CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT) PI

Degree of Jurisdiction

The most common area of jurisdiction was 'Criminal law' (24%, 30) followed by 'Family law' (21%, 27), 'Civil law' (21%, 27), 'Other' (21%, 26), Asylum/Migration Law (13%, 16). For the areas of law practiced, 'Criminal Law' (20%, 43) was the most common, followed by 'Immigration Law' (11%, 24), 'Family Law' (11%, 24), 'Refugee and Asylum Law' (9%, 20), and' Administrative Law' (9%, 20). 'Inheritance Law', 'Property Law', 'Contracts and obligations' and 'Other' each received 5% with all remaining areas receiving 4% or less. The most common response to the question regarding area of specialisation was 'Other' (46%, 17) followed by 'Middle East' (19%, 7), 'North Africa' (11%, 5), South and Central America' (9%,4), Minority/Indigenous populations in Europe (11%, 5), 'South East Asia' and 'Sub-Saharan Africa' (2%, 1) each. (38%, 20) of experts chose 'Other', (19%, 10) indicated a number of oral reports 'Between 50 and 100', followed by 'Less than 5' (17%, 9), 'Between 5 and 10' and 'Between 20 and 50' (10%, 5) each and 'Between 10 and 20' (6% 3).

Area of Jurisdiction

Areas of Law

Areas of Law

Area of Specialisation

Annual cases

Less than 10 Between 10 and 20

Between 20 and 30 Between 30 and 50

Other

Sweden Data Summary

Fields of law

The most common area of use of cultural expertise was 'Immigration law' (13%, 49), followed by 'Refugee and asylum law' (13%, 47), 'Criminal Law' (11%, 41), 'Family Law' (10%, 36), 'Other' (9%, 32) and 'Administrative Law' (9%, 33), with all the remaining areas accounting for 4% or less.

Overall

Less than 5

Between 5 and 10

Between 20 and 50

Between 50 and 100

Other

Written

Less than 5

Between 5 and 10

Between 10 and 20

Between 20 and 50

Between 50 and 100

Other

Oral

Less than 5

Between 5 and 10

Between 10 and 20

Between 20 and 50

Between 50 and 100

Other

Sweden Data Summary

Typology of Experts

The most common response to the question regarding the expert type was 'Other' (38%, 57), followed by 'University professors' and 'Native language speakers' (14%, 22) each, 'Country experts' (12%, 18), 'Native lawyers' (11%, 17), 'Religious leaders' (7%, 10) and 'Community leaders' (4%, 6).

Sites

In court

Out of court

Discipline

The (15%, 20) who selected 'University professors' were asked to specify the disciplines of those professors. The most common response was 'Law' (27%, 9) followed by 'Other' (24%, 8), 'Linguistic' (18%, 6), Sociology (12%, 4) 'History' and 'Anthropology' (9%, 3) each, and 'Political Science' (3%, 1).

Expert Type

Other To the question of how they started their career most experts answered 'Other' (50%, 18) followed by 'Contacted by a court' (18%, 7), 'Directly contacted by clients' (14%, 5), 'Referred by a colleague', Contacted by a lawyer' and Contacted by the ministry of justice' (6%, 2) each.

How experts are selected

Client request

The law allows

Experts facilitate successful legal outcomes

The court is keen to hear cultural arguments

The reputation of the expert

Time

Cost

The court/prosecutor/Home Office have already appointed their expert Other Expertise can also be used for an out of court settlement The court advise the appointment of the expert How experts started their career

% # Other 50% 18
Contacted by a court Contacted by a lawyer 6% 2

Contacted by the ministry of justice 6% 2

Total 100% 36

Experts were most frequently 'Instructed by lawyers as need arises' (27%, 28), followed by 'Instructed by courts' (26%, 27), 'Work as an expert for NGOs' (16%, 17), 'Contacted directly by clients' (14%, 15), 'Instructed by the ministry of the interior (9%, 9), and 'Other' (8%, 8).

Remuneration of cultural expertise

Over half of responses indicated that experts were paid at a 'Standard hourly rate' (69%, 27), followed by 'Other' (13%, 5), 'Set price per report' (10%, 4) and 'Voluntary basis' (8%, 3).

Financing

Reuse of cultural expertise

The most frequent response to the question of the reuse of cultural expertise was 'Other' (33%, 33) followed by 'Reuse only within the same country/legal field' (25%, 25) 'Can only be reproduced in the same country/legal field' (24%, 24) and 'Cultural expertise is applicable in similar cases' (18%, 18).

