngiiyi papi . papii vt. (Agr.) to divide a garden plot into smaller plots. papo n. horizontal bamboo pole suspended along the walls for putting clothes, towels, etc. Syn: pulye papo. papo n.qual. half (of what has been cut

  para vi. to crawl in. parbo vt. to pierce across. parda 1. adj. straight, as of a line or road. Lenda parda. A straight road. 2. adv. directly; straight. Lembo ho parda a'nge. Go straight on the road. See: tuda. 2. adj. straightforward, as of a person; truthful.pare n:num. (of small, grainlike objects/plots of land) one. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *parkun is used instead. pare sala n. rare and coastly variety of sword, whose sharpness is greater than the ordinary type (*ilyo).parhii-parkheSee: parii. pari n. (Zool.) Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus). Syn: pari piita . pari-papu n. water bubble (lit. 'sparrow egg'). pari-pagyo adj. (of appearance, colour pattern, animal hue) mosaic-like. parii n. (Zool.) Khaleej pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos). parii-parsin n. pheasants and jungle fowls, in general. Note: Arunachal Pradesh is India's richest State in pheasant species.

parii 1 .

 1 vt. to rotate; to dial; to twist around. TV simi oye pariito. Rotate the television a little bit! 2. vi. to rotate; to spin; to revolve. Syn: parhii-parkhe. Fan parhii-parkhelado. The fan is rotating.parii vt. (by two people facing each other) to fight. parii molan n. (Bot.) variety of shrub bearing non edible red berries, typically grouped in bunches along the branches, resembling Japanese Silver Berry (Elaeagnus umbellata) .pariibo n. opponent, esp. in a duel or a fight (specified). Syn : miiriibo.parko vt. to pierce/ make a hole by twisting or rotating.parkun n:num. (of small, grainlike objects, plots of land) one. Gramm: when enumerating only, without reference to a particular object, as in school. Otherwise *pare is used instead. parkhii 1. vt. to twist. Taru mi parkhiito. Twist the rope! 2. adj. twisted, as of rope. Parkhiibo mi lato. Get the twisted one! parkho [par´xo] n. (Agr.) trench dug into a paddy field for providing shelter and spawning ground for fishes. Runs approximately from the middle of one length to the other. Syn: hete. Usage: Hija. parkho hubur n. (Agr.) pipe used in the trench of a paddy field. parmii vt. to crush into bits or powder; to grind into bits or powder. parne pron. (of small and roundish objects/plots of land) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun. parniin n. frying. parniin n. crushing. parniin n. piercing. parniin n. fire preparation. paro [´pa´ro] n. 1. poultry. 2. chicken (as species); fowl. Paro rohe/roye. One chicken/hen/fowl. paro amu n. poultry plumage. paro lankha n. bamboo platform where chicken sleep at night; poultry house. paro liigo n. time when the rooster crows. paro lue n. hen with her newly hatched chicks. paro-pachu n. chick. paro-pakhii n. (of fowls) entrails; giblets. paro-palya n. half grown hen or cock. paro-pai n. poultry dropping. paro-pami n. (Zool.) chicken louse usually found on newly-hatched chicks. paro-papu n. white hen/fowl. paro-pater [´pa´ro pa´tər] n. loosely-woven cane or bamboo container used for transporting chickens; chicken carrier; chicken cage . paro-paya n. black hen; black fowl. paro-piiha n. basket made of bamboo splits where chicks hatch. paro piiri n. poultry house, chicken coop. paro-rone pron. (of fowls) how many? paro-ropo [´pa´ro´ropo] n. cock; rooster. paro-ronii n. hen. paro yagii n. basket containing approximately five kilograms of paddy. Paro yagii giiye/giie. One *paro yagii basket. paro yo n. chicken meat. paro vt. to widen something by striking it with the blade of a machete or sword. parohe [´pa´rohe] n:num. old unit of measure used in barter transactions consisting of one hen, or the cost equivalent to one hen such as one small knife or several kilos of unhusked rice. Can also denote the amount of rice contained in one *paro yagii as the wage given for hired labour, or by metaphorical extension, the labourers themselves. In this case *parohe usually refers to a day's wage for three persons, or three hired labourers. Encycl: the Apatani barter system used to start from *puhe (one egg), *punye (two eggs), *pachuhe (one small chicken). Next were *parohe, *puhinnge, *pupe, *pu'ngohe, *pukhe, *pukanuhe, *pupinye, *pukoahe and *pulyanhe. Aji ho miyu parohe eni pila daye. Three persons [i.e. working as hired labourers] are cutting the paddy in the field. See: pachu; sohe; pulyan. parro adj. 1. (of small and roundish objects) big. 2. (of plots of land) large. parsin n. (Zool.) Indian Jungle Fowl/Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus). See: parii . pariiparsin n. jungle fowl, in general. paser vt. to hang someone. paser binii n. (Agr.) person, in a agricultural labour group, who assists the *bogo ato in managing various expenditures of the group, such as tools, provisions, etc. Var: pasher binii. paser giinii n. guide; one who shows new ways or leads. Var: pasher giinii. paser See: pasher. pasher n:qual. extra. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun, often occuring in compound, *pasher nyile. Posa pasher mi atiito. Save the extra money! Var: paser. pasu [pa´su] n. needle. Var: pashu. pasu vt. to fight; to quarrel. Syn: pasu-gasu. Mihi-milo nyi pasudu la ude mi pudu-punyu pujabiine. A husband and wife quarrelled and completedly destroyed their house. pasu vt. to cut/hit oneself with a machete or sword. pasunii n. 1. one who quarrels or fights (unspecified). 2. fighting. pasunii atan n. fighters. pata n. 1. wooden slab or flattened bamboo split. 2. any flat, broad and fairly thick object. pata ude n. house with split-bamboo roof. pata vi. to sit idly. pata-pabya adj. (of appearance, colour pattern, animal hue) spotted; multicoloured. patan n. (Agr.) labour team composed of young people usually of the same age group, set up for the organization of reciprocal assistance in agricultural work. Encycl: boys and girls of one *patan collectively work in turn on the fields belonging to the members' parents, or occasionally work on someone else's fields on a cash basis. Initially the team is made up by informal agreement of neighbours, but remains unchanged later until marriage. alo patan n. *patan whose members work during daytime, from 9 am. to 5 pm., having a midday meal on the fields. patan ajo n. wage for hiring a *patan to work on one's fields. patan ato n. head/supervisor of a *patan, usually a woman, although both male and female can hold the responsability in the case of *entii patan. entii patan n. labour team usually consisting of eight to twelve people, in charge of crop harvesting operations. halyin patan n. labour team usually consisting of five to fifteen people, in charge of the transplantation of paddy and millet seedlings. konchi patan n. *patan whose members work in early morning, usually between 5 am. and 8 am., from March to July. tanser patan n. labour team usually consisting of five to ten people, in charge of the field and nursery preparation, seed sowing and weeding. pater [pa´tər] n. variety of loosely-woven cane or bamboo container used for storing smoked meat or confining poultry. paro pater [´pa´ro pa´tər] n. loosely-woven cane or bamboo container used for transporting chickens; chicken carrier; chicken cage . yo pater [´yo: pa´tər] n. cane netted case for storing meat shares such as *yo aso. patii [´pa:ti] n. (Zool.) tiger (Panthera tigris tigris). patii ahi n. 1. tiger tooth. 2. feline tooth inserted in bead necklaces, esp. *sampu tasan . yanko patii n. (Zool.) lion (Panthera lion), a non native species. pato haman n. (Bot.) Clerodendrum colebrookianum, a variety of shrub bearing white flowers, used for its medicinal properties. The leaves, which have a bitter taste, are also used to garnish a particular *pike known as *pato haman pike . patu n. sharp edge of bamboo used as fence; piece of bamboo with a sharp edge; short and small stump of bamboo. Syn: biran patu.patu vt. to break something by cutting it with a machete or sword. patu-papo vt. to hack; to cut someone or something into pieces with a machete or sword.paya vt. to attack; to quarrel.

  pengu n. (Zool.) Great Barbet (Megalaima virens), a large near passerine bird species about the size of a pigeon, having a metallic blue head and a large yellow bill . pengu vt. to heat or warm something. Var: pingu. penii n. ritual procession taken out through villages during *murun festival of the *takun putu, *runtii and *yapun yalan types, in which young and old men go to other Apatani villages by forming a queue and chanting. Encycl: a *penii originates and ends at the house where a *murun is performed, after going round the villages (*supun paker). People in different attires and costumes participate in this procession, chanting 'ho... ho' and entertaining the spectators gathered at all villages with their comic dance and acts (*taku pamu) . Syn: penii inniin. penii apin n. community meal taken by all participants of a *penii at the house of the performer of a *murun after returning from the procession. Syn. penii innii apin; dulu apin. penii solindu vcn. to form or go in a *penii procession. penko See: punko. penko n. place for building a house. Ngo ude penko kapama. I don't find a place to build a house. penko vt. to inherit. Var: pinko. Usage: Hija. penkun num. one (house, granary or stanza of *ayu song), by enumerating only, i.e. counting without reference to any particular object. Otherwise *pennge is used instead. See: pen. penne pron. (of houses and similar structures) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun. penniin [pẽni] n. building; construction (esp. of a house). lapan peniin n. reconstruction of a *lapan, an event that normally takes place once every three year as part of *Myoko festival. pennyo adj. (of houses and similar structures) small. Ant: penro. pennge [pẽŋe] n:num. (of buildings/stanzas of *ayu songs) one. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *penkun is used instead. pensa n:qual. (of two or more house or similar structures) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. pensa n:qual. (of two or more stanzas of *ayu songs) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. pensu vt. to build (a house, granary, etc.) by or for oneself. Miilanja hii ato-ato ude mi pensukusa. Let's all build our own house by ourselves! pepe siire adj. confident. Syn: peko. pepo-pelo adj. excessive; extravagant; showy.

  perki [perki:] vt. to fold, as paper. Usage: Hari, Hija. Var: pyarki. Usage: Bulla. perko vt. to unfold. Usage: Hija. Var: pyarko. Usage: Bulla. perne pron. (of small and round objects such as beads, particles of soil) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun. perne pron. (of plots of land) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun. pernyo adj. (of small and round objects such as beads, particles of soil) small. Ant: perro. pernyo adj. (of plots of land) small. Ant: perro. pero adj. (of a house, granary or similar structure) spacious; roomy. Hiika ude hii perodo. That house is spacious. Ant: pennyo. perro adj. (of small and round objects such as beads, particles of soil) big. Ant: pernyo. perro adj. (of plots of land) large; vast. Ant: pernyo. persa n:qual. (of two or more small, grain-like things) 1. distinct; different. 2. one piece/set for each. Hime atan mi mitai persa bito. Give each child a sweet. Var: parsa; pyarsa. persa n:qual. (of two or more plots of land ) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. perun [pe´rũ] n. 1. (Bot.) generic term for several bean plants such as soybean (Glycine max), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), peas, etc. Var: peron. 2. variety of small, cylindrical dark blue bead. Syn: nyime perun/peron. perun yanii n. fermented soybean food usually eaten as a side dish with rice. Encycl: soybean seeds are cooked until the beans become soft, then kept along with fresh ginger leaves (*taki yanii) in a bamboo vessel placed to ferment for three to five days above the fireplace, where the whole thing becomes a sticky paste. akho perun n. variety of bean plant . amu perun n. bean plant variety bearing white grains in a hairy pod. Not eaten by humans. Syn: potun perun. are perun n. variety of non-creeping, flat bean. Etym: from 'are' quick. man perun n. (Bot.) French bean. mata perun n. variety of bean. uyi perun n. generic term for plants bearing beans in seed pods and of unusual appearance, such as Velvet Bean (Mucuna pruriens), Senna (cassia) tora, etc. pesu n. (Zool.) hornbill, in general. Var: peshu. See: piigya; piiyo. at *Myoko yugyan. pihan n. (Zool.) Indian Mole Rat/Bandicoot Rat (Bandicota bengalensis), an almost naked rodent species having a bad odor, found in paddy fields and bamboo groves, occasionally in houses. Syn: uyi kubu. pika vt. to pat affectionately with the palm of the hand. Syn: pika-pika. pikanii n. gentle tap. See: hikanii; pokanii. pike page n. variety of amber/brownish, slightly translucent, medium sized melon-shaped glass bead . pike n. typical dish using *pila (filtered ash water), generally garnished with chillies and pork bacon. aper pike n. gall bladder *pike, generally from cows which tastes both bitter and sweet. This type of *pike is garnished with bile from the gall bladder and other ingredients. byapu pike n. *pike with fresh bamboo shoots. haru pike n. lung *pike (mostly from cows or pigs), which are allowed to dry or smoked and then cooked. hikhu pike n. *pike with finely chopped fermented bamboo shoots. hi pike n. *pike with finely chopped dried bamboo shoots. hirin pike n. *pike with long fermented bamboo shoots. i'nge akho pike n. dried taro stem *pike. khiijan pike n. intestine *pike (mostly small intestine of cow, mithun and pig). kochi haman pike n. bitter leafy vegetable *pike. kubu pike n. smoked dried wild rat or mouse *pike. ngiiyi papi pike n. *pike using dried and generally fermented small fish such as *ngiiyi papi. ngiiyi sankho pike n. slendered dried fish *pike. pato haman pike n. bitter tasted shrub leaf *pike. poi pike n. *pike prepared with the fermented leftover of millet beer. riiko pike n. variety of *pike using a creeper (*riiko) having strong bitter taste. salyo pike n. variety of *pike using the flower or fruit of the Champa tree dried and cooked with *pila, pork and chillies. samper pike n. a variety of *pike using the pulp of a wild tree as spice. sankho alyo pike n. dried animal hide *pike (usually mithun hide or cowhide). taki anii pike n. dried ginger leaf *pike. tale pike n. green onion *pike. toto roro pike n. variety of *pike. yo alo pike n. dried bone *pike. yo sankho pike n. smoked meat *pike. pikhii n. variety of spindle used for plying the spun rough thread into desired types of threads for various weaving purposes. Encycl: consists in a stick inserted into a nut obtained from a local tree. This operation is essential to gather the twisted thread so that it may be used as yarn for the loom. Var: pikhu. Syn: tapo . pikhii vt. to kill someone or some animal by cutting with a blade or some sharp material. pikhiin vt. to blunt. pikhu n. (Bot.) variety of cassia-like tree, bearing large pods. pikin vt. to demonstrate by clapping or slapping on an object. Khelyi hoka api-ara pikinnii, ngiika ane. It's my mother who makes me happy when I cry/weep by clapping (or slapping on objects).

  pinko pranye khedu vg. one of the highest grades of *murun ranking immediately above *runtii, involving a procession throughout the entire Apatani plateau and requiring the distribution of two pieces of mithun meat to each household. pinko yo kheniin n. ditribution of raw meat to all families of the villages following a *penii during a *murun. pinniin [pini] n. pinch. pinta [pi´ta] n. pot-like gourd container obtained from the Bottle Gourd or Calabash (Lagenaria siceraria), a vine species. Used as mug to take or draw beer. See: pinchu . pinta yaju n. ladle made from the same species used to pour rice beer from *pinta . eli pinta n. gourd container filled with rice or millet beer that the bride carries to her husband's house during *eli baniin ritual. miji pinta n. ceremonial beer container, the use of which is restricted to the *nyibu during ritual performance altogether with *miji yaju. supun pinta n. gourd container covered by plaited cane used by married women used for distributing rice beer during collective rituals . pinto ho post. above. Sanii pinto ho danyi chado. The sun rises above the tree. Usage: Hong. pintu vt. to lift something by pinching or nipping it with the tips of two fingers. pintu-nanii n. element of a loin loom. Found immediately above the*lokho and below the *niiyi. pinye [piɲe] n:num. eight. See: pinyi. pinye-khannge n:num. eighty.

  piibi adj. smart; clever; quick-witted. Syn: hela. Ant. piibima. piibii n. ritual element of sacrificial altars . piibo vt. 1. to sweep across. 2. to move across to sweep. piibo vt. to collect something with the palms across something. piibya n. adolescent chicken (not anymore a chick). Usage: Hija. Var: pabya. Usage: Bulla. piicha 1. n. fool; idiot; stupid person. 2. adj. foolish; idiotic; stupid. piicha lua adj. mute. Syn: agun goncha. piichan [pi´tɕã] n. pot; saucepan; container for cooking. Piichan channge. One pot. piichan banii n. person who carries the pots that are presented as gifts during the marriage ceremony (*mida) and as such is entitled to receive gifts from the groom's family. piichan-paku n. kitchen utensils. Syn: piichan-sudu. apin piichan [a´pi pi´tɕã] n. pot used for cooking rice. dekin piichan [de´ki pi´tɕã] n. clay pot . narii piichan n. earthen pot in which a newborn is washed for the first time. piicho vt. to drop or throw away a little food/drink from the dining table as ritual offering to a divinity, before anyone eats. piicho khodii n. variety of Tibetan bell (*maji). piide vt. to throw up. Usage: Bulla. Var: pider. Usage: Hija. piidi 1. n. fart. 2. vi. to fart. 3. vt. to belch. piidi naru tami n. (Bot.) variety of creeper whose odour is reminiscent of that of a fart. piidi n. (Zool.) generic name for small passerines with strong, stubby beak, including Grey-headed Bullfinch/Beavan's Bullfinch (Pyrrhula erythaca), Scarlet Finch (Haematospiza sipahi) and Blackheaded Munia (Lonchura atricapilla) . piidi lankha n. raised platform erected with *paro lankha in the poultry house. piidi miilun vcn. to frighten birds away (usually by means of a scarecrow). piidi miilun-nanii n. (Agr.) any device that is used as a scarecrow . piidi-piinyi n. (Agr.) watch hut in paddy field. Usage: Hija. Var: piidi piilyi. Usage: Bulla . piidin n. hair knot worn on the forehead of Apatani men. piidin khotu n. metal pin horizontally placed to tie a *piidin . piige n. (Zool.) barbet (generic), a bird species. Includes the Blue Throated Barbet (Megalaima asiatica) and Golden Throated Barbet (Megalaima franklinii) . piigin n. (Zool.) vulture. piigo n. 1. topic, subject. Nii piigo mi na nunu khansunyadu nii? Tanii agun piigo masii ha? Which topic are you talking about? Isn't it about Apatani language? 2. reason. 3. utility; use. piigo anii adj. useful. Siika si piigo anii sii ha? Will it be useful? piigo amanii n. 1. useless thing. Hii piigo amanii ke. Kupato. That is useless. Throw it away! 2. (in a nominal or relative clause) useless. piigo amapa adv. in a useless or wasteful manner. Siilo alo piigo amapa lopane. Today was a waste day (lit. 'the day passed in a wasteful manner'). piigya n. (Zool.) Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) . piigya-gyapu n. (Zool.) Wreathed Hornbill (Aceros undulatus). Syn: piigya-gyalan. piiha [pi´ha:] n. variety of basket made of bamboo splits or rattan. Piiha-haye. One *piiha basket. See: apin piiha. aji piiha [adʑi pi´ha] n. variety of basket made of bamboo splits used for carrying vegetables. tasin piiha n. variety of basket made of bamboo splits used for carrying various vegetables and weeds in paddy fields. piije See: piimii-piije.piijin n. (Zool.) moth (generic) piijo ho post. earlier; before; some time ago; some time before. piijoda adv. later; afterwards; then. Apin miiyo, piijoda ngunu restaurant ho diitesa. Don't cook meal, later on we shall eat out at a restaurant. piikhe adj. black or dark in colour, as of poultry. Paro piikhe. Black fowl. piikho n. (Agr.) maize cob; remaining part of an ear of corn/maize once the grain has been removed. yaju piikho n. (Zool.) variety of dragonfly. piile n. feather. Etym: from *piita, 'bird', *ale, 'wing' piilii vt. to replenish a drink. Usage: may be used for most beverages (beer, tea, etc.), though not for water. piilo n. 1. moon. 2. lunar month (of approximately 28 days). 3. an important male figure of Apatani mythology. Var: pulo. Usage: Hari. piilo ajan n. new moon (literally 'young moon'). piilo akha n. full moon (lit. 'old moon'). piilo huto n. moonlight. piilo kobyan n. variety of bangle bearing numerous helicoïdal designs resembling moons. murun piilo n. first lunar month of the year, corresponding to the coldest period of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of January. pager piilo n. second lunar month of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of February. myoko piilo n. third lunar month of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of March. halyin piilo n. fourth lunar month of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of April. enda pillo n. fifth lunar month of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of May. piimii piilo n. sixth lunar month of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of June. Syn: empii piilo. diiri piilo n. the month during which Dree festival is celebrated, traditionally from mid-June to mid-July. Literally 'the month for buying/borrowing food'. piije piilo n. seventh lunar month of the year (in case of division of the year into thirteen months). Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of June-July. Var: piija piilo. milo piilo n. eighth lunar month of the year (in case of division of the year into thirteen months). Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of August. Syn: mipya piilo. halo piilo n. ninth lunar month of the year (in case of division of the year into thirteen months). Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of September. Syn: pyapin piilo; pyapin sobo pulo. Usage: Hari. bunchi piilo n. tenth lunar month of the year (in case of division of the year into thirteen months). Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of October. buntii piilo n. eleventh lunar month of the year (in case of division of the year into thirteen months).. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of October or November. Syn: entii piilo; bunchi-buntii piilo. emo piilo. twelth lunar month of the year (in case of division of the year into thirteen months). Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of November. nenke piilo n. thirteenth lunar month of the year (in case of division of the year into thirteen months). Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of December. piilo n. iron chisel. Syn : dachan piilo. piilu-piile adj. showy. piilye [pilje] n:num. four. alyan piilye [a´ljã pilje] n:num. fourty. piilyi n. hut, esp. in fields. Usage: Hari, Bulla. Var: piinyi. Usage: Hija, Diibo. piidi-piilyi n. (Agr.) watch hut in paddy field. Var: piidi-piinyi. piima n. (Bot.) variety of tree. piimer n. dust. Syn: dimer.

  piinhe n. chisel. Usage: Hija. Var: piinye. Usage: Bulla. piinhe n. shutter of a cage. Usage: Hija. Var: piinye. Usage: Bulla. piini vt. to pinch; to nip; to squeeze between a finger and the thumb, between to sticks, etc.piinii See: punii.piiniin See: puniin. piiniin ajin n. variety of ceremonial friend to whom is offered the head of sacrificied animals on certain ritual occasions. Encycl: a male Apatani may have one or more *piinyan ajin, all usually belonging to his own village though of different clans. The performer of a *murung will normally give the head of the largest sacrificed mithun to his *piiniin ajin, who will keep the bucrane inside his house. The title is transmitted from father to eldest son. Var: piinyan ajin. piinyi See: piilyi. piipa vt. to sweep/brush away, e.g. the ashes from a hearth. piipin [pi´p pv i] n. bamboo split mat used for sun and smoke drying of paddy and millet. Var: piipi [pi´pi:]. Usage: Bulla . piipya vt. 1. to scatter something. 2. adj. scattered. Syn: piipya-piisa. piira [´pi´ra] adj. infertile, as of an egg; that cannot hatch. piiri n. chicken coop; chicken roost. Syn: paro piiri. piirii [pi´ri] n. wooden logs used as border around a fireplace. piirii n. (Zool.) Forktailed Swift (Apus pacificus). A large swift with white throat and rump, and deeply forked tail . piirii n. (Bot.) Stinging Nettle (Urtica sp.), a common weed with stinging hairs on its leaves, causing skin itching with rashes when touched . piiriie n. variety of traditional spinning wheel used to wind a quantity of yarn or thread into a ball . piiro [´piro] n. basket made of splitted bamboo for storing meat, etc. aha piiro n. bamboo basket where the severed hearts of slaughtered pigs at *myoko are placed. piisa n. (Bot.) pine tree, esp. the Blue pine tree (Pinus wallichiana) typical of the plateau. Syn: piisa sanii . piisa lenda n. a below the knee length red and blue skirt, highly decorated, traditionally associated with young and unmarried girls. Syn: piisa lena. piisa-sadi n. pine seedling. piisa-sakhu n. pine cone . Syn. piisa pakhu. piisa-salii n. pine grove. piisasaman n. pine needle. piisa-sansun n. pine forest/grove. halyan piisa n. (Bot.) generic term for introduced pine species such as Pinus roxbhurgii, etc. Hong piisa n. (Bot.) variety of pine tree cultivated in Hong village, out of which fine planks known as *Hong santa used to be extracted. liirii piisa n. (Bot.) Himalayan Hemlock (Tsuga dumosa), a variety of pine tree seen esp. in Talle forest. Var: niiri piisa. Usage: Hija. Talle hoka niiri piisa hii Ziro hoka piisa mi iche pongeyado. 'Niiri' pine trees of Talle Valley are a bit different from the pine variety of Ziro. piise n. (Zool.) Dollarbird (Eurystomus orientalis), a roller species . piita [´pi´ta] n. birds (in general). piita ahi n. (Bot.) Wild pear, the small, roundish pear of Pyrus pashia . piita apu [´pi´ta a´pu:] n. (Bot.) flower of the Wild Pear tree. piita asi n. bird nest. piita sanii [´pi´ta sa:´ni] n. (Bot.) Wild Pear tree (Pyrus pashia), a tall thorny tree whose fruits, as the name indicates, are eaten mostly by birds. Normally planted outside the village in the bamboo grove (*bije), not the kitchen garden (*balu). piita si [´pi´ta si:] n. puddle or pond where birds gather to drink. piiti n:qual. near. Var: putii. Usage: Hari. Var: kuchi. Usage: Hija. piitin n. entrance; access; doorway. sukun piitin n. well entrance. piitin ngiila n. (Zool.) variety of large-sized owl. piiyi n. condensed mucous. Syn: tano piiyi. piiyo n. (Zool.) Rufous-necked Hornbill (Aceros nipalensis).

  poba vt. (of a plural subject) to hop together. poba vt. (of a plural subject) to hug; to embrace. Syn: poba-pola. See: harba. pobi vt. to cut a log or a bamboo on someone else's behalf/for someone. pobii n. bad luck; unsuccess/infortune in hunt, competition or entreprise, esp. caused by transgression related to certain superstitional beliefs, or by a death occuring ahead of or during certain auspicious ceremonies such as *murun or *subu tanii. pobo vt. 1. to cut a log or a bamboo along with others. 2. to help someone cut a log or a bamboo. pobo vi. to sit near someone. polyo-pocho pobo vi. to seat near someone as if expecting something from him, or with the hope of getting some favour. pobo vi. to leap across something; to cross by jumping. pocha vi. to hop. pocha vi. to place/put something up, as an object or cloth on a shelf. pochun vi. to hide. Syn: potun. podo vi. 1. to stumble over something. 2. to have an accident. See: liichi podo. poha vi. to leap/jump in. poe See: poye.

  polyan n. plateau. Ziro polyan hii Lower Subansiri District ka liipa ho do. Ziro plateau is located in the center of Lower Subansiri District. polyo vt. to cut (a log or a bamboo) slantingly. Bije simi polyoto. Cut this bamboo slantingly! polyo-pocho See: pobo. pombo n. (Zool.) caterpillar. pombo laso n. (Zool.) walking stick, an insect species. pombo riiko n. (Zool.) millipede .

  puchun vt. to lay eggs in a hidden place. pudu n. (Bot.) Indian Oleander (Nerium indicum), an evergreen leaf small tree bearing beautiful, fragrant pink or white flowers . pudu-pukho n. (Zool.) Temminck's Tragopan (Tragopan blythii), a beautiful pheasant species. Syn: pudu pukhu . pudu-punyu See: pu. puha [´puha] n. 1. (Zool.

  punyan ajin See: piinyiin ajin. punye n:num. 1. (of round or cylindrical medium-sized objects) two. 2. n:num. old unit of measure used in barter transactions, consisting of two *puhe yagii of unhusked rice, or the cost equivalent to two *puhe yagii. Also denotes the amount of rice contained in two *puhe yagii as the wage given for hired labour, or sometimes, by metaphorical extension, the labourer himself. Encycl: the Apatani barter system used to start from *puhe (one egg), *punye (two eggs), *pachuhe (one small chicken). Next were *parohe, *puhinhe, puphe, pu'ngohe, *pukhe, *pukahuhe, *pupinye, *pukoahe and *pulyanhe. punyo adj. (of spherical objects such as fruits, eggs, etc.) small. Ant: puro. punyu [pu´ɲu:] n. spoon (bamboo or wooden). Punyu sohe/soye. One spoon. talo punyu n. [´talo pu´ñu:] metallic spoon. punyu [pu´ɲu] n. (Anat.) brain. punyu-puhe n. one brain. Var: punyu-puye. punyun adj. usual; normal; typical.

  pute vi. (of a plant) to stop blooming, as when the season is over. putii adj. near. Usage: Hari. Syn: piiti. Variant: kutchi. Usage: Hija. putu [pu´tu] n. mountain. putu-pukho n. mountain pass. puto-puko [pu´tu pu´ko:] n. poetic/literary form of putu. Ziro hoka putu-puko, myodi-yasi si ano kapyodo. The mountains and [surrounding] areas of Ziro are very beautiful (i.e. the scenery in Ziro is very beautiful). putu-puro n. big mountain. Ant. putu-punyo. puye 1. n:num. (of round or cylindrical medium-sized objects) one. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *pukun is used instead. 2. n:num. old unit of measure used in barter transactions, consisting of one *puhe yagii of unhusked rice, or the cost equivalent to one *puhe yagii. In olden days this could be one short dao (*ilyo), or one cock, or one plain white cloth. Also denotes the amount of rice contained in one *puhe yagii as the wage given pyarmo n. plant fiber used to fasten fletches and iron tips onto arrow shafts. pyarne See: perne. pyarnyo See: pernyo. pyarro See: perro. pyarpin n. hair plait. piidin pyarpin n. hair plait, of a male. Var: pyapin. Usage: Hari, Bulla. pyarsa See: persa. pyase vt. to wash out something by splashing liquid on it. pyatii n. (Agr.) early-ripening variety of rice belonging to the *mipya group, usually harvested in late August or September. Var: pyate. pyatii kobya n. (Agr.) early-maturing variety of rice. See: mipya; pyanyi; pyapin; pyapu. pyatii-pyali n. (Agr.) rice seeds of the *pyatii variety. pyatin n. (Agr.) early-maturing variety of rice. pyatin-pyali n. (Agr.) rice seeds of the *pyatin variety. pyayin v. to destroy/demolish something together. pyer vt-r. to make a plait; to fold. Usage: Bulla. Var: per. Usage: Hija. pyerdii vt. to shorten/reduce something by folding. pyerki See: perki. pyerko See: perko. pyerpo vt. to fold something so that two ends join or overlap. pyo vt-r. to open the eyes. Syn: pyoko.

  rade emo n. (Agr.) one of the three varieties of late ripening paddy; white variety. radu See: kiira-radu. ragyan n. pole cut from *kiira tree that is used to carry pigs at Myoko festival, and later becomes one major element of *danyi agyan altar. rahe n. (Zool.) Red billed Leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea), a small bird of the babbler family of overall olive green colour, with a yellow throat and red bill . rahe n:num. (of bundles of firewood) one. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *rakun is used instead. rahii vt. to rotate some heavy object by dragging it over the soil. rahu v. (Bot.) variety of chestnut tree. See: kiira; korbin; riihin. raji n. plastic, esp. plastic shopping bag; polythene. raju [ra´ju ] ʔ n. variety of netted coarse wicker basket used to carry soil, firewood, etc. with the help of a strap held on the forehead. Raju giiye. One *raju basket. Var: raju giihe. See: rapya; barju. raka n. (Bot.) variety of chestnut tree used to make house pillars or posts. rako See: raku. raku [ra´ku] n. tortoise. Usage: Hija. Var: samin raku. Var: rako, samin ranko, samin rako. Usage: Bulla. rakun [ra´kũ] n:num. (of bundles of firewood) one. Gramm: used when enumerating only, i.e. without reference to a particular object. Otherwise *rahe/*raye is used instead. rali n. place where the house outer pillars (*siiran) are erected. tuchan-rali n. pillars of a traditional Apatani house. See: siiran-sanda.

  rebo v. to ferry; to cross a river. rebya See: reke-rebya. reke [´reke] n. ceiling (grenier) floor. reke abu [´reke a´bu:] n. bamboo covering of the ceiling floor. reke abya n. notched log providing access to the ceiling. Var: reke-rebya. Usage: Hong . Danyi reke abya kanedoku. The sun is at the height of the ceiling stair (to indicate a particular moment of the evening session). reke ubu [´reke ´u´bu] n. opening made in the ceiling floor to access the ceiling area.

  ri [´ri:] vt-r. to stitch (with a needle); to sew. Syn: ari.-ri vsuff. start; begin. Gramm: inceptive aspectual suffix used to indicate that the subject initiates the action denoted by the verb. On adjectives, conveys the basic meaning 'start becoming x' or 'get x'. Occurs before the tense markers in a suffix chain. Lurido. Begin to speak. Asurido. Start becoming lazy. Ant: -mo. ri aro n:time. day after tomorrow morning. Syn: rida aro. riko-khako n. variety of penalty imposed in case of theft or killing of cattle. rikun vt. (of a plural subject) to read/study collectively. rikun vt. (of a plural subject) to throw collectively; to throw together. rikun vt. (of a plural subject) to draw a line collectively. rikun vt. (of a plural subject) to stitch together. rikha vt. to read something incorrectly; to make a mistake in reading something. Ngo siika paragraph mi puri rikhato. I made a mistake while reading this paragraph. rikha vt. to throw something improperly; to miss a target one is throwing at; to fail to throw. Ngo basket ball mi basket ura ho rilii rikhato. I failed to throw the ball into the basket. rikhii vt. to lapidate; to kill a person or an animal by throwing some heavy material at him/her/it. rila n. ray. danyi rila n. sun ray. Aro konchi ho danyi rila byodo. Early morning sun rays cast a glow. rila n. (Bot.) tendril. Taku rila. Tendril of cucumber. rila adj. skillful at reading. rila adj. expert at throwing something.rila adj. expert at drawing a line. rila adj. skillful, as of a stitcher. rilii vt. to throw in. Ngo basket ball mi basket ura ho rilii rikhato. I failed to throw basketball in the basket. rilo vt. to throw down. Ant: richa. rilyo vt. to throw something slantingly or improperly. rimbi See: rimi. rime See: riime. rimi n. (Zool.) spider. Var: rimbi. Usage: Hija. Syn: iichi rimi. rimi tasun n. cobweb. Var: rimbi dansun. Usage: Hija. rimi romo adj. confused. City daka heavy traffic mi kala la lemba akha si rimi romopa la daku. This elderly villager has become confused after seeing the heavy traffic of the city. rimyo-riso adj. colour-striped; decorated with coloured stripes. riniin [rini] n. studying. riniin [rini] n. throwing. riniin [ri:ni] n. line; line drawing. riniin [´ri:ni] n. stitching. aji agyan riniin n. agrarian ritual performed by the various households in their paddy-fields during *Myoko festival, marked by the erection of one *aji agyan in the centre of one field. rinyi n. gentle light that emanates from a sun ray. rinyi-rinya adj. beautiful like the early morning sun light. rinyo n. 1. ring made of bamboo splits. 2. common first name for females. rinyo gyadu n. rings made of bamboo splits that are put on the tomb of priests. rinyo jompu n. element of the *babo structure, basically a bamboo frame suspended at each extremity of the lower *babo taper. Var: rinyo some. Usage: Hari . rinyo lebu n. diamond shape bead found on carnelian bead necklaces (*lebu tasan), usually positioned towards the middle section of the row . rinyo pata n. element of the*babo mast structure, basically a wooden plank of about 60 cm long attached to the loops of cane, which makes up the lower part of of *babo rinyo. Often decorated with geometrical motifs painted with black soots or charcoal . babo rinyo n. decoration of chains of rings that are put on both ends of a *babo taper . rinyo vt. to practice reading. rinyo vt. to practice throwing. Student atan si shot put mi rinyonyado. Students practise throwing a shot put. rinyo vt. to practice stitching. Nyimii atan si pulye mi rinyonyado.

  riihe n:num. one bundle of bamboo. Var: riiye. riihin n. (Bot.) variety of chestnut tree. Used in particular to make house pillars or posts. Var: rihin. See: kiira; korbin; rahu. riijan n. (Bot.) Chimonobambusa sp., a bamboo species (possibly C. griffithiana).

  ru [ru] vsuff. 1. to [do] something with difficulty. 2. adj. difficult/hard/unpleasant to [do]. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject carries out the action denoted by the verb in an uneasy or unpleasant manner. Also derives an adjective with the basic meaning 'uneasy to x', unpleasant to x', x representing the action indicated by the verb. Ant: -pyo. rube sarse n. (Agric.) late ripening variety of millet. rubi n. ritual element of sacrificial altars . rubi adj. deaf. Syn: yaru-rubi. rubi yaru n. right ear. rubinii n. one who is deaf; deaf person. rubiniin n. deafness. rubin n. ear lobe ring. Syn: yaru-rubin . rubin adv. (of a plural subject) to chase collectively. rubyi n. hearing. aya rubyi nphr. good hearing. Moka yaru si aya rubyi doke. He/she has a rupin n. earring.Syn: yaru-rupin. rupu n. silver or silvery metal. Var: rupii. rutin n. secondary piercing hole of the ear, located above the main hole. rutin hiiran n. variety of earring or ear loop worn by women . rutu See: yaru-rutu. rutu See: riitu. ruyo n. variety of earring made of cane. saha n. cane rope. Tamo hiika subu simi saha lo hone. Tamo caught that mithun with a rope. Var: siiha. Usage: Hija. saka vi. to be uncertain; to hesitate. Syn: saka-saka. sakori n. employment; job. From: Assamese. sakhii vi. feeling unable to achieve/do something completely. sakhu n. (of conifers) cone. piisa sakhu n. pine cone. Syn: piisa pakhu. sale [´sale] n. raw (undried) wood; standing wood. sali-sapa [´sali´sapa] See: sadi-sapa. salin vi. to exhale. Ant: salii. salin vi. to be born. salin vt. to expel or be expelled. salii n. pine tree and other mixed plantation area with or without bamboos, usually located at some distance from the village. Encycl: mostly planted with pine or oak (Castanopsis sp.). Owned collectively by the members of one household or one patrilineal segment (e.g. brothers and first cousins). Usage: Hong. Var: sadi. Usage: Hari. Var: sansun. Usage: Bulla, Mudang-Tage. salii bije n. pine and bamboo groves. piisa-salii n. pine grove. salii vi. to inhale. Ant: salin.salii vt. to push/stuff something inside. Suitcase ho tarii atan mi santi la saliito. Pack your shirts tightly in the suitcase! Gitu-nanii pa pillow mi saliito pe. Please insert a pillow to block the place where I'm lying. salun n. medium-sized cucumber. salyi [sa´lji] adj. green. Anii hii salyido. The leaf is green. Aji lyapyo sii salyi riiji. These fields are verdant. salyi kiina [sa´lyi kina] adj. deep green. salyi koman adj. dark green (deep green). salyo n. bark of a tree. Etym: from *sanii, 'tree', *alyo, 'skin'. salyo sanii n. (Bot.) Fragrant Himalayan Champaca/Champa Tree (Michelia champaca) a variety of tree whose fruits are used as spice and medicine. salyo ahi. n. fruit of the Champa tree. Encycl: comparatively bigger than *sanii tero, more or less of the same size as *samper. The fruit, which is dried at maturity and contains reddish seeds, may be used in the preparation of *pike pila. Var: salyo, selyo. salyo paku n. (Zool.) Orange-breasted Green Pigeon (Treron bicincta). salyo pakhu n. shell of the fruit of the Champa tree, which can be used as a food condiment in *pike (*salyo pakhu pike). salyo pike n. variety of *pike using the flower or fruit of the Champa tree dried and cooked with *pila, pork and chillies. lyopi salyo n. variety of *salyo tree or seed . yorje salyo n. variety of *salyo tree or seed . sama n. (Bot.) variety of tree used to make fence. sama beniin n. particular ritual chanting of priest performed at the begining of *Myoko festival. Var: sarma beniin. sama mahanii n. particular ritual of during which the priest burns the limbs of the monkey that has been hunted for *Myoko. sama pinii n. inaugural ritual of *Myoko performed by the *Myoko priest. Encycl: as part of the ritual, wooden logs equaling the number of housholds in a clan are piled up at the residence of the owner of the ground on which *yugyan altar is located. These logs are used at the ceremonial end of Myoko to roast rice in a closing ritual called *empii koniin. Syn: sama pidu; sama paniin. saman n. pine needle. Syn: piisa-saman. sami vt. to consider someone weaker than oneself. Syn: sami-sapo. Mi mi hiinkane samisapoyo. Don't think that others are weaker! samin rako n. turtle or tortoise (generic). Var: raku. Usage: Hija; (samin) ranko. Usage: Bulla. samo vi. to sigh. sampe n. (Bot.) variety of tree used in ritual functions, especially at the beginning of *Myoko festival. See: sama pinii. samper ahi n. (Bot.) variety of forest wild fruit used as spice, esp. in the preparation of *pike pila, and as medicine. samper n. sticks of split wood. Encycl: sticks of split wood overlapped in square shape are used in the inaugural ritual of *Myoko to perform *sama piniin . sampi vt. to stuff in. Syn: sanpi-sala. sampo n. log. Syn: sanii-sampo. sampu n. large, chunky or discoid white bead made of chank shell (Turbinella pyrum). Syn: sampo . sampu tasan n. necklace worn by women consisting of a single row of seventy to eighty chank shell beads. Syn: sampo tasan . lelun sampu n. large *sampu bead ornamenting the lower section of a *sampu tasan. Syn: lelun sampo. milo sampu n. chank shell beaded necklace worn by the priest (*nyibu) during important rituals. Syn: milo sampo. sanje sampu n. smaller chank shell bead used to make up the upper section of a *sampu tasan. Syn: sanje sampo . sampya n. (Agric.) wooden tray used in a paddy field to transport soil or manure from one spot to another. sampyu n. medium-sized turquoise-blue glass bead. sampyu page n. melon-shaped *sampyu bead . sampyu peron n. a small type of *sanpyu bead, more cylindrical in shape. Syn: sampyu perun. sampyu tasan n. necklace worn by women consisting of several rows of small turquoise-blue glass beads . san 1. vi-r. to live life. Siidin atan hii more-giira ho hiisan diila sandu. Deers subsist by eating grass in forests. 2. vi. to grow ; to mature (intransitive).

sangonii 1 .

 1 n. living thing that is of uncomplete growth. 2. adj. (in a nominal or relatived clause) of uncomplete growth. Etym: from *san, 'to live life', *-go, 'to skip, to forget to include'. Sangonii sanii. Tree of uncomplete growth. sangonii 1. n. plant having a hollowed trunk or stem, or whose trunk/stem has formed a hole by branching. 2. adj. (in a nominal or relatived clause) having a hollowed trunk/stem, as of a tree.

  Syn: santu tero . saro sanii n. (Bot.) banyan tree. sanii n. leaf. Var: yanii; sanii. Nyimii hii nyibo pa, sanii hii kiidi pa. Female children are for foreigners, just as tree leaves are for the soil. [Apatani proverb] saniin n. 1. breathing; breath. 2. blowing of air (as in a whistle). Traffic police ka whistle saniin mi santer n. variety of large, turquoise-blue, chunky glass bead . santer page n. melon-shaped *santer bead . santer tasan n. necklace worn by women consisting of a single row of *santer and *sanpyu beads. Etym: from *tasan, 'bead' . santer adj. fully grown. santi n. (Bot.) variety of tree used for firewood and house construction . santi vt. to push tightly. Suitcase ho tarii atan mi santi la saliito. Pack your shirts tightly in the suitcase! santin 1. adj. (of persons) of same age. Santin ajin. Friends of same age (or same age group). 2. n. peer. santin anyan n. peer. santin babo n. smaller *babo attached to the front veranda of the house . santu n. tree. Tamo santu chalakendo. Tamo can climb trees. Syn: sanii. santu khiilan n. (Zool.) variety of squirrel, bigger in size than *kiidi khemu, having an orange chest. Syn: khiilan . santu payu n. variety of natural resine obtained from a jungle berry. santu tero n. (Bot.) Mountain-Pepper (Litsea cubeba), an evergreen tree of the Lauraceae family. Etym. literally "tree pepper". See: sanii tero . santun n. generation. Santun ronnge. One generation. santun-anyan n. age. sanye n. timber. Usage: Bulla. Var: sanje. Usage: Hija. sanyi See: senyi.sape vt. to be sure of one's ability to do something; to dare to do something.

  sarkho n. (Agr.) millet stalk. See: enkho. sarko vt. to tear open (an envelope, etc). sarlan n. (Bot.) variety of cane species, viewed as a subtype of *taser. See: sargyun. sarma See: sama. sarma-puchun n. (Agr.) mound of millet refuse dumped after harvest. sarne vt. to tear (a paper, cloth, etc.) sarne vt. to talk badly about someone. sarniin n. criticism; condemnation. Syn: sarpaniin. saro n. variety of blue, slightly translucent, medium-sized glass bead. saro page n. variety of blue, slightly translucent, medium-sized melon-shaped glass bead. See: page . saro tasan n. element of the *bimpu tasan necklace consisting of several rows of *saro, *saro page and other small or medium-sized glass beads . saro n. bamboo firewood; bamboo to be used for burning. Syn: saro yasan. saro sanii n. (Bot.) banyan tree (Ficus benghalensis), a plant used in certain rituals. Encycl: three leaves of *saro were sometimes used as a protection during ordeals by fire. Syn: saro. sarpa vt. to look down; to criticise; to reprobate. sarpaniin See: sarniin. sarpu [sar´pu:] n. 1. balloon. Sarpu daka alyi supa hankele sarpu si sapidoku. The balloon got flattened as air was removed from it. 2. any ballon-like object such as the foam formed by soap in water, etc. 3. (Anat.) bladder. sarse [´sar´se:] n. 1. (Bot.) fingered millet (Eleusine coracana) . 2. (Agr.) the late ripening variety of millet, cultivated on open dry fields (*lapyo) and in garden plots. See: mipa. sarse pakhe n. (Agr.) woven bamboo tray used for drying millet . sarpu-sarse n. (Agr.) early ripening variety of millet. sarsii adj. bland; flavourless; tasteless; watery. Yo si sarsiido. The meat has no flavour.

  sati n. umbrella. From: Assamese 'sati'. Syn: ase. satiinii [´sa´t:ini] n. aged pine trees (Pinus wallichiana) which are preserved, to which mythological beliefs are often attached. Var: satenii. satun n. discouragement. saye pron. (of two or more items) 1. one different/distinct). 2. each. Nyikhan saye bu'nge! Take twenty each! sayi vt. to swallow a liquid at a single gulp; to swallow up; to gulp down. se n. back-strap of plaited cane, in general. Can be used for carrying firewood and other large things, to maintain tension on a loin loom., etc. Usage: Hija. Var: she. Usage: Bulla. chiichin se n. back-strap harness for a loin loom . se vt-r. to pull something by dragging it, such as rope, long plank, bamboo etc. sebi vt. to drag something for someone. sebo vt. 1. to drag something along with someone. 2. to help someone to drag something. sebo vt. to pull something by dragging it across something. sekho adj. sharp, e.g. as a fragment of *yabyo bamboo which may cut one's finger. selii vt. to drag something in. Ant: selin. selin vt. to drag something out. Ant: selii.

  sensii adj. 1. (of animal) lean and thin. 2. (of wood, leaf, etc.) fully dried. Yasan sensii. Dried firewood. Var: sense. senyi n. (Bot.) Rhododendron arboreum, a rhododendron species. Var: Var: senyi-muru; senji; sanyi. senyi apu n. rhododendron flower .

  shati n. grape. she See: se. shii vt-r. to scratch (with fingers). shii vt-r. to catch hold of. shii See: sii. shiijer-shiiniin See: siijer-siiniin.

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  si...-si See: -si. sia haman n. (Bot.) Chameleon Plant (Hottuniya cordata), a wild vegetable having a sour taste. Encycl: Houttunya cordata is maintained along the river bank and agricultural bunds. It is eaten as a vegetable and for medicinal purposes. Its roots help checking soil erosion. Var: sian haman sida adj. horizontal. Usage: Hari. sika See: siika.

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  sii See: -su. -sii lo See: -sii. siibi [´si´bi] n. (Zool.) monkey, in general. siibi-bidii n. (Zool.) Macaque sp. or brown shorttailed monkey, mostly referring to Assamese Macaque (Macaca Assamensis) but also including Rhesus Macaque (M. mulatta), Tibetan Macaque (M. thibetanus) and Arunachal Macaque (M. munzala). Var: siibi-bidin . siibi-binii [´si´bi´bini] n. female monkey. siibi-bipo [´si´bi ´bipo] n. male monkey. siibi-biser n. (Zool.) Capped Langur (Trachypithecus pileatus) . siibi dinkhu n. monkey skull. siibi koter n. (Anat.) ischium (strongest and lowest bone in pelvis). siibin [si´bi] n. (Zool.) goat. siibin aha n. (Med.) scabies. siibin-bimpo [si´bi ´bimpo] n. billy goat. siibin-binnii [si´bi ´bini] n. nanny goat. siibin yo [si´bi ´yo:] n. mutton. kiidi siibin n. (Zool.) Mainland Serow/Chinese Serow (Capricornis miineedwardsii), a endangered species of goat antelope, found especially in Talle Valley area . siibo [´sibo] n. (Zool.) cattle bull. Ant: siinii. siibo paniin n. sacrificial slaughter of an ox. siibu See: subu. siibun [si´bũ] n. (Zool.) sheep. Var: subun. Usage: Hija. Var: siigun. Usage: Bulla. siibyo n. (Zool.) variety of large, brown-chested flying squirrel. See: siichi. siichan n. earth. In a narrow sense, describes the Apatani valley and the landscape that is visible from it. siichan miido n. universe; world; cosmos. siichi n. (Zool.) variety of small, white-chested flying squirrel whose main body is similar to that of a rat. See: siibyo. siicho n. 1. spring; water source of a stream that gushes out of the hillside or mountainside. 2. water canal diverted from a water source. aji siicho n. drainage canal of a paddy field . siichur n. (Zool.) stag; any type of Cervidae having branched antlers. siidin n. (Zool.) barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak) . siidin atu n. deer calf. siidin-dimbo n. male deer; art; stag. siidin-diinii n. female deer; doe. siidin-siire n. wild animals, in general; wild game. siido n. (of a mithun or cow) heifer; fully-grown young ox. Subu siido. Mithun heifer. siigan [si´gã] n. water channel, in general. Can denote either an irrigation channel diverted from a main river or stream, or a water channel running through or outside the village . siigan-siilin [si´gã si´li] n. streams and rivulets. Var: siigan-siilyi . siigan latinii n. repairing or maintenance of water channels. Var: siigan latidu. siigo [´sigo] n. (Agr.) bridge of bamboo plank in paddy field. siigun See: siibun. siiha See: saha. siija vt. to tear off something by scratching.

siikiisi

  See: siikasi. siikiiso adv. here. siiko See: siikho siiko ho [siko´ho] adv.phr. on/at it; on its body; in its possession. Siiko ho nii na giidonii kakato. Look at what it has on its body! Var: siko ho. siikha vt. to scrape with one's nail. siikha n. altar made of splits from *kiira tree which are constructed for a *murun next to the performer's house and used for sacrificing mithuns. Syn: subu siikha; byago subu siikha. siikha raniin n. making of a *siikha altar. Etym: from *ra, to bind, esp. firewood or relatively heavy objects'. byago siikha n. *siikha altar constructed at the entrance of the house. Syn: byago subu siikha . uko siikha n. *siikha altar constructed at the backyard of the house. Syn: uko subu siikha . siikhii n. sand, in general (esp. coarse particles, or mixed with pebbles). siikhii-yalan n. gravel. siikhii n. (Zool.) Indian Porcupine (Hystrix indica) . Syn: siikhii-pukhii. siikho n. water channel or duct, in general. Can be used to denote the duct inserted in the bund of a paddy field to let out the water (*hubur), the trench dug into a paddy field for providing shelter and spawning ground for fishes (*parkho/*hete), etc. Usage: Hari, Bulla. Var: siiko. siikho latinii n. maintenance of field channels. Syn: siikho latidu. padin-siikho n. confluence; place where two streams or rivers join. Lembo ho parda a'nge, inka lembo padin-siiko ho lachi dalyi bo'nge. Go straight on the road, turn left at the confluence of the two streams. siilan pachan n. (Anat.) nape of the neck for animals, esp. referring to that body part of cattle which is hit by a blade during sacrifice. See: lampin. siilin n. (Agr.) irrigation channel diverted from a main river or stream. Var: siilyi. siilin n. passage connecting fields. siilin adj. (of mithuns and bulls) difficult to control or domesticate; untamed. siilii n. (Zool.) Large Indian Civet (Viverra zibetha

  siimer [si´m r] ə n. silt. siimi n. pond; lake. siimu See: sumu. siimyo n. (Zool.) variety of carnivorous mammal. -siine [sine] vsuff. you (pl.)/they [did]. Gramm: perfective aspectual suffix combination indicating, of a plural subject, that an event was completed in the past (usually non proximal); second and third persons. Molu biilyo pakasiine. Yesterday they fought among themselves. siini n. sugar. siinii [´sini] n. cow (as opposed to bull). Ant: siibo. -siinya See: -sii. siinyan [si´ã] ɲ n:time this year. Siinyan ngiika aji daka emo si ensu adin do. This year, my paddy crop is of dud rice only. siinyan-siilo [si´ɲã si´lo] adv. in modern times; nowadays. Syn: siinyan silo. siinyi n. (Zool.) Ferret-Badger (Melogale sp.), either Chinese Ferret Badger (Melogale moschata) or Burmese Ferret Badger (Melogale personata) siiper n. pond. ngiiyi siiper n. fish pond. Ngiiyi siiper si yasi kacho riila do. The water lies stagnant and dirty in the fish pond. siipi [sipi] n. (Zool.) Chinese Pangolin (Manis Pentadactyla). Encycl: A nocturnal mammal, feeding mainly on termites and ants by digging the nests. Chinese Pangolin, within the Indian limit, is confined to the Northeastern region . siipi n. sewing; embroidery. siipi pi vcn. to sew. siipu n. (Zool.) variety of carnivorous mammal (unidentified). Var: supu. siipya n. (Zool.) Dhole/Indian Wild Dog (Cuon alpinus) or Jackal (Canis aureus) . siipyu See: supuyu. siiran n. (house) pillar or post of a house, esp. outer pillar. See: tuli. siiran sanda n. posts used for making houses. siire n. (Zool.) boar, wild pig (Sus scrofa) . siire thiikhe n. (Zool.) tick. siirii n. variety of horn bugle used in various rituals. siirin n. (Zool.) otter (Lutra sp.) . siiro n:time this morning. siisi [´sisi] n:time now; just now. No siisi home work miido koda, siilyinda Indian Idol kalakendo. If you do home work now, you can watch Indian Idol in the evening. Var: sisi. siisida. adv. 1. now, just now. Ngo siisida ude ho adukuran. I have just come back home. 2. recently. Siisida kii la ngo ano renge hempa dane. Recently, I have been feeling really tired. siiso n. (Zool.) Small Indian Civet (Viverra indica). siitan [sitã] pron. like this; this way. siitanpa pron. like this; in this way. Tagyan henter ela, ngiika ajin mi ngo siitanpa business partnership ho cheat miilyido la hemato. I'm immensely upset, I never thought that my friend would cheat me in our business partnership like this. siitii n. (Zool.) elephant (Elephas maximus indica). siitii ahi n. elephant tusk. siitii byako sanii n. (Bot.) Yellow Berried Nightshade (Solanum xanthocarpum) . siitii cop. was; would be. Gramm: perfective or irrealis form of the copula *sii. Kiilin siitii ka! Whatever! -siitii vsuff. you (pl.)/they [did]. Gramm: perfective aspectual suffix combination indicating, of a plural subject, that an event was completed in the past (usually non proximal); second and third persons. siitin [si´ti] n. (Zool.) Himalayan Black Bear (Selenarctos thibetanus) . siitin n. 1. warrior's shield made of buffalo skin; armour. Encycl: the only defensive weapon of the Apatanis. Rectangular in shape, traditionally made of several layers of mithun or buffalo hide. After being well tanned the skins are stretched together over a bamboo framework and tied with cane. A strap made of plaited cane is fixed in the back as is also a cane hand-grip set in the upper right corner. The strap is looped over the right shoulder and the shield hands at the body left side, covering and protecting it. The hand-grip located in the upper right corner allows the left hand to hold the shield firmly, while the right hand is free and can hold a spear or a sword . 2. ritual element of sacrificial altars imitating a shield . -siito [si´to] vsuff. [do]! (addressed to a plural subject). Gramm: verb suffix combination indicating an order, command or request given to two or more persons. Nunu embin mi tachesiito. Divide the rice among yourselves. Ant: -siiyo. siitu vt. to hold firmly. Loder mi siitubiilyato. I kept holding Loder (by holding his clothes). siiyin n. (Zool.) variety of carnivorous mammal, possibly a wildcat. siiyo n:time this night; tonight. -siiyo vsuff. don't [do] ! (addressed to a plural subject). Gramm: verb suffix combination indicating a prohibition addressed to two or more persons. Miibasiiyo! Don't do [it] together! so See: soko.

  sobo vt. 1. to play with others. 2. to help someone play something. sobo vt. to move across to play or celebrate something. sodun vi. to roam around, as an escape from boredom. Syn: sote. soe See: soye. soi-somi adv. casually; for recreation; as a pass time activity. sojan n. (Zool.) generic name for small lizards, skinks and geckos, including Flat-tailed Gecko (Cosymbotus platyurus) and Khasi bent-toed Gecko (Cyrtodactylus khasiensis). See: sopin. soka vt. 1. to play. 2. to flirt. sokaniin n. 1. play; game. 2. flirt. soker n. circle cane, a ritual element of sacrificial altars. Usage: Hari . soki n. chair. From: Assamese 'soki'. sokii post. from here. Old Ziro sokii la niimkane na adodo nii? How far is Old Ziro from here? soko n. (Anat.) jaw, of humans or animals. Syn: so . soko n. 1. place for playing; playground. 2. place for celebrating; ceremonial ground. sokongarko n. place for amusement/entertainment; recreation ground; entertainmenent ground. sokun n:num. (of long, thin objects/living things) one. Gramm: by enumerating only, i.e. counting without reference to a particular object, as in school. Otherwise *soye/*soe is used. See: so-. sokun vt. (of a plural subject) 1. to play together. 2. to celebrate together. Dree alo ho sokun siisa! Let us celebrate Dree festival! sokun ajin n. companion in games and recreation; playmate. Syn: sokun siinii. soku-soka vt. to tease; to trick. Syn: soku-solya. soku-solya See: soku-soka. sokhan n. ritual element of sacrificial altars. Usage: Hari. sola-ngarla adj. (of a person) humorous; having humour; funny. Mo, Obing hiilyan, luju-lumyo ayado, ano sola-ngarladu ta. He is a nice fellow, polite and humorous, just like Obing.

solin n. 1 .

 1 to move out to play. 2. to move outside to celebrate. Peniin solindu. Form or go in a *penii procession. solya vt. 1. to play in a habitual or expected way. 2. to celebrate in an usual way. solyaniin n. habitual/usual way of playing or celebrating something. some n. (Zool.) Palm Civet. Includes species such as Paradoxurus hermaphroditus and Paguma larvata . some n. ritual element of sacrificial altars, a bamboo stick whittled in such a way that the strips form a tassel at one end. Also decorates the top of a *babo mast, hanging from the broader end of the *cholo element . Usage: Hari. Var: jompu .

  supunniin n. the ritual act of of smearing or spraying of rice powder (*yatan) alongwith pure rice beer (*o ala) on the animals to be sacrificed. Var: supunnii. alyi supunnii n. ritual smearing of rice powder over the sacrificial pigs during *Myoko festival. supuyu n. drain water. Usage: Hija. Var: supyu. Usage: Hari; supu. Usage: Bulla. Var: siipyu. supyu See: supuyu. suro-nesu See: nesu-suro. suru adj. deceiving; deceptive. suru donyo n. rascal; scoundrel; traitor. Var: suru dornyo. See: lyolyi chochi. suru n. coarse sand. susa n:qual. (of two or more granaries) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each Gramm: postnominal qualifying noun. Etym: from*nesu, 'granary'. susumomo adj. confused.

ta

  See: apya ta. -ta vsuff. flattened. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is flattened as a result of the action denoted by the verb. taba vt. (of a plural subject) to cut together (with an axe or a hoe). taba vt. (of a plural subject) to hear or listen together. taba vt. (of a plural subject) to dig together. tabe [´ta´be] n. (Bot.) sugar cane plant (Saccharum spp.) Var: tiibe. Syn: tabe sanii. tabe akho [´ta´be ´a´xo] n. sugarcane. Var: tiibe akho.

  tachehe n. part or half of what has been cut with an axe or a hoe. tachi n. (Bot.) variety of cane having a very large stem, used esp. by the Nyishis. tachin vt. to know; to have heard before. Ngo tachinkuma. I have never heard [of it]. tachin vt. to know how to cut with an axe or a hoe. tader n. (Zool.) intestinal worm (generic). aki tader (Zool.) n. tapeworm of dogs. tader n. (Bot.) Pleioblastus simonii, one of the strongest bamboo species, found only in Talle Valley. The shoots usually sprout in April . tader vt. to make something clear through hearing or asking; to understand (what one hears). Ngo taderlama I don't understand [lit 'I am not able to hear clearly' (what the person is saying)]. Ant: tamur. See: hender. tadin vt. to cut something deliberately esp. with a axe or a hoe. tadin vt. to agree. tadinsiiniin n. agreement tadin vt. to combine two or more things so as to make a pile. Khu emo nyi mi niti emo nyi mi tadinsiito. Mix the old rice with new rice together into a single heap! tado 1. adj. yellow, in colour. Usage: Hija, Diibo, Dutta. See: pilan 2. n. variety of small yellow beads. tado tasan n. variety of yellow bead necklace worn by females . tadu vt. to damage/destroy something by cutting it with an axe or an hoe. tae See: taye. takasiiniin n. questioning; consultation.

  tako vt. to dig a hole or a trench; to open (the ground); to open up the earth.takolaro n. variety of white hard stone that produce sparks when struck with another similar stone; flint used to start a fire. taku[taku] n. (Bot.) cucumber (Cucumis sativus). taku sanii n. cucumber plant. Dree hoka taku babibo hii, ngiika ane. It's my mother who brings cucumber for me during the Dree festival. Var: takhu. Usage: Hija. taku-kuli n. cucumber seeds. taku kheniin n. distribution of cucumbers to participants during *Dree festivities. taku rila n. cucumber tendril, a twisting, threadlike outgrowth by which the plant grasps an object or a plant for support.taku-tamu n. bamboo section used as an imitation of a human phallus during a *penii procession. Also describes the comic dance performed by young males during a *penii procession . taku tamu mii vcn. to perform a variety of comic dance with a sexual connotation, as done by young males participating in a *penii procession in various attires and costumes. takun [ta´kũ] n. peach; peach tree. takun sanii [ta´kũ´sa:ni] n. (Bot.) peach tree (Prunus persica). Encycl: the peach tree, which normally flowers in mid-March, plays a significant role at the time of *Myoko festival. One specimen is planted at every clan ritual centre (*yugyan). takun apu [ta´kũ a´pu:] n. peach flower. takun ahi n. peach fruit . takun n:num. (of flat and thin objects, or materials) one. Gramm: used when enumerating only, i.e. without reference to a particular object, as in school. Otherwise *tahe/*taye is used instead. See: ta. takun vt. (of a plural subject) to listen or hear collectively. takun vt. (of a plural subject) to cut collectively; to cut together (with an axe or a hoe). takun putu n. type of *murun ranking immediately above *runser, requiring the sacrifice of several mithuns and a distribution to every household of the donor's own Myoko group, also marked by a procession (*penii) throughout the corresponding villages. (as, in the case of a donor from Reru village, throughout Tajang, Kalung and Hari). See: runtii; runser; yapu-yalan. takun yarii n. (Zool.) cricket (Acheta domesticus). Usage: Hari, Bulla. Var: takun yaru. Usage: Hija; takun yare . takha vt. to fail to hear; to hear wrongly. takha vt. to cut wrongly; to fail to cut (with an axe or a hoe). takhe [´ta´xe] n. (Zool.) human head louse. Variant: takhii. Usage: Hija. takhe n. (Bot.) variety of cane. takhe vi. to lie on one's back, face up. takhe lahii v. to dive. takhii [ta´xi] n. (Zool.) variety of large squirrel species which is hunted and ritually used during *Myoko festival . takhii See: takhe. takhii [´taxi] vt. to kill by striking with an axe or a hoe. takho n. (Bot.) Old World Forkedfern (Dicranopteris linearis), a fern species used in particular to make spring action traps (*giimya). Also used to fence altars or shrines during certain rituals. takho gakhe n. children's bangle made of *takho fern. takho n. bamboo splits which are laid down for demarcating land, as to show ownership. Encycl: some *takho are put around the house and rice field after the performance of *Myoko rituals. takho beniin n. chant by priest during *kheloniin ritual on the 15th night of Myoko festival, when people ritually demarcate the boundaries of their houses and granaries. takho adj. 1. bald, as of a person. Dinta takho. Bald head. 2. bare; having little or no vegetation, as of a terrain, land, soil. Inka aji si takhodo. This field is bare (i.e. without paddy).

  talan n. (Med.) chicken pox. talan n. (Med.) measles. talan papi n. (Bot.) variety of Hedychium plant wearing red flowers. See: papi. tale n. (Bot.) variety of garlic (Allium sp.), possibly Chinese Chives (A. tuberosum). Usage: Hari, Bulla. Encycl: the word 'Tale Valley' is derived from that of this species that grows abundantly there. Var: lepi. Usage: Hong, Hija . tale n. leftovers of drinkables/smokeables, e.g. leftovers which can be preserved. tali n. (Zool.) fox. Syn: tali aki. tali yordu n. (Bot.) Chilly (Capsicum anuum).

tanyi n. 1 .

 1 (Bot.) maize (Zea maize). 2. one of the three varieties of maize cultivated by the Apatanis. See: mire; nyitii. Encycl: maize is cultivated only in gardens inside the village and in more distant garden plots, not in open dry fields . tanyi aru n. outer cover of a corn/maize ear. tanyi marpu n. cornsilk. tanyi miige n. tongs used to take roasted maize out of the fire. tanyi pamii n. powdered corn/maize. tanyi-nyili n. maize/corn seed. uyi tanyi n. (Bot.) Cobra Lily (Arisaema sp.), a wild flowering plant whose single, phallus-like green inflorescence (or spathe) resembles a maize ear. It has a foetid smell that attracts insects . tan'yin vt. (of a plural subject) to drink or smoke together. tanyo adj. (of thin, flat objects or materials) small. Ant: taro.

tapa vt. 1 .

 1 to miss to hear. Ngo moka speech mi tapakuma. I missed to hear his speech. 2. to ignore someone's word or speech. Gumto ka luniin mi tapasiito. Ignore what Gumto says! Syn: tago. tapakohe adv. everywhere (as far as one can hear). Var: tapakoye. tapan n. East. tapan n. (Bot.) generic term for 1. moss. 2. any floating plant. 3. algae. Var: tiipan. Usage: Hija. murta tapan n. (Bot.) Lesser Duckweed (Lemna minor) . tangu tapan n. (Bot.) variety of herbaceous plant from which a poison is extracted. yasan tapan n. (Bot.) moss. tape [´tape] n. (Bot.) pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata). Usage: Hong, Hari, Bulla. Var: ayo tape. Usage: Bamin-Michi; epe. Usage: Hija . tape apu n. pumpkin flower. tape haman n. pumpkin leaf, commonly used as a vegetable in Apatani cuisine. Var: ayo tape haman; epe haman. tape n. (Zool.) leech. Var: tiipe. Usage: Hija. taper 1. n. heavy log put on the foot of prisoners to prevent escape in olden days. Syn: tiipii; tiipiir; tiiprii. 2. vt-r. to punish, esp. by means of a log (*taper) attached to the foot. taper panii n. one who is imprisoned with *taper (unspecified). taper n. element of the *babo structure: two pairs of elongated planks of 5-6 meters long, arranged so as to form a narrow twin-armed platform. Encycl: the planks are first shaved with a machete and tied together in pairs with cane strips, then the two wooden arms are inserted horizontally into what is to become the top of the mast. Var: tipre. Usage: Hari. Syn: babo taper . ayo taper n. the upper part of the *taper armed structure. Var: ayo tipre. Usage: Hari. akan taper n. the lower part of the *taper armed structure. Var: akan tipre. Usage: Hari. taper [ta´p r] ə n. (Bot.) variety of cane associated with a particular ritual performed during *Myoko festival, known as *taper liidu. Encyl: leaves from this plant are used to wrap up the carcass of the hunted monkey that is brought back to the clan ritual center (*nago), where the skull is preserved for the duration of the festival; a brush of *taper leaves is also placed into the monkey skull's nostrils. Var: tiiper. taper liidu vcn. collective ritual performed on the third day of Myoko festival, mainly consisting in a procession around the village performed by male members carrying *taper leaf brushes and covering the *nago shrine with them. Later the leaves are taken back home and kept in the back corner of the house (*dokho achan). Syn: taper liiniin: taper liila siiro cheniin . taper adj. 1. terrible to hear. 2. too much to hear. No taper kai ela luda nii. You are saying too much! tapi n. (Bot.) variety of creeper with large leaves found in abundance outside the Apatani valley. Tanii ganda polan, Misan ganda Tapi. Lands where the *polan grass grows belong to the Apatanis, lands where the *tapi grass grows belong to the Nyishis and Miris. [Apatani saying]. tapi kobyan n. children bangle made of *tapi plant. tapi n. small or tiny bird (generic). tapi ngiila n. (Zool.) general term for small-sized owls or owlets. Includes species such as the Tawny owl (Strix aluco) or the Brown Wood Owl (Strix leptogrammica). Var: tapi ngulla. tapi tame n. (Zool.) general term for small granivorous birds of the passerine family. tapin n. ice, snow. Var: tiipin. Usage: Hija. tapin piilo n. winter; cold season. Var: tiipin piilo. Usage: Hija. Syn: dorii piilo. tapin n. (Bot.) variety of edible bamboo that plays a prominent role in Apatani mythology and rituals, along with *tajer. tapii n. element of a loin loom used to tighten threads. Found immediately above the *akan potin and below the *lokho . taprii See: taper. tapo n. (Bot.) variety of tall, reed-like herb growing near water, traditionally used for thatching houses. See: polan. tapo [tapo] n. spindle. Encycl: basically a stick inserted into an earthen ball used to combine and twist fibers together to form thread or yarn. As the spindle is dropped downward with a twist, the thread is pulled from the pack of unspun fibers and wound onto the stick . tapor n. variety of body colour pattern for mithun bulls. Describes an animal having an overall black coat with large white patches across the body through the back. See: yapor. tapu n. variety of body colour pattern for mithun bulls. Describes an animal of overall white coat. See: yapu; punya. tapun [ta´pũ:] n. (Zool.) bat (generic). miido tapun n. (Zool.) variety of small bat that always hovers in the air and can be seen especially when it is likely to rain. Etym: from *miido, 'rain', *tapun, 'bat'.tapya vt. to untie/unfasten a knot.tapyo n. salty substance obtained by filtering water through the ashes of certain plants, used as delicacy. Encycl: the 'Apatani salt' can be obtained from various plant leaves including ferns (Dicranopteris linearis), reeds (Phragmites karka), banana (Musa spp.), among others. The leaves are burnt, distilled, fried and finally made into flat cakes. A primary source of iodine in olden days.tapyo adj. nice, pleasant to listen. Ant: taru. tapyopa adv. in a manner which is nice to hear. Mo tapyopa biisidu. He sings sweetly.

  tapyo adj. easy to cut with an axe or a hoe Ant: taru. tapyo adj. easy to dig. Ant: taru. tapyo pubur n. ritual element used in sacrificial altars . tapyu n. (Bot.) variety of edible bamboo. tar [tar] vt-r. to bend or break something by bending it; to break something stiff with the hands. tar piita See: tarlar. tarbi vt. to break something on someone else's behalf/for someone. tardu [tardu:] n. lidded bamboo tube used for storing meat. Syn: yo tardu. tare n. 1. thorn. 2. adj. thorny. Usage: Bulla; Dutta. Var: tiire. Usage: Hari. tare apya n. patch of prickly shrubs or vines. Var: tiire apya. tare jilyin See: tiire jilyin. tare sudu n. smoking pipe, the bowl of which is made of a variety of thorny cane. Var: tiire sudu. tare [tare] part. 1. too; also; as well. Gramm: conjunctive/additive particle usually following nouns, pronouns or clauses, indicating that the subject shares a quality, or takes part in an action indicated by the verb in the same way as, or in addition to another person, or that the marked action is carried out in addition to another action. Ngo tare ayasiido. I too am doing fine. 2. (in negative clauses) not even. Mo anyiko tiiko bare tare nyikumane. They two were without even a penny left. Var: tere. Usage: Hari. Var: tiire. Usage: Hong. Var: ter . Usage: Bulla. Manu moka patan ajin agin ho ter yanujapa datii. Within her agricultural labour group too, Manu was the slowest. Ngo doctor mi ter kapate, medicine labiitii. I saw the doctor also, and took some medicine. tare miile adj. (of a baby or child) having a sweet, innocent face. tari n. hail; frozen rain; hailstones. Tari miido. It's hailing.

  taro adj. (of thin, flat objects or materials) large. Ant: tanyo. taro vt. to hear secretely; to hear from a place of hiding. taro See: toro. taro sanii [ta:ro ´sa:´ni:] n. (Bot.) Ficus auriculata. taro ahi n. wild fig. tarpi n. (Bot.) Plectocacomia himalayana, a cane species used for binding purposes in construction of building . Var: tarpin. tarpin n. (Zool.) meat maggot. Syn: yo tarpin. tarpin See: tarpi. tarru adj. hard to break (esp. by hands). tarsi [´tarsi] n. bamboo wall, esp. referring to the cross-hatched flattened bamboo walls of a house. Var: tasi; tashi. See: myopii. tarsin n. (Zool.) woodpecker. tarsii [tar´si] n. (Anat.) 1. small, brownish spot on the skin; freckle. Encycl: as per tradition, brownish spots on the skin are believed to be caused by contact with the blood of a snake. 2. (Med.) wart. tarte See: tartu. tartu vt. to break with the hands, esp. sticks. Var: tarte. tartu-tarka vt. to try to break (stick) with the hands. Siika yakho simi tartu-tarkato. Try to break this stick! tartu-tarma n. stub of a stick. tartu-tarpo vt. to break with the hands, esp. sticks, into small pieces. taru [ta´ru] n. ant. Var: tarhu. Usage: Hija. taru [ta:´ru:] n. (Zool.) mosquito. taru n. 1. rope, string. Mo gagerpa la taru mi gatubiido la putu chapene. By holding the rope firmly and exerting full effort, he managed to climb the hill. 2. (Bot.) generic term for creepers. taru adj. difficult or unpleasant to drink/smoke. Ant: tampyo. taru adj. 1. difficult to hear. 2. unpleasant/rough to the ear. Ant: tapyo. taru adj. hard to cut (with an axe or a hoe). Ant: tapyo. taru adj. hard to dig. Ant: tapyo. tasa n. (Zool.) variety of insect. tasa [tasa] n:qual. (of two or more flat objects such as sheet of paper, volumes of books, etc.) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from*pata, 'flat or flattened object'. -tasa vsuff. Let us go and [do]. Gramm: hortative suffix used for suggesting a collective action including the speaker. Used when the place for the action to be performed is distant from the speaker. Aji yasi agetasa. Let's go and drain off the field. tasan n. 1. bead. 2. bead necklace. tasan-tahin n. ornaments. bimpu tasan n. variety of bead/necklace. ebyo tasan n. variety of bead/necklace.

  taser n. (Bot.) Rattan Palm (Calamus acantospathus), a climbing rattan with slender canes and large leaves. Encycl: climbs up into the tree tops, and is a source of rattan cane. The stem bears spikes on the nods. The Apatanis use it for making ropes used for binding various building structures. Also formerly used to make nose plugs worn by females. taser yaso n. 1. Rattan Palm. 2. rope made of Rattan Palm. tasi See: tarsi. tasi anii See: yasi anii. tasi nanii See: yasi anii. tasin [ta´si] n. (Zool.) dragonfly larva. Encycl: Dragonfly aquatic larvae are caught in paddy fields and eaten by the Apatanis. tasin piiha [ta´si pi´ha] n. variety of basket made of bamboo splits used for carrying various vegetables and weeds in paddy fields. See: piiha. tasin yachu n. small variety of basket worn on the waist or hip by women for carrying river shrimps. nyampo tasin n. (Zool.) river shrimp. sini tasin n. (Zool.) variety of aquatic larva resembling that of a dragonfly . tasu n. noise. tasu-tase adj. loud, as of of a noise; deafening. tata n. variety of body colour pattern for mithun bulls. Describes an animal having an overall black coat with large white patches on the sides. See: yata. tata-tabin n. variety of body colour pattern for mithun bulls. Describes an animal of overall black or dark-brown coat with large white patches on the sides and a white head. See: yata-yabin.

  tayi haman n. (Bot.) Amaranthus spp. lanchan tayi haman n. Joseph's coat (Amaranthus tricolor). pulu tayi haman n. Spiny Amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus) . tayin [ta´ji] n. (Bot.) mushroom (generic). tayin See: tahin. tayin vt. (of a plural subject) to listen together. tayin vt. (of a plural subject) to cut/chop together with an axe or a hoe. tayin vt. (of a plural subject) to dig together tayin koya n. (Med.) gonorrhoea. Var: tai koya. tayin tarpin n. (Med.) corn. Var: tai tarpin. tayin siitin n. (Med.) epilepsy. Var: tai siitin. tayu n. (Zool.) variety of bee or wasp, living in hives (generic). taru aru n. hornet or wasp hive . tayu-yucha n. variety of large-sized wasp, though smaller than a hornet. tayu-yutii n. (Zool.) hornet. te vt-r. to cut down standing herbage or grass; to mow. te vi-r. 1. (of humans) to keel over; to fall down or fall over from a standing position. 2. (of rain) to fall.

  ten vt-r. to press something down.ten vt-r. to put in or place, esp. small things. tenbi vt. to press down something for someone. tenbya vt. to get burnt by touching a hot surface. tenka vt. to speak in an ironical way, as in order to to taunt or provoke someone. tenka vt. to dent something by pressing down. tenpo vt. join two things by pasting. tenti vt. to press something down tightly. ter See: tare. -ter [tər] vsuff. defend. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject performs the action indicated by the verb to defend oneself. Miiter. To resist. Luter. To defend one's opinion or cause verbally. tero n. (Bot.) chilly . tero yorhan nphr. raw chilly. tero yorsin nphr. dried chilly. sanii tero n. Sichuan Pepper (Zanthoxylum sp. possibly Z. rhetsa), a small tree species whose tiny fruits are commonly eaten as spice. Encycl: the Apatanis use the outer pod of the immature green fruits, which are very similar to *yorkhan fruits but have a smooth skin. Etym: literally 'chilly tree'. Syn: santu tero . teya n. (Bot.) Millet (Setaria italica). Syn: tiya. teyi vi. to fall down. ti [ti] vt-r. to pour. Syn: to. ti [ti:] vt-r. 1. to pull, as a string. 2. to draw, as a card. Usage: Hija. Syn: tii.

  tiipyo adj. easy to pull. Ant: tiiru. tiipyo adj. easy to throw. Ant: tiiru. tiipyo adj. easy to chop or fell. Ant: tiiru. tiire 1. n. thorn. Ngiika liipyo ho tiire adubiine. I got a thorn in my foot [by stepping on it] (lit. 'a thorn came into my foot'). 2. adj. thorny. Usage: Hari. Var: tare. Usage: Bulla; Dutta. tiire apya n. bushy jungle. Var: tare apya. tiire jilyin n. (Bot.) Himalaya Blackberry (Rubus procerus), a thorny bramble bearing purplish-black berries. Etym: from *tiire, 'thorn/thorny', *jilyin, 'bramble/berry'.Var: tiire jilyun. Usage: Hari; tare jilyun . tiire vt. to break something by pulling it. tiire See: tare. tiirii n. (Anat.) forehead. tiirii papo nphr. large/big forehead. tiirii tatii n. (Zool.) general term for toads and toad-like frog species. tiirii-hulyi n. (Zool.) variety of green grasshopper . tiiro vt. to enlarge or loosen something by pulling it. Var: tiiru. tiiru adj. easy to pull. Ant: tiipyo. tiiru adj. easy to throw. Ant: tiipyo. tiiru adj. difficult to cut, chop or fell. Ant: tiipyo.

  tor vt-r. to unfurl; to open or spread out from a furled state, as of a flag. tor See: tur. -toranso vsuff. Let me [do] first. Gramm: permissive imperative modal suffix combination indicating a suggestion on the speaker's part that the addressee should let him to perform the action denoted by the verb before the performance of another action. Simi miitoranso. Let me finish this first! torda See: turda. tordo See turdo. tori vi. to move down/south to meet someone. Usage: Hija. tormin adj. (of colour) brown; dark orange. torniin n. unfurling. Dree janda torniin. Unfurling of the Dree flag. toro n. (Zool.) Rhino Beetle. Toro kiidi durdo. The Stag Beetle is digging the soil. Syn: ipa chunyi. toro arii n. Rhino Beetle "horn" .toro See: tonro.-totiika See: -tiika.toyin vi. (of a plural subject) to move down/south together.

  tukhii vt. to sprain one's ankle or knee while kicking. tule vi. to slip. Tamo aji ho tuledo. Tamo slipped into the paddy field. tuli n. pillar/post supporting the horizontal structure of a house, esp. inner pillar. See: siiran. lapan tuli n. wooden post of a *lapan. Encycl: According to tradition, at the time of reconstruction of a *lapan each household had to contribute one post for every male member. Nowadays most *lapan supporting structures use concrete and iron materials . tuli vt. to kick someone in retaliation. tulin vt. to push someone/something out by hands. Ant: tulii. tulii [tu´li] vt. to kick inside. Hika ball mi so tuliito pe! Pass that ball to me here! tulii vt. to push someone/something in by hands. Ant: tulin.

  tur[´tur] vt-r. to pluck, as a leaf, flower or fruit. Var: tu. Usage: Hari. tur vt. to support, as of a stake. Var: tor. Usage: Hija. tur vi. to be alive. Var: tor. Usage: Hija. turba vt. (of a plural subject) to pluck something together. turbi vt. to pluck (leaf, flower, fruit) on someone else's behalf/for someone. turbin vt. (of a plural subject) to pluck (leaf, flower, fruit) unitedly. turbo vt. 1. to pluck (leaf, fruit) along with someone. 2. to help someone pluck something. turcha vt. to pick up (leaf, flower, fruit). turchan n. pillar/post supporting the horizontal structure of a traditional house. Var: tuchan. See: tuli, siiran.

  ture n:num. 1. one mug. 2. one measure of liquid contained in one mug (*turla) or cup, approximately one liter or one kilogramm. Gramm: used when referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *turkun is used instead. Turla ture. One mug. Syn: tur-. turgo vt. to pluck (leaf, flower, fruit) before someone else does. turkun n:num. 1. one mug. 2. one measure of liquid contained in one mug [*turla] or cup. Gramm: used when enumerating only, i.e. counting without reference to a particular object, as in school. Otherwise *ture is used instead. Syn: ture. turla [´tur´la ] ʔ n. 1. bamboo mug with plaited brim and bottom used for usual drinking purposes. Plays an important role as a traditional unit of measure (approx. 1l or 1 kg). 2. cup (of any type) . ari turla n. variety of bamboo mug used during certain ceremonies. dompo turla n. large sized bamboo mug especially used for measuring out rice. At the occasion of Dree in particular, it is used to measure the quantity of rice collected from each household. turli adj. (Zool.) Little forktail (Enicurus scouleri), a small black and white passerine bird. Usage: Hija. See: chilyu. turnii 1. n. one who is alive (unspecified). 2. adj. (in a nominal/relatived phrase or clause) alive. turniin n. plucking. turniin n. supporting. turpyo vt. to pluck (leaf, flower, fruit) first/before anyone does.

  punche(s)/time(s)/hole(s). Var: o-. Usage: Hari, Bulla. u-class. hole. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for holes or cavities. ubu [u´bu] n. hole. ubu huko vcn. to pierce; to make a hole. yaru ubu n. ear hole. ude [´u´de] n. house, home. ude abya n. wooden notched ladder of the house. ude alye n. main door of the house. ude kubu n. (Zool.) common house rat. ude nenchan n. house and land property; home. ude paku n. (Zool.) Snow Pigeon (Columba leuconata). ude pari n. (Zool.) Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) . ude tiniin n. domestic ritual performed by the priest during a *murun the day following a *penii. kotin ude n. traditional house with a thatched roof made of paddy stalks tied on a bamboo frame. Var: ketin ude. Usage: Bulla. santa ude n. house made of wooden planks. tin ude n. house with tin roof. ugu [´ugu] n. hearth; fireplace. Ugu daka yamu mi yasi amito, yamu-yacha kiinendii ke. Put some water over the hearth, [otherwise] it may start again. See: imi. ugu pachan n. corner of the hearth. ago ugu n. primary hearth located near the main entrance of a traditional house; front hearth; outer hearth. ura ugu n. secondary hearth located in the innermost section of a traditional house; back hearth; inner hearth. ugun n. entrance of a hole; entrance hole. ugya-ragya adj. pierced; with holes. uha/uha i interj. wow! Usage: interjection used to express surprise at the greatness or beauty of something. uhe See: uye. uko [´u´ko] n. rear side of the house, more specifically referring to the open porch or "veranda" located at the rear of a traditional Apatani home. Var: ushe. Usage: Hong. uko alye n. back door. uko simbya n. platform of the rear veranda made of a cover of bamboo stems split lengthwise in equal halves. Ant: byago simbya. uko subu siikha n. altar erected on the backside veranda which is used for sacrificing mithun during a *murun. Syn: uko subu siikha . uko n. way out. uko n. hole, as in a cloth. Syn: uko-ulyi. ukun [u´kũ] n:num. 1. one punch. 2. one time; once. 3. one hole. Gramm: used when enumerating only, i.e. counting without reference to a particular object. Otherwise *uye/*ue is used instead. See: u-.

