Livia Holden

Beatriz Barreiro Carril

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT) PI

Degree of Jurisdiction

% #

Lower judiciary 56% 40

Middle judiciary 32% 23

Upper judiciary 1% 1 Other 9% 7

Total 100% 71

The most common area of jurisdiction was 'Criminal law' (35%, 39) followed by 'Civil law' (25%, 28), 'Family law' (21%, 24), 'Other' (15%, 17), and 'Asylum/Migration Law (4%, 4).

Area of Jurisdiction

Lawyers

Out of the 55 lawyers who responded, (49%, 27) indicated 'Senior', followed by 'Mid-career' (42%, 23) and 'Junior' (9%, 5).

Career Stage % #

Junior 9% 5

Mid-career 42% 23

Senior 49% 27

Total 100% 55

For the areas of law practiced, 'Refugee and asylum law' (26%, 37) was the most common, followed by 'Immigration law ' (19%, 27)

Experts

(42%, 14) chose 'Other' to the question of the most common expert type followed by 'Translator/interpreter' (28%, 9), 'Expert witness' and 'Cultural mediator' (15%, 5) each.

Expert Type % #

Other 42% 14

Translator/interpreter 28% 9

Expert Witness 15% 5

Cultural mediator 15% 5

Total 100% 33

The most common response to the question regarding area of specialisation was 'North Africa' (21%, 6) followed by 'Middle East' 'Minority/Indigenous populations in Europe' and 'Other' (17%, 5) each, 'Sub-Saharan Africa' (10%, 3), 'South and Central America', 'South Asia' (7%, 2) each and 'East Asia' (3%, 1).

Area of Specialization

Frequency

Frequency of involvement

To the question of how many experts did they instruct annually, most responding judges and lawyers (59%, 66) chose 'Less than 10', followed by 'Never appointed experts' (26%, 29), 'Between 30 and 50' (9%, 10) and 'Between 10 and 20' (6%, 7).

Annual cases

Sites

The most common site of cultural expertise was 'In court' (25%, 50), followed by 'Through NGOs' (24%, 48) then 'Out of Court' (13%, 26), 'In hospitals' (8%, 16), 'In Universities' (7%, 14), 'In Schools' (7%, 13), 'Other' (6%, 12), 'In detention Centres' (6%, 11) and 'Through private consultancy' (4%, 8).

Fields of Law

Typology of Experts

The most common response to the question regarding the expert type was 'Native language speakers' (28%, 40), followed by 'Other' (22%, 31) then 'University professors' (19%, 27), 'Country experts' (16%, 23) and Native lawyers (6%, 9), 'Community leaders' (5%, 7) and 'Religious leaders' (3%, 4).

Sites

In court

Through NGOs

Out of court

In hospitals

In universities

In schools

Other

In detention centres

Discipline

The (19%, 27) who selected 'University professors' were asked to specify the disciplines of those professors. The most common response was 'Law' (31%, 12), followed by 'Anthropology' (21%, 8), 'Sociology' (18%, 7), 'Linguistic 'and 'Political science' (8%, 3) each and 'History' (5%, 2).

Expert Type

Native

Modalities Appointment of Experts

The most common factor influencing the decision to appoint was that the appointment of experts was 'Client request' (21%, 65), followed by 'The law allows the appointment of experts' (16%, 49), 'The court is keen to hear cultural arguments' (15%, 46), 'Time' (9%, 27), 'Useful for an out of court settlement' (8%, 26), 'Cost' (8%, 23), 'Experts facilitate successful legal outcomes' (7%, 22), 'Advised by the court' (6%, 19) 'The reputation of the expert' (5%, 16), 'The court/ prosecutor/Ministry of the Interior have already appointed their expert' (4%, 13).

Reuse of cultural expertise

The most frequent responses to the question of the reuse of cultural expertise was 'Cultural expert witnessing is applicable to similar cases' (40%, 37) followed by 'Reuse only within the same country/legal field' (23%, 21), 'Other' (20%, 18) and 'Unique and not repeatable experience' (17%, 16).

Reuse of cultural expertise

Impact Components of Impact

The most common components of impact include 'Reliable sources of contents' (16%, 83), followed by 'Stringent conclusions' (15%, 76), 'First-hand experience' (12%, 64), 'Use of statistics' (12%, 61), Advocacy (11%, 55), 'Quantitative assessment of risk' (10%, 50), 'Reputation of experts' (9%, 49), 'Style' (8%, 40), 'Remuneration of experts' (7%, 26) and 'Other' (1%, 7).

Reuse of cultural expertise

Reputation of Experts

The majority of experts said that they had been 'Regularly instructed/ appointed as expert for many years' (48%, 9), followed by 'Other' (26%, 5) and 'The cases in which expert opinion was provided were successful' (26%, 5).

Reputation of experts

Improved Access Database

Regarding the question of the usefulness of a case law database, the most common response was that it would be 'Very useful' (56%, 58), followed by 'Somewhat useful' (42%, 44) and of 'No use' (2%, 2).

Usefulness of case law database

Capacity Building

The most common response to the question regarding the usefulness of a program teaching cultural expertise was 'Probably yes' (50%, 52), followed by 'Definitely yes' (39%, 42), 'Might or might not' (8%, 8) and 'Probably not' (3%, 3).

Usefulness of a teaching program on cultural expertise

% #

Probably yes 50% 52

Definitely yes 39% 42

Might or might not 8% 8

Probably not 3% 3 Total 100% 105

Organisations interested in a teaching program

With regards to the question on interest in the teaching program, the most common response was 'Interested in teaching cultural expertise themselves' (36%, 18), followed by 'Know educational organisations which may be interested' and 'Know professional organisations that may be interested' (32%, 16) each.