Reuse of cultural expertise

Impact

Components of Impact

The most common components of impact include 'Reliable sources of contents' (21%, 82), followed by 'First-hand experience' (14%, 56), then 'Use of statistics' (13%, 50), 'Stringent conclusions' (12%, 49), 'Reputation of experts' (11%, 45), 'Quantitative assessment of risk' (11%, 43), 'Advocacy' (6%, 22) and 'Style' (5%, 20), with all the remaining categories accounting for 4% or less.

Components of impact

Usefulness

The most common response to the question regarding the usefulness of cultural expertise was 'Slightly useful' (43%, 45), followed by 'Not at all useful' (20%, 21), 'Very useful' (17%, 18), 'Moderately useful' (15%, 16) and 'Extremely useful' (5%, 5).

Components of impact

Competitiveness

Experts thought that their expertise was competitive because of their 'Competence' (46%, 25), followed by 'Reputation' (28%, 15), 'Balance between competence and cost' (19%, 10), 'Convenient hourly quotes' (6%, 3) and 'Other '(2%, 1).

Competitiveness

Reputation of Experts

The majority of experts said that they had been 'Regularly instructed/ appointed as expert for many years' (62%, followed by 'Other' (30%, 11), and 'Expert opinions have been successful' (8%, 3).

Reputation of experts

Contribution to law database

Most respondents did wish to contribute to the establishment of a case law database (60%, 35), while (40%, 23) did not.

Usefulness of case law database

Capacity Building

The most common response to the question regarding the usefulness of a program teaching cultural expertise was 'Probably yes (30%, 36), followed by 'Definitely yes' (27%, 32), 'Might or might not' (25%, 30), 'Probably not' (10%, 12) and 'Definitely not' (8%, 10).

Contribution to a law database

I

Organisations interested in a teaching program

With regards to the question on interest in the teaching program, the most common response was 'Interested in teaching cultural expertise themselves' (46%, 17), followed by 'Other' (32%, 12) and 'Know professional organisations that may be interested' (22%, 8).

Usefulness of a teaching program on cultural expertise

Definitely

  PI: LIVIA HOLDEN | Post-Doc: ANNA TSALAPATANIS | Data Collector: Laura Lehtonen Date of Publication: 05/06/2019 Date of Revision: 01/02/2022

		Sweden Data Summary
	Lawyers Most of the lawyers who responded, (51%, 38) indicated 'Mid-career', followed by 'Junior' Degree of Jurisdiction
	(25%, 19) and' Senior' (24%, 18).
	Career Stage	%	#
	Junior Lawyers	25%	19
	Mid-Career	51%	38
	Senior Lawyers Total	24% 100%	18 75	Lower judiciary Middle judiciary Upper judiciary Other
		%	#
	Criminal Law	24% 30	Area of Jurisdiction
	Family Law	21% 27
	Civil Law	21% 27
	Other	21% 26
	Asylum/Migration Law 13% 16
	Total	100% 126
				Criminal Law	Family Law
				Asylum/Migration Law Civil Law
				Other

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

Other Sweden Data Summary CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

	PI: LIVIA HOLDEN | Post-Doc: ANNA TSALAPATANIS | Data Collector: Laura Lehtonen
		Date of Publication: 05/06/2019
		Date of Revision: 01/02/2022
				Expert Type
	Frequency
	Frequency of involvement
	To the question of how many experts did they instruct annually, most responding judges and
	lawyers (62%, 80) chose 'Less than 10', followed by 'Other' (28%, 36), 'Between 20 and 30'
	Expert Witness (5%, 6), 'Between 10 and 20' (4%, 5) and 'Between 30 and 50' (2%, 3).
	Annual cases	%	#	Cultural mediator
	Less than 10	62%	80	Translator/interpreter
	Between 10 and 20	4%	5
	Between 20 and 30	5%	6
	Between 30 and 50	2%	3
		%	#	Area of Specialisation
	Other Other	46% 17 28% 36
	Middle East Total	19% 7 100% 130
	North Africa	11% 5
	South and Central	9%	4
	America (36%, 20) of experts provided 'Less than 5' written reports, (29%, 16) chose 'Other', (13%, 7)
	South Asia indicated 'Between 20 and 50', (7%, 4) indicated a number of written reports 'Between 10 and 5% 2 Minority/Indigenous 11% 5 20', 'Between 50 and 100' and 'Between 5 and 10'.
	populations in Europe
	South East Asia	2%	1	Other
	Sub-Saharan Africa	2%	1	Middle East
	Total	100% 44	North Africa
				South and Central America
				South Asia
				Minority/Indigenous populations in Europe
				South East Asia
				Sub-Saharan Africa