  yachi vt. to close a door; to shut a door. yachu See: nyachu. yachu See: tasin yachu. yadin [ya´di]

  yahi n. (Bot.) Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, an edible bamboo species larger than the common variety (Phyllotachis bambusoides). Encycl: not found on the Apatani plateau but mostly in Nyishi inhabited areas. The shoots are eaten and bamboo mugs are made from the stems, which are usually bent. Syn: yayi. yahii [´yahi] n. axe . yai n. bamboo splinter; thinnest splint obtained by cutting a bamboo section longitudinally. yaje adj. rotten; putrefacted; decomposed; in putrefaction. yaje adj. (of a person) garrulous. yaje vi. to befall. yaju [ya´dʑu] n. ladle made from a dried gourd . yaju piikho n. (Zool.) variety of dragonfly. o yaju [´o: ya´ju] n. ladle used to take or draw rice/millet beer. miji yaju n. ceremonial ladle, the use of which is restricted to *nyibu during ritual performance altogether with a ceremonial beer container (*miji pinta). yasi-yaju n. large sized ladle made of a bamboo mug with a wooden handle, used to take or draw water stored in bamboo water tubes . yakin vt. to show; to express. Ngiimi nyabe yakinyo. Don't frown at me! yako vt. to open the sliding door of a traditional Apatani house. yakhan [ya´xã] n. 1. rice beer vessel made with cane wicker whose inner surface is coated with rubber. 2. the quantity contained in one *yakhan jar. Encycl: *yakhan is traditionally used for measuring the quantity of grain required from close relatives. It represents the larger amount that can be requested as a contribution for a *murun, especially from *diiran, *lache and *ari mechu . yakhan banii [ya´xã´bani] n. person who carries the rice containers that are presented as gifts during the marriage ceremony (*mida) and as such is entitled to receive gifts from the groom's family. yakhan bemurnii n. ritual performed by the priest on the inaugural day of *Myoko, before rice/millet beer is handled. yakhan-khannge [ya´xã´xãŋe] n:num. one *yakhan basket (or the equivalent quantity). diiran yakhan n. traditional unit of measure corresponding approximately to 35 kilogramms of unhusked rice, which is expected as a contribution from a married woman's *diiran on certain occasions such as *murun. lache yakhan n. traditional unit of measure corresponding approximately to 25 kilogramms of unhusked rice, which is expected as a contribution from a married woman's *mechu on certain occasions such as *murun. mechu yakhan n. traditional unit of measure corresponding approximately to 15 kilogramms of unhusked rice, which is to be given by a married woman's *mechu, esp. for a *murun. yakho n. small stick; twig; wood splinter. Yakho ako nyarto. Make one bamboo stick! [i.e. out of that bamboo stem]. Yakho mi khilii-khiikhabiido. The stick has been inserted the wrong way (or in the wrong position/at a wrong position). Yakho-khoye. One stick. dachan yakho n. slim iron stick, a common tool used by Apatani blacksmiths. yo yakho n. skewer. yakhu n. remaining residue of a rotten or decomposed thing. yalan n. rock; stone. yalan puro n. boulder. yalan n. red meat (boneless). Etym: from *aya, 'flesh/meat' and *lanchan, 'red'. yalan n. small coarse basket (*yalan) usually made of *tajer, into which an egg is inserted. Made to swing as a pendulum, it is used by the priest to determine what particular ritual should be performed. Syn: yalan piiro . yalan biniin n. swinging of a *yalan basket. yalan pombo n. (Zool.) variety of hairy caterpillar. yali n. (Zool.) fox. Syn: yali aki. yalo n.

  yapa n. young man. Mo yapa ho, ... When he was young... yapa atan n. young men; youngsters. Lemba daka yapa atan hii. The village youngsters. yapa bulyan n. junior section of a *bulyan body. See: bulyan. yaper[ya´pər] n. wooden mortar used to grind paddy and millet by means of a wooden pestle .yapin[ya´pi] n. nose. yapin ayi n. (Med.) epistaxis. yapin hukho n. pin used to puncture noses of women in former times. yapin hulo n. smoked slice of cane traditionally worn by adult women as nose plugs. Encycl: the stuffing of nose plugs was once a distinctive mark of the Apatani women. The practice has gradually fallen into decline from the 70's onwards. Yapin-pinnge. One nose. yapin-pinyan n. (Anat.) bridge/spine of the nose. yapin-yaru n. (Zool.) earwig, an insect having a pair of pincerlike appendages protruding from the rear of the abdomen.yapor n. variety of body colour pattern for mithun bulls. Describes an animal having an overall black coat with large white patches across the body through the back. See: tapor. yapu n. variety of body colour pattern for mithuns. Describes an animal of overall white coat. See: tapu; punya. yapu-yalan n. one of the highest and most expensive types of *murun requiring the slaughtering of cattle and pigs and a distribution of meat to every household of the Apatani Valley. Var: yapuyalun.yapun [ja´pũ]n. sky. Yapun hoka jomu si ano kapyodo. Clouds in the sky are very beautiful. yapun geniin n. thunder. yapun uyi n. literally 'sky spirit/god', name of a divinity residing in the sky who is believed to control rains. Also describes an agrarian festival organized just before the harvest, aimed at propitiating *Yapun so that hailstorms do not damage the crops. yapyo [´japjo] n. (Agr.) winnower made of bamboo or cane framework used to blow the chaff bije nyanyi . yaru n. ear. Yaru-ruye/ruhe. One ear. yaru lachan n. variety of small earring originally obtained from Tibet. yaru pinmi n. (Anat.) ear lobe. Syn: yaru-rupin. yaru-rubi adj. deaf. yaru-rubu n. (Anat.) ear drum. Var: yaru-ruye. yaru-ruhi n. (Anat.) ear wax. yaru-rupin n. earring. yaru-rutu n. (Anat.) upper part of the ear. yaru ubu n. ear percing; hole in the ear, through which an earring can be hung. rubi yaru n. right ear. ruchi yaru n. left ear. yaru n. (Bot.) general term for wild taro or yam species. Encycl: within this category the Apatanis establish a distinction between two varieties, namely *yapun yaru and *yasi yaru. Var: yeru; yarii. yapun yaru n. edible, relatively big variety of wild yam whose leaves are used to feed pigs. Var: yapun yeru. yasi yaru n. (Bot.) Water Hyacinth (Eichhomia crassipes). Var: yasi yeru. yaru See: yeru. yaru adj. difficult to rot or decompose. yasan [ja´sã] n. firewood. Yasan poye. One wooden log. Yasan raye. One bundle of firewood. Yasan riiye. One bundle of small pieces of firewood. yasan nyatu n. traditional rest place on the way/path used to collect firewood. yasan sale n. wood that is undried or unfit for burning purpose. yasan tapan n. (Bot.) moss. yasan tapan tayin n. (Bot.) lichen, in general. yasan yara [ja´sã jara] n. loosely woven cane basket used by males for carrying firewood. yasan yayin n. rotten wood. bunii yasan nphr. crackling firewood. yasi [´jasi] n. water. yasi anii n. (Zool.) variety of water beetle of the Dytiscidae family, regarded as an edible item by the Apatanis . Usage: Hari, Bulla, Hija. Var: tasi anii. Usage: Hong. Var: tasi nanii. Usage: Diibo. yasi buri n. (Zool.) variety of water snake. yasi harkhii n. whirlpool. yasi hiije n. bamboo container used to carry fetched water in olden days. yasi paje n. (Zool.) general term for water birds. Includes not only ducks, but also many kinds of wading birds such as herons, egrets, sandpipers, etc. yasi pari n. (Zool.) Common Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis). yasi parin n. (Zool.) Black Stork (Ciconia nigra). yasi siili n. water that accumulates due to absence of outlet. yasi-yaju n. large sized ladle made of a bamboo mug with a wooden handle, used to take or draw water stored in bamboo water tubes. yasi-yalo n. reflection; figure cast in water. yasi-yamu n. basic necessities (literally 'water and fire'). Ngunuka diinan-tanannii, yasi-yamu pa sali-sapa mi pako so ngunuka Ziro si alo lolinlyi karmyanja mi ano karuyalado. When we cut forests for basic necessities or for food, day after day we're making our Ziro place become more ugly. yasi-yaru n. (Bot.) Water Hyacinth (Eichhomia crassipes) . yasii vr. to wash one's hands. Usage: Hari. yaso n. 1. general term for cane and rattan. 2. rope made of cane/rattan. yata n. variety of body colour pattern for mithun cows. Describes an animal having an overall black or dark-brown coat with large white patches on the sides. See: tata. yata-yabin n. variety of body colour pattern for mithun cows. Describes an animal having an overall black or dark-brown coat with large white patches on the sides and a white head. See: tata-tabin. yatan n. rice flour. Encycl: rice flour is prepared by pounding the rice soaked in water for a night. yatan huniin n. rice flour pounding. yati See: yatii. yatii n. Apatani traditional rain shield. Encycl: made of two rectangular pieces held together by long loops of twisted bamboo rope. Each part consists of two layers of cane lattice, sandwiching a layer of leaves of Cinnamomum tree between them, whose edges are tightly bound together. The rain shield is held by means of bamboo straps resting on the forehead. Niika yatii mi inka lochi so hapito. Hang up your raincoat on that wall hanger so that it will dry out! Var: yati. Usage: Hija . yau n. variety of body colour pattern for mithun cows. Describes an animal resembling a wild gaur (Bos gaurus), i.e. having a black coat except for the lower part of the legs which is white, often also with dark hair on the forehead. See: tau. yayi See: yahi. yayi vi. to scramble down; to slide down. yayin adj. rotten.

  yo [´yo:] n. meat. yo aso n. rectangular piece of preserved pig meat . yo bade n. ceiling rack. Syn: lankha; khachi . yo kanii n. person who examines the quality of meat during certain rituals, esp. those related to marriage (*mida). yo kheniin n. meat distribution, esp. during a *murun. yo lankhan See: yo bade. yo panii n. variety of Apatani dish. yo pater n. cane netted case for storing meat shares such as *yo aso. yo sampya n. wooden meat tray. yo tapin n. (Zool.) meat maggot. yo tardu [´yo: tardu] n. lidded bamboo tube used for storing meat. yo tarko n. person in charge of the cutting and distribution of meat of slaughtered animals, esp. during a *murun. yo yakho n. skewer. hulyi yo n. variety of Apatani meat dish. yo sankho n. [´yo: ´saŋko] dried meat. yo vi-r. (by horses, cows, etc.) to gallop. yo-class. type; kind. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for varieties, types, kinds. Syn: lyo. yohe/yoye, yonye, yohinnge, yope, yo'ngohe, yokhe, yokanuhe, yopinye, yokoahe, yolyanhe.

  yolyan n:time middle of the night, midnight. Syn: yolyan liipa. yolyan liipa ho advphr. in the middle of the night. yonga vi. to drown. Usage: Bulla. Var: phua. Usage: Hija. yopo n. basket carried by hand used by women for carrying rice or vegetables. yopo-pohe n:num. one *yopo basket. Var: yopo poye. formal presentation of gifts Usually consists of a Tibetan prayer bell (*maji) and meat. hiijan yopo n. basket containing various pieces of meat that is presented by the bride's parents to the children of a newly married couple during the wedding ceremony (*mida).

  adv. palo malo advphr. kiidi miilanja ho allow vsuff. -gii vsuff. -kii (Bu, Hi)/-ke (Ha) vsuff. -kiinen (Bu, Hi)/-kenen (Ha) allude vt. lume-luse vt. lumu almost part. cheda along with vsuff. -bo alongwith post. agin ho also part. tare (Hi)/tere (Ha)/ter (Bu)/tiire (Ho) altar n. agyan alternatingly vsuff. -gya although vsuff. -sii vsuff. -siijalo conj. hojalo/hojalopa always adv. kiirampa am cop. da cop. do cop. du am going to do (at the instant) vsuff. -chiku vsuff. -talyiku Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) n. tayi haman amend vsuff. -lyan ammunition n. dankho-panyi amongst post. arpu ho ancestor (patrilineal) vsuff. -chiku vsuff. -talyiku ancestors n. aba-ata atan ancient times n:time kolyun-kolyo and conj. hela conj. la vsuff. -la conj. le and (so) conj. hopa conj. lala and (then) vsuff.+conj. -la la/-la lala and (following pronouns) suff. -nyi and (following proper nouns) conj. nyi anger n. hadii angry adj. hadii animal n. achu-amyo animal excreta/faeces n. ikha animal manure n. ikha ankle n. lii'nga annoy vt. henga-henkha answer vt-r. lu vt. lukur ant n. taru Ant Lion n. iichi padu anus n. ilyin n. koyu any pron. henko any (of) pron.loc. ako tare (Hi)/ako tere (Ha)/ako ter (Bu)/ako tiire (Ho) any one pron. henko ako/henko kone anyone pron. henko ako/henko kone anything pron. niijalo Apatani name Tanii Apatani language n. Tanii agun aperture n. uko appear (come out) vi-r. lin appear (in a new shape) vi-r. kar apply (paste, ointment) vt-r. ano April n. halyin piilo appropriately adv. miidipa/miidiko arbitration n. gondu Arborophila sp. n. pakhu archer's wristband n. lahii ardent (resolute) adj. gager ardently (resolutely) adv. gagerpa are cop. da cop. do cop. du argue vt-r. che arm (upper) n. lapo arm span n. ala tuye armour (body) n. hupo n. hurin n. lecha armpit n. gorkhan around vsuff. -dun around the world adv. palo-malo arrogant adj. tunii arrow n. apii/apu Artemisia indica n. kukulyu haman (Hi)/kuku lyolye haman (Bu) articulation (of the leg) n. liirii artifact n. biti yamo as (while) vsuff. -kiile (Bu, Hi)/-kele (Ha) as a group advphr. tonnge pa/tannge pa advphr. aha puye pa as a trial/as a test vsuff. -ka as ... as pron. niimkane...niimkane as for part. da part. ya assist (someone in doing something) vsuff. -bo assistant n. miiriibo assume vt. helii astraddle nphr. ali paga astride nphr. ali paga at (something) post. ho at (a time) post. ho post. ko at last advphr. kamija ho/kami-kaloja ho at my place pron. ngiiko at our place pron. ngunuko at his/her place pron. moko at their place pron. moluko at your place (sg.) pron. niiko at your place (pl.) pron. nunuko attach vt. miige vsuff. -ge attach (by gluing) vt. gedin attain vsuff. -pa August n. milo piilo/halo piilo aunt (maternal, term of address) n. ata aunt (maternal, term of reference) n. atabo aunt (paternal, term of address) n. ata aunt (paternal, term of reference) n. atabo aunt-in-law (paternal, term of address) n. achi aunt-in-law (paternal, term of reference) n. achibo aunt-in-law (term of address) n. achi aunt-in-law (term of reference) n. achibo autumn n. chayin-doyin awake (be) vi-r. hu awake vt-r. ahu. away (from) post. ado ho away (result) vsuff. -pa vsuff. -ho axe n. yahii axilla n. gorkhan Azolla (Azolla pinnata) n. nyipa yaru B-b baby n. ii'nga bachelor (old) n. butun back n. ura n. kiilin vsuff. -mur back and forth vsuff. -ko...-pe back (of the body) n. hoan back (of the hand) n. lapin back (of the knee) n. liige back (of the neck) n. lanyan back side of the house n. ura empun backbone n. hoan alo back-strap of plaited cane n. se (Hi)/she (Bu) backside n. kiilin bacon n. yo aso bacteria (invisible infectious agent) n. take bad adj. ayama bad-looking adj.

  ke/kii chafer (Cetonia aurata) n. jojer chaff n. piinan chain n. ranyi chair n. soki* challenge vt-r. lar vt. larka challenge (someone verbally) vt. lukha Chameleon Plant (Hottuniya cordata) n. sia haman/siyan haman Champa Tree (Michelia champaca) n. salyo sanii/selyo sanii chance (be/have a) vsuff. -dii change (do differently) vsuff. -gu change (direction) vi. ingu change (one's action/work/activity) vt. miihii-miikhe change (one's view/opinion) vt. luhii-lukhe change (someone's name) vt. myangu change (the subject) vt. luser change into (transform) vt-r. lyi changed vsuff. -hii...-khe chank shell bead n. sampo/sampu chank shell bead (variety) n. sampo/sampu n. sanje-sampu n. hiiku chank shell beaded necklace n. sampo tasan/sampu tasan chank shell beaded necklace (priestly) n. milo sampo/milo sampu chank shell necklace fastener n. sango tape channel (in a rice field for drainage) n. mugo chant (by priest) vt-r. bar vt-r. be vt-r. hi chant (priestly) n. barniin n. beniin n. hiniin chant (*ayu song) vcn. ayu yu character n. henju-hemmyo charcoal n. yamu miiri charge (interest) vt-r. bar charge (with a crime) vt. khelii (Hi)/khiilii (Bu) charming adj. harhu chase n. miijomonniin chase vt-r. ru vt-r. mo (Ha)/mon (Bu) vsuff. -jo vsuff. -jomo (Ha)/jomon (Bu) vt. miijomo (Ha)/miijomon (Bu) vt. rujo chase (a person or an animal to shoot him/it) vt. ejo chase (away) vt. mopa (Ha)/monpa (Bu) chasm n. pabu chat choose vt. kahe choosy (about food) adj. diihi-diimi choosy (about food and drink) adj. diihi-tanhi chop (with a machete or sword) vt-r. pa chop (trunk) vt-r. po chop down (tree) vt-r. tii chop off vt. papa vt. tiipa chubby (child) adj. dedemiire chuckle vt. ngarsi Chukka (Croton roxburgii) n. pai lamu chunky adj. dedemiire cicada n. lil lilan (Ha)/lil lahan (Hi) n. danyi chacha cicatrix n. giikor/giiko Ciconia nigra n. yasi parin Cinamon Tree (Cinamomum verum) n. kheyi/kehi/kei Cinamon bark n. kheyi alyo/kehi alyo/kei alyo circle circle vt. jirhii vi. jirhii vt. harhii vi. harhii n. goker circle cane (used in rituals) n. soker circle of friends n. ajin-apii Cirrhinus cirrhosus Mrigal n. ponyo ngiiyi citrus (variety) n. tiinga/nimbu* tiinga civet n. siilii claim (ownership) vt-r. chi clayish soil n. diya/khiidi diya clan (patrilineal) n. halu clarify vsuff. -der vt. hender clash (result) vsuff. -ya clash (with someone) v. gasu-pasu v. gaya v. paya-gaya clash (over eating something) v. diiya Classifier for baskets carried by a strap around the forehead class. gii-Classifier for baskets carried by hand class. po-Classifier for bamboo mugs, cups, etc. class. tur-Classifier for bamboo sections used as receptacles class. du-Classifier for bowls and bangles class. ko-Classifier for buckets, bins class. po-Classifier for bunches, clusters class. pun-(Hi)/pyun-(Bu) Classifier for bunches of flowers, beads, etc. class. byan-Classifier for bundles of bamboos class. rii-Classifier for bundles of cane ropes class. kii-Classifier for bundles of firewood class. ra-Classifier for bundles of flat objects class. chen-clear (result) vsuff. -der clear (water) adj. darii cleft lip n. nyachu paja/yachu paja (Hi) Clerodendrum colebrookianum n. pato haman clever adj. hela adj. piibi cleverly vsuff. -cher cliff n. ditin climb climb vt-r. cha n. chaniin climb (back) vt. chakur climb (before someone else does) vt. chago vt. chanu climb (till the destination is reached) vt. chape climb up vt. giicha cling (to something tightly)

  vt. helin-miilin face n. nyimo face to face vsuff. -rii face (something or someone, lying position) vt. dorii face (something or someone, sitting position) vt. durii face (something or someone, standing position) vt. darii facial tatoo n. tiiphe faeces (animal) n. ikha faeces (human) n. ipa fail (to do something) vsuff. -kha vt. miikha fail (to see something) vt. kakha failed (rice or rice crop) adj. ensu fair (complexion, animal fur) adj. pulu adj. tapu adj. yapu adj. khapu fall vi-r. hu fall (rain) vi-r. hu fall (as a shower) vi. jari fall (into something) vi. huha/hua fall (of tree, pole, etc.) vi-r. dar vi. daryi fall down vi. giiyi vi. teyi fall down (by dropping) vi. huyi false adj. amu familiar (known) adj. kala-kapa adj. kala-tapa familiarize with vt. vi. sangii-gyagii farewell to the gods/spirits (ritual) n. uyi aloniin n. uyi nenniin fart n. piidi fart vi. piidi fashionable (person) adj. yalu-yabya fast adj. aga adj. nyibya fasten (bind tightly) vt. riiti fasten (lock) vt. hepin fasten (door) vt. ratin fastener (necklace) n. sango tape fastidious about drinking adj. tanhi-tanmi fastidious about food adj. diihi-diimi fat adj. jantu fat and round adj. utun bulun (Hi)/tatun bulun (Bu) fat (of pork) n. hulyi father (term of address and term of reference) n. aba father's brother (term of address) n. ate father's brother (term of reference) n. atebo father's brother's wife (term of address) n. achi father's brother's wife (term of reference) n. achibo father's brother's son (older than the speaker, term of address) n. ate father's brother's son (older than the speaker, term of reference) n. atebo father's brother's son (younger than the speaker, male speaking, term of address) n. anu father's brother's son (younger than the speaker, male speaking, term of address) n. anu father's brother's daughter (elder than the speaker, term of address) n. atabo father's brother's daughter (elder than the speaker, term of reference) n. atabo father's brother's daughter (younger than the speaker, male speaking, term of reference) n. barmii father's brother's daughter (younger than the speaker, female speaking, term of address) n. anu father's brother's daughter (younger than the speaker, female speaking, term of reference) n. anu father's brother's son's wife (older than the speaker, term of address) n. achi father's brother's son's wife (older than the speaker, term of reference) n. achibo father's brother's son's wife (younger than the speaker, term of address) n. amii/amu father's brother's daughter's husband (term of address) n. ahu father's brother's daughter's husband (term of reference) n. mabo father's sister (term of address) n. ata father's sister (term of reference) n. atabo father's sister's husband (term of address) n. ahu father's sister's husband (term of reference) n. mabo father's sister's son (term of address) n. ya father's sister's son (term of reference) n. ohobo father's sister's son's wife (younger than the speaker, term of address) n. amii/amu father's sister's son's wife (younger than the speaker, term of reference) n. nyahii father's sister's daughter (older than the speaker, term of address) n. ata father's sister's daughter (older than the speaker, term of reference) n. atabo father's sister's daughter (younger than the speaker, term of reference) n. barmii father's sister's daughter's husband (term of address) n. ahu father's sister's daughter's husband (term of reference) n. mabo father-in law (spouse's father, term of address) n. ato father-in law (spouse's father, term of reference) n. atobo fathom class. lyen-(Ha, Bu)/lyin-(Hi) fear vi. biiso fearsome thing n. biiso feast (given to celebrate the arrival of a newborn) n. niipo/niipo apin feather n. piile February n. pager piilo fee n. atu feeble adj. aju feed (animals) vt-r. ho/oho feed (esp. fowls) vt. api/apye feed (of animals) n. honiin. feed (oneself) vsuff. -do feed (with liquid or semi-liquid food) vt-r. asin/sin feel (dizziness after drinking or smoking) vt. tankhiin feel (free to come) vi. apyo feel (guilty) vi. hempyo feel (hot) vi. bemya feel (intense heat) vi. akha-aya feel (lazy) vi. liibe-labe feel (nauseous) vi. banan feel (sympathy for someone) vt-r. aro feeling n. aha feeling (down) nphr. aha kamo feeling (lazy) adj. liibe-labe feeling (nausea) nphr. aha bulun feeling (uncomfortable) adj. ahi-are fell (tree) vt-r. tii female n. biinii female rsuff. -nii n:qual. nyimii female cat n. minii/ami-minii female human individual n. nyimii female in-law (of the generation preceding that of the speaker, term of address) n. ayo female in-law (of the generation preceding that of the speaker, term of reference) n. ayobo female lover n. mundo female pig n. alyi-lyinii female section (of a traditional house) n. nyimii ingya (Hi, Ha)/nyimii dugya (Bu) femur n. liiban alo fence vt-r. go fence/fencing (variety)

  beating) vt. danta flatten (underfoot) vt. nyata flattened adj. jeme adj. jeta flattened object n. pata flatter vsuff. -lyo...-cho vt. anyo vt. miilyo-miicho vt. talyi flavourless adj. sarsii flea (dog) n. aki tiikhe flesh n. aya fletches (on arrow tails) n. murto/morto flint n. takolaro n. yami parge-nanii flip vt-r. byar flirt vt. soka flirt n. sokaniin flittingly adv. miiri-miiri float vi-r. pu/pii vi. pucha floating plant (general) n. tapan flock (of animals) class. tonflooring n. myokha n. myopii flour (rice) n. yatan flow vi-r. bi flow (across) vi. bipe flow (in) vi. lyanga flow (in upward direction) vi. lyancha flow (out) vi. bilin flower n. apu vi. pulin/apu-pulin flower (bamboo) vi-r. len fluent (speech) adj. dider fluid n. ala fluid (from body) n. api/api ala flute n. elu flutter (eyelashes) vt. mibe-mibe fly (generic) n. tami fly (variety) fold (paper, cloth) vt. perki (Ha, Hi)/pyerki/pyarki (Bu) fold (so as to give a cylindrical shape) vt. karki (Hi)/kibu (Bu) fold (so as the two ends join or overlap) vt. perpo (Ha, Hi)/pyerpo/pyarpo (Bu) follow (someone) vt. miijomon follow (someone stealthily) vt-r. su vt-r. ro follow (by walking) vt. injomon fondle vt. hika food n. ake n. diigo n. diigo-tango n. diiniin food (cuisine) n. diinan-tanannii food (for pigs) n. lyido/alyi-lyido food (taken along with beer) n. diipyo-tanso food leftovers n. dii'ngo fool n. piicha foolish adj. piicha foolishness (nonsense) n. rungyaniin/runniin foot n. ali foot (left) n. liichi-ali foot (right) n. liibi-ali foot step n. chakor class. dafootpath n. more lenda footprint n. lalin n. liiyi for (the purpose of) post. pa post.+conj. pa la post. hopa for (the first time) vsuff. -tu for (the time being)

  ngarhe/ngarheje laugh (to oneself) vt. ngarsi laugh (with someone) vt. ngarbo laugh at vt. ngarpa laugh out vt. ngarpo laughable vi. ngarnan Laughing Thrush (Garrulax sp. or Turdus sp.) n. more pai laughter n. ngarniin lawn n. lengo lay (cloth, blanket) vt-r. ke lay (eggs) vcn. papu pu lay (foundations of a building) vt-r. ari lay (on the floor) vt-r. api/apyu vt-r. pi/pyu lay (something breadth-wise) vt-r. sorpii lay a trap (esp. a loop or noose trap) vt-r. pe lay a trap (esp. a spring action trap) vt-r. gii lazy adj. asu lead (in doing something) vsuff. -gii lead (an animal ) vi-r. dar lead (a person somewhere) vi. ingii lead to (result) vsuff. -gii leaf n. anii/yanii leaf (partially withered) n. sembi leak vi. dodu lean (on/against something) vi. teda lean (human) adj. chaga-chaga lean and thin (human) adj. riigii raga lean and thin (animal) adj. sensii leap vi-r. ber/byar vi-r. po leap (as a frog) vi-r. be learn vt. chingii vt. hengii learn (from someone) vt. tagii-kagii learn (from someone by listening) vt. tagii learn (from someone by seeing) vt. kagii learn (from someone, esp. through books) vt./vcn. rigii/puri-rigii learned (knowledgeable) adj. kala-tala least adj. icheja/ichuja leather bag (variety) n. chiru leave vi. inpa leave (forget to take away) vcn./vt. aha ahii/ahii leave (a mark on something) vt. kaho leech n. tape (Ha,Bu)/tiipe (Hi) left (side, direction) n. lachi n. laku left ear n. ruchi yaru/yaru-ruchi left hand nphr. lachi ala left leg/foot nphr. liichi ali left direction nphr. lachi dalyi left leg n. liichi/liichi ali leftovers n. ame-aja/ame-aje leftovers (of drinkables/smokeables)n. tankhu n. tale n. ta'ngo leftovers (of eatables) n. diikhu n. diile n. dii'ngo leg n. ali leisurely vsuff. -min Leiothrix lutea n. rahe Lemon (Citrus limon) n. nere tii'nga n. nimbu* lend vt. narpa vt. bilya length n. aso leopard (Panthera pardus) n. hogya taker lesser adj. icheya/ichuya lesion n. une n. une tare Lesser Duckweed (Lemna minor) n. murta tapan let vsuff. -kii/-ke let me [do] vsuff. -kiinen pe/kenen pe let me [do] first vsuff. -toranso let someone [do] vsuff. -kii/-ke vsuff. -kiinen/kenen let's vsuff. -sa let's go (and do something) interj. kiije let's not [do] vsuff. -masa lethargic adj. miyo-miyo letter n. siti* level adj. halyan adj. hapa vt. nulyan lever vt-r. ko levy (fine) vt. pacha liar n. lyolichochi lichen n. yasan tapan tayin lick vt-r. alya/lya vt. lyahi vt. lyahi-lyaso lid n. apu-nanii lie vt. amupa lu vt. golu lie cop. do cop. du lie (beadthwise) vi. kopii lie (in a 69 position, one's legs facing other's head) vi. doshi lie (lengthwise) vi. koso lie (with heads facing each other) adj. dopii lie down cop. do vi-r. gii vi-r. lii vi-r. shor lie down (with/alongside someone) vi. liibo life n. sango lifestyle n. sanju lift (on one's shoulder/in one's hand) vt-r. jo vt. joka vt. jotu lift (onto a higher level) vt. jocha lift (to hold on arm/shoulder) vt-r. go lift (with the palms of the hands) vt-r. pii lift (with the tips of two fingers) vt. pintu lift up (to cuddle a baby/child) vt. gocha ligament n. aro light n. huto vt. behu light (from a ray of sunlight) n. rinyi light (colour) adj. sapu light (sky) adj. huda light yellow adj. pilan-piku-pilya lightning n. dolya lightweight adj. haju like vt. hembyo vt. kabyo like part. hiilyan -like part. chikan part. katu part. kapa like this pron. siitan/siitampa like that pron. hiitan/hiitampa conj. hiila limp vi-r. cho line n. asii line drawing n. riniin line of the eyelid n. miri/ami-miri lineage (patrilineal) n. uru lion (Panthera lion) n. yanko patii lip n. nyachu lip (lower) n. akan nyachu lip (upper) n. ayo nyachu liquid n. ala liquor n. o listen vt-r. ta listen (attentively) vt. tage vt. talya listen together vt. tayin lit (esp. a fire) vt. pagi little n:qual. ajer/ajerhe n:qual. che/chehe adv. lama-kiilin little amount/quantity nphr. iche abu/ichu abu n:qual. icheche/ichuche little by little adv. ajer-aber Little Forktail (Enicurus scouleri) n. chilyu little finger nphr. lachi hanya little toe nphr. liichi hanya Litsea cubeba n. santu tero live (along with someone) vi. sanbo vi. santa live (frugally) vi. milin/milyin live (life) vi-r. san live (reside) vi. dudu live (reside, esp. by animals) vi. dadu livelihood n. sango-gyago lively adj. alyin liver n. pahin lizard n. sojan n. sopin lizards (generic) n. sopin-sojan loan n. narpaniin locust n. kormu lock vt. hepin lock (via crossbar) vt-r. arko lock (crossbar) n. arko-nanii log n. sampo loin loom n. chichin loin cloth (for men) n. sarbe/sabe long adj. iibyo adj. baso suff. -so long ago adv. bilo long bean n. peron/perun long for vt. kage-kage long talk/speech n. lukanniin look (appearance) n. aju look vt-r. ka vt. kaka vt. kapa look (angrily at) vt. kakhe look (appear) vt. kapa look (around) vt. kahii-kakhe look (askance/obliquely at) vt. horlyi vt. kalyi vt. kamu/kamur look (at someone with envy) vt. karin look (back) vt. kakur look (closely) vt. kakhe look (downward) vt. kalo look (fixedly at) vt. kage look (for a long time) vt. kakan look (from a distance) vt. kathu look (from a place of hiding) vt. karo look (in a clumsy or ackward way) vt-r. hor look (in detail) vt. kakha-kari look (upward) vt. kacha look after vt. kage vt. kage-tage vt. helyan kada look alike vi-r. gii vi. kapu look down (on someone) vt. sarpa look for vt-r. me look like vt. hubo-hulo Look out! interj. kabiidolatiika ah! look up (to someone) vt. kadu looking glass n. kere talo loom (element) n. akan potin n. ako potin n. chiichin se n. gochi-nanii n. lobu n. lokho n. lome n. niiyi n. pintu-nanii n. tapii loop class. karloop (of plaited cane used to fix the upper end of a loin loom) n. chingyan loop trap n. hoka loose adj. are loose (rope, snare) adj. giiru-giira loose (tooth) adj. biilii loose motion vcn. akhii har n. akhii harniin loosen vi. biisu vsuff. -ro loosen (rope) vt. tiiru Lophura leucomelanos n. parii lose vt. alyu vsuff. -lyu vt. bapa lose (way) vi-r. ngo lots (of) n:qual. abu n:qual. biije loud (sound) adj. tasu-tase loud (voice) adj. goro loudly adv. goropa louse (chicken) n. pami/paro-pami louse (head) n. takhe/takhii (Hi) love vt-r. hen/hin (Hi) n. henniin love each other v. hensu low n. akan adj. ako lower part n. akan lower part of a village n. nenko lower side n. ako n. biipii lowermost paddy field (of one's paddy fields) n. garko lucky adj. aro ludicrous vi. ngarnan luggage n. dukhu-palyo (Ha, Bu) lukewarm adj. gulun-giile lull vt-r. mya lump of ash n. iti lung n. haru lure vt. pigii Lutra sp. n. siirin M-m macaque n. bidii/siibi-bidii machete n. ilyo mad adj. rungya /rungya-ruya Mainland Serow (Capricornis miineedwardsii) n. kiidi siibin maize n. tanyi maize (variety) n. mire n. nyitii maize seed n. tanyi-nyili major part (of something) n. hata ganda make vt-r. mii vt. miilin vt. miilin-miiha make a break vi. domo/dumo vt. giimo vt. hemo make a fire vt-r. par make a fuss vt. agin make a hole vsuff. -ko make a hole (by digging) vsuff. durko/duko make a hole (with a hoe) vt-r. ta make a mistake vt. miigya vt. miigya-miilya vt. miipu make a mistake (in doing something) vsuff. -pu make a plait vt-r. per (Hi)/pyer (Bu) make an enclosure vt-r. go make clear vsuff. -der make dirty (liquids) vt. miibyu/miibe make excuses vcn. agyan-aye mii make fun at vt. ngarpa make loose vt. biisu make noise vt. adu make someone cry vt. miikhe make someone cry by telling something or scolding vt. lukhe make something clear by telling or explaining vt. luder make something fall vt. miilo make something from a distance vt. miisa make something suddenly release vt. miibe make something to swing vt. abi make trouble vt. agin making n. miiniin male rsuff. -bo/-po n:qual. milobo male boar n. lyipo/alyi-lyipo male dog n. kibo/aki-kibo male deer n. dimbo/siidin-dimbo male human individual n. milobo male lover n. miha male monkey n. siibi-bipo male pubic hair n. myamu malevolent spirit n. igii/igii-irun man (person) n. miyu man (married adult, term of respect) n. aba-akha manage to vsuff. -pa vsuff. -bii manioc (Manihot esculenta) n. sanii ingyin n. sanii alu manner n. aju n. henju-miiju n. miiju n. miiju-luju manner (of doing something) vsuff. -ju manufacture vt. pulin/piilin manufacture (process) n. miiniin manner of speech n. luju n. luju-lumyo many n:qual. abu n:qual. abuje n:qual. acho n:qual. acho-acho n:qual. biije (Ha)/buje (Bu)/giije (Hi) n:qual. biije-biije (Ha)/buje-buje (Bu)/giije-giije (Hi) n:qual. ja abuje n:qual. ja...ja n:qual. malan March n. myoko piilo mark vt-r. ge vt. gehe vt. kaho vt. miiho n. paka mark (result) vsuff. -gun vsuff. -ho mark on vt. niiho market n. bazar* marriage n. mida n. mihi laniin n. mihi milo lasunii married couple n. mihi-milo marrow n. lochun marry (a man) vcn. milo in marry (a woman) vcn. mihi bii/mihi bu marshland n. diju master (of a property) n. ato masticate vt-r. nyen mat (bamboo, variety) n. pepu/dota-nanii pepu n. pere mat (sitting) n. dota-nanii pepu maternal aunt (term of address) n. ata maternal aunt (term of reference) n. atabo maternal aunt's husband (term of address) n. aku maternal aunt's husband (term of reference) n. akubo maternal aunt's son, older (term of address) n. ate maternal aunt's son, older (term of reference) n. atebo maternal aunt's son, younger (term of address, male speaking) n. anu maternal aunt's son, younger (term of reference, male speaking) n. anu maternal aunt's daughter older (term of address) n. ate maternal aunt's daughter, older (term of reference) n. atebo maternal aunt's daughter, younger (term of reference) n. barmii maternal uncle (term of address) n. aku maternal uncle (term of reference) n. akubo maternal uncle's son (term of address) n. aku maternal uncle'daughter (term of reference) n. akubo matter n. na mature vi-r. pen vi-r. san May n. enda piilo may vsuff. -nedo may not vsuff. -diima may not be able to vsuff. -ladiima may not have [done] vsuff. -diimane may not have [done] yet vsuff. -randiima me (object) pron. ngiimi meal n. diigo mean adj. ahi meat n. yo meat (boneless) n. yalan meat (dried) nphr. sankho yo meat (raw) n. arpe meaningful act n. miinan-miiran meanwhile vsuff. -lya measles n. talan measure vt. juka measure (in handspans) v-r. go meddle v. diiko-lupe (Bu) vcn. punko lu/penko lu median adj. liipa mediate vt. lulyan vt. lulyan-luda vcn. punko lu/penko lu medicine n. diiro/diiro yasi medium (diviner) n. mikhii runii meet vsuff. -rii vi. karii meet (along way) vi. inrii/irii vi. inrii-inta/irii-inta meeting n. dokun Megalaima sp. n. piige Megalaima virens n. pengu melt (by heating) vt-r. ji vi-r. ji melt (down) vt. jilo vi. jilo melting (by heating) n. jiniin membrane (of a tissue) n. apu mend vt. miiti vt. palyi vt. palyi-pachi Merops orientalis n. achu galan message n. puyu messy adj. lolyan hopya adj. riisi-riise metal n. dachan metal bell (Tibetan) n. lyacho/lyecho metal bracelet n. kobyan metal bracelet (variety) n. kapu/kapun n. ami kobyan n. kopii kobyan n. kori kobyan n. misan kobyan n. nyime kotan n. piilo kobyan/pulo kobyan n. rupu kobyan/rupii kobyan n. tahi kobyan metal chain (used to tie male hair knots) n. dinchu n. dinchi n. dinpin metal ring chain (on priestly hair knot skewer) n. dinko ranyi metal skewer (in male hair knot) n. dinko metallic spoon n. talo punyu metallic wire/cable n. sosin midday n. lolyan/alo-lolyan n. danyi lolyan n. alo liipa n. lolyan liipa middle n. liipa adj. liipa n. punko/penko middle finger n. laso n. lachi liipa middle of the world n. doha liipa midge (variety) n. mijer n. taru mijer midnight n. yolyan/yolyan liipa midst n. liipa migrate (by animals) vi. myogu mild-mannered adj. hendi adj. hendi-miidi Mile-a-minute (Mikania micrantha) n. riri haman milk n. anyin millet (Eleusine coracana) n. sarse millet (early ripening variety) n. mipa/mipe millet (late ripening variety) n. sarse millet (variety) n. sarse n. pinchi sarse/pichi sarse n. sarpu-sarse millet stalk n. sarkho millet stalks (remaining following harvest of the grains, which are dumped in the soil) n. sarma puchun millipede n. sarbo liirin (Hi,Ho)/khiibo larin (Bu) Milvus migrans n. more miiya mince vsuff. -tu...-po vt. pamii vt. pimii vt-r. rii vt. riimii mind n. aha vcn. aha ba mine pron. ngiikii minuscule adj. miiri-miinya mirror n. kere talo misbehaviour n. miigya-lugya mischievous adj. lulyi-lume mischievous person n. lyolichochi miser adj. chahi/chayi miserly adj. chale mishear vt. tamur miss (a target) vsuff. -kha miss (forget to include) vsuff. -go miss (the target one is shooting at) vsuff. ekha miss (someone or something) vt. sulyu miss (when shooting) vt. ekha miss (when throwing) vt. chikha vt. rikha vt. kukha vt. tiikha misspeak vt. lugya vt. lugya-lulya vt. lukha vt. lumur mist n. hapin tagyan n. murpa sai mistakenly vsuff. -pu mister n. belun mithun (Bos frontalis) n. subu mithun (fully grown) n. subu ane mithun (young/half-grown, with horns equal to the breadth of 2 fingers) n. subu siido mithun (young, with horns equal to the breadth of 3-4 fingers) n. dorin subu mithun bull n. subu siibo mithun calf n. subu atu mithun calf (without horns) n. subu penge mithun cow n. subu siinii mithun dung n. subu ipa mix vt. hoyo-hochi vt. miigyo vt. miigyo-miilyo vt. miiyo vt. miiyo-miichi mix (by rolling) adj. bayo vt. lyepo mixed (by pressing) vt-r. nu mixed up (things) adj. akhiin-amii mixed up (confused) adj. hogyo-holyo modest adj. chimin molar tooth n. hiran mole cricket n. dibur money n. tiiko mongoose n. tangusi (Ha,Bu)/tanngiisi (Hi)/tahansi (Ho) monitor lizard (Varanus bengalensis) n. gyoyi tabu monkey n. siibi monkey (baby/juvenile) n. siibi atu monkey (male) n. siibi-bipo monkey (female) n. siibi-binii monkey (short-tailed varieties, esp. Macaques) n. siibi-bidii/siibi-bidin monkey (long-tailed varieties, esp. Capped Langur) n. siibi-biser monkey head n. bidin/siibi-bidin month n. piilo moon n. piilo moon (new) n. piilo ajan moon (full) n. piilo akha moonlight n. piilo huto more (in addition to) vsuff. -byan part. ta more (than) adjsuff. -ya morning n. aro morning (early) n. aro konchi mortar (for rice and millet) n. yaper mortar (for chillies) n. sudu yormii mosaic-like adj. pari-pagyo mosquito n. taru moss n. yasan tapan most adjsuff. -ja adj. abuja/abuya adj. malanja adv. abujapa adv. malanjapa Motacilla alba n. aji pai moth n. piijin mother (term of address) n. ane/ama (Ha) mother (term of reference) n. anii mother's brother (term of address) n. aku mother's brother (term of reference ) n. akubo mother's brother's wife (term of address) n. achi mother's brother's wife (term of reference ) n. achibo mother's brother's son (term of address) n. aku mother's brother's son (term of address) n. akubo mother's brother's daughter, older (term of address) n. ata mother's brother's daughter, older (term of reference) n. atabo mother's sister (term of address) n. atamother's sister (term of reference ) n. atabo mother's sister's son, older (term of address) n. ate mother's sister's son, older (term of reference ) n. atebo mother's sister's daughter, older (term of address) n. ata mother's sister's daughter, older (term of reference ) n. atabo mother-in-law (term of address) n. ayo mother-in-law (term of reference) n. ayobo mound n. puchun mountain n. putu Mountain Imperial Pigeon (Duculia badia) n. diilyan paku mountain pass n. putu-pukho mountain peak n. pulyan Mountain-Pepper (Litsea cubeba) n. santu tero mouse (variety) n. dempyo n. pinchi/pichi (Hi) n. piyan moustache n. gomu mouth n. agun class. gonmouth harp n. gangu mouthful class. gonmove vi-r. abi (Ha)/abyu (Hi) vt-r. pyu move (from one's seat) vi. kohii move (head sideways) vi-r. mo move (neck) v. langii/langii-lankhe move (with a lever) vt-r. da move (with a stick or any similar device) vt-r. kho move across vt-r. bo move back (in an upward or northern direction) vi. chakur move on/along a pole or a rope vi-r. son move up vi-r. cha move in (to do something) vt. miiha move upward/northward (to do something) vsuff. -cha move downward/southward (to do something)

  siilo biilyo n:time siilyin-siiro n:time siinyan-siilo nourish (an infant with liquid or semi-liquid foods) vt. asin nude nphr. au ara numb (in leg) adj. liipi numerous n:qual. abu n:qual. biije nursery for paddy n. midin nurture vt-r. ho/oho Nyishi name Misan/Mishan O-o oak (Quercus lamelosa) n. subu mitin obdurate adj. luru adj. raye obedient adj. denki (Ha, Bu)/dinki (Hi) obey vt-r. ta vt. talya observe (a ritual proscription) vi-r. anyo/nyo obstruct vt. hatu-hapo obstruct (vision) vt. katu occiput n. koga occupation n. digo Ochraceous Catsnake (Boiga ochracea) n. biiya yalan o'clock n. baji* October n. buntii piilo/bunchi-buntii piilo n. entii piilo odiferous adj. naru odorous adj. naru nenkha odour n. naru Oenanthe javanica n. hiigu haman. of post. ka of good quality (grain, crop) adj. abin of no use advphr. niidu piidimapa of what pron. niikii of which (place) adj.+post. nii...hoka of which adj.+post. nii...kii off (result) vsuff. -pa off the point post. jabyo ho off-topic post. jabyo ho offend vt. diiho-luho vt. luho vt. miiho offense n. pamyo offer vt-r. ton offer (as in ritual offering) vt-r. tii vt-r. ton offer something (esp.rice) as a contribution for feast vt-r. bin offspring n. oho ashi often adv. kiirampa vsuff. -ga oil n. teli* ok interj. aju interj. ke interj. kaju old person, esp. man n. akha old (person) adj. akha old (woman) adj. misi vsuff. -nii vsuff. -bo vsuff. -niibo oneself pron. ato only adv. adin part. kontii only one pron.loc. ato kontii oops! int. koh! ooze vi-r. du vi. gyalin vi. bilin oozy adj. biile open vt. miiko open (attitude) adj. hemin-henja open (by using tongs or fingers) vt. peko open (door) vt. giko vt. pyako open (sliding door) vt. yako open (hand) vt. lata open (mouth) vt. gonko open (result) vsuff. -ko open (eyes) vt-r. pyo vt. pyoko opening (in the dyke of a paddy field) n. miigo/mugo opening (made in the ceiling floor to access the ceiling area) n. chidii n. reke ubu operate (door) vt-r. gi operate (lever) vt-r. ko operate (lock) vt-r. he opinion n. henkaniin opponent n. pariibo n. miiriibo opponent (in a fight) nphr. nyibo panii miyu opportunely vsuff. -da opposite adj. lahii opposite side n. pache or conj. malo orange (fruit) n. komla* tii'nga orange (colour) n. pyamin orange (colour, dark) n. tormin Orange-breasted Green Pigeon (Treron bicincta) n. salyo paku organic fertilizer n. abu-ake ornaments (in general)n. aler diiri n. tasan-tahin orphan n. miji/miji atu ostracize vt. lanpa other n:qual. khiibe other side n. pache otherwise part. milo/miilo (Bu) conj.loc. ho ma milo otter (Lutra sp.) n. siirin our dem. ngunuka our place n. ngunuko ours pron. ngunukii ourselves pron. ngunusu out (directional) vsuff. -lin out (result) vsuff. -pa vsuff. -po out of (a quantity) post. hokii outer layer of a bamboo stalk n. bije aru outer layer of a corn/maize ear n. tanyi aru outer layer of a split bamboo pole class. yaroutgoing n. linniin outlet (of a paddy field) n. miigo outside n. ago vsuff. -lin outsider n. nyibo n. mi outskirts n. jabyo over vsuff. -bo over and over vsuff. -de...-de over there (far away) adv. hiika ho adv. into post. into ho post. into so post. intosi post. intodakiisi overburn vi. byayi/byahi overcast (sky) adj. domu overlap vt. berpyun (Hi)/byarpyun (Bu) overlie v. berba (Hi)/byarba (Bu) v. berpo (Hi)/byarpo (Bu) overflow vi. bipo-bilo overlook (someone or something) vt. kago overly vsuff. -ha overpower someone by beating vt. pitun overreact vi. hadii-diiga overreacting adj. hadii-diiga over-roast vi. byakhan vi. byayi oversee vt. kayi-kago overshadow vi. byokhe oversleep vi. imi-ihii overtake vsuff. -go vsuff. -nu overtake (by running or driving) vt. hargo overthrow n. jopaniin over-roast vi. byakhan vi. byayi owl n. ngiila/ngula owlet n. tapi ngiila/tapi ngula own (self) n:qual. ato n:qual. ato-ato own vt-r. bu/bii own adj. ato own (self) pron. ato/ ato-ato own (something jointly) vt. bubin/biibin vt. bukun/biikun owner n. ato ox n. sii Oxalis corniculata n. khuyi haman/akho haman/o haman paternal aunt's son (term of reference) n. ohobo paternal aunt's daughter, older (term of address) n. ata paternal aunt's daughter, older (term of reference) n. atabo paternal aunt's daughter, younger (term of reference) n. barmii paternal grandfather (term of address) n. ato paternal grandfather (term of reference) n. atobo paternal grandfather's brother (term of address) n. ate paternal grandfather's brother (term of reference) n. atebo paternal grandfather's brother's wife (term of address) n. achi paternal grandfather's brother's wife (term of reference) n. achibo paternal grandfather's sister (term of address) n. ata paternal grandfather's sister (term of reference) n. atabo paternal grandfather's sister's husband (term of address) n. aku paternal grandfather's sister's husband (term of reference) n. akubo paternal grandmother (term of address) n. ayo paternal grandmother (term of reference) n. ayobo path n. subu path (bamboo groves) n. leyu path (cattle) n. subu lembo path (firewood) n. yasan lembo paths (to or from the village) n. leyu-siigya patient adj. keyin (Bu) adj. chimi adj. chimi-chomyo patriclan n. halu/halu giira patrilineage n. uru pauper n. heme Pavo cristatus n. tarlar paw the ground vt-r. be vt. bepa pay (wage, salary) vt-r. jo pay (wages) n. injo-miijo pay a visit v. ayi-acha pay/give in return for something, as a compensation vt. bili Pea Eggplant (Solanum Torvum) n. byako peaceful (atmosphere) adj. chimi adj. chomyo peaceful (person) adj. yanu peach n. takun/halyan takun peach tree (Prunus persica) n. takun sanii peacock (Pavo cristatus) n. tarlar/tar piita Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron bicalcaratum) n. tarlar/tar piita peak n. pulyan pebble used in one particular game n. dopa peck vt-r. pa peel vt. bekho peel the skin of something (e.g. a fruit) vcn. alyo dipa peel off vt. dipa vt. pulyi peep vt. karo peep out vt. nyalin peer adj. santinpick up (with the hand) vt. lacha pick up (flower, fruit, etc.) vt. tucha piece n. palyo piece (of a flat-sided object, relatively thick and big) n. pata piece (of cloth) n. jihin class. berpierce (as with a needle) vt-r. hu vt-r. huko/ubu huko pierce (with a pointed object) vt. niiyu pierce (by a rotating motion) vt-r. par vt-r. parko pierced vt. ugya-ragya pig n. alyi pig castrator n. kenna n. kiimer pig excreta n. alyi ikha pig fat n. hulyi pig forelimb n. lyila/alyi-lyila pig hair n. alyi amu pig wooden trough n. durgu/alyi durgu pigeon n. paku pigeon (variety) n. diilyan paku n. khentii paku n. salyo paku n. ude paku piglet n. alyi-atu pigsty n. alyi giiri pile vt-r. jo vt-r. pa pile (closely) vt. jode pillar (variety) n. siiran n. sanda n. turchan/tuchan rali n. tuli pillow n. din-nanii n. garu* pimple n. aper pimple-like (appearance on skin) adj. tabu-taru pin n. chuki pincers n. miige pinch vt-r. hin vt-r. pin vt. piini pinched (result) vsuff. -ni pineapple n. anaras* pine for/after something vt. kage-kage pine and bamboo groves n. sadi bije pine and tree grove (mixed vegetation) n. sadi pine cone n. piisa-sakhu/piisan pakhu (Hi) pine grove n. piisa salii n. piisa sansun pine needle n. saman/piisa-saman pine torch n. sathi pine tree n. piisa sanii n. Hong piisa sanii n. liirii piisa sanii n. halyan piisa sanii pine tree (aged and revered) n. satnii pineapple n. anaras* pink adj. lamu-layu pipe n. abu pipe/duct (used as a paddy field outlet) n. hubur pipe/duct (in the trench of a paddy field) n. parkho hubur pipe (smoking) n. sudu/muku sudu Piper brachystachyum n. raru haman place n. ganda suff. -ko suff. -ta place (for doing something, or place where an event occurs) vsuff. -ko place (for building a house) n. penko place (residence) n. sanko place (higher) n. ayo place (lower) n. akan place (accomodation) n. duko-dako place (small things) vt-r. ten place in vt-r. pa place one's hands side by side with palms facing upwards vt. agya place something in a wrong place (by lifting it) vt. jogya place one's hands side by by side with palms facing upwards vt. agya place to where one should go n. insiiko place to where one should not go n. insiimako placenta n. niimin plague (of rats, esp. that occuring during the periodic flowering of bamboos) n. buli plain adj. hapa plains people n. halyan plait vt. pyar (Ha,Bu)/pya (Hi) plaited cane loops for tiying cattle n. riigo n. subu riigo n. sii riigo plan vt. hemyo vt. henka plan (idea, tactic) n. biidi n. henkaniin plank n. santa plants (general) n. sanii-sanko/sanii-sankho plants on which cattle feed (general) n. niisan-niiman/niisin-niisan-niiman/niisin-niiman plants on which cattle feed (variety) n. niisan n. niisin n. niiman plant (in soil) vt-r. di vt-r. lii vt. dilii planting/plantation n. liiniin planting stick n. damu n. kedu platform (of the front veranda) n. byago simbya platform (of the rear veranda) n. uko simbya plastic (shopping bag) n. raji plate n. paku (Ha, Bu, Ho); paka (Hi) class. kuplateau n. polyan play vt-r. so vt. soka vsuff. -min vi. somin-ngarmin play n. soniin playground n. soko plaything n. amin-ahi pleasant (to do something) vsuff. -bi vsuff. -ji vsuff. -pyo please vt. hempyodopa mii please (request) part. pe (Ha,Bu)/pi (Hi) please do for me/to me part. pe (Ha,Bu); pi (Hi) pledge (as security for the payment of a debt) vt. pahe/pahe-laye plenty of n:qual. acho plot vt. biidi balo plot n. biidi balosiiniin plot (of land) class. per-(Ha,Hi)/pyar-(Bu) plot (of grove, forest) class. ngopluck (fruit) vt-r. pur (Ha,Bu)/por (Hi) pluck (leaf, flower, fruit) vt-r. tur (Hi)/tu (Ha) pluck (fruit to feed oneself) vt. purdo plucking (of fruit) n. purniin (Ha, Bu)/porniin (Hi) plucking (of leaf, flower, fruit) n. turniin (Hi)/tuniin (Ha) plum (Prunus domestica) n. palan tiinga plump adj. dedemiire plunge (into) vi. chuha plunge and soak vt. jobun/jobyun vt. sambyun Plural marker n:qual. atan/achin (Ho) pocket n. chiru point (of something sharp) n. umyu point (at something/someone) vt-r. nya point (esp. of an iron-headed arrow) n. apii-piitu/apu-putu point ostensibly (at something/someone) vt. nyakin pointed adj. umyu poisonous agent n. diidii giinii poisonous food n. diidii poisonous mushroom n. diidii tayin poisonous snake nphr. kiimi giinii tabu poisonous to drink adj. tandii poisonous to eat adj. diidii poke one's head vi-r. chu vr. nyan pole (used for carrying pigs during Myoko) n. ragyan pole-fish vt-r. tii/ti (Hi) pole-vault vi-r. ke polish n. miinya Polyplectron bicalcaratum n. tarlar Pomegranate (Punica granatum) n. anar* pond n. siimi n. siiper poor adj. aro/aro-atu poor person n. heme n. yama poor people n. aro-yama popcorn adj. papu popular adj. hapu-ripu porcupine (Hystrix indica) n. siikhii pork n. alyi yo pork intestines and fat (viewed as a cut of meat) n. hedu/pidu portion n. arta possess vt-r. bu/bii possessions (personal) n. diiri n. diiri pachi Possessive case postposition post. kii Possessive case suffix post. -kii possible vsuff. -la [-la:] post (variety) n. dingyan n. siiran n. toko potato n. alu* pot (general) n. piichan class. chanpot (for cooking rice) n. apin piichan poultry n. paro poultry dropping n. paro-pai poultry house n. paro lankha n. paro piiri poultry plumage n. paro amu pound (with a log or pestle) vt-r. hu pound (rice grain) vcn. du hu pounding n. huniin pounding (of rice grain) n. du huniin pour vt-r. ti vt-r. to pour in vt. tolii pour (through a hole or outlet) vt. riilo pouring (of a liquid) n. tiniin pouting adj. nabu-gombu poverty n. aro powder (by crushing with the hands) vt. kemii powder (esp. dry things by crushing with the hands) vt. kere powdered vsuff. -mii powdered corn/maize nphr. tanyi pamii powdered millet n. mirii powerful adj. aler practise (doing something) vt. miinyo vt. miinyo-lunyo push vt-r. nan n. nanniin push (esp. elongated things) vt-r. lii push (by fingers) vt-r. ten push (by hands, with force) vt-r. tu push (as in a crowd) vt. nensu push down vt. nalo push down (with one's leg or foot) vt. chalo push in vt-r. san vt. telii vt. tulii push inside vt. salii push out (with force) vt. tulin push out (by fingers) vt. telin push (tightly) vt. santi put (clothing) vt-r. ke put aside vt. laho put breadthwise vt. rapii put down (to block something) vt. batin put in vt-r. alii vt. lii vt-r. khii vt. khiilii vt-r. pa put in (esp. small things) vt. ten put in (cloth) vt. peyi put into order vt. hulya-huda put lengthwise vt. rasoQ-q quality (how good or bad something is) n. aya kacho quarrel v. gaya quarrelsome adj. gaga adj. paya-gaga adj. tuma quaver vi-r. alye vt. kiijer quarrelsome adj. gaga quavering (voice) adj. lulye-luche question marker (polar) part. ha part. po quick adj. aga adj. nyibya quickly adv. aga adv. nyibyapa quiet adj. yanu quietly adv. yanu-yanu quit vt. apa remind vt. lupa remind (something over and over again) vt. lukhan remnants of unhusked rice n. amo removal (of something) n. pyuniin remove vt-r. pyu remove (a load) vt. balo remove (soil with some levering tool) vt. hepa repair vsuff. -ti vt. miiti repeat vsuff. -ti vt. miiti repeat (something previously said) vt. luti replace vt. jogu reply vt. lukur reprimand vt-r. ga request vt-r. ku n. kuniin request something for someone vt. kubi resemble vt-r. gii resentment nphr. ahin aha resentful nphr. ahin aha banii reside vi. dadu vi. dudu resin n. payu resin (variety) n. kiidi payu n. santu payu resin container n. payu sudu resistant (material) adj. adan resolute adj. gager resolutely adv. gagerpa resort to an ordeal vt. dinsu rest vi. dumo/domo rest in lying position vi-r. gii resting area n. nyatu resting area (along trails in forest) n. yasan nyatu result (of doing something) vsuff. -jo retaliate vsuff. -li retort vt. lukur return vi. akur vsuff. -kur n. aniin return (from paddy fields) vcn. aji ine a return vi. akur return n. aniin n. akuniin revenge n. bodla* laniin reverse vt. chuku reversed adj. chuku revolve vi-r. jir/ji vt. parhii reward (for doing something) vsuff. -jo reward for a hard work n. kiiran-ranjo Rhadinophis prasina n. biishan/biihan/bushan tabu/tabu-bushan Rhino beetle n. toro Rhino beetle horn n. toro arii rib n. akhii alo rhizome (of a bamboo) n. liima rice (general, as crop) n. emo rice (early ripening variety) n. pyanyi/mipya-pyani n. pyare/mipya-pyare n. pyatii/mipya-pyatii n. pyapin/mipya-pyapin n. pyapu/mipya-pyapu n. ji pyatii n. pyatii kobya rice (late ripening variety) n. emo n. elan/emo-elan n. empu/emo-empu n. enkhe/emo-enkhe n. rade emo n. misan emo/mishan emo rice (as crop or plant) n. endi rice (as grain or crop quantity) n. amu rice (set apart for pounding) n. du rice (unhusked, uncooked) n. emo rice (meant to be unhusked) n. diilo rice (fermented) n. pona rice (infertile, failed) n. asu n. ensu rice (husked, uncooked) n. embin ritual element of sacrificial altar (variety) n. age n. apii-alyi/apu-alyi n. byodin n. byokhu n. byokhu nyampe n. chanchu n. chucha n. diinii palyo n. giilo n. myole n. kile/kilye n. khonju n. piibii ritual mast erected during *Myoko festival n. babo ritual mast erected during *Myoko festival n. akha babo n. santin babo ritual proscription/abstinence n. anyo river n. kiile river sand n. sumu/siimu riverbank n. siilyo road n. lembo roadside n. lenda arun n. ali lenda roam vi-r. gya roam around vi. sodun vi. sote vi. sote-sodun roam around to relax vi. gyahi-gyaso robust (material) adj. adan rock n. yalan rock trap n. dareRohu (Labeo rohita) n. olyo ngiiyi roll vt-r. archi vt-r. ba roll across vt. babo roll down vt. bayi/bahi vt. balo roll from one place to another vt. bahii-bakhe vt. jirhii-jirkhe roll lefttward vt. jichi roll over vt. bahii-bakhe vt. jirhii-jirkhe roll rightward vt. jibi roll up vt. bacha romance n. nyimun miha sosuniin roof n. aman vt-r. man roof battens n. nalye lyata roofing beam (horizontal) n. manpo rooftop (vertex) n. malo roomy n. hoho rooster n. ropo/paro-ropo root n. liima n. laga roots (remaining in a paddy field) n. saran rub off (with tool) vt. nekha vt. nepa vt. nepa-neya rude adj. bahi-bala adj. bakhe adj. nyade rudely adv. bakhe-bakhe Rufous-necked Hornbill (Aceros nipalensis) n. piiyo rug (of animal skin, used as floor covering) n. leta rump (of a bird) n. kochun ruin vsuff. -kho run vi-r. har n. harniin run (fast) vi-r. harga run away vi. hargii vi. harku run away (from someone) vi. harle run back vi. harkur run before anyone does vi. harnu run before someone vi. harnu run first (before anyone else does) vi. harpyo run over vi. harje run the wrong way vi. hargya run together vi. harba vi. harbin vi. harkun vi. haryin saucepan n. piichan save (preserve for future use) vt. henjer saw n. ari* say vt-r. lu say/speak pointedly, or directed on someone vt-r. luche say/tell something in advance vt. luko-lumyo say/tell something mistakenly vt. lupu say words in the wrong order vt. luku scab n. chenkho/une chenkho scabies n. siibin aha scale n. pakhu scale (wall, fence) vt-r. gii vt. giicha scan around v. kahii-kakhe scar n. giiko n. nene scarce (food) adj. henkhii scare off vsuff. -lun vt. miilun vt. mulu scatter vsuff. -pya vsuff. -pya...-sa vt-r. gya vt. gyapya-gyasa vt. lapya-lasa vt. miipya vt. miipya-miisa vt. piipya vt. piipya-piisa vt. rinya-risa scattered vsuff. -pya vsuff. -pya...-sa scatter/sprinkle water vt. pimya vt. pimya-pisa scent n. naru scissors n. kesi* scold vt-r. ga scold (in vain) vt. ganu-gana scold (repeatedly) vt. gaje score a surface vt-r. ti scoundrel n. suru donyo scramble down vi. yayi scrape (with the nail) vt. siikha scrape (with tool) vt-r. ne vt. nepa-neya scrape from a surface vt-r. kha vt. khapu vt-r. re scrape off vt-r. khapa vt-r. repa scratch vt-r. sii scratch a surface vt. hinkha scratch at the ground vt-r. be vt. bepa scratch (to stop an itch) vt-r. ho scratch (with fingers) vt-r. shii scratch/peel a dried wound vt. miikho scream vi. gyu scrutinize vt. mechi-meyi scurry vi. taje-tanye vca. kore-kore in seal vt. jipo sealed vsuff. -chun search vt-r. me search n. meniin search (in the pocket) vt-r. hi search around vt. melii-meha search for someone vt. mebi search for something in vain vt. mekha search out vt. melin-meha season n. myodu class. ronseason (dish) vt. pipu second lunar month of the year n. kuye piilo n. pager piilo (Ha) secondary hearth located at the rear of the house n. ura ugu secret vsuff. -si/-si...-si securely vsuff. -ti see vt-r. ka vt. kaka vt. kapa see (again) vt. kati see (by mistake or inadvertently) vt. kapu see (clearly or cleverly) vt. kacher see (confusely) vt. kahiin-kamii see (deliberately) vt. kadin see (first, before anyone else does) vt. kapyo see (first, overtaking or excluding other) vt. kago see (for a long time/beyond the alloted time) vt. kakan see (for the first time) vt. katu see (from a distance) vt. katu see (from a place of hiding) vt. kasi see (how it goes) vsuff. -ka see (something and get into trouble because of it) vt. kagyo see (wrongly) vt. kagya vt. kamur seed n. ali n. poli seed (corn/maize) n. tanyi-nyili seed (cucumber) n. taku-kuli seed (rice) n. eli seed (rice, variety) n. pyanyi-pyali n. pyapu-pyali n. pyare-pyali n. pyatii-pyali n. pyatin-pyali seed grain n. kormo/komo seedlings n. ali-aho seek support vcn. aso piila seem v. kalii-kaha vi. kapa seems vsuff. -du seep vi-r. du seep down vi. duyi seize vt-r. sii seize with the hand vt-r. ga segregate vsuff. -ngu vsuff. -ngu...-re segregate (by hand) vt. la'ngu seldom adv. ano lama selfish adv. pimbu select vt. kahe Selenarcos thibetanus n. siitin self n. ato pron. ato selfish adj. chale sell vt-r. du vt-r. pyu selling place n. pyuko selves n. ato-ato pron. ato-ato send vt-r. nen send down/below/southward vt. nelo send in/inside vt. nelii send out/outside vt. nelin send up/northward vt. nencha senior n. ami-aban Sensitive Plant (Mimosa pudica) n. hiinyan tami separate vt. hakhu vt. mii'ngu vt. miipe vt. miipe-lupe vt. miisu vsuff. -ngu vsuff. -pe vsuff. -pe...-se separate (by hands) vt. la'ngu vt. lape separate (by picking) vt. tu'ngu separate (grain from chaff through winnowing action) vt. kahe separate (the outer and inner layers of a bamboo) vt-r. lyo separated vsuff. -khu September n. bunchi piilo n. pyapin piilo/pyapin sobo piilo (Ha) serene (gentle) adj. keyin (Bu) adjphr. aha keyin (Bu) serious adj. raye serious (wound) adj. uro serious (health condition) adj. milin/milyin serve food vt-r. he Sesame (Sesamum indicum) n. nendu/nendu sanii set (sun) vi-r. a set apart (by hand) vt. la'ngu set in order vsuff. -lyan seven n:num. kanu num-r. -kanu/-kanuhe seventeen n:num. alyan hela kanu/alyan le kanu seventy n:num. kanu khannge seventh lunar month of the year n. milo piilo n. mipya piilo seventy n:num. kanu khannge sew vcn. siipi pi vt-r. ari/ri vt. sila* shade n. amin shadow n. yalo shaftment n. hinkhe shake vt-r. hu vt. huii vt. huku vt. hupyu vt. hupyu-huser shake/shiver vi-r. alye vi. pinjer shake n. huniin shake back and forth vt. huhii-hukhe shall [do] surely vsuff. -chi vsuff. -talyi shall [do] now/in an instant vsuff. -chiku shallow adj. akha/ukha shameful adj. hiinyan shank n. liipya shaping n. lyiniin share/divide (provisions) vt. diiche-tanche sharp (blade) adj. are sharp (bamboo) adj. sekho sharp-edged bamboo used as fence adj. patu/biran patu sharpen (blade) vt. pire sharpen (bamboo) vt-r. nyar sharpen (with knife) vt-r. he sharpen (by rubbing) vt. nere/nero sharpening residue (bamboo) n. nyarkhu shave one's face vcn. gonmu resu/gomu resu shawl n. kente n. pulye shawl (variety) n. jilan pulye n. lyapu pulye n. misan pulye/mishan pulye n. pyamin pulye (Ha, Bu)/tiipya pulye (Hi) she/he pron. mo she-cat n. minii/ami-minii sheaf n. a'nga sheath (of a machete or sword) n. hubyu n. takhe hubyu shed vt-r. lii v. liiyi shed (leaves) vt-r. ru shed (skin) vt. yilusheep n. siibun (Ha)/subun (Hi)/siigun (Bu) sheet (of paper, e.g.) class. tashelter n. lampii/lampi (Ha) shell n. pakhu shellfish (cowrie type) n. tahin shield n. siitin shift (position/occupation) vt. lehii-lekhe shifted (position) vsuff. -hii...-khe shin n. liipya shinbone n. liipya alo shine vi-r. byo vi-r. hu vi. byohu shine (intermittently) vi. kiilyi shining (glittering) adj. kiilo adj. kiilo-kiilo shiny adj. kiilo adj. kiilo-kiilo shirt n. tarii shirt (variety) n. jikhe tarii n. kente tarii n. supun tarii n. tipya tarii shiver vi-r. alye vi. pinjer Schizothorax sp. n. ngiilyan/ngiiyi-ngiilyan shocked adj. alun shoe n. luku shoot (of a plant) n. chirii shoot (arrows) vt-r. e shoot (across) vt. ebo shoot (haphazardly around) vt. ejo-eyo shoot (successfully) vt. eda shooting star n. gyopu shop/store n. dukan* shore n. siilyo short adj. itu short adj. tudii short (in length) adj. sonyo shortage of food n. henkhii-milyin shorten/reduce something by folding n. pyerdii shortened vsuff. -dii shortly adv. adomapa shot n. eniin shot (as an action yet to be performed) n. ego should [do] vsuff. -lya should have [done] vsuff. -kinsiine/-kinsiitii should not [do] vsuff. -kinmane shoulder n. gorban shoulder blade n. liipi shoulder strap n. aha shout vi-r. gyu shout vi-r. gyu shout (to draw other's attention or to celebrate a victory) vt-r. pe shove vt-r. tu shove against vt-r. nii shove off vt-r. dar show vsuff. -kin vt. miikin show (how to do something) vsuff. -kin show (someone something) vt. kakin show (someone something by telling him how) vt. lukin show off vi. modu-mobo showy adj. apu kai adj. huha adj. kakin tayin adj. pepo-pelo adj. piilu-piile shuffle vt. piyo-pichi shut (door) vt. gipin/gipyan vt. yachi shutter (of a cage) n. piinhe (Hi)/piinye (Bu) shuttle (of a tension loom) n. lokho shrill (sound, voice) adj. sosher shrimp (freshwater) n. nyampo tasin/nyampo tashin shrink vi. betun shrub nphr. atu sanii shy adj. hiinyan siblings (older) n. ate-ata siblings (younger) n. anu-barmii Sichuan Pepper (Zanthoxylum sp.) n. sanii tero/santu tero sickly (taste) adj. bulun-biile side (of a paddy field ajoining a canal or river) n. basii sideburns n. khenji amu (Hi)/khenyi amu (Bu) sigh vi. samo significant adj. hatin significantly adv. hatin-biilin silence n. chomyo silent adj

  Solanum indicum n. misan byako Solanum torvum n. byako Solanum nigrum n. tanii byako solar frog n. Ejan tatii sole (of foot) n. liipyo solid particle (small) n. hiiri n. hiiri-hiikho solidify vt-r. ka some n:qual. iche/ichu n:qual. ja adj. ngoya some more vsuff. -ba some time back adv. ale somebody pron.loc. kone tare (Hi)/kone tere (Ha)/kone ter (Bu) someone pron.loc. kone tare (Hi)/kone tere (Ha)/kone ter (Bu) nphr. mi ako nphr. miyu ako somersaut vi. behii/taki behii vi. boha be something (some thing/one thing) nphr. ngoya ako nphr. aber kone something (anything) pron. niijalo sometimes adv. ronnge-ronnge somewhere nphr. aber kone son n. oho n. ii'nga milobo son (eldest) adj. hiiro akhaoja son-in-law (term of reference) n. mabo soot n. chinyu n. muku-mui sorry! interj. koh! interj. koh! mupubiilyi ke! soul n. yalo sound vsuff. -din sound (make a sound) vi. adu soup n. ala sour n. khuyi source (river) n. chigu South Asian Khagra Reed (Phragmites karka) n. pepu sow (female pig) n. alyi-lyinii n. menii sow seeds vt-r. li vt. palo sowing vt-r. liniin soybean n. peron/perun soybean (variety) n. are perun/peron n. man perun/peron spacious adj. rato spacious (room) adj. hoho/ho adjsuff. -ro spacious (house, building) adj. penro/pero span (how long something is) n. tudii-obyo/tudii-iibyo span (of a forearm) class. ladu tuhe/tuye span (of a measuring stick) class. tun. tuhe/tuye Spangled Drongo (Dicrurus bracteatus) n. palyan sparing adj. miijer-miiber spark n. miijer sparkle vi. kiibyo sparing vsuff. -jer vsuff. -jer...-ber adj. miijer-miiber spatter a liquid vt-r. pya vt. pyapu speak vt-r. lu vt-r. gon vt. luka speak (a language) vt-r. lu speak (appropriately) vt. ludi speak (confusely) vt. lukhiin-lumii speak (correctly) vt. luda speak (first, before anyone else does) vt. lupyo speak (for a long time/speak too long) vt. lukan speak (for the first time) vt. lutu speak (from a distance) vt. lutu speak (in a discontinuous manner) vt. luka-kaye-luma-kaye speak (in a normal or rightful way) vt. gonchan speak (in a quivering voice) vt. lulye-luche speak (in order to amend/rectify something) vt. lulyan speak (normally/in a rightful manner) vt. luchan speak (normally/in an expected way) vt. lulya speak (on someone else's behalf) vt. lubi speak (openly, in front of everybody) vt. lujo speak (properly) vt. lubi speak/say something deliberately vt. ludin speak/say something for the well-being of someone vt. luhi-lugo vt. luhi-luso speak/say something to protect someone vt. lugur-bengur speak together vt. luba vt. lubin vt. lukun vt. luyin speak too much vt. lugya vt. lugya-lulya speak vigorously vt. lukhe speak wrongly vt. lukha spear n. adan (Ha, Bu)/iidan (Hi) spear (long handled) n. danso/adan danso (Ha, Bu)/iidan danso (Hi) speculate vt. henlii speech n. agun n. luniin spend vt. miipa spend/invest in something vt-r. ma spend lavishly vt. hupa-huya (Hi)/hopa-hoya (Bu) sperm n. myayi sphere n. apu spice up (dish) vt. pipu spicy adj. iidii spider n. rimi (Ha,Bu)/rimbi (Hi) n. iichi rimi spill over vt. miibi spin vi. harii spindle n. pikhu n. tapo/tapho spine of the nose n. yapin-pinyan Spiny Amaranth (Amarathus spinosus) n. pulu tayi haman spirit n. uyi spit vt-r. chu spittle n. chuker n. taker splinter n. aser n. yai split vsuff. -che vt. kha vt. khache vt. miiche vt. miiche-miiye split (along length) vt. cha vt. chache split (a bamboo rope) n. yamyo split (a piece of wood) vt. pyoche vt. pyokho split (completely) vt. khaja-khaya split (one's legs apart when sitting) vt. khoga spoil vsuff. -lu vsuff. -ber spoiled (food) adj. kembe spoon n. punyu spoon (metallic) n. talo punyu Spot-bellied Eagle (Bubo nipalensis) n. ngula-larii/ngiila larii Spotted Leopard (Panthera pardus) n. hogya taker spotted (animal)adj. pata-pabya adj. tagyo spotted (fur) adj. taker sprain vt. miikhii sprain (one's ankle or knee while kicking) vt. tukhii spray (water) vt-r. chor spread (scatter by throwing) vt-r. gya vt. gyapya-gyasa spread (the hands) vt-r. le spread (the hands horizontally and sidewise) vt-r. lyen spread (wing) vt. leta (Hi)/leter (Bu) spread out vt-r. ton vt. tor spring (water source) n. shu n. siicho spring vt-r. be spring used as a source of drinking water by humans or animals n. si n. subu si spring vi-r. lyo vi-r. ber (Hi,Ha)/byar (Bu) spring across vi. lyobo sprout n. chirii sprout vi. belin sprouted paddy n. eni spur (of cock) n. liita spy vt-r. ro squat vi. chogin vi. potun squeeze (with the hands) vt-r. ke squint-eyed adjphr. ami horlyi squirm (in the mud) vi. rabe/rabe-ralyi squirrel (variety) n. takhii n. santu khiilan n. kiidi khemu n. siibyo n. siichi stab (with a pointed object) vt. niiyu stack (relatively big size things) vt-r. pa stack (relatively big size things, neatly) vt-r. palyan vt-r. palyan-pada stack up vt-r. jo stack up (closely) vt. jode stag (any type of Cervidae having branched antlers) n. siichur stage n. hakun-hanyi stagger vi. jaku-jalya stagger (when walking) vi. palya-pacha stagnate vi-r. rii stain vsuff. -mya vsuff. -mya...-sa stain (by falling onto something) vt. dumya stain (by throwing something) vt. homya vt. homya-hosa stain by pouring something n. timya staircase adj. abya stale (meat) adj. kembe adj. khu stale (having a bad smell) adj. nenkha/nenkhu stalk n. akho stalk someone vt-r. ru stamp (down with the foot) vt. chaban stand vi-r. da stand (at distance) vi. dasa stand (at the wrong place) vi. dagya stand (by oneself, without help from others) vi. dasa stand (face to face) vi. darii stand up vi. bari standing place n. dako stanza of an *ayu song class. penstar n. taker/achi taker stare (at) vt. horda vt. kadi vt. kage piicha/kago piicha stark (landscape) vi. tabin-talin start (a fire by using a flint) vcn. yamu parge start (doing something)vsuff. -ri vt. miiri starvation n. yarii starve vcn. haya pi stay away from something vi. dayi-damo vsuff. -ri vt. miiri stay (awhile, in a standing posture) vi. dahi-damo vi. dalya stay (awhile, in a sitting posture) vi. dulya stay/live together vt. duba-daba stay/stand close to something or someone vi. danii stay/stand for a long time vi. dakan stay/stand together vi. daba vi. dabin vi. dakun vi. dayin steal vt. diipyo vt. lapyo steam n. hapin steam (in bamboo) vt-r. pan steep adj. tuda adj. tukha stem n. akho stench n. naru nenkha step class. davi-r. da step (walk softly) vi. yorha step (of a ladder, staircase) n. haka class. hastep aside vi. dahi step across vi. dabo step in vi. chaha step on vr. cha vt-r. nyar step on (someone's finger) v. chani step on (something and get it sticked to the sole of the foot) vt. chata step out of vi. dalin stepfather n. aba-chi stepmother n. anii-chi sternum n. habyan alo stick n. lopa n. panyi n. yakho class. kho stick vt. age/ge v. tiige (Hi)/thiike (Bu) stick (of split wood) n. samper stick (put into the ground as a boundary marker) n. sankhan stick (result) vsuff. -he stick span class. tustick two things together vt. gedin/gedin-gepi sticky adj. age/ge adj. tiige-tiige (Hi)/tiike-tiike (Bu) sticky and soft adj. tiige (Hi)/tiike (Bu) stiff adj. dara still [doing] vsuff. -ran/-rami stilts (bamboo) n. ali innii-nanii stimulate vsuff. -hu vt. hehu vt. miihu vt. hehu-miihu sting vt-r. ano vt. kono vt. pano stinging adj. akha-aya Stinging Nettle (Urtica sp.) n. piirii stinger (on bees, wasps, etc.) n. iita stingy adj. chahi/chayi stinky adj. nenkhu stir (with a stick or any similar device) vt-r. kho stitch vt-r. ari/ri vt-r. don stitch across vt. ripe stitching work n. ari-rigo stomach n. akhii stone n. yalan stone (variety, used in a children's game) n. dopa stool (faeces) n. ikha n. ipa stool (seat) n. dutin/dutin-nanii stoop vi. chuki/chukii stoop vi. hu'nga/honki (Hi) vi. kotu stooping adj. pokhii stop vsuff. -mo vsuff. -ngo vsuff. -te vi. domo/dumo vt. giimo vt. hemo vt. mii'ngo stop (block) vsuff. -tin stop (bearing fruits) vi. hite stop (blooming) vi. pute stop falling (rain) vi.hu'ngo stop (talking or telling something) vi. lu'ngo store vt-r. atii n. dukan* store room (of the house, where dishes are kept) n. luchi stout adj. kokudru straddle vcn. alii paga straight (direct) adj. parda straight (frank) adj. lotii straightforward adj. parda straighten vt. tarjin straighten up vi-r. arjin strain (a muscle e.g.) vt. horjin stranger n. mi strangle vsuff. -ser vt. gaser strangle with a rope vt. hoser strap (shoulder, of a machete or sword sheath) n. aha straw (esp. of rice) vt. liisi stream (rivulet) n. kiile streams and rivulets n. siigan-siilin/siigan-siilyi strength n. alerniin stretch vi. ajer vt. pujin vt. sorjin vt. tiijin stretch (body) vi. kiijin stretch (result) vsuff. -jin stretch (hands horizontally and sidewise) vt-r. lyen stretched out lengthwise adj. chorjin-chikii stretch out (one's hand) vt-r. yu stretch out (one's leg) vt. tusher stretch out (oneself) vt. tarjing strictly adv. gartin kiilin strident (sound, voice) adj. sosher strike (by a machete or sword) n. paniin strike (esp. with the head or horns) vt-r. nii strike (with the blade of a machete or sword) vt-r. pa strike (deliberately, with a machete or sword) vt. padin strike down (with a machete or sword) vt. palo strike in (with a machete or sword) vt. palii strike (together/jointly, with a machete or sword) vt. paba vi. pabin vt. pakun vt. payin strike (with a machete or sword, as an act of revenge) vt. pali strike (with a machete or sword, in a hasty and improper way) vt. pakun-pamu strike (with a machete or sword, so as to divide something) vt. pache strike (with a machete or sword, with an upward motion) vt. pacha strike (wrongly, with a machete or sword) vt. pagya string (of a bow) n. lyiha string (of a spring action snare) n. riiha string of objects class. yorstring together vt-r. ari strip (of bamboo) n. yai strip off vt. pulyi strip (on a textile) n. ripo-rilo stripe (across one end to another) vt. ripe Strix aluco n. tapi ngiila/tapi ngula stroll n. leniin strong (man or animal) adj. aler adj. chorkhe/chorkii (Hi) adj. uro adj. tamo strong (material) adj. adan strong (taste) adj. keke (Hi) struggle (wrestle) vt-r. ne vt. neka vt. nesu struggle (to do something) vsuff. -khe stubborn adj. luru adj. raye adj. tunblun stuck vsuff. -he vsuff. -ta studies n. puri study vt./vcn. ri/puri ri study (properly) vt./vcn. rider/puri rider stuff (in) vt-r. san vt. sanpi vt. sanpi-sala stuff inside vt. salii stumble (over something) vi. podo vi. tiidan vi. tiipu stumble (with a pebble or stone) vi. liichi stump n. tiitu stump (of a bamboo) n. biran/bije biran stump (of a tree) n. tu'ngin/sanii tu'ngin stupid adj. piicha stupid person n. piicha stutter vi. luii vi. luii-lule subclan (patrilineal) n. tulu subject n. piigo succeed (someone in a speech) vt. lujomon successful hunter n. migin successfully vsuff. -bii suck vt-r. byu sudden adj. alun suddenly adj. alunpa suffice vi-r. byan vi-r. khe sufficient adj. abi sufficient for vsuff. -byan vsuff. -ye sufficient (food) adj. diibyan/diibyan-tanbyan sugar n. siini sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) n. tabe (Ha,Bu)/tiibe (Hi) sugarcane stalk n. tabe akho/tiibe akho suggest/remind something over and over again vt. lukhan suicide n. shiijer-shiiniin sulk vi. budu summer n. daru/daru piilo summit n. pulyan sun n. danyi sun ray n. danyi rila sundry vt-r. alo sunken adj. baka adj. paka sunken-in (cheeks) n. moka sunlight n. danyi huto sunny day n. donnya swamp n. diju swampy land n. piro/pyoro swan n. pakan swap vt-r. alii-aha vt. liisu sway v. jagii sway (stick or sword) vt-r. le sway (a stick or a sword to defend oneself) vt. leter swayingly adv. biko-biko swear vt. hemme sweat n. hubin/hubyin vi. hubin/hubyin sweat (of the hands and feet) n. ali-ala hubin/ali-ala hubyin sweep vt-r. pii/iipii sweep away vt. piipa sweet adj. siini tihi/siini tiyi adj. Tiser sweet n. mitai* Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus) n. kiile tolyo Sweet Tea Vine (Gynostemma pentaphyllum) n. riiko swell vi-r. go vi. gobu (Ha,Bu)/gobun (Hi) vi. gokhan vi. punde vi-r. pyan swell (a lot/over) vi. gobu-goga swelling adj. pyanbu-pyanbe swelling n. pyanniin swim vi-r. byo vca. apya ta swim (fish) vi-r. chi swimming n. byoniin n. apya taniin n. chiniin swimming type/style n. byoju n. chiju swing n. babi swing vi. babi bi swinging n. biniin swollen (face) adj. nabu gombu sword (Tibetan) n. chiri sword (variety) n. hulu chiri n. penji chiri/pinji chiri n. sha chiri sympathize with v. henko vsuff. -gii take (someone along with oneself to go somewhere) vi. ingii vi. chagii vi. togii vi. lingii vi. bogii take (too much) vt. laga-lale tail bone n. koyu tapyo talk (about something) vt-r. lu v. luko v. luka-benka v. adu talk vt-r. luniin n. luka-benkaniin talk (at/from a distance) vt. lutu talk (away continuously without a pause) vca. kore-kore lu talk (badly about someone) vt. sarne talk (face to face) vt. lurii talk (for a long time/beyond the allotted time) vt. lukan talk (in an improper way) vt. lulyo talk (in a wordy or indecisive manner) vi-r. ho vi. hola talk (in one's sleep) vt. lumu talk (to someone) vt. lurii talk (widly, indiscriminately or carelessly) vt. lupa-luma talk (without a set purpose, in a casual way) vt. lumin vt. lumin-luyin talkative adj. luga talking n. luniin tall adj. oho adj. kaye/kaye/kae Tall Reed (Phragmites karka) n. pepu tangled adj. hoko-hope tapeworm (of dogs) n. aki tader Taraxacum sp. n. kochi haman taro (cultivated) n. i'ngye/inye/i'nge taro (wild) n. yaru/yeru/yarii n. yapun yaru/yeru/yarii n. yasi yaru/yeru/yarii taro leaf adj. i'ngye anii tasteless adj. sarsii tasty adj. diipyo adj. nyenchi Tawny Catsnake (Boiga ochracea) n. biiya yalan Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) n. tapi ngiila/tapi ngula tea n. sha*/sa* tea (black) n. lal sha*/lal sa* teach (someone something) vt. tagii-kagii teach (someone something, by showing him) vt. kagii teach (someone something, through hearing) vt. tagii teach (someone something, usually from books) vcn. puri rigii teacher n. sarii* tear n. mila tear vsuff. -ja vt. miija vt-r. sar tear (lengthwise) vt-r. cha tear (paper, cloth) vt. sarne tear (apart) vt. tiija-tiiya tear (off) vsuff. -ja tear (off by hand) vt. sarja tear (off by scratching) vt. siija tear (off with a machete or sword) vt. paja tear (open) vt. sarko tear (something by kicking it) vt. tuser tear (the outer skin of a bamboo) vt-r. lyo teardrop n. mila tease vt. soku-soka vt. soku-solya tease (verbally) vt. luhu-luha teat n. nyimper tell (a parable/proverb) vt-r. tin tell (someone something) vt-r. lu vt. luko tell (in advance) vt. lumyo vt. luko-lumyo tell (something secretly) vt. lusi tell (the truth) vt. luje Temminck's Tragopan (Tragopan blythii) n. pudu-pukho/pudu-pukhu temperature n. lakhii gubu temples n. khenji (Bu) ten n:num. alyan tender adj. biiyi tender (plant) adj. ajan tendon n. aro tendril n. rila tenth lunar cycle of the year n. buntii piilo/bunchi-buntii piilo/entii piilo ten years n. nyalan/anyan-nyalan testicles n. biilin tether vt-r. ran thank you interj. payo-pacho/aro pacho/paya aro pacho