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Beatriz Barreiro Carril Date of First Publication: 05/08/2019

		Spain Data Summary
				Expert Type
				Expert Witness
				Other
				Translator/interpreter
		%	#	Area of Specialization
	North Africa	21% 6
	Middle East	17% 5
	Minority/Indigenous	17% 5
	populations in Europe
	Other	17% 5	North Africa
	Sub-Saharan Africa	10% 3	Middle East
				Minority/Indigenous populations in Europe
	South and Central America	7%	2	Other Sub-Saharan Africa
	South Asia	7%	2	South and Central America
	East Asia Total	3% 100% 29 1	South Asia East Asia

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

Spain Data Summary CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Beatriz Barreiro Carril Date of First Publication: 05/08/2019

	Spain Data Summary
	PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Beatriz Barreiro Carril
		Date of First Publication: 05/08/2019
	Overall Fields of Law Refugee and asylum law		% 12% 52 #	Written	Oral
	Immigration law		12% 51
	Family law		11% 48
	Criminal law		8% 35
	% International human rights Less than 10 59% 7% 29 # law Administrative law 5% 20 66 Medical and bio law 5% 21		Annual cases
	Labour law		4% 19
	Between 10 and 20 Health law	6%	7 4% 17
	Other		4% 16
	Between 30 and 50 Constitutional law	9%	10 4% 15
	Private international law		4% 15
	Never appointed experts Inheritance law Total Between 50 and 100 Other European law Environmental law Contracts and obligations Less than 5 Intellectual and patent law 26% 3% 14 29 100% 112 3% 12 3% 11 2% 10 Between 50 and 100 2% 10 Between 10 and 20 Between 20 and 50 Property law 2% 10	Less than 10 Between 10 and 20 Less than 5 Between 5 and 10 Between 30 and 50 Between 10 and 20 Never appointed experts Between 20 and 50
	Between 20 and 50 Between 5 and 10 Business and commercial law Financial law (45%, 15) of experts provided a total of less than 5 written reports, (21%, 7) choose 'Other', Other Less than 5 2% 10 Between 50 and 100 Other 1% 6 Sports law 1% 5 (18%, 6) a number of oral reports 'Between 50 and 100' and (15%, 6) indicated a number of oral reports 'Between 20 and 50'. Total 100% 426
	(30%, 10) of experts provided 'Less than 5' oral reports, (24%, 8) indicated 'Between 50 and
	100', (15%, 5) indicated 'Between 5 and 10', (12%, 4) choose 'Other' and 'Between 20 and
	50' each.
	Fields of law
	The most common area of use of cultural expertise was 'Refugee and Asylum Law' (12%, 52),
	followed by 'Immigration Law' (12%, 51), 'Family law' (11%, 48), 'Criminal law' (8%, 35),
	'International Human Rights Law' (7%, 29) 'Medical and bio law' (5%, 21) and
	'Administrative Law' (5%, 20), with all the remaining areas accounting for 4% or less.

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Beatriz Barreiro Carril Date of First Publication: 05/08/2019

		Spain Data Summary
	Sites	%	#
	In court	25% 50
	Through NGOs	24% 48
	Out of court	13% 26
	In hospitals	8% 16
	In universities	7% 14
	In schools	7% 13
				Refugee and asylum law
	Other	6% 12	Immigration law
	In detention centres	6% 11	Family law Criminal law
	Through private	4% 8	International human rights law
	consultancy			Administrative law
	Total	100% 198	Medical and bio law
				Labour law
				Health law
				Other
				Constitutional law
				Private international law
				Inheritance law
				European law
				Environmental law
				Contracts and obligations
				Intellectual and patent law
				Property law
				Business and commercial law
				Financial law
				Sports law

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Beatriz Barreiro Carril Date of First Publication: 05/08/2019

			Spain Data Summary
	Discipline	%	#
	Law	31% 12
	Anthropology	21% 8
	Sociology	18% 7
	Other	10% 4
	Linguistics	8% 3	language
	Political Science 8% 3	speakers Other
	History	5% 2	University professors
	Total	100% 39	Country experts
				Native lawyers
				Community leaders
				Religious leaders

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Beatriz Barreiro Carril Date of First Publication: 05/08/2019 PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Beatriz Barreiro Carril Date of First Publication: 05/08/2019

	Spain Data Summary Spain Data Summary Spain Data Summary
	CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)
	PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Beatriz Barreiro Carril
		Date of First Publication: 05/08/2019
	Discipline How experts are selected How experts started their career Cultural expertise is most commonly financed by 'Clients/ Applicants/ Defendants/ Litigants' How experts are selected % # Client request 21% 65 The law allows 16% 49 The court is keen to hear cultural arguments How experts started their % Cost of Cultural Expertise # career Contacted by a lawyer (26%, 40), followed by 'Philanthropists/ NGOs/ Relatives/ Community' (23%, 35), 'Legal aid' 19% 4 Contacted by a court (21%, 33), by the 'Courts' (13%, 20), 'Other' (10%, 15) and 'Ministry of Interior' (7%, 11). 10% 2 Contacted by the Ministry 5% 1 How are experts paid? % # Financing 15% 46 Time 9% 27 Useful for an out of court 8% 26 of the Interior Directly contacted by Clients/ Applicants/ 26% 40 19% 4 Defendants/ Litigants clients Referred by a colleague 5% 1 Other 42% 9 Philanthropists/ NGOs/ 23% 35 Contacted by a lawyer Relatives/ Community Contacted by a court Law Anthropology Sociology Other Linguistics Political Science History settlement Cost Total Contacted by the Ministry of the Interior Legal aid 21% 33 100% 21 Directly contacted by clients 8% 23 Experts facilitate successful legal outcomes 7% 22 Advised by the court 6% 19 Client request The law allows The court is keen to hear cultural arguments Referred by a colleague Other Courts 13% 20 Other Clients/ Applicants/ Defendants/ 10% 15 Litigants Philanthropists/ NGOs/ Relatives/ Most experts chose 'Other' (23%, 10) followed by 'The Ministry of Interior' (20%, 9), Ministry of Interior 7% 11 Community Legal aid The reputation of the expert 5% 16 The court/ 4% 13 Total 100% 154 Courts Time prosecutor/Ministry of the Other Interior have already appointed their expert Total Other 23% 10 experts 100% 306 Useful for an out of court settlement Cost Who instruct the experts % Who instruct the # Ministry of Interior
			Experts facilitate successful legal outcomes
	The Ministry of Interior Remuneration of cultural expertise 20% 9	Advised by the court
	The reputation of the expert (42%, 8) chose 'Other', followed by 'Standard hourly rate' (37%, 7) and 'Set price per Instructed by lawyers as the need arises 18% 8 report' (21%, 4).
	Instructed by courts Remuneration of experts	14% 6 % #	The court/ prosecutor/Ministry of the Interior have already appointed their expert Remuneration
	Instructed by the Other	14% 6 42% 8	Other
	litigants/applicants/
	defendants/ complainants Standard hourly rate	37% 7	Instructed by the Ministry of the Interior
	Work as an expert for NGOs 11% 5 Set price per report 21% 4	Instructed by lawyers as the need arises
	Total Total	100% 44 100% 19	Instructed by courts Standard hourly rate
			Instructed by the litigants/applicants/
			defendants/ complainants Other
			Work as an expert for NGOs
			Set price per report