  PI: LIVIA HOLDEN | Post-Doc: ANNA TSALAPATANIS | Data Collector: Laura Lehtonen Date of Publication: 05/06/2019 Date of Revision: 01/02/2022

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

  PI: LIVIA HOLDEN | Post-Doc: ANNA TSALAPATANIS | Data Collector: Laura Lehtonen Date of Publication: 05/06/2019 Date of Revision: 01/02/2022

	Sweden Data Summary
	CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)
	PI: LIVIA HOLDEN | Post-Doc: ANNA TSALAPATANIS | Data Collector: Laura Lehtonen
		Date of Publication: 05/06/2019
		Date of Revision: 01/02/2022
	Sites
	Fields of Law The most common site of cultural expertise was 'In court' (42%, 90), followed by 'Out of % # Fields of Law
	Immigration law court' (20%, 42) 'Through NGOs' (12%, 26), 'Other' (10%, 21), 'In hospitals' (7%, 16) with 13% 49
	Refugee and asylum law all remaining categories receiving 3% or less. 13% 47
	Criminal law Family law Sites	11% 41 10% 36 % #
	Other In court	9% 42% 90 32
	Administrative law Out of court	9% 20% 42 33
	International human rights	4%	16
	law Through NGOs	12% 26
	Private international law	4%	15
	Inheritance law Other	3% 10% 21 12	Immigration law
	European law Health law In hospitals	3% 3% 7%	10 11 16	Criminal law Refugee and asylum law
	Labour law In schools	3% 3%	10 7	Family law
	Environmental law Constitutional law Contracts and obligations consultancy Through private	3% 2% 2% 2%	12 9 8 4	International human rights law Administrative law Other
	Intellectual and patent law In detention centres	2% 2%	8 5	Private international law
	Finance law Property law In universities Sports law Total Total	2% 1% 1% 1% 100% 365 6 3 5 5 100% 187	Inheritance law European law Health law
				Labour law
				Environmental law
				Constitutional law
				Contracts and obligations
				Intellectual and patent law
				Finance law
				Property law
				Sports law

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

  PI: LIVIA HOLDEN | Post-Doc: ANNA TSALAPATANIS | Data Collector: Laura Lehtonen Date of Publication: 05/06/2019 Date of Revision: 01/02/2022

	Sweden Data Summary
	Expert Type	%	#
	Other	38%	57
	University professors	14%	22
	Native language	14%	22
	speakers
	Country experts	12%	18
	Native lawyers	11%	17
	Religious leaders	7%	10
	Community leaders	4%	6
				Through NGOs
	Total	100% 152	Other
				In hospitals
				In schools
				In detention centres
				In universities
				Through private consultancy

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

Areas of law where cultural expertise is more useful

	Sweden Data Summary Sweden Data Summary
	CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT) CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)
	PI: LIVIA HOLDEN | Post-Doc: ANNA TSALAPATANIS | Data Collector: Laura Lehtonen PI: LIVIA HOLDEN | Post-Doc: ANNA TSALAPATANIS | Data Collector: Laura Lehtonen
			Date of Publication: 05/06/2019 Date of Publication: 05/06/2019
			Date of Revision: 01/02/2022 Date of Revision: 01/02/2022
	Usefulness of	%	#
	cultural expertise				Usefulness of cultural
	Extremely useful	5%	5		expertise
	Very useful	17%	18
	Moderately useful		16
	Slightly useful	43%	45
	Not at all useful	20%	21		Extremely useful	Very useful
					Moderately useful Slightly useful
	Total	100% 105		Not at all useful
					Reliable sources of contents
					First-hand experience
	Usefulness: fields				Use of statistics
	Stringent conclusions Cultural expertise is most useful in 'Migration law' (45%, 50), followed by 'Other' (25%, 28),
	Reputation of the experts 'More useful in civil law than criminal law' (15%, 16). 'More useful in criminal law rather
	than civil law' (15%, 16).			Quantitative assessment of risk
			%	#	Advocacy Style Areas of law where more
	useful in migration law Cultural expertise is most	45% 50	Other Remuneration of experts useful
	Other		25% 28
	Cultural expertise is more	15% 16
	useful in civil law than in
	criminal law				Cultural expertise is most useful in
	Cultural expertise is more	15% 16	migration law
	useful in criminal law than in			Other
	civil law Total		100% 110	Cultural expertise is more useful in civil law than in criminal law
					Cultural expertise is more useful in
					criminal law than in civil law
						20

  would like to contribute to a database on cultural expertise I would not like to contribute to a database on cultural expertise