  Tibet n. Nyime Tibetan n. Nyime Tibetan adj. nyime Tibetan woolen cloth n. tongo Tibetan sword n. nyime ilyo Tibetan prayer bell n. maji tick n. siire tiikhe tick vt. hage tickle n. hencho vcn. hencho mii Ticto Barb (Puntius ticto) n. papi ngiiyi/ngiiyi papi tie vt-r. ara/ra tie into bundle (bamboos) vt-r. rii tie into bundle (firewood) vt-r. ra tie cows vt-r. ran tier n. lyoba-lyoba n. lyoba-lyola tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) n. patii tiger tooth n. patii ahi tight adj. ache tightly vsuff. -ti tighten something by means of a stick vt. bede till adj. lohe/loye adv. lohepa/loyepa vsuff. -lyihe/lyiye vsuff. -lyihepa/lyiyepa vsuff. -lyikuhe/lyikuye vsuff. -lyikuhepa/lyikuyepa till completion vsuff. -pe tilting adj. biku adj. lanku adj. paku timber n. sanje (Hi)/sanye (Bu) time n. baji* time (period) n. myodu time for (doing something) n. -miiduvsuff. -du time when the rooster crows n. paro liigo times class. rontimorous n. hame tinder n. miiyan tinder bag n. miiyan chiru tiny adj. amii adj. miiri-miinya tip (of stick, trunk, pole, branch, etc.) n. mitu tip of bamboo n. hiibi tip over vt. rite tiptoe vi. kudu tired adj. rengii (Ha,Hi)/renge (Bu)/renge pehe (Bu) tiying n. raniin to post. ho to (in indirect or reported speech) conj. hii conj. la to (in order to) part. pa to him/her pron. mopa to me pron. ngiipa to us pron. ngunupa to them pron. molupa to you (sg.) pron. niipa to you (pl.) pron. nunupa tobacco n. duhi n. muku tobacco box n. duhi yachu tobacco leaf n. kiile n. muku tobacco plant seed n. muku-kuli today n:time siilo toe n. liichi toe (big) n. liinii toe nail n. liihin toe ring n. liichan together vsuff. -ba vsuff. -yin Toko Palm (Livistona jenkinsiana) n. tokopatta toil (soil, field) vt. apo khen toilet n. nekan tom cat n. mipo/ami-mipo tomato n. byayun (Ha,Bu)/beyun (Hi) tomorrow n:time arda tomorrow evening n:time arda alyin tomorrow morning n:time konda tomorrow night n:time arda ayo tongs n. miige tongue n. alyo tongs used to take roasted maize out of the fire n. tanyi miige tonight n:time siyo/siiyo too part. tare (Hi)/tere (Ha)/ter (Bu)/tiire (Ho) too much vsuff. -haja (Hi)/-haje (Ha) part. haja (Hi)/haje (Ha) too much/too many advphr. abu haja too much (proudy) adj. hago tool n. miina-nanii tooth n. ahi tooth gum n. hilu Toothache Plant (Acmella oleracea) n. yorkhun haman top (of tree, pole, grass, etc.) n. milyin n. lolyin topic n. piigo topknot n. piidin torch (bamboo or firewood) n. muru n. sati torch (electric) n. layi* torso n. apo tortoise n. raku (Hi)/(samin) rako (Bu)/(samin) ranko (Bu)/samin raku totter vi. palya-pacha touch vt. tema touch someone/something while doing something vt. miidan vt. miine touch someone lightly with one's body, as when flirting vt. giine-giise towards post. dalyi toy n. amin-ahi track (forest) n. more lenda trachea n. gyuyi-gyuro Tragopan blythii n. udu pukho/pudu pukhu traitor (liar) n. lyolichochi tramp vi. chadin transform oneself vi. lyigu transparent adj. kape adj. kape-kalo adj. kare adj. kare-kasi transplant (rice/millet) vt. liigu vt. bugu transport vt-r. gii trap (variety) n. apii-adan n. dopya/kubu dopya n. giirii n. gyo giimya n. hoka n. iide trap (variety, for catching fish)n. tajer n. takhun tray n. sampya tread on/upon something vt. chaje vt. chaje-chaye vt-r. nyar tread (heavily) vt. chadin treat someone to a meal vt-r. ho tree n. sanii n. santu tree branch n. sanii abya n. sanii aha tree branches n. sanii aha-abya tree fern (variety) n. chanyu n. tabe sanii tree grove area n. sadi Tree Fern (Cyathea gigantea) n. tase Tree Sparrow (Passer Montanus) n. pari/pari piita tree stump n. tu'ngin tremble vi. alye vi. pinjer trembling adj. alye adj. alye-ache trench dug into a paddy field for providing shelter and spawning ground for fishes adj. parkho (Ha, Bu) adj. hete (Hi) Treron bicincta n. salyo paku trick vt. soku-soka vt. soku-solya trim off vt-r. hu tripod (for cooking) n. chanchu n. halyan chanchu troubled (water) adj. kacho trough cleaner n. miige/alyi miige n. miiche/alyi miiche Tropical Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) n. tape haman (Ha, Bu)/epe haman (Hi) trouble n. hache trouble vt. henga-henkha true adj. jije truely adj. jije/jijepa trunk (of a tree, e.g.) n. apo trunk (of the body) n. apo trust vt. henje trustworthy adj. hentin truth n. jije truthful adj. lotii adj. parda try vsuff. -ka Tsuga dumosa n. liiri piisa/niiri piisa tuck something in vt-r. pe tumble down vi. huyi Turkey Berry (Solanum torvum) n. byako turn (by rolling) vt. bahii turn back (esp. by vehicle) vt. kohii turn (head) vt. mohii turn into vi. lyigu turn upside down vt. bakhe turn over/upside-down in one's hand vt. lahii vt. lahii-lakhe turn thread around itself to form a ball vt-r. lin/alin turning point n. hache turtle n. raku (Hi)/(samin) rako (Bu)/(samin) ranko (Bu)/samin raku tusk n. hirun twaddle v. hola twelve n:num. alyan hela anyi/alyan le nyi twelth lunar cycle of the year n. kume/nenke piilo twenty n:num. nyekhan/nyikhan twice n:num. ronyi/ronye twig n. yakho twilight n. alyin jimi jama twinkle vi. kiibyo twin n. bupyun twist vt-r. hi vt. hihii-hikhe vt. hike vt. parkhii twist (one's leg around something) vt. liike-liibe twisted adj. parkhii U-u ugly adj. karu umbilical cord n. khiinii umbrella n. ase adj. sati* unappetizing adj. byurii-byarii adj. bulun-biile adj. ulu-byalu unbolt vt. khiiko uncomfortable adj. ahi-are uncle (maternal) n. aku uncle (paternal) n. ate unclean (appearance) adj. byurii-byarii adj. bulun-biile adj. ulu-byalu uncoil vt. karpya uncomfortable (feeling) adj. ahi-are uncultivated plain land n. piro under post. biipii ho underarm n. gorkhan underneath post. biipii ho underside n. biipii understand vt. hender understand (what one hears) vt. tader understanding adj. hela undiscreetly adv. kadoliili undisturbed (quiet) adj. jihi adj. jihi rara undo vsuff. -pya vt. miipya undress vt. khepa vt. pyapa undulating adj. yoyu uneven (shape) adj. kolyo uneven (surface) adj. paka-pala uneven (terrain) adj. kutu uneasy (person) adj. hensi-henga undo/untie something vt. miipya unfasten a knot vt. tapya unfasten a lock vt. heko unfathomable adj. tagyan unfold vt. perko (Hi)/pyerko/pyarko (Bu) vt. berpya (Hi)/byarpya (Bu) unfurl vt-r. tor unhappy adj. heru unhappy (face, look) adj. moyu universe n. siichan miido n. chantii-dotii unload vt. kulo unload (something by dropping it energetically on the ground) vt. batin unload (something that is being carried) vt. jolo unlock vt. hepya unnatural/violent death for men n. talii unnatural/violent death for women n. liibun unpleasant to do vsuff. -ru unpleasant to eat vsuff. diiha-diikha unproductive (land) adj. chankha-dikha unroll vt. karpya unroot vt-r. sii unselfish adj. kobya unsteady adj. padun adj. riili unsteadily adv. riili-riili untidy adj. pabya adj. taya-rara untidily adj. pabyapa untie a knot vt. tapya until conj. daye vsuff. -lyihe/-lyiye vsuff. -lyihepa/-lyiyepa vsuff. -lyikuhe/-lyikuye vsuff. -lyikuhepa/-lyikuyepa post. lohe/loye adv. lohepa/loyepa unusual act vsuff. -malyaniin n. miimalyaniin unwrap vt. berpya (Hi)/byarpya (Bu) unyielding adj. tunblun up adv. ayo upper adj. ayo upper limb of a sacrificed animal n. alii upper lip n. ayo nyachu upper side/level/place n. ayo upper portion (of a wall or door) n. yarsi uppermost paddy field (of a person's fields) n. gardin uppermost part (of a tree, pole, etc.) n. lolyin n. milyin uppermost shelf of a *dareke n. khapo n. gyai (Hi). uproot grass or weeds vt-r. bin uproot (esp. trees) vt-r. byu Upupa epops n. pagi yarii/pagi yaru upward vsuff. -cha urgent n. tiinariikha urine n. si urinate vt-r. si urinal n. si sita n. siko us pron. ngunumi use n. piigo use (some part of an object or quantity for another purpose) vt. miimo vt. miipin use(d) to [do] vsuff. nphr. khiiju dumin utensil n. miinii-nanii/miina-nanii uterine nephew (term of address) n. ya uterine nephew (term of reference) n. ohobo utility n. piigo n. niidu uttering speech while asleep adj. lumu uvula n. lyirotoko V-v vacate a place vi. dahi vacate a place vi. duhi vagina n. atu valley n. pabu valuable adj. gordu adj. kinii vanquish v. miimin vapour n. hapin varied adj. ponge-ponge variety class. lyovast (bamboo grove, garden) adj. ngoro vast (piece of land) adj. poro vast (rice field) adj. garro vast (piece of land) adj. poro vegetables (green) n. haman/haman sanii vegetables (variety)

  vca. insu-into in vca. kode-kode in vca. choga-choga in waddlingly adv. insu-into adv. kode-kode adv. choga-choga wade through water or mud vt-r. lye wag (tail) v. liki-liko wage for hiring a *patan to work on one's fields n. patan ajo wages n. injo-miijo waist n. khiipo waist (of females) n. biyan tiigya waist (of males) n. au giigya wait vt. biyan tiigya vt. dalya vt. kalya wait! interj. holyayola wait (in ambush) vt. tulya wake vt. miihu walk vi. in vi. da n. inniin walk (unsteadily) vca. insu-into in vi-r. ja walk (with faltering step) vi. kolya walk out vi. dalin walking stick n. in-nanii wall (of a traditional house) n. myopii n. tarsi Wallcreeper (Tichodroma muraria) n. jojo ropo walnut (Juglans regia) n. hiiho sanii wander vi-r. ngo want to do vsuff. -nan war n. chambyo n. gyambo warm adj. gubu warm (result) vsuff. -gu warm (oneself) vt-r. hi warmly comfortable vi. gubu giiba wart n. tarsii was/were cop. daye cop. doye cop. duye was/were [do]ing (1st pers. sing.) vsuff. -ladoto was/were [do]ing (2nd, 3rd pers. sing.) vsuff. -ladone wash vt. harto wash (body) vi. harsu (Hi)/hasu (Ha) wash (clothes) vt-r. nu wash (feet) vt. liipi wash (hands) vt. yasii (Ha) wash out something by splashing liquid on it adj. pyase wasp (variety) n. tagyan/tagya (Hi, Bu) n. tayu waste vsuff. -lyu vsuff. -kho n. kacho waste (esp. money) vt. miilyu vt. miilyu-miicha waste something unintentionally vt. miibi waste materials n. kacho tanii waste product of locally made millet beer n. poi wastefully vsuff. -bi watch n. gori* watch vt-r. ka Watch it! interj. kabiidolatiika ah! water n. yasi watery (beverage/food) adj. sarsii water beetle (variety) n. yasi anii (Ha, Bu, Hi)/tasi anii (Ho)/tasi nanii (Dii) water beetle larva n. lyebe water bird n. yasi paje water bubble n. pari papu water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) n. mendii water canal n. bogo/yasi bogo water channel n. siigan n. siikho Water Hyacinth (Eichhomia crassipes) n. yasi-yaru Water Scorpion n. khange-lyange Water Strider n. taker (Ha)/sukun-sankhii (Hi) waterside n. siilyo wave n. lando poniin wave (stick, sword) vt. kiijer wave (at someone to get attention) vt. hoye wave/flow in upward direction vi. lyancha waver vi-r. ja wavering n. janiin wax (ear) n. ruhi/yaru-ruhi way class. byan. subu way of (doing something) vsuff. -ju vsuff. -ju...-myo n. miiju way of living n. sanju way of talking n. luju way of thinking n. henju n. misan tami n. nehan tami n. piidi naru tami n. tagur enso weed (extirpate weeds) vcn. aru mii weedy (field) adj. biiyo weep vt-r. khe weight n. ayi/ayi-aju well n. sukun well entrance n. sukun piitin west n. larin west facing side n. myolyi wet adj. juja adj. junya wet (cooked rice, containing a lot of water) adj. jeje what adj. nii pron. nii what! interj. nii te what? interj. nii? what a...! interj. niitan what about part. no what for pron. nii...pa what if? pron. koda no what is it? interj. niina si? what sort pron. niitan what sort/kind of pron. niika wheel n. paji* ali white adj. pulu white (complexion) adj. yapu white (esp. of pig skin) adj. khapu white (esp. of animal fur/skin) adj. tapu white (of an egg) n. papu alyo white hair n. dimpu White Hoarypea (Tephrosia candida) n. imli* White Wagtail (Motacilla alba) n. aji pai who pron. hu who (among them/these/those) pron. hubo who (among you/they/them) pron. hutii whom pron. humi whooping cough n. satu sarin whose pron. huka pron. hukii why pron. niimpa (Ha,Bu)/niimop (Hi)/niitepa (Ho) wide (road) adj. byaro widow n. hiimi widower n. tinbo wield vt. jidin wide (land) adj. poro wide apart (legs) nphr. ali paga widen vt. miiro wife n. mihi wife's brother n. atobowife's brother's son n. atobo wife's sister's husband (term of reference) n. barbo-lyibo wife's sister's son n. atobo wife's relatives n. nyimii nyanii wiggle (in the mud) vi. rabe/rabe-ralyi wild animals n. siidin-siire wild banana tree n. kulu wild banana leaf n. kulu anii wild cherry n. semo/sembo (Ha,Hi) wild creeper (variety) n. jojuru/jojiru (Ha) wild game n. siidin-siire Wild Karanda (Carissa spinarum) n. jinke-jilin wild kiwi (Actinidia sp.) n. entii tari sanii (Ha, Hi) wild kiwi fruit n. entii tari ahi (Ha, Hi) Wild Pear-tree (Pyrus pashia) n. piita sanii wild pig (Sus scrofa sp.) n. siire Wild Sesame (Perilla frutescens.) n. tanin wild taro/yam n. yaru wild taro/yam (variety) n. yapun yaru n. yasi yaru wildcat (variety) n. siipu n. siiso n. siiyin will be [do]ing vsuff. -ladokindo will [do] vsuff. -chi vsuff. -ken vsuff. -kin vsuff. -talyi will have been [do]ing vsuff. -ladokindoku will not [do] vsuff. -malyi vsuff. -tema win vsuff. -min win a victory over v. miimin wind n. alyi windstorm n. alyi aro wind yarn/thread into a ball by means of a spinning wheel vt. alin wing n. ale wink vt. miye winnow vt-r. ju vt-r. khe winnower made of bamboo or cane framework n. yapyo winter n. dorii/dorii piilo n. tapin piilo Winter Melon (Benincasa hispida) n. kumra* wipe vt-r. nyu vt. tipa wire (esp. metallic) n. sosin wish (to do) vsuff. -nan wish for vt. hembyo with post. agin ho post. agin pa with (by means of) part. lo with discernment vsuff. -cher with gusto vsuff. -ji with one's eyes open adv. kiila-kiila with whom pron.loc. huka agin ho witness in loans n. narbonii wobble vca. insu-into in womb n. niimin woman n. nyimii women tresses bundled and rolled into a ball on the top of the head n. dilin wood (esp. firewood) n. yasan wood louse n. nyoko tati woodthat is undried or unfit for burning purpose n. yasan sale wood splinter n. yakho wood wasp n. tagyan/tagya (Hi, Bu) wooden beam n. jombii wooden board used for draining rice while cooking n. hurta wooden logs used as border around the fireplace n. piirii wooden lock of a door n. arkonanii wooden meat tray n. yo sampya wooden mortar used to grind rice and millet n. yaper wooden plank n. santa wooden slab or flatten bamboo split n. pata woodlice n. tuke tabyo woodpecker n. tarsin Woody Vine n. sanii taro work (soil, field) with a hoe vt-r. o work/task (yet to be done) n. miigo work/study (yet to be done) n. rigo working group comprising farmers having their fields in the same area n. aji lenda working group comprising farmers having their bamboo and pine groves in the same area n. bije lenda world n. doha n. doha-dolo n. dodi-dolo n. siichan-miido n. supun worm (generic) n. tiyo worm (variety) n. dorgii n. empya tiyo n. tader n. aki tader n. tarpin worn out vsuff. -mii worn out adj. rengii (Ha,Hi)/renge (Bu) worthy adj. gordu would vsuff. -tii would not be able to do vsuff. -ladiima wound n. une n. une tare vcn. une miigii wow! interj. oha wrap vt-r. apu wrap (into packet) vt. a'nga vt. nga wrestle vt-r. ne vt. neka vt. nesu wrestling n. neniin wriggle v. kosi-kolyi wriggle (in the mud) vi. rabe/rabe-ralyi wring vt. hijan vt. hikhii wrinkle n. sikun-siri n. lyikun-lyiri wrist n. lange (Ha)/langer (Hi)/langa (Bu) write vt-r. ke vt. keka vt. likhi* write (again/re-write) vt. keti write (for someone) vt. kebi write (in a casual way) vt. kemin-keyin write (in advance) vt. kemyo write (on someone else's behalf) vt. kebi write (some more) vt. kebyan write (till completion) vt. kenye write (wrongly) vt. kegya vt. kegya-kelya vt. kekha Y-y yak (Bos grunniens) n. uyi subu yarn n. horto n. tano yarn thread n. tano horto yawn vi. gehe year n:time anyan class. nyanyear (last) n:time biinyan year (next) adv. diirada year (this) n:time siinyan year before last n:time konyan year after next adv. lonyada yearn (after) vt. hembyo yeast-like substance used for the fermentation of rice and millet beer n. ipyo yell vi-r. gyu yell n. gyuniin yellow adj. pilan (Ha,Bu) adj. tado (Hi) yellowish adj. pilan-pisan yes interj. iin yesterday n:time biilyo yesterday evening n:time biilyin yesterday morning n:time biiro yesterday night n:time biiyo yolk n. hayan you (sg.) pron. no pron. nii you (dl.) pron. niinyi you (pl.) pron. nunu you (sg. obj.) pron. niimi you (pl. obj.) pron. nunumi you can vsuff. -tiika/tiikan you can/you should vsuff. -ka vsuff. -tiika you cannot/you should not vsuff. -yoka you should vsuff. -tiika/-tiikan young adj. ajan young (mithun or cow) adj. siido young man n. yapa younger brother n. buru young lady n. nyimun young or small fish nphr. ngiiyi atu young people n. nyimun yapa younger sister (male speaking) n. barmii youngster n. hime your (sg.) dem. niika your (pl.) dem. nunuka yours (sg.) pron. nukii yours (pl.) pron. nunukii yourself pron. nosu youth n. nyimun yapa

ge; age- ge.

  . quickly; immediately. Aga innge. Go quickly! Aga arniito. Swallow quicky! agaja adj. quickest. agaya adj. Quicker. aga vi. to come often. age n. 1. bamboo quiver for holding arrows. Syn: apii age. Var: apu age . 2. ritual element of sacrificial altars imitating a quiver . to adhere to something, as of glue; to stick. Konchi mi payu agebiido. A dragonfly got sticked by glue. (lit. 'the glue has sticked a dragonfly'). 2. adj. sticky. Syn:

age [a´ge ]

ʔ 1. vt-r.

  [´be:ni] n. 1. (by priest) ritual chant or incantation. Dree beniin. Ritual chanting of the priest in each village at the inauguration of *Dree festival. 2. curse; cursing. benti vt. to exert pressure on or upon something with the foot or toe. bepa vt. to kick something off/away.

1. to shine a lot. 2. to always shine. benge n. heat. benha vi. to shine in. bengna n. (Bot.) egg plant; brinjal (Solanum melongena). From: Assamese. beniin [beni] n. (by or as frog) jump; jumping. beniin bepa See: bepa.

  (Bot.) stump of a bamboo, esp. the lower part of a bamboo that remains in the ground after the stem has been cut off. Syn: bije-biran. Etym: from *bije, 'cultivated bamboo', *aran, 'bottom of a tree'. biran patu n. sharp edge of bamboo used as fence; piece of bamboo with a sharp edge; short and small stump of bamboo. Gramm: qualifying noun usually following a noun, with the basic meaning 'in very large numbers'. Usually occurs in the compound form *biije-biije.

1. to give something to someone located downward. 2. to move down to give something. Ant: bicha. bilya vt. to give or let someone use something temporarily; to lend something. Niika pen mi bilyape. Lend me your pen! Niika English kheta mi ngiimi bilyalakindo ha? Can you lend me your English book ? bilyan vt. to give in order to rectify something, or set something in order. bilyo vt. to give in an improper way.

bimpu n.

1. rod. 2

. generic class of small glass beads. Especially refers to the beads found on *bimpu tasan. bimpu ami n. variety of glass bead from Venice circa 19th century, black in colour with white dots, commonly known as "Skunk beads"

. bimpu tasan n. variety of necklace worn by women

. dachan bimpu n. metal rod. horpu bimpu n. variety of translucent glass bead . ji bimpu n. variety of dark blue translucent glass bead . jiji bimpu n. variety of green translucent glass bead . lanchan bimpu n. variety of reddish translucent glass bead .

bimur vt. 1. to give by mistake or inadvertently. 2. to give a wrong thing to someone. Syn: bipu. bimyo vt. to give in advance. bin vt-r. (Agr.) to uproot grass or weeds. bin vt-r. to offer something (esp. rice) equivalent to fill a *yakhan container, esp. as a contribution during a *murun. Molu yakhan binkindo. They will offer one *yakhan of rice. -bin vsuff. jointly. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that plural subjects participate altogether in the performance of the action identified by the verb in a joint manner. Molu yasan mi babindo. They are carrying fthe irewood together (i.e. they are carrying the same wood or from the same stock of wood). binii [bini] 1. n. one who gives; giver (unspecified). 2. adj. (in a nominal, adjectival or relative phrase or clause) who gives. biniibo n. the one who gives; giver (specified). biniin [bini] n. gift. Apin biniin. Serving of a meal to a guest. Embin yakhan biniin. Gift of one full *yakhan basket (as requested by tradition from certain participants to a *murun). biniin [bi:ni] n. swinging; swaying. yalan biniin n. swinging of a small coarse basket (*yalan) usually made of *tajer, which, as the swinging of a pendulum, is used by the priest to determine what particular ritual should be performed. bipa [bi´pa] vt. to give something away. Ngo siika kheta simi Tago mi bipasiitoku. I have given that book to Tago. bipa vt. to overflow. Bucket hokii yasi bipalado. Water is flowing over the bucket. bipe vt. to give something to someone permanently. bipe vt. to flow across. Yasi si plastic hokii ago ho bipedo. Water is leaking through the plastic bag. Yasi si ayo hokii akan loye bipelado. Water is flowing from top to bottom. bipin n. piece of animal skin used as matting. bipo-bilo vi. to flow over. bipu vt. to give by mistake or inadvertently; to give a wrong thing to someone. Syn: bimur. bipyo adj. easy to give. bipyo vt. to give first; to give before anyone else does. biran n. biri vt. to start to give. birii vt. to exchange. biser abi n. variety of black and white cotton skirt. bisi vt. to hand to another; to pass. Lampung, siika tiiko simi Kago mi iche bisitolya pe. Lampung, please pass money to Kago. Syn: bisi-bime. biti n. brass. From: Hindi 'pitala'. Var: piti. biti vt. to give again. biti n. hand manufacturing process. biti yamo n. artifact; handicraft. biyan n. (Anat.) (esp. of female) girdle. Syn: khiipo biyan. biyan tiigya n. (Anat.) (of female) waist. bii [bi] vt-r. to hold; to keep. Iche bii'ngetiika. Keep some with you (while going home, etc.). Nunu biiju-miiju mi ano ayapa biikindo. You must behave in a mannerly way. Var: bu. bii See: bu. -bii [bi] vsuff. 1. really. Gramm: emphatic suffix usually following the verb root or the verb. Widely used in conversational language, gives an emphatic sense in affirmative sentences, often best rendered in English by the Emphatic Present (I do love) or the Emphatic Past (I did cry). Contrary to English, the emphatic form is more often used than the non emphatic form. Precedes the tense and continuous form markers. Kano ngiika armyan mi kekhabiine. Kano did write my name wrongly. Mo kebiilado. He/she is writing [emphatic]. 2. ever; ever been. Gramm: Experential perfect suffix indicative of an event that has taken place once in a unspecified past and is fully completed. Often best rendered by English Present Perfect. Precedes the tense and continuous form markers. Mo miipebiine. He/she has completed it. Mo engineering miijabiine. He/she has finished his engineering studies. Mo ngiimi kiibiine. He/she has punched me. Mo niido insu-intopa inribiine? When did he/she start walking? 3. perfective suffix. Gramm: usually occurs on non-final verbs with associated conjunction *la. Indicates that the marked event took place, or is to take place before another mentioned event. Ngo Ziro chabii la Daporijo loye chapetalyi. After reaching Ziro I will continue till Daporijo. Ngo Ommo ko chabii la Taki la ude loye chachi. I will go [up] to Ommo's place, then I will proceed upto Taki's house. biidan n. cliff. biidan dara n. stiff cliff. biidi n. tactic; idea; trick; plan. Ayo yoye, Manu hende-hende hela, imitalyiku la biidi ako hempatii. One night, Manu kept thinking over and over, and as she was about to sleep she imagined a plan. biidi balo vcn. to plan and act secretly; to plot. biidi-balosiiniin n. plot; conspiracy. biihan See: biishan/bushan. biihin n. (Bot.) variety of cultivated tree producing nuts, used for construction purposes. Var: buhin. biije n:qual. many; in very large numbers. Var: giije. Usage: Hija. Syn: biije-biije. Var: giije-giije. Usage: Hija. Hapoli so miyu giije-giije dado daye. There was a huge number of people in Hapoli. Var: guje-guje. Usage: Bulla. biiju-miiju n. good manner. Nunu biiju-miiju mi ano ayapa biikindo. You must behave in a mannerly way. biiki tasan n. variety of dark blue chunky bead. biiko See: buko. biile adj. 1. slimy; viscid; viscous; oozy. 2. slippery. Siika putu si hemper biiledo. This mountain is very slippery. Syn: biili-biile. biilin n. (Anat.) testicles. biilii adj. loose, as of a tooth. Ahi biilii. A loose tooth. biilii vt. to bring or get something. Var: bulii. Syn: lalii. biilu-biila vt. to do something hurriedly.Var: bulu-biila. Usage: Hija. biilya See: bulya. biilye adj. soft. biilye-biilye adv. softly. biilyin n. (Bot.) variety of forest plant bearing fruits which are used as a medicine. biilyin n:time last evening; yesterday evening. biilyo n:time yesterday. biilyo ho advphr. near; close to; next to. Mo aku Tama nyan, ngunu ude biilyo ho dudu. He is uncle Tama, our neighbour (lit. 'who lives next to our house'). biiniin ajin n. variety of ceremonial friend. Encycl: ceremonial friendship is hereditary among Apatanis. Var: buniin ajin. Usage: Hija. biiniin-nyanii n. the group of people comprised of one's ceremonial friends and affines from the maternal side (*nyanii). biinii n. female. biinya adj. soft; delicate. Syn: biinya-biinya. biinyan n:time last year. biinyan-konyan n:time past years. biipii n. underside; lower side. biipii ho post. under; underneath. biipii n. (Zool.) variety very poisonous snake resembling Assam Snaileater (Pareas monticola). Syn: biipii tabu. biirin n. (Zool.) Python (Python molurus). Syn: budi-burun . biiro n:time yesterday morning; last morning. biishan n. (Zool.) Green Rat Snake (Rhadinophis prasina or Ptyas nigromarginatus) . Var: biihan; busan; bushan.

  Keep it! Ngunuka Ziro mi kapyodopa busa! Let's keep our Ziro beautiful! 2. to own. Ngo gari bunando. I want to own a car. 3. to take. Var: bii. Inka hand-held fan simi buto la alyi oye helyato! Take that hand-held fan and blow some air with it! bu [´bu:] vt-r. 1. (by humans and animals) to give birth. Anyo iinga ako butiiku. Anyo has given birth to a baby. 2. (by plants) to germinate; to grow. Midin ho emo buchadoku. In the nursery, the paddy has grown. Var: bii. (of long cylindrical object, spherical object of relatively big size, or hand) one. Gramm: used in enumeration only, i.e. when counting without reference to any particular object or quantity, as in school or in a list. For referring to one object in particular, *buhe/*buye is used in place of *bukun. bukun vt. to jointly own. Molu more simi bukunsiido. They jointly own this forest.

	pipes,
	legs, trees, bamboo stems, sticks, pillars, beams, fingers, etc.). 2. hands; 3. spherical objects of
	relatively big size. buhe/buye, bunye, buhinnge, bupe, bu'ngohe, bukhe, bukanuhe,
	bupinye, bukoahe, bulyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 long cylindrical object(s), hand(s) or spherical
	object(s). Etym: from *abu, 'cylindrical'.

botu vt. to hold or pull tightly. Hiika subu mi oye botubiilyato. Hold that mithun tightly! bu-

[´bu]

class. long cylindrical object; spherical object. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for 1. long cylindrical objects (e.g. bu [bu] vt-r. 1. to keep. Bu'nge. bu vt-r. (Agr.) to dig up or pull up grass, weeds, cereals, etc., resulting in complete removal of the roots. Endi siite je buto! Pull up a handful of paddy plant! endi buniin n. (Agr.) transplanting of seedlings from nursery to field. bu [bu:] vr. 1. to explode or burst. Syn: bupa. 2. to develop, as of a blister or an itch. Syn: bulin. bunii n. 1. bursting thing/bursting one. 2. (in a nominal, adjectival or relative phrase or clause) bursting; crackling. Bunii yasan. Crackling firewood. buche vi. to burst. Syn: bute. bubin vt. 1. (of a plural subject) to own/keep something in a collective or joint manner. 2. to take something collectively or jointly. budi-burun n. (Zool.) Python (Python molurus). Syn: biirin . budu vi. 1. to sulk. 2. to get angry. Ngo, biilyo hime ako buduladonii kapato. Yesterday I saw one boy who was angry. budu biide onom. murmur; murmuring sound. budu biide lu vcn. to grumble; to mutter. budu-budu lu vt. to mumble; to mutter; to whisper. budu-budu luniin nphr. mumble; mutter; whisper; murmur. budu-bugya n. household item. bugu vt. (Agr.) to transplant, esp. rice or millet. buhe See: buye. buhin See: biihin. buhin See: buyin. bui n. rat excrements. buje n. (Zool.) variety of rat of overall black or dark brown colour, having a white fur on the chest, possibly White Bellied Rat (Niviventer sp.). buji-buji onom. crackle; crackling sound. Var: biiji-biji. Usage: Bulla. buji-buji adu vcn. (by fire) to crackle; to burn with crackling sounds. Yamu ho buji-buji adudo. There are crackling sounds in the fire. bujin vt. to enlarge by stretching. Syn: tiijin. buko n. (Zool.) variety of large jungle rat. buko n. birthplace. Var: biiko. Usage: Hari. bukun [´bu´kũ] num. bukhe n. (Zool.) House rat (Rattus rattus). bukhe ripo n. variety of bead worn by females, commonly known as 'etched agate bead'. Encycl: *bukhe ripo are either natural agates (black and brown with white banding), or fossil agates from petrified wood, exhibiting various shades of brown, with different colour inclusions. The stones are etched by hand for creating very distinctive motifs which usually appear in ivory white. The Apatanis do not etch the stones themselves, but obtain them through bartering exchange with Tibet,

  n. 1. representative of a clan who acts as a spokesman, arbitrer or conciliator of his clan. 2. body consisting of representatives of individual clans who altogether act as mediators on various occasions such as settlements of disputes or rituals. akha bulyan n. senior representatives of a *bulyan. ajan bulyan n. men who assist the older *bulyan in their work by such tasks as carrying messages. bulyan milii n. delegate acting for one bulyan. kiidi bulyan n. person appointed from the *bulyan, esp. in charge of corpse burials. Var: kidi bulyan. supun bulyan n. community *bulyan, intervening in matters regarding the whole Apatani community or the entire Ziro Valley. uyi bulyan n. representative of a clan who acts as a mediator between his clan and some benevolent deity. Encycl: the squirrel whose dried body is used ritually at the begining of *Myoko festival is seen as an *uyi bulyan. yapa bulyan n. junior representatives of a *bulyan. adj. free of cost. Hiika kheta mi bunyo-budahe. Take that book free of cost! bupa vt. to burst; to explode. Terrorist atan hii railroad track mi bomb lo bupatii. The terrorists destroyed railroad tracks with a bomb. bupin vt. 1. to follow someone by birth order. Obing mi Anyo bupin-nanii. Obing was born after Anyo. 2. to descend or be descended from. Iinga anye bupyun hepa butii. The two babies were born as twins.bupyun vt. to hold together. Hiika tano sonye simi bupyunsiito. Hold those two threads together!

buli une n. (Med.) ecthyma.

bulin

[buli]

n. (Bot.) variety of plant bearing olive-like fruits, possibly jujube (Zizyphus jujubia). Var: biili. Usage: Bamin-Michi. bulin vt. to pull out; to take out. Mo endi bulindo. He/she is taking paddy from the nursery. buliniin n. pulling out. endi buliniin n. (Agr.) pulling/digging out of paddy young plants from nursery at the time of transplanting. bulin vi. to develop, as of a blister or an itch. Ngiika ala ho aha bulindo. My hand developed itching. bulii vt. to bring or get something in. Miyu atan ngiimi greeting cards bulii-bukunpatii. All the people brought me greeting cards at home. Var: biilii. Syn: lalii. bulu biila See: biilu-biila. bulun biile [´bu´lum ´bile] adj. 1. (of taste) sickly; nauseating. 2. (of appearance) unclean; unhygienic; unappetizing. See: alu-byalu, byurii-byarii. Siiro ka apin si iche bulun-biile-kiilindo ke. This morning's food was a little sickly. bulya vt. to hold or keep briefly/for a moment/temporarily. Var: biilya. bulyan bulyan vt. to take, hold or keep in a proper way. Var: biilyan. Ant: bulyo. bulyan-buda vt. to take, hold or keep in a good manner. Var: biilyan-biida. bulyu n. (Zool.) tadpole. Encycl: regarded as an edible item by the Apatanis. bulyun adj. soft. Syn: bulyun-bulyun; biiya. Opi ka moru si bulyun-bulyundo. Opi's cheeks are very soft. bumpu See: bompu. bun vr. to assemble in large numbers; to crowd.

-bun vsuff. soak. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the subject, through the action identified by the verb, plunges the object into the water in order to soak it. bunchi n. ninth lunar month of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of September. Syn: bunchi piilo. bunchi-buntii piilo n. September-October. Syn: entii piilo. bune pron. (of spherical and long objects/hands/spherical objects of fairly big size) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used to inquire about a countable number of legs, trees, sticks, pillars, beams, bamboo stems, hands, fingers, etc. bunnga [´bũ´a:] vi. to crowd into; to throng. buniin n. (Med.) blister. une buniin n. blister of wound. buniin [´bu:ni] n. 1. (of humans and animals) birth. 2. (of plants) germination. buniin n. ceremonial friend. Encycl: a person regards his *buniin ajin as his own kinsmen, supporting them morally and materially in case of crisis and calling them for certain ritual activites. Ceremonial friendship is hereditary, and marriage among *buniin ajin is not allowed. Syn: buniin ajin. Var: biinin; biinin ajin. buntii piilo n. tenth lunar month of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of October. bunyo [´bu´ɲo] adj. 1. (of spherical objects) small. 2. (of elongated objects such as logs, bamboos, legs, etc.) thin. bunyo bupur vi. to blast. Syn: bupir. bupyun n. twin. buro [´buro:] adj. 1. (of spherical objects) big. 2. (of elongated objects such as logs, bamboos, legs, etc.) thick. burta See: borta. buru n. younger brother. achi buru n. kits and kin. Syn: achi baro. buru n. 1. legendary animal said to have occupied the Apatani Valley before human settlement.

busan, biihan; biishan. busu See: biisu. buta-tabu See: borta. bute vi. to burst. Syn: buche. bute-buye mii vcn

) . Var: . to burst, both in a proper and in a figurative sense. Ngiika aha si hadiihaja la bute-buyepa miidoku. I got so much angry that my heart was about to burst out [of my chest]. butii [´bu:ti] n. community; society. Momi siika butii hokii nempato! Expel him/her from this community! butii apin n. collective meal; banquet. butii more n. village forest, consisting of mixed vegetation. Syn: lenba butii more. butun n. bachelor, esp. old bachelor; person who remains unmarried. buu expr. boom! Expressive denoting a deep, resonant sound like an explosive sound. buya See: biiya.

buye n:num. (of long cylindrical object; spherical object of relatively big size; hand) one. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *bukun is used in place of *buye. Var: buhe. See:

bu; bukun. buyin vt

  . (of a plural subject) to hold/keep something jointly. Var:

buhin; biihin; biiyin.

  [ ´tɕa] 1. vi-r. to move up; to ascend. No siilyin danyi akumarampa ngiika ude ho chalyato. Come to my home this evening before sunset! 2. vi-r. to go north. Ngo lemba chachi. I will go up to the village. Mo cha ha? Iin mo chasu. Did he/she come up? Yes he/she came up. No biilyo chatii

Syn: alu-byalu.

CH-ch

cha koda ayatiido, siilo ngo Itanagar tochi. It would have been better if you came yesterday, today I am going to Itanagar. 3. vt-r. to climb, as a tree or a mountain. Ant: to. 4. vt-r. to grow in height, as of a plant. Midin si endi chadoku. Rice seedlings in the nursery have grown. Byapu hanye pahe chadoku. The bamboo shoot has grown to about two fingers widths high. Kolo ka tanyi liiniin si chadoku. The maize which was planted the day before yesterday has sprouted.

channge, channye, chahinnge, chanpe, channgohe, chankhe, chankanuhe, chanpinye, chankoahe, chalyanhe

  along with him/her! Tamo, no Unka agin ho Ziro chabolya ah. Tamo, go up to Ziro along with Unka! 2. vt. to climb along with someone. to split something along the length, as done when splitting a bamboo or cane section into thin strips. Siika bije simi yayi chadupa chachetalyi. I'll split this bamboo into thin bamboo splits. chache vt. to break something by stepping on it; to crush something with the feet. Siika glass plate simi chachetalyi. I'll crush this glass plate with my feet. chachin 1. vi. to know how to move up (to somewhere). 2. vt. to know how to climb (a tree, a mountain, etc.). chachin vt. to know how to split a bamboo or cane section into thin strips. chadin vt. to walk with heavy steps by producing a loud sound; to step or tread heavily. Myopii mi uropa chadin'yo. Don't tread heavily on the floor. Ant: yorha. Ziro chagya lenda ho kapasiisa. Let's meet at Ziro road entry point. Si school chagya ke. This is the entrance of the school (i.e. the point from which the school can be reached).

	chajo-chajo 1. vi. to move up/northward without interruption, in an unbroken stream. 2. vt. to
	climb	without	interruption,	in	an	unbroken	stream.

chabo vi. to step across. No labi dalyi ho chaboto. Please move towards the right. chabya vt. to step on something hot and get burnt. Ali mi yamu chabyasiite. I got my leg burnt from stepping on the fire. chabya harniin n. landslide; mudslide; earthfall. chache vt. chadin vi. to move up or climb intentionally. chadin vi. to step intentionally. Chobing ngiika ali mi chadinpa chajebiine. Chobing intentionally stepped on my leg. chadin vi. 1. (of a plural subject) to come up together at a point; to go [up] and gather somewhere. Kanno niinyi so Ziro chadinsiito. Laling and Kanno, you go and meet each other at Ziro! 2. to bring up two or more things together. Siika yalan anye mi chadinsiito pe. Bring these two stones together [for me]! chadu n. time for moving up or northward/climbing/rising. Danyi chadu. Moment of the sunrise. chadu vt. to damage or destroy something by stepping on it. Tamo ngiika box mi chadubiine. Tamo broke my box (by stepping on it). chage vi. to step on something and get it sticked to the sole of the foot. No bubble gum mi chagegiido. You got a bubble gum stuck under your foot. chagii 1. vi. to take someone along with oneself to move up/northward. 2. vt. to take someone as partner to climb. chago 1. vi. to move up/northward first (overtaking or excluding others). 2. vt. to climb first. chago vi. to miss someone or something while going up or climbing. Ngo Yampi ka ude ho chagobiiduku. I missed Yampi's house (i.e. I already moved ahead of it). chagya n. entrance; point of entry; threshold. Etym: from *cha, 'to step', *agya, 'entrance'. chagya 1. vi. to move up/northward in a wrong manner. 2. vt. to climb in a wrong manner. chaha vi. to step in or into something. Loder ka chakor ho chahato. Step into Loder's footsteps! chahi adj. miser. Var: chayi. Ant: kobya. chahipa adv. selfishly. Var: chayipa. chahii-chakhe vt. to move something out of its place by stepping. chaje vt. to tread on/upon something; to step on something. Ate, no ngiika ali mi chajebiido. Brother, you are stepping on my foot! Syn: chaje-chaye. chakor n. footstep. Loder ka chakor ho chahato. Step into Loder's footsteps! Syn: ali chakor. chakur 1. vi. to move back in an upward or northward direction. 2. vt. to climb back. chala adj. good/skilled at climbing (a tree, a mountain, etc.). chala adj. able to move up or climb. Tamo santu chalakendo. Tamo can climb trees. Syn: chalaken. chale adj. 1. miserly. 2. selfish. chalo vt. to push something down with the help of one's leg or foot. chalya vi. (by sun) to rise. Arda danyi hii moka chalyanii time ho chakindo ke. Tomorrow the sun will rise at its right time. chalya ho adv. at sun rise. Konda ngiinyi danyi chalya ho kapasiisa. Let's meet tomorrow morning at sunrise. chalya vi. to grow temporarily or seasonally. Siika tami si daru ho chalyaniipa chasudu. These weeds grow during the summer season. chalyanii n. 1. one who rises (unspecified). 2. (in a nominal, adjectival or relative phrase/clause) who rises; that rises; rising. danyi chalyanii n. sunrise. chambyo n. war. Syn: gyambo. chamii vt. to crush something by walking on it. Syn. chamii-chaka.

chan-[´tɕã] class. pot; pan. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for pots, pans, saucepans and other containers for cooking.

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

,10 pot(s), pan(s)/container(s) for cooking. Etym: from *piichan, 'pot'.

  To cut/strike with a machete or sword so as to divide something. cheda part. almost. Cheda koda goal sanii. It was almost a goal. chega vt. to argue or quarrel a lot; to argue/quarrel too much. Inka mihi milo nyi aya chegasiido ke. This couple is very quarrelsome. chega vt. to cut well/fast, as of a pair of scissors. Scissors si ano chagado. These scissors cut well. Nominalizer forming a noun describing a half, or a part from a whole obtained as the result of the action indicated by the verb. Pachehe. Half/part of something that has been cut with a machete or sword. chekha vt. to cut wrongly/badly, as with scissors.

	chi vt. to claim ownership. China Arunachal Pradesh mi chibiilado. China is claiming ownership
	over Arunachal Pradesh. Pakistan hii Kashmir mi molukii la chido. Pakistan is claiming Kashmir as
	its land.

chapo vt. to go somewhere or climb something by crossing something on the way (without touching it).

char vt-r. to boil a liquid, esp. water. Sa charto. Make some tea! See: khii. chala adj. good/skilled at making some infused beverage.

Sa

charladu ha? Are you good at making tea? charkur See: charti. charkhii vt. to boil something completely. charo adj. (of a plate-shaped object) big; large. charti vt-r. to boil again; to re-boil. Syn: charkur. chasu 1. vi. to move up/northward by oneself. Mo chasu ha? Iin, mo chasu. Did he/she come up? Yes he/she came up. 2. vt. to climb by oneself. Mo inkiiso ato chasutalyi. He/she will climb there himself/herself. chata vt. to step on something. No pulye mi chatabiido. You stepped on the cloth. Ngo ipa chatagiido. I stepped in some animal excrements. chatu 1. vi. to move up/northward for the first time. Ngo Itanagar dudu. Ziro chatupa chadu. I live in Itanagar. I come to Ziro for the first time. 2. vt. to climb for the first time. chayin-doyin n. autumn. chayiniin n. miserliness. chayi See: chahi. chayin 1. vi. (of a plural subject) to move up/northward together. 2. vt. to climb together. Var: chahin. chayipa See: chahipa. chayu v. to prick/puncture underneath one's foot.

che [tɕe] vt-r. to argue; to defend one's idea. Court ho lawyer atan chesudo. The lawyers are arguing [cases] in court. che [tɕe:] vt-r. to cut with scissors. Paper mi scissors lo cheto. Cut paper with scissors! che [tɕe:] vt-r. to press or squeeze something from two sides; to sandwich. Sulu arpii mi chedinsiito. Squeeze the fence between two bamboo halves set horizontally! che n:qual. some; few; a little. Gramm: qualifying noun following another noun. Syn: ichuche. Ngiimi apin chehe bipe. Give me some rice! che ter advphr. even a little. Syn: che tare.

-che vsuff. part; half. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the action of the verb results in a division into two halves (as when a bamboo section is split lenghtwise in two down the middle), or into several parts. Pache.

chehe n:qual. some; a few; a little of. Ngiimi apin chehe bipe. Give me some rice. Syn: iche.

-chehe vsuff. part; half. Gramm: chekha vt-r. to press or squeeze something from two sides wrongly. chekhii vt. to kill by squeezing in between two objects. chekho vt. to disagree; to differ; to disaprove; to be at variance with; to contradict. chen-class. bundle; heap. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for bundles or heaps of flat objects. chennge, chennye, chenhinnge, chenpe, chenngohe, chenkhe, chenkanuhe, chenpinye, chenkoahe, chenlyanhe 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 10 bundle(s) of flat objects. chenkho n. scab (on a wound). Syn: une chenkho. chenne pron. (of bundles/heaps of flat objects) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used to inquire about a countable number of items in a collection. chennyo class. (of a bundle/heap of flat objects) small. Ant: chenro. chenro class. (of a bundle/heap of flat objects) big. Ant: chennyo. chensa n:qual. (of two or more bundles/heaps of flats objects) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun.

-cher vsuff. with discernment. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the action identified by the verb is carried out in a careful, thoughtful, and discerning way. chesu vt. (of a plural subject) to quarrel; to fight by arguing, as within family members or close neighbours. Var: chesii.

Syn. chesu-resu.

cheter vt. to defend oneself verbally against someone. Mihi si milomi chetersiido. The wife is defending herself against her husband.

chi [tɕi ]

ʔ vt-r. to cast/throw

(spear, sticks, etc.)

. See: ri.

chi [tɕi:

] vi-r. to move very fast in water on in air, as of a fish, vehicle, airplane, etc. Yasi ho ngiiyi chido. The fish is swimming in water. Airplane si ano nyibyapa chilado. The airplane is moving very fast through the air.

chi vi-r. to hide oneself.

chi vt-r. to bite, as of an animal. chi vt-r. to catch someone by holding his body by both hands. Diipyo hargiilyi ke, chituto. The thief is running away, catch him! Syn: chitu. chi [´tɕi] vi-r. to become extinct. -chi vsuff. shall [do] surely. Gramm: irrealis modality suffix attached to monosyllabic verb roots, used as non proximal future marker, first person singular. Gives a sense that the event or state is almost certain to happen or occur. See: -tachi; -lyi; -kin. Ngo Bank Tinali linchi. I will go to Bank Tinali. See: -talyi; -kin; -ken. chiba n. small basket mainly used to carry meals during jungles trips, hunting expeditions or outings.

  Gramm: irrealis modality suffix attached to monosyllabic verb roots, used as proximal future marker, first person singular. Gives a sense that the event or state is about to happen or occur. Ngo Delhi hokii ude achiku. I will go home from Delhi. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject has some knowledge of the action indicated by the verb, or recognize the object through the action indicated by the verb. Kachin. To recognize something or someone (by seeing it/him). Etym: from *chin, 'to know'. to catch someone by holding his body by both hands. Diipyo hargiilyi ke, chituto. The thief is running away, catch him! chitu vt-r. to pull something to pieces with one's teeth (by animals or humans). Tano simi chituto. Cut this thread with your teeth! cho part. emphatic marker. A. No mo anyi mi kaladu ha? B: Kaladu cho.

chiga vt. to bite a lot. Ii'nga si ano ahi lo chigadu ka. The baby bites a lot. chiga See: achi-chiga. chige vt. to bite and hold something in one's mouth. Ngiika ala mi aki chigebiido ke. A dog has bitten my hand. Ant: chikha. chigone vt. to cause annoyance or irritate intentionally. chigu n. (of a river, stream or brook) source. chiju n. (of a fish) swimming type or style. chikan part. similar to; -like. Gramm: post-nominal semblative particle used to refer to things which are of the same sort or type as the marked noun. Diiro chikan Medicine-like. Syn: katu. chikha vt. to miss a target one is throwing at.

chikha vt. to fail to bite something; to bite something and fail to hold it. Ngiika ala mi aki chiikhabiine. The dog failed to bite my hand. Ant: chige. chikhii-chikho n. (Zool.) Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus), a bird species. See: palyan chikho 1. adj. clever; smart (usually referring to a person's way of speaking

). Lampung hime chikho kone. Lampung is a clever boy. Syn: chibyi; chikhomiiro. See: chorke; chorkii 2. brave. Syn: haro. chikhoja adj. 1. smartest. 2. bravest. chikhopa adv. 1. smartly. 2. bravely. chikhoya adj. 1. smarter. 2. braver. chikhoniin n. 1. smartness. 2. bravery. Syn: haroniin. -chiku vsuff. shall [do] now/in an instant. chilo vt. to throw down. Richo adan mi akan dalyi ho chilibiine. Richo threw his spear downward. chilo vt. to hunt down, as of an animal. Hogya si siidin dore chilobiine. The leopard has hunted down a deer. chilyu n. (Zool.) Little forktail (Enicurus scouleri), a small-sized black and white passerine bird. See: turli . chimi adj. 1. silent; peaceful; noiseless; quiet. 2. patient. Syn: chimi chomyo. chimin adj. modest; humble. chimin vt. to throw as play or leisure. Hime atan paper aeroplanes mi chiminlado. Children are playing with paper airplanes. chimin vt. to bite into something as play or pastime. Aki toy mi chiminlado. The dog plays biting a toy. chimii vt. to tear in pieces with teeth. Syn: chimi-chija. Aki si pulye mi chimii-chijabiine. The dog has torn the cloth in pieces. chimpyo adj. easy to know or understand. chin [`tɕi] vt-r. to know. No niitampa chindu? How do you know [it]? Chindu ha, inka balu si nunukii? Do you know that garden is yours? No ngiimi ka chindu ha? Do you know/recognize me? chin [tɕi] vt-r. to weave. Mo pulye mi chinjatiiku. She has finished to weave the shawl. -chin vsuff. know how [to do]. chingii vt. 1. to learn from someone; to get to know something from someone. 2. to teach someone something. chingyan n. loop of plaited cane used to fix the upper end of a handloom, usually to some chiru adj. difficult to throw. Ant: chiru. chiru adj. difficult to bite. Ant: chiru. chipyo adj. difficult to catch by both hands. Ant: chiru. chiru See: achi-chiru. chite vt. to knock something down by throwing something at it. chitu vt-r. A: Do you know both of them? B: Of course I do. No, VKV ho masii ha, purido nii ? Do you study in VKV school? Iin, hiila cho. Yes I do. Ngo Taser cho. I am Taser (i.e. emphasizing that I am no one else than Taser). Paro hii piita cho. Hens are birds (i.e. not any other animal). Ngo niimi luto ha cho? Did I tell you? (i.e. don't you remember?). Ngo Tanii abu luchinmasu hojalo lukasiidu cho ah. I myself don't know much Apatani but I try to speak, ok? A: Inka jiji coat giiniibo si Oman aba masii ha? B: Iin, hiila cho. A: Isn't that man who is wearing a blue coat Oman's father? B: Yes he is. Yasan do cho. Firewood is available (for sure).

cho vi-r. 1. to limp; to hop on one leg. 2. to rebound, as of a ball or some elastic material; to pop. chobya vi. to pop out and burn something. Yamu miiri cholin la chobyabiine. I got burnt from the embers that popped out of the fire.

choga-choga adv. waddlingly. choga-choga in vca. to walk with a waddling or swaying gait.

  Gramm: contrastive particle following a noun or suffixing a verb, contrasting the information either with some preceding statement or with some implicit referent. No indahe. You go! (i.e. only you, not me). Ngiika oho hii, abi-tarii atan mi school indu pa riilaku lala, siisi intekuma luda. My child, after buying clothes to go to school, has now refused to go. Tiiko innaniipahe kontii bida. Give just enough money for the journey (i.e. don't give more). to live in the manner of. Noka Richo ayadachan ho datotiika. Try to live life the right way as Richo! Noka mingodachan ho datotiika. Try to live as rich people do! -dadiima [dadima] vsuff. I am sure that; I swear that. Gramm: assurance suffix marking information as something that the speaker wishes to inform the addressee he is sure of. A: Ngo biilyo school amato. B: No adadiima. A: I did not come to school yesterday. B: I swear you did. No diidadiima. I swear you eat. dado [dado] part. adverbializer. Gramm: particle following adjectives and certain nouns, used to form adverbs. Alun dado siitii dore harhalyi mi. Suddenly an elephant ran in. Mo kolyun-kochun dado duane. He/she sat down in an imbalanced way. Sarii ngiimi hiinyan mohi dadopa gada. The Teacher scolded me in such a way that I felt ashamed. Yana tabu-taru dado nyimo ho powder negiitolado. Yana rubbed some powder on her face that made her skin appear somewhat grainy.

Table daka apin diira paku mi lachunto. Hide the dirty plates (which are) over the table! Etym: from *achun, 'to hide'. chunyi n. (Zool.) beetle, in general. ipa chunyi n. (Zool.) Dung beetle . D-d da/-da part./vsuff. as for; however. da-[da:] class. foot step; pace. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for paces, i.e. steps taken as a measuring unit. daye/dahe, danye, dahinnge, dape, da'ngohe, dakhe, dakanuhe, dapinye, dakoahe, dalyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 step(s)/pace(s). da [da] cop. to be; to exist. Gramm: existential verb, referent standing. Si subu da. Here is a mithun. Ant: nyima. da [´da] vi-r. 1. to stand; to be in an upright posture. Nobin, Tamo hata hii da. Nobin stands in front of Tamo. 2. vi-r. to live; to reside. Ngiiyi hii yasi ho dadu. Fishes live in water. Mo ngiimi noho dadu, nii miidu, hiila takane. He/she asked me where I am now, what I am doing and all. da [da:] vi-r. to step; to walk; to stride across. da See: dar. -da [da] vsuff. 1. correctly. 2. opportunely. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject carries out the action indicated by the verb in a correct or opportune manner. Opi alan landadoku. Opi can hold her head up [i.e. as a baby, she has strengthened her neck muscles enough to hold her head up]. Ant: -mur. -da [da] adjsuff. adverbializer. Gramm: final particle attached to time nouns or time adjectives to form sequential adverbs. May suffix the negative form of the adjective. Apin miiyo, piijoda ngunu restaurant ho diitesa. Don't cook meal, later on we shall eat out at a restaurant. No ayumada Itanagar tone pe la hento nii, hiira tochinkiilyi po? I guess you have been to Itanagar recently, are you going again? daba vi. (of a plural subject) to stand together; to be standing together. daba vi. (of a plural subject) to step/walk together. Niika subu donyeru dabasiida. Your two mithuns are walking together. dabo vi. to step or walk along with someone. dabo vi. to step or walk across something. dabomon vi. to step or walk across something along with someone. Ngo niika agin ho dabomonchi. I will go across with you. dacha vi. to step up. dacha See: darcha. dachan [da:tɕã] n. 1. iron. 2. (in a wider sense) metal, in general. dachan muku sudu n. metallic smoking pipe. dachan piilo [da:chã pi´lo] n. crowbar. dachan yakho n. slim iron stick, a common tool used by Apatani blacksmiths. dachan ho da vca. Hapoli so miyu giije-giije dado daye. There was a huge number of people in Hapoli. Aro konchi dado jimi-jamadorampa ngo aji inchi. I shall go to paddy fields at early morning (i.e. when the morning haze is still low on the horizons). See: -da. dagur vt. to guard. dagya vi. to stay or stand at the wrong place. daha vi. to step in. Yampi, so ude ho oye dahato. Yampi, step into the house! daha-daba vi. (of a plural subject) to step in together. Niika subu donyeru daha-dabasiida. Your two mithuns are stepping in together. dahi vi. to step aside, e.g. as to vacate a place. Var: dayi.

daru piilo. Ant: dorii; dorii piilo. daru adj

  n:num. (of a funnel-shaped material used for filtering beer) one. O darro darre miito. Prepare one big *sader of beer! darro adj. (of a funnel-shaped material used for filtering beer) big. O darro dare miito. Prepare one big *sader of beer! Ant: darnyo. dartu vi. to break. daru n. summer; hot season. Daru anyan ho. In summer. Syn: . difficult/unpleasant to stay or stand. Ant: dapyo. daru adj. difficult/unpleasant to beat with a stick or a tool. Ant: dapyo.daryi vi. to fall (as of a tree, pole, etc.). Inka sanii si daryilado. That tree is falling. Syn: dangi.

daro [da:ro:] adj. big, as of a step. Ant: danyo. darre dasa vi. to stand/stay at distance; to stay away. daser adj. free; without burden (staying away from causes). Syn: henser. dasu [´dasu] vi. 1. to stand by oneself (without someone to support). 2. to stay by oneself (without help from others). Var: dasii. datna n. bottle cap. From: Hindi 'dakan'. Syn: lapin-nanii; latin-nanii.

daye [da:je] n. one pace, construed as the distance from where one foot is set down to where the other is set down. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *dakun is used in place of *daye. Var: dae; dahe. daye [daje] cop. was/were. Gramm: perfective copula or existential verb, referent standing. Hapoli so miyu giije-giije dado daye. There was a huge number of people in Hapoli. Var: dae. dayi v. to step down. Var:

dahi. dayi-damo vi

  . to stay away from something. dayin vi. 1. (of a plural subject) to stand or stay together. 2. (of a plural subject) to stand or stay at the same time. Var: dahin. de [de] vt-r. to crack.de vt-r. 1. to construct a fence by binding tree or bamboo trunks together. Narun detesa. Let's go and bind the fence. 2. to bind the rim of a basket.-de [de] vsuff. nearby. Gramm: directional suffix indicating that the action of the verb is directed near or nearby the speaker. So adeto. Come close here!

-de...-

de vsuff.

[do] again and again; keep

[do]

ing. Gramm: iterative aspectual suffix indicating that the action identified by the verb is repeated over and over. dedemiire adj. chubby, as of a child; chunky; plump. dego n. crack; chink, as in the bund of a paddy field. dekin [de´ki] n. clay. dekin piichan n. clay pot . delo n. frame that is added to a basket during the manufacturing process to support it. delo deniin n. binding of a frame and rim on a basket. delyan riichi n. bell. dema [´de´ma] adj. naughty; disobedient. No hime dema! You are a bad boy/girl! demanii n. 1. the naughty one; (he) who is naughty (unspecified). 2. (in a nominal or relative phrase/clause) naughty; disobedient. Ant: denki. dema denjo n. outcome for being naugthy. Dema denjoko pa mo miinekobiine. He/she was beaten for being naughty. dema miyu nphr. 1. evil-minded person. 2. criminal. dema-roma n. criminal; bandit; lout; hoodlum. dempyo n. (Zool.) mouse. denge n. (of infants) hair of the head. denge redu vcn. ceremony during which a newborn's head is partially shaved. denii [deni] n. fencing. Narun denii. Fence binding. denki [´dẽ´ki] adj. 1. obedient. Hime denki. Obedient child. 2. sincere. Denkisa. Let's be sincere! Var: dinki. Usage: Hija. Ant: dema. denkija adj. most obedient; most sincere. denkiniin n. docility; sincerity. denkipa adv. obediently; sincerely. denkiya adj. more obedient/sincere. -der [dər] vsuff. make clear. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is made clear, or become clear, or easier to understand as a result of the action denoted by the verb. Luder. To make something clear by telling or explaining. Kader. To recognize or identify something by looking at it. -derlama [derla:ma] cannot make clear. Gramm: result suffix combination usually occuring on verbs of perception or comprehension, indicating a wrong perception by the subject. Ngo taderlama. I can't understand/I can't hear properly. Ngo kaderlama. I can't see properly. di vt-r. to detach; to peel. di [´di] vt-r. to plant (in soil). Syn: dilii. dibii narun n. fence; barricade. See: narun. dibii rungo n. nearby forest, mainly comprised of bamboo (*bije) and pine groves. (*sansun). Encycl: the demarcation of those areas is made by digging trenches that also prevent mithuns from entering. dibu n. (Agr.) fertile soil. Syn: kiidi-dibu. dibur n. (Zool.) mole cricket. Syn: kiidi-dibur. dichan n. soil. Sii dichan bedo. The cow is scratching at the ground. dider adj. fluent, as of a speech; articulate. didu See: dije. digo n. 1. occupation; work. 2. purpose. -din vsuff. sound; noise. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the action identified by he verb produces an audible sound or noise. -din...pi See: -din. dinche vt. to break by hitting (esp. disc-like objects). Syn: dimpur. dinchi See: dinchu. dinchu n. metal chain used to tie male hair knots (*piidin) on the forehead. Var: dinchi. Usage: Hong. Syn: dinpin. dingyan n. 1. supporting post of a fence (of bamboo or wood) which is stuck vertically into the ground. 2. boundary marker. dingyan ajin n. variety of ceremonial friend.

Mummy has gone to collect rice to be unhusked from the granary. See: du. diilo aloniin n. (Agr.) drying of rice grain on sunlight. diilo huniin n

  Gramm: presumptive modal suffix indicating that there is a chance or possibility for the action denoted by the verb to happen.-dii [di] vsuff. shortened. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is shortened as a result of the action identified by the verb. time for eating. Alyin apin diidu doku. It's dinner time. diiga 1. adj. voracious. 2. vt. to eat voraciously. Ngo apin diigamato. I was not a voracious eater/I did not eat voraciously.

	diikha adj. to eat up; to consume food completely. Aki paku mi diikhabiine. The dog has eaten up
	all the rice on the plate (until the very last bite). Aki, paku daka apin mi diikhapabiine. The dog
	completely finished off the rice on the plate.
	diikhin adj. addicted (unable to give up a habit).
	diikhii 1. vt. to kill by eating. Aki mi takhe si diikhiitabiido. The tick is about to kill the dog by
	sucking its blood. Balu ho haman atan mi mubu hii diikhiitabiido. Ashes from hearth are harming
	the vegetables in the garden (lit. 'are about to kill by eating'). 2. vi. to die from ingestion of
	poisonous food.
	diikhii vt. to suppress one's desire to eat; to kill the appetite. Kolo ka hulyi diiniin hii ngiimi
	diikhiibiineku. The lard I ate the day before yesterday suppressed my desire to eat pork anymore. 2.
	to swear not to repeat eating something after having had a bad experience.
	diikhiin vt. to feel dizziness after eating.
	diikho vi. to consume food in an exagerate and wasteful manner. diikho-tankho vi. to become
	poor after spending one's provisions lavishly for enjoyment.
	diikhu n. leftovers of eatables, e.g. some discarded food. Ngo diikhu mi diitema. I won't eat the
	leftovers. Syn: diikhu-tankhu.
	diile n. leftovers of eatables, e.g. leftovers of a meal which can be preserved.
	diilo n. (Agr.) paddy grain meant to be unhusked, which is kept in the sun for drying. Ane nesu ho
	diilo chahane. . (Agr.) 1. paddy husking (i.e.
	removal of the outer cover of grains). 2. pounding of rice grain. Syn:

ditun n. ceremony; ritual. ditun-potun n. collective ceremony; festival. ditun-soniin n. ceremonial procession. diya n. (Agric.) unfertile soil (esp. referring to clayish soil). Syn: kiidi-diya. diyu n. marsh; swamp; marshy land. Var: dihu. dii [´di] vt-r. to eat. apin dii vcn. to have a meal; to eat. Apin diisa kan. Dining table si joto doke. Let's have meal! It's ready on the dining table. dii vr. to react; to respond to a medicine. -dii [di] vsuff. may [do]. diiba vt. (of a plural subject) to eat together. Syn: diiba-diika. Ngo diipyo ako mi diibadiikasiinando. I want to eat some nice food [along with others]. diiber vt. to eat too much of something and have one's body reacting badly later on. Usage: always used for making negative remarks. diibi vt. to eat on someone else's behalf. diibi vt. to eat with pleasure. diibi vt. to eat in a wasteful manner. diibin vt. (of a plural subject) to eat together. diibo n. collective name for those claiming descent from the ancestor Tasso Darbo. Encycl: Mudang Tage, Bamin-Michi and Dutta villages belong to the same *diibo. diibo vt. to eat along with others. diibun adj. greedy for food; gluttonous; voracious. diibun-tanbun n. greedy for food and drink; gluttonous. diibyan adj. sufficient, as of food. Syn: diibyan-tanbyan. diibyan vt. to eat some more (in addition to something already eaten). Niika ahu mi diibyan diitinsiidupa apin abuje diito. Eat more food to make your body healthy. diibyoho vt. to eat/have a meal as formal ending of certain rituals such as *uyi anyo. diicher adj. selective or discriminating with food; choosy about food. Usage: Bulla. Var: diichi. Usage: Hija. diicher-tancher adj. choosy about food and drink. Usage: Bulla. Var: diichitanchi. Usage: Hija. diiche vt. to share/divide food. diiche-tanche vt. to share/divide provisions. diichi See: diicher. diichi-tanchi See: diicher-tancher. diichin vt. to know how to eat. diide vt. to eat until sated; to satisfy fully one's hunger; to eat one's fill. diidii 1. n. poisonous food. 2. adj. poisonous to eat. Diidii tayin. Poisonous mushroom. diidii giinii n. 1. poisoner; poisonous agent. 2. (in a nominal, adjectival or relative phrase/clause) poisonous. diidin vt. to eat intentionally.

diidu n. diigo 1. n. food; provisions; eatables; food or meal to be eaten. No alyi mi diigo hoto ha? Did you give food to the pigs? Diigo diila la miyu sandu. Humans live on food. Ngo diigo diimarampa achi. I will come before the meal. Ngo diigo diissaniin mi ahiitoku. I have forgotten to eat the meal/I have forgotten the food. Syn: apin diigo. 2. one's turn to eat. 3. (of some food) someone's share. diigotango n. 1. food (in general). 2. food and drink. Ngunupa diigo-tango iche mebii. Arrange some food and drink for us. Diipyo-tansonan ela, hangii diigo-tango nyima sii ha? I feel like eating something, have you got something to eat? Diigo-tango miiju-miimyonii. Preparation of food and drink items, esp. before the commencement of festivities. diigo vt. 1. to eat first (overtaking or excluding others). 2. to eat on turn; to eat one's share. diigodiilo vt. to compete to finish the food. diigojapa dii vca. to be the earliest to eat (before all others). diigo vt. to leave out something while eating; to leave something uneaten. diigo-diilo vi. to compete to finish the food. diiha-diika adj. unpleasant to eat. Ant: diipyo. diihi-diimi adj. choosy about food. diihin See: diiyin. diihi-tanhi adj. choosy about food and drink. diiho-luho vt. to offend. diija vt. to finish eating. diijo n. reward or benefit of eating. diijo vt. to keep eating as one moves. diijo-diimyo vt. to eat frugally. diika vt. (of food) to try; to have a taste; to eat as a test or trial. diikan vt. to eat for a long time or beyond the allotted time. diiko n. place for eating; dining room; kitchen. diiko-lupe v. to meddle. Usage: Bulla. diikun vt. (of a plural subject) to eat collectively, to eat together. diikun-tankun vt. to have/enjoy a meal together.

du huniin. diilyi-diilo adj

  . (of a scene) grand/beautiful.

	diilyo vt. to eat in an improper way.
	diilii kiiche n. bamboo cup traditionally used as a unit for measuring quantities of rice and
	millet. Syn: kiiche.
	diilyan paku n. (Zool.) Mountain Imperial Pigeon (Ducula badia)	.

-diima [dima] vsuff.

1. may not [do]

. Gramm: presumptive modal suffix combination indicating that there is a chance or possibility for the action denoted by the verb not to happen. 2. would not

[do]

. Ngo no tii koda, siilo school indiima. If I were you, I wouldn't go to school today.

diima-hama adj. dishonest. diima-hama miiniin nphr

  . 1. dishonest act. 2. ritual performed by the priest on the fourth day of *Myoko consisting of throwing a split *tajer. Syn:

tajer chiniin. -diimane [dimane

  ] vsuff. 1. may not have[done]. Gramm: presumptive modal suffix combination indicating that there is a chance or possibility that the action denoted by the verb did not happen. 2. would not have[done]. n. thing that is not to be eaten; thing that one should not eat.

	diimanii 1. n. one who does not eat (unspecified). 2. adj. (in a nominal or relatived phrase/clause)
	non edible; non comestible.
	diimaniin [´dimani] n. non edible thing; non comestible thing.

diimasanii

Syn: disamanii/diisiimanii. diime n. famine. diimin vt. to eat something to pass time. diimo vt. to stop eating. diinan-tanannii n

. food; cuisine. dii'ngo n. food leftover, e.g. leftovers of a meal. Syn:

diingo-ta'ngo. dii'ngo

n. to stop eating. diinii [´dini] n. 1. eater; one who eats (non specified). 2. (in a nominal or nominal phrase/clause) who eat(s); that eat(s). Ngiila atan hii, achu-amyo atu atan diinii piita. Owls are birds that eat small animals. diinii-barnii n. term of reference describing the wives of the male members of a given patrikin or clan. diinii palyo n. ritual element of sacrificial altars. See: palyo . diiniin [´dini] n. 1. food; eating; consumption. 2.

act or state of eating. ahi diiniin n. formal distribution and consumption of the blood of the sacrificied pig by clan members during *Myoko. diiniin-tanniin n. provisions; sustenance; food and drink. diinyo-miinyo vt. to practise. diipa n

  . part of the marriage ceremony, a symbolic reciprocation made by the bride's family for the bride price (*ari) previously received from the groom's family. Syn:

diipa ari.

	atan so linto. Those who have taken their meal, come here.
	diipyo [´diprjo] vt. to eat something for refreshment. Syn:
	diipa vt. to eat away. Ayu ho ingo-miigo asubo hii diigo-tango diipamane. In olden days, those
	who were lazy at work were deprived of food.
	diipu vt. to eat something by mistake or inadvertently.
	diipyo [´dipjo] 1. adj. (of food) tasty; delicious to eat. Diipyodo ka ah. It tastes good, doesn't it?
	Diipyo kapa ela! It looks appetizing! Ant: diiha-diikha. 2. n. pleasant food; tasty food. Ngo diipyo
	ako mi diiba-diikasiinan do. I want to eat some nice food [along with others].
	diipyo [´di´pjo:] vt. to eat first; to eat before anyone else does. Diipyosa! Let's eat first! Diipyonii

diipyo-diiso. diipyo-nanii n

  . food like pickle, salad, *pike-pila, betel nut etc. taken to refresh ones mouth. Agun diipyo-nanii pa nimbu pere bipe. Give me a slice of lemon to refresh my mouth.

	diipyo [di´pjo:] 1. vt. to steal. 2. n. thief. Diipyo hargiilyi ke, chituto. The thief is going to run
	away, catch him! diipyo-ipo n. illicit act. diipyo-nanii n. instrument, tool used for commiting
	theft or burglary. diipyonii n. 1. one who steals (unspecified); thief, burglar. 2. (in a nominal or
	relative phrase/clause) who steal(s).
	diipyo ahi n. (Anat.) canine tooth. See: hipya; hiran.
	diipyo-tanso 1. n. food or spices taken along with beer. 2. to eat diipyo-tansonan vi. to feel like
	eating something; to be feeling hungry. Diipiyo-tansonan ela, hangii diigo-tango nyima sii ha? I feel
	like eating something-have you got something to eat?
	diira vt. to eat up; to finish one's food; to eat all of one's food. Table daka apin diira paku mi
	lachunto. Hide the dirty plates that are on the table!
	diirada adv. next year.
	diira-lonyan n:time in coming years, in future.

diiri subu paniin n

  . sacrifice of a mithun in the name of *Danyi-Piilo, one major event of Dree festival. aler diiri n. ornaments, in general.

	diiri vt. to begin to eat.
	diirii adj. delayed; late. Syn: diirii lolyan.
	diiro n. medicine. Diiro miima siijalopa, ngiika une henpyoyama. My wound is not healing even
	after applying medicine. Ngiika adin achi mi diiro diitinsiitii. I ate some medicine to stop my
	headache. Syn:

diiro-yasi. diiro See: diibyoho. diiru adj

  . difficult or unpleasant to eat. Ant:

diipyo. diisii 1

  . adj. edible. 2. adj. suitable for use as food. 3. n. eatables. Syn:

diisii-tansii. diisaniin n

  . 1. substance that is being eaten; food; eatables. 2. substance that can be used as food. Syn: diisiiniin. Usage: Bulla. Ngo diigo diisiiniin mi ahiitoku. I have forgotten to eat the meal/I have forgotten the food. diisamanii [´disimani] n. thing not to be eaten; thing that one should not eat.diite vt. to go and eat; to eat out. Apin miiyo, piijoda ngunu restaurant ho diitesa. Don't cook meal, later on we shall eat out at a restaurant. diitin vt. to eat something so as to stop or block something, e.g. a disease. Ngiika adin achi mi diiro diitinsiitii. I ate some medicine to stop my headache. Niika ahu mi diibyan diitinsiidupa apin abuje diito. Eat more food to make your body healthy.

	diitii vt. to finish a meal.
	diitun n. dose. Diitun ronnge, ronye, rohin. One, two, three dose(s).

diiya v. to clash over eating something. diiyin vt. (of a plural subject) to eat together. Var: diihin. do [do:] cop. 1. to be; to exist; to be available; to lie. Gramm: existential verb, referent lying

  . Usage: elements of landscape (forest, mountain, river), houses, buildings, furniture and objects in general are conceptualised as being in a lying posture. Intosi putu puro puye do. There is/lies one big mountain. San ude ho do. A table lies in the house/there is a table in the house. Intoso ngiika ude do. My house lies there. Hong, Bulla nyika liipa ho Hari lemba do. Hari village is located between Hong and Bulla. Alyi hetenii sanii atan si giyo-gichi gila donyado. The trees which have been uprooted by the wind lie around haphazardly on the ground. Gramm: perfective aspectual suffix indicating that the action of the verb has just been completed or has been completed recently. Obin ludo mo ami riibitalyi la. Obin said that he would buy a cat. See:

	Ant: nyima. 2. to be in a lying
	posture; to lie down.
	-do [do:] vsuff. 1. [do]. Gramm: aspectual suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is
	currently unfolding. Usually translates the English Present Simple. 2. be [do]ing. Gramm:
	imperfective aspectual suffix, indicating that the action of the verb is ongoing. Usually translates
	English Present Continuous. 3. [did] (proximal past).

-du. dobo vi. to lie down with someone. dodin-dolo n. world. Syn: doha-dolo. dodu 1

  . n. drop. 2. vi. to leak.

	doe See: doye
	dogin vt. to obstruct smooth sleeping and cause discomfort. Siika marble si dogin gii ha byo ha. I
	can't sleep with this marble (in my pocket)!
	dogii vt. to allow someone to lay/sleep with oneself.
	dogyo vi. (of a plural subject) to lie together. Aki nyimi alyi nyimi dogyosiikiinento. Let the dog lie
	with the pig.

dogyo-doyi adv

  . randomly mixed up. Kheta atan si dogyo-dolyi dotokula, History kheta mi mepakuma. I could not find the History book as books are randomly mixed up.

doha n. world. Syn: doha-dolo; dodin-dolo. doha liipa n

  . 1. middle of the world. 2. central area in a traditional Apatani house.

doha liipa ho advphr. everywhere. doji ropo n

  . (Zool.) Asian Fairy Bluebird (Irena puella), a medium-sized passerine bird having the upper plumage shining ultra-marine blue .

doku n. variety of necklace worn by women. dokun n. meeting. dokho achan n. sacrificial altar of the house .

doli n. fever; sickness. doli achi vcn. to be feverish. Ngo biilyo doli achiladoto, hiika hopa school amato. Yesterday I

was having fever so I didn't come to school. doli sarin n. fever; disease; ailment. dolya n. lightning. Yapun ho dolya byone. There were flashes of lightning in the sky. dolya n. to stay (in a lying posture) or lie for a while; to wait (in a lying posture); to lie temporarily.

  Gari domone. The vehicle stopped. No bus jalo tempo latulakindo. Hiika atan inka arun so domodu. You can take a bus or a tempo. They stop over here. Car hii market agya si domoto la do. The car is parked just in front of the entrance of the market. Syn:

	dolyan vi. to change one's position when lying or sleeping.
	dolyan riichan n. priestly bell used in rituals. dolyan tachan n. (Zool.) swift.
	dolyu vi. to become lost or forgotten. Pagi hii dolyulama. A debt cannot be forgotten.
	domin adj. cloudy; rainy. Ant: donge. domin-donge n. fatigue, tiredness or pain, esp. due to
	old age.
	domin n. 1. variety of bead. 2. necklace worn by women made of *domin beads.
	domo vi. to stop; to rest.

dumo; hemo. domolya vi

  . to halt; to stop for a while.

	dompo turla n. 1. variety of large sized bamboo mug used during ceremonies. 2. a measure of rice
	collected from *dompo turla.
	domu adj. overcast/cloudy, as of the sky.
	don vt-r. to stitch.
	done cop. was/were. Gramm: perfective copula or existential verb, referent liying. Bazar ho
	haman done. There were vegetables in the market.
	donge adj. sunny. Ant: domin.
	donii [do:ni] 1. n. one who is lying (unspecified); lying person. 2. n. one who exists or is available;
	thing that exists or is available. 3. adj. (in a nominal or relative phrase/clause) existing; available.
	doniibo [do:nibo] n. 1. the one who is lying (specified); the lying person. 2. the one who exists or
	is available.
	donnya n. sunny day.
	dopa n. pebble or stone as element of a children's game that is favoured especially by girls.

kubu dopya. dotin vt

  . to block (a passage, etc.) by laying something. doye cop. was/were. Gramm: perfective copula or existential verb, referent lying. Apin nyimapa yo adin doye. There was no rice, only meat was available.-doye adjsuff. was/were. Gramm: temporal suffix added to adjectives to mark the past tense. Sanii biko-biko ohodoye. The tree was very tall and swaying to the wind. Var: doe.

	doyi vi. to sleep together (usually with one's peer group). doyi ajin n. friends who sleep together.
	Dree See: diiri.
	du [du:] n. (Agr.) rice set apart for pounding.
	du-[du] class. bamboo section used as a receptacle. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing
	numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for utensils such as 1. bamboo mugs. 2.
	steam-cooking pots. 3. storage containers made of bamboo sections. 4. mortars.
	The teacher scolded me in such a way that I felt ashamed. Abu kela la niimi
	henga-henkhadopa miibitama sii ke. I will not trouble you by writing too long. Ngunuka Ziro mi
	kapyodopa busa! Let's keep our Ziro beautiful! Aba ka hadii mi Ane yanudopa lulobiineku. The
	mother calmed down the father's anger. Ngo kabobiikele Tapu mi aladopa kapato. As I looked
	across, I saw Tapu coming. Ngo momi imidopa kapato. I saw him/her sleeping. Syn: -dupa. Ngiika
	oho hii, abi-tarii atan mi school indupa riilaku lala, siisi intekuma luda. My child, after buying
	clothes to go to school, has now refused to go.
	dopii vi. to lie or be lying with heads facing each other, as of two persons sleeping together. See:
	doshi.
	dopun miido n. fine rain taking place in the sunshine; drizzle on a sunny day.

dopya n. jungle rat trap using a stone slab. Syn:

duye, dunye, duhinnge, dupe, du'ngohe, dukhe, dukanuhe, dupinye, dukoahe, dulyanhe

  Gramm: nominalizing suffix to verb roots deriving a noun with the basic meaning 'time for', 'time of' the action indicated by the verb. Aji indu. Time for going to paddy fields (in the morning). Alo apin diidu. Lunch time. Danyi chadu. Sunrise. Danyi adu. Sunset.

	-du vsuff. damaged; destroyed. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is damaged or duhi vt. to vacate a sit.
	destroyed as a result of the action of the verb.
	-du vsuff. time (for). du-class. classifier for bamboo containers for water. Etym: from *sudu, 'bamboo section used as
	container'.
	duba vi. (of a plural subject) to sit together. Niinyi dubasiito. Both of you sit together! duba-
	daba vi. to live together; to stay together.
	duba See: durba.
	dubi vi. to sit on someone else's behalf/to sit for someone. Dukun ho ngo Tallo pa dubite. I sat in
	the meeting for Tallo.
	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 bamboo mug(s)/steam-cooking pot(s)/bamboo tube receptacle(s)/mortars. dubin vi. (of a plural subject) to sit together; to share a seat.
	du [´du:] cop. 1. to be (in a sitting posture); to lie. Gramm: existential verb, referent sitting. dubin See: durbin.
	Usage: plants, esp. those having a straight stem or trunk, are conceptualised as being in a lying posture. Aki hii intosi du. The dog is sitting there. Bachi more ho ahi du. Bachin is a fruit that grows dubo vi. to sit along with others. Ngo, moluka agin ho dubotalyi. I will stay/sit with them.
	in the wild. Ant: nyima. 2. to sit. 3. to stay. ducha vi. 1. to sit at an upper place. 2. to move up to sit.
	du vi-r. (esp. of liquids) to drop. Syn: duyi. ducha vi. to get excited. Syn: sacha.
	du vi-r. (esp. of heart) to beat. duchin vi. to know how to sit. Ii'nga si duchindoku. This baby has learnt how to sit.
	du [du:] vt-r. to offer to sell something; to propose for sale. dudin vi. to sit intentionally.
	du See: dur. dudu vi. to live; to reside. Tanii miyu-lu Ziro ho dudu. Tanii people live in Ziro. Does he live here
	in this colony? Molu nunuka colony ho dududo hiila (ngo) henhankiile. I thought they live in your du part. intensifier. Hiila miitotiika du. Do it like this. colony.
	-du [du:] vsuff. 1. [do]. Gramm: aspectual suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is currently unfolding. Usually translates the English Present Simple. 2. be [do]ing. Gramm: dudunii n. place for living; residence; domicile.
	imperfective aspectual suffix, indicating that the action of the verb is ongoing. Usually translates English Present Continuous. Aba-amanyi aji miidu. Mom and dad are working in the fields. 3. [did] due See: duye
	(proximal past). Gramm: perfective aspectual suffix indicating that the action of the verb has just
	been completed or has been completed recently. More appropriate in the first person. Nunu pa ngo dugin vt. to obstruct smooth sitting and cause discomfort. Wallet si achi dugingiido ke ah. Sitting
	apin miibiidu. I have prepared a meal for you. Ngunu Ziro hokii todu. We came (just now) from Ziro. See: -do. 4. [do] in general, as a habit, as a rule. Gramm: stative aspectual suffix. Marks the with my wallet (in my back pocket) hurts!
	habitual present, used as a general statement to suggest things that occur in the present as habitual events, though not necessarily happening right now. Mo school indu. He/she goes to school (as a dugo-dulyo vi. to sit in a mixed state; to be seated unproperly or uncomfortably.
	regular activity). Tara-lu ka ude ho ano yo khiigadu. There is always some meat being cooked in Tara's home. dugya See: ingya.
	-du [du] vsuff. it seems that; maybe; probably. Gramm: uncertainty suffix indicating that the dugya vi. to sit wrongly.
	speaker is not sure whether the information brought out by him is the case, but guesses or deduces
	it is the case. Typically occurs just before final suffixes *-du and *-do. No rengiidudo. You must be duha vi. 1. to sit (in). 2. to come and sit somewhere. Apin diisa kan. Dining table si joto doke. So
	(feeling) tired. Tarun ka ude si uyi miilado nii, ngoya ako hachedudo. A ritual is being performed at duhato. Let's have meal! It's ready on the dining table. Come sit here!
	Tarun's house, I guess there is some trouble there.

duhi tobacco. Syn: muku. duhi yachu n

  . tobacco box, esp. kept by women. duhu vt. (Agr.) to husk paddy. Niika oho hunyi ngo duhula datone abiikukiile. Your son came into the house while I was husking paddy. duhu-hunyi n. (Agr.) wooden pestle for grinding rice grain and millet. dui gonchi n. (Zool.) variety of dragonfly with a characteristic black stripe. Usage: Hari. Var:

dui konchi; kiimer yapo. Usage: Hija . dujo n

  . commission paid to a mediator (*kiri dun; *kiri in) in a trade deal. Syn:

dujo mudu. See: kiri dun. dukan n

  . shop; store. From: Hindi. Nii dukan hokii no papu riibii? From which shop did you buy eggs? dukan ato n. shopkeeper.duko n. 1. place (for sitting). Kone abi ato-ato duko ho duto! Everybody sit in your own place! Noho moluka duko do? Where is their sitting place? 2. place for staying; accomodation. Molupa duko mebitii ha? Have you arranged accomodation for them? duko-dako n. accomodation; place for staying.

	duko See: durko.
	dukun n:num. (of bamboo section used as a receptacle) one. Gramm: when enumerating only, i.e.
	without referring to a particular object, as in school or in a list. When referring to one object in
	particular, *duye is used in place of *dukun.
	dukun 1. vi. (of a plural subject) to sit collectively; to sit together. 2. vi. to be together; to gather.
	Siilyin ngiiko ho dukunsa. Let's gather at my place tonight/this evening. 3. n. meeting. Dukun ho
	ngo Tallo pa dubite. I sat in the meeting for Tallo.
	dukha vi. to fail to sit.

dukhu-palyo n. luggage. Ngiika dukhu-palyo mi joliimon pe kan. You got to help me carry my luggage and all. Usage: Bulla, Hari. dula n. rope to tie dogs. Dula lo aki randu. One ties dogs with ropes. Syn: aki dula.

	dulu n. traditional system of giving a person (called *dulu kanii) the responsibility to look after
	one's s animals that are raised in a semi-domesticated condition, such as mithuns, cows and goats.
	dulu apin n. community meal taken by all participants of a *penii at the house of the performer of
	a *murun after returning from the procession. Syn:

penii apin, penii innii apin. dulu iisan lyokasiiniin

	dumbin adj. bald.
	dumin adj. normal; casual; standard. dumin khiiju nphr. casual rate.
	dumo vi-r. to rest; to have a break; to relax. Sanii iko ho dumosa. Let's take a rest under the tree.
	Mo dumolyi ho biisi ayu yutii. He used to sing traditional songs when relaxing/resting. Seminar 10
	baji hokii sii miikindo nii. Kiije, arun-are ako da, dumosa. The seminar starts at 10 o'clock. Let's go
	and relax somewhere. Syn: domo; hemo.
	dumolya vi-r. to rest/relax for a while. Dumolyato. Ngo sa miito so. Sit and make yourself
	comfortable. I'll make some tea.
	dumya vt. (of liquids) to stain by falling onto something.
	-dun vsuff. around. Gramm: directional suffix generally restricted to verbs of motion, indicating
	that the subject moves around in performing the action indicated by the verb. Sodun. To roam
	around.
	dune cop. was/were. Gramm: perfective copula or existential verb, referent sitting. Tapu inso ho
	dune. Tapu was (sitting) there.
	dunii [´du:ni] n. 1. one who is sitting or staying (unspecified). 2. (in a nominal or relative
	phrase/clause) who sit(s) or is seated; (as of plants) which lie(s). duniibo n. one who is sitting or
	seated (specified). No inka car hoka duniibo miyu mi kaladu ha? Do you know that man who is
	sitting in the car?
	dunii vi. to sit nearby.
	duniin n. (of heart) beat.
	dunyan n. (Bot.) Coriander (Coriandrum sativum). From: Assamese 'Dhoniya'. Var: dunya.
	dupyo vi. to sit first; to sit before anyone else does.
	n. high jump competition displayed by the youngsters during the procession (*penii-
	inniin) of a *murun. Encycl: in olden days jumping over a bamboo pole was popular among the
	Apatanis during major festivals such as *Myoko and *murun. dulu kanii n. person who is
	entrusted with looking after a person's cattle raised in semi-domesticated condition. Encycl: this
	person is periodically awarded with a calf as a token. dulu koda giiniin n. distribution of meat
	during the *penii procession coordinated by the *buniin ajin of the performer during a *murun.
	dulu paniin n. slicing of mithun and cow meat into pieces for public distribution during a *murun.
	dulu sogyan n. name of a penalty imposed in case of theft or killing of cattle.
	dulya vi. to stay or sit for a while; to wait (in a sitting posture); to sit temporarily. Iche dulyato.
	Please wait a moment ! (addressee in a sittting posture).