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

Most experts chose 'Other' (42%, 9) when asked how they started giving expert opinions, followed by 'Contacted by a lawyer' and 'Directly contacted by clients' (19%, 4) each, 'Contacted by a court' (10%, 2), 'Contacted by the Ministry of the Interior' and 'Referred by a colleague' (5%, 1) each. 'Instructed by lawyers as the need arises' (18%, 8), 'Instructed by courts' and 'Instructed by the litigants/applicants/ defendants/ complainants' (14%, 6) each, and 'Work as an expert for NGOs' (11%, 5).

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

Areas of law where cultural expertise is more useful

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Beatriz Barreiro Carril Date of First Publication: 05/08/2019

		Spain Data Summary Spain Data Summary
	CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)
	PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Beatriz Barreiro Carril
		Date of First Publication: 05/08/2019
	Usefulness of Competitiveness	%	#
	cultural expertise Very useful Experts thought that their expertise was competitive because of their 'Competence' (34%, 10), 28% 24 Usefulness of cultural 'Other', 'Balance between competence and cost' and 'Reputation' 17%, 5) each. (15%, 4) expertise indicated 'Convenient hourly quote'.
	Answer	%	#
	Moderately useful Competence	26% 34% 10 23
	Other	17% 5
	Balance between	17% 5
	Slightly useful competence and cost My reputation	25% 17% 5 22
	Convenient hourly quote 15% 4
	Extremely useful Total	20% 100% 29 17
	Not at all useful	1%	1		Very useful	Moderately useful
					Slightly useful	Extremely useful
	Total	100% 87		Not at all useful
					Cultural expert witnessing is applicable to
					similar cases
	Usefulness: fields				Reuse only within the same country/legal field
	Other Cultural expertise is most useful in 'Migration law' (40%, 40), followed by 'Other' (26%, 26),
	'More useful in civil law than criminal law' (20%, 20) and 'More in criminal law than in civil
	law' (14%, 14).				Unique and not repeatable experience
			%	#	Areas of law where more
					useful
	Migration law		40% 40
	Other		26% 26
	More in civil law than in	20% 20
	criminal law
	More in criminal law than in	14% 14
	civil law				Migration law
	Total		100% 100	Other
					More in civil law than in criminal law
					More in criminal law than in civil law

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

Spain Data Summary CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Beatriz Barreiro Carril Date of First Publication: 05/08/2019

				Competitiveness
				Competence
				Other
				Balance between competence and cost
				My reputation
				Convenient hourly quote
		%	#	Reputation of experts
	Regularly	48%	9
	instructed/appointed as
	an expert for many years
	Other	26%	5
	Expert opinions have been successful	26%	5	Regularly instructed/appointed as an expert for many years
				Other
	Total	100% 19
				Expert opinions have been successful

Data Summary CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Beatriz Barreiro Carril Date of First Publication: 05/08/2019 20

			%	#	Usefulness of case law
	Very useful		56% 58	database
	Somewhat useful		42% 44
	No use		2%	2
	Total		100% 104
					Very useful Somewhat useful No use
	Contribution to law database
	Most respondents did wish to contribute to the establishment of a case law database (71%,
	58), while close to one third of respondents did not (29%, 24).
	Contribution to a law database	%	#		Contribution to a law
	I would not like to	29%	24		database
	contribute to a
	database on cultural
	expertise
	I would like to	71%	58
	contribute to a
	database on cultural
	expertise
	Total	100%	82

I would not like to contribute to a database on cultural expertise I would like to contribute to a database on cultural expertise Spain

Spain Data Summary CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Beatriz Barreiro Carril Date of First Publication: 05/08/2019

	Organisations interested in a teaching program	%	#	Organisations interested in a teaching program
	Know educational	32% 16
	institutions interested in
	teaching
	teaching organisations interested in Know professional	32% 16	Usefulness of a teaching expertise program on cultural
	Interested in teaching	36% 18
	themselves
	Total	100% 50
				Know educational institutions interested in teaching
				Probably yes Know professional organisations interested in Definitely yes teaching
				Might or might not Probably not Interested in teaching themselves
				21

Usefulness

The most common response to the question regarding the usefulness of cultural expertise was 'Very useful' (28%, 24), followed by 'Moderately useful' (26%, 23), then 'Slightly useful' (25%, 23), 'Extremely useful' (20%, 17) and 'Not useful at all' (1%, 1).