	Usefulness of a	%	#
	teaching program on
	cultural expertise
	Definitely yes	27% 32
	Probably yes	30% 36
	Might or might not	25% 30
	Probably not	10% 12
	Definitely not	8%	10
	Total	100% 120

Discipline

Modalities

Appointment of Experts

The most common factor influencing the decision to appoint experts was 'Client request' (20%, 54), followed by 'The law allows the appointment of experts

Cost of Cultural Expertise

Cultural expertise is most commonly financed by 'Courts' (35%, 63), followed by 'Clients' (24%, 42), 'Other' (15%, 26), 'Legal aid' (14%, 25), 'Philanthropists/ NGOs/Relatives/ Community' (8%, 15) and 'Ministry of interior' (4%, 7).

Who instruct the experts

Instructed by lawyers as need arises

Instructed by courts

Work as an expert for NGOs

Contacted directly by clients

Instructed by the ministry of the interior

Other

Sweden Data Summary


CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT) PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector

Judges

The most common degree of jurisdiction for Judges was responding District Court (62%, 36), then Court of Appeal (19%,11), Administrative Court (9%, 5), Special Courts (3%, 2), and Supreme Court (2%, 1). The most common area of jurisdiction was 'Civil law' (32%, 44), followed by 'Criminal Law' (30%, 42), 'Family Law' (22%, 30), 'Other' (9%, 12) and Asylum/Migration Law (8%,11).

Country location

Area of Jurisdiction

Lawyers

Out of the 18 lawyer who responded, (50%, 9) indicated mid-career, followed by junior lawyers (28%, 5) and senior lawyers (22%, 4).

Career Stage % #

Junior Lawyers 28% 5

Mid-Career 50% 9

Senior Lawyers 22% 4

Total 100% 18

For the areas of law practiced, 'Criminal Law' (23%, 15) was the most common followed by, 'Administrative Law', 'Family Law' and 'Immigration Law' (13%, 8) each, 'Refugee and Asylum Law' (11%, 7) was next followed by 'Inheritance Law' (8%, 5), then 'International Human Rights Law' and 'Labour Law' (5%, 3) each. All the remaining areas received less than 5%.

Career Stage

Junior Lawyers Mid-Career

Senior Lawyers

Finland Data Summary

Experts

The most common expert type was 'Other' (64%, 28), followed by 'Translator/Interpreter' (16%, 7), Expert Witness (14%, 6), and Cultural Mediator (7%, 3).

Expert Type

Frequency Frequency of involvement

To the question of how many experts did they instruct annually, most responding judges and lawyers (84%, 32) chose 'Less than 10', followed by 'Between 10 and 20' (13%, 5), and 'Between 20 and 50' (3%, 1). ) indicated a number of written reports between 5 and 10, (12%, 5) indicated a number of written reports between 20 and 50, (9%, 4) indicated between 10 and 20 and (7%, 3) indicated between 50 and 100.

Area of Specialisation

(47%, 22) of experts provided a total of less than 5 oral reports, (21%, 10) choose 'Other', (13%, 6) a number of oral reports between 10 and 20, (9%, 4) indicated a number of oral reports between 50 and 100 and between 20 and 50. (2%, 1) indicated a number of oral reports between 5 and 10.

Annual cases

Less than 10 Never appointed experts

Between 10 and 20 Between 20 and 50

Finland Data Summary

Fields of law

The most common area of use of cultural expertise was 'Refugee and Asylum Law' (15%, 24) followed by 'Family Law' (14%, 22), 'Administrative Law' (12%, 19), 'Criminal Law' (12%, 18), 'Immigration Law' (11%,17), 'International Human Rights Law' (8%,13) and 'Other' (5%, 8). All the remaining fields of law received 3% or less.

Overall

Typology of Experts

The most common response to the question regarding the expert type was 'Other' (47%, 20), followed by 'Native language speakers' (33%, 14), 'University professors' (16%, 7) and 'Country experts' (5%, 2).

Sites

In court

Discipline

Those who indicated university professors and were asked to specify, all but one selected 'Law' (86%, 6), and one selected 'Other' and specified Medicine.

Discipline

Modalities Appointment of Experts

The most common factor influencing the decision to appoint was that the appointment of experts was on 'Client request' (31%, 30), followed by 'The law allows' (15%, 15), 'The reputation of the expert' (11%, 11), 'The court is keen to hear cultural arguments '(8%, 8), 'Advised by the court' (8%, 8), and 'Other' (6%, 6), with all remaining areas receiving 5% or less.