-dupa See: -dopa. -dupa la vsuff. so

	durba vt. (of a plural subject) to dig together. Var: duba.
	durbin vt. (of a plural subject) to dig together. Var: dubin.
	durgu n. wooden board or plate. Var: dorgu. alyi durgu n. pig wooden trough.
	duri vi. to start sitting.
	durko vt. to make a hole by digging. Var: duko.
	durii vi. to sit or be seated face to face. durii-darii vi. to live together or face to face.
	durniin n. digging.
	that; for; in order to. Gramm: suffix combination added to
	verb and adjective roots followed by coordinating conjunction 'la' used to form adverbial clauses of
	purpose; gives the basic sense 'for the purpose of', 'in order to', 'so that'. Mo ude miidupa la bije
	nalado. He/she is collecting bamboos for building a house. Inpepa la innge. Go till the destination is
	reached. Police diipyonii mi latudupa la tulyaladu. The police is waiting to catch the thief. Lenda
	miidupa la putu mi khololado. In order to make a road they are digging/cutting down the soil of the
	hill. Niika ahu mi diibyan diitinsiidupa apin abuje diito. Eat more food to make your body healthy.
	See: -pa la.
	dupu vi. (of water or any other non staining liquid) to fall onto something. Yasi dupudo. Water is
	falling (onto something). See: dumya.
	dur vt-r. to dig (esp. soil) by using some pointed tool (stick, rod, etc.); to dig out; to turn over; to
	push or move earth; to excavate. Alyi atan ka nyago hii ano alerdo. Molu kiidi mi buldozzer hiilyan
	durlado. Pigs have very powerful snouts. They can turn over the ground like bulldozers. Toro kiidi
	durdo. The Stag Beetle is digging the soil. Var: du.
	-duran [durã] vsuff. still [do]ing. Gramm: continuative aspectual suffix combination indicating
	that the action denoted by the verb is still unfolding. Ngo apin diiduran. I'm still eating food.

kiidi durniin. n. soil digging. Syn: heniin. dusa n

  :qual. (of two or more bamboo receptacles) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from*sudu, 'bamboo section used as a container'. . 1. stool made of wooden slabs decorated with small design on which the priest sits for reciting incantations. 2. stool (generic), esp. the Assamese variety called 'pera' made of small blocks of wood.

dusa vi. to sit at a distance. dutin [du:´ti] n

dutin-nanii n. stool.

emo-elan. eli n

  . paddy seed. Encycl: paddy seeds are not sprouted before sowing, but scattered dry over the surface of the mud. Var: ili. Usage: Hija. eli baniin n. the last of the ceremonies connected with a wedding. Encycl: can be held anytime within the harvest season, though only after *riitu pidu/piniin. Includes a procession in the early morning of the bride and her relatives carrying various contributions of food grain for the prosperity and well being of the bride and bridegroom family. Syn:

	ekhii vt. to kill by shooting.
	ekhiin 1. vi. (of an arrow) to become blunt. 2. adj. blunt, as of an arrow head; dull; unsharpened.
	ela [´ela] interj. emphatic particle occuring clause-finally. Diipyo kapa ela! It looks appetizing!
	Diipyo-tansonan ela, diigo-tango nyima sii ha? I (really) feel like eating something. Do you have
	something to eat?
	elan n. (Bot.) red, late-ripening variety of paddy. Syn:

1. benefit/award/reward for shooting. 2. price for shooting. ejo vt. to chase a person or an animal to shoot him/it. ejo-eyo vt. to shoot haphazardly around, as with a gun. Usage: derogatory. ekha vt. to miss a shot; to miss a target when shooting. Ant: eda.

eli banii;eli badu; pyali eli baniin. Var: ili badu/ili baniin/ili banii. Usage:

  Hija. Etym: 'eli baniin' literally means 'carrying of paddy seeds'. eli pinta n. gourd container filled with rice or millet beer that the bride carries to her husband's house during *eli baniin ritual. eli yagii n. basket containing some newly reaped rice, maize, two ginger plants, two eggs, a gourd filled with beer and a hen with her chicks, that the bride carries to her husband's house during *eli baniin ceremony.

elu n. flute. elu be vcn. to play flute. elyan n. (Bot.) ear of rice; bunch of rice grain. Var: ilyan. Usage: Hija. ema n. dream. Var:

ima. Usage: Hija. ema ma vcn. to dream. Var: ima ma. Usage: Hija. ema tupe adj

  . 1. dreamy, as of a person. 2. in a dreamy state. Var: ima tupe. Usage: Hija. embin [em´bi] n. uncooked, husked rice. embin khanchu [em´bi ´xãtɕu] n. lidded container made up of bamboo or cane wicker for storing rice inside the house. Syn:

khanchu. embin yadin n

  . lidded bamboo/cane container used for storing rice. embin yakhan biniin n. special contribution requested from some of the closest affines of the performer of a *murun, consisting of a rice quantity corresponding to one full *yakhan basket. This is expected in particular from the *diiran, *lache and *ari-mechu.

injan. Usage: Hija. enko n

  1. to sow rice. Halyin piilo ho, endi alidu. Rice is sown in April. Syn: endi lii. Yama nyi Yami nyi endi liikunsido. Yama and Yami are planting together. 2. to plant early. endi buniin n. (Agr.) transplanting of seedlings from nursery to field. endi n. silk, esp. Assamese silk. endi pulye n. Assamese silk cloth. . (Agr.) planting rice; seed grain. miji enko n. basket filled with rice that is offered to the priest (*nyibu) as compensation for his services. Syn:

	e'ngo n. remaining of a shot (arrow or target).
	enjan n. dew drop. Var:

tani enko. enkho [ẽ´xo

  ] n. paddy stalk.enkhe n. (Bot.) red, late-ripening variety of paddy. Syn:

emo-enkhe. eni n. rice seedling; sprouted paddy. Syn: endi.

	enii n. paddy leaf.
	ensu n. 1. dud rice; rice plant that has failed to fruit and produce grain; failed rice crop. Siinyan
	ngiika aji daka

emo si ensu adin do. This year, my paddy crop is of dud rice only. 2. adj. failed, as a rice grain or crop. ensu piira adj. shameful; discgraceful. Usage: generally used to describe a lack or loss of prestige.

-ga...-le vsuff

  . excessively. Gramm: split manner suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is carried out to an excess. Police si public kokii kamo laga-lale lalado. The police takes excessive bribes from the public.

	gai vt-r. to sing. From: Assamese. See: biisi.
	gaje vt. to crush something with the hand. Apin mi gajeto. Crush some rice with your hand!
	gaje vt. to scold someone repeatedly.	G-g
	gajer n. (Bot.) Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus). From: Hindi.
	gakhii vt. to ruin or destroy something by catching it or holding it with the hand. Syn: gakhii-
	gamii.
	ga [´ga] vt-r. to catch, grab or seize with one or two hands, especially by using one's fingers. gakhii vt. to kill someone or some animal with one's bare hands.
	Gramm: mostly refers to the action of catching some part of an object/person one wants to hold, as opposed to *sii or *po. Ngo Unka ka ala mi gabiito. I grabbed Unka's hand. gambii n. 1. border; boundary. Syn: ari. 2. brim.
	ga [ga:] vt-r. to say harsh words to someone; to blame; to scold; to reprimand. Momi teacher
	gabiine. The teacher scolded him/her. Tara gako-gakin-nanii pa miijesiitii. Tara did something
	[terrible] for which he got scolded.
	-ga [ga] vsuff. much; a lot; frequently; often. Gramm: intensifying suffix with the basic meaning
	'much' (often implying 'too much'). On certain verbs, can also convey the meaning 'often',
	'frequently'. Ngo diigamato. I was not a voracious eater (i.e. 'I did not eat too much'). Mo agamane.
	He/she did not come frequently.
	gaba vt. (of a plural subject) to catch, grab or seize something together.
	gaba vt. (of a plural subject) to scold someone together.
	gabin vt. (of a plural subject) to catch, grab or seize something with the hand in a joint manner.
	gabin vt. (of a plural subject) to scold someone jointly.
	gabo vt-r. 1. to catch, grab or seize something with the hand along with someone. 2. to help
	someone catch/grab/seize something.
	gabo vt. to scold someone along with someone.
	gacha vt. to go up to scold someone. Ant: gayi.
	gaga adj. quarrelsome. See: paga.
	gager n. ardent; resolute. gagerpa adv. resolutely; with full effort; ardently; at any cost. Mo
	gagerpa la taru mi gatubiido la putu chapene. By holding the rope firmly and exerting full effort,
	he/she managed to climb the hill. Gagerpa la oye chato. Come here at any cost!
	gagin vt. to grab; to grip. gagin-nanii n. handle for grabbing; any protruding part or rough
	surface that provides a firm grip.

gambyo/gambu n. fight; war.

gambyo/gambu sudu phr

  . in olden days, formal armed contest used as a mean of settling disputes, in which the supporters of both opponents turned out for an open fight. See:

dapo sudu. ganu-gana vt

  . to scold someone in vain (with no result). Tanii ganda polan, Misan ganda Tapi. Lands where the *polan grass grows belong to the Apatanis, lands where the *tapi grass grows belong to Nyishis and Miris. (Apatani saying). ganda nenchan n. house and land property. gangu n. Jew's harp; mouth harp. ganii [´gani] n. one who catch, grab or seize with the hand (unspecified). ganii [ga:ni] n. one who scolds (unspecified). Miikhalyi hoka ganii, ngiika ane. It's my mother who scolds me when I do something wrong.

	gapyun vt. to pick up and hold together.

ganda

[gãda]

n. place; area; land.

gar-class. paddy field. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for paddy fields. gare, garnye, garhinnge, garpe, garngohe, garkhe, garkanuhe, garpinye, garkoahe, garlyanhe.

10 paddy field(s). Etym: from *ager/agar, 'bund demarcating rice fields'. gar See: ager gar. garche vt

  . to divide a paddy field. garchehe n. part/half of a paddy field.

	reference to a particular object. Otherwise *gare is used in place of *garkun.
	garne pron. (of paddy fields) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used for a countable
	number of items in a collection.
	garpii n. adjacent paddy field of lower level than the field in reference; adjacent paddy field
	downslope. Ant: garta.
	garro adj. (of a field) large; vast. Ant: garnyo.
	garsa adj. (of two or more rice fields) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-
	nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from *ager, 'bund separating rice fields'.
	garta [gar´ta] n. adjacent paddy field of upper level than the field in reference; adjacent paddy
	field upslope. Ant:
	gardin n. uppermost paddy field of a person's fields. (literally 'head of the field'). Ant: garko.
	gare n:num. (of paddy fields) one. Gramm: used when referring to a particular object. When
	enumerating, as in school, *garkun is used in place of *gare. See: gar.
	gari n. car; four wheeler. From: Hindi 'gari'. gari-paji n. motor vehicles. Siilo (ngo) lottery ho
	gari biine. Today I won a car in the lottery.
	garko n. lowermost paddy field of a person's fields. Ant: gardin.
	garkun n:num. (of paddy fields) one. Gramm: when enumerating only, i.e. counting without

garpii. garti vt

  . to cling to something securely; to hug or clench securely. Var:

gati. gartin vt. to hug, clench or cling to something tightly. gartin kiilin adv. strictly; tightly. gartu adj. (of a paddy field) small. garu n. pillow. From: Assamese. Syn: din-nanii. garya tasan n. variety of bead used to make *lebu necklace . See: lebu. gaser vt

	gatin vt. to hold tight to close or block something.
	gatu vt. to grip; to block something by holding, clutching or grasping it in one's hand. Mo gagerpa
	la taru mi gatubiido la putu chapene. By holding the rope firmly and exerting full effort, he/she
	managed to climb the hill.
	gaya v. to dispute; to quarrel; to clash with someone. Syn: paya-gaya.
	gayi vt. to go down to scold someone. No Itanagar tola Sulu gayi ha? Will you go [down] to
	Itanagar and scold Sulu? Ant: gacha.
	ge vt-r. to adhere or stick to something, as of glue. Syn: age.
	ge vt-r. to mark; to make a mark.
	-ge vsuff. attached. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something gets stuck or attached through
	the action identified by the verb. Miige. To attach/to fix. Henge. To keep something in
	mind/memory. Etym: from *age, 'to stick'.

. to strangle someone or some animal. gasu v. to have a row with someone; to wrangle; to have words; to quarrel. Tapu atii koda, hime atan gasukenmane. If Tapu had come, the children would not have quarrelled. gasu-pasu n. dispute; conflict; contention; clash. gati vt. to grip; to take hold of firmly in one's hand; to clutch. gedin vt. to attach or fix by gluing; to stick two things together. Syn:

gedin-gepi. gehe vi

  . to yawn. Gehepa ka lukanniin. A boring speech. gehe vi. to make a mark, esp. on wood. genda haman n. (Bot.) Redflower Ragleaf; Fireweed (Crassocephalum crepidioides), a tall, annual herb commonly used as a vegetable. Syn:

halyan haman . gennan vt

  . to blame someone for one's own mistake. Ngo ngiika hadii mi momi gennannanto. I vented my anger on him/her (though the mistake was not his/her).gi vi-r. to lie down; to rest in lying position. Var:

gii. Ant: guri; bari. gi vt

  -r. to operate a door.

	gi See: gii.
	gi-See: gii-
	giba vi. (of a plural subject) to lie down together. Opi nyi Rinyo nyi gibasiido. Opi and Rinyo are
	lying together.
	giba vi. (of a plural subject) to operate a door together. Talley nyi Kojing nyi alye mi gibasiido.
	Talley and Kojing are operating the door together.
	giber vi. to fall flat, esp. in mud, silt, etc. Yalu aji jebi so giber hane. Yalu fell down in the muddy
	field.
	gibi vi. to lie down for someone else.
	gibi vt. to operate a door for someone.
	gibo vi. to lie along with someone. Opi Rinyo agin ho gibolado. Opi is lying with Rinyo.
	gibo vi. to operate a door along with someone; to assist someone in operating a door. Khoda no
	Tasser agin ho gibohe. Khoda, you go and help Tasser to operate the door!
	gibo vi. to operate a door in any given direction. Alye mi labi dalyi ho giboto. Move that door
	towards the right!
	gida vi. to lie down correctly. Ant: gikha.
	gida vt. to open the right door or object; to open something correctly. Ant:

gikha. giha See: imi giha. giha-gikha adj

  . unpleasant to lie down. Syn:

gisi-giha. gije vi

  . to lie down for real. gije-gipe vi. to lie down intentionally.

	of black beer and fall and lie here and there.
	gika n. to open a door as a trial, or to see what happens. Hiika alye mi giko-gikato. Check that
	door, whether it can be opened.
	giko n. place for lying down; resting place. Bed si giko pa ke donii, sofa ho giyo. Bed is for lying
	down/resting, so don't lie on the sofa!
	giko vt. to open a door, etc. Ant:
	gika vt-r. to lie down, as a trial or to see what happens; to try to lie down. Siika Myoko so ngo pore
	o tangiito la henko-henko giipa-giiya gikanando. During this Myoko festival I feel like drinking lots

gipin/gipyan; gitin.

	gikha vi. to lie down uncorrectly. Ant: gida.
	gikha vt. to open the wrong door or object; to open something uncorrectly. Ant: gida.
	gilin n. to move outward, esp. a door. Ant: gilii.
	gilii n. to move inward, esp. a door. Ant: gilin.
	gilu vi. to lose precious time by lying down/resting in a lying position. Gilusii la dosii niimi Gym
	ya ilatiika. Instead of losing your time you'd better go to Gym.

gilu-gile vi. to harm oneself by lying down/staying in a lying position. Niika au heru mi medical ingiimapa abuyapa gilu-gilesiidii ke. You may harm yourself more by not going to hospital for your sickness.

gilyu vi. to waste one's time by lying down/resting in a lying position. Syn: gilyu-gicha. Time mi gilyu-gichasiidii ke, Gym ilatiika. You're wasting your time, you'd better go to Gym. gimbyo n. particular cut of meat from the pig sacrificed at Myoko. Basically consists of the thoracic cage including a strip of skin and fat that remains attached to it. This share is to be given to a ceremonial friend known as *punyan/piinyan ajin or *lyichu punyan/piinyan .

gimyu vi. to be the last among a group of people to lie down. Ant:

gitu; gipyo. gimyu vt. to be the last among a group of people to operate a door. Ant: gitu; gipyo. -gin vsuff. Gramm: result suffix indicating that a gain or benefit is obtained in some way as a result of the action indicated by the verb.

	-gin vsuff. Gramm: result suffix indicating that some small object one is wearing (or has on his
	body/clothes) obstructs smooth realization of the action denoted by the verb and causes
	discomfort.
	gine See: giine.
	gipa vi. to waste one's time by lying down/resting in a lying position. Time mi gipasiidii ke, Gym
	ilatiika. You're wasting your time, you'd better go to Gym.
	gipin vt. to shut a door, etc. Var:

gipyan. Syn: gitin. Ant: giko. gipyan See: gipin. gipyo adj

  . pleasant/nice to lie down. Siika mattress so ano gipyodo. It's nice to lie on this mattress. Ant:

giru. gipyo adj

  . pleasant/easy to operate, as of a door. Ant:

giru. gipyo vi

  . to lie down before anyone else does; to be the first to lie down. Anku gipyojapa giniibo. Anku is/was the first to lie down.

	giru adj. unpleasant/difficult to lie down. Siika mattress so ano girudo. It's not pleasant to lie on
	this mattress. Ant: gipyo.
	giru adj. unpleasant/difficult to operate, as of a door. Ant: giru.
	gisi-giha adj. unpleasant to lie down. Syn: giha-gikha.
	gitin vi. to close, shut or block a door. Syn: gipin/gipyan.
	gitu vi. to lie down and get blocked by something obstructing the place. Gitu-nanii pa pillow mi
	saliito pe. Please put a pillow to block the place where I'm lying.
	gitu vi. to lie down in first; to be the first to lie down. Tamo gitujapa giniibo. Tamo is/was the first
	to lie down.

gitu vt. to partially open, esp. a door. Hiika alye simi gituto pe. Could you please open this door partially. gitu-nanii n. any obstructing device that prevents a door from opening fully. Encycl: a medium-sized stone is kept in traditional Apatani homes for that purpose, which can also be used for sharpening machetes. gitu vt. to be the first among a group of people to operate a door. Syn: gipyo. Ant: gimyu. giyan [´gijã hamã] n. (Bot.) Cabbage Leaf Mustard (Brassica juncea var. rugosa). Syn:

giyan haman; gian haman . giyan yorli n

. Cabbage Leaf Mustard seed. giyi vi. to fall down and remain in a lying position; to fall flat on one's face. Loder aji ho tule la giiyine. Loder slipped and fell flat in the paddy field.

giyo-gichi adv. haphazardly lying. Alyi hetenii sanii atan si giyo-gichi gila donyado. The trees which have been uprooted by the wind lie around haphazardly on the ground. gii-class. basket. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic

  adjectival roots. Used for baskets which are carried with the help of a strap held on the forehead such as *yagii and *raju varieties. Etym: from *yagii, 'variety of basket carried with the help of a strap held on the forehead'. Var: gi-

	gii [gi] vt-r. to carry or fetch, esp. firewood.
	gii [´gi] vt-r. 1. to wear; to put on clothing; to be dressed in; to clothe oneself with. Ato abi-tarii mi
	giito. Wear your own clothes! Lonyi-lohin kapyopa, ngo niimi kapato, no uniform giito la dane. I
	saw you some days back, you were on uniform. 3. to carry or have on one's body. Siiko ho nii na
	giidonii kakato. Look at what it has on its body! 3. to have (as body parts). Miyu-lu ala anye giido.
	Humans have two hands. Siika yo si alo giido ke. This meat has bones. Bilo tiipe giima nyimii
	yugyan ho agiimatii. In olden days women or girls who did not wear a tatoo did not join others in
	the clan altar. 4. (by plants) to bear (flowers, fruits, etc.). Siika apu si nii sanii hoka gii nii? To which
	plant/tree species does this flower belong to? (lit. which plant/tree species bear this flower?). 5. (of
	books, etc.) to contain. Pen ho ink giima miilo pencil lo kelyato. Write with a pencil for the moment
	if your pen has no ink. Syn:

agii. iinga gii vcn

  . to be pregnant.gii vt-r. to resemble. Opi ka nyimo si aba mi ano giido ka aha. Opi's face resembles that of her father. A: Mo moka aba mi iche heter giima ke an? B: Mo aba mi giijema. A: He/she doesn't resemble his/her father at all, does he/she? B: No, he/she doesn't. A: Mo anyi iche heter giisiima ke an? B: Giisiido nyan. Kadi la kako ho, nyachu ami nyi kapusiido. A: They don't resemble at all, do they? B: Yes, I think so. Their lips and eyes are similar if you watch them closely.

	gii vt. to lay a spring action trap (*giirii). Etym: from *girii, 'variety of spring trap action'.
	gii See: gi.

giije See: biije. giije-giije See: biije-biije.

	giida yagii n. variety of decorative basket used during weddings and other similar occasions.
	giida pata n. variety of large-sized basket.
	giije vt. to wear something repeatedly. Siika suit simi ngo giijepatoku ke. I have repeatedly worn
	that suit.
	giije vt. to roughly touch someone, almost hitting him/her. Niimpa na giijesiida nii? Why are you
	hitting me?
	giijo-giiyo vt. to wear clothes that have been borrowed from someone. Ama mika abi-tarii mi
	giijo-giiyo la da. I'm wearing my mother's clothes.
	giiju n. 1. dress. 2. dressing style; way of dressing. giiju-giimyo n. dressing/clothing style.
	Tarii kheliigiito, lakhiido ke. Put a shirt on, it's cold! 4. lead to (result). Tabin ka nyimo daka giikor si momi kahogiido. The scar left a giikor n. cicatrix; mark left on the skin after a lesion has healed. Var: giiko.
	mark on Tabin's face. Yana tabu-taru dado nyimo ho powder negiitolado. Yana rubbed some powder on her face that made her skin appear somewhat grainy. 5. cause. Gramm: causative suffix giiko See: giko.
	indicating that the subject causes the action denoted by the verb to happen. Often found in the
	semi-reduplicated form: '"(prefix)+verb root-verb root+GII". Ali ingii. To cause to follow. Alun-giiku vt. to put on clothes uncorrectly, e.g. back to front or upside down, specially *bilan abi.
	lungii. To cause someone to be or feel shocked. Etym: from laku, 'left hand/side'. Ant: giibi.
	giiba vi. (of a plural subject) to put on clothes or dress up together. giikun n:num. (of baskets of the *yagii or *raju variety) one. Gramm: when enumerating only, i.e.
	counting without reference to a particular object. Otherwise *giiye/giihe is used in place of *giikun.
	giiba vi. (of a plural subject) to scale a wall or fence together.
	giibi vi. to put on clothes for someone else.
	giibi vi. to put on clothes correctly. Etym: from labi, 'right hand/side'. Ant: giiku.
	giibo vt. to dress up along with someone.
	giibo vi. to go/move across (esp. a wall or fence). Narun giibo la balu ho alakendo ha? Can you
	come into the garden by moving across the fence?
	giibo vi. to scale a wall or fence along with someone. Gambo, no Tachang agin ho giiboto. Gambo,
	you climb along with Tachang!
	giicha vt. to scale; to climb up. Ant: giiyi.
	giida n. any object used as support for climbing. Hiika sanii ho giida chala la so giiboto. First
	climb on that tree, then move across the fence!
	giida vt. to wear; to put on. Mo siika tarii mi giidane. He/she wore this shirt.
	giida vt. to put on the right wear; to wear something correctly/the right way. Formal shirt si
	College fresher party pa giidamanya. Your formal shirt isn't the right dress to wear for the College
	fresher party. Ant: giikha.
	giida vi. to scale the right wall or fence; to scale a wall/fence the right way. Tapa ka balu sulu ho
	giidabusudo pe? Am I correctly climbing Tapa's garden fence? Ant: giikha.

giikha vi. to scale the wrong wall or fence; to scale a wall/fence the wrong way. Ant: giida.

giikhii n. to wear something till it becomes worn out/torn, esp. beads and other ornaments. Siika tasan si giikhiitiiku ke. This bead is worn out (i.e. it has become dull or broken).

giikhu n. worn out dress. Etym: from *gii, 'wear', akhu, 'old'.

giilo n. ritual element of sacrificial altars . giilo vt. to take off/remove a load. See: kulo. giilyi [gi´lji

  :] n. (Agr.) variety of scarecrow consisting of a split bamboo pole made to rattle by the wind.

	used for a countable number of items in a collection. Var:
	giimii vt. to wear out a cloth.
	giimo vt. to stop; to make a break. Syn: hemo; dumo.
	giimya n. (Bot.) variety of flowering plant resembling Mexican Prickly Poppy (Argemone
	mexicana).
	giimya n. variety of spring action trap for catching relatively large animals (wild pig, deer, etc.).
	Similar in principle to a *giirii, but with one end fixed whith a sharp edge which stabs the animal
	when the trap springs closed.
	giine pron. (of baskets of the *yagii or *raju variety) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun

gine. giine-giise vt

  . to touch someone lightly with one's body, as when flirting.

	giinii [´gini] n. wearer; one who wears (unspecified). giiniibo [´ginibo] n. wearer; the one who
	wears (specified). Inka jiji coat giiniibo si Oman aba masii ha? Isn't that man who is wearing a blue
	coat Oman's father?
	giiniin [´gini] n. 1. act of wearing. 2. state of being worn. Nunuka abi-tarii giiniin si kapyo
	kapama. The clothes that you are wearing do not look good. 3. (of a book) contents. 4. what is being
	worn (cloth), carried or borne (fruits, flowers, etc.).
	giinsi n. fragment of pig skin measuring about three and half feet by four inches, which is used
	ritually and taken as a special share during *Myoko.
	giinyo adj. (of a basket of the *yagii or *raju variety) small. Ant: giiro.
	giipii [gi´pi] n. (Med.) goitre (bulging of the neck), a side-effect of inadequate iodine in the diet.
	See: lanchu alin.
	giira n. grazing ground for animals.
	giire adj. crunchy; crispy.

giiri n. pigsty. Syn: alyi giiri.

giiri n. sinful act; offense. girii pamyo n. injury (not necessary physical) carried by a person to whom some sinful act is attributed.

gobun. Usage: Hija. Syn: pyan. gobu-goga n

  . to swell a lot; to swell over (e.g. over the body). Var:

	gobo vt. 1. to propel/throw along with someone. 2. to help someone propel/throw something.
	gobo vi. to fly across.
	gobo vt. to propel/throw across.
	gobu vi. to swell. Var:

gobun-goga. Usage: Hija. gocha vi. to fly up. Ant: goyi. gocha vt

  . to lift up to cuddle (esp. a baby or a child).

	gochin vi. to know how to fly.
	gochin vt. to know how to make an enclosure (*sulu or *narun).
	godin vi. to fly intentionally.

godin vt. to make a boundary or an enclosure deliberately. godin vt. to pelt/propel/throw deliberately. godin vt. to enclose two or more pieces of land together by building a fence. Siika bije nyonye

  simi godinsiito. Enclose these two bamboo plots together with a fence!

gohin See: goyin. gohin See: goyin.

  one span, construed as the unit of length measured between tips of stretched thumbs and fore or middle finger) Gramm: used for enumerating only, i.e. without reference to a particular measured length. Otherwise, *goye/*goe is used instead.

	gokun n:num. gokun vi. (of a plural subject) to fly collectively; to fly together. Nunu gokun-gopasii'nge. You go
	and fly together!
	gokun vt. (of a plural subject) to hold on arms together/collectively. Yasan gokunsiito. Take off
	some firewood together (by holding it in your arms)!
	gokun vt. (of a plural subject) to make a boundary by fencing collectively/together.
	gokur vi. to fly back.
	gokur vt. to measure back, by counting a number of handspans. Hiika point hokii gokuryubiitoku.
	Measure back from that point! (in handspans)
	golin [go:´li] vi. to take off, as of a bird or a plane. Ant: goha.
	golu n. to lie; to tell a lie. No niimpa goludu? Why do you lie? golubo n. liar.
	golu paka n. (Anat.) dimple.
	gommu n. (Anat.) moustache; beard. Etym: from *agun, 'mouth', *amu, 'body hair'.
	goha vi. to land, as of a bird or an aeroplane. Etym: from *go, 'to fly', -ha, 'in, inside'. Aeoplane
	gohadoku. The plane has landed. Piita gohadoku. The bird has come back to its place. Ant: golin.
	goka vi. to fly, as a trial.
	goka vi. to measure, as a trial.
	goker n. circle.

gompi See: gompyu. gompin vt. to close the mouth. Var: gompyan. Ant: gonko. gompu vt. to speak by mistake; to tell by mistake to someone. Syn: lupu. gompuniin n. verbal blunder; thing mistakenly said to someone. Syn: lupuniin. gompyu vt

  . to rinse the mouth or throat by gargling. Usage: Hari. Var: gompi. Usage: Bulla.

gonchi See: konchi. gondu n

  . 1. arbitration; the traditional system of debates and discussion on problems and disputes by which social justice and communal harmony is maintained. 2. mediator; in olden days also go-between, esp. in negotiations about ransom. gondu apin n. feast that is part of the procedure of formal dispute settlement (*dapo sudu), organized by the two opposing parties for all those involved in the discussion leading to the settlement.

	gone pron. (of handspans) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used for a countable
	number of items in a collection.
	goniin n. fly; flying.
	goniin n. holding of something/someone on arm or shoulder.
	goniin n. making of boundary or preventing forest areas from cattle by providing fencing (*sulu,
	*narun).
	goniin n. throw; throwing.
	gonko 1. vt. to open mouth. 2. to gape (staring with the mouth open, especially in surprise or
	wonder; open-mouthed). Ant: gompin. gonkopa adv. gapingly.
	gonkun	n:num. (of mouths/mouthfuls/speeches/languages/voices) one. Gramm: by
	enumerating only, i.e. counting without reference to a particular object. See: gon.
	gonne pron. (of mouths/mouthfuls/speeches/languages/voices/handfuls) how many. Gramm:
	interrogative pronoun used for a countable number of items in a collection.
	gonnyo adj. 1. small, as of a mouth or mouthful. 2. not loud, as of a voice. Ant: goro.
	gonnge	n:num. one 1. mouth; mouthful; speech; language. 2. handful. Gramm: used for
	referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *gonkun is used in place of
	*gonnge.
		mouth(s)/mouthful(s)/speech(es)/voice(s)/
	language(s). Etym: from *agun, 'mouth'.
	gon vt-r. to speak.
	gonchan n. (Anat.) labial commissure. Etym: from *agun, 'mouth', *konchan, 'corner'.
	gonchan vt. to speak in a normal or rightful way.

Apin gonnge ayisiito. Put one handful of rice to the mouth! Embin gonnge piito pe. Pick a handful of husked rice (for me)! gonpin See: gompin. gonpyan See: gompin.

  gora n. persons appointed permanently or temporarily from their clan to form an organizing committee at the village level for conducting various rituals.

	gopyobiine. Loder has stolen my firewood.
	gonpii n. (Anat.) chin.
	gonsa adj. (of two or more mouths/mouthfuls/speeches/languages/voices/handfuls) 1. distinct;
	different. 2. one set for each.
	gontii adj. haughty, as of a way of speaking.
	gopyo vi. to fly first/before anyone else does.
	gopyo vi. to make an enclosure first/before anyone else does.
	gopyo vt. to propel/throw first; propel/throw before anyone else does.
	gopyo vt. to steal something (by holding/carrying it in one's arms). Ngiika yasan mi Loder

Dree gora. See: Dree. Syn: pontan. gora [go´ra

  ] n. horse. From: Assamese 'ghora'. Variant:

gura. gora atu n. foal. Var: gura atu.

	gorban [´gorbã] n. (Anat.) shoulder.
	gorchi-nanii n. weaving tool on which a woven cloth is wound in a loom. Var:

guchi-nanii. gordu adj

  . good; useful; valuable; worthy. Tama gorduma ke. Tama is of no use.

	gorgi n. narrow opening or fissure in a rock, wall, or floor; crack; crevice; chink. Syn: pape.
	gorkhan [´gorxã] n. (Anat.) armpit; underarm.
	gori n. watch; clock. From: Assamese 'ghori'.
	goro adj. 1. (of a mouth or mouthful) big; large. 2. (of a sound produced by use of the voice) loud.
	goroja adj. (of a mouth/mouthful) largest; (of a vocalism) loudest. goroya adj. (of a mouth or
	mouthful) larger; (of a vocalism) louder. goropa adv. loudly. Mo goropa ludo He/she speaks
	loudly. Ant:

gonnyo. goye See: ladii goye; laso goye. goyi vi. to fly down. Ant: gocha.

	goyin vi. (of a plural subject) to fly together. Var: gohin.
	goyin vi. (of a plural subject) to hold in arm(s) together/collectively. Niinyi yasan goyinsiito. Take
	off some firewood together (by holding it in your arms)! Var:

gohin. gu [gu] vi-r. (of humans) to crawl; to go on hands and knees or legs; (of animals) to crawl; to scurry about. gu [gu:] vt-r. (by birds) to sit on eggs; to brood eggs. Usage: Hari. -gu vsuff

  . change. Gramm: result suffix indicating that a change results from the action indicated by the verb, or that the subject changes his way of carrying out the action indicated by the verb.

	-gu vsuff. hot; warm. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something becomes hot or warm as a
	result of the action of the verb. Etym: from *gubu, 'hot', 'warm'.
	gubo vi. to crawl across. Alyi atu dorhinhe, lembo ho yanu-yanu guboladone. Three piglets were
	calmly crossing the street.
	gubu [gu´bu] 1. n. heat. 2. adj. hot/warm, as a sensation or type of weather. Siilo ano gubudo ke.
	Today is very hot. Yasi gubu lo ali mi tobyasiitii. I got burnt on my leg from spilling hot water on it.
	Ant:

lakhii. gubuja adj. hottest; warmest. gubupa adv. hotly. Ant: habunpa. gubuya adj. hotter; warmer. gubu giiba vi. to be warmly comfortable; to be cozy. guchi-nanii See: gorchi-nanii. guha vi

  . to crawl in, as of an animal crawling through some hole or simply crawling from outside to inside. Ant:

gulin. guje-guje See: giije-giije. gulun-giile adj. lukewarm. -gun vsuff

  . mark. Gramm: nominalizer forming a noun describing the visible trace resulting from the action indicated by the verb.

	gunki vi. to stoop down.
	guniin n. crawling.
	guniin n. brooding.
	guri vi. to get up. Mo iminii gurido. He/she is getting up from sleep. Ata, guritama po? 5:30 doku
	ka ah. Sister, won't you wake up? It's half past five. See:

bari. guri vi. to start crawling. gya-class

  . handful. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for handfuls (e.g. of rice). Apin gyaye gyato. Take a handful of rice!

gyaye, gyanye, gyhinnge, gyape, gyangohe, gyakhii, gyakanuhe, gypinye, gyakoahe, gyalyanhe.

Syn: runtii. See: un pedo; run sere; takum putu.

  The last *gyambo took place in 1972 in Tajang. gyamo pido n. the most superior level of the series of *murun, involving sacrifice of 4-5 mithuns. During the celebration the donor's procession visits all the villages of the Apatani valley.

	gyandi n. debt.
	gyane pron. (of handfuls) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used for a countable
	number of items in a collection.
	gyaniin n. spreading/scattering of something.
	gyaniin n. cutting/cut (by an inward motion of the blade towards oneself).
	gyaniin n. wandering; roaming.

gyaniin n. drying up, as of a liquid. gyanyo n:num. (of a handful) small. Ant: gyaro. gyapya-gyasa vt. to scatter something by throwing, as when sowing paddy seeds.

	gyaro n:num. (of a handful) big. Ant: gyanyo.
	gyasa adj. (of two or more handfuls) 1. distinct; different. 2. one for each. Gramm: post-nominal
	qualifying noun.

/hae, hanye, hahinnge, hape, ha'ngohe, hakhe, hakanuhe, hapinye, hakoahe, halyanhe

  gyo[´gjo] vsuff. become mixed. Gramm: result suffix indicating that two or more things become mixed or combined as a result of the action denoted by the verb. Aki nyimi alyi nyimi dogyosiikiinento. Let the dog lie with the pig.

	H-h
	ha-class. finger width, construed as a basic unit of linear measure. Gramm: classifier (root form)
	prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for measuring heights of small
	size. haye. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 10 finger width(s). Byapu hanyepahe chadoku. The bamboo shoot has
	grown to about two fingers widths high. See: tin-.
	gyobo vt. 1. to call someone along with someone else. 2. to help someone call someone else.
	ha-class. step. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic
	gyobo vt. 1. to smoothen a cane splint along with someone. 2. to help someone smoothen a cane adjectival roots. Used for steps of a ladder, staircase, etc.
	splint.
	gyobo vt. to call someone across something.
	gyochin vt. to know how to smoothen a cane or bamboo splint.
	gyokur vt. to call back; to shout back.
	gyonii [´gjoni] n. 1. one who calls (unspecified). 2. (in a relative clause or phrase) who calls;
	calling.
	gyonii n. 1. one who smoothen a cane splint (unspecified). 2. (in a relative clause or phrase) who
	smoothens a cane splint.
	gyonii vt-r. 1. one who hurts or kill inadvertently, without intention of doing so. 2. (in a relative
	clause or phrase) who hurts/kills inadvertently.
	gyoniin [´gjoni] n. call; invitation. ajin gyoniin n. formal invitation by the owner of a house, on
	the fifth day of Myoko, of his *buniin/*dingyan ajin, who are presented with ceremonial gifts of
	meat, beer, salt and *tapyo.
	gyoniin n. smoothening of a cane splint.
	gyoniin n. inadvertently killing; killing without premeditation.
	gyonya n. body colour pattern for mithun cows. Denotes an animal having an overall white body
	with various black patches. See: taker.
	gyopu n. shooting star.
	gyotii ajin See: gyotu ajin.

haye/hae, hanye, hahinnge, hape, ha'ngohe, hakhe, hakanuhe, hapinye, hakoahe, halyanhe.

	outside the house. Ant: gubu. habunja adj. coolest. habunpa adv. coolly. Ant: gubupa.
	habunya adj. cooler.
	habya part. so. Gramm: intensifying particle following adjectives, with the basic sense 'so' or 'so
	much'. Kapyo habya. It's so beautiful! No akan habya! You are so late!
	habyan [´ha:bjã] n. (Anat.) chest. habyan alo n. (Anat.) sternum. habyan pilan 1. n. yellow
	chest. 2. adj. yellow-chested, as of an animal.
	habyan-haran n. tree branches.
	hache adj. (esp. of feeling) sad; heart breaking. Etym: from *aha 'heart, *-che 'broken'.
	hache See: harche.
	hache vi. to break out, as of a trouble or crisis; to happen. Tarun ka ude si uyi miilado nii, ngoya
	ako hachedudo. A ritual is being performed at Tarun's house, I guess there is some trouble there.
	Usage: Bulla. Syn: hache siire.
	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 10 step(s) of hachehe n. part/half of what as been fetched. Usually describes a liquid quantity.
	ladder, staircase, etc. hadii vi. to be or get angry. Hadiilyi hoka yanii, ngiika ane. It's my mother who calmes me down
	when I get angry. Ngiika aha si hadiihaja la bute-buyepa miidoku. I got so much angry that my ha part. yes/no question marker. Gramm: polar question marker occuring at the end of a sentence heart was about to burst out [of my chest]. hadii-diiga 1. vi. to get angry on the slightest cause; to or clause in direct or indirect speech. No ayasiido ha? How are you? No Diyobar alo sii masii ha enna inkinnen nii? Siilo diyobar ha enna? You were leaving on Sunday. Is today Sunday? No overeact. 2. adj. (of a person) overreacting. hadii kapa adj. irritating. hadii mikha n. enmity.
	seminar pa ha adu nii? Do you come to attend the seminar? hae See: haye.
	ha vt-r. to dry something, esp. on the bamboo shelving complex (*dareke) located above the main hage vt. 1. to hook; to hang from a hook. Syn: aha. 2. to tick. Ayanii mi hageto. Tick the right fireplace. See aha. answer. See leko.
	ha vt-r. 1. to collect or fetch, esp. a liquid. Ngo sukun hokii yasi hadu. I fetched water from the well. 2. to fill, esp. a liquid. 3. to collect something using a basket or a net. Ngiiyi hato. Catch some hago n. notch cut in a piece of wood, esp. that constituting the steps of a ladder.
	fish! hago n. topic; subject.
	ha vt-r. to cut with one's teeth, as of humans or animals. Ngiimi aki hakhabiine. I was slightly
	bitten by a dog (i.e. the dog failed to bite me and I got scratches/bruises only).
	-ha vsuff. come inside. Gramm: directional suffix indicating that the subject moves into a space to
	perform the action denoted by the verb. Apin diisa kan. So duhato. Let's have meal! Come sit here!
	Syn: -a
	-ha vsuff. overly. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject performs the action denoted
	by the verb in an excessive way, or that the object is excessively affected by the action indicated by
	the verb.
	-ha...-kha vsuff. 1. uneasily; with difficulty; 2. difficult to [do]; unpleasant to [do]. Gramm: split
	manner suffix indicating that the subject carries out the action denoted by the verb in an uneasy or
	unpleasant manner. Also derives an adjective with the basic meaning 'difficult to x', unpleasant to
	x', x representing the action indicated by the verb. Nunu lembo si jebi adin doto la ano aha-akhado.
	The road to your place was muddy and it was not easy to come.
	haba See: harba.
	habun adj. cool (opp. hot, as a sensation or type of weather). Ude ago ho habundo. It is cool

Syn: piigo. hago See: sango-hago.

	hago	adj. 1. too much proudy. 2. beyond the level of socially expected behaviour. Usage:
	especially used for warning someone.
	hago	adj. happy; hilarious. Usage: slightly derogatory. hagoja adj. happiest. hagoya adj.
	happier. hagopa adv. Merrily.
	hagya n. 1. entrance. 2. gate, esp. of a fenced field or grove. Inka hagya mi miikohe! [Go and] open
	that door! See:

agya. hahe See: haye.

hahe; haye. hakun-hanyi n. step; stage; grade. hakhii See: harkhii. hakhii vt. to take away. Aki hii yo hakhiibiine. The dog took the meat away. hakhu vt. to separate. halan page n. variety of blue melon bead. See: page .

  adj. lightweight; light. Ant: ayi. Gramm: used when enumerating only, i.e. without reference to a particular object, as in school. Otherwise, *hahe/*haye is used in place of *hakun.hakun n:num. one (step of ladder, staircase, etc.. Gramm: by enumerating only, i.e. counting without reference to any particular object). Syn:

	haka n. rung; step of a ladder or stair.
	hakun n:num. one finger width.

halika n. (Zool.) Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis). From: Assamese .

halii vt. to blame; to accuse someone.

halo n. branch. Syn:

aha. halo vt. to dominate; to rule or control. halo piilo n. eight lunar month of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of August. Etym: the word *halo might be related to paddy sheaves bending under their weight at that moment of the year. halu n. patriclan. Syn: halu giira.

	halyan n. any person not belonging to either the Apatani, *Nyishi or Nyishi-related communities.
	Primarily denotes people from the plains, especially the Assamese. halyan-misan n. non-Apatanis
	in general; strangers. halyan takun n. (Bot.) peach; peach tree.
	halyan adj. 1. (of large surfaces) plain; level; flat. Syn: hapa. 2. (of numbers, lengths, volumes,
	quantities, etc.) equal. Halyansiido. (They) are equal. Syn: ahin.
	halyan piidin vt. to carry astride on the shoulders (esp. a child). Usage: Hija.
	halyin n. fourth lunar month of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of April.
	Syn: halyin piilo.
	halyin adj. 1. (of woman) beautiful. 2. (of man) handsome. Syn:

halyin-milyin. haman n

  . green vegetable; leafy vegetable, in general. A generic category comprising plants, either cultivated or wild, whose leaves are eaten by humans. Syn:

haman sanii. Haman sanii pyuko ho? Where are vegetables sold? aji padii haman n

  . (Bot.) Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta), a plant of the mustard family(Brassicaceae) . akho haman n. (Bot.) Creeping Woodsorrel (Oxalis corniculata). Usage: Dutta. Syn:

o haman; khuyi haman . genda haman n. (Bot.) Redflower Ragleaf; fireweed (Crassocephalum crepidioides) Syn: halyan haman . giyan haman n

  . (Bot.) Cabbage leaf mustard (Brassica juncea var. rugosa) .

	hiibyo haman n. (Bot.) variety of vegetable	. hiigu haman n. (Bot.) Japanese parsley
	(Oenanthe javanica). Var:

hugu haman . hiika haman n

  . (Bot.) variety of edible fern. Syn: hiika . hiipe haman n. (Bot.) Elatostema platyphyllum, a green leafy vegetable collected from the forests. hiiro haman n. (Bot.) variety of eggplant (Solanum sp.) bearing roundish berries in small hanging clusters, possibly S. nigrum. hunyur haman n. (Bot.) variety of vegetable . khuyi haman n. (Bot.) Creeping Woodsorrel (Oxalis corniculata, lit. 'sour vegetable).

Syn: o haman; akho haman . kochi haman n

  . (Bot.) Dandelion (Taraxacum sp.). Literally 'bitter vegetable". The leaves are eaten and have a bitter taste . kukulyu haman n. (Bot.) Artemisia indica, an edible herb enjoyed as a vegetable. Var:

kuku lyolye haman . luli haman n

  . (Bot.) Nepalese Smartweed (Persicaria nepalensis). mepi haman n. (Bot.) Greater plantain (Plantago major), a common weed . ngiilyan khiiko n. (Bot.) Centella asiatica. The leaves are either boiled or eaten raw with *pila. Also used as medicine for stomach disorders .

nyihi tami haman n. (Bot.) variety of vegetable. o khuyi haman See: khuyi haman; akho haman. pachu koyu haman n. (Bot.) variety of vegetable. pakhu harbu haman n. (Bot.) variety of vegetable. pato haman n. (Bot.) variety of vegetable . pulu tayi haman n

. (Bot.) Spiny Amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus) . raru haman n. (Bot.) Piper brachystachyum. Var: rari haman . sia haman n. (Bot.) Chameleon Plant (Hottuniya cordata). Var:

siyan haman . tabu choka haman n

  . variety of vegetable (lit. 'snake spit'). tale haman n. (Bot.) variety of garlic (Allium sp.), possibly Chinese Chives (A. tuberosum). Usage: Hari, Bulla. Encycl: the word 'Tale Valley' is derived from that of this species that grows abundantly there. Var: lepi. Usage: Hong, Hija.

. tape haman n. (Bot.) Tropical Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata). Usage: Hari; Bulla; Hong. Var: epe haman. Usage: Hija . tayi haman n. (Bot.) Amaranthus spp.

lanchan tayi haman n

  . (Bot.) Joseph's coat (Amaranthus tricolor). yorkhun haman n. (Bot.) Toothache Plant/Paracress (Acmella oleracea), a flowering herb whose small leaves are eaten .

hame adj. coward; timorous; timid. Ant: haro. hamepa adv. cowardly. Ant:

haropa. han vr. to seek information; to inquire; to ask questions. handa vt. to seek information/inquire/ask questions the right way or correctly. Ant: hankha. hane pron. (of finger widths) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used for a countable number of items. Arii hane podoku? How high has the horn grown (in finger widths)?

	hanka vt. to seek information on; to inquire about.
	hankha vt. to seek information/inquire/ask questions the wrong way or uncorrectly. Ant:
	handa.
	hane pron. (of steps of a ladder, etc.) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used for a
	countable number of items in a collection.
	hangii 1. pron. something. Gramm: indefinite pronoun. In a negative sentence, gives the sense
	'nothing', 'not anything'. A: Omo niinyipa hangii bagiiku ha? B: Hangiima. A: Did Omo bring
	something for you two? B: nothing. 2. adj. some. Gramm: indefinite adjective. In a negative
	sentence, gives the sense 'no x'. Hangii diigo-tango nyima sii ha? Have you got something to eat?
	-hankiile [hã´kile] vsuff. as (temporal). Gramm: Adverbial clause subordinating suffix
	combination added to verbs and adjectives, indicating a simultaneity between two actions or events.
	Var: -hankele. Usage: Hari, Bulla. Sarpu daka alyi supa hankele sarpu si sapidoku. The balloon
	got flattened as air was removed from it. Siika taru si tiitihankele barene. The rope broke as
	someone pulled it tightly. Omo mingohankiile aya bahi-balasiidaku ke. Omo has become very
	proudy after gaining wealth. Aliitotiika luhankele. I told you to put it in!

hanya adj. (of a child) young. hanyaja adj. (of a child) youngest. Mo oho milobo hanyaja hii. He is the youngest son. hanyaya adj. (of a child) younger. hao [´hao] 1. post. on. Gramm: locative postposition to a noun or noun phrase. Yo hii yo bade hao da. The meat is on the ceiling rack. 2. adv. up. Hao chato. Come up! Hao cha'nge. Go up (upstair, uphill, etc.)! hao ho [´hao´ho] 1. post. above. Gramm: locative postposition to a noun or noun phrase. Putu hao ho ude kone do. There is a house on the hill. hapa adj. (of large surfaces) level; flat. Syn: halyan. hapahe n. larger part (esp. of a task or work). No aji mi hapahe, aru holobiidoku a cho lo. You have done almost all the weeding work of paddy field. hapi vt. to hang something to dry it. Hiika yatii mi lochi ho hapito. Hang up that raincoat on the wall hanger so that it will dry out! hapin n. vapour; steam. hapin tagyan n. fog; mist. hapu n. (Anat.) diaphragm. hapun 1. n. gap, in space or time. 2. adj. free (not busy) hapunma adj. busy. hapun See: harpu. hapu-ripu adj. 1. generous. 2. popular. har 1. vi-r. to run. 2. vt-r. to drive a car. 3. vi-r. (of a vehicle) to go. har vt-r. to bathe. har [ha:r] vt-r. to cut, esp. meat; to dismember. haran piyo n. variety of dance. harba 1. vt. (of a plural subject) to run together. 2. vi. (of a plural subject) to drive a vehicle together. 3. vi. (of two or more vehicles) to go together. harba vt. to hug; to embrace. Usage: Bulla. Var: haba. Usage: Hija, Hari. Syn: poba. harbi 1. vi. to run on someone else's behalf. 2. vt. to drive a vehicle on someone else's behalf; to drive for someone. harbin 1. vi. (of a plural subject) to run together. 2. vt. (of a plural subject) to drive a vehicle together. 3. vi. (of two or more vehicles) to go together. harbo 1. vi. to run across. 2. vt. to drive across. 3. vi. (of a vehicle) to go across.

  vi. to run fast. 2. vt. to drive fast. 3. vi. (of a vehicle) to go fast. hargaya vt. to run/drive faster. Aki ami mi hargayado. The dog runs faster than the cat. vt. 1. to run before someone, or before anyone else does. 2. to drive before someone, or before anyone else does. 3. (of a vehicle) to go before someone, or before anyone else does. Ommo, nyibyapatiika, ngiimi bus harnubiilyi ke. Ommo, hurry up, I'm going to miss the bus. (lit. 'the bus is going to leave before me') Nobin, Tamo hata hii da. Nobin stands in front of Tamo. hata ganda n. major portion/part of something. hatii adj. calm; confident. Sira lottery first prize latodo la ano hatiido. Sira is confident he will win the lottery. hatii-miilii adv. calmly; not in a hurry; with patience. Train time ho alyidiike, hatiimiilii dulyato. The train may arrive on time, wait calmly.

1.

to run upward/northward. 2. to drive upward/northward. harche n. (Anat.) V-shaped line formed by the two creases of the groin, at the junction of the torso with the legs; fold of the groin. Var: hache. harchin

1. vi.

to know how to run. 2. vt. to know how to drive. hardin 1. vi. to run deliberately. 2. vt. to drive deliberately. harga 1.

hargii vi. to run away. Diipyo hargiilyi ke, chituto. The thief is running away, catch him! hargii vt. to take someone along with oneself for a run or a drive; to give a lift to someone. harha vi. to run in/to drive in. hargo vt. to overtake/pass by running or driving. hargya 1. vi. to run the wrong way . 2. vt. to drive the wrong way. harhu adj. attractive, as of a man's personality; charming. Syn: harhu habya. harhin See: haryin. harii vi. to turn; to rotate; to spin; to revolve. Fan si hariido. The fan is rotating. See: jirii; parii. Etym: from *har, 'to run'. harje vt. to run over, as of a vehicle. harje-koje vi. to get oneself run over by a vehicle. harjomon vt. to run after someone or something. Ngunu niimpa pe hiikaneja halyan henju-miiju mi harjomondo nii? Why do we follow so much the ways of life of the people of the plains? harko n. place or track for running/driving a vehicle. harko vt. to bore into something. Syn: ruko. harku vi. to desert; to run away. harkun 1. vt. (of a plural subject) to run collectively/together. 2. vi. (of a plural subject) to drive collectively/together. 3. vi. (of two or more vehicles) to go collectively/together. harkur 1. vi. to run back. 2. to drive back. Bus, passenger atan mi Ziro ho harchi chagiiteku la Hapoli ho harkurneku. After dropping passengers at Ziro, the bus has returned to Hapoli. harkhii n. (Anat.) crown of the hair. Var: hakhii. harkhii vt. (by a vehicle) to kill someone/some animal by running over him/it. Aki mi gari hakhiibiine. A dog was run over by a car (and is dead) Var: hakhii. harkhu ahi n. (Bot.) kiwi fruit. Syn: sanii taro. harlan n. (Anat.) thigh. harle vt. 1. to run away from someone; to desert someone. 2. to go away, as of a vehicle. Taxi harlebiine. The taxi has gone away. harmin vt. to win in a race. harnu harniin n. run. haro adj. brave; fearless. Ant: hame. Syn: chikho. haroja adj. bravest. haroya adj. braver. haroniin n. bravery. Syn: chikhoniin. haropa adv. bravely; fearlessly. harpo n. bucket; bin. Var: hapo. dachan harpo n. iron bucket. harpu n. (Anat.) pelvic region of the human body. Var: hapu; hapun. harpyo 1. vi. to run before anyone else does; to run first. 2. vt. to drive first/before anyone else does. 3. vi. (by a vehicle) to go first/before any other vehicle does. harru adj. hard to cut, as of meat. harsu vi. to take a bath; to wash one's body; to bathe oneself. Var: hasu. Usage: Hari. harti n. rust. Usage: Hari. Var : marlan. Usage: Bulla. Harti aku. It has become rusted (lit. 'rust has come'). hartin n. 1. (Bot.) knot, as on a length of a bamboo. Bije hartin. Bamboo knot. 2. (Bot.) node, as on a rice stem; joint on a stem from which a leaf starts to grow. Enda piilo ho endi hii hartin karduku. In May-June nodes appear on paddy (stems). Var: hatin. Usage: Hari. harto vt. to bathe; to give a bath to; to wash. haru [´ha:ru:] n. (Anat.) lungs. haryahe n:qual. greater part or quantity. Gramm: qualifying noun following another noun. haryin 1. vt. (of a plural subject) to run together. 2. vi. (of a plural subject) to drive a vehicle together. 3. vi. (of two or more vehicles) to go together. hasa n:qual. (of two or more finger widths) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. hasa n:qual. (of two or more steps of ladder, staircase, etc.) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. haser n. bamboo without any branch. hasin vt. to dry by exposure; to heat over a fire, as is done with firewood. haso adj. slow; gradual. hasoja adj. slowest. haso-haso adv. slowly, gradually. hasopa adv. slowly. hasoya adj. Slower. hasu See: harsu. hata 1. n. frontside. Hiika hata daka ude hii Apa kii. That house in front (of you) is Apa's house. 2. adj. preceding (previous, foregoing). See: kapyo. hata cha vcn. to progress. hata ho post. in front of. Inka dukan ka hata ho. In front of that shop. Syn: hata hii. hatin adj. 1. intimate, as of a relationship. 2. important; significant. Niika TV program kaniin si hatin ala kasudu pe ha? The way you are watching TV programs, is it of any importance? hatin biilin adv. 1. intimately. 2. significantly. hatin See: hartin.

hatu vt. to hold firmly something that is caught in a basket or a net. Hatuto. Hold on (that caught fish)! Ngiika tarii mi bije si hatubiido. My shirt got caught on a bamboo. hatu-hapo vt. to obstruct; to prevent from going through; to impede. Sira mi Hija ho arda konchi dado kabohe no, lenda ho mi miyu lo hatu-hapokotemapa. You go tomorrow morning to meet Sira at Hija, without being stopped by someone on the way. haya adj. hungry. Unka hayaduku. Unka is hungry. Uro kiilin hayadoku taka ah. Hangii diisii nyima sii ha? Do you have something to eat? I'm famished. Hayalyiho ka pila khiibiinii, Ngiika ane. It's my mother who cooks *pila for me when I am hungry. haya myokha n. famine. haya pi vcn. to starve. hayan n. (of fruit) pulp. papu hayan n. egg yolk.

haye n:num. one finger width, construed as a unit of linear measure. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *haye is replaced by *hakun. Var: hahe. haye num. (of steps of ladder, staircase, etc.) one. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *hakun is used in place of *haye. Var: hae.

  Gramm: hortative/imperative suffix occuring at the end of the predicate suffix chain, attached to verbs having two or more syllables. Used when the addressee is moving away from the speaker in carrying out the action indicated by the verb, but giving a more abrupt and urgent sense to the order or request than the simple form in *-he. Can be rendered in Hiila pe hendo. I think so. Ngo hendo nii no miyu denki ako. I think that you are a good/nice person. Obing mi ka, kamijapa kamakuniin hii, ngo hendo nii, nyanngo duku do. The last time I saw Obing was, I think, five years ago. No ayimada Itanagar tone pe la hento nii, hiira tochinkiilyi po? I guess you have been to Itanagar recently, are you going again? 2. to think/worry about something. Anyo Ziro ho chalanii miichi la ano heladone. Anyo was thinking very much of going to Ziro. 3. to love or have affection for someone. 4. to plan on. Niida Itanagar apa hendo? When do you plan on coming to Itanagar? Var: hin. Usage: Hija.

Syn: pidu.

hedu vt. to damage or destroy by blowing. Alyi piilyi hedubiine. The wind destroyed the hut. hehu vt. to stimulate (intellectually). hehu-miihu vt. to stimulate. heko vt. to dig a hole with the help of some levering tool or lever mechanism. Labourers atan si kiidi hekolado. The labourers are digging the soil. heko vt. to unfasten a lock. Ant: hepin.

-heku

vsuff. go and [do]

now! English by

'Go and [do]

now!'. Obing mi lenda ho inriiheku. Go and meet Obing on the way now! hela [hela] conj. 1. and. Gramm: numeral conjunction. Alyan hela yango. Fifteen. Syn: le. 2. and; then. Gramm: conjunction used to link two verbs envisaged as two successive actions. Ngo so apin diite hela ato. I came here after I had my meal (lit. 'I had my meal and I came'). Ayo yoye, Manu hende-hende hela, imitalyiku la biidi ako hempatii. One night, Manu kept thinking over and over, and as she was about to sleep she imagined a plan. See: lala. hela [´hela] adj. 1. clever; smart. Syn: piibi. 2. understanding; good-hearted; kind-hearted. Mo ano heladu. He/she is a very kind-hearted person. Tari ano helado. Tari is a very understanding guy. Syn: hela-kala. hela-miila adj. understanding; thoughtful. helin-miilin vt. to create; to invent; to fabricate. helii vt. to suppose; to presume. Syn: helii-henga. helo [´he´lo] vt. to forgive. Ngiimi helo pe! Please forgive me! helo vi. to feel bad or disappointed due to someone's action or word. helonii n. forgiveness. helya vi. to be patient. helya adj. gimp, as of a person. helyan kada vt. to look after; to take care of. helye adj. cool, moderately cold (esp. referring to food). helyu vt. 1. to fail to think. 2. to forget. hemba vt. (of a plural subject) to think together. hembo vt. to think along with someone. hembyan adj. satisfactory. hembyo vt. 1. to like, to be fond of. 2. to yearn/wish for something. heme n. pauper; poor man. heme vt. 1. to swear; to take oath. 2. to promise. hemi vt. to hope for something; to expect to get something. Syn: hemi-kami. hemin-henja adj. having an intimate, open and honest attitude towards someone. hemo vt. to distrust; to suspect; to doubt. hemo vi. to rest. Syn: dumo. hempa [hem´pa] vt-r. 1. to think about something; to manage to think. Ayo yoye, Manu hendehende hela, imitalyiku la biidi ako hempatii. One night, Manu kept thinking over and over, and as she was about to sleep she imagined a plan. 2. to remember. Syn: hempa-hempa. Siti pota bimajalo, ngunu henin kane, nunu hempa-hempatolyatiika. Though letters cannot reach you we keep you in our heart, do remember us. 2. to feel. Siisida kii la ngo ano renge hempa dane. Recently, I have been feeling really tired. hempa vt. to ignore. Syn: hempa-heya. hemper [hem´pər] adv. very. Siika putu si hemper biiledo. This mountain is very slippery. Niimi kapa lala ngo hemper hempyodo. I am very glad to meet you. Var: hempii. Usage: Bulla. Syn: henter.

hempu vi. to be mistaken; to think wrongly. Ngo hempubiidu ke, Paris hii Germany kii mapa France ka capital ke. I'm mistaken, Paris is not the capital city of Germany but that of France. hempu 1. vi. to think like someone. Ngiika ane hempu hokii henpama. No one thinks like my mother. 2. similar in thought. See: kapu. hempu-kapu adj. alike to; similar to. hempun-henka vi. to be confused. See: apun-aka. hempya vt. to cancel something/some work through thought. hempyo [´hempjo:] adj. 1. happy; delighted. Ngo niimi kapa lala ano hempyodo. I am very happy to meet you. 2. delightful; pleasant; auspicious. Anyan niti ka hempyo alo so .... In this auspicious day of the New Year.... hempyodopa mii vca. to please; to make someone happy. hempyoja adj. happiest, delighted. hempyopa adv. happily. Ngunu hii hempyopa apin diidu. We are happy to eat rice (lit. 'we eat rice happily'). hempyoya adj. happier. Arjinlyi ho ahu hii hempyoyado. One feels better when stretching one's body. hempyo-hempa adj. seemingly happy. Mo hempyo-hempa. He/she looks happy. Aya hempyo-hempa! interj. wow! incredible! Gramm: interjection used to express astonishment or admiration. A: Siilo lottery ho gari paji biine. B: Aya hempyo-hempa! A: Today I won a car in the lottery. B: wow! great! hempyo vi. to feel guilty. hemur vt. to think wrongly. hemyo vt. to plan. hen [´hẽ] vt-r. 1. to think (that); to guess (that).

henchi n. (Bot.) variety of bramble bearing edible yellow berries, which, unlike *jimpu jilyin, are not arranged in clusters. Possibly Yellow Himalayan Raspberry (Rubus ellipticus). Var: henji. henchi-heyi vt. to think of something that is known to self, but unknown to others. hencho n. tickle. hencho mii vcn. to tickle. henda vt. 1. to recall something at a right time. 2. to think/guess/reason correctly. henda-henka vt. to guess.

hengin-hentii. hengo vt

  . to think before someone else does. hengo vt. to miss one thing while thinking about something. n. removing of soil; digging. Haman heniin. extraction of vegetables from soil. kiidi heniin n. soil digging. Syn: durniin. heniin n. operating of a lock. heniin n. embroidering/knitting; embroidery. heniin n. serving of food with a ladle/spoon. henje vt. to trust; to have confidence in something or someone. Syn: henje-taje. henjer vt. to save; to preserve for future use. Henko kone bidato. Give me any one. henko-henko pron. randomly. Siika Myoko so ngo pore o tangiito la henko-henko giipa-giiya gikanando. During this Myoko festival I feel like drinking lots of black beer, and fall and lie her and there. henko v. to sympathize with; to be in sympathy with. Hija. Ngiika oho hii, abi-tarii atan mi school indu pa riilaku lala, siisi intekuma luda. Si ngiimi hinko-himpe miipabiido ke ah. My child, after buying clothes to go to school, has now refused to go. That has made me confused on what to do. adj. insufficient; scarce, as of food. henkhii-milyin n. shortage of food; famine. henkhii vt. to have no more desire to repeat something after having had a bad experience. Syn: henkhii-miikhii. hennii [´hẽni] 1. n. one who loves (unspecified). 2. n. one who is affectionate (unspecified); hearty (cordial, warm). 3. adj. (in a nominal, adjectival or relative phrase or clause) affectionate. henniin [´hẽni] n. 1. thought; preoccupation; expectation. Supun miilan ka heniin hii, ali-aho mi ayadopa. Everyone's desire is to get a healthy crop. (extract from Dree Anthem). 2. love; affection. hennyo v. to think without a purpose. hennga vt. to be interested in something. hennga-henka adj. frustrated. henngu-here vt. to distinguish; to discriminate. hennyo vt. to think without a set purpose; to let one's mind wander. hennyoniin n. thoughts without purpose. hennyo-miinyo v. to accustom (oneself or another), esp. through practice; to get used to; to familarize (oneself or another) with something.

	henkur vt. to regret.

henge vt. to keep something in mind or in memory. Etym: from *hen, 'to think', *age 'to stick'. hengii vt. 1. to cause someone to think something. 2. to learn. hengi-hemo vi. to wait for a moment. hengin adj. proud. Syn: hengya v. to think wrongly. henhan vt. to think (that); to guess (that). Molu nunuka colony ho dududo hiila (ngo) henhan kiile. I thought they live in your colony. henii n. relative; kinperson. henii-myanii n. relatives. heniin n. air blowing. heniin henji See henchi. henji adj. happy. Usage: derogatory. henji-hempa adj. appropriate; suitable; convenient; handy. henju n. way of thinking; attitude; behaviour. henju-henmyo n. character; way of thinking; mode of thought. Aju-amyo mi niimpa kadu? Henju-hemyo mi no katotiika. Why are you looking at somebody's features? Look at the character. henju-miiju n. behaviour, character. Syn: miijuluju. henjun adj. comfortable. henka vt. to think; to imagine; to plan. Syn: henka-myanka. Henkatotiika ah! Think about it! henkaniin n. idea; opinion; view; plan. henki adj. sincere. Syn: denki. henko adj. any. henko ako pron. any one. Syn: henko kone. henko-hempe adj. confused. Usage: Hari, Bulla. Var: hinko-himpe. Usage: Hija. henkohempe mii vca. to make someone confused. Usage: Hari, Bulla. Var: hinko-himpe mii. Usage: henkha v. to think wrongly. Henkhalyi hoka tonsernii, ngiika ane. It's my mother who advise me when I am in a wrong thought. henkhii hensan adj. biased; prejudiced; partial, as of an opinion, statement or thought. hensan-miisan adj. biased; prejudiced; partial, as of a behaviour. hensanii n. thing to be thought of. henser n. (of feeling, mind) free from worry; disembarrassed. See: daser. henser kadu adj. left with no way of action; marked by an inability to act or react; helpless. hensi-henga adj. uneasy; disturbed by anxiety or apprehension. hensi-hensi vt. to keep one's thought to oneself, without letting others know about it. hensu v. to love each other. Syn:

hensu-myansu. hensu-hera vi

  . to feel disheartened or discouraged.

henter [´hẽtər] adv. very. Syn:

ano; hemper. hentii adj

  . proud; haughty. hentiipa adv. haughtily, with arrogance. hentu vt. to miss someone; to think of someone who is far away. hentin 1. vt. to rely on someone; to trust someone. 2. adj. reliable; trustworthy. hepa part. about; approximately (referring to numbers). Jarpinye hepa. About eight thousands.

Syn: pa.

  Gramm: semblative particle following a noun or a pronoun, indicating that the subject shares the same quality as the marked noun/pronoun, or performs the action indicated by the verb in a similar way. Insi aki hiilyan ela. That looks like a dog. Alyi atan ka nyago hii ano alerdo. Molu kiidi mi buldozzer hiilyan durlado. Pigs have very powerful snouts. They can turn over the ground like bulldozers. Mo, Obing hiilyan, luju-lumyo ayado. He is a polite fellow, just like Obing. Tapyo si hajmola hiilyan dota ka aha. This tapyo salt tastes like hajmola. 2. as though; as if. Mo yasan bananmanii hiilyan bado. He is collecting firewood as if he does not want to. For that. Gramm: addressee-proximate demonstrative; purposive case. Ngo taxi pailakindo pe ha? Iin, hiipa, no taxi stand bo dolyikindo. Can I get a taxi? Yes, for that you have to go to the taxi stand.

1. Wow! Incredible! For goodness sake! Usage: interjection used to express amazement, stupefaction or wonderment. 2. Yes it is. hiila koda conj. if; supposing; in that case; if that is so. Gramm: subordinate conjunction of condition. Occurs at the end of the subordinate clause, preceding the main clause. hiila loda advphr. like that only. hiila ma advphr. not like that. Syn: hiila na ma. Hiila na ma hempado. I don't think so. hiila ma ha ena int. tag isn't it? Gramm: negative question tag occuring at the end of a positive statement or sentence, roughly equivalent to English 'isn't it?', 'don't you?', etc. Unlike in English it has a fixed form. Syn: hiila ma ha lo? hiila pe ha int. tag is it? Gramm: positive question tag occuring at the end of a negative statement or sentence, roughly equivalent to English 'is it?', 'do you?', etc. Unlike in English it has a fixed form. hiila sii phr. (It's) like that only. hiila ya advphr. rather like that. hiila yu ha int. tag is that so? A: Mo anyi anii-oho sii pe ha? B: Chinma, hiila yu ah? A: Are they mother and son? B: I don't know, is that so? Syn: hiila yun. hiilyan part. 1. like; as. Syn: hiilyan-hiilyan. Momi kapatonii hiilyan-hiilyan hensuto henderlamato. I thought (as if) I had seen him/her somewhere but I did not remember. hiimi [himi:] n. widow. hiimi-miji. n. widow and orphan. Usage: in a metaphorical sense, the compound word *hiimi-miji can convey the meaning of a weakness of which people take unwanted advantage. hiimi 1. dem. the; that. Gramm: addressee-proximate demonstrative. Accusative case. 2. pron. that. Gramm: addressee-proximate demonstrative pronoun. Accusative case. No michama koda hiimi kapakendo cho. If you are not blind you should see that. hiimkane See: hiinkane. hiimper [him´pər] adv. very. Var: hemper. Syn: henter. hiinkane [´hikane] pron. that much. Gramm: indefinite pronoun of quantity (as size, amount, etc.). Hiinkane loda abu bimajalo ayanedii ke. It is not necessary to give that much to them. Sokii la ado dope ha? Is it too far from here? Ma, hiinkane adoma ke. No, not at all, it's not that far away. Hiinkane aduyo. Don't speak that much! Var: hiimkane. hiinin adj. concentrated, as of food or beverage. hiine interj. that's it; that's all. hiinyan 1. n. shame. 2. adj. ashamed; shameful; shy. Mo ngiimi hiinyandopa lubiine. His/her talks made me shameful. hiinyan biiso n. prestige (literally 'shy-frightened'). hiinyan lu vcn. to verbally insult someone (esp. in front of others); to humiliate. hiinyan mii vcn. to insult someone by doing something (esp. in front of others); to humiliate. hiinyan mohi n. shame; disgrace. Sarii ngiimi hiinyan mohi dado pa gada. the Teacher scolded me in such a way that I felt ashamed. hiinyan subu n. 'shameful mithun', a mithun given as a compensation for a divorce or an offense to customary law such as adultery or molestation of a woman. hiinyan tami n. (Bot.) Sensitive Plant (Mimosa pudica). Etym: literally 'shy weed'. hiinyi pron. those two. Gramm: addressee-proximate dual demonstrative pronoun. Occurs immediately after the marked noun. See: sinyi. hiinyo n. postnatal confinement period of ten days traditionally imposed to mothers after delivery. hiinyur haman n. (Bot.) variety of green vegetable. hiipa [hi´pa] dem. hiipe haman n. (Bot.) Elatostema platyphyllum, a green leafy vegetable collected from the forests. hiira adv. again. hiirapa adv. subsequently; again. Kii, hiira nyibya kapasiisa ha. Ok, let's meet again soon. hiiri n. solid particle, usually small; dust. Syn: hiiri-hiikho. hiirii name name of one primordial protective deity. hiirii n. variety of traditional dance performed by a chain of male members that takes place at the house of the performer of a *murun, marked by foot-stamping and chorus. hiirii khanniin n. *hiirii chanting. hiiro adj. 1. first 2. (of children in a family) eldest. 3. (of land, property in a household) most important or prominent. Hiiro akha oho ja. Eldest son. hiiro haman n. (Bot.) variety of eggplant (Solanum sp.) bearing roundish berries in small hanging clusters. hiisan n. (Agr.) grass; fodder. Sii hiisa diidu. Cows eat grass (i.e. are herbivorous). Subu atan hii more-giira ho hiisan diila sandu. Mithuns subsist by eating grass in forests and pastures. hiisan diinii 1. n. grass eater. 2. adj. herbivorous; grass-eating. Siidin atan hii hiisan diinii achu-amyo. Deers are herbivorous animals. hiiso n. (Bot.) variety of bamboo growing outside Ziro, having a curved stem. Syn: bihe. hiita See: heta. hiitan pron. like that; that way. hiitampa pron. like that; in that way. Hiitampa ha? Is it like that? Hiitampa ngiimi kadiyo. Don't stare at me like that! hiite n. name given to one of the two composite groups celebrating the Myoko festival simultaneaoulsy, comprising Bulla and Hari. See: hiichi. hiiyi tami n. (Bot.) Billygoat-weed/Chick weed/Goatweed (Ageratum conyzoides), a common weed. ho [´ho] 1. post. in; at; to. Gramm: locative case marker indicating a place at intermediate distance, or referring to a time or event within which an event takes place or is envisaged. May be used for the lative case, indicating a motion to a location. Also has a comitative sense 'with' when following postposition *agin. Mo lemba ho dudu. He/she lives in a village. Hiika chair ho duto. Sit in that chair (by your side)! Ngo Ziro ho indu. I moved to Ziro. Mo aro konchi ho inne. He/she went early in the morning. 2. adv. there; then. Ho nii kapatii? What did you see there? Ngo ho aji miila dokindo. I shall be cultivating the field then. ho koda conj. then, if that is so; in that case. ho ma koda conj. if not; otherwise. ho nii hiila inter. tag So what? A: Ata, guritama po? 5:30 doku ka ah. B: Ho nii hiila. Ngiimi imikiinempe. A: Sister, won't you wake up? It's half past five. B: So what? Let me sleep. ho conj. and. Gramm: conjunction used to coordinate two sentences.

  Gramm: ablative postposition, indicating a spatial or temporal source of an event. Niinyi no hokii? Where are you (two) from? Ngo lemba hopa tolyi. I come (down) from the village. Akku Yami nyi Itanagar hokii chado. Akku and Yami have come from Itanagar. Mo hin baji hokii imine. He/she slept from three o'clock. 2. out of (a whole). Gramm: partitive postposition used to refer to a selection of a part (or quantity) out of a group (or amount). Supun miilan gyakerjalopa, ngunu Ziro kapu hokii kapama. Wherever you may travel on Earth, there is no place like our Ziro. Ngiika ane kapu hokii kapama. No one looks like my mother.

. 2. conj. when; if. See: daka. hokii [´hoki] post. 1. from. Syn: hopa. hokiija adv. from that time; immediately after. Syn: hokiila; hokiilaja. hoko vt. to open/dig a trench, canal or trough with the hands. Etym: from *ho, 'to collect with hands', *-ko,'to open'. hoko-hope adj. tangled. hola vt. to speak in a wordy manner, without saying much; to talk a lot; to talk for the sake of talking; to twaddle. holii vt. to put/insert something in order to burn it. Yasan mi yamu holiito. Burn some firewood into the fire! holo vt. to remove, esp. weeds; to de-weed. No aji mi hapahe, aru holobiidoku ah cho lo. You have done almost all the weeding work of paddy field.

i'ngyin tapyo; i'ngyin piiri.

  Ratalu or Purple Yam (Dioscorea alata), a yam species bearing a big and fibrous tuber. Syn: (Zool.) the caterpillar of a variety of small moth that commonly builds its cocoon inside Apatani homes. 2. name of one particular spirit believed to induce somnambulism. Niimi ipun tarun bobii masii ha? Are you dragged away by ipun tarun? [as a common way to indicate that someone is absent-minded]. Var: ipun turun. Usage: Hari.

See: i'ngyin. i'nge [i´ŋe:] n. (Bot.) generic term for cultivated taros or yams. Includes species such as Malanga (Colocasia esculenta), Colocasia antiquorum, Colocasia affinis. Var: inhe. Usage: Hija. i'nge anii/yanii n. taro leaf. Var: inhe anii/yanii. Usage: Hija. i'nger vi. to snore; to make sounds when sleeping. Syn: imi-i'nger. i'ngyin n. (Bot.) ipa [ipa ] ʔ n. 1. (Anat.) human excrement; stool; faeces. See: ikha. 2. vi-r. to defecate. ipa chunyi n. (Zool.) Dung Beetle. ipa tami n. (Zool.) Green bottle fly (Lucilla sp.). (Ngo) ipa satu rindo exp. I'm constipated. Etym: from *sa, 'to expel from body/defecate', *-tu, 'block'. ipun tarun 1. n. ipo See: ipyo. ipyo n. yeast-like substance produced from a mixture of old and new rice, used as a fermentation starter in the beer brewing process. Encycl: also traditionally used as medicine, especially as postoperation ointment after the castration of domestic animals. Var: ipo. ipyo-pyoli n. new yeast. Var: ipo-poli. ipyo v. to commit adultery. ipyonii 1. n. adultery. 2. one who commits adultery (unspecified). irun vi. to doze off inadvertently. ishu n. (of humans) sexual intercourse; sexual act; sexual relation. Var: hishu. ita n. brick. From: Assamese 'ita'. iti n. lump of ash. Encycl: as per tradition, lumps of ash were considered a bad omen and removed from a hearth. itu adj. short. ituja adj. shortest. ituya adj. shorter. itu pumin n. (Zool.) variety of dragonfly, one of the smallest of all varieties seen in Ziro. iya See: iha. iye n:num. one night/night cycle. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *ikun is used in place of *iye. Ii-ii iibyo [ĩbjo] adj. long. Lapo iibyo. A long arm. iibyoja adj. longest. iibyoya adj. longer.

  n. 1. wavering. 2. gliding. jantu 1. vi. to be or become fat. 2. adj. (of a person) fat; plump. Mo jantudo. He/she is fat. jantuja adj. fattest. jantuya adj. fatter. jar num. thousand. Gramm: root form prefixing numerals. Tiiko jarnye. Two thousand rupees. From: Assamese 'hajar'. Syn: lalyan.

jobyun. jobyun See: jobun. jocha vt

  jimi jama adj. dim; shadowy; hazy. Aro konchi dado jimi-jamadorampa ngo aji inchi. I shall go to paddy fields at early morning (i.e. when the morning haze is still low on the horizons). aro jimi jama nphr. morning twilight. alyin jimi jama nphr. evening twilight. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is elongated or stretched out as a result of the action identified by the verb. Gramm: nominalizer; derives a noun with the basic meaning of 'reward of x', 'result of x' or 'price for x', x corresponding to the action identified by the verb.-jo vsuff. while moving. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subjects keeps performing the action denoted by the verb as he moves. Diijo. To keep eating as one moves. Gramm: split temporal suffix indicating that the action/event identified by the verb occurs as a continuous process, without interruption.-jo...-myo vsuff. frugally. Gramm: split manner suffix indicating that the subject brings about the action denoted by the verb in a simple or frugal way, from necessity or to avoid wastage. Giijogiimyo. To wear simple clothing; to dress in a frugal manner. joba vt. (of a plural subject) to lift/carry together. joba vt. (of a plural subject) to cut something lengthwise together. joba vt. (of a plural subject) to pay or remunerate together. joba vt. (of a plural subject) to heap or pile up something together. jobi vt. 1. to lift/carry on someone else's behalf or for someone; 2. to give something to someone by lifting or hefting it. jobi vt. to cut something lengthwise on someone else's behalf/for someone; jobi vt. to pay or remunerate on someone else's behalf/for someone. jobi vt. to heap or pile up something on someone else's behalf/for someone. jobin vt. (of a plural subject) to lift/carry jointly. jobo vt. 1. to lift/carry along with someone. 2. to help someone lift or carry something. jobo vt. to lift/carry across.jobun vt. to plunge and soak. Var: . 1. to lift or raise onto a higher level. 2. to move up to lift something. jochun vt. to hide (by lifting or hefting). Tero mi hime kapakiinedii la hiila jochunbiine. She has hidden the chilly to avoid the children from seeing it. jode vt. to pile/stack up closely, as logs, etc. jodu vt. to damage. jogin n. handle for carrying; any protruding part or rough surface that provides a firm grip for carrying something. Syn:

	jincha vt. to pull oneself up; to straighten up.
	-jo...-jo	vsuff. continuously.
	jiniin n. rolling.
	jiniin n. act or state of melting.

jimu adj. having a whirling sensation; vertiginous; dizzy. Syn: jinku sumu; sumu. jin vt-r. to tie with canes or ropes, as in tiying fences. -jin vsuff. elongated; stretched out. jinko-jinko adj. (of a person) very tall; abnormally tall. Usage: sarcastic. jinkhe jilin See: jilin. jimpu-jilyin See: jilyin. jinti vt. to tighten a rope. jintii-jilyin See: jilyin. jipin vt. to close something by rolling a rounded object over it, as when covering a hole with a stone. Ubu mi jipinto. Close the hole! jipo vt. to seal, as an envelope; to fully close. jipi vt. to roll over something and flatten it; to run over, as of a vehicle. Pachu mi gari jipibiine. The car ran over a chicken. jipo vt. to bind/join two parts or substances by melting them, e.g. as when applying plastic on a joint. jipu adj. round. Sari lune kiidi hii jipudo. The teacher said that the Earth is round. jir vt-r. to roll, esp. disc-like objects. jirhii-jirkhe vt. to roll something from one place to another. Syn: bahii-bakhe. jirii 1. vt. to circle; to roll over; to rotate. 2. vi. to rotate; to revolve. See: harii; parii. jiryi vt. to roll down, esp. disc-like objects. jitu See: jere. jo [dʑo] vt-r. to lift or carry on one's shoulder or in one's hand; to heft. Syn: joka. jo [dʑo:] vt-r. to cut something lengthwise with a blade, e.g. a cloth.

jo vt-r. to pay, as wage, salary, etc.; to remunerate someone in cash or kind. jo vt-r. to lay or stack up something; to pile up; to heap.

-jo vsuff. reward; result.

jogin-nanii. jogo vt

  . to miss something or someone while lifting/hefting/carrying something. Syn: jogo-jolo.

jogo-byago n. impoverishment. Var: jugo-byago. Usage: Bulla. Syn:

juniin-byaniin. jogu vt

  . to change the place/replace something by lifting it. Piichan mi jogutote. Replace the pot! jogya vt. to place something in a wrong place (by lifting it).

  vt. 1. to pick up. 2. to lift; to move something/someone to a higher place or level. Etym: from *yaju, 'ladle made of dried gourd'. ju vt-r. (Agr.) to winnow, as rice paddy.-ju vsuff. way of doing something. Gramm: nominalizer forming a noun describing a manner of doing something. -ju... -myo vsuff. way of doing something. Gramm: split nominalizer deriving a noun with the basic meaning of 'way of doing x', x being the action indicated by the verb root which is reduplicated. Henju-hemmyo. Way of thinking; character. one ladle or ladleful, as quantity contained in one *yaju. Gramm: by enumerating only, without reference to a particular object, as in school. When referring to a particular object, *jue/juye is used in place of *jukun. Gramm: interogative pronoun used for a countable of items in a collection. junya adj. wet. Pulye junya. Wet cloth. junyo adj. (of a ladle or ladleful) small. Ant: juro. (of two or more ladles or ladlefuls) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from*yaju, 'ladle made of dried gourd'.

	jotu-jopo vt. to hack; to cut someone or something into pieces with a blade or a knife.
	ju-[´ju] class. classifier for ladles (*yaju) or ladlefuls. juye/jue, junye, juhinnge, jupe,
	ju'ngohe,	jukhe,	jukanuhe,	jupinye,	jukoahe,	julyanhe.	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
	ladle(s)/ladleful(s). juro adj. (of a ladle or ladleful) big. Ant: junyo.
	joko n. place for lifting/hefting something. jusa n:qual.
	joko n. place for piling up something.