Components of impact


CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT) PI

Judges

The most common degree of jurisdiction for Judges was 'Middle Judiciary' (79%, 15), followed by 'Other' (11%. 2) then 'Lower Judiciary' and 'Upper Judiciary' (5%, 2) each. The most common area of jurisdiction was 'Criminal law' (30%, 10) followed by 'Family law' (24%, 8), 'Civil law' (21%, 7), 'Other' (18%, 6), with 'Asylum/Migration Law and Constitutional Law accounting' for (6%, 2).

Degree of Jurisdiction

Degree of Jurisdiction

Lawyers

More than half of the responding Lawyers indicated that they were 'Senior' (51%, 47) followed by 'Mid-career' (36%, 33), and 'Junior' (13%, 12). For the areas of law practiced, 'Immigration Law' (23%, 57) was the most common, followed by 'Refugee and Asylum Law' (16%, 38), 'Administrative Law' (12%, 30), 'Criminal Law' (8%, 20), and 'International Human Rights Law' (8%, 19), with all the remaining areas accounting for 5% or less.

Career Stage

Area of Jurisdiction

Frequency

Frequency of involvement

To the question of how many experts did they instruct annually, most responding judges and lawyers (49%, 48) chose 'Less than 10', followed by 'Between 10 and 20' (18%, 17), 'Never appointed experts' (16%, 16), 'Between 20 and 30' (13%, 13) and 'Between 30 and 50' (3%, 3). (61%, 67) of experts choose 'Other', (27%, 30) choose 'Less than 5', (7%, 8) a number of oral reports 'Between 5 and 10', (3%, 3) indicated a number of oral reports 'Between 50 and 100' and (2%, 2) indicated a number of oral reports 'Between 10 and 20'.

Area of Specialisation

Annual cases

Less than 10

Between 10 and 20

Between 20 and 30

Between 30 and 50

Never appointed experts

United Kingdom Data Summary

Fields of law

The most common area of use of cultural expertise was 'Immigration Law' (24%, 119), followed by 'Refugee and Asylum Law' (22%, 113), then 'International Human Rights Law' (11%, 54), 'Family Law' (10%, 53) and 'Criminal Law' (7%, 36), with all remaining categories accounting for less than 5%.

Overall

Less than 5

Between 5 and 10

Between 10 and 20

Between 20 and 50

Between 50 and 100

Other

Written

Less than 5

Between 5 and 10

Between 10 and 20

Between 20 and 50

Between 50 and 100

Other

Oral

Less than 5

Between 5 and 10

Between 10 and 20

Between 50 and 100

Other

United Kingdom Data Summary

Typology of Experts

The most common response to the question regarding the expert type was were 'Country experts' (32%, 64) followed by 'University professors' (23%, 45), 'Native lawyers' (15%, 30), 'Native language speakers' (12%, 23), 'Other' (8%, 16), 'Religious leaders' (7%, 13) and 'Community leaders' (4%, 7).

Sites

In court

Out of court

Discipline

The (23%, 45) who selected 'University professors' were asked to specify the disciplines of those professors. Anthropology (22%, 31) followed closely by Sociology (20%, 28), then Law (16%, 22), Political Science (15%, 21), Linguistics (13%, 18), History (9%, 13) and 'Other' (4%, 5).

Expert Type

Modalities

Appointment of Experts

The most common factor influencing the decision to appoint experts was 'Funding' (14%, 93), followed by 'The reputation of the expert' (12%, 78), then 'Client's request' (12%, 77), 'Cost' (11%, 74), 'The law allows the appointment/instruction of experts' (11%, 73), 'Experts facilitate successful legal outcomes' (11%, 72), 'The Court is keen to hear cultural arguments' (6%, 41) and 'Advised by the court' (6%, 39). With all remaining categories accounting for 2%.

Discipline

Remuneration of cultural expertise

The most common response indicated that experts were paid at a 'Standard hourly rate' (40%, 57), followed by at a 'Set price per report' (31%, 44), 'Voluntary basis' (24%, 34) and 'Other' (6%, 9).

Financing

Reuse of cultural expertise

To the question of the reuse of cultural expertise were almost a third indicated 'Unique and not repeatable' (32%, 29) followed by 'Applicable to similar cases' (27%, 24), 'Other' (26%, 23) 'Reuse only within the same country/legal field' (16%, 14

Usefulness

The most common response to the question regarding the usefulness of cultural expertise was 'Very useful' (40%, 37) followed by 'Moderately useful' (25%, 24), then 'Extremely useful' (21%, 20), 'Slightly useful' (9%, 9) and 'Not useful at all' (5%, 5).

Components of impact

Usefulness: fields

Cultural expertise is most useful in 'Migration law' (68%, 106), followed by 'Other' (25%, 40), then 'in civil law more than criminal law' (4%, 6), and 'in criminal law more than civil law' (3%, 5).

Usefulness of cultural expertise

Extremely

Competitiveness

Experts thought that their expertise was competitive because of their 'Reputation' (34%, 62), followed by 'Competence' (32%, 60), 'Balance between competence and cost' (22%, 41), 'Convenient hourly quote' (6%, 12), and 'Other' (5%, 10).

Competitiveness

Reputation of Experts

The majority of experts said that they had been 'Regularly instructed/appointed as an expert for many years' (49%, 48), followed by, 'Expert opinions had been successful' (21%, 21) and 'Other' (30%, 30).

Reputation of experts

Improved Access Database

Regarding the question of the usefulness of a case law database, the most common response was that it would be 'Very useful' (53%, 88) followed by 'Somewhat useful' (31%, 51), 'Other' (12%, 20) and 'No use' (5%, 8).