How experts are selected % #

Client request 31% 30

The law allows 15% 15

The reputation of the expert 11% 11

The court is keen to hear cultural arguments 8% 8

Advised by the court The most common response to how experts started giving opinions was 'Other' (38%, 9), followed by 'Contacted by a court' (25%, 6), 'Contacted by a client' (17%, 4), 'Contacted by a lawyer' (8%, 2), 'Contacted by the ministry' (8%, 2) and 'Referred by a colleague' (4%, 1).

How

Reuse of cultural expertise

The most common response responses to the question of the reuse of cultural expertise was 'Other' (35%, 11), followed by 'Can only be reproduced in the same country/legal field' (29%, 9), 'Unique and not repeatable experience' (23%, 7) and 'Cultural expertise is applicable in similar cases' (13%, 4).

Reuse of cultural expertise

Impact

Components of Impact

The most common components of impact include 'Reliable sources of contents' (23%, 28), followed by 'First-hand experience' (20%, 24), then 'Use of statistics' (13%, 16), 'Remuneration of experts' (13%, 16), 'Quantitative assessment of risk' (11%, 14), Reputation of the experts' (7%, 8), 'Stringent conclusions' (4%, 5), 'Advocacy' (4%, 5), 'Other' (3%, 4) and Style (2%, 3).

Components of impact

Usefulness

The most common response to the question regarding the usefulness of cultural expertise was that it was 'Moderately useful' (30%, 9), followed by 'Not useful at all' (27%, 8), then 'Very useful' (23%, 7), 'Slightly useful' (17%, 5), and 'Extremely useful' (3%, 1).

Usefulness of cultural expertise

% #

Extremely useful 3% 1

Very useful 23% 7

Moderately useful 30% 9

Slightly useful 17% 5

Not at all useful 27% 8 Total 100% 30

Usefulness: fields

Cultural expertise is most useful in 'Migration law' (49%, 26), followed by 'More useful in other areas of law' (23%, 12), 'More in criminal law than in civil law' (15%, 8) and 'More in civil law than in criminal law' (13%, 7).

Usefulness of cultural expertise

Extremely useful Very useful

Moderately useful Slightly useful

Not at all useful Finland Data Summary

Competitiveness

Experts thought that their expertise was competitive because of their 'Competence' (36%, 14), followed by 'Reputation' (28%, 11), 'Balance between competence and cost '(18%, 7), 'Convenient hourly quote' (13%, 5) and 'Other' (5%, 2).

Competitiveness

Improved Access Database

Regarding the question of the usefulness of a case law database, the most common response was that it would be 'Somewhat useful' (46%, 21), followed by 'Very useful' (35%, 16), 'Other' (17%, 8) and of 'No use' (2%, 1).

Reputation of experts

Other Regularly instructed/appointed as an expert for many years

Expert opinions have been successful

Finland Data Summary

Capacity Building

The most common response to the question regarding the usefulness of a program teaching cultural expertise was 'Probably yes (33%, 17), followed by 'Definitely yes' (31%, 16) 'Might or might not' (31%, 16), and 'Probably not' (6%, 3).

Usefulness of a teaching program on cultural expertise

% #

Definitely yes 31% 16

Probably yes 33% 17

Might or might not 30% 16

Probably not 6% 3 Total 100% 52

Organisations interested in a teaching program

With regards to the question on interest in the teaching program, the most common response was that 'Know of educational organisations which may be interested' (37%, 6), followed by 'Other' (25%, 4), 'Know professional organisations that may be interested' (19%, 3) and 'Interested in teaching cultural expertise themselves' (19%, 3).

Usefulness of a teaching program on cultural expertise

  The court/ prosecutor/ Ministry have already appointed their expert Finland Data Summary CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT) PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: NOORA ARAJÄRVI Date of First Publication: 13/06/2019 Date of Revision: 01/02/2022

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: NOORA ARAJÄRVI

		Finland Data Summary
			Date of First Publication: 13/06/2019
			Date of Revision: 01/02/2022
				Degree of Jurisdiction
				District Court
				Courts of Appeal
				Supreme Court
				Administrative Court
				Supreme Administrative Court
				Special Courts
			#	Area of Jurisdiction
	Criminal Law	30% 42
	Family Law	22% 30
	Asylum/Migration	8%	11
	Law
	Civil Law	32% 44
	Other	9%	12	Criminal Law	Family Law
	Total	100% 139	Asylum/Migration Law Civil Law
				Other