1. to lift, carry or heft something as a trial/to see what happens. Ngiimi joka pe! Please carry for me! 2. to try to lift, carry or heft something. Ngiimi joka pe! Try to lift me! joka vt-r. to cut something lengthwise with a blade (as a trial or to see what happens). joku-jolya vt. to lift/heft/carry in an improper way. jokun vt. (of a plural subject) to carry something/someone collectively on shoulder or in hand. jokun vt. (of a plural subject) to heap or pile up something collectively. jokhe vt. to carry roughly or angrily. jokhe vt. to move something upside down by lifting it. jola n. carry bag. jolin vt. to carry something outside. jolo vt. to unload something that is being carried. Yasan joloto! Unload the firewood! (that you are carrying) jolyan vt. to lay or stack something up neat and tidy. jomii [dʑo´mi] n. cloud. Var: jomu. -jomon [dʑo´mõ] vsuff. succeed; follow. Gramm: temporal suffix combination indicating that the subjects succeeds someone, or follows someone through the action denoted by the verb. jombii n. wooden beam. lapan jombii n. wooden beam of a *lapan. jompu n. ritual element of sacrificial altars, tassel-like bamboo peels extracted by teasing out the inner side (used for ritual or decorative purpose). One *jompu decorates the top of the *babo pole, hanging from the broader end of the *cholo element. Var: some. Usage: Hari . jomu See: jomii.

jonu-jona vt. to lift/carry something in vain. jopa vt. to take off or remove a load. jopaniin n. overthrowing; overthrow. jopi vt. to carry something and place it in a way that something else is completely beneath it or crushed under its weight. jopin vt. to close with something. Syn: jotin. jopu vt. to put something over something else. jopu vt. to lift/carry something mistakenly. jopyan vt. to close a gap by putting something. jopyo adj. easy, pleasant or convenient to lift/carry. Ant: joru. jori vt. to lift something. joru adj. difficult, unpleasant or unconvenient to lift/carry. Ant: jopyo. josu vt. to detach something by lifting it. jotin See: jopin. jotu jue See: juye. jugo-byago See: jogo-byago. juja 1. adj. wet. 2. vi. to be or become wet. Ant: pitan. juju vt. (Agr.) to winnow. juju-junii n. winnowing. juka vt. to measure, in general (for heights, weights, etc.). jukun n:num. jukhu n. (Agr.) residue from a winnowing process, esp. bigger particles remaining in the winnowing basket. june pron. (of ladles or ladlefuls) how many.

  roll, as when rolling a leaf or a sheet of paper. 2. vi-r. (esp. by animals) to lie down or coil. Aki kardo. The dog is lying. karba vt. (of a plural subject) to roll together.

karbo 1. vt. to roll along with someone. 2. vi. (esp. by animals) to lie down with others. karbyan adj. full, as of the moon. Piilo karbyanmaran. The moon is not yet full. Syn: harlyan. kare adj. transparent. Syn: kare-kasi; kape; kape-kalo. kare n:num. one loop; one ring. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *karkun is used instead. Yaso kare lalinto. Take out one loop of cane rope! See: kar-. karhu vi. (esp. by the moon) to shine; to appear in the sky. See: byohu. karin vt. to look at someone with envy; to envy someone. karii [ka:´ri] vt. to meet; to encounter. Biilyo ngo ngiika atebo mi kariidu pa railway station ho ate. Yesterday I went to meet my elder brother at the railway station.

  kenendii [kenẽdi] vsuff. may be able to. possibility modal suffix combination added to verb roots having two or more syllables, indicative of a possible occurence of the action denoted by the verb. Yo mi achunto, ami diikenendii ke. Hide the meat, [otherwise] the cat might eat it! Ngo aki apin mi diikenendii la jochuntalyi ke. I shall keep the meal away to prevent the dog from eating it. (lit' the dog might be able to eat the meal so I shall hide it') -kenentalyi vsuff. may be able to. Gramm: possibility modal suffix combination added to verb roots having two or more syllables, indicative of a possible occurence of the action denoted by the verb, located in future time. Can also express a hope, wish or prayer. Var: -kiinentalyi. Usage: Bulla. Ngunu Tanii ka Dree janda mi dukankiinentalyi. May our Apatani Dree flag fly for eternity! [extract from Dree Anthem].

-kenento See: -kiinento.

-kenenyo See: -kiinenyo.

kenii n. one who writes (unspecified); writer. keniibo n. the one who writes or wrote (specified); writer; author of a book.

keniin n. writing. kenjo n. variety of body colour pattern for mithun cows. Describes an animal of overall black coat with a long, narrow white patch on the back. See: tajo. kenna n. person engaged in the occupation of castrating pigs. Encycl: as a rule, this task is performed by a woman, and the function used to pass from mother to daughter in olden days. See: kiimer.

kente n. 1. shawl. 2. blanket. kente abi n. variety of wrap-around black and white skirt worn by women in olden days. kente pulye n. variety of coarse cotton shawl for women. kente taser n. variety of coarse cotton shawl worn by women. ayo kente n. blanket (for sleeping). kenye vt. to write till completion. kenyipapu n. (Zool.) variety of bird of prey resembling a kite with rather grey plumage but having a few patches of white its wings. Possibly Black-winged Kite (Elanus caeruleus). kenyo vt. to practise writing. Aga miilanru ato agun mi lunyosa. Quick, let's all practise writing our mother tongue! kepin vt. to close something by pressing with the hands, as for e.g. when covering or closing the mouth of a vessel with a lid. Syn: ketin.

kiiye/kiie, kiinye, kiihinnge, kiipe, kii'ngohe, kiikhe, kiikanuhe, kiipinye, kiikoahe, kiilyanhe.

  n. any place for writing, e.g. a writing board.keti[keti] vt. to write again; to re-write. Ngiinyika project report mi ketikendo. Our project report has to be re-written. Gramm: irrealis modal suffix attached to monosyllabic verb roots, used as non proximal future marker. More appropriate for second and third persons, but can also occur in first person. Gives a sense that the event will happen, or should normally happen. Tara ngiika agin ho dukindo. Tara shall stay with me. Yalu Daporijo chakindo. Ngunu London bokindo. We must go to London. Yalu will go to Daporijo. Arda Ziro ho Governor Prohibitive suffix combination indicating the speaker's desire to see the addresse not perform the action identified by the verb. Siisi chakinmane ke, 9 a.m. hosu chakindonii. We should not go now, our time is at 9 a.m.-kinsiine [´kisine] vsuff. should have[done]. Gramm: modal suffix combination used to talk about, or regret past events that did not happen. Syn: -kinsiitii. Ngo Taki ko chakinsiine, miido huto la opatoku. I should have gone to Taki's home, [but] since it was raining I gave up. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for bundles of cane ropes (*yaso).

kerela n. (Bot.) Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), a cucurbitaceae. From: Assamese/Hindi 'karelaa'. kesi n. scissors. From: Assamese 'kesi'. keta ketin See: kotin. ketin vt. to close something by pressing with the hands, as for e.g. when closing the mouth of a vessel with a lid. Syn: kepin. keyin adj. kindly; serene; patient. Usage: Bulla. -ki [ki:] vt-r. fold. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something becomes folded as a result of the action denoted by the verb. kibo [´kibo] n. male dog. Syn: aki-kibo. kibu See: karki. kichi taki n. (Bot.) variety of small-sized ginger containing a lot of fibre. Used as a medicine and in various rituals. kichu n. pup; puppy dog. Syn: aki-kichu. kiku [ki:ku] n. outer covering of a young bamboo. See: byapu aru. kilu n. (Agr.) smaller room inside a granary, which is separate from the main store room and used for keeping agricultural tools, baskets, etc. kile [ki:le] n. ritual element of sacrificial altars. Var: kilye. -kin [´ki] vsuff. will [do]; should [do]; must [do]. akindo. Tomorrow the Governor will come to Ziro. Siika kheta simi Tamo mi ka bikindonii. This book is reserved for Tamo. See: ken; -chi; -talyi. -kin [´ki] vsuff. show; demonstrate. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is carried out in order to show, demonstrate or teach something. Kakinto. Show it to me! Momi oye akinto. Show me once how to come. -kindoku vsuff. will [do] at the instant. Gramm: aspectual suffix combination indicating imminent future. Ngo apin diitekindoku. I am going to eat now/at the instant. Var: -kendoku. Usage: Bulla. kinii [´kini] n. bitch; female dog. Syn: aki-kinii. -kinmane vsuff. must not [do]; should not [do]. Gramm: kii-class. rope bundle.

  As I looked across, I saw Tapu coming. Ngo yasan takele, ala tabyasiito. I hurt my hand as I splitted the firewood. Tatung adakele, bomb boo dane. Just as Tatung came, the bomb exploded. Gramm: idiomatic expression spoken when the speaker wishes to inform the addressee that he doesn't care anymore about his behaviour or attitude. Syn: kiilin cho.

Syn: diilii-kiiche. kiiche vt. to hit or knock something so as to divide it; to break by hitting/knocking with the fist or hand. Syn: kiiche-kiiye. kiichi n. hiccup. kiidi [´ki´di] n. 1. soil; earth. 2. land. Kiidi bare. One plot of land. Kiidi pere. One soil particle. kiidi bulyan n. person appointed from the *bulyan, esp. in charge of corpse burials. Var: kidi bulyan. kiidi-dibu n. fertile soil. Ant: kiidi-diya. kiidi-dibur n. (Zool.) mole cricket. kiididikhii n. fertile soil. kiidi-dilan n. (Agr.) reddish soil; reddish-brown soil. Etym: from *kiidi 'soil/earth', *lanchan, 'red'. kiidi-diya n. unfertile soil (esp. referring to clayish soil). Ant: kiididibu. Var: kiidi pyare. 3. earth. Sari lune kiidi hii jipudo. The teacher said that the earth is round. kiidi-doter n. world. kiidi khemu n. (Zool.) variety of squirrel (*takhii), smaller in size than *santu khiilan, having a greenish grey chest. kiidi miido n. land; earth. kiidi miilanja ho advphr. everywhere; all over the world. kiidi payu n. (Bot.) variety of natural resine obtained from a tuber. kiidi siibin n. (Zool.) Mainland Serow/Chinese Serow (Capricornis miineedwardsii), a endangered species of goat antelope, found especially in Talle Valley area. kiidi yaniin n. landslide. kiidi yasi [´ki´di´yasi] n. 1. land. 2. climate. kiidin vt. to knock.

kiije [´kidʑe] interj. come on; let's go and [do] something together. Usage: interjection exhorting the addressee(s) to take part in the action along with the speaker. Very often occurs in combination with hortative verb suffix *-sa. Kiije asa. Let's go. Seminar 10 baji hokii sii miikindo nii. Kiije, arunare ako da, dumosa. The seminar starts at 10 o'clock. Let's go and sit somewhere. Hiila, miijesa. Kiije. That's fine, let's do like that. Let's go. Kiije, atoka agun mi alyumasa. Come on, let's not forget our own language! Kiije sotesa. Let's go for an outing! Var: kiijii. Usage: Bulla. kiijer 1. vt. to wave/brandish, as a stick or a sword. 2. vi. to quaver; to tremble. kiijin vi. to stretch, as to relax or to reach something. kiiku vt. to knock something and make it fall. kiikun n:num. (of cane ropes) one bundle. Gramm: when enumerating only, i.e. without reference to a particular object, as in school. Otherwise *kiihe/*kiiye is used in place of *kiikun. kiikhii vt. to injure/sprain one's wrist or hand while punching. kiila-kiila adv. with one's eyes open, as when surprised or shocked by something. kiile [ki´le] n. 1. stream; brook. 2. water canal. kiile-siigan n. water canals, in general. kiile tolyo n. (Bot.) Sweet Flag/Acorus (Acorus calamus). Encycl: a grass-like perennial herb growing in marshy places. Its aromatic rhizome is used as a traditional remedy to help heal cuts and wounds or cure skin diseases . kiile n. (Bot.) tobacco leaf. Syn: muku. -kiile [´kile] vsuff. as (temporal). Gramm: Adverbial clause subordinating suffix indicating a simultaneity between two actions or events. Tallo lupa miiladokiile Anyo lugobiine. As Tallo was about to speak, Anyo spoke before him. Var: -kele. Usage: Hari, Bulla. Ngo kabobiikele, Tapu mi aladopa kapato. kiile pemu n. (Bot.) variety of flowering plant. kiilin n. back; rear; backside. Ant: hata. kiilin dalyi advphr. toward the back side. kiilin ho post. behind. Lampung Tapa kiilin ho ado. Lampung is coming behind Tapa. kiilin pron. whatever. Gramm: indefinite pronoun of content. kiilin siitii ka. idiom. Whatever! -kiilin [kili] adjsuff. Gramm: adverb-forming suffix to an adjective. Occurs before the tense markers. Siiro ka apin si iche bulun-biilekiilindo ke. This morning's food is a bit sickly. Urokiilin hayadoku ta ka ah. Hangii diisii nyima sii ha? Do you have something to eat? I'm famished. Lujerkiilin luto. Speak with caution! Emo mi danyi ha ayakiilin aloto. Put the paddy under the sun so as to dry it properly! kiilii vt. to blame. kiiliiniin n. blame. kiilo adj. 1. shiny; shining; glittering. Kiile-siigan hoka yasi sii kiilo-kiilo. The waters of rivers and streams are shining. Syn: kiilo-kiilo . 2. glossy, as of a leaf. kiilyan adj. bright. kiilyan-kiilo adj. bright and shiny. kiilyi vi. to shine intermittently. kiilyi-kiilo adj. shining; shiny; glittering. Var: kiilyan-kiilo. Usage: Bulla. -kiilyi vsuff. again; once again. No pongepa adukiilyiyo. You don't talk differently again! (i.e. as compared with the rest of the group).

kiimer n. woman appointed by the community to act as castrator of domestic boars. Encycl: in olden days this task used to be performed by women of lower status who were debarred from participation in feasts and religious rites, and might not enter anyone's dwelling house. Syn: kiimer bulyan. See: kenna.

kiimi n. venom of a poisonous snake. Var: kiime. Usage: Hari. kiimi giinii tabu nphr. poisonous snake. kiimi giimanii tabu nphr. non poisonous snake.

kiimin vt. to win in a punching competition.

kiimin talo n. brass plate.

  kin ´to] ẽ vsuff. let someone [do]. Gramm: permissive suffix combination indicating that the speaker asks the addressee to allow the person indicated by the direct object to perform the action of the verb. Momi lukiinento. Let him/her speak. Moka miigo mi ato miisukiineto! Let him/her do his work by himself! Tamo, Pussang mi apyokiinento. No agoyo. Tamo, let Pussang come first. Don't come before him! Hiika yo alyo mi danyi besinkiinento. Let that skin meat dry under sunlight. Var: -kiineto, -kenento. Ant: -kiinenyo. See:-kiinen pe. -kiinenyo vsuff. Do not let someone [do]. Gramm: negative form of permissive mood. Var: -kenenyo. Momi lukiinenyo. Do not let him/her speak. Ant: -kenento. kiinyi adj. Cruel. kiipa [ki´pa:] n. (Bot.) edible banana, in general (Musa sp.). kiipa ahi [ki´pa: ´a-i] n. banana fruit.kiira n. (Bot.) 1. oak. 2. oak tree. kiira-radu n. chestnut. kiira sanii n. (Bot.) Lithocarpus dealbata (syn: Quercus dealbata), a variety of oak. Encycl: the main variety of cultivated hardwood, raised and tended mainly for construction purposes. Especially suitable for making house pillars, posts or fences as it lasts for many years. The fruits are eaten, and the leaves used in the making of altars. Three varieties are distinguished: *riihin, *korbin and *rahu. hard work. 2. adj. active; hard working. 3. adj. regular 4. adv. regularly; often. Ngo so kiiran adu. I often come here. School kiiran ato! Come to school regularly! kiiranpa [ki´rã ´pa] adv. frequently; often; regularly; always. Var: kiirampa. kiiran-ranjo n. reward for a hard work. Kiiran-ranjo pa, prize mi bine. He/she was given a prize for his/her hard work. Ngiika kiiranranjo hii asu-asapa ke inpane nii. My hard work went fruitless.

kiirampa See: kiiranpa.

kiiran [ki´rã] 1. n.

kamijapa. kokii post

  koda[koda] part. if. Gramm: subordinate clause-forming particle, with conditional or hypothetical meaning. Sipa koda khiigahajabiido. For it, the cost is too high. Tapu atii koda, hime atan gasukenmane. If Tapu had come, the children would not have quarrelled. Lembo ayatii koda, ngo Itanagar totiido. If road conditions were good, I would have gone (down) to Itanagar. Ngo a koda no? What if I come? kode vt. to clip. kode-nanii n. 1. clip. 2. ritual element of sacrificial altars. kode-kode adv. in a waddling way, as a duck does when walking. kode-kode in vi. to waddle. kode-kode inniin nphr. waddling walk. koe vi. to grunt, as of a pig. koga n. (Anat.) occiput; back of the head. koga vt. to spread/split one's legs apart in a sitting position. Ant: koju. koh [´ko] interj. Oops! Usage: interjection used to express mild dismay or apology. Koh! mupubiilyi ke! interj. Sorry! Usage: idiomatic expression used to express apologies for inadvertent mistakes, and convey that what happened was unintentional from the speaker. Gramm: used when referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *kokun is used in place of *kohe. Var: koye. kohii vi. 1. to move from one's place (esp. a sitting place). No iche kohiiyato. Please move a little bit from your place! 2. to turn back (esp. by a vehicle or other machine). Etym: from *ako 'bottom'.koju vt. to hold one's legs together when sitting. Ant: koga. koker 1. n. cane loop; circle. 2. vt. to make a loop or circle, esp. with cane or bamboo strips. Etym: from *ko, 'to twist something as a yarn or rope', *-ker, 'surround'. . from. Gramm: ablative postposition used after a noun or pronoun to indicate a spatial or temporal source or origin. Typically occurs when the source is a person or a group of persons. Tama kokii. From Tama. Hu kokii? From whom? Mo kokii puri-rigii. I learn from him/her. Punyang kokii tiiko narbiinii hii abuje barchabiidoku. The money borrowed from Punyan has generated much interest.

	kokudru adj. stout; bulky.
	kokun [ko´kũ] n:num. (of bowls, bangles, etc.) one. Gramm: when enumerating only, i.e.
	counting without reference to a particular object, as in school. Otherwise *kohe/*koye is used in
	place of *kokun.

koha n. (Zool.) grasshopper. Variant : kuha. See: kormu. kohe n:num. (of bowls, bangles, etc.) one. kokan adj. late. Usage: obsolete. See: kami. kokanjapa adv. last; in last. Kokanjapa anii. Last comer. See:

  konda 1. n:time tomorrow morning. Konda lakhiikindo. Tomorrow morning will be cold. 2. adv. tomorrow morning. kone [ko´ne] n:num. (esp. of persons) one. Yapa kone. One youngster. Ngo niimi lugo kone do. I've got something to tell you. kone abi pron.loc. each, everyone. Gramm: distributive pronoun of person. Syn: ako abi. Kone abi ato-ato duko ho duto. Everybody sit in your own place. Syn: ako abi. kone heter pron.loc. even one. Gramm: distributive pronoun of person. When used in a negative sentences, gives the sense 'no-one'. Molu kone heter basket biimane. None of them was carrying a basket. School ho miyu kone heter nyima. There is no one in the school. Ude ya kone heter nyima doye. There was no house at all. Var: kone hete. Usage: Hong. Syn: ako heter. kone-kone n. one by one; one after the other. Gramm: qualifying noun. kone ta pron.loc. one more. kone tare pron.loc. somebody; anybody. Gramm: indefinite pronoun of person. When used in a negative sentences, gives the sense 'no-one'. Ngo Tanii agun lunii kone tare kapamaran. I haven't seen a single person who speaks apatani yet. Var: kone tere. Usage: Hari. A: Ude ho mi akamasiine ha? B: Ma. Mi kone tere akamane. Did anybody come to my house? No. No one came. Var: kone ter. Usage: Bulla. kone pron. (of bowls, bangles, etc.) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun used for a countable number of items in a collection.

koniin n. levering. koniin n. divination by examining the liver of sacrificed chicken. Syn: pachu koniin. koniin n. spitting out: spit. kono vt. to sting. Syn: pano. konsa n:qual. (esp. of two or more persons) distinct; different. Syn: konsa-konsa. kontii part. only; just; simply. Gramm: delimitative particle following a noun, pronoun or clause.

kiira; rahu; riihin. korbu See: kobii. kordo n

  korbin n. (Bot.) variety of chestnut tree. Var: kobin. See: . (Bot.) Carambola tree (Averrhoa carambola). From: Assamese 'korddoi'. kordu adj. moved up/thrown up, e.g. as in a see-saw play.kore-kore adv. with short quick steps. kore-kore in vca. to walk with short quick steps; to scurry. kore-kore lu vca. to talk away continuously without a pause. n. variety of metal bangle. nyime kori n. variety of metal bangle. See: kobyan. korii vt. to hold/carry a baby against one's chest.korlan n. thunderbolt.korlan n. generic class of sky or earth deities who are propitiated annually at the village level. korlan uyi n. variety of agrarian ritual performed just before the transplantion of paddy.

	korgii See: kordu.

kori kormo n. (Bot.) seed of a cereal or a fruit; grain; kernel. Var: komo. empya kormo n. cotton seed. kormu n. (Zool.) locust. Usage: Hija. Variant: kumur. Usage: Bulla. See: koha. korno See: lyuyi-korno.

  Gramm: completive aspectual suffix indicating that an event is finished or completed. Usually occurs in final position in a predicate suffix chain. When coupled with non proximal past markers *-to, *-te or *-ne, denotes an event of the past which usually translates English Present Perfect. When coupled with the proximal future marker *-lyi, has the sense 'going to be [done]'. Emphatic suffix to an imperative sentence, has the function of rendering the order more insistent and urgent. Ngiinyi lenda ponsa pa ude ho aku. We came home by different routes. Ngo ude ho daku. I am at home. Mo luneku. He/she has spoken. Miilyiku. Going to be started. Kamolyiku. It's getting dark. Diitoku. Now you eat! (Zool.) rat, in general, but especially White Bellied Rat (Niviventer sp.). kubu tajer n. bamboo or cane trap house with a funnel-shaped entrance for catching rats. kubu ude n. stone slab trap for rats. Var: kubu iide. Usage: Bulla. ude kubu n. common house rat (Rattus rattus). uyi kubu n. (Zool.) Indian Mole Rat (Bandicota bengalensis), an almost naked species found in paddy fields and bamboo groves, occasionally in houses, having a bad odor. Gramm: modal suffix combination indicating that a subject has experienced inability to perform the action denoted by the verb. Kheta atan si dogyo-dolyi dotokula, history kheta mi mepakuma. I could not find the History book as books are randomly mixed up. 2. adsuff. not anymore. Gramm: suffix combination following an adjective, gives the sense of 'no more x'. Ayakuma. No more in good condition. Mo mingokuma. He/she is no longer rich.

kotin n. thatch. Var: ketin. Usage: Bulla. kota vt. to get something stuck to one's buttocks while sitting. Etym: from *ako 'bottom'. kotu vi. to stand in a stooping posture. Ane-akha atan kotuto la endi liila danya daye. The old women were planting rice saplings in a bent forward stooping posture. Etym: from *kota 'buttocks'.

koye See: kohe. koyo 1. n: time the night before last (night). 2. adv. the night before last (night).

koyu n. (Anat.) anus. Etym: from *ako 'bottom'. koyu tapyo n. (Anat.) coccyx; tail bone.

ku-

[´ku] class. plate. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for plates. kuye/kue, kunye, kuhinnge, kupe, kungohe, kukhe, kukanuhe, kupinye, kukoahe, kulyanhe.

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 plate(s)

. Etym: from *paku, 'plate'. ku [ku] vt-r. to ask; to beg for something; to request; to demand. Kuto pe. Ask for me! ku [ku:] vt-r. to throw, esp. stones, objects, etc. Aki mi yalan kuto. Throw a stone at the dog! Var: kuhu. ku See: artin ku. -ku [ku] vsuff. has/have [done]. -ku...-lya vsuff. inadequately; imperfectly; partially. Gramm: split manner suffix indicating that the subject performs the activity denoted by the verb in an inadequate, imperfect or partial way. kuba vt. (of a plural subject) to ask togehter. kuba vt. (of a plural subject) to throw together. kuban vi. to be (turned) upside down, as of a plate or plate-like object. kubi [kubi] vt. 1. to ask/request something on someone else's behalf/for someone. kubi [ku:bi] vt. to throw something (esp. stones) on behalf of someone/for someone. kubin vt. (of a plural subject) to ask togehter and jointly; to make a joint request. kubin vt. (of a plural subject) to throw together and jointly (esp. stones). kubu n. kuchi adj. near. Usage: Hija. Syn: piiti; putii. Usage: Hari Ant: ado. kuch kuch kuch interj. interjection used to call dogs. kuchun vt. to hide something by throwing it somewhere (e.g. in a corner, in a bush, etc.). kuda vt. to throw successfully (i.e. by hitting the object which was thrown at). kuda vt. to ask something successfully or rightly. Ant: kukha. kudu vt. to drink a beverage in one gulp. kudu vi. to tiptoe; to walk or move quietly on one's toes.

kuha n. (Zool.) Locust. Usage: Bulla. Variant: koha.Usage: Hija. See: kumur. kuhu See: ku. kukulyu haman n. (Bot.) Artemisia indica, a plant having fern-like leaves which are eaten as a vegetable Also used as a natural pesticide, put into chicken nest baskets (*paro piiha) as a prevention against pests affecting poultry. Usage: Hija. Var: kuku lyolye haman. Usage: Bulla . kukun n:num. one (plate). Gramm: when enumerating only, i.e. without reference to a particular object. Otherwise *kuye/*kue is used in place of *kukun. kukha vt. to miss a target one is throwing at. kukha vt. to ask something in vain. Ant: kuda. kukhe vt. to put or keep something right side up, as a bowl, plate or cloth. kulii vt. to transfer/move something into something else. Embin raji ho kuliito. Put the rice in a plastic bag! kulu n. (Bot.) wild banana tree, in general (Musa spp.

). kulu anii n. banana leaf. Var: kulu yanii. kulu vt. to put or keep something upside down, as a bowl, plate or cloth. kulu parji vt. to expend something away extravagantly. Var: kulu paji. Usage: Hari. Var: kulu borji. Usage: Bulla. kulu [kulu:] vt. to cover one's head with a blanket or cloth. kulya vi. to throw something slantingly. kulya vt. to ask for something momentarily; to ask to borrow something. -kuma [kuma] 1. vsuff. could not. -kumaran suff. not yet [do]ne. Gramm: non achievement aspectual suffix combination, giving the overall meaning 'not yet'. kume n. twelth lunar cycle of the year, roughly corresponding to December-January. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of December. Syn: kume piilo. kumin vt. to win in a throwing competition. kumpa vt. to take off or away; to dispose of. Inka kacho simi kumpa'nge. Go and dispose of that waste! kumra n. (Bot.) Winter Melon/Wax Gourd/White Gourd (Benincasa hispida). A non-native cucurbitacea. From: Assamese 'komora' . kumur n. (Zool.) Grasshopper. Usage: Bulla. Variant: kormu.Usage: Hija. See: kuha.

  Ngo Yami ka coffee kuniin mi tagyabiito la tea ya bito. I didn't understand that Yami was asking coffee and I gave her tea instead. Gramm: result suffix usually occuring on verbs of motion or transfer, indicating that the subject returns to a starting point or moves back, or that the the action identified by the verb is carried out in a backward or reverse motion. Encycl: in olden days, Apatani women were in the habit of heating pieces of pork fat and using the oil to make up their hair. Gramm: benefactive suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is brought about purposefully for someone. Ngo Tamo pa yo byakhanpato la doye. I roasted some meat especially for Tamo. khanka vt. to talk; to discuss. Akha atan si miji-migun khankasiilado. Elders are discussing *mijimigun.khanko vt. to disclose; to narrate. khanko-khankha vt. to disclose something by telling, narrating or gossiping. Party ka secret mi Nyime khanko-khankha patii. Nyime disclosed all the secrets of the Party. to distribute. Siika kheta simi students atan mi kheto. Distribute these books among the students! khe vt-r. to winnow. Sunku embin khejalado. Sunku is winnowing rice.khe vi-r. to suffice; to be sufficient, enough or adequate. Niiko tiiko khesiido ha? Do you have enough money? Bije donii si narun miinii-nanii pa khekenma ke, bije iche melii-mehato. The bamboo lying here is not sufficient for erecting fence, manage some more (by searching around). Niit hapa ho! khekendo ke. So much! It's enough.

	khe vt-r. to undress; to take off one's clothing.
	khe vt-r. to force someone or something.

kun...-pa vsuff. gathered together. Gramm: split result suffix indicating that two or more objects are gathered together as a result of the action identified by the verb. Khiikun-khiipa. To sum up/to total. kulo vt. to throw down, as with a load; to unload. See giilo. kune adj. (of plates) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun of quantity.

kuniin

[kuni]

n. demand; request. kunyo adj. small , as of a plate. Ant: kuro. kupa

[ku:´pa]

vt. to throw away, as stones or objects. Hii piigo amanii ke. Kupato. That is useless. Throw it away! kupyu-kuser vt. to rinse something quickly, cleaning it incompletely.

-kur

[kur]

vsuff. back; return. kura vt. to empty; to drain; to unload. -kuran [kurã] vsuff. just; just now. Gramm: suffix combination indicating that the subject has just performed the action denoted by the verb. Ngo siisida ude ho adukuran. I have just come home (at the instant). kuro adj. large, as of a plate. Ant: kunyo. Etym: from*paku, 'plate'. kusa n:qual. (of two or more plates) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: postnominal qualifying noun. Etym: from*paku, 'plate'. kusu n. hay. kute vt. to knock something down by throwing something at it.

kuti n. poker made of wooden or bamboo sticks. By extension, pin, in general. kuti lyanso n. needle used to make holes, etc. kutin n. 1. small portion of meat from a slaughtered pig, mithun or cow meat which, on certain occasions such a *Myoko, *Murun and *Subu Tado, a married man and woman must give to a man belonging to the lineage of his/her maternal great great grandmother, who is regarded as a maternal uncle (*aku) and with whom bonds of mutual assistance are maintained. 2. person who is entitled to receive the cut of slaughtered animals known as *kutin from one of his classificatory uterine nephews or nieces. 3. the relationship between the giver and the receiver of a *kutin. kutin kutu n. one type of *kutin. kutin tanye n. one type of kutin. See: alii; gyasi; lyo panyi. kutu n. hair oil made out of pork grease. kutu [kut:u] adj. (of a terrain, surface, etc.) uneven; non-flat.

kuye n:num. one (plate). Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *kukun is used instead. kuye piilo n. second lunar month of the year, roughly corresponding to February-March.

KH-kh

kha vt-r. to split.

kha vt-r. to scrape; to abrade.

-kha [xa] vsuff. fail. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the subject's attempt to carry out the action denoted by the verb ends in failure. Kano ngiika armyan mi kekhabiine. Kano wrote my name wrongly. Mo ngiimi tukhabiine. He miskicked me/He failed to hit me. Ngo ngiihi mi lakhato. I could not catch hold of the fish.

-kha [´xa] vsuff. finish off. Gramm: result suffix indicating full completion of the action indicated by the verb, in such a way that nothing is left. Aki paku mi diikhabiine. The dog has eaten up all the rice on the plate until the very last bite. Aki, paku daka apin mi, diikhapabiine. The dog completely finished off the rice on the plate. khabin vt. (of a plural subject) to scrape together in a joint manner. khache vt. to split; to cut or separate into two parts (using any tool). khachehe n. half (of what is split).

khachi See: bade. khaja-khaya vt. to split something completely.

-khan

[xã]

class. ten place, in counting multiples of ten; for multiples of two, three, seven, eight and nine. Gramm: root form, used for combining with numeral roots to form multiples of ten when counting. nyikhan n:num. twenty. hinkhan n:num. thirty kanukhan n:num. seventy. pinyi khan n:num. eighty. koakhan n:num. ninety. khan vt-r. 1. to narrate; 2. (slightly derogatory) to gossip; to chitchat; to natter; to chat. Nyimii atan si khansiilado. These ladies are gossiping. Syn: khansu. -khan vsuff. puposefully for someone. khan'a [´xãa:] vi. to kneel down; to get down on one knee. Prayer pa liiban ho khan'ato. Kneel down for the prayer! khanchu n. lidded cane basket for storing rice in the house. Syn: embin khanchu. Khanchu puye/puhe. One *khanchu basket. khanga 1. v. to talk too much. 2. adj. (of a person) talkative; babblermouth; one who indulges in petty talk; gossip; chatter-box. khange-lyange n. (Zool.) Nepa, Water Scorpion or Scorpion Bug, an aquatic hemipterous insect living in streams and paddy fields. Var: khanhe-yanhe. Usage: Hija . khan-ha v. to come in to gossip. khanju n. 1. (derogatory) way of gossiping or chitchatting. 2. (esp. of *hiirii and *miji) way of reciting or chanting. khanju vt. to bend the knee forward. Niika liiban mi khanjugiito. Bend your knee forward! Syn: luko-lukha. khanko n. place for gossiping. khankha adj. perspicacious. khankhan vi. to be firm. khankhan diiran adv. firmly. khankhanii n. perspicacity. khanniin n. narration; chat; gossip. hiirii khanniin n. *hiirii chanting (a traditional dance by a chain of male members which takes place at the house of the performer of a *murun, involving stamping of feet and refrain chorus). khansu v. to gossip. khapa vt. to scrape something out; to scrape off something. Bije daka kacho mi khapato. Scrape off the dirt on that bamboo! khapo n. uppermost shelf of a *dareke, used for storing dried meat, *tapyo, pine splits for torch and salt container. Usage: Bulla. Var: gyai. Usage: Hija. khapu vt. to scrape; to peel. Potato ka alyo mi khaputo. Peel the potato! Alyi ka alyo mi pululyiyepa khaputo. Scrape the skin of pig until it becomes white/fair! khari vt. to start gossiping/talking about something. Tani filmstars ka lifestyle mi kharidalyi kiili. Tani again started gossiping/talking about the lifestyle of filmstars. kharun name name of a benevolent deity. kharun agyan n. altar erected to propitiate *kharun. kharun arpii n. binding element of *kharun agyan. kharun byodin n. element of *kharun agyan. kharun byokhu n. element of *kharun agyan. kharun giilo n. element of *kharun agyan. kharun sokhan n. element of *kharun agyan. khata adj. dirty. Syn: khata riidu. Usage: Bulla; khata riidii. Usage: Hari. khata-ruju; mubu-ruju. Lemba akha atan hii lakhii piilo ho khata-ruju dunyadu. Village elders live in [more] dirty conditions during the winter season.

khe vi-r. to cry; to weep. Mo anyi niimpa yu khedo nii? Why are they (two) crying? Mo uye kiibiine nii nyan hime si khegiido nii. He/she gave a blow so the child is crying.

khe vt-r. to fry something (using a frying pan). See: khen.

khe vt-r.

-khe vsuff. forcefully. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject acts in an energetic or forceful manner, or struggles to perform the action denoted by the verb. Miikhe. To put forth one's best effort to do something (despite the difficulties). Etym: from *khe, 'to force someone or something'.

-khe vsuff. cry. Gramm: result suffix indicating that someone is made to cry as a result of the action indicated by the verb.

-khe suff. purple; violet (colour). Gramm: adjective root suffixing certain noun roots. Pyakhe. Reddish, early-ripening variety of rice. Sankhe page. Variety of dark blue, slightly translucent glass bead. Jinkhe-jilyin. Wild Karanda (Carissa spinarum), a variety of thorny shrub bearing small fruits of hyacint blue colour.

-khe See: -khii.

khebi vt. to distribute something on someone else's behalf/for someone.

khebi vt. to fry for someone.

khebi vt. to winnow on someone else's behalf/for someone.

khebo vt. to distribute along with others.

khebo vt. to cry along with others.

kheja vt. to tear one's cloth while undressing.

kheka See: khiika.

khelii vt. to dress up; to get dressed; to put on cloth. Tarii kheliigiito. Put a shirt on! khelii vt. to force someone or something in. Tana mi medical college join miidopa moka anii-aba hii kheliibiine. Tana's parents forced her to join a medical college.

khelii vt. to accuse; to blame; to charge with a crime. Usage: Hija. Var: khiilii. Usage: Bulla.

khelo vt. to demarcate, esp. by putting/laying something on the ground.

  1. to cut a standing bamboo, trunk, log, etc. with a blade by giving a blow almost parallel to it (as opposed to *po). See: po. 2. to cut bamboo massively in a grove, esp. as an act of revenge.khen vt-r. to toil; to labour (esp. hard labour); to work (esp. hard work). Kanno uropa khendo. Kanno is working hard. Syn: apo khen. Construction labourers atan si achi apo khennyado. Construction labourers are working/toiling very hard.

khengii vi. to sob; to weep aloud compulsively with short, gasping breaths. khengu vt. to heat or warm something. khenii n. one who cries; crying person (unspecified). Hime khenii. A crying baby. kheniin n. cry. siima kheniin n. funeral chant, usually performed by a woman. kheniin n. distribution. amin-ahi kheniin n. distribution of prizes. yo kheniin n. meat distribution, esp. during a *murun. kheniin n. frying.

  1. to count; to enumerate. 2. vt-r. to cost; to be worth. Simi ne khiidu? How much does it cost? 3. vi. to count (as). Ziro mi Arunachal Pradesh hoka kapyoja ganda ako pa khiidu. Ziro counts as one of the most beautiful places in Arunachal Pradesh. 4. adj. costly; expensive. Usage: Hari, Hija, Bulla. Ant: khiima. khiiya adj. costlier; more expensive. khiija adj. costliest; most expensive.

khii vt-r. to cook solid food by boiling (as opposed to *char). Hayalyi hoka pila khiibinii, ngiika ane. It's my mother who cooks *pila (for me) when I'm hungry. Apin khiihe. Go and cook rice! See: char.

  Gramm: qualifying noun preceding another noun with the overal sense 'other N'. Niika khiibe ajin atan hii nii la ludo? What do your other friends say? khiibi vt. to cook for someone. Myoko hoka kaji khiibibo hii, ngiika ane. It's my mother who cooks *kaji for me during Myoko. khiibo ajin n. ceremonial friend. khiibo gyoniin n. invitation of *khiibo ajin through a procession on the second night of *Myoko. khiibo innii n. procession led by the priest (*byai mibya) on the second night of Myoko.1. vt. to cost too much. Si pa koda khiigahajabiido. For it, the cost is too high. Shopping mall ho item atan mi ano khiigabiido. Items are costlier in shopping malls. 2. adj. overpriced. Miyu khiiga. A person who offers for sale at too high a price. khiiga 1. vt. to count or calculate fast. Tara ano khiigado. Tara counts/calculates fast. 2. adj. very fast counting/calculating. Miyu khiiga. A person who counts or calculates very fast. khiiga vt. to cook a lot; to cook too much. Tara-lu ka ude ho ano yo khiigadu. There is always some meat being cooked in Tara's home. Paro rone na danii la khiikato. (Try to) count the number of hens ! khiika vt. to cook, as a trial or to see what happens. Sunka pike khiikado. Sunka is trying to cook *pike. khiika vt. to pound as a trial (with spoon, stick or pestle into a hole, etc.). Apin piichan mi punyu lo oye khiikato. Pound once in the rice pot with your spoon! vt. to cook something the wrong way. Dinsung pike khiikhabiido. Dinsung cooked *pike the wrong way. khiikhe n. (Anat.) side part of the belly; area of the body located above the hip. khiikhii diirii adj. scared. khiikhu-khiiche vt. 1. to discriminate; to distinguish. 2. to count the major part of something. ; prominent; important; notable; high-ranking. khiiniinja adj. costliest; most expensive. Gold si khiiniinjaku metal. Gold is the costliest metal. Var: kiniinja. Usage: Bulla. khiiniinjapa adv. most costly. Var: kiniinjapa. Usage: Bulla. Ngunuka Ziro ganda mi supun ho kiniinjapa busa. Let us make of our Ziro a most valuable place. khiininpa adv. costly; expensively. khiiniinya adj. costlier; more expensive. Gramm: used when counting a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *khokun is used in place of *khohe. Var: khoye.khohii-khokhe adj. to stir/move something to and from with a stick or any similar device. Gramm: when enumerating only, i.e. without reference to a particular object. Otherwise *khohe/*khoye is used in place of *khokun. See: khohe; khoye. vt-r. to dig downward (with a digging stick or some similar device). Lenda miidu pa la putu mi khololado. In order to make a road they are digging/cutting down the soil of the hill. vt-r. to cut legs or ears of killed animals; to dismember. Alyi ali simi khuto. Cut the legs of this pig! khu adj. 1. (of a non-living thing) old. Siika tasan si ano khu. These beads are very old. Siika tarii si khuku la byadoku. This shirt is old and worn out. Ngunuka ude khu simi pyapakendoku. We have to remove/destroy our old house. Khu embo nyi mi niti embo nyi mi tadinsiito. Mix the old rice with new rice together into a single heap! 2. stale, as of meat (esp. bacon); gone rotten. Yo khudoku. The meat is stale. Ant: niti; lela.-khu vsuff. separated. Gramm: result suffix indicating that two or more things are separated from each other as a result of the action identified by the verb.-khu vsuff. remainder. Gramm: nominalizer. Derives a noun describing a remaining portion that is separated, or discarded from a whole through the action indicated by the verb. Usually implies that the action identified by the verb is carried out almost fully or completely, leaving no significant remainder. Ngo diikhu mi diitema. I won't eat the leftovers. Gramm: coordinating conjunction linking two or more words (nouns, verbs) with the same grammatical function. Tago la Tare luka atan more inne. Tago, Tare and others have gone to the forest. Kago, Ampi la Rinyo miilanru so ane. Kago, Ampi and Rinyo, all of them came. Mihimilo nyi pasudu la ude mi pudu-punyu pujabiine. A husband and wife quarrelled and completedly destroyed their house. Suitcase ho tarii atan mi santi la saliito. Pack your shirts tightly in the suitcase! la [la] conj. that; to; thus. Gramm: complementizing conjunction used in direct and indirect speech to report what someone says, think or does. Principal books agin ho sweet khetanya'nge la lune. Principal told (us) to distribute sweets along with books. Kari Tani mi ami riito pe la lubiido. Kari is telling/asking Tani to buy her a cat. Anyo Ziro ho chalanii miichi la ano heladone. Anyo was thinking very much of going to Ziro. Sira lottery first prize latodo la ano hatiido. Sira is confident he will win the lottery. Syn: hiila. Gramm: subsequential suffix indicating that the preceding clause is not the final clause, i.e. another action or event follows the action/event indicated by the verb. Often occurs along with the coordinating conjunction *la or *lala. Abu kela la niimi henga-henkhadopa miibitamasii ke. I shall not trouble you by writing too long. Ape mi pachela lala ngiimi pere bipe. Split the pumpkin and do give me one piece. Siidin atan hii more-giira ho hiisan diila sandu. Deers subsist by eating grass in forests. (lit. 'eat and live'). Tarii mi nula lala danyi ho apito. Dry the shirt under the sun after washing! -la [la:] vsuff. 1. skilfully; with expertise 2. good at; skilled at. Gramm: manner suffix indicating the subject performs the action identified by the verb in a skilfull manner, or is good/clever at doing the action/activity indicated by the verb. Also derives an adjective with the basic meaning 'skilled at the action/activity identified by the verb'. Mo ano heladu. He/she is a very kind-hearted person. so I cannot go to school. Narun giibo la balu ho alakendo ha? Can you come into the garden by moving across the fence?-la [la] vsuff. Gramm: non-final temporal suffix indicating that an action is in progress or currently unfolding. Precedes the tense markers in a suffix chain. Anyo Opi mi apin bilado. Anyo is giving food to Opi. Kanya apin diilado. Kanya is eating. Ngo imiladoto. I was sleeping. labi adj. right (side, direction). Ant: lachi; laku. labi ala n. right hand. labi dalyi n. right side. labi dalyi ho advphr. towards the right. Alye mi labi dalyi ho giboto. Move that door towards the right! No labi dalyi ho chaboto. Please move towards the right! Lembo ka labi dalyi ho, sign board kapatodii ke. You will see a sign board in the right side of the road. labi vt. 1. to take/catch something with the hand on someone's else behalf, or for someone. 2. to give or pass something to someone. Biilyo luko-lumyomapa, siisi arta ho niimi no hokii tiiko labitalyi? You did not tell me in advance yesterday, from where shall I give you money now (instantly)? labii vt. to ask someone to take something. 2. by extension, the recipient of that part of the bride price known as *lache. Altogether with *diiran and *mechu, he is in charge of assisting the bride during the wedding and later the married wife for the duration of her marriage. lache yakhan n. traditional unit of measure corresponding approximately to 25 kilogramms of unhusked rice, which is expected as a contribution from a married woman's *lache on certain occasions such as *murun. lachi n. left (side, direction). lachi ala n. left hand. lachi dalyi n. left side. Lembo ho parda inge, inka lembo padin-siikho ho lachi dalyi bonge. Go straight, turn left at the crossing.

	khiiniin n. cooking (by boiling). O khiiniin. Rice/millet beer brewing.
	khiiniin n. making of rope by twisting cane. saha khiiniin n. making of cane rope for tiying
	mithuns.
	khiinyo v. to practice counting.
	khiinyoniin n. counting practice; counting training.
	khiipa vt. to deduct (in a counting); to subtract; to take away.
	,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
	stick(s). Etym: from *yakho, 'stick'.
	kho vt-r. 1. to stir/move something with a stick or any similar device; to dig a hole by using a
	digging stick (*damu dankho) or some similar device. 2. to move (boat) with a paddle; to row; to
	paddle. 3. Etym: from *yakho, 'stick'.
	khiikaniin n. counting. kho vi-r. 1. (by cock; rooster) to crow. 2. (by frog) to caw.

khiibe n:qual. other. khiibo larin n. (Zool.) millipede. Usage: Bulla. Var: karbo lalin. Usage: Hija. khiibo vt. to slide across (while in a sitting position). Iche ako ya seat so khiibohe. (Please) slide to the next/other seat! khiiche vt. to divide up or split (by counting). khiiche vt. break/split something by sliding over it. khiichehe n. half (of what is counted). khiida vt. to count correctly. Ant: khiimur. khiidin vt. to add. Syn: khiidin-khiipya. khiidinniin n. adding; addition. khiiga khiigii 1. vt. to tie hair into a bun or knot. 2. adj. (of hair) ruffled. See: ngagii. khiigu vt. to boil/cook/warm something again after it has cooled. kiihe/-khiihe num-r. six. Gramm: numeral root following nouns, or used for combining with classifiers to indicate six specimens of a particular collection of objects. Var: khiiye; khiie; -khe. Subu khiihe. Six mithuns. alyan khiihe n:num. sixty. khiija vt. to complete counting. khiija vt. to complete cooking. Yo mulanru mi khiijato. Finish cooking of all the meat! khiijan n. (Anat.) small intestine. khiijan-khiiro n. (Anat.) intestines; bowels, in general. khiijan panii n. variety of dish consisting of pork intestines steam-cooked in a bamboo piece. khiijan pike n. intestine *pike, mostly using small intestine of cow, mithun and pig. khiiju n. cooking way; cooking procedure. Tanii pike khiiju. Way of cooking Tanii *pike. khiiju n. usual price/value; casual rate. Syn: dumin khiiju. khiika vt. to count as a trial. Var: kheka. Usage: Bulla. Syn: khiika-paka. khiikaniin n. cooking trial/try.

khiike la vcn. to bind loosely in a circular motion. khiikha vt. to count incorrectly; to miscalculate. khiiko vt. to unbolt. khiikha khiikun-khiipa vt. to tot; to sum up; to total. khiilan vt. (Zool.) variety of red-brownish squirrel. Etym: from *takhii, 'squirrel', *lanchan, 'red'. Syn: santu khiilan. khiilii vt. 1. to insert; to put in. Siika ubu so yakho khoye khiiliito. Insert a stick in this hole! 2. to include; to add; to supplement; to append. khiilii-khiikha vt. to insert something the wrong way or position. Yakho mi khiilii-khiikhabiido. The stick has been inserted the wrong way (or in the wrong position/at a wrong position). khiilii vt. to accuse; to blame; to charge with a crime. Usage: Bulla. Var: khelii. Usage: Hija. khiilu-khiile vt. to count in a confused or confusing manner. khiilyo vi. to be crouched in a squatting position as a beggar. khiima 1. vt. to not be worth. 2. adj. cheap; inexpensive. khiima hama vt. 1. to look down with contempt or dislike; to scorn; to denigrate; to discredit. 2. to not give a damn about something.

khiimur vt. to count something wrongly. Ant: khiida. -khiin vsuff. overdone. result suffix indicating that something is worn out or worn down as a result of multiple iterations of the same activity indicated by the verb. Pakhiin. To blunt the edge of a blade by repeated striking. -khiin...-mii vsuff. muddled; confused. Gramm: split manner suffix indicating that the subject brings about the action identified by the verb in a confused manner. khiinii n. (Anat.) 1. navel; belly button. 2. umbilical cord. khiinii adj. (in a nominal/relative phrase or clause) costly; valuable. khiinii miru n. unetched, spherical black and white banded agathe, a popular bead worn esp. on *santer tasan. Encycl: commonly known as Sulemani agathe or Solomon agathe, this variety of stone is widespread as necklace ornament in the Himalayan region . khiiniin 1. n.

cost; value; price. Siika shoe si ne khiiniin na? What is the price of these shoes? 2. adj. expensive; costly. Mumbai hoka bostu riiniin-paniin hii ano khiiniindo. Purchasing goods in Mumbai is very expensive. 3. eminent; distinguished; renowned; famous; illustrious; esteemed; preciouskhiipa vt. to have or express an unfavorable opinion; to condemn; to reprobate. Syn: khiipakhiiya; nyapa; lupa. khiipa vt. to cook till dry. khiipa vt. to criticize; to condemn. khiipo n. (Anat.) waist. khiipo biyan n. (esp. of female) girdle. Syn: biyan. khiira vt. to pay beforehand to the owner of a thing, though the deal ends only when the dealer is finally paid his commission. khiiro n. (Anat.) large intestine. khiitin vt. to compare. khiitin vt. to bolt. khiitii n. bulging of stomach. khiiye See: khiihe. kho-class. stick. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for for sticks of all kinds. khohe/khoye, khonye, khohinhe, khope, kho'ngohe, khokhe, khokanuhe, khopinye, khokoahe, kholyanhe. 1-kho vsuff. waste; ruin. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is wasted, or that the value of something is reduced as a result of the action denoted by the verb. khode-nanii n. ritual element of sacrificial altars. khodii ripe n. variety of *maji (Tibetan bell). See: maji. khohe n:num. one stick. khoko-khope adj. unorganised or disorganized; messy; mixed; disorderly. khokun n. one stick. kholi See: diiri kholi. kholo khomu n. ritual element of sacrificial altars made of bamboo split in which an egg shell is inserted. danyi khomu n. *khomu ornamenting *danyi agyan. aji agyan khomu n. *khomu ornamenting *aji agyan. khomyu n. (esp. of a stick, etc.) tapering end. khonchan n. corner of a space, esp. of a building or room. Syn: ude khonchan. khondan n. front or back wall of the house. Usage: Bamin-michi. Syn: pindan. Usage: Hija. byago khondan n. front wall separating the front veranda from the house; façade wall. Syn: byago pindan. Usage: Hija. uko khondan n. back wall separating the rear veranda from the house. Syn: uko pindan. Usage: Hija. Ant: byago khondan. khone pron. (of sticks) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun. khonii n. 1. (by cock; rooster) crowing; crow. 2. (by frog) cawing; caw. paro ronge khonii n. first crow of the the rooster (before dawn). paro ronye khonii n. second crow of the rooster before sunrise. khonju n. ritual element of sacrificial altars. khonkhun n. (Zool.) falcon; eagle; hawk. Generic term including various species of birds of prey such as Black Baza (Aviceda leuphotes), Eurasian hobby (Falco sunbbuteo), among others. khonye n:num. (of sticks) two. May also have the sense 'a few sticks of'. No rengiisiidudo, hojalo yasan khonyehe tatoran. You must be feeling tired, still cut/split some firewood! khonyo adj. (of a stick) small. Ant: khoro. khoro adj. (of a stick) big. Ant: khonyo. khosa n:qual. (of two or more sticks) distinct; different. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from*yakho, 'stick'' khotu n. traditional hair metal skewer for males. khoye See: khohe. khu vt-r. to measure. khu -khu...-che vt. major part/portion. Gramm: temporal suffix indicating completion of the greater part of the action denoted by the verb. khugyu n. funnel-shaped bamboo or cane matting for distilling beer or *pila. Syn: pila khugyu. khupyo adj. easy/pleasant to cut (in reference to legs or ears of killed animals). Ant: khuru. khuru adj.difficult to cut (in reference to legs or ears of killed animals) . Ant: khupyo. khuyi adj. sour; having an acid taste. khuyi haman See: o khuyi haman. khuyinii n. sourness; acidity. L-l la [la] conj. and. la [´la:] vt-r. 1. to take, pick or catch something with the hand; to catch hold of something or someone. Molu ngiiyi lane. They caught some fish. Ngo doctor kapate medicine labiitii. I saw the doctor and took some medicine. 2. to take, choose or select. No nii subject mi B.A. ho lato? What subjects did you take for your B.A.? 3. to earn (money); to get paid for doing something. Ngiika salary lamaran. I haven't got my salary yet. nyimii la vt. to marry a woman; to take a wife; (by a man) to get married. la vt-r. to receive. la vt-r. to build a water channel or duct. -la [la] vsuff. and; then; after. -la [la:] vsuff. can [do]. Gramm: modal suffix indicating that the subject is able to bring about the action denoted by the verb. Often occurs in combination with verb suffix, *-ken, just after the verb root, or in third position in bisyllabic verbs. Precedes the tense markers in a suffix chain. Tamo santu chalakendo. Tamo can climb trees. Aro horjin la ngiika ali tuhii-tukhelama. I strained a tendon so I cannot move my leg. Ngiikii arda ngoya ingo ako do hopa school alakenma. I have to go somewhere tomorrow labin vt. (of a plural subject) to take something together. labo vt. 1. to catch something along with someone. 2. to help someone catch something. labo vt. to put/place something across. labu n. sleeve. lacha adj. having one's hand(s) or arm(s) disabled in a way that prevents normal motion. Syn: latu. lacha vt. 1. to bring/put something to a higher location. Floor daka newspaper simi table ayo ho lachato. Place this newspaper that lies on the floor onto the table! 2. to move up to take/catch something with the hand. lachan n. (Anat.) finger ring. See: liichan. lache n. 1. particular part of the bride price, which one selected person belonging to the bride's close kin is entitled to receive. Usually (though not necessarily) a brother or first paternal cousin of the bride, or at any rate a member of the bride's patrilineage (*uru). Syn: lache ari. lachi [´la´tɕi] n. (Anat.) finger Lachi buye/buhe. One finger. lachi hanya n. (Anat.) smallest finger. lachi liipa n. (Anat.) middle finger. Syn: laso. lachi mitu n. (Anat.) fingertip. lachi paban n. (Anat.) finger knuckle; joint on the hand. lachi papei n. gap between two fingers. Var: lachi papyo. lachun vt. to take and hide something. Table daka apin diira paku mi lachunto. Hide the dirty plates on the table! ladin vt. (of a plural subject) to pick up and gather together.

  Gramm: continuous aspectual suffix combination marking an event that has happened in the past, first person singular. Usually translates English Past Continuous. Ngo imiladoto. I was sleeping. Nunumi ngo meladoto. I was looking for you. Ngo biilyo doli achiladoto hiika hopa school amato. Yesterday I was having fever so I didn't come to school.-ladotoku vsuff. have been[do]ing. Gramm: continuous aspectual suffix combination marking an event that has happened in the past prior to another past event, first person singular. Usually translates English Past Perfect Continuous. Ngo imiladotoku. I had been sleeping. (Anat.) back of the elbow; anicubital space. lagii vt. to take someone along with oneself to take or catch something. lago vt. to take or pick something before someone; to surpass someone in picking/taking something. Taki ticket mi lagojabiine. Taki took the ticket before others did. lago vt. to leave out something or someone while picking/taking something. Sunka tarii bere mi lagotolado. Sunka left out one shirt (while taking other shirts/clothes). lahii n. archer's wristband worn to protect the wrist from being hurt by the bow string during shooting. Traditionally made of human hair. lahii 1. vt. to turn something over/upside down in one's hand 2. adj. opposite; the other side.

ladone [ladone] vsuff. was/were [do]ing. Gramm: continuous aspectual suffix combination marking an event that has been completed in the past, second and third persons and first person plural. Usually translates English Past Continuous. Molu aladone. They were coming. Anyo sweater heladone. Anyo was knitting a sweater. -ladoneku [ladoneku] vsuff. had been [do]ing. Gramm: continuous aspectual suffix combination marking an event that has been completed in the past, second, third persons and first person plural. Often translates English Past Perfect Continuous. Mo aladoneku. He/she had been coming. -ladoran vsuff. am/are/is [do]ing. Gramm: imperfective aspectual suffix combination indicating that an action which was initiated previously is still ongoing. Usually best rendered in English by Present Continuous/Progressive Form. -ladoto vsuff. was [do]ing. ladu n. forearm span. ladu miru n. (Anat.) elbow. Usage: Hija. Var: ladu mirii. Usage: Hari; ladu milyin. Usage: Bulla. laga n. root. Syn: liima-laga. laga vt. to take much. laga-lale la vt. to take too much; to take something in excess. Police si public kokii kamo laga-lale la dado. The police takes excessive bribes from the public. lage n. Syn: lahii-lakhe. lahin n:num. three hundred. lahin n. (Anat.) finger nail. laho vt. to remove; to put aside. lahu n. (Bot.) Snake Gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina).

  lakuma vsuff. could not [do]; was unable to[do]. Gramm: modal suffix combination indicating the subject's inability to perform the action denoted by the verb in the past. Siika hime simi amanehe mi bikasiitii, ngo myalakuma. I have given everything to this child, but couldn't console him. lakur vt. to take back (what has been given). lakha vt. to fail to catch something by hand. Ngo ngiiyi mi lakhato. I could not catch hold of the fish.

lako-lape vt. to give and receive reciprocally; to exchange. laku adj. left (side or direction). Syn: lachi. Ant: labi. lakha vt. to fail to build a water channel or duct. lakhii 1. n. cold. 2. adj. cold; chilly, as a sensation or type of weather. Ago ho ano lakhiido. It's very cold outside. Pulye kheliigiito, lakhiido ke. Put a shawl on, it's cold! Ant: gubu. lakhii gubu n. temperature. lakhii piilo n. winter season. lakhiin n. filth, dirt accumulated on the hands during the cold season.

  Yanii-yaso laniin. Collection of *niiji leaves and *taser cane from respective community forests before the commencement of the main events of *Myoko festival. 2. catching hold of someone; kidnapping as a revenge. (of hundreds) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. vt. to take off; to take away; to remove. lapan n. 1. large wooden, open raised sitting-platform on which the men of clan gather for gossip, work, and perform rituals. 2. plank of a *lapan. 3. section of the village inhabited by members of the same clan and ritually centered upon one *lapan. lapan jombii n. wooden beam of a *lapan. lapan penniin n. construction of a *lapan, esp. a few days before the *Myoko celebration begins. lapan taki leniin n. ritual slicing out a piece of ginger for each male member performed by the owner of the *yugyan house on a newly constructed *lapan. Encycl: on that occasion every household head collects as many pieces as the number of male members of the household. lapan tuli n. wooden post of a *lapan. vt. to take, pick or catch before anyone else does; to take first or in first. Usage: also used to describe a quarrel between husband and wife, esp. when the relatives of both parties get involved. larka vt. to challenge someone, as a trial or to see what happens. larin n. variety of hoop earrings formerly worn by women. larin n. West. laru 1. adj. uneasy to pick, take or catch. 2. vt. to take/catch with difficulty. Ant: lapyo. to catch; to grasp. Aloto, ngo latutoso. Drop it! I'll catch it. No bus jalo tempo latulakindo. You can catch a bus or a tempo. latu vt. to take, pick or catch something with the hand for the first time.

	lase n. (Bot.) roots of Dioscorea bulbifera.
	lasin n. (Anat.) forearm.
	lapyo vt. to steal by taking up by hand.
	lapyun vt. (of a plural subject) to pick up and hold together.

Opi can hold her head up [i.e. she, as a baby, has strengthened her neck muscles enough to hold her head up]. Etym: from alan, 'neck'. lando poniin n. wave (lit. 'jump'). langa See: lange. la'nge [´la:ŋe] n. (Anat.) wrist. Usage: Hari. Var: langer. Usage: Hija; langa. Usage: Bulla. langer See: lange. langii v. to move one's neck. Syn: langii-lankhe. langu [lã´gu] n. (Anat.) neck. langu artu n. (Anat.) Adam's apple. Syn: miji lanchu. lanii n. (Anat.) thumb finger. Var: lanu. lanii [´la:ni] n. one who takes or catches something with the hand; taker (unspecified). laniibo n. the one who takes; taker (specified). laniin [´la:ni] n. 1. catching; collecting. la'ngu vt. to set apart or separate, esp. by hand. lanjan n. (Anat.) nape; back of the neck. lanku adj. slanted, as of a neck or head. Etym: from langu, 'neck'.

lankha n. coop, as for poultry. Syn: paro lankha. lansa n:qual. lanu See: lanii. lapa lape vt. to separate by taking with the hand. lape vt. to bring with. lapi vt. to give someone a pat on the hand, as children do for soliciting their parents. lapin n. (Anat.) back of the hand (not including fingers). lapin vt. to close; to obstruct, as of the mouth of a pan. Var: lapyan. lapin-nanii n. lid; instrument/device to close the mouth of a pan. Var: lapyan-nanii. lapo n. (Anat.) upper arm. lapyo kupu n. (Anat.) muscle/flesh on the upper arm. lapu 1. vt. to close hand. 2. n. (Anat.) fist; closed-fisted hand. lapyo n. (Anat.) bone of the arm. lapya-lasa vt. to scatter something by hand. lapyan See: lapi. lapyo [´la:´pjo:] n. (Anat.) palm of the hand. lapyo [´la:pjo] adj. easy to pick, take or catch with the hand. Ant: laru. lapyo [´la:´pjo:] lapi vt. to dry in the sun or over the fire, esp. flat objects. Paku mi lapito. Dry the plates! (in the sun). See: liipi. laran n. variety of hoop earrings worn by priests during the perfomance of major rituals.

lar vt-r. to challenge someone. laso n. (Anat.) middle finger. Syn: lachi liipa. laso goye n. one unit of linear measure equal to the distance from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the middle finger, when the hand is fully extended. See: ladii goye. larsuniin n. conjugal dispute in which the relatives of both parties get involved. lata vt. to open hand. lata n. element of the *babo structure, a long stick measuring approximately two meters that is tied horizontally at some distance from the top of the *babo mast. lati vt. to reconstruct/repair a water channel. lati vt. to take again; to retake. latiniin n. reconstruction/repair of a water channel. Siikho latiniin. Water channel repair. latin vt. to block a path, passage, etc. by placing something on the way. latin vt. to punch someone forcefully. Tayo Tago mi achi latinkiibiine ke. Tayo punched Tago very hard. latu See: lacha. latu vt. layi n. torch. Etym: possibly a broken form of English 'light'.

  1. in retaliation. 2. as reciprocal act. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the action indicated by the verb is carried out to reciprocate, to avenge the subject or to retaliate against someone else's actions. liki-liko v. to wag, as a tail; to wiggle back and forth. (Agr.) to sow seeds by throwing or scattering. liloniin n. (Agr.) sowing by throwing or scattering. Midin liloniin. Sowing of paddy in nurseries.lin vt-r. to turn or coil thread around itself to form a ball. See: alin. lin vi-r. 1. to go or come out. Usage: verb root indicating a motion from inside to outside, or from center to periphery. Ago linnge. Go outside! Ago linto. Come outside! Tatung Abulya linne. Tatung went to Abulya (i.e. from Hapoli). Ngiimi bazar linkun pe. Please accompany me to the market. 2. to emerge, as of a plant or bud. Taku ani lindoku. A small bud of cucumber has appeared.

	liyi n. term denoting the groom's sister's husbands and friends who accompany the groom to the
	bride's house at the wedding.
	liyo pani n. 1. portion of meat from slaughtered animals (usually pork) which, on certain
	important occasions, a married man and woman must give to a man belonging to the lineage of

likhi vt-r. to write. From: Assamese 'likh'. See: kenii. lil lilan n. (Zool.) larger variety of cicada. Usage: Hari. Var: lil lahan. Usage: Hija. See: danyi chacha. lilo vt. -lin [´li] vsuff. out; outside. Gramm: directional suffix indicating that the action of the verb is directed to the outside of a space. Bilin. To flow or leak out. lingii vi. to take someone along with oneself to go or come out. lingya vi. exit point. linko n. (of a flowing liquid) source. liniin n. (Agr.) sowing; act or state of sowing. linnin n. outgoing; act of going out. linpo vi. to go or come out. lintu vi. to appear/go or come out for the first time. Film hoka actor lintujapa linlyi ho ano kapyone. The actor of the film was very handsome when he appeared for the first time. lintu-dotu vi. to originate. lisudu See: yalu lisudu.

lisunii See: yalu lisunii. his/her maternal great grandmother (regarded as a maternal uncle, *aku), with whom bonds of mutual assistance are maintained. 2. persons who are entitled to receive the sacrificial share of slaughtered animals known as *liyo pani. 3. the relationship between the giver and the receiver of a *liyo pani. See: alii; gyasi; kutin.

  [lohe] post. till; until; to the point, degree or place that. Var: loye. Yasi si ayo hokii akan loye bipelado. Water is flowing from top to bottom. Ngo Ziro chabii la Daporijo loye chapetalyi. After reaching Ziro I will continue till Daporijo. Ngo Ommo ko chabii la Taki la ude loye chachi. I will go [up] to Ommo's place, then I will proceed upto Taki's house. See: lyihe. lohepa adv. till; until. Siisi lohepa apin diimaran po? You haven't lunched yet? Var: loyepa. See: lyihepa. lokun [´lo´kũ] n. one day. Gramm: when enumerating only, i.e. without reference to a particular object, as in school. Otherwise *lohe/*loye is used in place of *lokun. lokho n. element of a loin loom, a bamboo shuttle on which the weft thread is wound. Found immediately above the *tapii and below the *niiyi.

lohe

[´lo-e]

n:time. one day. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *lokun is used instead. Var: loye. Syn: alo-lohe; alo-loye. lohe

  [´lu] 1. vt-r. to say; to say something; to speak; to talk about something. 2. vt-r. to tell someone something. Gramm: direct speech reporting verb, with subject and indirect object specified. Kari Tani mi ami riito pe la lubiido. Kari is telling/asking Tani to buy her a cat. Niimi hu lu? Taki lu. Who told you? Taki did. 3. vi-r. to say[that]; to inform[that]; to explain[that]; to ask/answer[that]. Gramm: direct and indirect speech reporting verb, with personal subject. Often occurs with associated complementizing conjunction *hiila in indirect speech. Tama ngiimi siika envelope mi niimi bitolya hiila lune. Tama asked me to give this envelope to you. 4. vt-r. to call something by a particular name. Siika ahi mi bachin hiila ludu. We call this fruit 'bachin'. 5. vt-r. to speak a language.lu vt-r. to finish.-lu part. plural marker. Gramm: plural marker following proper names or names referring to groups of persons. Also suffixes the third singular personal pronoun. When following a proper names, gives a sense 'x and his group', or 'x and his family' 'x and his friends', etc. Miyu-lu ala anye giido. Humans have two hands. Tallo-lu Ziro ho dudu. Tallo and his family live in Ziro. Taki-lu noyu inne nii? Where have Taki and others gone? Pussy-lu uko dalyi harlinne. Pussy and the other cats ran towards the backside veranda. Bilo Tanii-lu tiipe byankernii mi ano kapyopa khiinyasiitii. In olden days a thick facial tatoo was regarded as beautiful by the Apatanis. -lusu part. reflexive form of the plural marker *-lu. Taki-lusu. Taki and his group themselves. vt. 1. to speak properly; to speak or say something in an appropriate manner. 2. adj. proper or preferable, as of a way of speaking or telling something. vt. 1. to say/speak pointedly or directed on someone, or on matter related to him/her. No ngiimi lucheyo. Do not target me! 2. to cut a speech into two parts. luchi n. small store room located at one side of the house where dishes are kept. luchin vt. to know how to speak/say something. Ant: luchinma. Ngo Tanii luchinma ke. I don't speak Apatani. Ngo Tanii abu luchinmasu. I don't know much Apatani. luda vt. to speak correctly. luder vt. to make something clear by telling or explaining. Ant: lumur. ludi vt. to speak in an appropriate or suitable way. ludin vt. to say or say something intentionally/with a purpose/deliberately. luga 1. vt. to speak/talk (too) much. 2. adj. talkative. lugii vt. 1. to lead or guide a speech. Mo prayer lugiido. He/she leads the prayer. 2. to teach; to show someone by telling him/her how. Anyo Tanii hime atan mi Tanii agun lugiido. Anyo demonstrates Apatani children how to speak Apatani language. 3. to take someone along with oneself to say or tell something. luku vt. 1. to speak haphazardly. 2. to say words in the wrong order. A: Niika armyan nii la? Yadi Nani? B: Ma, ngiika armyan mi luku la ludo. A: What is your name? Yadi Nani? B: No, you are telling my name in reverse order. 3. adj. not feeling free to say or speak. Syn: luku-luka. lukun vt. (of a plural subject) to speak collectively; to speak together. lukur vt. to retort. lukur-lukhe vt. to inform afterwards; to convey something at a later time. Final decision mi niimi ngo nyibyapa lukur-lukhe yaku so. Very soon I will inform you further about the final decision. lukha vt. to misspeak; to speak wrongly. lukha vt. 1. to challenge verbally (esp. someone of higher status). 2. to have the last word. lukhan vt. to suggest or remind something over and over again. lukhan vt. to say/tell something purposefully for someone. Zool.) variety of hover fly or wasp-like insect, that does not sting but may bite. 2. n. (in a figurative sense) lethargic person. lulun vt. to frighten or scare someone verbally. lulya 1. vt. to speak normally or in an expected way. 2. adj. (of a speech) normal or expected. vt. to speak or say something in a quivering voice. 2. adj. (of voice, utterance, way of speaking) quavering. lulyi-lume adj. mischievous; disobedient. lulyo vt. to talk in an improper way. lulyu vt. to lose something from a speech (e.g. thread of the discussion, topic, subject) or from speaking. Atoka agun mi lulyuku koda, ... If we loose our own language skills, .... Gramm: result suffix indicating that the subject frightens the object as a result of the action indicated by the verb. Lulun. To frighten someone verbally. lu'ngo vt. to stop talking or telling something. lupa vt. to say or tell something; to speak; to manage to say or tell something; to manage to speak. -luma vt. to talk wildly, indiscriminately or carelessly. lupakohe adv. everywhere (as far as someone's voice or talk can carry). Var: lupakoye. lupe vt. to speak/talk till completion (of one's speech, alloted time, etc.). That will be better if we speak in Apatani. luter vt. to defend one's opinion or cause (in front of others). luti vt. to speak/tell again; to reiterate. Syn: luti-luti. lutii n. pastoral grazing ground for cattle; pasturland. lutii-giira n. grazing ground in general, for cattle or sheep. sii lutii n. grazing ground for cows. lutu vt. to speak for the first time. lutu vt. to speak/talk from a distance, or at a distance. lutu-lupo vt. to block or stop someone or something through words; to say something that results in an obstruction.

	luja vt. to complete a speech. lupe-luse vt. to say something with the intention of separating a group of things, animals or
	people.
	luje [lu´dʑe] vt. to tell the truth; to speak truthfully.
	lupo vt. to start from the middle of one's speech.
	lujer adj. careful in speaking (by choosing carefully one's words).
	lupo-lulo vt. to speak wildly or indiscriminately.
	luji adj. friendly; amicable.
	lujo n. result/benefit of a speech or talk.
	s introduce
	lubin vt. (of a plural subject) to speak together in a joint manner. ourselves!
	luko-lumyo vt. to tell or say something in advance. Biilyo luko-lumyomapa, siisi arta ho niimi no lubo vt. 1. to speak along with others. 2. to support someone verbally. hokii tiiko labitalyi ? You did not tell me in advance yesterday, from where shall I give you money
	now (instantly) ? lulyan vt. to imitate a person"s way of speaking.
	lubyu vt. to cause conflict by arguing.
	luko-lupe vt. to interrupt a speech or a discussion; to disturb a speech or a discussion; to
	interfere in a discussion without prior consent.

loyepa See: lohepa. lu Var: lusii. See: atan.

-lu vsuff. ruin; spoil. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the subject disturbs, spoils or ruins an undergoing action indicated by the verb through some similar action. Lulu. To trouble or cause annoyance to someone by saying something; to disturb a speech by interfering or by interrupting somone's speech. Syn: -lu...-le. Niika au heru mi medical ingiimapa abuyapa gilu-gilesiidii ke. You may harm yourself more by not going to hospital for your sickness. lua adj. mute; dumb. luba vt. (of a plural subject) to speak together. luba vt. to add (over a previous statement); to say further or make further comment. Tapu, Kano ka luniin mi lubamonbiine. Tapu reiterated what Kanno had said. lube 1. vt. to make someone feel bored, especially by talking over and over again, or repeating oneself over and over again. 2. adj. bored of hearing someone's talk. lubi vt. to speak on someone else's behalf/for someone else. lubi lucha vt. to say something to a person located above or upward. luchan vt. to speak normally; to speak according to the rules.

luche lugii vt. to persuade. lugiinii n. (of a speech, prayer, etc.) leader (unspecified).

lugin vt. to gain benefit from saying something. lugo n. debtor; person that owes something to another, or that is deemed responsible of an offense/crime against another. lugo n. thing to be said or discussed; topic of discussion. Ngo niimi lugo kone do. I've got something to tell you. lugo vt. to surpass someone by speaking faster than him/her; to speak before someone else does. Tallo lupa miiladokiile Anyo lugobiine. As Tallo was about to speak, Rinyo spoke before him. lugo vt. to miss to talk about something while giving a speech. lugu vt. to change one's speech or one's way of speaking. lugur-bengur vt. to speak or say something to protect someone. lugya vt. to misspeak; to speak wrongly. Syn: lugya-lulya. luha vt. to move into a space to speak. luha-lukha adj. difficult/unpleasant to say or tell. luhi-lugo vt. to say something for the well-being of someone. Syn: luhi-luso. luhii-lukhe vt. to change one's view/opinion. luhin See: luyin. luhu-luha vt. to verbally tease or provoke. lujo vt. to speak openly (in front of everybody). Yadi moka herunii mi ako abi agin ho lujolada. Yadi expresses her emotions verbally in front of everyone. lujomon vt. to succeed someone in a speech; to speak after someone else's turn. luju n. way of talking; manner of speech. luju-lumyo n. manner (in speaking). Mo luju-lumyo ayado. He is a polite fellow. luka vt. 1. to speak as a trial or to see what happens. Unka, no Tanii agun lukato. Unka, do try to speak in Apatani! 2. to compete by debating. Lukasiisa. Let's compete (by debating)! luka-benka vt. to talk; to explain. luka-benkaniin n. talk; explanation. luka-kaye-luma-kaye vt. to speak in a discontinuous manner. lukan vt. to speak/talk for a long time or beyond the allotted time; to speak too long. lukanniin n. (too) long talk or speech. Gehepa ka lukanniin. A boring speech. lukin vt. to show someone something by telling him how. luko n. place for talking. luko vt. 1. to tell; to narrate; to explain. Niitampa pe chakindo nii lukolakindo pe ha? Can you tell me how I can get there? Paya pacho lukobiilyinii. Thank you for telling me. 2. to inform; to disclose (by telling). Syn: luko-lukha. 3. to talk about; to introduce. Ato-ato mi lukosiisa! Let'luku n. shoe. Mo anyi ka luku mi kakato. Look at their shoes! lukhe vt. to speak with energy or authority; to speak vigorously. lukhe vt. to make someone cry by telling something or scolding (usually a child). lukhiin-lumii vt. to speak in a confused, unproper manner. lukho vt. to express a divergent view, point of view or opinion; to disagree in a talk. lula adj. clever or good at speaking; (of a speaker) eloquent. luli haman n. (Bot.) Nepalese smartweed (Persicaria nepalensis), a vegetable species . lulo vt. to provoke someone verbally; to speak in a provocative manner. lulo vt. to calm someone verbally. Aba ka hadii mi Ane yanudopa lulobiineku. The mother has calmed down the father's anger. lulu vt. to cause annoyance to someone by saying something. lulu-lugo vt. to cause annoyance to someone by saying something; to disturb a speech by interfering or by interrupting someone's speech. Lulu-lugoyayo. Do not disturb the speech! lulu-lule vt. to interrupt someone's speech.

lulu ngonngo n. 1. (lulyan vt. to speak/talk in order to amend or rectify something. lulyan vt. to mediate; to conciliate. Syn: lulyan-luda. lulyaniin n. normal or expected speech. lulye-luche 1. lume vt. to complete/conclude a speech. Syn: lume-luja. lume vt. to initiate a talk or conversation. lume-luse vt. to allude to something that was said or told. lumin vt. to talk or tell something without a set purpose, in a casual way. Syn: lumin-luyin. lumu vt. to make someone feel like doing something by alluding to it. lumu 1. vt. to talk in one's sleep. 2. adj. uttering speech while asleep. lumur vt. to misspeak or speak wrongly. lumyo vt. 1. to tell in advance. 2. to reserve something by telling in advance. Niibo yu moka lumyonii hii? Which one did he/she reserved? Syn: luko-lumyo. lumyu 1. n. last words spoken. 2. vi. to be the last to speak or tell something; to speak last. lunii [´luni] n. one who speaks or talks; speaker (unspecified). Ngo Tanii agun lunii kone tare kapamaran. I haven't seen a single Apatani speaker yet. luniibo n. (the) one who speaks; speaker (specified). luniin [´luni] n. speech; talking. Niika luniin mi taderlama ya. I can't grasp/understand what you are saying. lunu-luna vt. to speak with no benefit or advantage; to speak in vain. lunyo vt. to practise speaking. Aga miilanru ato agun mi lunyosa. Quick, let's all practise speaking our mother tongue! -lun vsuff. frighten. lupa vt. to make reference or direct attention to; to remind. lupa [lu´pa] vt. to criticize something or someone; to disapprove; to express an unfavorable opinion of. lupalupu vt. to say something mistakenly, erroneously or inadvertently. Syn: miipu-lupu. lupya vt. to deter; to discourage. Syn: lupya-luya. lupyo [´lupjo] adj. easy to say or tell. lupyo vt. to speak first; to speak before others. lupyu vt. to utter insulting or defamatory remarks towards someone; to verbally insult. Syn: lupyu-luso. luri vt. to start speaking; to initiate a speech. lurii vt. to talk to someone; to converse with someone; (by two or more persons) to talk to each other; to converse. Molu ude ho luriisiine. They talked in the house. Momi luriihe, kala-kapasiidu pa. Go and talk to him/her, so that you know each other! Syn: lurii-benta. luru adj. 1. difficult/unpleasant to say or tell. 2. stubborn. Inka nyimii si luruhajado. That girl is too stubborn. luru vt. to provoke verbally. lusa n:qual. (of two or more groups, herds, etc.) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. luser vt. to change the subject; to talk about something else. lusi vt. to take one's turn in a speech. lusi vt. to interpret or pass something orally. lusi-lume vt. to pass something orally from one to another. lusi vt. to tell/whisper something secretly to someone (without telling others). lusi-luha adj. skeptical; not easily persuaded or convinced. lusii n. thing, topic or subject to be spoken. lusu vt. to speak oneself; to speak by oneself. Ngunu Tanii pa lusudo koda ayayakindo ke ah. luyan vt. to speak or tell something in a systematical way, by exposing one point after another. luyi vt. to move down to say something. luyin vt. (of a plural subject) to speak together.Var: luhin. lya [´lja] vi-r. (by fire) to burn.

  Keep on [do]ing![Do] continuously Gramm: continuous form of the present imperative. Inka hand-held fan simi buto la alyi oye helyato! Take that hand-held fan and blow some air with it! Inka knitting stick lo tarii helyato! Knit with that knitting stick! -lyayo vsuff. Don't [do]! Gramm: negative form of imperative, used in place of *-yo when the action is envisaged in the future.

	lye vt-r. to roll something between the palms.
	lye vt-r. to wade through water or mud.
	lyebe n. (Zool.) water beetle larva.

Ngo narun miilyandu. I'm rearranging the fence. lyancha vi. (of water) to wave or flow in upward direction. lyanga vi. 1. (of water) to flow in. Yasi lyangado. Water has flooded in. 2. (of soil/earth/ground) to sink. Kiidi lyangado. The soil has sunk. lyannii n. 1. one who blesses (unspecified). 2. (in a nominal phrase) blessing; benevolent; protecting. lyannii gonii n. prosperity. See: sangii gyagii. lyanii-gonii uyi n. general term for deities protecting human beings; tutelary divinity; protecting or benevolent spirit. lyannii-uyi n. benevolent spirit/deity (generic). lyanniin n. blessing. -lyaniin vsuff. usual act. Gramm: nominalizer deriving a noun with the basic meaning 'usual N'. Miilyaniin. Usual act. -lyannge [´ljãŋe] num-r. ten. Gramm: numeral root used for combining with classifiers to indicate nine specimens of a particular collection of objects. See: -lyan. lyanpin chantu n. name of a household female deity. Syn: lyapin-chantun. lyanso See: ulyan kuti. -lya pe vsuff. [do] for me (imperative). Miidalya pe. (Please) do something to me. lyapu-pulye n. ordinary shawl/cloth of olden days. lyapyo [´ljapjo] n. dry field, esp. for cultivating millet; millet field or garden. Var: yapyo. lyaso n. (Zool.) Red-billed Chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax), a passerine species of overall black colour resembling a crow .

-lyato See: -lya.

-lyato vsuff.

lyecho See: lyacho.

lyego n. threshold, esp. of door.

lyehin See: lyeyin.

lyeko n. door latch or fastener. Syn: arkonanii, lyepu.

lyen-class. 'fathom'. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for fathoms, a unit of length measuring the distance between both hands stretched out horizontally and sidewise. lyennge, lyennye, lyenhinnge, lyenpe, lyenngo, lyenkhii, lyenkanuhe, lyenpinye, lyekoahe, lyenlyanhe

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

,10 fathom(s).

  (by two or more persons together) to roll something between the palms. Var: lyehin. lyi vi-r. 1. to become, to take a shape, to turn (into). Usually occurs with postposition *pa. Mo doctor pa lyinedo. He/she may become a doctor. Arunachal hii 20 th Feb. 88 ho state ako pa lyiku. Inka ubu sokii tabu sohe lyi. A snake came out from that hole.-lyi vsuff. is/are going to[do]. Gramm: temporal suffix indicating that the action identified by the verb is to be carried out in a proximal future. Often followed by emphatic particle *ke. Ommo, nyibyapatiika, ngiimi bus harnubiilyi ke. Ommo, hurry up, I'm going to miss the bus! Kamolyi, nyibya insa. It's getting dark, let's go fast! Diipyo hargiilyi ke, chituto. The thief is going to run away, catch him! -lyi ho [lji ho] vsuff. while; when. Gramm: temporal suffix coupled with postposition *ho, used to coordinate two sentences indicating that one event happens during or while the other is unfolding. Mainly indicates co-temporality, but can also be used with conditional or hypothetical meaning. Arjinlyi ho ahu hii hempyoyado. One feels better when stretching one's body. Aba, apin diilyi ho, luriisiiyo hiidu. Father tells us not to talk while taking meal. Putu chalyi ho, pulyan chapekendo. While climbing a mountain one shall move till the peak is reached. Ngiika school ilyi ho ane ano hempyone. Mother was very happy when I went to school. Tumalyi hoka yarlonii, ngiika ane. It's my mother who calmes me down when I burst out in anger.

When enumerating, as in school, *lyenkun is used instead. Usage: Hari, Bulla. Var: lyinnge. Usage: Hija. Syn: ala lyennge. lyennge khupohe n:num. distance from the shoulder to the fingers of the opposite hand (used as a traditional unit of linear measure). Usage: Hari, Bulla. Var: lyennge kupoye. Var: lyinnge khupohe/kupoye. Usage: Hija. lyepo vt. to mix or join something by rolling it in the palms. lyepu n. horizontal piece of bamboo holding the framework of a door.

lyeyin vt.

Arunachal became a state on 20 th Feb. 1988. Yasi hii tapin pa lyido. The water turned into snow. 2. to come out; to appear. Miyu hii siibi hokii lyi. Human descent from apes. lyi vi-r. (by snake, etc.) to crawl. Insi ke tabu sohe lyido nii. There is a snake crawling (or 'a snake is crawling there'). lyichu piinyan n. traditional ceremonial friend, often coming from another village, who is entitled to receives a particular cut of the meat from the pig sacrificed during *Myoko. See: gimbyo; ajin punyan; piinyan ajin. lyido n. food or eatables for pigs. Syn: alyi-lyido. lyigu v. to transform oneself or be transformed into something else; to turn into.

  Gramm: inchoative aspectual suffix combination indicating that the action of the verb is to be completed in an immediate future, or a quality/state indicated by the verb or adjective is to be acquired in an immediate future. Miilyiku. Going to be started. Kamolyiku. It's getting dark.-lyikuhe suff. till; until. Gramm: temporal suffix combination added to verbs or adjectives, indicating that an action is to take place continuously till full completion of the action/event/state identified by the marked verb or adjective. No ngiika alyiku hepa imitalyi. You sleep till I come. Gramm: temporal suffix combination added to verbs or adjectives to form adverbial subordinate clauses. Indicates that the action identified by the verb of the main clause is to take place continuously till full completion of the action/event/state identified by the marked verb or adjective. Var: lyikuyepar. See: lyihepa. lyikun-lyiri 1. v. to wrinkle. 2. adj. wrinkled. Syn: sikun-siri. lyikhe n. variety of bow without string used by the priest while performing certain rituals. Var: lyikho. lyila n. particular cut of meat of the pig sacrificed at Myoko consisting of the forelimbs and lower thighs. Encycl: this share is set apart for the performer's uterine nephews (sister's sons). [´ljo] vt-r. to separate the outer and inner layers of a bamboo. Aba yahi lyodo. Daddy is tearing the outer skin of the bamboo.-lyo vsuff. slantingly; improperly. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is done in a slanting way, or, in a figurative sense, in an improper way. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the action identified by the verb is done in an insincere way, in order to gain something from it. Gramm: result suffix indicating that some loss or wastage results from the action indicated by the verb. Miilyu. To waste or spend away (esp. money). Lulyu. To lose the thread of a discussion; to lose one's language skills. Syn: -lyu...-cha. Time mi gilyu-gichasiidii ke, Gym ilatiika. You're wasting your time, you'd better go to Gym. Gramm: split result suffix indicating that somebody or something becomes muddled, mixed up or confused as a result of the action denoted by the verb. Gramm: negative interjection. May occur alone to answer a yes/no question, or at the begining of a sentence to express disagreement with someone else's previous statement. 2. is not; are not. Gramm: negative form of the copula *sii. Mo Tapu ma. He is not Tapu. ma siite interj. Aya, no! Usage: interjection used to express the speaker attitude of disapproval.-ma [ma] vsuff. not. Gramm: negative predicate suffix. Occurs before the tense markers in a predicate suffix chain. Mo amane. He/she didn't come. Ngiika aki kapanii hii pulumane. The dog whom I saw was not white.