Reputation of experts

Regularly instructed/appointed as an expert for many years

Expert opinions have been successful

Other United Kingdom Data Summary

Usefulness of case law database

Very useful Somewhat useful

No use Other

Contribution to a law database I would like to contribute to a database on cultural expertise I would not like to contribute to a database on cultural expertise

Capacity Building

The most common response to the question regarding the usefulness of a program teaching cultural expertise was 'Definitely yes' (30%, 51), followed by 'Probably yes' (29%, 48) 'Might or might not' (29%, 48), 'Probably not' (11%, 20) and 'Definitely not' (1%, 1).

Usefulness of a

United Kingdom Data Summary CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

	United Kingdom Data Summary
	CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)
	PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Bridget Prince PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Bridget Prince
		Date of First Publication: 10/07/2019 Date of First Publication: 10/07/2019
		Revision and Update: 01/02/2022 Revision and Update: 01/02/2022
	Areas of Law Area of Specialisation	%	%	#	#	Areas of Law
	Immigration law Sub-Saharan Africa	23% 57 32% 41
	Refugee and asylum law Administrative law Other	16% 38 12% 30 18% 24
	Criminal law Middle East	8% 15% 20	20
	International human rights law European law South Asia Experts The most common expert type was 'Expert Witness' (78%, 86) followed by 'Other' (16%, 8% 19 5% 11% 14 North Africa 8% 11 13 Family law 5% Constitutional law 5% 12 Populations 13 18), 'Cultural mediator' (5%, 5), and 'Translator/interpreter' (1%, 1). Minority/Indigenous 6% 8
	Other South and Central	4% 5%	6	10
	Business and commercial law Expert Type % America South East Asia	2% # 3%	4	5	Immigration law Refugee and asylum law Expert Type
	Contracts and obligations Labour law Expert Witness 78% 86 2% 2% East Asia 2% Private international law 2% Other 16% 18 Total 100% 130 5 2 5 4	Criminal law Civil law Asylum/Migration Law Administrative law Criminal law	Family law Other
	Banking, bankruptcy, and Environmental law insolvency law Cultural mediator 5%		1% 1% 5		2 3	European law International human rights law
	Health law Translator/interpreter 1%		1% 1		2	Family law
	Inheritance law Financial law Total Intellectual and patent law 0% 1% 0% 100% 110		2 1 1	Constitutional law Expert Witness Other Other
	Medical and bio law		0%		1	Business and commercial law Cultural mediator
	Property law		0%		1	Contracts and obligations Translator/interpreter
	Total		100% 244	Career Stage Labour law
						Private international law
						Banking, bankruptcy, and
						insolvency law
						Environmental law
	Health law The most common response to the question regarding area of specialisation was 'Sub-Saharan
	Inheritance law Africa' (32%,41) followed by 'Other' (18%, 24), the 'Middle East' (15%, 20), 'South Asia'
	Financial law (11%, 14), 'North Africa' (8%, 11), 'Minority/Indigenous Populations', (6%, 8), with all other
	areas receiving 5% or less.					Intellectual and patent law
						Mid-career Medical and bio law Senior	Junior
						Property law

United Kingdom Data Summary CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

	PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Bridget Prince
		Date of First Publication: 10/07/2019
		Revision and Update: 01/02/2022
	Annual cases	%	#
	Less than 10	49%	48
	Between 10 and 20	18%	17
	Between 20 and 30	13%	13
	Between 30 and 50	3%	3
	Never appointed	16%	16
	experts
	Total	100% 97
			Sub-Saharan Africa
			Other
			Middle East
			South Asia
			North Africa
			Minority/Indigenous Populations
			South and Central America
			South East Asia
			East Asia
	(22%, 23) of experts provided 'Less than 5' written reports, (20%, 22) chose 'Other', (17%,
	19) indicated a number

of written reports 'Between 20 and 50', (15%, 17) indicated 'Between 5 and 10 and (11%, 11) indicated 'Between 50 and 100'.

Kingdom Data Summary CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Bridget Prince Date of First Publication: 10/07/2019 Revision and Update: 01/02/2022Organisations interested in a teaching programWith regards to the question on interest in the teaching program of cultural expertise, (55%, 41) would be 'Interested in teaching themselves' followed by (22%, 16) indicating that they 'Know educational institutions interested in teaching', (14%, 10) 'Know professional organisations interested in teaching', and (9%, 7) chose 'Other.

	teaching program on cultural expertise Definitely yes teaching institutions interested in Know educational United Organisations interested in a teaching program	% 30% 51 # 22% 16 % #	expertise program on cultural Usefulness of a teaching Organisations interested in a teaching program
	Probably yes	29% 48
	Know professional	14% 10
	Might or might not organisations interested in	29% 48
	teaching
	Probably not	11% 20
	Interested in teaching	55% 41
	Definitely not themselves	1%	1
	Total Other	100% 168 9% 7
				Know educational institutions interested in
	Total	100% 74	Definitely yes teaching	Probably yes
				Know professional organisations interested in Might or might not Probably not teaching
				Definitely not Interested in teaching themselves
				Other


Livia Holden

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT) PI

Judges

The most common degree of jurisdiction for Judges was 'Lower judiciary' (66%, 2), followed by 'Upper judiciary) (33%, 1). The most common area of jurisdiction was 'Criminal law' (66%, 2), followed by 'Civil law' (33%, 1).

Degree of Jurisdiction

Area of Jurisdiction % #

Civil Law 33% 1

Criminal Law 66% 2 Total 100% 3

Lawyers

Out of the 4 lawyers who responded, (50%, 2) indicated 'Mid-career', followed by 'Senior' and 'Junior' (25%, 1) each.