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: NOORA ARAJÄRVI

		Date of First Publication: 13/06/2019
		Date of Revision: 01/02/2022
	Areas of Law	%	#
	Criminal law	23% 15
	Administrative law	13% 8
	Family law	13% 8
	Immigration law	13% 8
	Refugee and asylum law	11% 7
	Inheritance law	8%	5
	International human rights	5%	3
	law
	Labour law	5%	3
	Contracts and obligations	3%	2
	European law	2%	1
	Financial law	2%	1
	Intellectual and patent law 2%	1
	Property law	2%	1
	Sports law	2%	1
	Total	100% 64

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: NOORA ARAJÄRVI

	Finland Data Summary
		Date of First Publication: 13/06/2019
		Date of Revision: 01/02/2022
	Areas of Law The most common response to the question regarding area of specialisation was
	'Minority/Indigenous populations in Europe' (41%, 11), followed by 'Other' (26%,7) and the
	Middle East (22%,6). Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia and South and Central America were each
	selected by one expert (1, 4%).
	Area of Specialisation	%	#
	Minority/Indigenous	41% 11
	populations in Europe			Criminal law
				Administrative law
	Other	26% 7	Family law
	Middle East	22% 6	Immigration law
				Refugee and asylum law
	Sub-Saharan Africa	4%	1	Inheritance law
	East Asia	4%	1	International human rights law
				Labour law
	South and Central	4%	1
	America
	Total	100% 27
		%	#	Expert Type
	Other	64%	28
	Translator/interpreter 16%	7
	Expert Witness	14%	6
	Cultural mediator	7%	3
	Total	100% 44	Other
				Translator/interpreter
				Expert Witness
				Cultural mediator

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

Finland Data Summary CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

	PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: NOORA ARAJÄRVI
		Date of First Publication: 13/06/2019
			Date of Revision: 01/02/2022
	Annual cases	%	#
	Less than 10	49%	32
	Never appointed	42%	27
	experts
	Between 10 and 20	8%	5
	Between 20 and 30	1%	1
	Total	100% 65
			Minority/Indigenous populations in Europe
			Other
	Middle East (40%, 17) of experts provided less than 5 written reports, (19%, 8) chose 'Other' (14%, 6
			Sub-Saharan Africa
			East Asia
			South and Central America

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: NOORA ARAJÄRVI Date of First Publication: 13/06/2019 Date of Revision: 01/02/2022

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: NOORA ARAJÄRVI Date of First Publication: 13/06/2019 Date of Revision: 01/02/2022 PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: NOORA ARAJÄRVI

	Finland Data Summary
		Date of First Publication: 13/06/2019
			Date of Revision: 01/02/2022
	Fields of Law Refugee and asylum law Sites The most common site for cultural expertise was 'In Court' (32%, 29), followed by 'Through % # Fields of Law 15% 24 NGOs' and 'Other' (12%, 11 each), "Out of Court' (11%, 10), 'In hospitals' and 'In schools'
	Family law (9%, 8 each), and 'In Universities' (8%, 7) with all remaining categories receiving 5% or less. 14% 22
	Administrative law Sites	%	12% 19 #
	Criminal law		12% 18
	Immigration law In court	11% 17 32% 29
	International human rights Through NGOs	8% 12% 11	13
	law
	Other Other	5% 12% 11	8	Refugee and asylum law
	Labour law Out of court	3% 11% 10	5	Family law
	Contracts and obligations		3%		4	Administrative law
	European law In hospitals	3% 9%	8	4	Immigration law Criminal law
	Private international law In schools	3% 9%	8	4	International human rights law
	Health law		2%		3	Other
	Intellectual and patent law In universities	2% 8%	7	3	Contracts and obligations Labour law
	Business and commercial law Environmental law Through private consultancy In detention centres	1% 1% 4% 3%	4 3	2 2	European law Private international law Health law
	Inheritance law Total	1% 100% 91	2	Intellectual and patent law
	Medical and bio law		1%		2	Business and commercial law Environmental law
	Constitutional law		1%		1	Inheritance law
	Property law		1%		1	Medical and bio law
	Sports law		1%		1	Constitutional law Property law
	Total		100% 155	Sports law

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT) CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: NOORA ARAJÄRVI

	Finland Data Summary
		Date of First Publication: 13/06/2019
			Date of Revision: 01/02/2022
	Expert Type	%	#
	Other	47% 20
	Native language	33% 14
	speakers
	University professors	16% 7
	Country experts	5%	2
	Total	100% 43
			Through NGOs
			Other
			Out of court
			In hospitals
			In schools
			In universities
			Through private consultancy
			In detention centres