	M-m
	lyoba vt. (of a plural subject) to collect firewood together.
	lyoba v. (of a plural subject) to jump together. lyunchan n. (Bot.) variety of cane.
	lyo-class. type; variety. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain lyoniin n. 1. (of wound) blister. Une lyoniin. Blister on a wound. 2. slit, long narrow cut or tear.
	monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for types, varieties, kinds, etc. Agun lyonye. Two types of
	language. lyohe/lyoye, lyonye, lyohinhe, lyope, lyongohe, lyokhe, lyokanuhe, lyopinye, lyoniin n. firewood collection.
	lyokoahe, lyolyanhe 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 type(s)/kind(s). Syn: yo.

Syn: alyi-lyiku. -lyiku vsuff. going to be [done]. Var: lyikuye. See: lyihe. -lyikuhepa suff. till; until. lyilyi miiro adj. horrified. Miyu meniin kala la lyilyi miiroja. I saw the homicide and was very horrified. Syn: aha lyilyi. lyin-See: lyen-. lyiniin n. shaping; transformation. lyiniin n. (of snakes, etc.) crawling. lyinnge See: lyennge. lyipo n. (Zool.) male boar. Syn: alyi-lyipo. lyipo n. (Anat.) penis with an uncovered glans. lyirotoko n. (Anat.) uvula. lyiti v. to happen or occur again. lyiye See: lyihe. lyiyepa See: lyihepa. lyo [´ljo:] vr. to jump, in general, whether high or long, but usually implying that the jump intensity is limited, by comparison with *byar. Syn: byar. lyo vt-r. to collect firewood. lyo -lyo...-cho vsuff. in a flattering way. lyoba-lyoba n. tier. Syn: lyoba-lyola. lyoba-lyola See: lyoba-lyoba. lyobin vt. (of a plural subject) to collect firewood jointly. lyobo vt. 1. to collect firewood along with someone. 2. to help someone collect firewood. lyobo vt. to jump across or over something. Syn: lyobo-lyoka. Siika dutin simi lyobo-lyokato. I jumped over the stool. lyobo-lyoka See: lyobo. lyoha vi. to jump in. lyohe n:num. one type; one variety. Var: lyoye. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *lyokun is used in place of *lyohe/lyoye. lyohe adj. different. See: ponge. lyoheja adj. unique peculiar. Syn: pongeja. lyoheya adj. different. lyokun n:num. one type; one variety. Gramm: by enumerating only, i.e. without reference to a particular object, as in school. When referring to a particular object, *lyohe/*lyoye is used in place of *lyokun. lyoli n. handle or butt of a dao; hilt. lyolichochi adj. 1. flashy (ostentatiously smart and showy, often in a superficial way). 2. garrulous (person tending to talk a lot, especially about trivial things); gossiping; wordy. 3. liar; mischievous person. See: surudonyo. lyoniin [´lyo:ni] n. jumping; jump. lyoniin n. removing of an outer covering. lyosa n:qual. (of two or types, kinds, varieties) distinct; different. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. lyosa-lyosa adj. (of two or more things) varied; of different types. Syn: ponsa; ponsa-ponsa. -lyu vsuff. lose. -lyu...-cha vsuff. become confused. ma [´ma:] 1. interj. no; nope. -ma ke an See: an. ma vt-r. to spend/invest in something.

  makun vt. to heap; to bring together into a pile.malan n:qual. many. Gramm: qualifying noun following another noun or a pronoun, with the overall sense 'many N'. Syn: abu. malanja adj. most; largest (share). Syn: abuja. malanjapa adv. most; mostly. No malanjapa bii'nge. You take the largest share! malo n. rooftop; roof vertex. Molu, inka lanchan malo giiniibo ude ho nyan dudu nii. They live in that house with a red rooftop. malo abu n. ridge pole. malo [malo] conj. or; either...or. Gramm: coordinating conjunction used to connect two words, phrases, clauses or sentences together, each presented as an alternative to the other. Si nii aki ha, malo yaki ha? Is this a dog or a fox? Narun mi subu bako nan hempa do, malo sii ya bakotii yu ah. It appears like a mithun has broken into a fence, or is it a cow who did it? malo-kalohe adv. kindly; with due consideration. Malo-kalohe siika siti mi Taka mi bihe pe. Kindly give this letter to Taka.

  Gramm: non achievement aspectual suffix combination, giving the overall meaning 'not yet'. Ngo siiro kii apin diimaran. I haven't eaten yet from this morning. Ngo Tanii agun lunii kone tare kapamaran. I haven't seen a single person who speaks apatani yet.-maranpavsuff. before [do]ing. Ngo amaranpa mo aneku. He arrived before me. Var: marampa. Let us not[do]. Gramm: negative form of the hortative suffix *-sa, used for suggesting not to perform a collective action including the speaker. Siinyan ude miimasa. Let us not construct a house this year. masii cop. am not; are not; is not. Gramm: copula negator. Negative form of the copula *sii. Inka jiji coat giiniibo si Oman aba masii ha ? Isn't that man who is wearing a blue coat Oman's father? Var: masu. Usage: Hari. No Diyobar alo sii masii ha enna inkinnen nii? Siilo diyobar ha enna? You were leaving on Sunday. Is today Sunday? vt-r. to search, to look for. Niinyi mi Anya medo he. Anya was looking for you (two). Nunumi ngo meladoto. I was looking for (to) you. Nii photo pa no frame medu? You are looking a frame for which photo? to search around. Bije donii si narun miinii-nanii pa khe kenma ke, bije iche melii-mehato. The bamboo lying here is not sufficient for erecting fence, manage some more (by searching around).men vt-r. to kill; to murder. Hogya taker hii no lo menkone. The leopard was killed by you. Gramm: accusative case marker for direct and some indirect objects; also dative case marker. Suffixes pronouns and demonstratives. Ngo ngiika ajin mi tasan soye mi bito. I gave one necklace to my friend. Ngo momi luriila. I was speaking to him. 2. (in comparative statements) than. No momi kayeyado. You are taller than him/her. Aki ami mi hargayado. The dog runs faster than the cat. n. 1. marriage, from the formal ceremony of engagement to the last ritual following the wedding ceremony. 2. part of the marriage process, the ceremony performed by the bride's parents during which many gifts are offered to members of the groom's family in order to reciprocate the gifts previously offered by the groom's family. dachi mida n. ordinary or middle-sized marriage. one of the two major oral genres of the Apatanis (altogether with *migun). *Miji are primarily recitations or chants performed by male priests (*nyibu) in ritual context, including fragments of myths and healing chants. They are recited in a specific or "ritual" speech (*miji agun) which is known only to Nyibus and requires interpretation. See: migun. miji agun n. ritual speech; ritual language. miji-migun n. stories, tales, myths (referring more particularly to *miji and *migun). miji n. priest who performs certain rituals, esp. during marriage (*mida). miji enko n. basket filled with rice that is offered to the priest as compensation for his services. Syn: tani enko. miji pinta n. rice beer gourd container used only by the priest while performing ceremonies. miji yaju n. ladle made of gourd used by the priest to distribute rice beer during rituals. Gramm: particle following verbs and copulas. Gives the sense of the negation of the conditional coordinator. Pen ho ink giima milo pencil lo kelyato. Write with a pencil for the moment if your pen has no ink. 2. conj. otherwise. Gramm: coordinating conjunction used to connect two words, phrases, clauses or sentences together and present each as an alternative to the other. Usually occurs in warnings and exhortations, the sentence or clause containing *milo representing the less desirable alternative. Ato-mi henmapa yo ayin-ayin bito, milo mii'ngu-miiredo

	menbi vt. 1. to kill on someone's behalf/for someone micha adj. blind. Gramm: usually occurs in semi-reduplicated form *ami-micha. Ngo ami-
	michanii miyu kone kapato. I saw a blind man. No michama koda hiimi kapakendo cho. If you are
	mendin vt. to kill intentionally/with a purpose/deliberately. not blind you should see that. See: ami-micha.
	mendii n. (Zool.) buffalo.
	menii n. one who searches; searcher (unspecified). meniibo n. the one who searches; searcher
	(specified).
	mi [mi] 1. n. stranger; alien; outsider (home, family, etc.). Mi inneku ha? Has the stranger left? Mi
	mari n. (Bot.) variety of tree used in rituals. mekha vt. to search for something in vain, unsuccessfully. inpa miidoku ha? Is the stranger leaving/ going to leave? Ngo, mi kokii help lasaniin mi ano byado.
	I very much hesitate to seek help from others. 2. adj. other; foreign. Mi miyu. Other/foreign person
	meli vt. to kill someone to avenge oneself or to avenge someone else. or people. 3. n. person, in general. Nunuko mi duye ha? Was there anyone at your place? mi ako
	pron. someone. ato-mi n. relatives and non-relatives (guests, outsiders, etc.). Ato-mi henmapa yo
	ayin-ayin bito, milo mii'ngu-miiredo hiila henkodiike. Give meat equal to both to the relatives as meliniin n. killing as revenge. well as to the other guests, otherwise the latter may feel being discriminated.

mannii 1. n. (Bot.) creeper. 2. adj. in a relative or nominalized clause) creeping, as of a plant. manko n. (of a house structure) ceiling battens. manpo n. horizontal roofing beam. manyan n. ceremonial friend usually belonging to *Misan (Nyishi or Miri) community. Encycl: ceremonial friendship concluded between Apatanis and Nyishis involves the exchange of mithun and valuables, thus resembling the ceremonial friendship pacts of Nyishis' political and social system. baro manyan n. group consisting of one individual's *manyan. -maran vsuff. not yet [done]. marlan n. rust. Usage: Bulla. Var: harti. Usage: Hari. martur n. hammer. From: Assamese. masa part. about. A: Old Ziro, sokii la, ano adodo pe ha? B: Sokii la 7 km masa do. A: Is Old Ziro very far from here? B: It's about 7 km from here. -masa vsuff. masu See: masii. mata adj. flat. Var: meta. me me vt-r. to join; to connect. me-nanii n. any instrument/device used to connect or hold two objects together. mebi vt. to search someone/something on someone's else behalf/for someone. Molupa duko mebitii ha? Have you arranged accomodation for them? mebo vt. 1. to search along with others. 2. to help someone search something.

mechi-meyi vt. to inspect minutely; to scrutinize; to search closely or completely. mechu n. 1. particular part of the bride price, which two selected persons belonging to the bride's close kin are entitled to receive. Either a brother or first paternal cousin of the bride, a member of the bride's patrilineage (*uru) or a person not belonging to the bride's clan. Syn: mechu ari; ari mechu; ari ponyo. 2. by extension, the recipients of that part of the bride price known as *mechu. Altogether with *diiran and *lache, they are in charge of assisting the bride during the wedding and later the married wife for the duration of her marriage. mechu yakhan n. traditional unit of measure corresponding approximately to 15 kilogramms of unhusked rice, which is expected to be given as a contribution by a married woman's *mechu on certain occasions such as *murun. mechu adj. small; small-sized. Syn: atu. Usage: *atu is used more often than *mechu. meder n. 1. purity; purification; cleaning (in a ritual sense; i.e. eviction from evil spirits). 2. purification ritual performed during *Dree festival. meder agyan n. altar constructed for performing *meder. meder nelo n. literally 'house of purity', label given to the place of worship for the local version of modern Donyi Polo religious movement.

medin-mepi vt. to connect; to join. melin-meha vt. to search out. Apin dii-nanii pa yo iche melin-mehato. Search out some piece of meat to accompany the meal. melii-meha vt. menii n. (Zool) sow (female pig). meniin n. search. mepa vt. to see, to find out. Kheta atan si dogyo-dolyi dotokula, history kheta mi mepakuma. I could not find the History book as books are randomly mixed up. mepi n. (Bot.) Plantain (Plantago erosa), a common weed eaten as a vegetable. Syn: mepi haman . mepi n. ritual element of sacrificial altars. mepu vt. to swallow something whole; to swallow without chewing. mesi vt. to join; to connect. mesi-meme vt. to make ends meet.

meta See: mata. meti n. ritual performed during Dree festival to protect humans from Pyodu Biinyi, the famine god. Usage: Hari. Var: metii. meyin vt. to search together. mi/-mi [´mi] part. 1. accusative and dative case marker. -mi vsuff. extinguish. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the action of the verb results in something being extinguished, as a fire or a light. mibe vt. to blink the eyes; to wink the eyes rapidly. mibe-mibe vt. to flutter one's eyelashes; to bat one's eyelids quickly in a repeated way. mibi amu [´mi:bi ´a´mu] n. (Anat.) eyelashes. Usage: Hari. Var: mibyo amu. Usage: Bulla. Var: mibu amu. michan See: yamu michan. mida Syn: tama siipa. konchi mida n. small-sized marriage. Syn: peja siipa. datu mida n. large (also most expensive) marriage. Encycl: a fully-grown mithun (or its money equivalent) is required from the groom's parents in case of *datii mida, whereas a heifer is usually sufficient for the *dachi type. The number of guests who are entitled to receive various contributions in food or gifts is also higher. Var: datii mida. Syn: santii siipa. nyanii mida n. collective term for affinal kinsmen. mida inniin n. particular moment of a *murun ceremony, when the same day as the mithun sacrifice one elderly man accompanied by a few children from *piinyan ajin, *kobii and *koro families visits the house of the solemniser with pieces of meat (*yo aso). midin n. (Agr.) nursery for paddy, where seeds are sown and made to sprout. Encycl: nurseries are kept under water throughout the year and regularly manured. midin palonii n. (Agr.) nursery raising done in Feb. March. Syn: miidin lilonii. migin n. successful/lucky hunter. migun n. one of the two major oral genres of Taniis (altogether with *miji). *Migun primarily consists of non ritual oral literature, including stories relating to the creation of universe and mankind, the migratory epic, as well as more recent historical events. Unlike *miji, it can be narrated by any knowledgeable person out of ritualist context, in a prose identical or closer to dayto-day speech. miha n. synonym for *ajan bulyan, those young men who assist the older *bulyan (*akha bulyan) in their work by such tasks as carrying messages. Encycl: in olden days, *miha were in certain cases entitled to destroy the disputed property of a person or party who refused to conform to the decision of a *bulyan. See: bulyan. miha n. boyfriend; male lover. Si Unka ka miha. He is Unka's boyfriend/lover. See: shado. mihi [´mihi] n. wife; spouse (term of reference). mihi bii vcn. to marry; to take a wife; to get married. Usage: Hija. Ngo mihi biiduku. I am married. Var: mihi bu. mihi la vcn. to marry; to take a wife; mihi laniin n. marriage (lit. 'wife's taking'). mihi-milo n. husband and wife; married couple. Mo anyi mihi-milo sii pe ha? Are they a couple? mihin n. contribution; gift; offering; donation. Syn: mihin liniin. mihu kanii n. one who performs divination (unspecified); diviner. mija n:qual. eldest one; one who is the eldest (among). Gramm: qualifying noun following another noun. mijer n. (Zool.) variety of tiny fly or winged insect resembling a mosquito; midge. Syn: taru mijer. miji n. miji n. orphan. Syn: miji-atu. miji lanchu n. (Anat.) Adam's apple. Syn: langu artu. miju adj. faint-hearted; cowardly; timorous . Syn: miju-mija. miju n. (Anat.) eye crap deposited in the corner of one's eye. Gramm: usually occurs in semireduplicated form *ami-miju. mijun adj. (of a person) seemingly idle, inactive or inert. Syn: mijun-gojun. miku-milya vt. to express one's dissent or disagreement by eye blinking or winking. mikhii runii n. medium; person who is said to be possessed by a spirit, esp. the soul of someone having died of unnatural death, and is thus capable of foretelling, usually by falling in trance. Var. mikhii ronii. Usage: Hija. mila [´mi:´la] n. (Anat.) tear; teardrop. Syn: ami-mila. milan n. (Bot.) variety of weed found in paddy fields. milin adj. (of health condition) serious. Ranka, milin ano diima hendu, Tamo ka lukoneniin momi hospital ho baliigiitu hiila. I hope that Ranka's condition is not very serious, Tamo told me that he is being admitted to hospital. Var: milyin. milin vi. to live frugally. Var: milyin. milo [´milo] n. husband (term of reference). milo sampo n. chank shell beaded necklace worn by priests (*nyibu) and males during certain important rituals. milo in vi. (by a female) to marry; to get married. Ngo milo induku. I am married. milo [milo] 1. part. if not. hiila henkodii ke. Give meat equal to both to the relatives as well as to the other guests, otherwise the latter may feel being discriminated.Var: miilo. Usage: Bulla. milobo [´milobo] 1. n. male human individual, in general. Can be used to refer to a boy or an adult. Inka milobo hu na? Who is that guy? Ant: nyimii. 2. n:qual. male. Gramm: qualifying noun

miigo. miigo mii vcn

  (Agr.) generic term for the early varieties of rice found in Ziro. Encycl: Somewhat darker in colour and harder than the common variety *emo. Includes local varieties such as *pyanyi, *pyapu, *pyare, *pyatii, *pyatii kobya. mipya piilo n. seventh lunar month of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of July, or July-August. Syn: milo piilo. mire n. (Agr.) one of the three varieties of maize traditionally cultivated by the Apatanis. to work in fields. Aba, ama nyi aji miidu. Daddy and mummy cultivate the fields.-mii vsuff. made into powder. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is made into small bits or powder as a result of the action denoted by the verb. to do something in a skilfull/ingenious/inventive manner. Opo balu miicher loda miido. Opo is very inventive in gardening. (metaphorical) to divorce (lit. 'to break tongs'). Encycl: as per tradition whenever a married couple wants to divorce, the husband or the wife breaks a tong into two pieces, indicating that their matrimonial relationship ends from that point of time. n. work done which is beneficial or profitable. miigii vt. 1. to lead/guide some action/work. Ngunu school ho Inter School Tournament miikagiima ke, siinyan ngunuko miigiisa. Inter School Tournament was never conducted in our school, let's conduct it in our school this year. 2. to take someone along with oneself to do something. 3. to cause. Une miigii. To cause injury (to someone). . to do some work; to accomplish or perform a task. Miigo miipepato. Do the work to completion! Ngo biilyo kii miigo miiladoku. I have been working since yesterday. miigo vt. to do something first (overtaking or excluding others); to do earlier/faster than others. Disung Ampi mi miigobiine. Disung finished [the work] faster than Ampi. -miikha vt. to bother; to pester; to annoy. miihi vt. to put/keep something aside. -miiha vt. 1. to bother; to disturb; to upset. 2. to get someone to desire something. miija vt. to finish to do something; to complete doing something. Mo engineering miijabiine. He/she managed to finish his engineering studies. miija vt. to tear. miije vt. to do actually or in reality. Etym: from *jije, 'true, real, actual'. miikan vt. to do something for a long time or beyond the allotted time. miiki vt. to bend. miikin vt. to show how to do; to demonstrate. miiko n. place for performing a task. Inka ude atan si nii miiko pa yu? What are those houses for? miiko vt. to open. Siika hagya mi miikoto. Inka hagya mi miikoyo. Open this door! Don't open that one! Syn: giko. miiko vt. to arrange for something in advance. miiko-miipe vt. to exchange reciprocal help; to assist one another reciprocally. miiko-miipe vt. to perturb; to disturb. miiku adj. in a fragile position, as of something that may fall if handled carelessly. miiku-miidin vt. to disturb the state of something by making it fall or tumble, in such a way that a tumbling or falling sound is heard. miikun vt. (of a plural subject) to do collectively/in group/in company of other persons; to do together. miikha vt. to do or act wrongly. Chobin narun mi miikhabiine. Chobin erected the fence in the wrong direction/position. Miikhalyi hoka ganii, ngiika ane. It's my mother who scolds me when I do something wrong.miikhan vt. to do/make something purposefully for someone. miikhe vt. to act energetically; to make every effort to do something. Siinyan ngo exam mi miikhejapa miikatalyi. This year I shall put forth my best efforts on the exam. miikhe vt. to make someone cry. miikhii vt. to kill by beating. See:

	miihin See: miiyin.
	See:
	nitii; tanyi. -mii vsuff. worn out. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is worn out as a result of the miihii vt. to do excessively.
	miri n. 1. (Anat.) line of the eyelid. Gramm: usually occurs in semi-reduplicated form *ami-miri. action denoted by the verb. miichi n. (Zool.) variety of bird of prey with grey and white plumage, possibly Armur falcon miihii-miikhe vt. to change one's action, work or activity.
	Syn: ami-miri. 2. variety of body colour pattern for mithuns (either male or female). Describes an animal of overall white colour with a black patches encircling the eyes. miiba vt. (of a plural subject) to do/act together. Syn: miiba-luba. (Falco amurensis). miichi pinkhe n. (Zool.) variety of bird of prey. miiho vt. to mark; to make a sign.
	mirii n. (Agr.) powdered millet. Ane mirii riido. Mummy is pounding millet. mirii yalan n. miibe vt. to make something suddenly release, as the mechanism of a trap. miichi vt. to get or reach something placed above. miiho vt. to offend by doing.
	(Agr.) millet grinding stone. Encycl: among the Apatanis only millet is pounded using a stone mortar. miichi vt. to hurt or injure the eye. miibe See: miibyu. miihu vt. to wake.
	miru n. dew. miichin vt. to know how to do something. miibe vt. to be bored to do something. miihu vt. to stimulate something through action.
	miigo See: mugo.
	miije-miije vt. to do something over and over again. Hiimi miije-miije miimapa so ato. Don't do miikun vt. to do early.
	miigo vt. to miss one task or work while doing something. that over and over again, come here! miikur vt. to do back.
	miigo-biila vt. to do things one by one in a systematic way. miijer n. spark.
	miigu vt. to do something differently from before; to change one's way of doing something. Syn: miijer-miiber adj. sparing; careful in spending or using.
	miigu-miiyu.
	miigun n. visible trace of an act. miiji n. (Bot.) variety of wild tree used as a medicine, having a very bitter taste.
	miigur vt. to protect or guard. miiji-miipa adj. convenient.
	miigya vt. to make a mistake; to commit blunder, offense or crime. Syn: miigya-miilya. miijo n. award/benefit/result/price of an action.
	miigya vt. to help one another in turn-wise. miijomon vt. to follow someone; to chase. miijomonniin n. chase; pursuit.
	miidu n. time, moment for doing something. miiju n. way of doing something; way of acting; behaviour; manner. Moka miiju si karudo. His/her miigya-lugya n. wrongdoing; misbehaviour. manner is not good. miiju-luju n. manner; behaviour. Syn: henju-miiju.
	miigyo vt. to add or mix. Syn: miigyo-miilyo. miidu vt. to damage; to destroy. miiju-miimyo n. 1. activities linked to tradition and culture; traditional ways. Ngunu Tanii ka
	miidu-miiye n. bangs; hair extending down the forehead, as worn by girls and young women. miiju-miimyo mi alyumasa. Let's not give up our Apatani traditional ways! 2. (of a person) general miigyo vt. to do someone a favour that he/she has the obligation to return. habit or behaviour.

min...-yin vsuff. casually. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject performs the action denoted by the verb in a casual way, without particular reflection or care. Kemin-keyin. To write in a casual way. mingo [´mi´go] adj. rich; wealthy; affluent. mingoja adj. richest. mingo-tamo adj. powerful, in terms of wealth and social position. mingoya adj. richer. mingoyado vt. to become richer. Ant: aroyado. mingonii [´mi´goni] n. 1. wealth; richness. 2. one who is rich (unspecified). minii [´mini] n. (Zool.) female cat. Syn: ami-minii. Ant: mipo; ami-mipo. mipa n. (Bot.) Eleusine coracana, the early ripening variety of millet usually harvested in the first half of August. Encycl: transplanted seedlings of millet are mainly grown on terrace bunds and in garden plots. Var: mipe. See: sarse. mipo [´mipo] n. (Zool.) tom cat. Syn: ami-mipo ; Ant: minii; ami-minii. mipya n. Misan [misã] n. non-Apatani hill people (with special reference to Nyishis and Hill Miris). Var: Mishan. Misan byako n. (Bot.) Solanum indicum, an eggplant species. See: byako, siitii byako. Misan emo n. (Agr.) late-ripening variety of paddy. Var: Mishan emo. Mishan Naga n. the Nagas. Misan pulye n. variety of shawl. Misan tami n. (Bot.) Ageratum conyzoides, a plant species bearing blue or moderate purple flowers. misi n. (of a woman) old. mitai n. sweet. From: Hindi. mite n. in olden days, owner/master of slaves; patrician; person of high social status. Var: miti. Usage: Bulla. See: miira. miti vt. to close the eyes. mitin amu n. (Anat.) eyebrow. mitu n. (of stick, trunk, pole, branch, etc.) end; tip. Ant: aran. mitur kurti n. (Zool.) variety of insect. miye vt. to wink at (someone). miyo-miyo adj. lethargic. Nii na, hangii herumapa sii ha, miyo-miyo kapa da nii ? What's the matter, you appear very lethargic-something wrong? miyo-miyo in vca. (of a person) to move or walk in a lethargic manner; to walk about idly. miyu [´miyu] n. man, human, person. Syn: neha. miyu ako n:num. one person. Syn: miyu kone. miyu atan [´miyu atã] n. humans. miyu ipa n. human excreta. miyu-mima n. human beings. miyu tange nphr. group of people; some people. Syn: miyu tonge. miyu ka [´miyu´ka:] vcn. to divine; to foresee. miyu kaniin [´miyu´ka:ni] n. divination. mii [´mi] vt-r. 1. to do; to make; to construct; to prepare. Nunupa ngo apin miibiidu. I have prepared a meal for you. Miihe. Go and do something! 2. to work Ngo biilyo kii miigo miiladoku. I have bee working since yesterday. aji mii vcn. miibi vt. to do something on someone else's behalf/for someone. Abu kela la niimi hengahenkhadopa miibitama sii ke. I will not trouble you by writing too long. miibi adj. proper/preferable way of doing. miibi vt. to spill over; to fritter away; to waste something unintentionally. Niimpa na (no) yasi miibibiilyiniin? Why have you spilt the water? miibin vt. (of a plural subject) to do something jointly with others. miibo vt. 1. to do something along with someone. 2. to assist or help someone do something. Miibope. Help me to do it! Ngo siika atan lo aji ronge miibokokindo. I shall require help from them once in my field. Syn: miibo-lubo. miibo-lubo vt. to take part in; to associate with; to participate; to partake. miibu See: mubu. miibu-miiga vt. (of baby or animal) to treat tenderly; to coddle; to pamper. miibun vt. to soak something in the water. miibur vt. to do something in an inappropriate or inopportune way. miibya vt. to cause a burn; to cause something to burn. Ngiika ali mi yamu miibyane. I burnt my foot [lit. 'the fire burnt my foot']. miibyan vt. to do something in addition to a work done previously. Syn: miibyan-miiti. miibyu vt. to cause annoyance or irritation. Syn : miibyu-lubyu. miibyu vt. to make dirty, as a liquid substance. Var: miibe. miicha vt. 1. to raise. 2. to move up to do something. miichan n. rightful/righteous/virtuous act or deed. Miichan ho miito. Act in a just, upright manner! Syn: miichan-luchan. miiche vt. to split; to make a division by breaking. Syn: miiche-miiye. miiche vt. to interfere. miicher adj. ingenious; skilfull; inventive. miicher mii vcn. miichu n. large scale fire accident. Usage: Hija. Var: myuchu. Usage: Bulla. Var: muchu. miidan vt. to touch. Syn: miine. miida vt. to do something correctly. miide vt. to do something for a long time.

miider vt. to correct. miider la mii vt. to do something correctly. miiderdu pa mii vt. to put forth effort to correct/rectify something; to make a point of rectifying something. miidi vt. to do something in an appropriate or advisable manner. miidipa adv. appropriately; perfectly; just as is needed. Syn: miidiko. Hapoli lembo mi miidiko miirobiine. Hapoli roads have been properly/appropriately widen up. miidin vt. 1. to do something with a purpose or intention. 2. to act with a plan/pre-thought/prior knowledge; to act with premeditation. miidin kiilin adv. intentionally. miido [mi´do:] n. rain. Var: mudo. miido-dodu n. raindrop. Miido-dodu duyido. Raindrops are falling. miido tapun n. (Zool.) variety of small bat that always hovers in the air and can be seen especially when it is likely to rain. Etym: from *miido, 'rain', *tapun, 'bat'. miido-yasi n. weather. Arda miido-yasi aya lyimii lo, balu narun mi miichi. If weather conditions are good, I'll construct the fences of kitchen garden tomorrow. dopun miido n. drizzle taking place in the sunshine. miido vt. to do something for feeding oneself. Mo ngiika aji mi miidodo. He is tilling my paddy field (i.e. not on wage but to feed himself or his family). miidunii 1. n. one who damages/destroy (unspecified). 2. adj. (in a nominal or relatived clause) damaging/destroying. miiduniin n. destruction; damage. miigan n. cockfeathers; tuft of long feathers in the tail of cock. miige [mi´ge] n. pincers made of hairpin bend bamboo split; tong. miige tartu vcn. miige n. trough cleaner. Syn: alyi miige. Var: miiche. miige vt. to attach. miigin miigo n. fireplace; hearth. Syn: yamu-miigo. miigo n. work or task to be done; pending work or task. Syn: ingomiiha adj. hard/difficult to do. Syn: miiru-miika. Siika aji si miiha-miika. This field is difficult (to till). miiha vt. to move in to do something. miihamiihumiika vt. 1. to do something as a trial or to see what happens. Ngo miiterja mi miikato. I tried to put forth my best efforts. Syn: miika-miira. 2. to compete (through action). Miikasiisa. Let's compete (in doing something)! miika-luka vt. 1. to try. 2. vt. to compete. Miika-lukasiisa. Let's compete!

dankhii; ekhii; rikhii; men. miikhii vt

  . to sprain; to wrench or twist a muscle or ligament of a joint of the body. See:

dankhii; tukhii. miikhiin-miimii vt

  . to do something with confusion, in an wrong way. miikho vt. to do something which results in a loss/wastage of money, property, value, etc. miikho vt. to do something other than what was said or agreed; to act contrary to one's own saying/statement; to act contrary to an agreement. miikho vt. to scratch or peel a dried wound. Ngiika une mi miikhosiito. I scratched my wound.

	miikhu vt. to demarcate.

  v. to get one's finger, etc. pinched (e.g. by closing a door). Lachi miini. To get one's fingers pinched. miini vt. (Agr.) to prune; to remove parts from a plant to make it more vigorous or to enhance its production; to remove weeds or loose soil to make crop grow better. vt. to act from the middle of something, or midway through a process. miipo-miilo vt. to act randomly or without care.

	miilyan vt. to amend; to rectify; to set something in right order. Syn: miilyan-miida. miipo vt. to cut oneself accidentally with some sharp material (knife, razor, bamboo splits, cane
	wickers, etc.). Ala miiposiito. I cut my hand. Ngo miiposiito. I cut myself. See: pipo.
	miilyaniin n. normal; usual or expected act. Miilyaniin mi miito. Do what is expected of a normal miininiin [mini:ni] n. (plant) pruning.
	miipu vt. to make/commit a mistake inadvertently; to do something mistakenly. Ngo miiputo. I person! Syn: miilyako. miilyi vt. to displace the skin, or a cover from or within the body while doing something. miipu-lupu. miinii-nanii See: miina-nanii. made/committed a mistake. Ngo ude mi miipu la miito. I constructed the house mistakenly. Syn: miiru vt. to make a place messy or untidy.
	miilyo n. flame. Syn: yamu-miilyo. miiru-miikha vt. to anger, irritate, exasperate or annoy. miinii [´mini] n. doer; one who does or make something (unspecified). miiniibo n. doer miipu vt. to cover. (specified); the one who does or make something. miisa vt. to do/make something from a distance.
	miilyo vt. to do something or act in an improper way. miilyo-miicho vt. to flatter, as in order to gain something. miipur vt. to break, e.g. a plate. miiniin [´mini] n. 1. making; building; construction; production; manufacture (as an act to be miisan vt. to act partially/in such a way that it favours one persons, faction, etc. Syn: hensan-performed or in process). O miiniin. Preparation of rice/millet beer. 2. state of doing something. miisan.
	miipa vt. to spend.
	miipe [mi´pe] vt. to do something to completion. Miigo mi miipeto. Complete the work! Mo miipebiine. He/she managed to complete it. miiri vt. to initiate; to start doing something. miiti vt. to mend; to repair; to rebuild; to revise.
	miina adj. wholly occupied in doing something; fully absorbed in one work or activity. Mo aji miinasiila dadu hiila puri-riderkuma. Being completely absorbed in his/her work in the fields he/she could not study properly. miiriniin n. begining. miitin vt. to obstruct by placing something; to act for preventing or stopping something. Syn: miipi vt. to break something, as an egg, etc. miiri-miinya adj. tiny; minuscule. miitin-miiko

Syn: miilin-miiha. miilinii n. one who takes revenge (unspecified); avenger. miiliniin [´mi´lini] n. (physical) act of vengeance. See: galiniin. miilin-lulin n. production; creation. Popi-Sarmin Society ka Tanii bare hoka miilin-lulinniin atan mi ngo mekun-mepa mekadu. I am trying to collect all the Apatani related materials produced by the Popi-Sarmin Society. miilii part. emphatic particle. miilii vt. to put something in. miilo vt. to make something fall. miilo vt. to provoke someone with one's acts. miilo See: milo. miilu-miile vt. to cause confusion in doing something; to disturb. miilun vt. to frigthen someone by doing something. miilya vt.

1. to do something meanwhile/in the meantime, e.g. waiting for someone to come. 2. to do something on credit from someone. miilya adj. normal; usual or expected. miilyan vt. to copy (what others are doing). miilyu vt. to waste (esp. money); to squander; to fritter away; to use up . Syn: miilyu-miicha. miimalyaniin n. abnormal, unusual or unexpected act. miime vt. (of an act or a resource) to finish off. Siika ude ho tiiko-yanii iche donii miilan mi miime-miija liito. I finished off whatever money saved/left with me on this house. Syn: miimemiija. miime vt. to initiate an action to demonstrate or set an example. miimi vt. to put out a fire. miimin v. to win a victory over, as in battle or a competition; to vanquish. miimin vt. to do something without a set purpose. miimin-miihin vt. to do something as pastime, or to kill time. miimur vt. to do something wrongly. miimya vt. to smear. Syn: miimya-miisa. Jebi mi lembo ho niimpa na miimya-miisabiilyi nii? Why have you smeared mud here and there on the road? miimyo vt. to do something in advance/beforehand/ahead of time. Syn: miimyo-lumyo. miimyo-miiken vt. to have enough time to do something. miimyo-miimyu n. last action/activity. Syn: miimyu-miiko. miina-nanii n. tool; implement; instrument; utensil. Var: miinii-nanii. miine vt. to hit, beat or strike someone. miine vt. 1. to touch something/someone while doing something. 2. to hurt. Syn: miidan. miini miinu-miina 1. vt. to do something fruitlessly or in vain. 2. adj. useless; worthless. mii'ngo vt. to stop doing something. mii'ngo n. part of a work which is not completed; unfinished work. mii'ngu vt. to discriminate someone by an action. Syn: miingu-miire. Ato-mi henmapa yo ayinayin bito, milo mii'ngu-miiredo hiila henkodii ke. Give meat equal to both to the relatives as well as to the other guests, otherwise the latter may feel being discriminated. miinya vt. to rub to produce a smooth surface; to polish. miinye vt. to do till completion. miinyo vt. to do for free. miinyo 1. n. (practical) experience; practice. Sulu-narun miinyogiito daniin hii ayado. It's good to have the experience of constructing fences and all. 2. vt. to learn by practice or experience; to acquire skill through practice; to experience; to practise. Sulu-narun miinyoto. Learn (by practice) to construct fences! miinyo-lunyo 1. n. experience; practice (general sense). 2. vt. to learn by practice or experience; to experience; to practise. (general sense). miipa [mi´pa] vt. to remove; to get rid of. miipin vt. to close. Hagya mi miipinto. Close the door! Var: miipyan. miipin vt. to use some part of an object or quantity for another purpose. Ude miina-nanii pa ka tiiko iche donii mi hime atan ka abi-tarii ho miipinnantoku ta. I have spent part of the money saved for the construction of the house on children's clothes. Syn: miimo. miipe vt. to separate. Syn: miipe-lupe. miipo miipya vt. to undo/untie something. miipya-miisa vt. to scatter. miipyan See : miipin. miipyo [´mipjo] 1. adj. easy to do. 2. pleasant to do. 3. v. to do something easily. 4. to do something with pleasure; to have pleasure in doing something. miipyo-miipa v. to do something easily. miipyo vt. to do something before anyone else does; to do first. miipyo vt. to steal. miipyu vt. to act in an offending way; to insult or offend someone by one's acts. miira n. 1. (in olden days) dependent; slave; servant. See: mite. 2. (nowadays) person appointed by a clan to assist the priest, especially in the performance of rituals related to funerals, by digging graves. miira vt. to empty. miiran-miitu n. important/meaningful act. miire adj. to act bravely and boldly. miiri [´mi´ri:] n. ember (glowing or not); charcoal. Var: muri. Syn: yamu-muri. miiri-miiri adv. in a flitting manner or behaviour; flittingly. miirii vt. 1. to help someone do something. 2. to do together (by two persons facing each other). miirii-miitan vt. to help each other. miiriibo n. 1. helper; assistant. 2. (in a conflict, challenge or competition) adversary; opponent; competitor. Syn: pariibo. miiro vt. to enlarge; to widen; to extend. Hapoli lembo mi miidiko miirobiine. Hapoli roads have been properly/appropriately widen up. miiru adj. hard or unpleasant to do. Syn: miiru-miika; miiha-miika. Ant: miipyo. miisi vt. to take one's turn to do something. miisi vt. to do something by hiding from other or by not allowing other to know about it. miisii n. thing that has or ought to be done; task; work. Syn: miisiiniin, miisaniin. miisiilusii n. task; duty. miisu vt. to do (by) oneself. Ato miisuto! Do yourself! miisu vt. to separate; to remove; to detach; to disconnect; to loosen; to unfasten.

miita n. place where an action is performed. Syn: miita-luta. miita-nanii n. place/support/tool on which an action is performed. miita vt. to flatten something. miita vt. to do something or act along with something else. Syn: miita-miira. miite v. to do the last thing. miite-miiyi adv. ultimately. miite vt. to knock something down. miiter 1. n. effort. 2. v. to resist. Syn: miiter-luter. miiterja n. best effort. Ngo miiterja mi miikato. I tried to put forth my best efforts. miiti vt. to do again; to redo. miitii-miirii mii vca. to do something without enthusiasm. miitii vt. to complete something.

  n. variety of colour pattern for male and female mithuns. Denotes animal having a white body colour and a black head with a large white strip running from the forehead to the muzzle. moka adj. sunken, as of cheeks. Etym: from *nyimo, 'face', *-ka, 'dented'.

	moka [´moka] pron. his; her; its. Gramm: third person singular pronoun; genitive case.
	mokii [´moki] pron. his; her. Gramm: third person singular pronoun, possessive case. Siika
	tarii si mokii masii ha? Isn't this shirt his/her?
	moko [´moko] pron. 1. at his/her place. 2. in his/her custody or possession. Gramm: third
	person singular pronoun. Locative and possessive cases.
	mokha adj. thirsty.
	-mon vsuff. [do] with others; follow. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject follows
	someone in performing the action denoted by the verb. Often occurs in third position, after a first
	verb suffix but before the tense markers. Tapu, Kano ka luniin mi lubamonbiine. Tapu reiterated
	what Kanno had said. Molumi miibomonto. Do it with them!
	monbi vt. to chase someone on someone else's behalf/ for someone.

mo [´mo] vt-r. to chase. Usage: Hari. Var: mon. Usage: Bulla. mo [mo:] vi-r. to move/turn one's face sideways. Moyo. Don't turn your face! -mo vsuff. stop; cease. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the subject ceases to perform the action denoted by the verb, or that the action is stopped. Ant: -ri. mobyu n. (Bot.) variety of plant formerly used as a dye. mochu vt. to kiss. modu-mobo vi. to show off in a superior manner. mogo alo n. (Anat.) cheekbone. Syn: morun alo. mohi adj. unclean, as of water. mohi vt. to bend or hide one's face, usually due to shyness. mohii vt. to turn or move one's face. Syn: mohii-mokhe. moi mokhanii n. thirst. Var: mokhaniin. molu [´molu] pron. they. Gramm: third person plural pronoun; nominative case. moluka [´moluka] dem. their. Gramm: third person plural pronoun; genitive case. Noho moluka duko do? Where is their sitting place? Ngo, moluka agin ho dubotalyi. I will stay/sit with them. molukii [´moluki] pron. theirs. Gramm: third person plural pronoun; possessive case. moluko [´moluko] adv. 1. at their place. 2. in their custody or possession. molumi [´molu´mi] pron. them. Gramm: third person plural pronoun; accusative case. No molumi niida inkiinenchiku? When will you let them go? molupa [´molu´pa] pron. for them. Gramm: third person plural pronoun; purposive case. Molupa duko mebitii ha? Have you arranged accomodation for them? molusu [´molusu] pron. themselves. Gramm: third person plural reflexive pronoun. Var: molusii. mome [mome] n. trunk, as of an elephant. momi [´mo´mi] pron. him; her. Gramm: third person singular pronoun; accusative case. Tabin ka nyimo daka scar si momi kahogiido. The scar left a mark onTabin's face. mon [´mõ] vt-r. to chase someone or something. Usage: Bulla. Var: mo. Usage: Hari. monpa vt. to chase away, as a person or an animal.

-mon pe vsuff. help me to

[do]

. Gramm: hortative suffix combination indicating that the speaker urges the addressee to carry out the action indicated by the verb for him, or urges the addressee to follow him in carrying out the action indicated by the verb. Miibomon pe. Help me to do it. (or 'Do it with me'). Ngiika dukhu-palyo mi joliimon pe kan. You got to help me carry my luggage and all. mopa [´mo´pa] pron. for him/her; to him/her. Gramm: third person singular pronoun; purposive case. Mopa ngo pencil sohe riibiidu. I have bought a pencil for him/her. more

[more]

  Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the action of the verb is carried out in advance of a task or of a deadline. 2. enough time (for). He went away. myodi yasi [´mjodi´yasi] n. far off places or lands. Ziro hoka putu-puko, myodiyasi si ano kapyodo In Ziro, the mountains and surrounding areas are very beautiful. myodu [´mjodu] n. time; period; season. Piilo karlindupa myodu doku. It's time for the moon to appear. Myodu ronnye. Two periods of time. Syn: myodu-myolo [´mjodu´mjolo]. Siisi myodumyolo do ke. It's time now. myogo n. forest in the vicinity of the village. myogu vi. (of animals, esp. birds) to migrate. myoko n. 1. third lunar month of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of March. Syn. myoko piilo. 2. the biggest festival of the Apatanis celebrated during the month of *myoko. myoko yugyan n. common altar where clan members from different places join together and numerous pigs are sacrificed.

	muyu n. ash, especially remains of burnt straws. Encycl: remains of burnt straws are used as
	organic fertiliser in paddy fields. Syn: mubu.
	mya vt-r. to lull; to console (esp. a child). Siika hime simi amanehe mi bikasiitii, ngo myalakuma.
	I have given everythig to this child, [but] I couldn't console him. Khelyi hoka myanii, ngiika ane. It's
	my mother who consoles me when I am crying.
	myobu n. forest which is deeper than *myora.
	myobya n. (of a house, wall, mountain slope, etc.) east facing side. Ant: myolyi.

Syn: nyimun miha sosuniin. mutu n. harf-burnt firewood. Syn: yamu mutu. mya vt-r. to beg. Syn: kha. -mya vsuff. stained. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something becomes stained or smudged as a result of the action identified by the verb. Syn: -mya...-sa. Jebi mi lembo ho niimpa na miimya-miisabiilyi nii? Why have you smeared mud here and there on the road? myai n. (Anat.) semen; sperm. myakho See: amya. myamu n. (Anat.) male pubic hair. myamya n. antique brass plate invested with great social value, some of them being said to have helped Apatani ancestors to eliminate the legendary aquatic reptiles, *buru, at the time of their first settlement in the Valley. myamya piiro n. plated basket of bamboo splits for storing *myamya. myan vt-r. to name. myangu vt. to change someone's name. myaniin n. consoling, calming, esp. of a baby. myanniin n. naming. -myo vsuff. 1. in advance. myobyu n. earth. myobyu-huniin n. earthquake. myodi [´mjodi] n. outdoor; alien land; places located far off the village, esp. forest lands outside the Apatani valley. Myodi liipa ho. (Deep) in the jungle; in the midst of the forest. Mo myodi bone.

  Gramm: desiderative verb suffix indicating that the subject wants or wishes to perform the action identified by the verb. Occurs before the tense markers. Molu apin diinando. They want to eat (rice). Ngo gari bunando. I wish to own a car. Instrument nominalizer. Derives a noun indicating the instrument, device or tool by means of which an action is performed. Piidi miilunnanii. Scarecrow. Abi-nanii. Swing. (Ngo) tiiko innaniipahe kontii bida. (I) gave just enough money for the journey.naniin n. collection esp. of building materials for the construction of a new house. vt-r. to scrape or rub out a surface with a tool. Yana tabu-taru dado nyimo ho powder negiitolado. Yana rubbed some powder on her face that made her skin appear somewhat grainy.

	nanko vt. to push something open (e.g. a door). Hagya mi nankoto. Push open the door! Syn: ne ne vt-r. (Agric.) to thresh (rice, millet) by trodding underfoot.
	giiko.
	nankhe vt. to push something/someone forcefully or with anger.
	nanniin n. push; pressure.
	nannge n. 'palm', construed as a unit of linear measure corresponding to a hand-breadth, or the
	five fingers kept together.
	nantin vt. to close something by pushing.
	nanbi vt. to push something/someone on someone's else behalf.

). nama n. (colloquial) your mother (contracted form of niika ama). Usage: Hari. Var: nane. nampa [nam´pa] vt-r. to push away. nan [nã] vt-r. to push. -nan vsuff. want to [do]; wish to [do]; feel like [do]ing. nancha vt. to push up. Ant: nalo. nanche vt. to break/divide something by pushing in between. Syn: nanche-naye. nane n. (colloquial) your mother (contracted form of 'niika ane'). See: nama. -nanii [nani] vsuff. tool; device; instrument. Gramm: -nanto vsuff. [Do]! (imperative marker). Dipe mi taniia-nanto. Use the hoe for tilling! nar [´nar] vt-r. to borrow or lend something. Punyang kokii tiiko narbiinii hii abuje barchabiidoku. The money borrowed from Punyang has generated much interest. narbi vt-r. to borrow or lend something on someone else's behalf/for someone. narbii vt. to borrow narbonii n. one who helps in loans. nar piichan n. earthen pot in which a newborn is washed for the first time. narnii [´narni] n. lender. Syn: narpanii. narniin [´narni] n. borrowing. narpa vt. to lend. narpanii n. lender. Syn: narnii. narpaniin n. loan naru 1. n. smell; odour; scent. 2. adj. odiferous. naru nenkha 1. n. bad smell. 2. adj. odorous. narun n. fence (made of wood and bamboo), esp. around a bamboo grove. Encycl: wood species used for fencing are mostly Salix sikkimensis, Pyrus pashia, Ligustrum sp., etc. Fences are repaired every year in late November on a collective basis. Syn: dibii narun; sulu. narun denii n. fencing. See: sulu miitinii. narun miilyan vcn. to rearrange a fence. Ngo narun miilyandu. I'm rearranging the fence. naspati n. (Bot.) Asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia). Var: naspoti, nashpati. From: Hindi 'nashpati', Assamese 'naspoti'. nasu vt. to dance. From: Hindi 'nach'. nayin vt. to arrange/collect building materials for the construction of a new house together (or at the same time).

uyi niniin. Syn: uyi aloniin; uyi alodu. nensu vi

  ).-neku vsuff. has/have[done]. Gramm: perfective aspectual suffix combination indicating an event that has been completed in the past (non proximal). Usually translates English Present Perfect; second and third persons. See: -toku. Land of the dead for anyone who dies a natural death. Syn: neli myoko. neli togiinii n. literally 'descent to Neli', a variety of ritual chanting performed by the priest during certain ceremonies such as *Murun and *Subu Tado aimed at guiding the souls of sacrificed animals down to the land of the dead. vt. to send someone out or outside. Ant: nelii. nelii vt. to send someone in or inside. Ant: nelin. nelo n. independant auxiliary house built next to the main house. nembu n. house not having direct access to the main street or lane, which can be reached only through a narrow alley (*subu). Usage: Hari. Var: nimbu. Usage: Hija. Ant: nendu; nento.nen vt-r. to ask, direct or command someone to go; to send soemone somewhere. nencha vt. to send someone up/northward. nenchan n. plot/land where a house is built or will be built. Syn: ude nenchan.nenke n. roof made of straw. nenke ude n. house with a thatched roof. Nenke piilo ho nenkhu pyadu, nenke ude miidu. In December, one dismantles the old houses and repairs thatched roofs. nenke piilo n. twelfth lunar cycle of the year. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of December. vt. to ask to go away; to expulse; to expel; to evict; to banish. Momi siika butii hokii nempato! Expel him/her from this community! nempun n. lateral place around the fireplace reserved for women. Syn: nyimii ingya. nenniin n. smelling of something.nenniin n. request for someone to go or leave. Siiki niniin. Calling of Siiki god in the monkey skull inside *nago on the 3rd day of *Myoko. Var: niniin. uyi nenniin n. generic term for farewell rites aimed at sending spirits back to their residence after a ritual has been celebrated in their honour. Var: . to jostle; to bump or push, as in a crowd; to contend with someone for something. Apatani granaries are storehouses built separately from the main house. nesu-suchi n. smaller granary that can accomodate 120 to 200 *enti-yagii baskets. nesu-suro n. larger granary with a capacity if more than 200 *enti-yagii. Syn: suro nesu.

	nekan n. latrine; toilet. nekane pron. (of size, amount, quantity) how much. Gramm: indefinite pronoun of quantity. Var: niimkane. nekha vt. to rub off. nempu tiinin n. (Bot.) variety of wild plant resembling sesame. Var: nimpu tiinin. Usage: Hija. nen vt-r. to smell something. neniin n. scraping/rubbing of a surface with a tool. neniin n. (Agric.) threshing of grain by trodding underfoot. neniin n. struggle; wrestling. nenkha adj. stale, esp. with a bad smell. nento n. house facing a main street. Usage: Hija. Var: nendu. Usage: Hari. Ant: nimbu; nembu. nenyo v. to practice threshing of grain by trodding underfoot. neli n. nembu n. home. nenyo v. to practice wrestling.
	nenkhu adj. having a bad smell; stinky; smelly. Ant: neli.

neli adj. fragrant; having a pleasant smell; appetizing, as of food. Ant: nenkhu. nelin nenda n. place around the fireplace reserved for men. See: nempun. nendin n. higher section of a village. Etym: from *adin, 'head'. Ant: nenko. nendu n. (Bot.) Sesame (Sesamum indicum). Encycl: not growing in the Apatani valley, but rather in Nyishi dwelling areas Var: nindu. Usage: Hija. Syn: nendu sanii. nendu See: nento. nene n. bruise on skin; discolouration of the skin, esp. after being hit. nenko n. lower section of a village. Etym: from *ako, 'lower part/bottom'. Ant: nendin. nelin vt. to send someone out or outside. Ant: nelii. nelo vt. to send someone down/below/southward. nempa nepa vt. to rub out. Syn: nepa-neya. nepu vt. to rub something so as to make it white. nere vt. to sharpen something by rubbing. Syn: nero. nere tiinga n. (Bot.) Lemon (Citrus lemon). See: nimbu. nesu [ne:´su] n. (Agr.) granary. Encycl: nesu v. to wrestle.

  nii [´ni] 1. adj. what; which. Gramm: interrogative adjective of content. Often followed by focusing particles *na or *yu. Nii kheta mi no puridu? What book are you reading? Nii dukan hokii no papu riibii? From which shop did you buy eggs? 2. pron. what. Gramm: interrogative pronoun of content. Si nii (na)? What is this ? No nii miidu? What are you doing? Hogya taker mi nii lo menbiine? What was the leopard killed with? Si nii tarii ka lako? Which shirt is this button? Nii ude ho no Tallo mi kapato? In which house did you see Tallo? Syn: nii na, nii yu. Niiyu keda nii? What is [he/she] writing? 3. adv. where. Syn: niija. 4. interj. what? Usage: interjection used to express surprise. nii ... ho adj. in/at/to which (place). Gramm: interrogative adjective of content; locative or lative case. Nii ude ho no Tallo mi kapato? In which house did you see Tallo? nii ... hoka adj. of which (place). Gramm: interrogative adjective of content; genitive case. Siika apu si nii sanii hoka giinii? To which tree does this flower belong to? nii ... hokii adj. from which (place). Gramm: interrogative adjective of content; ablative case. No nii lemba hokii? Which village are you from? Nii dukan hokii no papu riibii? From which shop did you buy eggs? nii... hopa adj. for which (place). Gramm: interrogative adjective of content; purposive case. Siika blackboard si nii class hopa? Which class is this blackboard for? nii ... kii adj. of which. Gramm: interrogative adjective of content; possessive case. Siika lako si nii tarii kii. To which shirt does this button belong to? nii na si interj. what? what is it? nii ... pa pron. what for. Gramm: interrogative pronoun of content; purposive case. Inka ude atan si nii miiko pa yu? What are those houses for? nii te interj. what! Usage: interjection used to express irritation. nii [ni] pron. you (sg.). Gramm: second person singular pronoun. All cases except nominative case. Usually do not occur alone, but suffixed by a case marker. See: no.

  ). niidu n. utility; usefulness. niidu amaniihe pronphr. everything. niidu piidimapa advphr. of no use. Niidu piidimapa aduyo. Don't talk, it's of no use! niidunii n. 1. what is essential. 2. (in nominal or relative clauses or phrases) essential. Syn: niidu anii.niihii [´nihi] 1. dem. which. Gramm: selective interrogative demonstrative. Often followed by focusing particle *na. Niihii pen? Which pen [is it]? 2. pron. which (one). Gramm: selective interrogative pronoun. Niihii niika tarii? Which is your shirt? Niihii pe siika anyi ka room? Tell me please, which is your room?

	niihii-niiha adv. hurriedly; speedily; swiftly.
	niiho vt. to put or make a mark; to mark on.

niija See: nii. niija interj. 1. just a moment; just a second; wait a minute. 2. show me.

  Gramm: interrogative pronoun of content; possessive case. Hiika o hii niikii? What is that beer made of? (lit. 'that beer is made of what?).niiko[niko] pron. at yours (as possession, place of living, etc.) Gramm: second person singular pronoun. Possessive case. niiko ho advphr. 1. at your place. 2. in your custody or possession. Niiko ho tiiko iche dokindo ha? Do you have some money (in your possession)? Gramm: second person singular pronoun. Accusative case. Lonyi-lohin kapyopa, ngo niimi kapato. I saw you a couple of days back. Encycl: this event used to take place shortly after delivery in olden days. Nowadays *niipu apin can be given any time after childbirth. Niiriipaye diigo do siido cho. (I guess that) there is adequate food available. Gramm: interrogative pronoun of place; lative case. Usually indicates a direction, not a fixed position. No, no inpa? Where are you going? noho [´noho] pron. where. Gramm: interrogative pronoun of place; locative case. Noho moluka duko do? Where is their sitting place? Gramm: split result suffix indicating that the subjects acts in vain or to no effect, or that the result of the action identified by the verb is fruitless. Gramm: second person plural pronoun. Genitive case. Inka balu si nunukii hiila chindu ha? Do you know that garden is yours? nunuko adv. 1. at your (pl.) place. 2. in your custody or possession. Gramm: second person plural pronoun; possessive case. Nunuko mi du ha? Is there anyone at your place? nunumi pron. you; to you. Gramm: Second person plural pronoun. Accusative case. nunupa pron. to you; for you Gramm: second person plural pronoun. Purposive case.

	nohoka [´nohoka] pron. (to) where. Gramm: interrogative pronoun of place; genitive case. Inka
	niilo [´nilo] pron. by means of what; with what. Gramm: interrogative pronoun of content; niiri piisa (Bot.) Himalayan Hemlock (Tsuga dumosa), a variety of pine tree seen esp. in Talle miyu si nohoka du nii na? Where does that man stay?
	instrumental case. forest.
	nohokii [´nohoka] pron. from where. Gramm: interrogative pronoun of place; ablative case,
	niirii vt. to come across somone; to meet or find someone by chance; to run into someone. referring to a source or origin. Ngo Hari lemba hokii. No nohokii na? I'm from Hari village. Where
	are you from? Mo nohokii ado? Where is he/she coming from? Biilyo luko-lumyomapa, siisi arta ho
	niimi nohokii tiiko labitalyi? You did not tell me in advance yesterday, from where shall I give you
	money now (instantly)?
	nubi vt. to wash clothes on someone else's behalf/for someone.
	nubi vt. to collect clothes, grass, etc. on behalf of someone/for someone.
	nubi vt. to knead for someone.

). Gramm: interrogative pronoun of content; genitive case. Hii niika o? What kind of beer is that ? niikii

[niki]

pron. yours. Gramm: second person singular pronoun; possessive case. Siika kheta atan si niikii. These books are yours. niikii [´niki] pron. of what. niiman n. leaf; grass in general. Usage: occurs in compounds only. See: niisin-niiman. niimi [ni´mi] pron. you; to you. niimi [´ni´mi] pron. what; which. Gramm: interrrogative pronoun of content. Accusative case. No niimi kadu? What are you looking at? niimin n. (Anat.) placenta.

niimkane

[´nimkane]

pron. how much. Gramm: interrogative pronoun of quantity (as size, amount, etc.). Does not provide information regarding a number of objects but regarding the size of a particular object, or the degree of a quality attached to it. Siitii hii niimkane kahene? How big/large was the elephant? Old Ziro hii, sokii la niimkane na adodo nii? How far is Old Ziro from here? Danyi niimkane doku? What is the position of the sun? niimkane...hiimkane pron. as (much)...as (in comparative statements). Ommo niimkane hargado Apa hiimkane hargado. Ommo runs as fast as Apa. Var: nekane. niimpa [´nimpa] pron. why; what for. Gramm: interrogative pronoun of reason. Var: niimop. Usage: Hija; niitepa. Usage: Hong. Mo niimpa amane? Why didn't he/she come? niimop See niimpa. -niin [ni] vsuff. [do]ing. Gramm: nominalizer used to transform verbs or adjectives into nouns. Also used to construct relative clauses. Ngiika aki kapaniin hii pulumane. The dog that I saw was not white. Kolo ka tanyi liiniin si chadoku. The maize which was planted yesterday has sprouted. Var: -nii. Ngo, biilyo hime ako buduladonii kapato. Yesterday I saw one boy who was angry. School ho teacher ka lukonii mi ayapa tagegiito. Listen attentively to the teacher at school! niinyi [niɲi] pron. you two; both of you. Gramm: second person dual pronoun. Nominative case. niinyika [niɲika] pron. you two; both of you. Gramm: second person dual pronoun. Genitive case. Obing mi niinyika agin ho ingiihe. Take Obing along with you! niinyimi [niɲi´mi] pron. you two; both of you. Gramm: second person dual pronoun. Accusative and dative cases. niinyipa [niɲi´pa] pron. you two; both of you. Gramm: second person dual pronoun. Purposive case. niipa [ni´pa] pron. for you; to you. Gramm: second person singular pronoun. Purposive case. See: no. niipa [´nipa] pron. what; which. Gramm: interrrogative pronoun of content. Purposive case. niipu apin n. feast given to celebrate the arrival of a newborn baby. Var: niipo apin. niipu vt. to swallow without chewing. Syn: arnii. niire n. (Bot.) jute (Corchorus sp.). niire pulye n. gunny bag; sack. niirii adj. adequate. niiriipa adv. adequately. Syn: niiriipahe/niiriipaye. niisan n. variety of plant on which cattle feed. Usage: occurs in compound. niisan-niiman n. plants and leaves on which cattle feed or which are used to feed cattle, in general. Syn: niisinniisan-niiman; niisin-niiman. niisin n. variety of plant on which cattle feed. Usage: occurs in compound. niisin-niiman n. plants and leaves on which cattle feed or which are used as food by cattle, in general. Syn: niisinniisan-niiman; niisan-niiman. niitan [´ni´tã] pron. 1. how (feeling). Gramm: interrogative pronoun of condition. No siisi niitan do? How are you [feeling] now? 2. how (manner). Gramm: interrogative pronoun of manner. No so niitampa ah? How did you come here? No niitampa chindu? How do you know [it]? Danyi niitampa da? What is the position of the sun? 3. how (quality). Siika tarii si nitan do? How is this shirt? 4. what sort. niitampa pron. how; by what means. Gramm: interrogative pronoun of manner. Talyato la, Old Ziro chado koda niitampa pe chakindo nii? Excuse me, can you tell me how I can get to Od Ziro? 4. interj. What a...! Gramm: interjection used to express surprise and/or indignation. niite vi. to nap in a sitting position.

niitepa See: niimpa. niit hapa adv. so much (lit. 'why so much'). Niit hapa ho! khekendo ke. So much! It's enough. niitiisiirii adj. (of a person) frank and open, though a bit on the slow side. Usage: conveys a slightly pejorative nuance.

niiyi n. element of a loin loom, a weaving tool used for lifting warp threads to make a passage for the weft thread. Found immediately above the*pintu-nanii and below the *lobu .

niiyu See: nii. niiyu vt. to pierce, stab or penetrate with a pointed object. no [no:] pron. you (sg.). Gramm: second person singular pronoun. Nominative case. See: nii. no part. what about ... ? how about ... ? Gramm: final suggesting particle following nouns, pronouns or clauses, used to draw the addressee's attention to a particular object or person. Ngiika armyan hii Kano. Niikii no? My name is Kano. Yours? Spain, World Cup tuminkendo hiila ngiika agin ho ahetayi ha no? Will you make a bet with me that Spain is going to win the World Cup? koda no part. What if? Ngo a koda no? What if I come? no [´no] pron. (to) where. nohopa [´noho´pa] pron. 1. for where. Gramm: interrogative pronoun of place; purposive case. Inka abya si nohopa na baliigiidu nii? For where did you bring that ladder? 2. through where. Gramm: interrogative pronoun of place; perlative case. nolo [nolo] pron. by you. Gramm: second person singular pronoun; instrumental case. Kago nolo school ingiikochi hiila ludo. Kago insisted for being accompanied to school by you. Hogya taker hii nolo menkone. The leopard was killed by you. non vt-r. to call, esp. a domestic animal (e.g. fowl) by making sounds or by whistling. nosu [nosu] pron. yourself. Gramm: second person singular reflexive pronoun. nu [nu:] adj. dark red. nu vt-r. to wash cloth. Tarii mi nula lala danyi ho apito. Dry the shirt under the sun after washing! nu vt-r. to mix by pressing; to knead. nu vt-r. to collect; to gather. -nu vsuff. before. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the subject acts before the object does in the action identified by the verb. Ommo, nyibyapatiika, ngiimi bus harnubiilyi ke. Ommo, hurry up, I'm going to miss the bus (lit. 'the bus is going to go before me'). -nu...-na vsuff. with no benefit or advantage; in vain. nulyan vt. to bring two things to an equal height; to equalize in height; to level. nulyan-nuda vt. to gather things in good order; to tidy up. Diiri pachi simi uye nulyan-nudato. Tidy up your personal belongings! nunu pron. you (pl.); all of you. Gramm: second person plural pronoun. Nominative case. nunuka dem. your (pl.). nunukii pron. yours (pl.). nunusii pron. yourselves. Gramm: second person plural reflexive pronoun. nuyin vt. (of a plural subject) to wash clothes together. nya vt. to point (at something). Niika lachi nyato. Point your finger! -nya vsuff. all. Gramm: verb suffix indicating that all of a plural subject perform the action denoted by the verb, or all of a plural object are affected by the action of the verb. Occurs before the negation, tense and continuous form markers. Molu kapyonyado. They are beautiful. Alyi hetenii sanii atan si giyo-gichi gila donyado. The trees which have been uprooted by the wind lie around haphazardly on the ground. Murun yasan mi ka rugunii yapa atan hii ayo iminyakuma. Those youths who are taking care of the firewood at a *murun do not sleep properly during the night. Construction labourers atan si achi apo khennyado. Construction labourers are working/toiling very hard. -nya vsuff. completely. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is carried out or finished in a complete manner. nyabe n. frown. nyabe bekin vcn. to frown at someone. Syn: nyabe bi. Ngiimi nyabe bekin'yo/nyabe biyo. Don't frown at me! nyachu n. (Anat.) lip. Var: yachu. Usage: Hija. nyachu paja nphr. cleft lip/hare lip. Var: yachu paja. Usage: Hija. ayo nyachu n. upper lip. akan nyachu n. lower lip. nyade adj. (of a speech) impolite; rude; ill-mannered; harsh. Syn: bakhe. nyadu-nyabo vt. to rebuff; to reject/refuse something or someone blunty; to snub.

  Gramm: numeral root used for combining with classifiers to indicate two specimens of a collection of objects. Used in counting only (as in one, two, three...), without reference to a particular object. Lonyi. Two (days). Khonyi. Two (sticks). Gramm: post-nominal conjunction used to link two nouns with the same grammatical function. Ram nyi Laxman nyi ngiika ajin. Ram and Laxam are my friends. Khu emo nyi mi niti emo nyi mi tadinsiito. Mix the old rice with new rice together into a single heap! See: lala. nyibo 1. n. non-kin person or person from a nearby place; outsider; stranger; foreigner. Nyimii hii nyibo pa, sanii hii kiidi pa. Female children are for strangers, just as tree leaves are for the soil. [Apatani proverb] 2. n. guest. Nyibo akho. Eminent guest/chief guest. nyibo ganda n. foreign/alien place. nyibo panii miyu nphr. opponent (in a fight); person against one in a fight; adversary; enemy. nyibo pasu vcn. to fight a battle, esp. referring to a large number of people; to wage war. Syn: gyambo pasu.

	Along with *nyimii nyanii, this group of kinsmen is traditionally under an obligation to render a
	man assistance in emergencies. 2. sir, gentleman. nyimii nyanii n. wife's relatives; collective name
	for all people individually addressed as '*aku' (mother's affinal relatives); along with *milobo
	nyanii, this group of kinsmen is traditionally under an obligation to render a man assistance in
	emergencies.

tasin n. (Zool.) river prawn.

nyan-class. classifier for years. nyannge, nyannye, nyanhinnge, nyanpe, nyanngohe, nyankhe, nyankanuhe, nyanpinye, nyankoahe, nyanlyanhe.

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 year(s)

.

nyan vi-r. to poke one's head into or out something.

nyan

[ɲã]

part. precisely; no other than; only. Gramm: particle following a noun or a clause and giving the overall sense 'precisely this/that one'. Molu, inka lanchan malo giiniibo ude ho nyan dudu nii. They live in that house with a red roof (and no other house). A: Lonyi-lohin kapyopa, ngo niimi, Taka agin ho, kapato. B: Oh. Ngiinyi classmate sii nyan. A: I saw you some days back with Taka. B: Oh, we are classmates. Inka lanchan car mi kapado nyan an? Do you see that red car? Mo aku Tama nyan. He is uncle Tama. Mo aba mi giijema. Mo anii mi nyan tiida biilin giidoniin. He/she doesn't resemble his/her father. He/she is the exact replica of his/her mother. No kachinma po? Mo Tubin nyan. Don't you recognize him? He is Tubin. India ka president hii nyiimii nyan. The President of India is a lady. nyanha vi. to poke one's head into or out something. Siika window so uye nyanhato. Poke your head into the window! Var: nyanga. nyanga See: nyanha. nyanngo n:num. five years. Obing mi ka, kamijapa kamakuniin hii, ngo hendonii nyanngo duku do. The last time I saw Obing was, I think, five years ago. Syn: anyan-nyango.

nyanii n. kin category comprising, for an individual, all affinal relatives who are regarded by him/her as classificatory maternal uncles (*aku) Encycl: the role of this group is seen as being basically protective, and the presence of its members is required on every important occasion. nyanii mida n. affines, relatives by marriage in general. milobo nyanii n. 1. husband's relatives.

nyankun n:num. one year. Gramm: by enumerating only, i.e. without reference to a particular object., as in school. Otherwise *nyannge is used instead. nyanne pron. how many years. Gramm: interrogative pronoun. nyannge n:num. one year. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *nyankun is used instead. nyannii vt. to poke one's head close to someone or something. nyanyi n. honey. nyanyi aru n. honeycomb. nyanyi n. (Bot.) edible fungus of orange colour growing around bamboo nodes. Serves as an indicator for determining the maturity of the bamboo. Syn: bije nyanyi; subu nyanyi. . nyanyin n. fermented rice/millet solid mixture on which water is poured during the preparation of beer. nyanya adj. slow. Syn: nyanyo. nyanyo n. (Zool.) honey bee. nyanyo See: nyanya. nyanyu n. (Anat.) wrinkle under the chin; double chin. nyapa vt. to criticize something or someone; to disapprove; to express an unfavorable opinion of. nyar vt-r. to cut a bamboo to sharpen it. Yakho khoye nyarto. Make one bamboo stick! [i.e. out of that bamboo stem]. Var: nya. nyar vt-r. to tread or step on. nyarkhu n. sharpening residue (esp. bamboo splinters). nyarta vt. to crush or flatten something underfoot. nyatan n. 1. snout; muzzle, as of an animal. 2. edge; tip; end. Syn: tubyu. nyatu [´a:tu] ɲ n. knife (esp. used in bamboo cutting) .

nyatu n. resting/relaxing place. See: lampii. yasan nyatu n. resting place along trails in the forest used when carrying firewood on the way to or from the house.

-nye [ɲe] num-r. two. Gramm: numeral root used for combining with classifiers to indicate two specimens of a collection of objects. Used to specify a particular set. Subu dornye. Two mithuns. nyekhan See: nyikhan. nyen vt-r. to masticate food. Aki si alo nyendo. The dog is munching a bone. nyenchi adj. tasty; delicious. Syn: ngenchi. nyenchi-tiyi adj. delicious. nyi part. (we, you, they) two (dual marker). Gramm: postposition to a noun or a pronoun. Suffixes a pronoun. Tallo Tapu nyi abasiimane. Tallo and Tapu did not come together. Nanya niinyi ajin sii nyan an? Are you and Nanya friends? Mihi-Milo nyi pasudu hiila ude mi pudu-punyu pujabiine. A husband and wife quarrelled and completedly destroyed their house. Tara niinyipa hangii bagiiku ha? Did Tara bring anything for you two? Kadi la kako ho, nyachu ami nyi kapusiido. Their lips and eyes are similar if you watch them closely. -nyi [ɲi] num-r. two. nyi...nyi conj. and (after nouns). nyibu n. Apatani religious priest. nyibu bariinii n. assistant of a *Nyibu priest (unspecified). nyibu puniin n. last ritual performed by the priest at the end of a *murun in the house of the performer, after which the priest and his assistants are served with meals and offered with pieces of meat and cash. ago nyibu n. priest who assists the main priest (*ura nyibu) during the performance of a *murun. Syn: liipa nyibu. ura nyibu n. main priest officiating during a *murun. Syn: lapan nyibu. nyibya 1. adj. fast; quick; immediate; prompt; speedy. 2. adv. quickly; soon. Kii, hiira nyibya kapasiisa ha. Ok, let's meet again soon. 2. adj. early. nyibyaja adj. 1. quickest; fastest. 2. earliest. nyibyapa adv. 1. quickly. 2. early. Tam, nyibyapatiika. Tam, hurry up! nyibyaya adj. 1. quicker; faster. 2. earlier. nyibyayapa adv. 1. quicker; faster. 2. earlier. nyibyo n. first day following a ritual proscription/abstinence (*anyo). nyihi tami haman n. (Bot.) variety of vegetable. nyikhan [ɲi´xã] num. twenty. Var: nyekhan. nyikhan hela kone [ɲi´xã hela kone] num. twenty one. nyikhan hela anye [ɲi´xã hela ´aɲe] num. twenty two. nyikhan hela hinnge [ɲi´xã hela hiŋe] num. twenty three. nyikhan hela piilye [ɲi´xã hela piɲe] num. twenty four. nyikhan hela ya'ngo [ɲi´xã hela jaŋo] num. twenty five. nyikhan hela khiie [ɲi´xã hela xie] num. twenty six. nyikhan hela kanu [ɲi´xã hela kanu] num. twenty seven. nyikhan hela pinye [ɲi´xã hela piɲe] num. twenty eight. nyikhan hela koa [ɲi´xã hela ko´a] num. twenty nine. nyikinma cop. there will not be. Gramm: negative form of the copulas *da, *do and *du; future tense. Dokun ho ajo nyikinma ke amin lo ka. There will be no use coming to the meeting. See: nyima. nyikun dapo n. social justice; customary law. nyima n. enemy. nyima cop. 1. there isn't, there aren't. Gramm: copula negator; negative form of the existential verbs *da, *do, *du. Ude ho ami nyima. There is no cat in the house. Mokii aki nyima. He has no dog. 2. no. Gramm: particle used for answering negatively to a polar question involving a copula. A: Arun-are so restaurant nyima sii ha? B: Nyima. A: Isn't there any restaurant around? B: No, there isn't. Var: niima. Ant: da, do, du. nyimane cop. there wasn't; there weren't. Gramm: copula negator; perfective aspect. School ho miyu kone heter nyimane. There was no one in the school. Syn: nyima doye. Ude ya kone heter nyima doye. There was no house. nyime name 1. Tibet. 2. general term for people living in higher altitudes; Tibetans. Ant: nyipa. nyime ilyo n. Tibetan sword. nyime kotan n. variety of metal bangle. nyime peron n. a particular type of small dark blue bead commonly used by Apatani women to make necklaces. Constitutes the main item of *nyime tasan. Var: nyime perun . nyime tasan n. necklace made of numerous rows of multicoloured small glass beads . nyime yaru n. rainbow. nyimii [´ɲimi] 1. n. female human individual, in general; girl; lady. India ka president hii nyiimii nyan. The President of India is a lady. 2. n:qual. female. Ant: milobo. Gramm: qualifying noun following another noun. See: nyimun. iinga nyimii [i´ŋa ´ñimi] n. daughter. nyimii nyanii n. collective name for all people individually addressed as *aku (mother's affinal relatives). Along with *milobo nyanii, this group of kinsmen is traditionally under an obligation to render a man assistance in emergencies. nyimii la [´ñimi la:] vcn. to marry a woman; to take a wife; (of a man) to get married. nyimo [ɲi´mo:] n. (Anat.) face. Yana tabu-taru dado nyimo ho powder negiitolado. Yana rubbed some powder on her face that made her skin appear somewhat grainy. nyimper n. nipple; teat. Syn: anyin-nyimper. Etym: from *anyin, 'milk', *aper, 'pimple'. nyimun [´ɲimũ] n. 1. young lady, adolescent girl. 2. girlfriend. Si Tapu ka nyimun. She is Tapu's girlfriend/lover. See: yapa. nyimun miha n. lovers, sexual partners. nyimun miha sosuniin n. romance; love affair. Syn: musha. nyimun-mulyan n. adolescent girl. nyimun yapa n. young people; youth. nyipa n. general term for people living in lower altitudes; plainsmen. Ant: nyime. nyipa ilyo n. sword made in the plains or by plainsmen.

oho biiko. oho ashi

  oho[´oho] n. child; term of reference for child, especially son. oho bu vcn. to give birth. oho buko[´oho´buko] n. birthplace Var: Tamo Obing mi ohoya do. Tamo is taller than Obing. ne oho [´ne o´ho] pron. how tall. Danyi ne ohodoku? How high is the sun in the sky? (as a traditional way of asking about time). [o:´pa] vt. to cut away or remove with a hoe; to hoe off (e.g. weeds). opa [o:pa] vt. to find something while cutting/working with a hoe. opa vt-r. to give up; to leave. Ngo Taki ko chakinsiine, miido huto la opatoku. I should have gone to Taki's place,[but] as it was raining I gave up the idea. pagin adj. of mixed colour, as of the sky when different shades of colour are visible. Siilo yapun si orin pagindo. Today the sky is multi-coloured. oye adv. once; one time. Usage: Hari, Bulla. Momi oye akinto! Show him/her once how to come. So oye akato! Come over here once! Hiika bije mi oye bakheto. Turn that bamboo upside down (one time). Inka hand-held fan simi buto la alyi oye helyato! that Take that hand-held fan and blow some air with it! Diiri pachi simi oye nulyan-nudato. Tidy up your personal belongings! TV simi oye parhiito. Rotate the television a little bit! Mobile so Yampi ka number mi oye telinto pe. Please dial Yampi's number for me on this phone.

	oho vt-r. to feed; to nurture (animals). Alyi mi diigo ohoto. Feed the pigs! Miyu atan hii subu atan
	mi ronnge-ronnge alo ohodu. People sometimes feed [their] mithuns with salt. Syn: ho.

[´oho a i] ɕ n. descendant (grandchild, great grandchild, etc.).

oho n. row of barbed bamboo or wood that is pitched into the ground as cattle-deterring hedge or to safeguard against intruders. oho [o´ho] adj. tall; elevated; high. Sanii oho. Tall tree. ohoja adj. tallest. ohoya adj. taller. ohobo [´ohobo] n. term of reference for someone's classificatory uterine nephews, i.e. all the persons who regard him has their maternal uncle and address him as 'aku'. This kin category includes, for a man, his sister's sons and grandsons, his father's sister's sons and grandsons, his paternal grandfather's sister's sons and grandsons, etc. The corresponding term of address is * ya. onyi-riinyi adj. beautiful, as of a small thing. opa orbyo See: obyo. orin Var: uye. See: u-.

  vt. to dull a blade edge through repeated use; to cause a machete or sword blade to become blunt. pakho sudu n. variety of bamboo container used for smoke-drying spicy food. pakhu n. (Zool.) partridge, in general (Arborophila spp., inlcuding A. mandellii and A. torqueola). Encycl: the name of this bird is used in a famous traditional song called "Pakhu-itu". pakhu itu n. name of a pre-harvest dance performed during *Dree festival.pakhu n. 1. shell. 2. scale. Ngiiyi pakhu. Fish scale. 3. skin, as of a snake. Tabu ka pakhu. Snake skin. pakhu rudu nphr. 1. full of scales. 2. (in a figurative sense) rough, as of skin full of scales.

	pala adj. skilled/good at cutting or striking with a blade.
	palan tiinga n. (Bot.) plum (Prunus domestica), a non-native fruit.

This meat has bone, break it! pakhii adj. late. pakhiin

  (of a plural subject) to put, place or lay something together. Var: pahin payu n. 1. natural resin obtained from certain plants, which is collected by the Apatanis and used for catching birds or insects (esp. dragonflies). Konchi mi payu agebiine. A dragonfly got sticked by glue. (lit. 'the glue has sticked a dragonfly'). 2. 'gum trap' made of *payu resin applied to bamboo sticks which are planted into the ground or on fruiting trees. payu lopa n. thin bamboo stick having one end coated with resin, esp. used for by children to catch dragonflies in paddy fields. payu sudu n. resin container made of a bamboo section. payu-yukho n. larger bamboo stick coated with resine for catching birds. santu-payu n. variety of natural resin obtained from a jungle berry. kiidi payu n. variety of natural resin obtained from a tuber. pe [´pe] part.1. Please [do] for me/to me. Gramm: Polite hortative particle often (but not necessarily) following imperative clauses, giving a sense of polite request for the benefit of the speaker. Occurs as suffix to monosyllabic verbs. ' Niika pen mi bilya pe. Lend me your pen! Kuto pe. Ask for me! Miibo pe. Help me to do (it)! Ngo Tallo ka ala ho Chobing pa tiiko bipe loto. I sent money for Chobing in Tallo's hand. 2. please (request form). Gramm: request particle having the basic sense 'can you tell me ... ?' or 'would you please tell me ... ?'. Follows the word or clause about which information is requested. Often, but not necessarily, occurs along with interrogative final particle *ha. Insi piita pe ha? Is that a bird? (i.e. 'can you tell me if that is a bird?'). Niihii pe siika anyi ka room? Which is your room? Gandhi Market noho pe, do nii? Could you tell me where the Gandhi Market is? Talyato la, Post Office noho pe, do nii, kalamasu pe ha? Excuse me, do you know where the Post Office is? Ngo taxi pailakindo pe ha? Can you tell me where to get a taxi? Sokii la, adodo pe ha? Is it far from here? Hiila pe hendo. I think so. Niimi pe siika anyi pa atiibichi nii? Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is envisaged or set to be done till its successful completion. Putu chaniin mi pulyan chapeto. Climb the mountain till the peak is reached! Miigo miipepato. Do the work to completion! Inpepa la innge. Go till the destination is reached! See: -tii. vt. to lay trap on behalf of someone/for someone. pecha n. (Bot.) variety of wild pear. Usage: Hari, Bulla. Var: pinchu tiinga. Usage: Hija. pecha sanii n. variety of wild pear-tree (Pyrus sp.). Encycl:.normally planted outside the village in the bamboo grove (*bije), not the kitchen garden (*balu).

	peche vt. to break, esp. fruits.
	pechun vt. to hide something.
	peko adj. confident. Syn: pepe siire.
	peko adj. 1. (of food) pungent or stimulating to the taste. 2. (of a voice or a way of speaking) clear;
	articulate; readily understood or understandable.
	peko vt. to open by using tongs or fingers.
	-pe vsuff. separation. Gramm: split result suffix indicating that a collection of animate or
	paye vt. to make a dent in something with a machete or sword. inanimate objects become separated as a result of the action denoted by the verb. Syn: -pe...-se.
	payi pacha n. variety of basket used as a measure. pebe vt. to release something which has been under tension by pushing or flicking with tongs or
	fingers; to switch on/off.

Syn: paya-gaya. paya-pacho interj. thank you. Paya pacho lukobiilyinii. Thank you for telling me. Syn: aro pacho; paya aro pacho. paye n. (Bot.) variety of tree whose leaves are used as a dye. payin See: pahin. payin vt. (of a plural subject) to cut/strike together with a machete or sword. Var: pahin payin vt. Which one shall we keep for them? Var: pi. Usage: Hija. -pe num-r. four. Gramm: numeral root used for combining with classifiers to indicate four specimens of a collection of objects. Used to specify a particular set. Subu dorpe. Four mithuns. See: -pi. pe vt-r. to push/tuck something in. pe [pe] vt-r. to shout or make noise, as to draw other's attention or to celebrate a victory. pe vt-r. to distribute. pe vt-r. to lay a trap, esp. a loop trap or noose trap. pe vt-r. (by priest) to chant during a *penii procession. -pe [´pe] vsuff. till completion. pebi vt. to distribute on someone's behalf/for someone. Barmi ari mi uru ho pebine. The bride price was distributed among members of the patrilineage.

pebi pelyin n. (Anat.) clitoris. pembe n. hailstone. pemi vt. (of switch, etc.) to put off. Electric bulb ka switch mi pemito. Switch off the electric bulb! Syn: petin. pen-[pẽ] class. building; construction. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for for houses, granaries, huts, building of all kinds.

  pila n. 1. filtered liquid from ash of millet crops or ferns. 2. rice porridge. pila ala n. rice water, esp. when cooked. pila khugyu n. funnel-shaped bamboo or cane matting for distilling beer or *pila. Syn: khugyu. pike pila. See: pike. pona pila n. variety of morning dish consisting of rice beer and fermented rice mixed with a little bit of hot water and sugar. sa pila n. variety of morning dish consisting of rice porridge mixed with red tea. Var: sha pila.[´pi:ni] n. bark; barking. Yolyan liipa ho kibo pinii hii ano tapyodo. It's very pleasant to hear the bark of a dog in the middle of the night.

	pinii-punii 1. vt. to create. 2. adj. created. pinii-puniibo n. creator; the one who creates or has
	created (specified).
	piniin [pini] n. cutting/slicing of something with a blade or some sharp material.

pilan adj. 1. yellow, in colour. Usage: Hari, Bulla. See: tado. 2. brown. Usage: Hija, Diibo, Dutta. pilan kamo adj. dark yellow. pilan-piku-pilya adj. light yellow. pilan-pisan adj. yellowish. pilan ramba adj. brown, brownish. Siika pila si pilan ramba. This pila is dark brown. Usage: Hija, Diibo, Dutta.

pilya n. variety of ritual performed in order to give strength to someone, or to strenghten someone's body. Syn: pilya pinii. Encycl: takes place on various occasions where a physical protection is sought, as before delivery, before hunting expeditions, or, in olden days, before combat to render warriors invulnerable to arrows or bullets or to weaken enemies. dokho pilya n. variety of *pilya ritual. pilya uyi n. generic name for two varieties of spirits, namely Yachi and Yatii. pilya papu n. variety of greenish bead commonly used by Apatani women to make necklaces .

pimbu

n. (Anat.) nostril. pimbu 1. adj. individualistic; egoistic. Tago pimbu miyu ke. Tago is an individualistic person (i.e. who cares only for himself). Syn: pimbu tukha. 2. n. person who is alone, without family. pimbu more nphr. privately owned forest. pimii vt. to cut meat into small pieces (with a blade, by slicing or sawing). See: pamii; riimii. pimpu n. small pieces of rice that remain on a plate or a table after eating. pimya vt. to scatter/sprinkle water, etc. Syn: pimya-pisa. pin vt-r. to pinch; to take something by squeezing it between a finger and the thumb. pin vt-r. to bequeath. Usage: Hija. Var: pen. pin vt-r. to build; to construct (esp. a house). Usage: Hija. Var: pen. -pin vsuff. close. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the action of the verb results in something being closed. Var: -pyan. Ant: -ko. pinchi n. (Zool.) mouse. Var: pichi. Usage: Hija. pinchi sarse n. (Agr.) early ripening variety of millet. Var: pinchi sarsii. pinchi vt. to grasp something by pinching or nipping it with the tips of two fingers, esp. dirty things. pinchu n. rice beer, bottle-shaped receptacle obtained from the Bottle Gourd or Calabash (Lagenaria siceraria), a vine species. See: pinta. Pinchu poye. One rice beer gourd. pinchu tiinga See: pecha. pingu See: pengu. piniin [´pini] n. creation; making; manufacturing. piniin n. slapping. piniin piniin n. divination through examination of egg. See: koniin. pinjer vi. to shake; to shiver; to quaver; to tremble. Syn: alye. pinji n. variety of ceremonial Tibetan sword (*chiri). See: chiri, sha, hulu.