Career Stage % #

Mid-career 50% 2

Senior 25% 1

Junior 25% 1 Total 100% 4

For the areas of law practiced, 'European Law' and 'Family law' (20%, 2) were the most common, followed by 'Criminal law', 'Business and commercial law', 'Inheritance law', 'Contract and obligation law', 'Property law' and 'Private international law' (10%, 1) each.

Areas of Law

Experts

The most common expert type was 'Expert Witness' (63%, 12) followed by 'Translator/interpreter' (27%, 5), 'Cultural mediator' and 'Other' (5%, 1) each. The most common response to the question regarding area of specialisation was 'Middle East' (25%, 3) followed by 'North Africa', 'Minority/Indigenous Populations in Europe', 'Other' (17%, 2) each and 'Sub-Saharan Africa', 'South Asia', 'South and Central America' (8%, 1) each.

Areas of Law

Area of Specialisation

Frequency

Frequency of involvement

To the question of how many experts did they instruct annually, most responding judges and lawyers (66%, 4) chose 'Less than 10' followed by 'Between 20 and 30' and 'Never appointed experts' (17%, 1) each.

Annual cases % #

Never appointed experts 17% 1

Less than 10 66% 4

Between 20 and 30 17% 1 Total 100% 6 (41%, 7) of experts provided written reports in 'Less than 5 cases', (24%, 4) indicated a number of written reports between 50 and 100, (18%, 3) choose 'Other' and (6%, 1) indicated between 10 and 20.

(35%, 6) of experts provided 'Less than 5' oral reports, (24%, 4) choose 'Other', (18%, 3) 'Between 20 and 50', (12%, 2) indicated 'Between 50 and 100' and (6%, 1) indicated a number of oral reports 'Between 5 and 10' and 'Between 10 and 20'.

Annual cases

Never appointed experts

Less than 10

Between 20 and 30

Netherlands Data Summary

Fields of law

The most common area of use of cultural expertise was 'Criminal law' (26%, 11), followed by 'Family law' (12%, 5), 'Immigration law', 'Private international law', 'Refugee and asylum law (7%, 3) each, 'Inheritance law', 'International human rights law' (5%, 2) each, with all the remaining areas accounting for 2%.

Overall

Sites

The most common site of cultural expertise was 'In court' (29%, 8), followed by 'Out of Court' (18%, 5), 'In detention Centres' (14%, 4), 'In universities' and 'In hospitals' (11%, 3) each, 'In schools' (7%, 2), 'Through NGOs', 'Through private consultancy' and 'Other' (4%, 1) each.

Fields of Law

Typology of Experts

The most common response to the question regarding the expert type was 'Native lawyers' (50%, 4) followed by 'Other' (38%, 3) and 'University professors' (12%, 1).

Sites

In court

Through NGOs

Out of court

In detention centres

Other

In universities

In schools

In hospitals

Through private consultancy

Netherlands Data Summary

Discipline

The respondent who selected 'University professors' chose 'Other'.

Modalities Appointment of Experts

The most common factors influencing the decision to appoint were 'Client request', 'The law allows the appointment of experts' (16%, 5) and 'The court is keen to hear cultural arguments' (16%, 5) each, followed by 'Useful for an out of court settlement' (13%, 4), 'Experts facilitate successful legal outcomes' (9%, 3), 'Cost', 'The reputation of the expert', 'Advised by the court', 'The court/prosecutor/Home Office have already appointed their expert' (6%, 2) each and 'Time' and 'Other' (3%, 1) each.

Expert Type

Native lawyers

Other

University professors

Netherlands Data Summary Most experts started giving opinions after being 'Contacted by a court' (50%, 5), followed by 'Referred by a colleague' (30%, 3), with the two remaining options being selected by a single respondent, 10% each.

How experts are selected

Client request

The law allows

The court is keen to hear cultural arguments Useful for an out of court settlement

Remuneration of cultural expertise

Over half of responses indicated that experts were paid at a 'Standard hourly rate' (74%, 6), followed by 'Set price per report' and 'Other' (13%, 1) each.

Remuneration of experts

Usefulness

The most common responses to the question regarding the usefulness of cultural expertise were 'Very useful' and 'Slightly useful' (29%, 2) each, followed by 'Moderately useful',' Extremely useful' and 'Not at all useful' (14%, 1) each.

Components of impact

Usefulness: fields

Most respondent chose 'Other' (72%, 5) to the question of most useful fields for cultural expertise, followed by 'Migration law' and 'More in civil law than in criminal law (14%, 1) each.

Areas of law

Reputation of Experts

The majority of experts said that they had been 'Regularly instructed/ appointed as expert for many years' (50%, 5), followed 'Other' (40%, 4) and 'The cases in which expert opinion was provided were successful' (10%, 1). Improved Access

Reputation of experts

Database

Regarding the question of the usefulness of a case law database, the most common response was that it would be 'Very useful' (50%, 5), followed by 'Somewhat useful' (30%, 3), and of 'No use' (20%, 2).

Usefulness of case law database

% # Very useful 50% 5

Somewhat useful 30% 3

No use 20% 2 Total 100% 10

Contribution to law database

Most respondents did wish to contribute to the establishment of a case law database (67%, 4), while one third of respondents did not wish (33%, 2).

Capacity Building

The most common response to the question regarding the usefulness of a program teaching cultural expertise was 'Definitely yes' (46%, 5), followed by 'Probably yes' (36%, 4) and 'Might or might not' (18%, 2).

Usefulness of a teaching program on cultural expertise

% #

Definitely yes 46% 5

Probably yes 36% 4

Might or might not 18% 2 Total 100% 11

Organisations interested in a teaching program

With regards the question on interest in the teaching program, the most common response was 'Know professional organisations that may be interested' (50%, 5) and 'Interested in teaching cultural expertise themselves' (50%, 5).