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: NOORA ARAJÄRVI

		Finland Data Summary
			Date of First Publication: 13/06/2019
			Date of Revision: 01/02/2022
				Expert Type
			Other
			Native language speakers
			University professors
			Country experts
		%	#	Discipline
	Law	86% 6
	Other	14% 1
	Total	100% 7
				Law	Other

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: NOORA ARAJÄRVI

	Date of First Publication: 13/06/2019
		Date of Revision: 01/02/2022
	Areas of law where cultural	%	#
	expertise is more useful
	Migration law	49% 26
	More useful in other areas of	23% 12
	law
	More in criminal law than in	15% 8
	civil law
	More in civil law than in	13% 7
	criminal law
	Total	100% 53

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: NOORA ARAJÄRVI

		Finland Data Summary
			Date of First Publication: 13/06/2019
			Date of Revision: 01/02/2022
	Usefulness of case law database	%	#	Usefulness of case law database
	Very useful		35% 16
	Somewhat useful		46% 21
	No use		2%	1
	Other		17% 8
	Total		100% 46	Very useful	Somewhat useful
					No use	Other
	Contribution to law database
	Most respondents did not wish to contribute to the establishment of a case law database (53%,
	17), with the remainder indicating that they would (47%, 15).
	Contribution to a law database I would like to	% 47%	# 15		Contribution to a law database
	contribute to a
	database on
	cultural expertise
	I would not like to	53%	17
	contribute to a
	database on
	cultural expertise
	Total	100% 32
					I would like to contribute to a database on
					cultural expertise
					I would not like to contribute to a database on
					cultural expertise
					20

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: NOORA ARAJÄRVI Date of First Publication: 13/06/2019 Date of Revision: 01/02/2022 21

Finland Data Summary CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: NOORA ARAJÄRVI Date of First Publication: 13/06/2019 Date of Revision: 01/02/2022

	Organisations interested in a teaching program Know educational	% 37% 6 #	Organisations interested in a teaching program
	institutions interested in
	teaching
	Other	25% 4
	Know professional	19% 3
	organisations interested in
	teaching
	I would be interested in Interested in teaching	19% 3	Know educational institutions interested in teaching
	themselves		Other
	Total	100% 16
			Know professional organisations
			interested in teaching
			I would be interested in Interested in
			teaching themselves
			Definitely yes	Probably yes
			Might or might not Probably not
				22


CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT) PI

Judges

The most common degree of jurisdiction for Judges was District Court/Administrative Court (49%, 42), then the State Administrative Court (42%, 36) and the Higher State Courts (4%, 3). Four respondents selected 'other' (5%), with two indicating they were prosecutors, and one that they were based in the Constitutional Court, and another who was based in a provincial court. The most common area of jurisdiction was civil law (42%, 48) followed by criminal law (23%, 26), then family law (20%, 23), 'other' (11%, 12), with Asylum/Migration Law and Constitutional Law accounting for 2%, 2.

Country locations

Area of Jurisdiction

Lawyers

Out of the 6 lawyers who responded, (50%, 3) indicated mid-career, followed by senior lawyers (33%, 2) and junior lawyers (17%, 1).

Career Stage

% # Mid-career 50% 3 Senior 33% 2 Junior 17% 1 Total 100% 6
For the areas of law practiced, European Law (20%, 4) was the most common, followed by 'Immigration law' (15%, 3), 'Criminal Law' (10%, 2), 'Family Law' (10%, 2) and 'Medical and Bio Law' (10%, 2), with all the remaining areas, 'Administrative law', 'Constitutional law', 'Inheritance law', 'International human rights law', 'Labour law', 'Property law', and 'Refugee and asylum law' each accounting for 5%, 1.

Areas of Law

Experts

The most common expert type was 'Expert Witness' (47%, 14) followed by 'Other' (33%, 10) then 'Translator/interpreter' (20%, 6).

Expert Type % #

Expert Witness 47% 14

Other 33% 10

Translator/interpreter 20% 6 Total 100% 30

The most common response to the question regarding area of specialisation was 'Other' (32%, 7) followed by 'Sub-Saharan Africa' (18%, 4), then 'Minority/Indigenous Populations in Europe' (18%, 4), 'North Africa' (14%, 3), 'Middle East' (9%, 2) and 'East Asia' (9%, 2).

Area of Specialisation % Count

Other

Frequency

Frequency of involvement

To the question of how many experts did they instruct annually, most responding judges and lawyers (52%, 41) choose 'Never appointed experts', followed by 'Less than 10' (47%, 37), and 'Between 20 and 30' (1%, 1).