  Siilo ngo bije gomurte ke, ngiika ali mi bije pipobiine. Today was not a good day as a bamboo cut/pierced my leg while I was putting up a fence. (Agr.) variety of cane basket used to winnow the threshed paddy to separate it from chaff.piser vt. to kill by cutting with a blade, as is done when killing a chick by slitting its throat. pita vt. to slap something or someone with the palm of the hand. pitan 1. adj. dried, as of a river, paddy field, etc. Ant: juja. 2. vi. to be or become dry. Aji pitandoku. The paddy field has dried up. Etym: from *api; 'to dry'. pitu vt. to hack/cut something relatively small to pieces with a blade or some sharp material. pitun vt. to overpower someone by beating. pitun-pilun mii vcn. to beat someone.

	pipu vt. to season or spice up a dish.
	pire vt. to sharpen a blade.
	pirii vt. (by two or more people facing each other) to cut or saw something with a blade.

num-r. eight. Gramm: numeral root used for combining with classifiers to indicate eight specimens of a collection of objects. Used in counting only (as in one, two, three...), without reference to a particular object. See: pinye. pinyi-khan n:num. eighty. pipo vt. to cut oneself accidentally with a blade or some sharp material, by a slicing or sawing action. See: miipo. piro n. uncultivated plain land; swamp; swampy land. Usage: Hari, Hija. Var: pyoro. Pyoro teniin. Destruction of swampy land (esp. as an offence to customary law).

piru adj. difficult to cut or saw. piru yagii n. piyan n. (Zool.) variety of mouse. piyin vt. (of a plural subject) to clap, slap or pat together.

piyo-pichi vt. to shuffle, as done when shuffling playing cards; to mix together. piyu n. ashes obtained from the combustion of certain edible plants, especially ferns (*tari), which are used in the preparation of *pila. See: pila.

pohinnge, pope, pongohe, pokhe, pokanuhe, popinye, pokoahe, polyanhe num

  Sudu poto! Make a bamboo vessel! (i.e. out of this bamboo section, by chopping it). .1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 bucket(s)/log's)/wheel(s)/basket(s) carried by hand/bundle(s) of thread/task(s). Etym: from *harpo, 'bucket'; *sanpo, 'wooden log'; *yopo, 'variety of basket carried by hand'.po-class. tree trunk; wooden log. Classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for trunks of trees and wooden logs. Etym: from *apo, 'trunk'. po-class. basket. Classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for baskets carried by hand, such as *yopo basket. Etym: from *yopo, 'variety of basket'. po-class. bundle of threads. Classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for bundles of threads.

	po vt-r. to hold something/someone by embracing; to grab with both hands; to clench; to hug.
	Ngo Tara mi potubiito. I held Tara tight with my hands.
	po vi-r. (of horn or tooth of animals) to grow up; to develop. Arii hane podoku? How high has the
	horn grown up? (in finger widths)

Tapu has gone or not]. Ata, guritama po? 5:30 doku ka ah. Sister, won't you wake up? It's half past five. Siisi loyepa apin diimaran po? You haven't lunched yet? No ayumada Itanagar tone pe la hento nii, hiira tochinkiilyi po? You have been to Itanagar recently, are you going again? No so atupa po adu nii? Are you coming here for the first time? po [po] vr. to leap; to hop; to skip. po vt-r. to chop a trunk with a blade by giving a blow perpendicular to it (as opposed to *khen). See: khen. po-class. Classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for for 1. buckets, wheels and other large cylindrical objects. 2. baskets carried by hand (*yopo). 3. bundles of thread (*tano). 4. tasks to be performed. poye/pohe, ponye,

pue, punye, puhinnge, pupe, pungohe, pukhe, pukanuhe, pupinye, pukoahe, pulyanhe num

  [pu] class. spherical/globular object. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for globular, round or cylindrical medium-sized objects such as eggs, balls, fruits, etc. puye/.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 spherical object(s). Etym: from *papu, 'egg'. pu [´pu] vt-r. 1. to make; to build; to manufacture. 2. to create; to invent. Var: pi, pii. pudupunyu pu vcn. to destroy/dismantle a structure violently, as a result of one's anger or due to ill intent. Mihi-milo nyi pasudu la ude mi pudu-punyu pujabiine. A quarrel between husband and wife resulted in the complete destruction of the house. pu [pu:} vi-r. to bloom. Apu si pudo. The flower is blooming. Etym: from *apu, 'flower'.

	pu vt-r. to bind.
	pu vt-r. to wrap up something; to enclose or pack. Syn: apu.

There are seven original Apatani villages in Ziro. pona n. fermented rice. pona pila. See: pila. ponchu adj. narrow. ponge adj. different. pongeja adj. very different (from); unique. Gramm: used for comparing someone or something with other or something else, whereas *ponsa is used for mutual pupu [´pu] vt-r. to lay eggs. Syn: apu pu.

  1. nice to read. 2. easy to read. Syn: ripyo. pur vt-r. 1. to pluck, esp. fruit. Inka apple mi Rinyo pa purbiihe. Go and pluck that apple for Rinyo! Molu apple purdo. They are plucking apples. Usage: Bulla. Var: por. Usage: Hija. 2. to pull. vt. 1. to pluck along with. 2. to help pluck. purchin vt. to know how to pluck. purdin vt. to pluck intentionally. purcha vt. to pull up. Niika labu mi purchagiito! Pull your sleeve up! purdo vt. to pull out to feed oneself. Ngo niika balu hokii takun puye purdoto. I plucked one peach (to feed myself) from your garden. [Note the difference: Ngo niika balu hokii takun puye purbii. I have plucked one peach from your garden (i.e. and took it away).] purgo vt. to miss something (e.g. a fruit) while plucking. puri 1. n. studies. 2. vt. to study. From: Hindi 'parai'. No, VKV ho ma sii ha, purido nii? Do you study in VKV school? Mo siisi Shillong ho Law puri la da. He/she's now studying Law in Shillong. 3. vt. to read. Siika kheta mi Class seven hime atan hii purikendo. Children of Class seven can read this book.

purba vt. (of a plural subject) to pluck together. purbi vt. to pluck on someone's behalf/for someone. purbo puribo n. the one who reads or studies (specified); student. purinii n. one who reads or study (unspecified); student; literate or educated person. puri-ri vcn. to study; to learn (esp. from books). puri-rigii 1. vcn. to teach. Teacher hii pupils mi puri rigiido. The teacher teaches his pupils (e.g. how to read). Puri-rigii pe. Please teach me! 2. to learn from someone. Mo kokii puri-rigii. I learn from him/her. puri-rider vcn. to study properly. Mo aji miinasiila dadu hiila puririderkuma. He/she was so much absorbed in field work that he/she could not study properly. puririgo n. thing to be read or studied. puri-ripyo adj. easy to read or study. Niika Tanii agun kenii sii ano puri-ripyo siido. The way you write Tanii is very easy to read. purkun vt. (of a plural subject) to pluck collectively/together. purniin n. pulling out. aha purniin n. severing out of the sacrificed pig's heart by the eldest male member of the subclan on the fourth day of *Myoko. puro adj. (of spherical things such as fruits, etc.) big. Ant: punyo. puro adj. (of a cluster, bunch, etc.) big. Var: pyuro. Ant: punnyo; pyunnyo. puryin vt. (of a plural subject) to pluck together. Var: poryin. pusa n:qual. (of two or more sphrical/globular objects) 1. distinct; different. 2. one for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun.

  (Bot.) Mile-a-minute, Chinese Creeper (Mikania micrantha), a perennial creeping climber used as vegetable which is also a very invasive weed. riru adj. difficult or unpleasant to read/study. Ant: ripyo. riru adj. difficult or unpleasant to throw. Ant: ripyo. riru adj. difficult or unpleasant to stitch. Ant: ripyo. rite n. short necklace of white beads commonly worn by children in olden days. Syn: rite tasan. rite vt. to knock something down by throwing something at it. Yasi glass mi cricket ball lo Tara ritebiine. Tara threw a cricket ball which made the water glass to fall. ritu vt. to read or study for the first time. ritu vt. to throw for the first time.

	ripe vt. to stripe or crack across one end to another.
	ripo-rilo n. strip (on a textile, shawl, etc.).

These ladies practise cloth stitching. rinyoniin n. reading practice. rinyoniin n. throwing practice. rinyoniin n. stitching practice. rinya-risa vt. to scatter something. ripa vt. to throw away. Mo tarii ayadorampa, ripabiine. He threw away his/her shirt while it was still in good condition. ripe vt. to stitch across. ripe vt. to throw something. ripyo adj. 1. nice/pleasant to read or study. Siika novel si ano ripyodo. This novel is very nice to read. 2. easy to read ot study. Ant: riru. See: pupyo. ripyo adj. easy to throw. Ant: riru. ripyo adj. easy to stitch. Siika pulye si ano ripyodo. This cloth is very easy to stitch. Ant: riru. riri tami n. ritu vt. to draw a line for the first time.

  (Bot.) Nepalese alder tree (Alnus nepalensis), a fast growing tree species used as construction wood, normally planted outside the village in bamboo groves (*bije). Var: rime; rume. riimii vt. to mince; to cut into small pieces. Haman si mi aya riimiito. Mince these vegetables well! Syn: pamii, pimii. riiniin [´rini] n. purchase; buying or purchasing. Siika shirt si Yama ka riiniin ke. This shirt is Yama's purchase. Syn: riiniin-paniin. Mumbai hoka bostu riinin-paniin hii ano khiido. Purchasing goods at Mumbai is very expensive. (of two or more bundles of bamboos) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from *arii, 'bundle of bamboo'.riisi-riise adj. messy, as of a room, house, etc. Ude si riisi-riise miitolado. The house has been dirtied.

	riipo See: rapo.
	riisa n:qual.

n. See: riichako. riilyanda adv. five days hence. riime n. riiti vt. to bind tightly; to fasten. riitu n. part of marital custom wherein the bridegroom's party harvest a paddy field belonging to the in-laws. Syn: riitu piniin/riitu pidu. riiye See: riihe. riiyin n. (Bot.) variety of tree that produces good construction wood. ro n. See: tunii ro.

ro-[´ro] class. fowl. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for domestic fowls. rohe/roye, ronye, rohinnge, rope, ro'ngohe, rokhe, rokanuhe, ropinye, rokoahe, rolyanhe

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

,10 fowls. Etym: from *paro, 'fowl; chicken'. ro [ro:] vt-r. to snatch; to grasp or seize suddenly. Tatung kedorampa, teacher paper mi robiineku.

  ro [ro:] adj-r. big; large; big-sized. Gramm: adjective root suffixing most if not all classifiers roots and certain noun roots. Dorro. (of quadrupeds and vehicles) big. Soro (of elongated things) long. Taro (of flat and thin objects) wide. Ant: -nyo. vt. to grab, to take something suddenly and rudely. roha vt. to dry over fire, as raw meat or firewood. rohinnge [rohiŋe] n:num. 1. three times; thrice. 2. (of seasons, generations, doses) three.rohu n. (Zool.) Indian major carp or rohu (Labeo rohita), a relatively large fish species of the Cyprinidae family grown along with paddy in paddy fields. Encycl: together with Catla (Catla catla) and Mrigal Carp (Cirrinhus cirrhosus), it is an important component of the carp polyculture which was introduced in Ziro area in the 50's. From: Hindi. roko n. bamboo strip used to tighten the beams of a traditional house. break of regular visits between two people or households at daggers drawn; the state of relationship of two people/household having stopped visiting each other's house. Tabing ka Talu mi ka ude roniin simi ngo chilakuma. I could not understand the reason behind the sour relation between Tabing and Talu. ronkun [rõ´kũ] n:num. (of seasons, generations, times, doses) one. Gramm: used when enumerating only, i.e. without referring to a particular object, as in school. Otherwise *ronge is used instead. n. ritual performed to prevent retaliation by the spirits/souls of big cats killed accidentally as well as, in olden days, of killed enemies or executed prisoners.

	ropu n. (Bot.) Asiatic Tearthumb/Mile-A-Minute-Vine (Polygonum perfoliatum), an herbaceous,
	annual vine with triangular leaves, bearing metallic-blue, berry-like, pea-sized fruits.
	ropuha n. loss of eyesight; blackout (loss of consciousness).
	rori [rori] n. (Bot.) Polygonum hydropiper, a variety of vegetable. Syn: rori haman.
	ron n. color; chemical dye. From: Assamese 'rong', Hindi 'rang'
	rorin tami [ro:´rî ta´mi] n. (Bot.) Velvet Plant (Gynura bicolor). Syn: ngiiyi rorin.
	ron-[rõ] class. classifier for 1. seasons. 2. generations. 3. times/folds. 4. doses, etc. ronnge;
	ronye; rohinnge; ronpe; ronngo; ronkhe: ronkanuhe; ronpinye; ronkoahe; rolyanhe.
	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 season(s)/doses(s)/fold.
	ronne pron. (of times/doses/seasons/generations) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun
	used for a countable number of seasons/generations/times/doses.

ro barinii n. whirlwind; hurricane. Syn: milya barinii. robi vt. to snatch something for someone.

robii ron v. to burn. rone pron. (of fowls) how many. Paro rone na da nii la khiikato. (Try to) count how many fowls there are! Gramm: interrogative pronoun.

ronge [rõ´ŋe] n:num. 1. once; one time (i.e. one iteration of an action/event). 2. one (season). 3. one (generation). 4. one (dose). Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *ronkun is used instead. See: ron. ronge heter advphr. (in negative sentences) never. Var: ronge hete. ronge-ronge adv. 1. occasionally, often, once in a while, seldom, rarely. 2. adv. off and on; intermittently; not regularly. ronge ta advphr. once more. ronge tere advphr. even once. Ngo Ziro ronge tere chakama. I haven't come and see Ziro even once. siika ronge nphr. this time. hiika ronge nphr. that time. ronii [´roni] n. hen. Syn: paro-ronii. ronniin [ronni] n. burning of something. Dumping yard hoka garbage ronniin si air pollution ka main factor ako. Burning of garbage at dumping yards is one of the main factors of air pollution. roniin n. break of relationship. ude roniin n. ronsa n:qual. (of two or more times/doses/seasons/generations) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. ronnye [rõɲe] n:num. 1. two times; twice. 2. (of seasons, generations, doses) two. rope vt. to see through a crevice , etc. Syn: rute. ropi ropo [´ropo] n. (Zool.) cock. Syn: paro-ropo. rosa [´rosa] n:qual. (of two or more fowls) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each Gramm: postnominal qualifying noun. Etym: from*paro, 'fowl'. roto adj. spacious.

  sanba vi. (of a plural subject) to live or grow up together. Syn: sanbo-gyanba. sanbii n. branch, of a tree. Usage: Bulla. Var: sanii aha-abya. Usage: Hija. sanbo vi. to grow up with someone. sanbo-gyabo vi. to live or grow up together.

	sanbyan adj. (of cultivated plants/plants or fruits which are used by humans) matured; fully
	grown.
	sanbyun vt. to plunge and soak.
	sancha vi. to grow up.
	sanchi See: diiran sankhan
	sanchun vt. to hide, as in some sack-like or bag-like object.

sanda n. long wooden post. siiran-sanda n. posts used for making houses, in general. Ude-nesu miinananii pa sanii-sanko hokii siiran-sanda pordu. One cuts pillars from tree logs to make houses. sangii vt. to bring up by nurturing, educating or training; to rear (child). Ngiimi ka sangiinii, ngiika ane. It is my mother who educates me. sangii-gyagii vi. to prosper; to become wealthy; to fare well; to have good fortune. Miyu-lumi sangii-gyagiikodu pa Subu Murun uyi mi miidu. One performs sacrifices at *Subu and *Murung so that people become prosperous.

sango n. 1. life, in general. 2. life, envisaged in a future; career. Syn: sango-hago. sango-gyago n. livelihood.

  v. to take a short-cut. sargya vt. to diverge from one's normal, usual or expected route. Tana, Tari mi ado hokii kapate la lenda sargyagiine. Tana took a different path after seeing Tari from a distance (i.e. Tana didn't want to meet Tari). (Bot.) variety of tree whose sap may cause skin irritation and redness. Ngiimi sari anobiine. I got stung by a *sari tree.sarin n. 1. cough. 2. (Med.) common cold. Sarin do ha? Do you have cough and cold? sarin sa vcn. to cough. satu sarin n. whooping cough.sarii n. knot, as of a tree; hard lump where a branch grows out.

	sargyun n. (Bot.) variety of cane, viewed as a subtype of *taser. See: sarlan.
	saran n. (Agr.) remaining roots in a paddy field.
	sari n.
	sar vt. to criticize; to look down; to reprobate.
	sar vt. to tear.
	sarbi vt. to tear something on someone else's behalf/for someone.

sapin-sako

1. vi. to

suffocate; to breathe uneasily. 2. adj. suffocating. sapi n. (Bot.) variety of tree. sapi 1. vi. to be/become flattened. 2. adj. flattened. Sarpu daka alyi supa hankele sarpu si sapidoku. The balloon got flattened as air was removed from it. sapo vt. to feel confident about one's ability to do something easily. sapu See: sarpu. sapu adj. (of colour) pale, light. sapu-salu adj. (of colour) grey; ashy. Syn: mubu ruju. sapur n. generation. Usage: Hija. Var: sanpur. Usage: Bulla. Syn: miyu sapu. sarbo liirin n. (Zool.) millipede. Usage: Hija, Hong. Var: khiibo larin. Usage: Bulla. sardin sarii [´sari] n. teacher. Etym: from English 'Sir'. sarja vt. to tear off by hand. Tapu ngiika tarii mi sarjabiine. Taru has torn off my shirt (by hand tearing). Syn: sarja-saya. sarkhe-sarse n. (Agr.) late ripening variety of millet.

  ) . siilii n. bamboo water receptacle.Var: sulu. siilo [si´lo] n:time today. Siilo ngo ude ho duto. Today I stayed at home. siiloda adv. today. Siiloda miido hunedo. It may rain today. siilo-biilyo n:time lately; recently; in recent times. Var: silo biilyo. siilo lyiyepa adv. till today. Var: siilo lyihepa. n:time this evening. No siilyin danyi akumarampa ngiika ude ho chalyato. Come to my home this evening before sunset! siilyin dalyi n:time this afternoon. siilyin-siiro n:time nowadays. Syn: siilyo-biilyo. siilyinda adv. this evening. No siisi home work miido koda, siilyinda Indian Idol kalakendo. If you do home work now, you can watch Indian Idol in the evening.

	siilyo n. waterside; shore; bank.

siilo-holo vt. hurriedly. siilyi See: siilin. siilyin siilyo n. cow skin; cowhide; leather. siima n. corpse; dead body. Siima mi alibiidoku ka ah. The corpse has been buried (lit. 'one has buried the corpse').

  Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Etym: from*yaso, 'cane, rattan'. Ngiinyipa pen sosa riibiilya. Please buy one pen for each of us. Dree mi supun hii 5th July 1967 ho Nenchalyang ho sotugiitii. The Dree festival was celebrated for the first time at the community level on July 5th, 1967. soye 1. n:num. (of long, thin objects/living things) one. Gramm: used for referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *sokun is used instead. Mopa ngo pencil sohe riibiidu. I have bought a pencil for him/her. Var: soye. See: so. 2. n. old unit of measure used in barter transactions consisting of one knife or one hen. See: pachu, parohe.

	sosher adj. (of a sound or voice) strident; shrill; piercing. sosin n. metallic wire or cable, esp. steel wire rope. sosi-sosi adv. one after another. sote vi. to roam around; to hang around. Kiije sotesa. Let's go for an outing! Nyajeyo, (ngo) sotegiichi ke. Put that face off, I'll take you for an outing. A: Nunu nii miidu? B: sotedo. A: What are su [´su] vt-r. to follow or spy someone; to seek information; to carry out an investigation. See: ru. su-class. granary. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for counting granaries. suye/sue, sunye, suhinhe, supe, su'ngohe, sukhe, sukanuhe, supinye, sukoahe, sulyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 granary/granaries. Etym: you doing? su vt-r. to draw (extract water or air). Syn: supa. from *nesu, 'granary'.

soniin n. play; celebration. soniin-ngarniin n. celebration; entertainment. sonyo adj. (of a long, thin object/living thing) 1. short (in length). Tabu sonyo doke. The snake is short. 2. slender. Ant: soro. sonyo vt. to practise playing. sopin [so´pi] n. (Zool.) 1. lizard, esp. Asian House Gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus). 2. other lizard species such as skinks (Mabuya sp., Sphenomorphus sp.), Dafla Mountain Lizard (Japalura andersoniana), etc. . sopin-sojan n. (Zool.) lizards, in general. sopo adj. slim. sor [sor] vi-r. to slip. sor [´sor] vt-r. to tighten by pulling, as a rope, thread, etc. sorjin vt. to stretch. sorjo adj. elongated. sorpii vt. to place or dispose something breadth-wise. sorpyun vt. to tighten and hold together. soro adj. (of a long, thin object/living thing) long. Tabu sorodo ke. The snake is long. Ant: sonyo. sosa n:qual. (of two or more long, thin objects/living things) 1. distinct; different. 2. one for each. B: roaming. Syn: sodun; sote-sodun. Ngiika vacation ho ngo sote-sodun la date. I roamed around during my vacation. sotu vi. 1. to play for the first time. 2. to celebrate for the first time.

  Hogya taker. Spotted leopard. See: gyonya. taker n. sputum, spit; spittle. Usage: Bulla. Var: chuker. Usage: Hari. taker n. (Zool.) Water Strider or Skater, an aquatic insect having long slender legs with which it supports itself on the surface of water. Var: sukun-sankhii. Usage: Hija.

taki n. (Bot.) ginger (Zingiber officinale). kichi taki n. variety of small-sized ginger containing lot of fibres, used as medicine and as ingredient in various rituals. taki yanii n. ginger leaves, used in various food preparations. Var: taki anii. taki vt. to bend something slightly.

takin n. cowrie shell. Encycl: cowries are only used by the Apatanis to decorate *chiri (Tibetan sword) carrying handles. tako n. filth; dirt of the body.

  talii 1. n. unnatural/violent death for male. 2. adj. accidental. talii myoko n. land of the dead for males who die of unnatural/violent death. talii sii/taliipa sii vi. (of a male) to die of unnatural/violent death. Mo taliipa siine. He died accidentally. See: libun.

talo [´talo] n. precious brass plate used during certain rituals such as *Murun. Talo bare. One brass plate. talo punyu [´talo pu´ñu:] n. metallic spoon. talu balo vt. to deceive; to betray; to cheat. talun n. (Bot.) variety of bamboo growing outside the valley, similar in appearance to *yabin. talya-kalya adj. attentive. talyato la [talja´tola] interj. 'Excuse me', 'Listen'. Gramm: idiomatic expression used as a polite way to ask something. Talyato la, Post Office noho pe donii kalamasu pe ha? Excuse me, do you know where the Post Office is? Talyato la, Old Ziro chado koda niitampa pe, chakindo nii? Excuse me, can you tell me how I can get to Old Ziro. talyi n. (Med.) bruise on skin; contusion; ecchymose.

tonnyo. tanro See: tonro. tanser See: tanser patan.

  tama vsuff. shall not [do] surely. Gramm: negative form of the irrealis modal suffix *-talyi, attached to verb roots having two or more syllables, used as non proximal future marker. More appropriate with first person singular. Abu kela la niimi henga-henkhadopa miibitama sii ke. I will not trouble you by writing too long. No ngiinyika agin ho inbotama ha? Won't you also go with us? tamber vt. to drink or smoke too much of something and have one's body reacting badly later on. Usage: always used for making negative remarks.tami[ta´mi] n. (Bot.) generic term for various herbaceous species and weeds used as compost fertiliser in paddy fields, including pignut (Hyptis suaveolens). hiiji tami n. (Bot.) Ageratum conyzoides, a medicinal plant for curing cuts and wounds. misan tami. misu tami n. variety of weed. nehan tami n. variety of creeper whose smell is considered as an indication of the presence of a ghost within the vicinity. piidi naru tami n. (Bot.) variety of weed whose odour is reminiscent of that of a fart. riri tami n. (Bot.) Mile-a-minute, Chinese creeper (Mikania micrantha), a perennial creeping climber, also a very invasive weed. tami mii vcn. to de-weed. See: aru. adj. nice/delicious/pleasant to drink or smoke. Ant: taru. 2. n. pleasant drink. Ngo tampyo ako mi tamba-tankasiinando. I want to share some nice drink [with others]. tampyo vt. to drink/smoke before anyone else does; to drink/smoke in first place.tamu n. generic class of powerful spirits. Syn: tamu uyi. Potentially harmful, they are also believed to protect humans if propitiated properly, especially by reinforcing their bodies. In particular, the Apatanis of olden days thought that such rituals could make them invulnerable to bullets; arrows, spears, etc. By extension, may also designate the sacrificial altars that are erected near the main entrance of the house. tamu laniin n. ritual performed at the house of the giver of a *murun, during which a few youngsters jump over one *yakhan basket filled with rice/millet beer while others beat *talo discs. tamur vt. 1. to be confused by what one hears. 2. to mishear; to hear something wrongly; to hear the wrong thing; to mistake something for something else. 3. to pay no attention to a sound or call.tamyo n. variety of tree which, when used as firewood, produces a lot of sparks that may cause injuries or fire accident.tamyo n. variety of body colour pattern for mithun bulls. Describes an animal of overall black coat with a broad white patch running down the back from the head to the tail. See: yamyo. Ngo tampyo ako mi tamba-tankasiinando. I want to share some nice drink [with others]. tanbi vt. to drink or smoke on someone else's behalf. tanbi vt. to drink or smoke in a wasteful manner. tanbo vt. to drink or smoke along with someone else. tanche vt. to share drinkables. diiche-tanche vt. to share food. tancher adj. choosy about drink. Usage: Bulla. Var: tanchi. Usage: Hija. diicher-tancher adj. choosy about food and drink. Usage: Bulla. Var: diichi-tanchi. Usage: Hija. Encycl: the aromatic leaves of Perilla frutescens are popular in many parts of East and Southeast Asia. The Apatanis usually do not eat the leaves, but the seeds are ground and used as condiment or for making rice cakes. Tanii 1. name Apatani(s) (as person or people). 2. adj. Apatani. 3. n. Apatani (as a language). Ngo Tanii pa ludu. I speak in Apatani. Tanii miyu n. Apatani (person). Mo Tanii miyu ha? Is he/she an Apatani? Tanii agun n. Apatani language. tanka vt. to test something by drinking smoking it. tankan vt. to drink/smoke for a long time or beyond the allotted time.tankun vt. to drink or smoke together. tankhii vi. 1. to have no more desire to drink or smoke after having had a bad experience. 2. to swear not to repeat drinking or smoking after having had a bad experience. 3. to die from ingestion of a poisonous drink. tankhiin vi. to feel dizziness after drinking (esp. alcoholic beverages) or smoking.tankhu n. leftovers of drinkables/smokeables, e.g. some discarded drinks. tanniin n. drinking/smoking. lapan o tanniin n. collective gathering during which the participants enjoy rice/millet beer and *tapyo salt, often accompanied by *ayu chanting. [´tano] n. yarn; fibre. tano horniin n. the making of raw cotton into yarn. tano horto n. yarn thread. Tano ponye. Two yarns. Tano punye. Two threads or yarns wound in coils or balls.

	tan See: ton.
	tan [´tã] vt-r. 1. to drink. 2. to smoke.
	tanba vt. (of a plural subject) to drink or smoke together. Syn: tamba-tanka. tanchi See: tancher. tannyo See: tonnyo.
	tanchin vt. to know how to drink or smoke. tannyo v. to practise drinking or smoking.
	tandin vt. to drink or smoke deliberately.
	tandii adj. poisonous to drink. Tandii yasi. Poisonous water. tandii giinii n. 1. poisonous drink. tano n. (Anat.) nasal mucus. tano gorgo n. (Zool.) snail (esp. land snail) or slug. tano pakhu n.
	2. poisonous agent; poisoner. snail shell. tano piiyi n. condensed mucous.
	tane pron. (of thin, flat objects or materials such as sheet of paper, books, etc.) how many.
	Gramm: interrogative pronoun used for a countable number of items in a collection.
	tange See : tonge.
	tangii adj. drunk, from drinking alcoholic beverage; inebriated or stone, from smoking.
	tangii vt. to take someone along with oneself to drink or smoke; to share a drink or a cigarette
	with someone.
	tango n. thing to be drunk or smoked.
	tango vt. to drink or smoke first (overtaking or excluding others).
	tangu tapan n. (Bot.) variety of herbaceous plant from which a poison is extracted.

tami n. (Zool.) generic term for flies, more specifically housefly (Musca domesticus). ipa tami n. (Zool.) Green bottle fly (Lucilla sp.). rorin tami [ro:´rî ta´mi] n. (Bot.) Velvet Plant (Gynura bicolor). Syn: ngiiyi rorin. tasu-tami n. pests, in general. See: tachan-tiyo.

tamin n. (Bot.) Common (Indian) Madder (Rubia cordifolia). Encycl: the roots, stem and leaves of *tamin produce a reddish orange pigment which the Apatanis used as a natural dye in olden days, in particular for coloring *ahu. Var: tiimin. Usage: Hija. tamin sanii n. (Bot.) Nepal Mahonia/Indian Barberry (Mahonia napaulensis), an evergreen shrub with spiked glossy leaves, used in ritual functions. tamo n. (Bot.) Chinese sumac (Rhus chinensis/Rhus semialata), a tree species. tamo yasan n. firewood obtained from Chinese sumac, that usually sparks when burning. tamo adj. 1. strong. 2. courageous; brave. tamo vt. to encourage. Usage: for adults or persons older than the speaker, instead of *mamo which is used for kids. tampu vt. to drink or smoke something by mistake or inadvertently. tampyo 1. tangusi n. (Zool.) Small Indian Mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus). Usage: Hari; Bulla. Var: tangiisi. Usage: Hija. Var: tahansi. Usage: Hong. tanin n. (Bot.) Wild sesame (Perilla frutescens). tano tannyo See: tansi See: tahansi.

  ta'ngo n. part of a music, speech, etc. that has not been listened to or heard. ta'ngo n. 1. drink leftover, e.g. after a meal; residue from smokeables. 2. drink leftover kept for future use; smokeables kept for future use ta'ngo vt. to stop listening to something or someone. tapa vt. 1. to hear; to manage to hear. 2. to hear about; to know. Moka armyan mi Ziro daka miyu miilanru tapanyatii. His/her name was well-known in Ziro (lit. 'all people of Ziro had heard about his/her name')'.

	ta'ngu n. (Zool.) honey bee.
	ta'ngu vt. to drink or smoke separately.

tari gara See: tagyan. tarin

  n. traditional leg ornament, a plaited ring knitted from *taser yaso cane which used to be worn by adult males and children below the knee. Today only used by *nyibus during certain important occasions such as *Murun, *Myoko, or *Subu tado. Syn: ali tarin. tarin adj. feeling jealous when hearing a conversation between two people. tarii n. 1. shirt. 2. cloth. jikhe tarii n. 1. thick short sleeves cotton jacket worn by males in olden days. 2. variety of cotton jacket worn by a *nyibu during rituals, richly decorated with indigo motifs, mostly of losenge shape, with fringes at the bottom. kente tarii n. variety of thick short sleeves cotton jacket worn by females in olden days. supun tarii n. variety of sleeveless fringe white shirt for ladies richly decorated. tipya tarii n. variety of ceremonial lady skirt. (Zool.) 1. centipede. 2. scorpion .tarjin vi. to stretch oneself out; to straighten. tarki vt. to bend.tarko n. (Bot.) variety of small thorny tree used as a medicine, possibly Phyllantus sp. Encycl: reduced to ashes, it used to be applied to the navel of a newborn as a disinfectant; also used for skin allergy.

	tarko See: o tarko/yo tarko.
	tarkho n. forked bamboo.
	tarlar n. (Zool.) peacock. Denotes either Indian Peacock (Pavo cristatus) or Grey Peacock
	Pheasant (Polyplectron bicalcaratum). Syn:

tarii piita See: tarlar. tarji n.

tar piita; tarii piita. tarlun adj

  . barren; unable to conceive, as of a human or an animal. tarne n. (Anat.) pus. Usage: Hija. Huli une ho tarne. Pus in a boil.Var: tarnye. Usage: Bulla. Hiimkane taroje miyu apun ho ngo ananma. I don't want to go into such a large crowd.

tarnye See: tarne. taro adj. many; a huge number of. taroja adj. a huge number of. Var: haroje.

  (Zool.) frog or toad. tatii arnii n. eclipse (solar or lunar). Ato Piilo mi tatii arniibiido ke! The frog is eating the Moon! (i.e. there is a solar eclipse). tatii horpu n. variety of white chunky bead. Ejan tatii n. solar frog which in olden days was believed to cause eclipses. halyan tatii n. (Zool.) variety of newly introduced species of toad, light brown or yellowish in colour, brought from other areas with fish alevins. miido tatii n. general term for forest frog species. tohan tatii n. variety of brown frog. tiirii tatii n. (Zool.) general term for toads and toad-like frog species. aji tatii n. (Zool.) variety of frog commonly found in paddy fields. yanii tatii n. (Zool.) general term for tree frogs of the Racophoridae family, including the Common Tree Frog (Polypedates leucomystax) and various species of the Racophorus genus. n. variety of body colour pattern for mithun bulls. Describes an animal resembling a wild gaur (Bos gaurus), i.e. having a dark-brown coat except for the lower part of the legs which is white, often also with dark brown hair on the forehead. See: yau. (of flat and thin objects, or materials) one. Gramm: used when referring to a particular object. When enumerating only, as in school, *takun is used instead. Var: tae. Moka ate ngiipa siti taye kebitii. His elder brother wrote a letter for me.

	tata See: pulu tata.
	tati n. (Zool.) cockroach.
	tatii n. tatu See: tartu.
	tatu vt. to hear/listen for the first time.
	tatu-katu adj. known; famous. Syn: kago-tago.
	tatu nanu n. (Zool.) bumble bee.
	tatu puyu n. news coming from far away (which cannot be seen nor confirmed).
	tatun bulun [tatũ bulũ] adj. (of appearance) fat and round. Usage: Bulla. Var: utun bulun.
	Usage: Hija.
	tayan n. (Zool.) honeybee; bee in general. Includes species such as Apis indica and A. florea.
	tayan-tagyan n. (Zool.) bees and wasps in general. Var: taya-tagya. tayan miili n. (Zool.)
	Black Eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis).
	tayan rara adj. deserted, as of an environment or surroundings. Var: taya rara.
	taya-tara adj. untidy; rough; slovenly.

tau taye n:num.

tinnge, tinnye, tinhinnge, tinpe, tinngohe, tinkhe, tinkanuhe, tinpinye, tinkoahe

  vsuff. tightly; securely. Gramm: verb suffix indicating that the action identified by the verb results in something being strongly fixed or held, or that the action is performed in a tight or constricted manner. tibi vt. to pour water, etc. on someone else's behalf/for someone.ticha vt-r. to start a fire, esp. by rubbing with a matchstick. tihi adj. sweet or salty. Var: tiyi. alo tihi adj. salty. siini tihi adj. sweet. tiho vt. to draw a line. timya vt. to stain, smear or smudge by pouring something. timya-tisa 1. vt. to stain, smear or smudge by pouring something. 2. adj. having one's mouth, leg, etc. all covered in something.tin-class. the width of one finger, a basic unit of linear measure. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for measuring breadths of small size. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that a comparison between two or more items is made through of the action denoted by the verb. Khiitin. To compare.-tin vsuff. stop; close; block. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the action of the verb results in a stoppage, closure or blocage of something. Ngiika adin achi mi diiro diitinsiitii. I ate some medicine to stop my headache. See: -tu. vt. to rub something off with the finger, so as to erase something. Syn: nyupa. tipina vt. to press something with one's thumb. From: Assamese. Usage: Hija.tii vt-r. to throw, esp. discs or disc-like objects.tii vt-r. to collide with or bump into something; to strike. tii [´ti] vt-r. to chop, as a tree; to fell. Bilo anyan hokii laja ngunu Tanii lemba ho saro-sanii mi tiimatii. In olden days in our Apatani villages we did not cut Banyan trees.tii vt-r. to catch fish with a pole; to pole-fish. Var: ti. Usage: Hija. Continuous aspectual suffix, marking an event that was completed in the non proximal past but was continued or repeated up to now, or whose effects are still perceptible. No nii miitii? What have you done? Aber kone da atiisiito, kapakuma. I kept that somewhere, but couldn't find it. Bilo anyan ho, ngunu ka aba-apa atan hii bije-siko mi ano aya butii. In the past, our forefathers preserved the bamboo groves very well. 2. would. Gramm: irrealis modality suffix. Much like a conditional marker when occuring along with particle *koda (if). Tapu atii koda, hime atan gasukenmane. If Tapu had come, the children would not have quarreled. Lembo ayatii koda, ngo Itanagar totiido. If road conditions were good, I would have gone (down) to Itanagar. No biilyo chatii koda ayatiido, siilo ngo Itanagar tochi. It would have been better if you came yesterday, today I am going to Itanagar. Gramm: split manner suffix indicating that the subject performs the action denoted by the verb in a half-hearted manner, without conviction or neglectfully. vt. to break apart by pulling. tiida vt. to collide with. tiidan v. to stumble over something. tiide vt. to put something against/around a pole, etc. to support it. tiide-nanii n. instrument such as a wooden stick that is used to support something, e.g. the dyke of a paddy field. tiidin vt. to collide with something; to bump into something. tiidin-tiipi vt. (of two or more things) collide, bump into each other. tiige 1. vi. to stick. Usage: Hija. Var: tiike. Usage: Bulla. 2. adj. sticky. tiige-tiige adj. sticky. Usage: Hija. Var: tiike-tiike. Usage: Bulla. tiige See: take. Syn: tiike tiyo.tiigo n. variety of rituals aimed at propitiating major benevolent deities, usually requiring large animals sacrifices and marked by the smearing of rice powder on the altar and/or on the animals. Encycl: mainly refers to *Myoko, *Murun and *Subu tado during which those deities are invoked, but also includes Dree and certain ceremonies related to life-cycle. Associated prohibitions are usually lesser and shorter for rituals falling into this category than those for *chichin rituals. Var: tigo. Gyunyan tigo mi ralyanma koda, miyu sanko nyima. Without the performance of rituals there would be no place for humans to live. [Apatani saying]. See: gyunyan. tiigo uyi n. generic term for benevolent deities worshipped during *tiigo rituals.tiija-tiiya vt. to tear apart; to rip, as meat. Gramm: permissive imperative modal suffix combination following imperative suffixes, used to indicate that the speaker allows the addressee to perform the action indicated by the verb. Also occurs as a particle in the absence of a verb. So atotiika. Do come over here! (i.e. you can come). Inngetiika. You can go! Siika ahi mi bachin hiila ludu. Lado la diikatotiika. We call this fruit Bachin. Take some and help yourself ! (i.e. you can have some). Ant: -yoka 2. you should[do]; you'd better [do]. Gramm: hortative suffix combination indicating that the speaker urges or advises the addressee to carry out the action indicated by the verb. Often occurs following an imperative suffix (*-to, *-nge or -he). Ommo, baritotiika. Ommo, wake up! Aliitotiika luhankele. I told you to put it in! Tom, nibyapa tiika! Tom, hurry up! No Gandhi Market inla tiika. You should go to Gandhi Market. Simi ya tiika. Take this one instead/[You should] rather take this one. Var: tiikan. Molu ngiimi tiiko bihii. They gave me money. From: Assamese 'toka'. tiiko bi vcn. to give money for; to pay. Niika mobile mi tiiko bimapa danyopa ha labiinii? Did your mobile phone come free of charge? tiiko koma vcn. to earn money. From: Assamese 'toka koma'.-tiiku vsuff. has/have[done]. Gramm: perfective aspectual suffix combination indicating an event that has been completed in the past. Usually translates English Present Perfect. Apin diitiiku ha?

	tipre See: taper.
	tipya tarii n. variety of ceremonial jacket for ladies.
	tiser adj. sweet; sweet-tasting.
	tito vt. to rub, as when lighting a matchstick on a matchbox.
	tiyi See: tihi.
	tiyo n. (Zool.) insect; worm, esp. hairy worm and caterpillar (generic). empya tiyo n. (Zool.)
	silkworm pupae (chrysalis). tachan-tiyo n. (Zool.) generic term for pests, comprising insects in
	general, wood boring insects and worms.
	tigo See: tiigo.
	tii vt-r. to offer (as a sacrificial offering); to present. tiijin vt. to elongate; to stretch by pulling. See: pujin; bujin.	,
	tinlyanhe. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 10 finger width(s). See: ha-. tin vt-r. to tell a parable or a proverb. Nitin tindo. Tell a parable. tinbo n. widower. tiniin [tini] n. pouring of a liquid. tiniin [´tini] n. producing of a flame (by rubbing a matchstick). tiniin n. marking; making of a mark. ude tiniin n. domestic ritual performed by the priest during tii See: ti. tii [ti] cop. past form of copular verb *sii. Ngo no tii koda, siilo school indiima. If I were you, I wouldn't go to school today. Syn: siitii. tiika/-tiika vsuff./part. 1. you can. -tiikan See: -tiika. tiike See: tiige. -tii [ti] vsuff. 1. [did]; [was/were]. Gramm: -tii vsuff. complete. Gramm: result suffix indicating completion of something which is supposed or expected to be completed by an action indicated by the verb. Ngo sa mi tantiilakinma. I cannot tiike diiniin n. (Med.) cellulitis.
	a *murun the day following a *penii, also during *Myoko after completion of the *ajin gyoniin ceremony. During this ritual rice flour marks are put on the walls of the house. finish the tea (which I am supposed to drink). tiiko n. 1. rupee. 2. money.

-tin vsuff. compare. tinnge n:num. one finger width. Syn: lachi tinnge. tipa tii vt-r. to pull. Var: ti. -tii...-rii vsuff. half-heartedly. tiibe See: tabe. tiiche

  tiite vt. to knock something down by throwing something at it. tiitu n. stump. tiitu vt. to pull something so that it breaks; to break something by pulling. Syn: tiitu-tiipo. tiiyin vt. (of a plural subject) to catch fish with a pole together.to[to] vt-r. to pour. Mo turla ko o totiibiine. He/she poured some beer into the mug. Syn: ti. to [´to:] vt-r. 1. to move down; to descend. 2. to go south. Ant: cha. No biilyo chatii koda ayatiido, siilo ngo Itanagar tochi. You should have come yesterday, today I am going to Itanagar. No ayumada Itanagar tone pe la hento nii, hiira tochinkiilyi po? You have been to Itanagar recently, are you going again? -to [´to] vsuff. imperative suffix. Gramm: hortative/imperative suffix usually occuring at the end of the suffix chain.-to [to] vsuff. [did];[was]. Gramm: perfective aspectual suffix, first person singular, marking an event that was completed in the non proximal past. Usually refers to a relatively punctual event, or an event having occured over a well delimited period of time. Ngo kabobiike le, Tapu mi aladopa kapato. As I looked across I saw Tapu coming. Ngo yasan takele ala tabyasiito. I hurt my hand as I was splitting the firewood. Ngo so apin diite hela ato. I came here after I had my meal. Hiika ho ngo ngiika cell phone mi bapasiito. I lost my cell phone there (by your side). See: -te.vsuff. may [do]. Gramm: prospective modal suffix combination, first person singular. Indicates a possibility that the subject performs the action denoted by the verb, or that the action indicated by the verb is carried out. See: -nedo. Ngo Bank Tinali botodo. I may go (down) to Bank Tinali. n. wood section used to reinforce a house pillar, esp. *siiran. Syn: torchan. Usage: Hong. tokopatta n. (Bot.) Toko Palm (Livistona jenkinsiana), a palm tree species commonly used in Arunachal Pradesh for thatching purposes. From: Assamese 'toko'.-toku [toku] vsuff. has/have[done]. Gramm: perfective aspectual suffix combination indicating an event of the past occuring at the end of the predicate suffix chain. Usually translates English Present Perfect; first person singular. See: -neku. Gramm: imperative suffix combination Gramm: hortative/imperative suffix combination occuring at the end of the predicate suffix chain, giving a more abrupt and urgent sense to the order or request than the simple form in *-to. Can be rendered in English by '[Do] now !'. Diitoku! Now you eat! tokun vi. (of a plural subject) to move donw/south collectively; to move down as a group. tokur vi. to descend back. tola vi. to move down/south; to descend; to fall. tolin n. unused building materials such as log/bamboo parts.

	-toku [´toku] vsuff. [do] it now! tolii vt. to pour in.
	tolyo n. (Bot.) variety of flowering plant.
	toba vi. to go (down) together.
	tobi vi. to move donward on someone's behalf/for someone.
	tobi vr. to pour something on someone's behalf/for someone.
	tobo vi. to move down along with someone. Ngo nunuka agin ho tobotalyi. I shall go (down) along
	with you. Ngo ane agin ho Itanagar tobotalyi. I wil go [down] to Itanagar with my mother.
	tobya vi. to get burnt from pouring or spilling something. Yasi gubu lo ali mi tobyasiitii. I got
	burnt on my leg from spilling hot water on it.
	todin vi. to go (down) deliberately.
	-todo [todo] toganiin n. fraud.
	togii vi. to take someone along with oneself to go down/southward.
	togo vi. to move down/south before someone else does.
	togya vi. to move down/south wrongly.

tohin See: toyin. toko

toro; tanro; taro. Ant: tonnyo. tonnyoja adj

  tonkun n:num. (of persons or animals) one group/band/herd/flock. Gramm: used when enumerating only, i.e. without reference to a particular object. Otherwise *tonnge is used instead. tonnyo adj. (of a group of persons or animals) small. Var: tannyo. Ant: tonro/toro. tonnyoja adj. (of a group of persons or animals) smallest. Var: tannyoja. tonnyoya adj. (of a group of persons or animals) smaller. Var: tannyoya. tonro adj. (of a group of persons or animals) large. Var: . (of a group of persons or animals) largest. Var: tannyoja. tonnyoya adj. (of a group of persons or animals) larger. Var: tannyoya. tonsa n:qual. (of two or more groups, bands, flocks) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. tonser vt. to advise; to give insight. tonser henyu vcn. to advise. tonser khemyo vcn. to advise. tonsernii n. one who advises; adviser (unspecified). Henkhalyi hoka tonsernii, ngiika ane. It's my mother who gives me insight when I am in a wrong thought.-to pe [´to´pe] vsuff.[do] to me; [do] for me (imperative). Hiika ball mi ngiimi lato pe. Take that ball for me! topo n. protruding part of a bamboo pole/log that that is unused during the house building process.topyo vt-i. to move down/south before someone else, to go (downward) first.

  Gramm: result suffix indicating that the action of the verb results in a blocage of something. See: -tin. Gatu. To grip something.-tu vsuff. 1. for the first time. 2. in first. Gramm: manner suffix indicating that the action of the verb happens for the first time, or that the subject is first among a group in carrying out the action denoted by the verb. Ant: -myu. Tamo gitujapa giniibo. Tamo is/was the first to lie down.-tu vsuff. broken. Gramm: result suffix indicating that the action carried out by the subject results in the object being broken. -tu...-po vsuff. hacked to pieces. Gramm: result suffix indicating that someone or something is hacked or cut up into pieces as a result of the action denoted by the verb. Jotu-Jopo. Hack/cut into pieces with a blade or a knife. Patu-papo. Hack/cut into pieces with a machete or sword.tuche n. to kick something so as to divide it; to break/split something by kicking it. tuchin vt. to know how to kick. tugii vt. to take someone along with oneself to kick something; to let/allow someone to kick something along with oneself. Ngiimi football tugii pe. Let me play football with you. Ngo niimi football tugiiso. I will let you play football with me. tugo vt. to kick something or someone before someone else does. Gramm: when enumerating only, without reference to a particular object, as in school. See: tuhe. tukun vt. (of a plural subject) to kick collectively, to kick together. tukun vt. (of a plural subject) to pick together. tukun vt. (of a plural subject) to push; to shove collectively/together.

	tu See: tur. tuchan rali See: turchan.
	tu [tu:] vt-r. to pick
	tu [´tu:] vt-r. to push; to shove.
	tuda adj. 1. upright; vertical 2. (of slope, stairs, etc) steep; rising or falling sharply. 3. direct. tudin vt. to kick something or someone deliberately/intentionally. tudin vt. to pick something deliberately/intentionally. tudin vt. to push or shove deliberately/intentionally. tudii adj. short. tudii obyo n. span. tukha adj. steep, as of a slope. Usage: Hari; Hija. tukha See: tule. tukha vt. to miskick; to miss a kick. Mo ngiimi tukhabiine. He miskicked me. (i.e. he kicked but did not hit me). tukha vt. to pick wrongly or miss to pick something. -tu vsuff. block; struck. tuba vt. (of a plural subject) to kick together. tue See: tuye. tukha vt. to fail to push or shove something.
	tuba See: turba.
	tuba vt. (of a plural subject) to pick together. tugo See: turgo.
	tuba vt. (of a plural subject) to push/shove together. tugo vt. to pick something before someone else does.
	tubi vt. to kick someone or something on someone else's behalf/for someone. tugo vt. to push/shove before someone else does.
	tubi See: turbi. tugya vt. to kick wrongly.
	tubi vt. to pick someone or something on someone else's behalf/for someone. tugya See: turgya.
	tubi vt. to push something on someone else's behalf/for someone. . tugya vt. to pick something wrongly.
	tubin vt. (of a plural subject) to kick unitedly. tugya vt. to push/shove wrongly.
	tubin See: turbin. tuhe vt. to kick something and get stuck or caught.
	tubin vt. (of a plural subject) to push unitedly. tuhii-tuke vt. to kick to and from. Aro horjin la ngiika ali tuhii-tukhelama. I strained a tendon so
	tubo vt. 1. to kick along with someone. 2. to help someone kick something. I cannot move my leg.
	tubo See: turbo. tuhin See: tuyin.
	tu-class. span of a measuring stick. Gramm: classifier (root form) prefixing numerals and certain monosyllabic adjectival roots. Used for counting spans as measured with a stick. Also used to count tuke tabyo n. (Zool.) 'woodlice', variety of small insect which was eaten during famines in olden tubo vt. 1. to pick something along with someone. 2. to help someone pick something. days. Var: tiikhe tabyo.
	forearm spans. tuye/tue, tunye, tuhinnge, tupe, tu'ngohe, tukhe, tukanuhe, tupinye, tubo vt. 1. to push/shove along with someone. 2. to help someone push/shove something. tuki 1. vt. to fold. 2. adj. folded; curved. tuki-tuhi adj. zigzagged, as of a line, road, etc. tuki-tukoahe, tulyanhe 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 stick span(s). Ladu tuye. One forearm span. tubyu n. edge. tuko vi. sinuous, as of a road.
	tu [tu] vt-r. to kick (by a person or an animal). Inka ball mi tu'nge! Go and kick that ball!
	tucha See: turcha.

tukun n:num. one stick span.

  tulyan 1. n. even edge. See: tubyu. 2. adj. even, as of an edge. tumin vt. to kick or play football casually or for pastime. Ngunu ball tuminsiidu. We are playing ball for pastime. tumin vt. to win, as in a ball game. Spain, World Cup tuminkendo la ngiika agin ho ahetayi ha no? Will you make a bet with me that Spain is going to win the World Cup? tumu n. (Anat.) pubic hair of female. tun vt. (as of fowl) to cage; to confine; to coop up; (as of humans) to confine; to incarcerate; to jail; to imprison.

	tunbi vt. to confine someone/something on someone else's behalf.
	tunblun adj. stubborn; rigid; unyielding; not inclined to listen to others.
	tu'ngin n. tree stump.
	tunii adj. arrogant.
	tunii adj. very close in time; immediate; quick. tuniipa adv. immediately; shortly; quickly.
	Hiikane tuniipa ngo miiladiima! I may not be able to do it so quickly! Syn: tunii piida.
	tunii ro n. domestic fowl.
	tuniin See: turniin.
	tuniin [tu:ni] picking.
	tuniin [´tu:niŋ] n. pushing; push.
	tu'ngu vt. to separate something by picking; to pick separately.
	tupa vt. to kick off/away.
	tupe See: diinii tupe.
	tupi n. cap (in general). From: Assamese.
	tupo n. any tree or bamboo that does not have an upper part, or whose top has been removed.
	tupo n:qual. half full; not fully filled. Turla daka yasi si tupo do. The mug of water is half full. Syn:
	papo.
	tupyo vt. to kick first/before anyone does.
	tupyo See: turpyo.
	tupyo vt. to pick first/before anyone does.
	tuma adj. 1. (of person's behaviour) quarrelsome, inclined to fight. Tumalyi hoka yarlonii, ngiika tupyo vt. to push/shove first/before anyone does.
	ane. It's my mother who calmes me down when I feel like fighting. 2. (of person's behaviour) bold;
	indiscreetly daring and dauntless.

uyi alodu; nenniin; uyi nenniin. uyi anii

  1. n. point (of something sharp) 2. adj. pointed. 3. adj. protruding, as of a roof.3. one hole. Gramm: used when referring to a particular object. When enumerating, as in school, *ukun is used instead. Var: oye. uyi [´ui] n. spirit; god. uyi achigiinii n. child's game involving dipping under the water so that others cannot see. uyi aloniin n. farewell to the gods, domestic ritual held at *myoko, and *murun during which fowls are sacrificed at the priest's house. Syn: n. (usually by women) 1. n. one who is possessed by a spirit 2. adj. (in a nominal or relatived clause) possessed by a spirit. uyi aniin [´ui´a:ni] n. spirit possession (lit. 'coming of a spirit'). uyi atu n. forest bug, uyi anyo n. house ritual involving a claustration of the domestic space. uyi atu n. forest bug, in general, an insect which feeds by sucking plant juices or saps. Includes Green Stink Bug and Cotton Bug/Red Cotton Stainer (Dysdercus sp.)

	ukha [u´xa] adj. shallow; not deep, as of a river or lake. Syn: akha.
	ulu-byalu adj. (of appearance) unclean; unhygienic; unappetizing. Syn: byurii-byarii; bulun-
	biile.
	umpu vt. to sip mistakently.
	umpu vt. to spit over someone.

umyu

  1. shadow; figure cast by the sun. 2. reflection; figure cast by a mirror. 3. soul. Miyu ka yalo. Human soul. yalo bi vcn. to echo or echo back. yasi-yalo n. reflection; figure cast in water.yalo n. slight crack, esp. in a glass or mirror. Kere talo si yalo bidonii ayumapa tachenedo. There is a slight crack running along the mirror, it may soon break. yalo bar vcn. to have cracks. Siika mirror si yalo bardoku. This mirror has got cracks. yalo barniin n. cracking (esp. in a glass or mirror). yalo vt. to calm down; to calm someone down. Tumalyi hoka yarlonii, ngiika ane. It's my mother who calmes me down when I burst out in anger.yalu n. traditional procedure to resolve unsettled disputes between two individuals, involving the slaughtering of cattle in front of the opponent's house alternatively, as well as, in certain cases, the ritual destruction of prestige valuables. Syn: yalu lisunii. yalu lisudu vcn. to challenge an opponent by resorting to a *yalu; to solve a dispute by resorting to a *yalu. [´jamu] n. fire. yamu michan n. burning coal/ember of wood. yamu milyo n. flame. yamu miiri n. charcoal; embers. Yamu miiri mi pyodu la pyobyasiitii. I got burnt while seizing embers with the tongs. yamu pami vcn. to light a fire. yamu pami-nanii n. material used for lighting a fire. yamu par vcn. to make/prepare a fire. yamu parge vcn. to start a fire by striking something that produces sparks, as a flint. yamu parge-nanii n. material used to start a fire by striking something that produces sparks, as a flint. Gramm: temporal suffix indicating that an event occurs through multiple iterations of the same activity denoted by the verb over a continuous period of time.yana n. variety of small bamboo, particularly abundant in Talle Valley. The smallest bamboo species of that area . Yanii taye/tahe. One leaf. niiji yanii n. leaf of *niiji sanii, used in beer brewing and various rituals. yanii-yaso laniin n. collection of *niiji leaves and *taser cane from respective community forests before the commencement of main events of *Myoko festival. Aba ka hadii mi Ane yanudopa lulobiineku. The mother calmed down the father's anger. 2. slow. yanuja adj. slowest. Manu moka patan ajin agin ho ter yanujapa datii. Within her agricultural labour group too, Manu was the slowest. yanuya adj. slower. yanu-yamya adj. moderate (in drinking). yanu-yanu adv. calmly; slowly. Alyi atu dorhinhe, lembo ho yanu-yanu guboladone. Three piglets were calmly crossing the street.

	yaniin n. 1. state of being decayed. 2. process of decaying.
	yaniin n. slide; swift downward.
	yanko patii. See: patii.
	yalu-yabya adj. fashionable/stylish, as said of someone who keeps himself/herself clean to attract
	others.
	yama n. poor person; pauper.
	yama n. mother; mum (familiar). Usage: Hari.
	yamu adj. (of colour) ashy.
	yamyo n. split bamboo rope.
	yamyo n. variety of body colour pattern for mithun cows. Describes an animal of overall black
	coat with a broad white patch running down the back from the head to the tail. See: tamyo.

yamu -yan vsuff. gradually; one after the other. yane n. mother; mum (familiar). Syn: yama. yango [yaŋo] n:num. five. yanii n. leaf. Var: yanu; anii; sanii. yanu [´yanu] adj. 1. calm; quiet; peaceful; patient.

yorkhun-yorje. siitii yorkhun

  . yorda ayuniin n. long chanting by the priest and other persons sitting in *dokho achan and *nyimii ingya taking place the day following cattle sacrifice in a *murun, lasting from morning to evening. The chant narrates the creation of the universe, mankind and living creatures. n. best variety of *yorkhun. yorje salyo n. outer cover of *yorje seed . yorko n. lowermost part of a hill/mountain. Ant: yordin. yorkhan n. (Bot.) Sichuan pepper (Zanthoxylum sp., possibly Z. armatum or Z. acanthopodium). n. variety of Sichuan pepper (Zanthoxylum sp.) bearing relatively large-sized berries. Etym. literally "elephant*yorkhun. (Bot.) Toothache Plant; Paracress (Acmella oleracea), a flowering herb whose small leaves are eaten . Syn: yorkhun. naru yorkhun n. variety of *yorkhun.yorlu n. private garden located at some distance from the house for growing vegetables, chillies, millet, etc. Yorlu ngoro. A vast garden. yorlu-balu n. gardens. See: balu.

	yosa n:qual. (of two or more colours) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each. Gramm: post-
	nominal qualifying noun.
	yosa n:qual. (of two or more types, kinds, varieties) 1. distinct; different. 2. one set for each.
	Gramm: post-nominal qualifying noun. Syn: lyosa, ponsa.
	yoyu ahi n. (Bot.) variety of red, edible berry.
	yoyu adj. 1. (of slopes, hills, etc.) having a smooth carving shape or movement; undulating; wavy yorbii n. slope. Syn: lenchin. 2. (of speech; song, etc.) having a level of tone not falling or rising abruptedly. Syn:
	yorbu	n. hill. Ngiinyi yorbu ho chabasiisa. Let's climb the hill together!
	yordin n. uppermost part of a hill/mountain. Etym: from adin, 'head'. Ant: yorko.
	yore num. one (row, esp. of fence). Syn: yorkun. yorepa adv. 1. in one row. 2. as one; with one
	voice; unanimously.

yorgan n. ridge. Yorgan-yore. One ridge. yorha vi. to step (usually softly, as opposed to a heavy step); to walk without making a noise. Ant: chadin. yorhan See: yorsan. yorje Var: yorkhun. Syn: yorkhan-yorje. Var: yorkhun See: yorkhan. yorkhun haman n. yormii n. dried chilly powder. yormii sudu n. bamboo mortar with a pointed bottom for grinding chilly. yorsan n. raw or green chilly. Var: yorhan. Usage: Hija. Syn: tero yorsan. Var: tero yorhan. Usage: Hija. yorsin n. dried chilly. Syn: tero yorsin.

yoyu-yoyu. yu part

  . focusing or emphatic particle. Gramm: focusing or emphatic particle used in interrogative sentences. Marks any word to which the speaker wishes to draw attention by following it. Mo no yu inne nii? Where did he/she go? Inka ude atan si nii miikopa yu? What are those houses for? Insi nii yu miido nii? What's happening here? Hu yu momi miine nii. Who (is the one who) beat him? Bus niida harne yu ha? When does the bus leave? Mo anyi niimpa yu khedo nii? Why are both of them crying? Niibo yu moka lumyoniin hii? Which one is the one reserved by him? owner of the plot of land where one particular *yugyan is located. yugyan danyi tuniin n. ritual performed during *Myoko at the house of one *Myoko yugyan ato, acompanied by invocations to the sun and moon. Encycl: on this occasion one of the hearts from the slaughtered pigs is boiled in an earthen pot and examined. myoko yugyan n. ritual clan centre where pigs are sacrificed in great numbers of the fourth day of *Myoko festival. Encycl: a peach-tree (*takun) stands in the center the ritual ground. Clan members from different places who join together on that occasion and partake of the blood of the same sacrificial pigs are considered as siblings and may not intermarry .yuha vt. to put one's hand in (e.g. in one's pocket). Ant: yulin. yuku vt. to move one's hand laterally to the opposite side of the body.yulin vt. to take one's hand out (e.g. out of one's pocket). Ant: yuha.

	absorb vt-r. sa act (of verbal vengeance) n. luliniin Alas! interj. ayadu!
	absorbed (in a task) vsuff. -na Actinidia sp. n. sanii taro Alcedo atthis n. yasi pari abstain (from work) vi. anyo/nyo Action nominalizer vsuff. -niin/-nii alert adj. alyin/alyin atu	A-a
	abstinence from work (religious) n. anyoniin/nyoniin Actor nominalizer vsuff. -nii algae n. pango-tango
	accept (proposal) vt. talii active alive vi. tur (Ha, Bu)/ tor (Hi)
	accomplish (task) vcn. miigo mii adj. alyin/alyin atu Allium sp. (edible) n. tale/lepi
	a few n:qual. iche/ichu adj. chorkii (Hi, Bu) accuse vt. khelii (Hi)/khiilii (Bu) all
	a few days n:time lonyi-lohin Accusative case marker part. mi actually n:qual. miilan/miilanru
	pron. miilan/miilanru pron. iche/ichu Accusative case suffix suff. -mi a little accustom vt. hennyo-miinyo n:qual. jimer adv. jijepa vsuff. -je vsuff. -nya
	pron. icheche/ichuche adv. iche/ichu Aceros nipalensis n. piiyo Adam's apple n. miji lanchu all over the world
	adv. lama-kiilin Aceros undulatus n. piigya-gyapu/piigya-gyalan add a little bit (of) n:qual. iche abu/ichu abu vt. abyan achieve vt. penchi vt. khiidin a lot (frequency) vsuff. -ga vt. khiidin-khiipya aching adj. achi a lot (quantity) vsuff. -ga addicted adj. diikhin aconite (Aconitum ferox) n. iimyo abhor vt. kacho addition n. khiidiniin Acorus (Acorus calamus) n. kiile tolyo able to vsuff. -la add (mix) acquaintance n. kalasiiniin about (approximately) vsuff. -gyo Acridotheres tristis n. halika* vt-r. agyo part. hepa part. masa across vt. miigyo
	about to vsuff.+vt-r. -pa mii vsuff. -bo add (state further) vt. luba
	above post. hao ho vsuff. -po act adequate adj. niirii
	above (the ground level) adv. apya vt-r. mii adhere vt-r. age/ge
	abrade vt-r. kha n. miiniin adjacent paddy field (upper) n. garta
	act (bravely and boldly) vt. miire adjacent paddy field (lower) n. garpii abrupt (manner) adj. tutupopo yu vt-r. to stretch out one's hand. act (contrary to a previous agreement) vt. miikho adjoining room/house n. belii abscess n. huli yu vt-r. to chant *ayu songs. Mo dumolyi ho biisi ayu yutii. He used to sing ayus when relaxing/resting. absent-minded act (energetically) vt. miikhe adolescent cattle n. siido
	adj. ralyu-pyala act (of physical vengeance) n. miiliniin adultery n. ipyonii.
	adj. epun tarun/iipun tarun (Hi) act (partially) vt. miisan

yubo vt. to extend one's hand across. yugyan [jugjã] n. altar or ritual ground, in general. Syn: agyan. yugyan ato n.

miicher mii be

  sitting side by side (not face to face) vi. kopii be sure of one's ability to do something vt. sape be surrounded by a large number of things, as a swarm of bees vi. bompu

	bad smell bamboo (forked) n. tarkho bamboo section (used as container) banded agate bead n. khiinii miru Barred Spiny Eel (Macrognathus pancalus) n. ribu ngiiyi battle v. gyambo pasu beam (ridge) n. malo abu/manpo bee (generic) n. nyanyi bellow vi. magu n. jinkhe-jilyin bind (in order to rectify/repair/renew something) vt. ralyan Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) n. tanii byako block body fluid n. api/api ala bore (into something) bow n. alyi
	n. jimpu-jilyin
	n. naru nenkha adj. nenkhu bamboo (immature) n. apa n. sudu class. du-Bandicota bengalensis n. pihan/uyi kubu barren (land) n. tiire jilyin/tiire jilyun vsuff. -tu vt. ruko be cop. sii bean (long) n. perun/peron bee (variety) belly n. jintii-jilyin bind (loosely in a circular motion) vcn. khiike la Black Panther (Panthera pardus) n. nyokhe vsuff. -tin body hair n. amu vt. harko bow-and-arrow n. alyi-apu/alyi-apii
	bad-tempered adj. hendii (Ha,Bu)/hindii (Hi) bamboo (small-sized, cultivated variety) n. bije-binyi bamboo section (used as container, variety) bangs n. miidu-miiye adj. chankha-dikha adj. takho n. tayan n. akhii best adj. ayaja bore (someone, esp. by talking) vt. lube be (lying) cop. do bean (variety) n. ta'ngu n. ere bind into bundle (bamboos) vt-r. rii Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) n. yasi parin vsuff. -tu...-po boil bow-legged nphr. ali liiger
	bag (variety) bamboo (cultivated variety, whose colour has turned black) n. bihan n. alo sudu bangle (metallic) barren (woman) n. are perun/peron Bee Eater (Merops sp.) n. achu galan belly button n. khiinii bet vt-r. ahe vi. hubyu bored (result) vsuff. -be be (sitting) cop. du n. amu perun/peron bind into bundle (firewood) vt-r. ra black tea n. lal sa*/lal sha* block off vt-r. aran vi-r. hu bow string n. alyi-lyiha
	karu bad luck n. pobii n. chiba n. chiru n. pyakha bait n. ani bald adj. dumbin bald head n. dinkho n. takho ball n. alin Balsam Pear (Momordica charantia) n. kerela* bamboo (generic) n. bije bamboo (variety) n. bihii (Chimnobambusa sp.) n. bije (Phyllotachis bambusoides) n. hebin (unidentified) n. hiibin (unidentified) n. hiijo (unidentified, poss. Bambusa tulda) n. hiiso (unidentified) Syn: bihe. n. riijan (Chimnobambusa sp., poss. C. griffithiana). n. tabyo (unidentified) n. tader (Pleioblastus simonii) n. tajer (unidentified) n. tapin (unidentified) n. tapyu (unidentified) n. yabin (Cephalostachium capitatum) n. yahi (Dendrocalamus hamiltonii) n. yana (unidentified) bamboo shoot (fermented) n. hikhu n. hirin n. hiyi bamboo (branchless) n. haser bamboo firewood n. saro bamboo grove n. bije n. bidu bikan bamboo grove (remote from the village) n. ado bije bamboo grove (close to the village) n. uko bije bamboo half n. potu bamboo half section (longitudinally cut) n. bije pata bamboo joint n. hatin bamboo mat n. pere n. piipin bamboo mug (variety) n. turla n. ari turla n. dompo turla n. taba turla n. kiiche bamboo partition/wall n. myopii bamboo plate n. paku (Ha, Bu, Ho)/paka (Hi) bamboo rope n. yamyo bamboo outer layer n. aru n. kiku bamboo shoot n. byapu (Ha, Bu)/behe (Hi) bamboo shoot outer cover n. byapu aru (Ha, Bu)/behe aru (Hi) n. pakho sudu n. payu sudu n. didu n. dije/hije bamboo section (used as mortar) n. yormii sudu bamboo section (used to carry fetched water) n. sudu n. yasi hiije bamboo smoking pipe n. bije sudu bamboo sharp edge (used for fencing) n. biran patu bamboo splits (used for demarcating land) n. takho bamboo stick n. lopa n. koter bamboo stilts n. ali innii-nanii bamboo strip (used to tighten the beams of a traditional house) n. roko bamboo stump n. bije biran bamboo tube receptacle n. hubu bamboo tube (used as bloodletting device) n. take birii/tiike birii bamboo wall n. tarsi banana fruit n. kiipa ahi banana tree (general) n. kiipa banana tree (wild) n. kulu banana leaf (wild) n. kulu anii band (of people, animals) class. ton-n. kapu/kapun n. kobyan n. kori n. kotan bangle (variety) n. kapu/kapun n. ami kobyan n. kopii kobyan n. kori kobyan n. misan kobyan n. nyime kori n. nyime kotan n. piilo kobyan/pulo kobyan n. rupu kobyan/rupii kobyan n. tahi kobyan banyan tree n. saro sanii Barbet (Megalaima sp.) n. piige n. pengu bare (land, landscape) adj. tabin-talin adj. takho bargain vt. paka bark vi-r. pi bark (of tree) n. salyo n. (sanii) alyo barking deer n. siidin barking deer buck n. siidin-dimbo barking deer doe n. siidin-dinnii adj. tarlun n. asu barren soil n. dikhii/kiidi-dikhii barricade n. dibii narun base n. aran/liidi aran base (of the leg and foot) n. ali aran base (of a tree) n. sanii aran bash against the ground vt. hitin basic necessities n. yasi-yamu bask vt-r. hi basket (variety) n. barde n. barju n. chukha n. giida pata n. liiha n. khanchu n. pakhe n. pater n. piiha n. piiro n. raju n. sarde n. tasin yachu n. yadin n. yagii n. yakhan n. yara n. yopo bat (generic) n. tapun bathe vt. harsu be (standing) cop. da n. man perun/peron bird (general) n. piita blacksmith n. suphu phunii miyu block (by laying something) vt. dotin n. huli bowels n. mata perun/peron beef n. sii yo belongings betray vt. talu balo bored adj. lebe n. uyi perun/peron birthplace n. buko blacksmithy n. suphu block (in one's hand) vt. gatu boil (to cook) vt-r. khii n. akhii be (born) vi. salin beer (rice/millet) n. o n. diiri better adj. ayaya boring advphr. gehepa ka n. khiijan-khiiro bear (esp. Himalayan Black Bear) n. siitin n. diiri pachi bit block (view) vt. katu boil (water) vt-r. char bladder n. sarpu/sapu be descended (from) vi. bupin beer (diluted after repeated pouring of water) n. pokhe between post. punko ho borrow vt-r. nar boy n. hime bear (child) vcn. ii'nga gii below post. ako ho n:qual. ajer/ajerhe block (by placing something) vt. latin bold blame be enough (for) vi-r. byan bear (fruit) vt-r. hi bear in mind vt. henge beer receptacle n. pinchu n. pinta below (proximate) post. iko ho bend best adj. ayaja beyond vsuff. -hii borrowing n. narniin boyfriend n:qual. che/chehe bitch (female dog) n. aki-kinii block (e.g. the passage of a needle) vt. niitu adj. aler vt-r. ga vt. halii vt. kiilii block (a stabbing) vt. niitu-niipo adj. tamo adj. tuma bossom (friend) adj. aran n. shado n. miha be inventive in doing something vcn. be worth vi. khii bead (general) n. tasan bead (variety) n. alan n. bimpu n. bukhe ripo n. biiki tasan n. gara/garya tasan n. hiiku n. khiinii miru n. lebu n. lebu ralin n. nyime perun/peron n. page n. pike tasan n. pilya papu n. sambyu n. sampu/sampo n. sampyu n. sampyu perun n. tado beak n. hibu beam n. jombii beard n. gommu beat vt-r. dan beat (heart) vi-r. du beat (heart) n. aha duniin beautiful adj. kapyo adj. kapyo-tapyo adj. bolyo adj. diilyi-diilo because (of that) conj. hopa conj. hosu beckon vt. hoye become vi-r. lyi become poor vi. jugo-byago become smaller vt. betun bedbug (Cimex sp.) n. pepu tabu bedtime n. imidu beetle n. chunyi beeswax n. ikun befall vi. yaje before vsuff. -marampa before (someone else does) vsuff. -go before (any other does) vsuff. -pyo beg vt-r. ku vt-r. mya vt-r. kha begining n. miiriniin behalf vsuff. -bi behind post. kiilin ho belch vi. arkhu vi. piidi bell (Tibetan) n. maji n. aki jilyin/aki jilyun bell (priestly) n. dolyan riichan vsuff. -ki bite blood n. ayi both n:qual. anyi bolt bracelet (metallic) bland adj. sarsii vt. miiki bend (down) vi. hu'nga/honki (Hi) vi. kotu bend (forward) vt. khanju bend (slightly) vt. taki benign (lesion, injury) adj. unyo bent adj. paki/pakii adj. palyo adj. liiger/liiger-bager adj. pager bent (result) vsuff. -ki bequeath vt-r. pen (Ha, Bu)/pin (Hi) berry (generic) n. ahi n. jilyin/jilyun berry (variety) biased adj. hensan big vsuff. -ro adj. kaye big toe n. liinii billy goat n. siibin bimpo Billygoat-weed (Ageratum conyzoides) n. hiiyi tami bind vt-r. pa vt-r. ara/ra vt-r. hii vt-r. pu vt-r. rii bind (bamboos or trees together, so as to make an enclosure) vt-r. de bind (firewood, relatively heavy objects) vt. rapo Black Kite (Milvus migrans) n. more miiya Black-necked crane n. kenda/kena vi-r. go vi-r. pyan body armour n. hupo n. gambii boundary marker (in paddy fields) n. sankhan n. alan body n. au bind (bamboos) vt-r. arii/rii Black-headed Munia (Lonchura atricapilla) n. piidi bloat boundary n. ari border (of an object) boar n. siire bind (with cane rope) vt-r. akii vt-r. chi n. chiniin bite (as play) vt. chimin bloom both (of them) pron. monyi vt. arko n. kapu/kapun blanket n. kente blast vt. bupur vt. khiitin n. kobyan both (of you) pron. niinyi n. kori vi-r. -pu vi. pulin bone n. kotan bother vt. henga bite (snake) vt-r. ta bitter adj. kochi Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia) n. kerela* blabber v. khanga blabbermouth adj. khanga black adj. ji black (deep) adj. ji kiina blackout n. ropuha Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) n. chikhii-chikho Black Eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis) n. tayan miili blaze n. muchu/miichu (Hi)/myuchu (Bu) blow (air with the mouth) vt-r. mu n. alo bracelet (variety) bother (someone) n. lobu bleed vi-r. ayi blend vt. miiyo bless vt-r. lyan blessing n. lyanniin blink (eyes) vt. mibe n. lyoniin n. gambii boulder n. yalan puro n. buniin/une buniin vt. pakhiin vt. pikhiin n. ari bottom (of a tree) n. aran blister (of wound) border (of an area) n. iko blunt n. ako boom! expr. bu [bu:]/buhu n. akan Blue-throated Barbet (Megalaima asiatica) n. piige blind person n. ami-michanii miyu book n. kheta* bottom Blue pine tree (Pinus wallichiana) n. piisa sanii blind adj. ami-micha blow (air with the mouth or nose) vt-r. sa bone marrow n. lochun n. kapu/kapun vsuff. -hu-...-ha n. ami kobyan vt. miihu-miiha n. kopii kobyan blow (wind) vt-r. he n. kori kobyan bone of the arm n. lapya Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) n. misan kobyan blow out vt. mupa blue adj. jiji n. nyime kori boneless meat n. yalan bonfire n. murpu n. nyime kotan n. pinchu n. pinta n.