Organisations interested in a teaching

Netherlands Data Summary CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

	PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Stefanie Lemke
		Date of First Publication: 30/06/2022
				Expert Type
				Expert Witness
				Translator/interpreter
				Other
				Cultural mediator
		%	#	Area of Specialisation
	Middle East	25%	3
	North Africa	17%	2
	Minority/Indigenous	17%	2
	populations in Europe
	Other	17%	2
	Sub-Saharan Africa	8%	1	Middle East
	South Asia	8%	1	North Africa
	South and Central America 8%	1	Minority/Indigenous populations in Europe
	Total	100% 12	Other
				Sub-Saharan Africa
				South Asia
				South and Central America

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Stefanie Lemke Date of First Publication: 30/06/2022

	Fields of Law	%	#
	Criminal law	26% 11
	Family law	12% 5
	Immigration law	7%	3
	Private international law	7%	3
	Refugee and asylum law	7%	3
	Inheritance law	5%	2
	International human rights	5%	2
	law
	Administrative law	2%	1
	Business and commercial law 2%	1
	Constitutional law	2%	1
	Contracts and obligations	2%	1
	European law	2%	1
	Financial law	2%	1
	Health law	2%	1
	Intellectual and patent law	2%	1
	Labour law	2%	1
	Property law	2%	1
	Medical and bio law	2%	1
	Environmental law	2%	1
	Sports law	2%	1
	Other	2%	1
	Total	100% 43

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Stefanie Lemke Date of First Publication: 30/06/2022

	Expert Type	%	#
	Native lawyers	50%	4
	Other	38%	3
	University professors	12%	1
	Total	100% 8
			10

where cultural expertise is more useful

	Netherlands Data Summary
	CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)
	PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Stefanie Lemke
		Date of First Publication: 30/06/2022
	Competitiveness
	Experts thought that their expertise was competitive because of their 'Competence' (55%, 6) Usefulness of cultural followed by 'Reputation' (27%, 3), 'Balance between competence and cost' and 'Other '(9%, expertise 1) each.
	Competitiveness	%	#
	Competence	55% 6
	Reputation	27% 3
	Other	9%	1
	Balance between	9%	1
	competence and cost
				Very useful	Slightly useful
	Total	100% 11	Moderately useful Extremely useful Not at all useful
		%	#	Areas of law where more
				useful
	Other	72% 5
	Migration law	14% 1
	More in civil law than in	14% 1
	criminal law
	Total	100% 66
				Other
				Migration law
				More in civil law than in criminal law

Netherlands Data Summary CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Stefanie Lemke Date of First Publication: 30/06/2022 20

				Usefulness of case law
				database
				Very useful Somewhat useful No use
	Contribution to a law database	%	#	Contribution to a law
	I would not like to	33%	2	database
	contribute to a
	database on cultural
	expertise
	I would like to	67%	4
	contribute to a
	database on cultural
	expertise			I would like to contribute to a database on
	Total	100%	6	cultural expertise
				I would not like to contribute to a database
				on cultural expertise

How experts started their career

% #

Contacted by a court 50% 5

Referred by a colleague 30% 3

Contacted by a lawyer 10% 1

Contacted by the Home office 10% 1 Total 100% 10

Experts were most frequently 'Instructed by courts' (38%, 9), followed by 'Contacted directly by clients' and 'Instructed by lawyers as need arises clients' (17%, 4) each, 'Instructed by the Ministry of the Interior' (13%, 3), 'Work as an expert for NGOs' and 'Other' (4%, 1) each.

Cost of Cultural Expertise

Cultural expertise is most commonly financed by 'Courts' (26%, 5), followed by 'Legal aid' 'Clients', 'Home office' (21%, 4) each and 'Other' (11%, 2).

Who instruct the experts

Reuse of cultural expertise

The three most frequent responses to the question of the reuse of cultural expertise were 'Cultural expert witnessing is applicable to similar cases', 'Reuse only within the same country/legal field' and 'Other' (29%, 2) each, followed by 'Unique and not repeatable experience' (13%, 1).

Reuse of cultural expertise

Impact

Components of Impact

The most common components of impact include 'Reliable sources of contents' (31%, 10), followed by 'Use of statistics', 'First-hand experience', 'Style' (13%, 4) each, 'Stringent conclusions' (9%, 3), 'Quantitative assessment of risk', 'Advocacy', 'Reputation of the experts' (6%, 2) each and 'Remuneration of experts' (3%, 1).

Reuse of cultural expertise


Stefanie Lemke

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT) PI: Livia Holden | Data Collector

Experts

The most common type of expert selected was 'Translators' (2, 40%), followed by 'Expert witness' (1, 25%), and then 'Academic' (1, 25%

Frequency

Frequency of involvement

To the question of how many experts did they instruct annually, most responding judges and lawyers had instructed experts in less than 10 cases (57%, 20), followed by 'Never instructed experts' (9, 26 %) then (3, 9%) between 10 and 20, (2, 6%) between 30 and 50 and (1, 3%) between 20 and 30.

Sites

The most common site for cultural expertise was 'In court' (16, 38%), followed by in 'Universities' (5, 12%), 'In detention centres' (5, 12%), 'In schools '( 4, 9%), 'Through private consultancies' (4, 9%), 'Out of court' (3, 8%), 'Through NGOs' (2, 5%), 'In hospitals' (2, 5%), 'Other' (1, 3%) and specified that they have no experience.

Sites

Typology of Experts

The most common expert type was 'Native language speakers' (14, 46%) followed by 'Other' out of which (11, 34%) specified 'Translators',(7,19%), 'Country experts' (14%, 4), and 'University professors' (2, 6%).

Expert type % #

Native language speakers 46% 14

Translators 34% 11

Country experts 14% 4

University professors 6% 2 Total 100% 31

The two who selected 'university professors' clarified 'sociology as the discipline of the most common type of experts.

Expert type

Native language speakers Translators Country experts

University professors

Belgium Data Summary

Reuse of cultural expertise

The most frequent responses to the question of the reuse of cultural expertise was 'Unique and not repeatable experience' (39%, 9), 'Need of training for judges' (23%,7), 'Cultural expertise being applicable in similar cases' (26%, 6) and 'Can only be reproduced in the same country/legal field' (4%, 1).

Reuse of cultural expertise

Impact

Components of impact

The most common components of impact include 'Reliable sources of contents' (14%, 8), followed by 'First-hand experience' (14%, 8), then 'Stringent conclusions' (13%, 7), 'Reputation' (13%, 7), 'Use of statistics' (11%, 6), 'Quantitative assessment of risk" (10%, 5), 'Style' (9%, 5) and 'Advocacy' (9%, 5) and 'Remuneration' (7%, 3).

Components of impact

Usefulness

The most common response to the question regarding the usefulness of cultural expertise was 'Very useful' (38%, 9), 'Moderately useful' (38%, 9), 'Slightly useful' (13%, 3), 'Extremely useful' (8%, 2), and 'Not at all useful' (4%, 1).

Components of impact

Usefulness: fields

Cultural expertise is most useful in 'Any legal specialization' (30%, 7), followed by, 'Migration law' (26%, 6), 'More useful in civil law than in criminal law' (22%, 5) and 'More useful in criminal law than in civil law' (22%, 5). Improved access

Usefulness of cultural expertise

Database

Regarding the question of the usefulness of a case law database on cultural expertise, the most common response was that it would be 'Very useful' (43%, 10), followed by 'Somewhat useful' (39%, 9) and 'Of no use' (15%, 4).

Reputation of experts

Regularly appointed/instructed as an expery for many years Expert opinion have been successful

Through training

Other

Belgium Data Summary

Capacity building

Well over the half of the respondents indicated that they thought a teaching program on cultural expertise would be 'Probably useful' (44%, 12), followed by 'Definitively useful' (30%, 8), 'Might or might not be useful' (15%, 4) and 'Probably not useful' (4%, 1).

Usefulness of case law database

  ).

	(1, 100%) indicated 'Minorities and Indigenous populations in Europe'.
	Area of	%	#
	Specialisation
	Indigenous Minorities and	100%	1	Area of jurisdiction
	populations in
	Europe
	Total	100%	1
			Civil law		Criminal Law
			Contracts and administration Execution of Internment
			Asylum and Migration	Prefer not to say
	Expert type	%	#		Expert type
	Translators	50%	2
	Expert Witness	25%	1
	Academic	25%	1
	Total	100%	4
				Translators	Expert Witness	Academic

Belgium Data Summary CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

		PI: Livia Holden | Data Collector: Stefanie Lemke
		Date of First Publication: 2 February 2022
	Fields of law
	The most common areas of use of cultural expertise was 'Criminal law' (3, 21%), followed Area of Specialisation by 'Family law' (2, 14%), 'Labour law' (2, 14%), 'Administrative law' (1, 7%), 'Business
	and commercial law' (1, 7%), 'Constitutional law '(1, 7%), 'European law' (1, 7%),
	'Immigration law' (1, 7%), 'International Human Rights '(1, 7%), and 'Refugee and asylum
	law' (1, 7%).
	Fields of Law	%		#
					Fields of law
	Criminal law	21% 3
	Family law	14% 2
					Minorities and Indigenous populations in Europe
	Labour law	14% 2
	Administrative law	7%		1
	Business and	7%		1
	commercial law
	Constitutional law	7%		1
	Annual cases Less than 10 experts 57% % Never instructed 25% European law 7%	# 20 9 1	Annual cases Criminal law
	experts Immigration law	7%		1	Family law
	Between 10 and 20 9%	3		Labour law
	Between 30 and 50 6% International human 7%	2	1	Administrative law
	Between 20 and 30 3% Total 100% 35 1 rights Refugee and asylum 7% 1	Business and commercial law Constitutional law
	Total	100% 14	European law
					Immigration law
					International human rights
					Less than 10 experts Refugee and asylum Never instructed experts
					Between 10 and 20	Between 30 and 50
					Between 20 and 30

Belgium Data Summary CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

	PI: Livia Holden | Data Collector: Stefanie Lemke
	Date of First Publication: 2 February 2022

Belgium Data Summary CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

  With regards to the question on interest in the teaching program, (29%, 2) said they 'Know of educational institutions interested', (29%, 2) said they 'Know professional organisations that may be interested', (29%, 2) choose'Other' and (13% (1) are 'Interested in teaching themselves'. PI: Livia Holden | Data Collector: Stefanie Lemke Date of First Publication: 2 February 2022

	Belgium Data Summary
	CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)
	PI: Livia Holden | Data Collector: Stefanie Lemke
	Date of First Publication: 2 February 2022
	Usefulness of a teaching program on cultural Organisations interested in a teaching program	%	%	#	#	Usefulness of a teaching Interest in a teaching
	expertise						program on cultural program
	Probably yes institutions interested in Know educational	48% 12 29%	2		expertise
	teaching
	Definitively yes	32% 8
	Know professional		29%		2
	Might or might not organisations interested in	16% 4
	teaching
	Probably not	4%	1
	Total Other	100% 25 29%	2	Very useful	Somewhat useful	Of no use
	themselves Interested in teaching		13%		1		Probably useful
						Definitively useful Know of schools, universities or organisations
	Total		100% 7	Might or might not be useful that may be interested Know professional organisations that may be Probably not useful interested
						Other
	Organisations interested in a teaching program Contribution to a law database Interested in teaching themselves
						Would like to contribute
						Would not like to contribute
							18 19