piilo kobyan/pulo kobyan n. rupu kobyan/rupii kobyan n. tahi kobyan

	buffalo cow n. mendii-diinii bundle (of ropes) class. kii-by way of adv. yanupa
	adv. hatii-miilii
	buffoon n. piicha bundle (of threads) class. hor-post. pa
	bug (green variety) n. uyi atu bugle (made of catlle horn) n. siirii bundle up vt-r. a'nga post. hopa by means of what pron. niilo can vsuff. -ken/-kin vsuff. -kendo/-kindo bundle up (bamboos) vt-r. rii by mistake vsuff. -pu vsuff. -lakendo/-lakindo	C-c
	build vt-r. mii bundle up (firewood) vt-r. ra by oneself vsuff. -sii (Ha, Hi)/ -su (Bu) cancel (something through thought) vt. hempya
	build (a bund along the embankment of a stream) vcn. padin ditin burn by what means pron. niitampa canal n. bogo/yasi bogo
	build (house) vt-r. pen (Ha,Bu)/pin (Hi) vt-r. bya vi-r. lya cabbage n. kobi* cane n. yaso
	build (water channel) vt-r. la vt-r. hon/ron Cabbage Leaf Mustard (Brassica juncea var. rugosa) n. giyan haman cane (variety)
	building n. penniin burning coal n. yamu michan cable (metallic) n. sosin n. taser
	Bulbul (Pycnonotus sp.) n. kekuru bulge n. sargyun burning (of a flame) n. tiniin n. sarlan cage vt-r. tun n. tachi burnt (result) vsuff. -bya n. taha cajole vt-r. anyo n. takhe
	vi-r. go vi. punde n. tarpi calculate vt-r. khii burst n. lyunchan
	bulging (of stomach) n. khiithii vi-r. bu vi. buche calf (cow) n. sii atu cane loop (fixed on mithun horns to tie it before sacrifice) n. subu riigo
	vi. bute
	bull n. siibo/sii hiibo vi. bute-buye calf (deer) n. siidin atu cane rope n. saha/siiha (Hi)
	bumble bee n. tatu nanu bury vt. ali/li calf (mithun) n. subu atu canine tooth n. diipyo ahi
	bump vt-r. tu bushy jungle n. tiire apya calf (of leg) n. liisi Canis aureus n. siipya
	bun (female) n. dilin business (personal) n. kiiri pamo call vt-r. gyoniin cannot
	bunch busy adj. hapunma call (someone) vt-r. gyo vsuff. -
	n. apun (Hi)/apyun (Bu) butterfly n. poper call (back) vt. gyokur
	class. byan-braid vt-r. pya (Hi)/pyar (Bu) class. pun-(Hi)/pyun-(Bu) buttocks n. kota call (something by a particular name) vt-r. lu
	braid (of hair) n. pyaniin (Hi)/pyarniin (Bu) bund (of a paddy field) n. ager button n. lako calm adj. yanu
	braided rope n. pyaniin (Hi)/pyarniin (Bu) bund (of a paddy field, short in height) n. ager sopi/ager-garlo buy vt-r. rii calm (patient/confident) adj. hatii
	brain n. punyu bundle (of bamboos) buy for someone vt. riibi calm down (result) vsuff. -lo
	branch (of tree) n. bije arii class. rii-by means of calm down (someone from his anger) vt. yarlo
	n. abyo n. aha calm down (someone verbally) vt. lulo post. pa bundle (of flat objects) class. chen-post. lo n. sambii (Bu) calmly

kenma/-kinma vsuff. -lakenma/-lakinma vsuff. -lama

	n. gari* vt-r. jo vt. joka carry (together/jointly, on the shoulder or by hand)
	vt-r. bar vt. barka
	Carambola tree (Averrhoa carambola) n. kordo* vt. joba
	carry (a baby across one's chest) vt. korii carry away (river) vt. tulo vt. jobin
	Carassius carassius n. lanchan ngiiyi vt. jokun
	carry (astride on the shoulders) vt. halyan piidi (Hi)/hoyi tani (Bu) carry (for someone) vt. joyin
	carbon particles from smoke n. muku-mui
	carry (by means of a shoulder strap) vt-r. kokho vt. babi carry (together/jointly, with a horizontal bar/rod)
	Cardamine hirsuta n. aji padii haman vt. giibi
	carry (in one's arms, esp. kid) vt-r. go vt. jobi vt. barba
	vt. barbi vt. barbin Cardamom (Elletaria cardamomum) n. ilaichi* carry (on one's body) vt-r. gii vt. barkun
	careless carry (improperly/ackwardly) vt. baryin
	carry (on the back of something/on one's shoulder or head) vt-r. ba
	vt. baku-balya carry (up) adj. chudu-chubo adj. huha vt. giiku-giilya carry (on the shoulder or by hand) vt-r. jo vt. joku-jolya vt. bacha
	carelessly vsuff. -pa...-ma vt. barku-barlya vt. giicha carry (with a horizontal bar/rod) vt-r. bar vt. jocha
	caress carry (with one's hands) vt. jojokhe carry (in) vt. barcha
	vt-r. hi vt. balii carry bag n. jola carry (across) vt. giilii vt. hika vt. poi-poso caress n. hiniin vt. jolii carrying fare n. bajo vt. babo vt. barlii vt. giibo vt. barbo carry (mistakenly or inadvertently) vt. jobo carrying handle n. jogin
	cast (stick, spear) vt-r. chi careful (in speaking) adj. lujer caring (of something) n. ruguniin caring (kindly) nphr. aha keyin vt. bapu carry (along with oneself) vt. giipu castrate vcn. artin ku vt. jopu vt. bagii vt. giigii vt. barpu casual adj. dumin
	carnelian bead n. lebu vt. jogii vt. bargii carry (outside) casual (unimportant) adj.
	carnelian bead (variety) vt. balin carry (along with someone) vt. giilin
	n. lebu ralin n. rinyo lebu vt. jolin vt. babo vt. giibo vt. barlin
	Capped Langur (Trachypithecus pileatus) n. biser/siibi-biser n. yasi lebu vt. jobo vt. barbo carry (some more)
	cap n. tupi* cap (traditional) n. byopa capable vsuff. -la Capricornis miineedwardsii n. kiidi siibin carriage n. baniin vt. babyan carry (around, from one place to another) vt. giibyan carrier (person) n. banii vt. jobyan vt. bahii-bakhe vt. barbyan vt. giihii-giikhe carrier (tool) n. ba-nanii carrot n. gajer* vt. johii-jokhe vt. barhii-barkhe carry (together/jointly, on the back of something)
	car carry carry (as a trial/to see what happens) vt. baba vt. babin
	n. paji* vt-r. ba vt-r. gii vt. bakun vt. baka vt. giika vt. bayin

amii-alo casual rate n. khiiju/dumin khiiju casually vsuff. -min...-yin

	vt. gatu vt. lakun cause (annoyance by talking) ceremony (collective ritual)
	vt. layin
	catch (someone by holding his body by both hands) vt. lulu n. ditun
	Catchfly (Silene sp.) n. jojuru vt. lulu-lugo n. potun
	vt-r. chi
	vt. chitu catch hold of vt-r. sii/shii cause (conflict by arguing) vt. lubyu ceremonies (collective rituals) n. ditun-potun
	catch (in a noose trap) vt-r. ho catching cause (confusion in doing something) vt. miilu-miile certain (that) part.
	catch (in a snare) vt-r. pyar n. laniin cause (physical pain or injury) vcn. une miigii
	n. ganiin
	catch (along with someone) n. chiniin cause (something to burn) vt. miibya
	vt. labo caterpillar n. pombo/pomo cause (sprain/injury by beating with a stick or rod) vt. dankhii
	vt. gabo
	vt. chibo caterpillar (variety) cautious (in speaking) adj. lujer
	catch (and hold firmly) n. ipun tarun cavity (in soil) n. rabu/ubu-rabu
	n. yalan pomo
	vt. latu caw (frog) vi-r. kho
	vt. gatu Catla Fish (Cattla cattla) n. kopii ngiiyi
	vt. chitu
	cattle celebrate (festival) vt-r. so
	catch (before anyone else does)
	n. dorlo celebration n. soniin
	vt. gapyo n. dorlo-siibo
	vt. lapyo n. sii-subu ceiling battens n. manko
	vt. chipyo
	cattle bull n. siibo ceiling floor n. reke
	catch (for someone)
	cattle bucrane (used as a warning sign against intrusion from outsiders) n. dapo-pogyan ceiling rack n. bade/yo bade (Hi,Ho)/khachi/yo lankhan (Ha,Bu)
	vt. labi
	vt. gabi Catopuma temmincki n. solan cellulitis n. tiike diiniin
	vt. chibi
	caught vsuff. -he Centella asiatica n. ngiilyan khiiko.
	catch (someone together/jointly by holding his body by both hands)
	cauldron n. kera piichan center n. liipa
	vt. chiba
	cat n. ami vt. chibin vt. chikun cause centipede n. tarji
	vt. chiyin vsuff. -gii central adj. liipa
	cataract n. ami talu catch (together/jointly with the hand) vt. miigii ceremonial friend (Apatani)
	catch (fish with a pole) vt-r. tii/ti (Hi) vt. laba cause (someone to do something) vsuff. -gii n. bunii ajin
	catch (with the hand) vt. labin vt. lakun n. punyan ajin/piinyan ajin cause (a burn) vt. miibya n. khiibo ajin
	vt-r. la vt. latu vt. layin cause (annoyance or irritation) ceremonial friend (non-Apatani)
	catch (by gripping) catch (together/jointly by gripping) vt. laba vt. miibyu n. manyan/baro manyan vt. miibyu-lubyu n. gyatu ajin
	vt-r. ga vt. labin

henko-hempe mii/hinko-himpe mii (Hi)

	vsuff. -nii n. giiju n. dorii piilo vt. tiidin-tiipi commission (paid to a mediator in a trade deal) n. dujo/dujo mudu completely vsuff. -nya confusion n. apun-aka
	n. giiju-giimyo n. tapin piilo/tiipin piilo
	close Colocasia esulenta n. inhe commit (mistake inadvertently) vt. miipu comprise vt. dogyo connect
	cloud n. jomii/jomu collapse vi. giiyi
	vsuff. -pin/-pyan colour striped adj. rimyo-riso commit (adultery) vt. ipyo conceal vt-r. me
	vt. miipin Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) n. hogya collect vt-r. nu vt. medin-mepi
	vsuff. -tin color (chemical dye) n. ron* commit (blunder) vt. miigya vt-r. chun vt. mesi
	cloudy adj. domin collect (firewood) vt-r. lyo vsuff. -chun vt. mesi-meme
	close (door) vt. yachi Columba leuconata n. ude paku commit (offense/crime) vt. miigya vt. jochun
	close (hand) vt. lapu cluster n. apun-(Hi)/apyun-(Bu) vt. pechun collect (firewood together/jointly) Columba pulchricollis n. khentii paku commitment n. golin kuniin vt. sanchun consist of vt. dogyo
	close (intimate) adj. aran/uran clutch vt. gati vt. lyoba vt. lyobin comb Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) n. ngiiyi concentrated (food, beverage) adj. hiinin console (child) vt-r. mya
	close (mouth) vt. gompin/gompyan coagulated blood n. ayi-yilin vt. lyokun vt. lyoyin n. akhii/adin akhii Common Hoopoe (Upupa epops) n. pagi yarii condemn vt. lupa conspire vt-r. ru
	close (something by pushing) vt. nantin coal n. muri/miiri collect (building materials) vt-r. na vt. dintu Common Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) n. yasi pari cone (of conifers) n. sakhu/piisa-sakhu consume (food exagerately/wastefully) vt. diikho
	close (something by rolling a rounded object over it) vt. jirpin coat collect (firewood along with someone) vt. lyobo combine Common Indian Monitor (Varanus bengalensis) n. gyoyi tabu confident consume (one's provisions exagerately/wastefully) vt. diikho-tankho
	close (the mouth) vt. gonpin/gompin n. pulye n. tongo collect (gather) vt-r. hu vt-r. adin vsuff. -din adj. peko Common Myna (Acridotheres tristi) n. halika* adj. hathii construct (house) vt-r. pen (Ha, Bu)/pin (Hi)
	close (eyes) vt. miti Cobra Snake (Naja Kaouthia/Ophiophagus hannah) I'm about to have my dinnerborta-tabu collect (honey) vt-r. len combine (two or more things so as to make a pile) vt. tadin Common Walnut (Juglans regia) n. hiiho sanii adj. pepe siire construction
	close (with the hand) vt. lapin (Hi)/burta-tabu/buta-tabu collect (liquid) vt-r. ha combined vsuff. -gyo community n. butii n. penniin (Ha, Bu)/pinniin (Hi) confine vt-r. tun class. pen-(Ha, Bu)/pin-(Hi)
	close (with a lid or cork) vt. atu Cobra Lily (Arisaema sp.) n. uyi tanyi collect (with a basket or a net) vt-r. ha come compare conflict container (bamboo)
	close (with something) vt. jopin cob (of corn/maize) n. piiko cobweb n. rimi tasun/rimbi dansun (Hi) collect (together/jointly) vt. huba vi-r. a vi-r. ha vsuff. -tin vt. khiitin vsuff. -byu n. sudu n. gasu-pasu class. du-
	vsuff. -de vt. jotin close to advphr. biilyo ho closely (directional) vsuff. -de closely adv. adomapa closely class. byar-closed-fisted hand n. lapu cloth n. pulye class. byar-/ber-cloth button n. pulye lako vt. tiida cold season clothing style cock n. ropo/paro-ropo cockfeathers n. miigan cockroach n. tati coddle (baby, animal) vt. miibu-miiga coil (thread) vt-r. lin adj. chanchan adj. lakhii cold (illness) n. sarin collecting n. laniin vt-r. tii comfortable adj. henjun complete (the cooking of something) vt. khiija confused (by what one sees) vi. kamur vt. lume-luja collide come on interj. kiije vt. lume confused (by what one hears) vi. tamur vt. luja collectively vsuff. -kun vi-r. lin vi. linpo complete/conclude a speech vsuff. -lu....-le cold vt. habin vt. hakun vt. hayin collect (with hands) vt-r. ho come (inside to do something) vsuff. -ha/-a come (in to gossip) v. khanha come (out) vsuff. -me vsuff. -khiin...-mii vt. miime-miija adj. susumomo vt. miime adj. rimi romo vt. miija vi. hempun-henka vsuff. -thii vi. henko-hempe/hinko-himpe (Hi) vsuff. -me...-ja adj. akhiin-amii cockscrow n. paro khoniin vt. hubin vt. hukun vt. huyin collect (together/jointly, with a basket or a net) vt. haba come close vi. ade vi. anii come (home) vi-r. a compete vsuff. -go...-lo contents (of a book) n. giiniin confortable adj. henjun complain vt-r. shor complete (doing something) vsuff. -ja confuse someone (bewilder) vcn. confused continually and regularly adv.
	vt. tiidin

tiilii-tiilii continuously vsuff. -jo...-jo

	converse (with someone) vt. lurii corner (of the hearth) n. ugu pachan cover crack (in glass, mirror) n. yalo creator (specified) n. piiniibo/pinii-puniibo crouch dawning n. loniin dented destroy (violently) vcn. pudu-punyu pu difficult (to do something) vsuff. -ru disapprove vt. kakha distant adj. ado do (actually) vt. miije do (inappropriately) vt. miibur docile (obedient) adj. denki (Ha, Bu)/dinki (Hi) drag in n. giiju drizzle (on a sunny day) n. dopun miido dusk nphr. alyin jimi jama eat vt-r. dii edge
	vt. agii early ripening rice (generic) n. mipya
	convince (persuade) vt-r. yar cornsilk n. tanyi marpu vsuff. -pu crack (in rock, wall, floor) n. gorgi creature n. punii/piinii vi. chogin day vsuff. -ka destruction n. miiduniin dig (with a hoe) vt-r. ta disc/disc-like object class. bar-distinct adj-r. -sa do (again) vt. miiti do (in a systematic way) vt. miigo-biila docile (not ferocious) adj. amin vt. selii drool n. ri dust eat (by mistake/inadvertently) vt. diipu n. chirii
	continuously (generated) adv. shuhu contract vi. betun contribute vt. bibo contribution n. mihin convenient adj. miiji-miipa convenient (for) vsuff. -ji vsuff. -ji...-pa convince (people one by one) vt. yarsi/yarsi-yarsi cook (by boiling) vt-r. khii cook (for someone) vt-r. khiibi cook (the wrong way) vt. khiikha cook (till dry) vt. khiipa cooked adj. amin cooked rice n. apin cooking n. khiiniin cooking way/procedure n. khiiju cool adj. habun cool (moderately cold) adj. helye coop up vt-r. tun cooperatively vsuff. -gya copy (what someone is doing) vsuff. -lyan vt. miilyan correct vt. miider correctly vsuff. -da cork n. atu-nanii Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) n. dunyan* corn n. tanyi corn (on foot) n. tayin tarpin/tai tarping corner (of a house) n. baran/baran-bako n. khonchan/ude khonchan corpse (dead body) n. siima correct vt. miider correctly vsuff. -da Corvus macrorhynchos n. piiha/puha cosmos n. siichan miido cost vt-r. khii cost (a lot or too much) vt. khiiga costly adj. khiinii cotton n. empya cough n. sarin cough vcn. sarin sa could not [do] vsuff. -lakuma count vt-r. khii count (as) vt-r. khii count (as a trial) vt. khiika count (fast) vt. khiiga count (in a confused or confusing manner) vt. khiilu-khiile count (incorrectly) vt. khiika count (the major part of something) vt. khiikhu-khiiche counting n. khiiniin n. khiikaniin counting stick vt. koter courageous vt. haro vt. miipu cover (one's head with a blanket or cloth) vt. kulu cover (something) vt. pulu cover (with a cloth) vt. kepu covetous adj. kau cow n. sii cow (as opposed to bull) n. sii hiinii/siinii cow (heifer) n. siido cow dung n. sii ikha cow skin n. siilyo coward/cowardly adj. hame adj. miju adj. miju-mija nphr. aha piimo cowrie shell n. takin cowrie sword strap n. tahin/tayin cozy vi. gubu giiba crabby (bad-tempered) adj. hindii crack vi-r. bar vt-r. de vt-r. ta vt. beche vt. tache vi. tache crack (in bund) n. dego crack (jokes) vt-r. so crack (with an axe or a hoe) vt-r. ta crack (wood) vi. bekho crack of dawn n:time konchi crackle onom. buji-buji crackle (fire) vcn. buji-buji hon Crassocephalum crepidioides n. genda haman/halyan haman. crawdad n. tasin/tashin crawl vi-r. gu crawl (snake) vi-r. lyi crawl across vi. gubo crawl across (snake) vi-r. lyibo crawl through the thicket vi. par crazy adj. rungya adj. rungya-ruya create vt-r. pii vt. helin-miilin vt. miilin-lulin created adj. punii/piinii created thing n. punii/piinii creation n. helin-miilinniin n. miilin-lulinniin creator (unspecified) n. piinii/pinii-punii creep (plant) vi-r. man creeper (generic) n. taru Creeping Fern (Cyclosorus glandulosus) n. riji crevice n. gorgi Creeping Woodsorrel (Oxalis corniculata) n. khuyi haman/o haman/hako haman (Du) crisis n. hache/hache siire crispy adj. giire crisscross vt. leko criticism n. sarniin n. sarpaniin criticize vt-r. sar vt. sarpa vt. lupa vt. nyapa crooked adj. sulyi-sume cross vi-r. bo cross (river) vt-r. re vt. rebo cross hatch vt. leko cross sign (used as a warning sign) n. lako crossed (legs) adj. pake cross-eyed adj. ami horlyi crossed-legged adj. pake crossroad n. lembya-leran vi. poju (Bu) crow n. piiha/puha vi-r. kho crowbar n. dachan piilo crowd vi-r. bun crowd into vi. bunnga crown of the hair n. harkhii (Hi)/hakhii (Bu) Crucian Carp (Carassius carassius) n. lanchan ngiiyi cruel adj. kiinyi crumble vi. giiyi crunchy adj. giire crush vt-r. par crush (into bits/powder) vt. parmii crush (in the soil with the foot) vt. chaban crush (something by walking on it) vt. chamii vt. chamii-chaka crush (something underfoot) vt. nyata crush (with hands) vt-r. ke cry (weep) vi-r. khe n. kheniin cry (along with someone) vi. khebo cry (result) vsuff. -khe cry out vi. magu n. alo class. lo-day after tomorrow n:time rida day after tomorrow morning n:time rida aro day after tomorrow evening n:time rida alyin day after tomorrow night n:time rida ayo dead body n. siima deaf adj. rubi/yaru-rubi debt n. gyandi n. pagi n. pamyo deceiver n. surudonyo December n. kume piilo deep adj. uran/aran defecate vi. ipa vt-r. sa defective adj. byanii defend vsuff. -ter defend one's opinion vt. luter defecation n. saniin defer vt. pakan delayed adj. diirii delicious (to eat) adj. diipyo dent (by pressing down) vt. tenka vsuff. -ye delighted adj. hempyo demarcate vt. khelo demarcate by drawing a line vt. riche demolish vt-r. pya den n. asi depressed adj. haru/heru adj. aha kamo depressed (ground) adj. baka adj. paka depression n. paka descend vi-r. to descend back vi. tokur descend from vi. bupin descendant n. oho ashi desert (run away) vt. harku deserted (surroundings) adj. tayan rara/taya rara desirous (of doing something) vsuff. -nan despite (that) vsuff. -sii vsuff. -siijalo/-siijalopa destroy vsuff. -du vt. miidu vt-r. pya detach vsuff. -su vt. miisu vt-r. di vt. dipa dig out (excavate) vt-r. dur dig out (with some levering tool/mechanism) vt-r. he vt. heko discernment vsuff. -cher discourage (from doing) vt. lupya discouragement n. satun discriminate distinguish (discriminate) vt. henngu-here distressing adj. hennga-henka distinct suff. -sa distribute vt-r. pe do (along with someone) vt. miibo do (appropriately) vt. miidi do (as a trial) vt. miika do (back) vt. miikur do (in a wasteful manner) vt. miibi vt. miilyu do (in excess) vcn. pale mii dog n. aki dog excreta n. aki ipa dog hair n. aki amu Dollarbird (Eurystomus orientalis) n. piise vt. bolii drag out vt. selin vt. bolin dragging dress up vt. khelii dressing style n. giiju dried adj. pitan dried chilly n. yorsin/tero yorsin drop vt-r. alo vt. tiilo n. diimer n. piimer early ripening rice (variety) n. pyanyi eat (first, before someone else does) vt. diigo n. nyatan n. tubyu E-e n. pyare edible adj. diisii eat (first, before anyone else does) vt. diipyo n. pyatii dysentry n. ichan n. pyapin eat (for refreshment) vt. diipyo/diipyo-diiso educate vt. sangii n. pyapu drop (liquids) vi-r. du n. pyatii kobya n. ji pyatii Eel Fish (Macrognathus pancalus and Aborichtys Elongatus) n. ribu ngiiyi eat (frugally) vt. diijo-diimyo detach something by lifting it vt. josu deter (from doing) vt. lupya detest vt. kacho dew n. emer n. emiin n. miru dew drop n. enjan/injan (Hi) de-weed vcn. tami mii de-weed (in rice field) vcn. aru mii diaphragm n. hapu diarrhoeal infection n. ichan Dicrurus bracteatus n. palyan Dicrurus macrocercus n. chikhii-chikho digging stick n. byukho n. damu different adj. lyohe adj. lyosa adj. ponge adj. ponsa adj. yosa differenciate vt. ka'ngu dig (underneath something) vt. rapii dig up (plants, with complete removal of roots) vt-r. bu dilute vt-r. apyo dim adj. jimi-jama dimple n. golu paka dinner n. alyin apin dinner time n. apin piichan miidu Dioscorea alata n. in'yin dip one's head into the water vt. nyambun/nyambyun (Bu) direction n. dalyi direct adj. parda dirt n. kacho tanii n. kachoniin dirt (of the feet) n. liikhiin dirty adj. kacho dirty vt. miibe/miibyu disease n. achi-ahe disagree vt. chekho vt. lukho vt. takho vt. henngu-here vt. ka'ngu-kare discriminate somone by an action vt. mii'ngu vt. mii'ngu-miire disembarrassed (free from worry) adj. henser dish (plate) n. paku (Ha, Bu, Ho)/paka (Hi) disheartened vi. hensu-hera dishonest adj. dema-hama dishonest act n. dema-hama miiniin dishonour n. asu-asa dislike (someone) vt. karu-taru dismantle vt-r. pya dismember (slaughtered animals) vt-r. khu disobedient adj. dema display vt. tonkin dispose of vt. to dispute n. pabyo n. gasu-pasu v. gaya v. paya-gaya distance n. ado distrust vt. hemmo disturb vt. miiko-miipe dive in vi. chuha diverge (from one's path) v. sargya divert vt. ingu divide a paddy field vt. garche divide vsuff. -che divide (a garden plot into smaller plots) vt. papii divide (food) vt. diiche divide (provisions) vt. diiche-tanche divination n. miyu kaniin divination (through examination of the liver of sacrificed chicken) n. koniin divination (through examination of eggs) n. piniin divine vt-r. miyu ka vt-r. ko vt-r. pi do vt-r. mii do! (imperative) vsuff. -to vsuff. -nanto do (improperly) vt. miilyo n. sarpu-sarse doe n. dinnii/siidin-dinnii drag (along by a rope) vt-r. bo dress Dung Beetle n. ipa chunyi (Ha, Bu)/toro (Hi) n. pinchi sarse ecthyma n. buli une vsuff. -lyato do (before someone else does) vt. miigo do (before anyone else does) vt. miipyo do (beforehand/ahead of time) vt. miimyo do (by oneself) vt. miisu/miisii do (confusely) vt. miikhiin-miimii do (correctly) vt. miida vcn. miider la mii do (deliberately/purposely) vt. miidin do (early) vt. miikun do (easily) vt. miipyo-miipa do (excessively) vt. miihii do (differently from before) vt. miigu do (for a long time) vt. miide vt. miikan do (for feeding oneself) vt. miido do (for free) vt. miinyo do (for the first time) vt. miitu do (from a distance) vt. miisa do (in vain) vt. miinu-miina do (ingeniously) vcn. miicher mii do (on someone else's behalf) vt. miibi do (over and over again) vt. miije-miije do (secretely) vt. miisi do (someone a favour that he/she has the obligation to return) vt. miigyo do (the last thing) vt. miite do (things one after the other) vt. miiyan do (till completion) vt. miinye vt. miipe do (together/jointly) vt. miiba vt. miikun vt. miimur do not! (imperative) vsuff. -yo vsuff. -yo ka vsuff. -lyayo vsuff. -lo drag vt-r. se dreamy adj. ema tupe drenched adj. pachosiinyo drive (fast) vt. harga drive (the wrong way) vt. hargya adj. ensu dull (blade edge through repeated use) vt. pakhiin easy (to say) vt. lupyo adj. miijer-miiber early ripening millet (variety) vsuff. -jer...-ber easy (to do) vt. miipyo vsuff. -jer early (morning) n:time aro konchi doze off inadvertently vi. irun dream vcn. ema ma/ima ma drive (an animal) vt. dar n. ensu easy vsuff. -pyo economical early (in the morning) advphr. aro konchi ho vsuff. -yi dream n. ema/ima drive (back) vt. harkur dud (rice or rice crop) early vsuff. -kun east facing side n. myobya echo (back) vcn. yalo bi vt. miikha downward draw (mark) vt. tiho drive (vehicle) vt-r. har Duculia badia n. diilyan paku ear wax n. yaru ruhi east n. tapan echo vcn. yalo bi do (wrongly) vsuff. -lo vsuff. -yi draw (line) vt-r. ri drinking n. tanniin duckling n. paje atu ear piercing hole (secondary) n. rutin easily inclined to shed tears nphr. ami ajan eating n. diiniin do (without a set purpose) vt. miimin down draw (extract water) vt-r. su vt. tankun vt. tan'yin duck n. paje ear piercing hole n. yaru ubu easily done vsuff. -pyo eater n. diinii/diiniibo vt. miiyin domestic animals n. aki-paro domestic fowl n. tunii ro dominate vt. halo Doodlebug n. iichi padu door n. alye door latch/fastener n. lyeko n. lyepu n. arko-nanii dose n. diitun doubt vt. hemmo dove n. paku double chin n. nyanyu vt. seniin dried chilly powder n. yormii drop (a little food/drink from the dining table as ritual offering) vt. piicho earn vt-r. la effort n. miiter eat (one's fill/until sated) vt. diide vt. boniin dried meat nphr. sankho yo drown vi. puha each (of) n:qual. ako tare (Hi)/ako tere (Ha)/ako ter (Bu)/ako tiire (Ho) earring n. rupin/yaru-rupin egg n. papu eat (out) vt. diite dragonfly n. konchi (Hi)/gonchi (Ha) drink vt-r. tan dry each (one) n:qual. ako abi earring (variety) egg shell n. pakhu/papu-pakhu eat (together/along with others) dragonfly (variety) drink (along with others) vt. tanbo vt-r. sii vt-r. api ear n. yaru n. laran egg white n. papu alyo vt. diiba n. apan kema n. byago takho n. dui gonchi drink (before someone else does) vt. tango drink (before anyone else does) vt. tanpyo dry (by blowing) vt. hepi ear (left) n. ruchi yaru n. larin n. yaru lachan vt. diiba-diika egg yolk n. hayan/papu hayan vt. diibo n. ruyo vt. diikun n. jijin tayin n. lanchan gonchi n. yaju piikho dragonfly larva n. tasin drain (water) n. supuyu (Hi)/supyu (Ha)/supu (Bu) drain (water from a rice field) vt-r. age vt. page drape the leg over something vt. paje ear (right) n. rubi yaru vt. diiyin eggplant (variety) dry (under the sun) vt. alo earth (soil) n. kiidi drink (by mistake/inadvertently) vt. tanpu dry (by setting out in the sun and wind) vt. jarpi eat (to pass time) vt. diimin n. byako ear (upper part) n. yaru-rutu earth (ground, world) n. myobyu n. hiiro haman drink (for a long time/beyond the alloted time) vt. tankan drink (in a wasteful manner) vt. tanbi drink (in an improper way) vt. tanlyo dry (over or above the fire) vt-r. aha/ha eat (up/all of one's food) vt. diira n. kado ahi ear drum n. yaru-rubu ear lobe n. yaru pinmi/yaru-rupin n. Misan byako earthfall n. chabya harniin earthquake n. myobyu huniin n. siitii byako eat (voraciously) vt. diiga n. Tanii byako vt. roha vt. hapi vt. hasin ear lobe ring n. rubin/yaru-rubin eatables egoistic adj. pimbu earthworm n. dorgi drink (in one gulp) vt. kudu drink together vt. tanba ear of a crop n. elyan earwig n. yapin-yaru n. diigo eight n. diigo-tango dry field n. lyapyo dry up vi-r. gya ear of rice n. empii ease tension vt. yarlo n. diisii n:num. pinye n. diisii-tansii num-r.

-pinyi/-pinye eighteen n:num. alyan hela pinye/alyan le pinye

	elbow n. ladu miru (Hi)/ladu mirii (Ha)/ladu milyin (Bu)
	elder brother (term of address) n. ate
	elder brother (term of reference) n. atebo
	elder brother (term of reference, male speaking) n. aban
	elder brother's wife (term of address) n. achi
	elder brother's wife (term of reference) n. achibo
	elder sister (term of address, male speaking) n. ata
	elder sister (term of address, female speaking) n. ami
	elder sister (term of reference, male speaking) n. atabo
	elder sister (term of reference, female speaking) n. ami
	elder sister's husband (term of address) n. ahu
	elder sister's husband (term of reference) n. mabo
	eldest person
	nphr. akha ja
	nphr. aban ja
	eldest son nphr. oho hiiroja
	elephant n. siitii
	elephant tusk n. siitii ahi
	elevation (erection) n. achaniin
	eleven n:num.
	eighty n:num. pinyi khannge
	eigth lunar month
	n. milo piilo
	n. mipya piilo
	n. halo piilo
	either...or conj. jalo ... jalo
	Elatostema platyphyllum n. hiipe haman
	Elephas maximus n. siitii

either (each of) pron. ako tare (Hi)/ako tere (Ha)/ako ter (Bu)/ako tiire

(Ho)

alyan hela ako/alyan le kun

	vt. byohu n. nyima entertain oneself vi. somin-ngarmin even if
	n. aha banii
	embankment (along a stream) n. padin n. ahin aha banii entrance vsuff. -jalo
	embarrassed adj. hiinyan n. ako enemy (in a fight) nphr. nyibo panii miyu vsuff. -sii
	ember energetic adj. chorke (Bu)/chorkii (Hi)/chake (Ha) n. agun n. piitin even one pronphr. kone heter
	n. dopa energetically vsuff. -khe n. hagya/agya even though
	n. miiri/muri/yamu-miiri/yamu-muri n. yamu michan entrance (of a hole) n. ugun conj. hojalo/hojalopa engage oneself in a *yalu contest vsuff. -sii
	enthusiastically vsuff. -ji
	embrace vt-r. li enumerate vt-r. khii vt. lisu evening n:time alyin
	vt-r. po vt. poba envy vt. kau engagement (pre-marital) eventually
	embroider vt-r. he advphr. kamija ho n. mabo apin binii/apin binii n. mabo inchinii epilepsy n. tayin siitin advphr. kami-kaloja ho
	embroidery n. siipi enjoy (a meal together) equal adj. ahin ever vsuff. -bii
	emerge vi-r. kar equal (to) adj. kalyan every n:qual. karmyan
	vt. diiba-tanba
	employment n. sakori* vt. diibo-tanbo equalize (in height) vt. nulyan every night n:time ayo-ayo
	vt. diikun-tankun
	empty adj. ara vt. diiyin-tanyin equally adv. ahin-ahin everybody pron. ako-abi
	empty (result) Enicurus scouleri n. chilyu erase everyday n:time alo-alo
	vsuff. -ra enlarge vt. nepa/nepa-neya everyone pron. ako-abi
	vt. miira vt. nyupa vsuff. -ro everything pronphr.
	enclose vt. miiro erect (building) vt. acha
	vt. apu enlarge (by pulling) vt. tiiro erection (building) n. achaniin
	vt. pu vt-r. a'nga enlarge (by stretching) erroneously
	vt. nga
	enclose (by fencing) vt-r. go vt. bujin vsuff. -mur vt. tiijin vsuff. -pu vt. purjin eleventh lunar month of the year n. emo piilo encounter vt. karii Eurystomus orientalis n. piise enmity n. hadii mikha elongate encourage (adults) vt. tamo even enormous adj. kaye/kahe vsuff. -jin vt. miijin encourage (kids) vt. mamo part. heter enough part. jalo encounter n. kapasiiniin elongated adj. sorjo elongated (stretched out) vsuff. -jin end n. doter vi-r. byan vi-r. khe even (edge) adj. tulyan
	end (thread, rope) n. nyatan enough for vsuff. -ye even a little advphr. iche heter
	emanate (light) even edge n. tulyan
	enemy enter vi-r. a
	vi-r. hu

niidu amaniihe everywhere pron. palo-malo advphr. kiidi miilanja ho advphr. doha liipa ho

	excessively explain
	vsuff. -le vt. luder
	vsuff. -ga... -le vt. luka-benka
	excreta (animal) n. ikha explode vi-r. bu
	excreta (human) n. ipa express (one's dissent by eye blinking or winking) vt. miku-milya
	exchange (gifts) expulse vt. nempa
	vsuff. -hii-...-khe extend vt. miiro
	vt. bihii-bikhe vt. alii-aha extend (hand) vt-r. yu
	vt. liisu excuse n. agyan-aye extend (one's hand across) vt. yubo
	exhale vt. salin exterior n. ago
	exhausted adj. rengii (Ha,Hi)/renge (Bu)/renge pehe (Bu) extinct vi-r. chi
	exhibit vt. tonkin extinguish (fire, light) vsuff. -mi
	expand extinguish (fire)
	vt-r. byo vi-r. go vt. byolo vi. gobu vt. byomi vi. gokhan vi. punde vt. byopa
	vi-r. pyan extract vt-r. he
	expect (to get something) extraordinary adj. kaho tamo
	vt. hemi vt. hemi-kami extravagant
	adj. hula-rala expected adj. lyagya adj. pepo-pelo
	evident adj. darii expel vt. nempa eye n. ami
	evil-minded person nphr. miyu dema expel (from body) eye (left) n. michi/ami-michi
	evil spirit nphr. dema uyi vt-r. sa vt. salin eye (right) n. mibi/ami-mibi
	exactly part. nyan expel/eject water from one's mouth vt-r. hun eye crap n. miju/ami-miju
	exaggerate vca. polepa lu/polepa adu expensive adj. khiinii eye iris and pupil n. ami nuri
	exaggerated adj. pole experience (practice) eye white n. ami horpu
	exaggerately adv. polepa n. miinyo eyebrow n.
	examine vt. kakha-kari n. miinyo-lunyo

mitin amu/ami mibu eyelash

n. mibi amu (Ha)/mibyo amu (Bu)/ami mibyo

halyan hela ya'ngo/alyan he ngo

	fertile soil/earth/ground n. dibu/kiidi-dibu fight a battle vt. nyibo pasu class. tin-adj. aler fix
	vi. khankhan
	fertilize (add nutriments to a plant) fight about vt. miiya fingertip n. lachi mitu vsuff. -ge
	first adj. kapyo vt. miige
	vt. abu-ake fighter n. pasunii fingered millet (Eleusine coracana) n. sarse
	vt. abu-aga figure (reflection cast by the sun or by a mirror) n. yalo finish vt-r. lu first (before anyone else does) vsuff. -pyo fix (two things together by gluing) vt. gedin
	festivals n. ditun-potun figure (reflection cast in water) n. yasi-yalo finish (doing something) first (before some other action) vsuff. -ranso flame n. miilyo/yamu miilyo/yamu mulyo
	fetch (liquid) vt-r. ha fill (a hole with soil) vt. abyun vsuff. -ja first lunar month of the year n. murun piilo/murun flap vt. lebe
	n. denii n. narun fetch (firewood) vt-r. lyo fill (liquid) vt-r. hi vsuff. -me vsuff. -me...-ja first time vsuff. -tu flash vi. kiibyo
	n. sulu n. dibii narun fetch (tree) filter (liquid) vt-r. len vsuff. -tii vt. miija firstly flashy (showy) adj. lyolichochi
	n. rungo n. bara* fences (general) n. narun-denii ferment vi. lyikin-lyiri vt. bate filter (bamboo made) n. sader vt. miime vt. miime-miija fish n. ngiiyi flat vt. giite fever n. doli feverish vcn. doli achi filter (for rice) n. hurta/apin hurta filter (for beer) n. o sader fish (dried) n. ngiiyi sankho adj. nulyan finish off vsuff. -kha adj. jeme fish (variety) adj. mata/meta
	fermentation starter n. ipo/ipyo n. ngiira fewer adj. icheya filtered liquid (obtained from ashes of crops and certain ferns) n. pila finish (one's food) vt. diira n. ngiilyan n. ngiime flat (large surface)
	fermentation starter (new) n. ipo-poli/ipyo-pyoli filtering n. lenniin finish (the binding of something) vt. abyun n. kopii ngiiyi
	fibula n. liipya alo n. lanchan ngiiyi
	fermented bamboo shoot filth n. kacho tanii finished vsuff. -nya n. ponyo ngiiyi
	fiddlehead (fern) n. hiika haman n. olyo ngiiyi
	n. hi filth (accumulated on the hands during the cold season) n. lakhiin fire n. yamu n. papi ngiiyi
	n. hikhu field (for rice) n. aji n. ribu ngiiyi/ngiiyi ribu
	n. hirin filtrage n. lenniin fire accident (large scale) n. muchu (Ha)/miichu (Hi)/myuchu (Bu) n. tabu ngiiyi
	n. hiyi field (adjacent, downslope) n. garpii
	fin n. ale/ngiiyi ale firefly n. tahu yamu/tau yamu Fish Owl (Ketupa flaviceps) n. ngiila larii/ngula larii
	fermented rice n. pona field (adjacent, upslope) n. garta
	find vt. kapa fireplace fish pond n. siiper
	fern (general) n. tari field (lowermost of someone's fields) n. garko
	find (by chance) vt-r. pa fish scale n. ngiiyi pakhu n. miigo/yamu miigo fern (edible) n. hiika haman field (uppermost of someone's fields) n. gardin find out (by seeing) vt. kapa n. ugu fish trap (variety)
	fern (variety) n. bari (Angiopteris evecta) fine (customary) n. dapo fireplace (primary) n. ago ugu n. tajer fifteen n:num. fifth lunar month n. enda piilo fireplace (secondary) n. ura ugu n. takhun
	n. milo riiji (Diplazium esculentum) fine (not coarse) adj. amu
	n. takho (Dicranopteris linearis) fifty n:num. alyan ya'ngo fireplace border n. piirii fishbone n. ngiiyi alo
	finger n. lachi
	fern bangle (for children) n. takho gakhe fight n. gambyo/gambu fireplace shelving complex n. dareke fist n. lapu/ala-lapu
	finger knuckle n. lachi paban
	Ferret Badger (Melogale sp.) n. siinyi fight firewood (raw) n. yasan five
	finger nail n. lahin ferry vt. rebo vt-r. pa firewood (half-burnt) n. mutu/yamu mutu n:num. yango
	vt. paka finger ring n. lachan num-r. -ngo/-ngoye fertile suff. -bu vt. parii firm fertile (plot of land) adj. barbu firewood bamboo) n. saro vt. pasu vt. pasu-gasu finger width five times n. u'ngo/u'ngohe
	vsuff. -ya class. ha-

tayin koya/tai koya

	fox n. tali/yali friends n. ajin atan front (veranda) n. byago fur n. amu vsuff. -kun...-pa get married (for a male) vcn. nyimii la girdle (female) n. biyan/khiipo biyan vi-r. ya vi. inhii gossip vt-r. khan grass (variety for cattle) n. polan n. aji padii haman half (of what is counted) n. khiichehe handle (agricultural tool) n. hukho hard (to convince) adj. yarru n. byopa heel n. liidu vsuff. -chun
	for which pron.+post. nii...hopa forest bug (green) n. uyi atu vi. chahii n. genda haman/halyan haman. have (a break) vt. dumo n. byoper vi. achi
	vsuff. -lya adv. artahe pa for real vsuff. -je for what pron.+post. nii...pa for where pron.+post. no hopa for whom pron. hupa for you (single) pron. niipa for you (dual) pron. niinyipa for you (plural) pron. nunupa force (someone to do something) vt. khelii forcefully vsuff. -khe forcibly vsuff. -khe forearm n. lasin forearm span n. ladu forefather n. aba-apa n. aba-bankun forefathers n. aba-apa atan forefinger n. ladii forehead n. tiirii forehead (of cattle) n. tute foreigner n. nyibo foreign place/country n. nyibo ganda forelimb (of animals) n. ala foremost adv. kapyoja ho foresee (divine) vt. miyu ka forest n. more forest (privately owned) nphr. pimbu more forested area (in the vicinity of the village) n. myogo forested area (far or deep) n. myora forested area (deepest) n. myobu forested areas n. sanii-sanko Forest Eagle-owl n. ngiila-larii/ngula-larii forest land (jointly held by all members of a clan) n. halu more forest plantations (general) n. sadi-sapa/sali-sapa forests (general) n. more-sansu forge vt-r. phu/suphu phu forget vt. helyu vcn. aha ahii/ahii forget (to include) vsuff. -go forgive vt. helo forgiveness n. helonii forked bamboo n. tarkho Forktailed Swift (Apus pacificus) n. piirii formerly adv. bilo fortune n. abur-aro foul-smelling adj. nenkhu four n:num. piilye num-r. -pii/-pe four days hence adv. riikhiida four times n:num. upii/uphe fourteen n:num. halyan hela piilye/alyan le pe fourth lunar month n. halyin piilo fourty n:num. alyan piilye fowl n. paro class. -ro fragile adj. arin fragile (position) adj. miiku fragrant adj. neli frail adj. iju (Hi)/koju (Bu) frame (of a bamboo sliding door) n. chipii/alye chipii frank adj. amin-ajan adj. Hemin-hejan adj. lotii frank and open adj. niitiisiirii fraud n. toganiin freckle n. tasii free (not busy) adj. hapun free (from worry) adj. daser adj. henser French bean n. man perun/man peron frequent adj. kiiran frequently adv. kiirampa fresh (not spoiled) adj. lela friend n. ajin friend (ceremonial) n. bunii ajin n. gyatu ajin/gyotu ajin n. punyan ajin/piinyan ajin n. manyan/baro manyan n. khiibo ajin friend (intimate) n. ajin aran friendly adj. luji friends (who sleep together) n. doyi ajin frighten vsuff. -lun vt. miilun vt. mulu frighten (birds away) vt. piidi miilun frighten (someone verbally) vt. lulun frighten (someone by one's acts) vt. miilun frightened adj. biiso fritter (away) vt. miibi frog n. tatii frog (variety) n. aji tatii n. tohan tatii n. miido tatii n. yanii tatii n. halyan tatii frog's call/croak (sound of) onom. koro-koro from post. kii post. hokii from (far) vsuff. -sa from (here) post. sokii from (that time) post. hokiija from (the middle of something) vsuff. -po from where pron.+post. no hokii from which place pron.+post. nii...hokii front (door) n. byago alye front (side of a house) n. empun front (space of the house, from the entrance door to the main hearth) n. ago empun frontside n. hata frown n. nyabe frown (at someone) vcn. nyabe bi/nyabe bekin fructify vi. hilin frugally vsuff. -jo...-myo fruit n. ahi vt-r. hi fruit bud n. ani fruitless (land) adj. asu-asa adj. chankha-dikha fry vt-r. phar vt-r. khe vt-r. khen frying n. pharniin n. kheniin n. khenniin frying pan/pot n. chanko full adj. pote full (of something) n:qual. riibe n:qual. rudu full (moon) adj. harbyan full of weeds adj. biiyo fully grown adj. santer fully grown (plants) adj. sambyan fumigation (of paddy against rodents) n. iirii/kubu iirii funeral chant n. siima kheniin furuncle n. huli future n. asaniin G-g gain benefit from saying something vt. lugin gallop vi-r. yo Gallus gallus n. parsin gap (space in time) n. hapun gap (between two fingers) n. lachi papei/lachi papyo gap (between two toes) n. liichi papei/liichi papyo gape vt. gonko gapingly adv. gonkopa garden (near the house) n. balu garden (distant from the house) n. yorlu garden stake n. turtu-nanii gargle vt. gompyu (Ha)/gompi (Bu) garrulous adj. yaje gasp v. sana gate n. hagya gather vi. adin vi. akun gather vt-r. nu gathered together vsuff. -din vsuff. -din...-pi gaze vt. kage piicha/kago piicha gecko n. sopin n. sojan generation n. sampur (Hi)/sapur (Bu) n. santun generous adj. hapu-ripu adj. kobyan Genitive case postposition post. ka Genitive case suffix post. -ka gentle (mild-mannered) adj. hendi adj. hendi-miidi germinate vt-r. bu germination (of plants) n. buniin get vt. pai* get accustomed to vt. hennyo-miinyo get angry vi. budu vi. hadii get angry (at the slightest cause) vi. hadii-diiga get burnt vi. yabya-yalya get bored (of doing something) vsuff. -be get excited vi. ducha vi. sacha get heated vi. yabya get off the bed vi. bari get one's fingers, etc. pinched vt. miini get oneself run over (by a vehicle) vi. harje-koje get rid of vt. kumpa vt. miipa get ruined vi. yadu-yanyi get something stuck to one's buttocks vt. kota get the smell of something vt. nempa get to vsuff. -pa get together vi. akun get up vi. guri get up (from sleep) vcn. imi bari vcn. imi guri/iminii guri Ghost Tree (Sterculia urens) n. niiji sanii Gibelion catla n. kopii ngiiyi giblets (of fowls) n. paro-pakhii giddy adj. jinku adj. sumu adj. jinku sumu gift n. biniin gigantic adj. kaye/kahe ginger n. taki ginger (small variety) n. kichi taki gingiva n. hilu girl n. nyimii girlfriend n. mundo n. nyimun give vt-r. bi give (temporarily) vt. bilya give (in advance) vt. bimyo give away vt. bipa give back vt. bikur give insight vt. tonser give light vt. behu give up vt. apa vt. opa giver n. binii/biniibo gizzard n. artu glance vt. karo glare vt. kanyan glass bead (variety) n. bimpu n. bimpu ami n. pike tasan n. lebu ralin n. pilya papu n. sambyu n. sampyu n. sankhe page n. alan glide vi-r. ja go (around) vi. inhii-inkhe go (beyond the limits) goose n. pakan goose pimples n. uyi pami grasp (with pincers) vt-r. pyo grass (for use as animal feed) n. hiisan green vegetable n. haman green vegetables (variety) group (of people) n. atan n. arpu have (as body parts) vt-r. gii vt-r. chun n:qual. atan half (of what has been cut) adj. papo half (of a mesured quantity of liquid) adj. tupo handle (of a basket) n. aha n. agyu [to be checked] vsuff. -ru hard (of hearing) adj. tahii have (possess) vt-r. bu/bii headgear (traditional) Hedychium sp. n. papi apu hide vsuff. -si...-ha haughty (way of speaking) adj. gontii headache nphr. adin achi hedge (of barbed bamboo/wood) n. oho hidden vsuff. -si n. santer vi. inkur vi. tokur vi. bokur good-manner n. biiju-miiju vt-r. sii Green Rat Snake (Rhadinophis prasina/Ptyas nigromarginata) n. biishan/biihan/bushan tabu/tabu-bushan group n. apun half vsuff. -chehe handle (to be grasped) n. gagin/gagin-nanii hard (to do something) haughty (attitude) adj. hentii head louse n. takhe (Ha, Bu)/tiikhe (Hi) hedge n. batin hiccup n. kiichi vi. linkur good-looking adj. aya vt-r. ga vt. gatu adj. salyi koman groin n. harche hairy caterpillar (variety) n. yalan pombo handicraft n. biti yamo hard adj. aler haul vt-r. adu head (of femur) n. liiban alo papu heavy and in good health (for babies) adj. riilan hesitancy n. apun-aka vi. chakur good (to eat) adj. diipyo grasp adj. salyi kiina groan vi. siikhin Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta) n. aji padii haman handicaped person n. liicha-lachanii miyu happy (to do something) vsuff. -bi vi. belo head (of an agricultural labour group) n. patan ato heavy adj. ayin vi. saka/saka-saka n. nyime perun/nyime peron go back good (at something) vsuff. -la grape n. shati green (dark) vt. gatu hair plait (for males) n. piidin pyarpin (Ha, Bu)/piidin pyapin (Hi) handicaped adj. liicha-lacha vi. belin head n. adin vt-r. bya heated (result) vsuff. -bya happy (derogatory) adj. hago n. tado glide down vi-r. ya gliding n. janiin glittering adj. kiilo/kiilyan-kiilo globe n. apu gloomy (face, look) adj. moyu glow vi-r. hu gluey adj. jebi glutton n. diire tanche gluttonous adj. diibun go vi-r. in vi-r. cha vi-r. to vi-r. lin vi-r. bo go (vehicle) vi-r. har go and do something! (imperative) vsuff. -he vsuff. -nge go astray vi-r. ngo go-between n. gyuntan go in vi-r. a vi. tohii vi. linhii vi. bohii go (home) vi-r. a go out vi-r. lin vi. linpo go overtime vsuff. -kan go up/northward vi-r. cha goat n. siibin going n. inniin n. chaniin n. toniin n. linniin n. boniin going to vsuff.+vt-r. -pa mii goitre n. giipii gold n. ayin golden (colour) adj. pyamin Golden-throated Barbet (Megalaima franklinii) n. piige gonorrhoea n. good adj. aya gossip n. khanniin grab vt-r. ga/gar vt-r. sii vt. gagin grade adj. hakun-hanyi gradual adj. haso grain (of cereals, fruits, etc.) n. kormo grain for poultry n. empyan grainlike thing class. per-(Ha,Hi)/pyar (Bu) grainy (appearance on skin) adj. tabu-taru granary n. nesu granary (small-sized) n. nesu-suchi granary (large-sized) n. nesu-suro grandchild n. oho ashi/oho asi grandfather (term of address) n. ato grandfather (term of reference) n. atobo grandmother (term of address) n. ayo grandmother (term of reference) n. ayobo grandparents n. ato-ayo grass (variety) n. tagin-taje grasshopper n. koha/kuha grave n. byu gravel n. siikhii yalan gravy n. ala grazing ground for animals n. lutii n. giira grazing grounds (in general) n. lutii-giira grease n. hulyi great adj. kaye Great Barbet (Megalaima virens) n. pengu Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) n. piigya n. giyan haman half (of what has been split into two parts) n. khachehe handle (machete, sword) n. lyoli/ilyo-lyoli hard soil n. diko heft vt-r. jo vi. pochun n. hiigu haman n. hiinyur haman n. hiipe haman n. hiiro haman half (of what has been cut/split with a machete or sword) n. pachehe handle (for carrying something) n. jogin hard work n. kiiran have (a look at) vt. kaka have (a thorough look at) vt. kakha-kari headstrap n. se healthy (infant) adj. babu heifer (cow, mithun) n. siido vi. potun hide (by pushing/stuffing) vt. pechun H-h half-burnt/roasted adj. yabun handshake n. ala laniin hard working adj. kiiran help vt. kalyan n. kochi haman have (a meal) vcn. apin dii heap hide (by lifting or hefting) vt. jochun n. kuku lyolye haman half day n:time lopo handspan hardness (of material) n. alerniin help (each other) vt. miitan n. o khuyi haman/o haman/akho haman have (an accident) vi. podo vt-r. jo hide (by taking with the hand) vt. lachun n. lepi half-heartedly vsuff. -tii...-rii n. ago harsh (speech) vt-r. pa help (one another reciprocally) vt. miigya n. luli haman n. ngiilyan khiiko haman half-mad adj. runku-rulya have (diarrhoea) vcn. akhii har vt. maku hide (by throwing) vt. kuchun class. go-adj. bakhe hear help (someone do something) n. raru haman habit vsuff. -nyo handsome adj. nyade have (fun) vi. somin-ngarmin hide (in a bag, sack, etc.) vt. sanchun n. riri haman hallucinate vi. kamur-tamur vt-r. ta vsuff. -bo n. sia haman n. tabu choka haman n. tayi haman/lanchan tayi haman habitually vsuff. -nyo hack (with a machete or sword) vt. patu-papo halt vi. domolya harvest (cereals) vt-r. pi have (loose motion) vcn. akhii har vt. taka vt. miirii high adj. oho adj. aya vt. tapa adj. halyin harvest (rice) have (sexual intercourse with) v. ishu help me (to do something) vsuff.+part. -mon pe high jump n. iisan n. pulu tayi haman n. tape/ayo tape/epe hack (with a blade or knife) vt. jotu-jopo hammer hear (about) vt. tapa handy adj. henji-hempa n. entii/enti have (the last word) vt. lukha helper n. miiriibo high jump competition n. dulu iisan lyokasiiniin n. yorkhun haman greenish-blue adj. jiji grey (colour) adj. mubu/mubu-mulu grey hair n. dimpu grin vi. hile hack (rice, millet) vt. gyatu-gyapo hacked (to pieces) vsuff. -tu...-po hail (frozen rain) n. tari hailstone n. pembe n. martur* vt-r. dan vcn. entii/enti pi hear (uncorrectly) vt. tagya hang (vertically) vt-r. shor helpfully vsuff. -gya higher part of a village n. nendin have to vsuff. -ken/-kin harvest labour team n. entii patan hearing n. rubyi hang (from a rope) vt-r. pa haversack (variety) hen n. ronii/paro-ronii hilarious adj. hago hammer (in) vt. dalii hammer (in, disc-like objects) vt. dilii hamper vt. hatu-hapo harvest ritual n. emo ditun heart n. aha hang (from the hook) vt. aha her/his pron. moka hillock n. puchun n. lecha has/have [been, done] heart breaking adj. hache n. lera her/him pron. momi Hill Miri name Misan/Mishan vt. hage vsuff. -neku having edges that are jagged from injury adj. paja heart-rendering nphr. aha hemper Greater Plantain (Plantago major) n. mepi haman grin (at someone) vi. hiter hair n. dinmu/dimu/adin-dinmu/adin dimu hand n. ala hang (someone) vt. paser vsuff. -tii hassle hawk (generic) hill-tribal n. misan/mishan herd (of animals) class. ton-/tan-heartbeat n. aha duniin great grandfather (term of address) n. akha ato grind vt. parmii hair (body) n. amu hand (left) n. lachi/ala-lachi hanger (made of a truncated tree branch) n. lochi vsuff. -hu-...-ha n. pamu hilt (of a machete or sword) here hearth n. ugu great grandfather (term of reference) n. akha atobo great grandmother (term of address) n. akha ayo grind (esp. dry things) vt. kere hair (infant's) n. denge hair clip n. adin byokho hand (right) n. labi/ala-labi hand to another hanging bridge n. shuhun happen vt. hoi* vt. miihu-miiha haste n. anii n. khonkhun hearth (primary) n. ago ugu n. kortu/ilyo kortu adv. so n. lyoli/ilyo-lyoli adv. siikaso hay n. kusu hearth (secondary) n. ura ugu adv. siikiiso him/her pron. momi grind (esp. millet) vt-r. rii great grandmother (term of reference) n. akha ayobo green adj. salyi vt-r. ga vt. gagin hair oil n. kutu hair plait n. pyarpin (Ha, Bu)/pyapin (Hi) handful class. gya-adj. henji hatch he/she pron. mo hesitate n. gubu adj. hempyo hastily and improperly vsuff. -kun...-mu hazy adj. jimi-jama n. benge herself/himself pron. mosu greedy adj. chahi/chayi grip hair knot (for males) n. piidin vt. bisi vt. bisi-bime happy hastily adv. niihii-niiha haze n. murpa sai heat hers/his pron. mokii Himalaya Blackberry (Rubus procerus) n.

tiire jilyin/tiire jilyun

	hit (repeatedly, with stick or tool) vt-r. dan class. u-House Gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus) n. sopin hump (ox) vt. tago Imperative suffix (speaker-directed) vsuff./part. -pe/pe
	horn bugle used in rituals n. siirii vt. tapa
	hit (with a machete or sword) vt-r. pa hole (in a cloth, e.g.) n. uko household item n. budu-bugya n. alan impetuous adj. hukii-makii
	hit (with an axe or a hoe) vt-r. ta hit (with stick) vt-r. hi hit (oneself, with a machete or sword) vt. pasu hole (in a wall) n. papei hole (in the soil) n. rabu hole (result) vsuff. -ko hornbill (general) n. pesu/peshu hornbill (variety) n. piigya n. piigya-gyapu iliac crest n. kolo n. lanchu implement n. miinananii housemaid n. bonti* how (feeling) pron. niitan how (manner) pron. niitampa hundred class. lan-hungry adj. haya ilium bone n. kokhe alo ill-mannered (speech) impolite (speech) I-i adj. Bakhe
	hollow n. rabu n. piigya-gyalan n. piiyo how (many) suff. -ne adj. Bakhe adj. nyade hunker vi. chogin adj. nyade hive (of bees, wasps, etc.) n. aru hollow (of the knee) n. liige horrified adjphr. aha lyilyi how (much) important hunting track n. dalin ill-will hoarse (voice) adj. bamban/bamba hurry n. anii adj. miiran-miitu
	hoe n. dipe hoe vt. o hoe off vt. opa hold (keep) vt-r. bii hold (firmly) hollowed adj. paka homestead n. ude nenchan honest adj. lotii honey n. nyanyi honey bee n. ta'ngu horse n. gora*/gura* horsefly n. subu tayan hostage n. dornii hot adj. bemya adj. gubu suff. -ne pron. nekane/niimkane how (tall) pron. ne oho n. ahin aha adj. pyolo I pron. ngo n. aha baniin hurriedly impoverishment n. byaniin I am sure that/I swear that vsuff. -dadiima illuminate vt. behu adv. niihii-niiha adv. siilo-holo important adj. amii-alo I guess that... part. nii imitate vsuff. -lyan however hurt (be painful) adj. achi imprison vt-r. tun ice n. tapin imagine vt. henka part. da conj. hojalopa hurt (inadvertently) vt. gyo imitate (a person's way of speaking) vt. lulyan Ictineus malayensis n. tayan miili imprudent (careless) adj. chudu-chubo
	vt. gatu vt. siitu vt. potu hold (firmly in a basket) vt. hatu hold (one's legs together when sitting) vt. koju hold (in arms) vt-r. go hold (tight) honeycomb n. nyanyi aru honey bee n. tayan n. nyanyi honey collection n. lenniin honour n. hengi-henthii hook hot (result) vsuff. -gu hot (spicy) adj. iidii hot and unpleasant adj. husi-rasi hot season n. daru/daru piilo Hottuniya cordata n. sia haman hour n. baji* hurt (the eye) vt. miichi impulsive adj. hukii-makii idea n. biidi imitate (the cry of some animal as a bait) vt-r. non hug (someone or a pet) husband n. milo identical adj. ahin/ain/ayin immature (plant) adj. ajan in vt. harba vt-r. po husband's relatives (in a married couple, esp. maternal uncles) n. milobo nyanii identify vt. kader immediate post. ho vt. poba husk (maize) n. aru post. ko idiot n. piicha adj. nyibya post. hoka hug (something tightly) husk (raw rice grain) vt. duhu adj. tunii post. so idiotic adj. piicha vsuff. -lii vt. garti vt. gartin husking of paddy n. diilo huniin idle adj. mijun immediately adv. tuniipa vsuff. -
	Himalayan Black Bear (Selenarctos thibetanus) n. siitin Himalayan Cuckoo (Cuculus saturatus) n. tiip pii pii piita Himalayan Hemlock (Tsuga dumosa) n. liiri piisa/niiri piisa himself/herself pron. mosu vt. gati vt. gatin vt. siiti house huge adj. kaye/kahe husky (voice) adj. bamban/bamba immerge vt. liibun if part. koda vt. aha vt. hage n. ude huh interj. i hut (in field) impatient if not vt. siitin vt. poti vt. potin hold (with the tongs) vt-r. pyo hold/express a different opinion vt. pyokho hook (for hanging something on the wall) n. lochi/lobu-lochi hoop earrings (for females) n. larin class. pen-hull vt-r. hu adj. lyalare n. piinyi (Hi)/piilyi (Bu) conj.loc. ho ma koda adj. kalya rengii n. piidi piinyi (Hi)/piidi piilyi (Bu) part. milo/miilo (Bu) house (facing a main street) n. nento (Hi)/nendu (Ha) house (made of wooden planks) n. santa ude human being impede vt. hatu-hapo hysteria n. jarpin if that is so conj. ho koda hoop earrings (priestly) n. laran hop house (with a thatch roof ) n. miyu n. neha (poetic/ritual) ignore (pay no attention to) Hystrix indica n. siikhii Imperative suffix (non-speaker-directed)
	his/her dem. moka his/hers pron. mokii hit vt. miine hold together vt. gapyun vt. lapyun vt. sorpyun hole n. ubu n. nenke ude vsuff. -to human head louse n. takhe (Ha, Bu)/tiikhe (Hi) vt. kasii-kape vsuff. -he vi-r. be vi-r. po n. ketin ude (Bu)/kotin ude (Hi) vt. kamur vsuff. -nge humble adj. chimin vi. pocha house (with a tin roof) n. tin* ude ignore (someone) vt. kamur Imperative suffix (non-speaker-directed, insistent) vsuff. -toku humiliation n. ensu horizontal adj. sida (Ha) horn n. arii (Ha, Bu)/iirii (Hi) house and land property n. ude nenchan humorous adj. sola-ngarla ignore (what someone says) Imperative suffix (polite) vsuff. -lya

ha/a in a flattering way vsuff. -lyo...-cho in advance vsuff. -myo

  land of the dead (for men who die of unnatural death) n. talii myoko land of the dead (for women who die of unnatural death) n. liibun myoko land of the dead (for men and women who die of natural death) n. neli

	in olden days advphr. ayu ho inquire about vt. kaka-taka joint (by pasting) vt. tempo June kind (kindly) adj. keyin/aha keyin (Bu) knot (on a tree) n. sarii latch (of a door)
	Indian Oleander (Nerium indicum) n. pudu intermediate position n. punko/penko is it? kick (deliberately/intentionally) vt. tudin
	in one's custody/possession part./suff. ko/-ko insect (generic) n. tiyo joint (of the hand) n. lachi paban n. empii piilo King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) n. buta tabu/borta tabu (Hi) know vt-r. chin landslide n. lyeko
	Indian Pennywort (Centella asiatica) n. ngiilyan khiiko haman interrupt someone's speech part. an? n. piimii piilo kick (first, before someone else does) vt. tugo n. lyepu
	in order to post. pa conj.loc. pa la post. hopa Indian Porcupine (Hystrix indica) n. siikhii/siikhii-pukhii Indian Strawberry (Potentilla indica) n. aki jilyin insert vt-r. alii vt-r. lii vt. liilii vt. lulu-lule vt. luko-lupe vt. ratin vt. ratin-ralin int. tag. hiila pe ha? is it like that? int. tag. hiila ha? is that so? joint (of the leg) n. liirii joint (on bamboo) n. hartin/hatin joke vt-r. so junction (of the leg) n. liirii bako jungle n. more K-k kick (first, before anyone else does) vt. tupyo kick (to retaliate) vt. tuli Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) n. yasi pari kindly (caring) nphr. aha keyin kinperson n. henii know (recognize) vt. kala know (someone) vt. kachin know (how to come) vi. achin n. chabya harniin n. lampii lane n. subu n. arko-nanii late adj. diirii/diirii lolyan L-l adj. pakhii
	in alternation vsuff. -go in coming years adv. diira-lonyan in former times adv. bilo in future n:time arda-rida n:time arida n:time diira-lonyan in good condition (infant) adj. babu in huge numbers adv. giije-giije/guje-guje in retaliation vsuff. -li in someone's place part./suff. ko/-ko in that case conj.loc. ho koda in that way pron. hiitan pron. hiitampa in the center of post. liipa ho in the middle of post. liipa ho in the middle of the day adv. lopopa in the middle of the night advphr. ayo ho in the night adv. lopopa in turns vsuff. -gobiila in vain vsuff. -nu...-na incite (esp. to some evil action) vt. lubur-luga inclined to fight with others vt. paga vt. gaga inclined to steal adj. chinyo incorrectly vsuff. -mur incubation period (for birds) n. liigu Indian Barberry (Mahonia napaulensis) n. tamin sanii Indian Mole Rat (Bandicota bengalensis) n. uyi kubu innocent (naive) adj. apa-ama interfere in a discussion vt. luko-lupe interior n. ura irrigation channel n. siilin irritating adj. hadii kapa vi-r. berlin/byarlin vi-r. polin kick (and get stuck or caught) vt. tuhe kind class. lyo-/yo-vi-r. lyolin knot (on bamboo) n. hartin/hatin latch (door) vt-r. ako kick vt-r. tu kill (with one's bare hands) vt. gakhii Indian Major Carp (Labeo rohita) n. rohu* injury (offense) n. pamyo interfere vt. miiche iron cooking tripod n. halyan chanchu jump out vt. tiite lastly adv. kamijapa Khaleej Pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos) n. parii kill (intentionally/deliberately) vt. mendin vt. kute Indian Jungle Fowl/Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus) n. parsin/more parsin Indian Wild Dog (Cuon alpinus) n. siipya indigo (colour) adj. niji adj. jiji individualistic adj. pimbu inexpensive adj. khiima infant n. ii'nga infectious agent/germ n. take/tiike n. take tiyo/tiike tiyo infertile (egg) adj. piira infertile (grain) adj. asu infertile (woman) adj. asu inform vt. luko infortune (esp. due to some transgression) n. pobii influence vt. lubur-luga ingenious adj. miicher inhale vt. salii inherit vt. penko (Ha, Bu)/pinko (Hi) initiate (talk, conversation) vt. lume initiate (action) vt. miime injury (physical) n. une vt-r. khii vt. khiilii insert (cloth) vt. peyi insert something the wrong way vt. khiilii-khiikha inside n. ura post. ura ho vsuff. -lii vsuff. -a inspect vt. mechi-meyi instant n. arta instead part. ya instep n. liipin instrument n. miinananii instrument for doing something vsuff. -nanii/-nananii instrument for ginning cotton seeds n. empya du instrument for weeding out cotton seeds n. lekho (Bu)/lyekho (Ho) Instrument nominalizer vsuff. -nanii/-nananii insult vsuff. -pyu insult (verbally) vt. lupyu intelligent adj. piibi intentionally vsuff. -din intercross v. inko-inpe Jungle Crow (Corvus macrorhynchos) n. puha/piiha kick (inside) vt. tulii language adv. kamipa interpret vt. lusi int. tag. hiila yu ha? int. tag. hiila yun? Joseph's coat (Amaranthus tricolor) n. lanchan tayi haman just (now) vsuff. -kuran kick off/away kiss vt. mochu know (how to do something) n. agun late evening intervening gap n. papei intestines n. khiijan-khiiro intestinal worm n. tader into vsuff. -lii into (change of state) post. pa inventive adj. miicher investigate vt. suka invite vt-r. gyo invitation n. gyoniin invocate (priest) vt-r. bar vt-r. be vt-r. hi vt-r. pe inward vsuff. -lii vsuff. -ha/a Irena puella n. doji ropo iris of the eye n. ami nuri iron n. dachan iron chain n. ranyi isn' it? int. tag. hiila ma ha ena? int. tag. hiila ma ha lo? ischium n. siibi koter it pron. mo itchy vi. aha its pron. moka pron. mokii jostle vt. nensu juice n. ala July n. piije piilo jump vi-r. ber/byar vi-r. lyo vi-r. po jump/jumping n. berniin/byarniin n. lyoniin n. poniin jump (by or as frog) vi-r. be jump/jumping (by or as frog) n. beniin jump across vi-r. berbo/byarbo vi-r. lyobo vi-r. pobo jump across (by or as frog) vi. bebo jump in vi-r. lyoha vi-r. polii key n. sabe* kill (in retaliation) vt. menli vt. rite last year n:time biinyan land n. kiidi vt. chite vi-r. lyolii kernel n. kormo/komo kill (by throwing some heavy material) vt. rikhii last words spoken n. lumyu lame (of feet and hands) n. liicha-lacha knock down (by throwing) vi-r. berlii/byarlii just (only) adv. adin part. kontii jute n. niire juvenile adj.-r. -chu adj. ajan n. atu juvenile (bamboo) adj. apa Katydid (possibly Elimaea sp.) n. leyu Keelback (Amphiesma sp.) n. bokhe babro keel over vi-r. te keep vt-r. atii vt-r. bii/bu keep (briefly/for a moment/temporarily) vt. biilya/bulya keep (coming) vi. ade-ade keep (eating as one moves) vt. diijo keep (going) vi. injo vi. chajo vi. tojo vi. linjo vi. bojo n. latu last night n:time biiyo kennel n. aki asi kill (by striking with an axe or a hoe) vt. takhii knock down (by punching) vt. kiite n. lacha last morning n:time biiro keep on [do]ing! vsuff. -lyato kill (by shooting) vt. ekhii knock down (by a vehicle) vt. tiipalo lame (of hands) last evening n:time biilyin keep on (doing something) vsuff. -de...-de vt. pikhii vt. piser vsuff. -te vt. miite knuckle (of the finger) n. lachi paban lame (of feet) n. liicha last (in doing something) vsuff. -myu keep (in memory) vt. henge vt. tupa vt. bepa vt. bepa-beya kid n. hime kidnap (by a spirit or without a legitimate reason) vt-r. bo kidney n. akhe kill vt-r. men vsuff. -khii kill (by hitting with a machete or sword) vt-r. pa kill (by beating) vt. miikhii vt. diikhii kill (by beating with a rod or plank) vt. dankhii kill (by cutting with a blade or some sharp material) kitchen utensils n. piichan-paku/piichan sudu kits and kin n. achi baro/achi buru kitten n. ami-atu kiwifruit n. sanii taro/harkhu ahi kiwi tree plant n. sanii taro knead vt-r. nu class. gon-vsuff. -chin nphr. alyin jimi jama vt. miichin langur (Trachypithecus pileatus) n. biser/siibi-biser nphr. alyin kamo labial commissure n. gonchan know (how to go) lap n. harpu late ripening variety of millet (general) n. sarse ladder n. abya vi. inchin vi. chachin lapidate vt. rikhii late ripening variety of millet (variety) n. rube sarse ladle vi. tochin vi. linchin n. yaju large late ripening varieties of rice (general) n. emo vi. bochin know (how to write) vi. kechin class. ju-adj. kaye late ripening varieties of rice (variety) rsuff. -ro ladle (rice or millet beer) n. o yaju knee n. liiban knowledge (about the Apatani traditional relations and ways of life) n. giitu-giira ladle (water) n. yasi yaju n. emo large (bamboo grove, garden) adj. ngoro n. elan/emo-elan kneecap n. liiban tapi n. paban knife (esp. used in bamboo cutting) n. nyatu knit vt-r. he knock (with the leg) vt. chadin knock down knowledgeable adj. chinnii n. empu/emo-empu large (piece of land) adj. poro n. enkhe/emo-enkhe ladleful class. ju-n. rade emo large (rice field) adj. garro n. misan emo/mishan emo 'Ladies and Gentlemen' n. belunku adj. kala-tala lag behind vcn. ami to large (road) adj. byaro lately adv. kamipa known adj. kala-kapa adj. tatu-katu lake n. siimi larynx box n. lanchu adj. kala-tapa lair n. asi larynx n. gyuyi-gyuro adj. kago-tago laggard adj. liikan Large Indian Civet (Viverra zibetha) n. siilii lately (recently) adv.

siilo-biilyo lateral

  malleolus (bony protrusion at the side of ankle) n. liimin alo

	latrine adv. nekan
	laud vt. asan
	laugh
	vt-r. ngar
	vt. ngarka
	n. ngarniin
	laugh (heartily) vt.

-hii...-khe

	mudslide n. chabya harniin
	mug (bamboo)
	n. turla
	class. tur-
	mumble
	vcn. budu biide lu/budu-budu lu
	n. budu biide luniin/budu-budu luniin
	muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) n. siidin
	murder vt-r. men
	murmur
	vsuff. -lo onom. budu
	vt. miilo
	vt. miiyi
	move up (together)
	vi. chaba
	n. chabin
	vt. chakun
	n. chayin
	move up (with someone) vi. chabo
	move down (to do something)
	vsuff. -lo
	vsuff. -yi
	moved (result) vsuff. Mrigal (Cirrhinus Cirrhosus) n. ponyo ngiiyi
	much
	n:qual. abu
	vsuff. -ga
	mud n. jebi
	muddled vsuff. -khiin...-mii
	muddy adj. jebi
	muddy water adj. kacho yasi

biide/budu-budu vcn. budu biide lu/budu-budu lu n. budu biide luniin/budu-budu luniin muscle

  n. aya muscle/flesh on the upper arm n. lapo kupu mushroom (orange variety on bamboo nodes) n. bije nyanyi/bije yartan

	myna n. halika* near
	myself pron. ngosu post. biilyo ho
	nearby	vsuff. -nii adj. putii/piitii (Ha)/kuchi (Hi) N-n
		post. arun ho
		advphr. arun-are so
		vsuff. -de
	nearby (result) vsuff. -nii
	nag vt. luhi-lure
	Naga name Misan Naga/Mishan Naga neat adj. darii
	naked nphr. au ara neck
	name	n. alan n. langu
	n. armyan neck (of a pot) n. alan
		vt-r. myan
	necklace n. tasan
	nanny goat n. siibin binnii
	necklace (variety)
	nap (in a sitting position) n. niite
		n. ahin pamin
	nape of the neck (humans) n. domin must vsuff. -ken/-kin n. sampu tasan/sampo tasan
		n. lampin n. akho tado tasan
	must not vsuff. -kinmane n. lanjan n. aper tado tasan
	mustard (Brassica juncea var. rugosa) n. giyan haman nape of the neck (animals) n. siilan pachan neglectfully vsuff. -
	mute narrate vt-r. khan
	adjphr. agun goncha narration n. khanniin
		adj. lua
	adj. piicha lua narrow adj. ache
	mutter narrow adj. ponchu
	vcn. budu biide lu/budu-budu lu narrow (road) adj. byanyo
		n. budu biide luniin/budu-budu luniin
	naughty adj. dema
	mutton n. siibin yo
	nauseous adjphr. aha bulun
	muzzle n. nyatan
	nasal mucous n. tano
	my dem. ngiika navel n. khiinii
	my place/property n. ngiiko nearby area n. arun

pa...-ma needle n. kuti lyanso neighbourhood n. ari-apii neither

  pron.loc. ako heter (in negative sentence) Nepalese Alder Tree (Alnus nepalensis) n. riime/rume Nepalese Smartweed (Persicaria nepalensis) n. luli haman nephew (brother's or sister's daughter, male speaking) n. anu nephew (brother's or sister's daughter, male speaking) n. baro non Apatani people (esp. Nyishis and Hill Miris) n. misan non edible thing n. diimaniin non-kin n. nyibo none (of the) n:qual. miilan (in negative sentence) none (of) pron.loc. ako heter (in negative sentence) none other than part. loda

	nerve n. aro n. bunchi piilo nose bridge n. yapin pinyan
	n. pyapin piilo
	nest n. asi n. pyapin sobo pulo nose plug n. yapin hulo
	nettle n. piirii nipple n. nyimper/anyin-nyimper nostril n. yapin ubu
	never adv. ronge hete/ronge heter no interj. ma not vsuff. -ma
	new adj. niti no-one pron.loc. kone heter (in negative sentence) not anymore adjsuff. -kuma
	news n. puyu no other than part. nyan not yet vsuff. -maran
	next node (of a plant stem) n. hartin notched log (providing access to the ceiling) n. reke abya
	adj. hiiba nothing pron. hangiima noise
	adv. hiibapa
	adv. hiika hiibapa n. rukha nothing else than adv. adin
	vsuff. -din
	next to (adjoining) post. biilyo ho n. tasu Notonecta n. nato pano
	next year adv. diirada noiseless adj. chimi November n. emo piilo
	nice adj. aya
	nice to look at adj. kapyo
	nicely adv. ayapa
	niece (brother's or sister's daughter) n. barmii
	night n:time ayo
	night cycle
	n:time ayo noon n:time alo-liipa
	class. yo-
	nope interj. ma!
	night gap
	normal (casual)
	n:time iche
	class. i-adj. dumin
	Nemacheilus arunachalensis n. ribu ngiiyi adj. Lyagya
	night time n:time ayo adj. miilya
	Neofelis nebulosa n. hogya adj. punyun
	nine
	Nepa n. khange-lyange normally vsuff. -chan
	n:num. koa
	num-r. -koa/-koahe north n. asan
	nineteen n:num. alyan hela koa/alyan le koa northern direction n. asan dalyi
	ninety n:num. koa khannge northward vsuff. -cha
	ninth lunar month nose n. yapin

  Small Indian Civet (Viverra indica) n. siiso small intestine n. khiijan small pieces of rice that remain on a plate or a table after eating n. pimpu small room inside a granary n. kilu small stick n. yakho smallest strip obtained by cutting a bamboo section longitudinally n. yai Snake Gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina) n. lahu Snake Head Fish (Channa sp., esp. Ch. stewartii) n. tabu ngiiyi snare-type trap (variety) n. giiyo Snow Pigeon (Columba leuconata) n. ude pakhu snub vt. nyadu-nyabo so conj. hopa so (emphatic) part. habya so he/she says/said vt-r. hii so it is/so it does phr. hiila do

	skip n. poniin sleeve n. labu adj. atu smile vi. hika
	vsuff. -nyo
	skirt n. abi slide vi-r. ya adj. amii smoke n. muku
	vsuff. -chu
	skirt (variety) slide n. yaniin adj. mechu smoke vt-r. tan/muku tan
	n. bilan abi n. biser abi slide (while in a sitting position) vi. khii small (field) adj. gartu smoke-dry vt-r. aha
	n. chinyu abi n. niihu abi slide down vi. yayi small fry n. ngiiyi atu smoking pipe n. sudu/muku sudu
	n. niiji abi n. piisa lenda slim adj. sopo smooth and shiny adj. hilu
	skull n. dinta slimy smoothen (a cane splint) vt-r. gyo so much
	sky n. yapun slab trap n. dare adj. biile snail (esp. land snail) n. tano gorgo pron. hiikane/hiikaneja adj. biile-biile slip vt-r. sor adv. niit hapa snail shell n. tano pakhu part. habya
	slab trap (for rats) n. kubu ude/kubu iide (Bu) slip vi. tule snake n. tabu so that vsuff. -dopa/-dupa/-dupa la
	slam vt-r. tu slit n. lyoniin snake (variety) so what? inter. tag. ho nii hiila?
	slanted/slanting adj. biku adj. paku adj. teku slanted (neck/head) adj. lanku slantingly vsuff. -lyo slope n. yorbii smallpox n. tabun n. biipii tabu (Pareas monticola) soak n. biirin (Python molurus) smart adj. piibi n. biishan (Ptyas nigrmarginata) vsuff. -bun n. biiya (unidentified) n. biiya yalan (Boiga ochracea) vt. miibun n. lenchin sloughed skin (of a snake) n. akhu slow adj. byachi adj. byobi n. bokhe babro (Amphiesma sp.) soap n. sabun* n. borlan babro (Amphiesma stolata) adj. alyin/alyin atu adj. chikho adj. hela n. bushan (Orthriophis taeniurus) n. buta tabu/borta tabu (Ophiophagus hannah/Naja kaouthia) sob vi. khengii
	slap soft smash n. pudu-punyu pu vt-r. pi adj. haso adj. yanu adj. biilye adj. nyanya smear adj. biinya
	vt. pita adj. biiya slow moving adj. balyo/balyo-balyo adj. buyun vt. miimya slashed heel nphr. liigo slow and cautious adj. ajo vt. miimya-miisa snatch vt-r. ro soften vi-r. je
	. chimi sleek adj. hilu smear (animals with rice powder before sacrificing them) vt. supun sneer vi. hile slowly softly
	adj. chomyo adj. chimi chomyo adj. jihi adj. jihi rara adj. taya-rara sleep vi. imi sleep n. iminiin sleep (late) vi. imi-ihii smear (by pouring something) n. timya sneeze vi. kajitin adv. hasopa adv. biilye-biilye adv. bayopa smell n. naru adv. biinya-biinya snooze (esp. in a sitting position) vcn. imi niite adj. biiya-biiya sludge n. jebi smell (bad) n. naru nenkha snore vi. i'nger adv. buyu-buyu
	silk n. endi sleep (together, esp. with one's peer group) n. doyi slug n. tano gorgo smell vt-r. nen snout n. nyatan soil
	silk (coarse) n. jilya sleeping area/place n. imiko sluggish adj. adun-arun smelly adj. nenkha/nenkhu n. kiidi snow n. tapin n. dichan
	silk cloth n. endi pulye small

  the evening before last (evening) n.time kolyin the morning before last (morning) n.time koro the night before last (night) n. koyo from both the speaker and the addressee in space and time) -living thing) adj. bolyo thing/matter n. na thing that can be done or has to be done vsuff. -sii thing that has or ought to be done vt-r. hen (Ha,Bu)/hin (Hi) think about something vt-r. hen (Ha,Bu)/hin (Hi) think correctly vt. henda think without a purpose vt. hennyo throw improperly (i.e. by missing the object which was thrown at) throw the last piece from a plate/pot by hitting or scratching it vt. pakhan throw up vt. pider (Hi)/piide (Bu)

	that conj. -pa there (distant from both the speaker and the addressee)
	that much adv. insi vt. chikha
	adv. inkasi vt. rikha
	that (addressee-proximate) dem. hii dem. hiika pron. hii pron. hiika hii that (distant from both the speaker and the addressee) dem. inka dem. intodaka pron. inkasi pron. intodakiisi pron. inkiisi pron. inka insi pron. insi pron. intosi that (in indirect or reported speech) conj. hii conj. la pron. hiikane/hiimkane pron. inkane that time nphr. hiika ronge that way pron. hiitan thatch n. kotin the dem. si dem. hii the other side adj. lahii adj. lahii-lakhe the year before last (year) n.time konyan their pron. moluka theirs pron. molukii them pron. molumi themselves pron. molusu then conj. hiila conj. lala vsuff. -la conj. hela conj. le there (addressee-proximate) adv. hii advphr. hiika ho adv. inkiisi adv. intosi adv. intodakiisi there (distant adv. inso adv. inkaso adv. inkiiso adv. intoso adv. intoho there isn't/there aren't cop. nyima there wasn't/there weren't cop. nyimane there will not be cop. nyikinma therefore conj. hiila conj. hopa conj. nyan these dem. atan si dem. sika atan dem. siika atan si these days n:time sipun these two dem. siika anyi pron. siika anyi si pron. sinyi they (pl.) pron. molu they (dl.) pron. molunyi thick adj. byanker thigh n. harlan n. miisiiniin n. miisaniin n. miisii-lusii thing that one should not do vsuff. -masaniin thing to be done vsuff. -go thing/topic to be said or discussed n. lugo n. lusii things of poorer quality n. halyan think (that) think wrongly vt. henkha vt. henmur/hemur vt. henpu third adj. hingiinii third lunar cycle of the year n. myoko/myoko piilo thirst n. mokhanii thirsty adj. mokha thirteen n:num. alyan hela hinnge/alyan le hin thirty n.num: hinkhan this dem. si dem. sika/siika vt. kukha vt. tiikha throw in vt. chilii vt. rilii vt. kulii vt. tiilii throw out vt. chilin vt. rilin vt. kulin vt. tiilin throw out (dispose of) vt. kumpa throw improperly vt. chilyo vt. rilyo vt. kulyo vt. tiilyo vt. chilya vt. rilya vt. kulya vt. tiilya throw successfully (i.e. by hitting the object which was thrown at) vt. chida vt. rida vt. kuda vt. tiida throw or push something down by a bending action vt. hete throw something sticky at something or someone vt. gyata vt. gyata-gyana vt. hota throwing practice n. chinyoniin n. rinyoniin n. kunyoniin thrush (Garrulax sp. or Turdus sp.) n. more pai thrust (pelvis) vt. kolyun thrust against vt-r. nii thumb finger n. lanii thumb toe n. liinii thunder n. yapun giiniin thunderbolt n. korlan thus conj. hopa thus (in indirect or reported speech) conj. hiila thin (nonn. miisii vt. hengya throw slantingly conj. la
	dem. siika...si
	dem. simi

eyelid n. milyo/ami-milyo

Acknowledgements

The initial impetus of this project came from Dr. Pascal Bouchery, Senior Lecturer in Social Anthropology, University of Poitiers, France, and Mrs. Ngilyang Rinyo, Environmental Engineer. I am greatly indebted to Mrs. Ngilyang for alerting me first on the situation of language endangerment of her mother tongue.

Altogether from 2007 onwards we started working on the word collection, grammar and word transcription.

Gradually other people joined this project or offered their assistance. The present edition owes a lot to the dedication of a few concerned Apatanis who devoted much time and effort. I am especially grateful to Taku Classifier for plots of land class. par-Classifier for pots, pans class. chan-Classifier for punches, times, holes class. u-Classifier for rice fields class. gar-Classifier for roads, paths, ways class. bya-Classifier for seasons, generations, times, folds, doses class. ron-Classifier for sheets of paper, volumes of books class. ta-Classifier for small, grain-like things class. par-/per-Classifier for spherical or globular objects class. pu-Classifier for sticks class. kho-Classifier for stick spans or forearm spans class. tu-Classifier for tasks to be performed class. po-Classifier for trunks, wooden logs class. po-Classifier for types, kinds class. lyo-/yo-Classifier for villages class. pon-Classifier for walls class. byar-Classifier for wheels and other large cylindrical objects class. po-Classifier for years class. nyan-Classifier for stanzas of *ayu songs class. penclassy adj. huta claw n. liigyu clay n. dekin clay pot n. dekin piichan clean adj. darii clear (evident) adj. darii clear (hearing) adj. rubi

horizontal rail of the front veranda.

chinnii [´tɕini] n. 1. one who knows (unspecified); learned person; knowledgeable person. 2. (in a nominal, adjectival or relative phrase/clause) knowledgeable; wise. chiniin n. throw; cast; throwing; casting. koter chiniin n. counting with sticks, esp. during *murun for counting the number of participants, in order to determine the precise quantity of meat required.

chiniin [tɕi:ni] chiri n. ceremonial sword without hand guard, originally imported from Tibet. Encycl: more elongated and usually lighter than the ordinary machete (*ilyo). The blade bears distinctive stripes lengthwise which are quite similar to those found on Tibetan swords. Although *chiri may have been employed for combat in olden days, nowadays their use is mainly ceremonial. Tibetan swords are among Apatani prestige valuables and counted as mandatory items in various important social events involving exchange of gifts (such as marriage) or payment of a compensation. See: sha; pinji; hulu . hulu chiri n. variety of *chiri sword. penji chiri n. variety of chiri sword, more valued than *hulu chiri. Var: pinji chiri. chiri kortu n. square-shaped piece of metal capping the end of a *chiri handle. Syn: kortu .

chirii n. shoot, as of a plant; sprout; young stemlike growth arising from the stump of a tree.

chirii n. edge. See: liiri.

chiru n. 1. pocket. 2. home made leather bag. miiyan chiru n. tinder bag usually made of animal skin.

being closed. Var: -pin. Ant: -ko.

pyanbu-pyanbe adj. swelling.

pyaniin n. 1. braid of hair; hair plait. 2. braided rope; rope formed by braiding. Var: pyarniin.

pyanniin n. swelling.

pyanyi n. (Agr.) early-maturing variety of rice belonging to the *mipya group. Syn: pyate; pyatii. pyanyi-pyali n. (Agr.) rice seeds of the *pyanyi variety.

pyapa vt. 1. to break up/dismantle/remove a building or structure such as ceiling, fence, etc. Inka sulu si mi pyapasa. Let's demolish that fence! 2. to undress; to take off one's clothing.

pyapin See: pyarpin.

pyapin n. (Agr.) early-maturing variety of rice, usually ripened in late August or in September.

Encycl: the most common variety within the *mipya group. pyapin-pyali n. (Agr.) rice seeds of the *pyapin variety. pyapin piilo n. ninth lunar month of the year corresponding to the moment when *pyapin rice is harvested. Nowadays commonly used to refer to the month of September, or September-October. Syn: pyapin sobo piilo.

pyapu n. (Agr.) early-maturing variety of rice belonging to the *mipya group. pyapu-pyali n.

(Agr.) rice seeds of the *pyapu variety.

pyapu vt. to destroy something by mistake.

pyapu vt. to spatter a liquid.

pyapyun n. community; group of people.

pyar vt-r. to catch in or as in a snare; to trap.

pyar-See: per-.

pyar See: pya.

pyarbi See: pyabi.

pyare n. (Agr.) early-ripening variety of rice having a maturation period of about 190 -200 days, usually ripened in early August. Encycl: this variety, which has been estimated to account for roughly 10% of the rice production of Ziro, is known for is tolerance to drought. pyare-pyali n. (Agr.) rice seeds of the *pyare variety.

pyare See: pere.

pyarki See: perki.

pyarko See: perko.

pyarkun See: perkun.

pyu'nge See: punnge.

pyunsa See: punsa.

pyunnyo See: punnyo.

pyuro See: puro.

feeling tired, still cut/split some more firewood! Syn: -rami.

-randiima [rãdima] vsuff. may not have [done] yet. Tallo Ziro charandiima. Tallo may have not have gone (up) to Ziro yet. Tallo apin diirandiima. Tallo may not have eaten yet. Sukun office inrandiima. Sukun may not have gone to office yet.

rane pron. (of bundles of firewood) how many. Gramm: interrogative pronoun.

ranke n. (Bot.) variety of wild plant used as a medicine, having a bitter taste.

rakha n. old oak. Etym: from *kiira, 'oak', *akha, 'old man, elder'. Ant: rapa.

raniin n. tying; binding. dokho raniin n. construction of the altar for a sacrifice due to take place in the house's sacred corner (*dokho achan). siikha raniin n. construction of *siikha altar by tying splits from *kiira tree. yugyan raniin n. construction of an altar at *yugyan during a *murun.

-ranso vsuff.

[do] first/firstly (before some other action). Miitoranso. Do this first (i.e. before taking up some other task). See: -maranso. rigo n. study/work (viewed as an act yet to be done).

rigo n. line drawing (viewed as an act yet to be done). Asii rigo hii doran. A line has yet to be drawn.

rigo n. stitching work (viewed as an act yet to be done). Pulye ari-rigo hii doran. The cloth has yet to be stitched.

rigo-rigo n. queue of people; line or row of objects. rigo-rigo ri vcn. to stitch so as to form a single file. Yo mi yaso ho rigo-rigo rito la da. The meat has been strung onto a cane rope.

rihi n. foul smell from armpit sweat.

S-s

sa n. tea. Sa charto. Make some tea! Inka restaurant ho ala, sa hejalo, tankinma byo ha? What about going over to that restaurant and have tea or something? From: Assamese 'sa'. Var: sha. lal sa n. black tea. Var: lal sha. From: Hindi 'lal chai', lit. red tea. sa pila n. mixture of rice and black tea, usually taken as a morning dish. Var: sha pila. sa [sa] vt-r. 1. to breathe (either inhale or exhale air). 2. to suck in or absorb, esp. liquids; (in a figurative sense) to drink down/to drink in one breath. alyi sa vphr. to blow, as wind. sa [´sa] vt-r. to expel from one's body, as when delivering a child or when pushing the faeces out; to defecate.

-sa [sa] vsuff. Let us [do]. Gramm: hortative suffix used for suggesting a collective action including the speaker. May occur in compounds marked by reduplication of the verb root. Diipyosa. Let's eat first! Denkisa. Let's be sincere! -sa vsuff. far. Gramm: directional suffix indicating that the action denoted by the verb is carried out at some distance from the speaker. Ant: -nii.

-sa [sa] adj-r. 1. distinct; different. 2. one for each. Gramm: adjective root suffixing classifiers and certain noun roots. Ngiinyipa pen sosa riibiilya. Buy one pen for each of us. Hime atan mi mitai persa bito. Give each child a sweet. Lenda byasa. (two or more) distinct/different roads.

sabe n. key. From: Hindi/Assamese 'chabi'. Sabe punnge/pyunnge. One bunch of keys.

sabe n. loincloth, traditionally worn by men in olden days.

sabun n. soap. From: Hindi 'sabun'. sacha vi. to get or become excited. Syn: ducha. sa chiri See: sha chiri. sader [sa´dər] n. any material having tiny holes which can be used as a filter to separate solid particles from a liquid. In particular, the conical shaped bamboo basket with a small outlet at the bottom that is used for filtering *tapyo salt. o sader [´o: sa´dər] n. funnel-shaped material used for filtering beer during beer processing. sadi [´sadi] n. 1. variety of cultivated tree used for construction purposes. 2. tree grove area located at the periphery of villages and cultivated areas. Usually consists of pine trees and other tree species. Var: sansun. Usage: Bulla, Mudang-Tage. Var: salii. Usage: Hong. sadi eha n. ritual held in pine grove area on the 30th day of Myoko. sadi-sapa n. forest plantations in general, areas around the village dedicated to the growth, care and maintenance of useful trees and bamboos. sanko n. (Bot.) variety of shrub yielding small fruits resembling Sichuan pepper (Zanthoxylum sp.). sanko bacho n. (Bot.) variety of small tree.

sanku n. (Bot.) variety of tree from which a poison is extracted.

sankhan n. 1. variety of rubber derivative obtained from a tree that is used for coating the inner surface of storage vessels to render them waterproof. 2. generic term for rubber, gum, or even plastic. Sankhan harpo. Plastic bucket. sankhan melyan n. (Bot.) Privet (Ligustrum ovalifolium). Var: sankha melyan . halyan sankhan melyan n. (Bot.) Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosasinensis). Var: sankhan molyan .

sankhan n. small wooden post hammered into the ground as a demarcation marker for house compounds. aji sankhan n. small wooden post hammered into the ground as a demarcation marker for paddy fields. sankhe page n. blue or dark blue, slightly translucent, small melon-shaped glass bead. See: page .

sankhii n. (Bot.) Eurya acuminata var. euprista, a vegetable dye. Encycl: the leaves produce a brownish yellow color after boiling. Also used to enhance the dyeability of *tamin due to the presence of aluminium in its leaves.

sankhii adj. (of growth) retarded.

sankho [´sãxo] adj. smoke-dried or grilled over the fire, as of meat. Yo sankho. Smoked/grilled meat.

sansun n. pine tree and other mixed plantation area with or without bamboos, usually located at some distance from the village. Encycl: mostly planted with pine or oak (Castanopsis sp. Take (collect) these baskets! sin vt. to nourish someone with liquid or semi-liquid food; to serve someone a drink. Tatu murun miiko hoka miyu atan mi o sindo. Tatu is serving beer to the people who came for a *murun. Syn: asin.

-sin vsuff. dried. Gramm: result suffix indicating that something is dried out as a result of the action denoted by the verb. Syn: -pi. Besin. To dry something by exposure to a light source.

sini tasin n. (Zool.) variety of aquatic larva resembling that of a dragonfly .

siniin n. singing. Syn: biisi siniin.

sinniin [sini] n. feeding of someone with liquid or semi-liquid food; serving of a drink to someone. anyin sinnin n. breast-feeding. ). 4. world. Ngunuka Ziro ganda si supun hoka kapyoja ganda ako. Our Ziro is one of the world's most beautiful places. 5. Apatani ancestral community/place. Iipyo supun. 'Iipyo', the most ancient ancestral community/settlement of the Apatanis (presumed to have been located beyond Tibet). 5. by extension, place in general. Supun miilan gyakerjalopa, ngunu Ziro kapu hokii kapama. Wherever we may travel on Earth we tage n. (Bot.) variety of wild tree. tage vt. to listen attentively; to obey. School ho teacher ka lukonii mi ayapa tagegiito. Listen attentively to the teacher at school! tage vt. to hit something with an axe or a hoe and get stuck, intentionally or unintentionally . Ngiika yahii mi yasan ho tageto la do. I drove my axe in the log.

tagi n. (Agr.) sickle used for cutting rice or millet. tagii vt. 1. to take someone along with oneself to hear/listen to something. 2. to teach someone something (through hearing). 3. to learn from someone (by listening). tagii-kagii vt. 1. to teach someone something. 2. to learn from someone. tagii vt. to take someone with oneself to cut something with an axe or a hoe; to take someone as partner in an cutting activity. Tatu mi more ho ingiila yasan tagiihe. Take Tatu along with you to the forest and make him cut wood. tagya See: tagyan.

tagya vt. to hear uncorrectly. Ngo Yami ka coffee kuniin mi tagyabiito la tea ya bito. I didn't understand that Yami was asking coffee and I gave her tea instead.

tagya vt. to catch hold of someone or lean against someone, as of a person (or an animal) who cannot stand on his own feet/legs. Ngiimi Opi tagyabiido. Opi is holding herself steady against me to stand up on her feet. Ngunuka aki pogo ngiimi tagyabiido.