Annual cases % #

Never appointed experts 52% 41

Less than 10 47% 37

Between 20 and 50 1% 1 Total 100% 82 (29%, 8) of experts provided between 50 and 100 reports, (25%, 7) indicated a number of written reports between 20 and 50, (21%, 6) indicated a number of written reports between 10 and 20, (18%,5) choose 'Other', (4%, 1) indicated between 5 and 10 and less that 5.

(34%, 10) of experts provided a total of less than 5 oral reports, (17%, 5) choose 'Other', (13%, 4) a number of oral reports between 5 and 10, (14%, 4) indicated a number of oral reports between 50 and 100 and (10%, 3) indicated a number of oral reports between 20 and 50 and 10 and 20.

Annual cases

Never appointed experts Less than 10

Between 20 and 30

Austria Data Summary

Fields of law

The most common areas of use of cultural expertise was 'Refugee and Asylum Law' (15%, 57), followed by 'Immigration Law' (13%, 51), 'Criminal Law' (12%, 45), 'Family Law' (11%, 43), 'International Human Rights Law' (9%, 33) and 'Administrative Law' (7%, 28), with all the remaining areas accounting for 4% or less.

Fields of Law % Count

Refugee The (15%, 14) who selected University Professors were asked to specify the disciplines of those professors. The most common responses were 'Sociology and Anthropology' (both 22%, 5) followed by 'Law' (17%, 4), then 'History' and 'Other' (13%, 3 each), 'Political Science' (9%, 2) and 'Linguistics' (4%, 1). For those who selected 'Other' and specified, one indicated doctors and another psychologists and psychiatrists.

Discipline

Modalities Appointment of Experts

The most commonly factor influencing the decision to appoint was that the appointment of experts was 'Advised by the court' (26%, 40), followed by 'The law allows the appointment of experts' (21%, 33

Remuneration of cultural expertise

Over half of responses indicated that experts were paid at a standard hourly rate (55%, 12), followed by other (23%, 6), then being paid at a set price per report (17%, 4), with one respondent working on a voluntary basis.

Financing

Reuse of cultural expertise

The two most frequent responses to the question of the reuse of cultural expertise were 'Unique and not repeatable experience' (30%, 17) and 'Can only be reproduced in the same country/legal field' (30%, 17), followed by 'Cultural expertise being applicable in similar cases' (21%, 12). (18%, 10) choose 'Other'.

Remuneration

Impact Components of Impact

The most common components of impact include stringent conclusions (20%, 57), followed by reliable sources of contents (19%, 55), then use of statistics (14%, 37), first-hand experience (13%, 36), reputation of experts (11%, 30), quantitative assessment of risk (8%, 23), style (7%, 19) and advocacy (5%, 13), with all the remaining categories accounting for 4% or less.

Reuse of cultural expertise

Usefulness

The most common response to the question regarding the usefulness of cultural expertise was Moderately useful (36%, 27), followed by very useful (28%, 22), then slightly useful (16%, 12), not useful at all (16%, 12) and finally extremely useful (4%, 3).

Components of impact

Usefulness: fields

Cultural expertise is most useful in migration law (55%, 36), followed by more useful in criminal law rather than civil law (17%, 11), then other (17%, 11), then more useful in civil law than criminal law (12%, 8).

Areas of law

Competitiveness

Experts thought that their expertise was competitive because of their 'competence' (41%, 9), reputation (31%, 7), then other (23%, 5) and finally one respondent indicating the balance between competence and cost.

Competitiveness

Reputation of Experts

The majority of experts said that they had been regularly instructed/ appointed as expert for many years (58%, 11), followed by other (32%, 6), and then 'the cases in which expert opinion was provided were successful' (11%, 2).

Competitiveness

Improved Access Database

Regarding the question of the usefulness of a case law database, the most common response was that it would be 'Very useful' (45%, 31), followed by 'Somewhat useful' (36%, 25), of 'No use' (16%, 11), 3%, 2 choose 'Other'.

Reputation of experts

Regularly instructed/appointed as an expert for many years Other Expert opinions have been successful

Austria Data Summary

Capacity Building

The most common response to the question regarding the usefulness of a program teaching cultural expertise was probably yes (39%, 29), followed by definitely yes (32%, 24), then might or might not (17%, 13), probably not (11%, 8) and definitely not (1%, 1). With regards to the question on interest in the teaching program, the most common response was other (59%, 30), followed by knowing educational organisations which may be interested (22%, 9), then knowing professional organisations that may be interested (18%, 9) and finally one respondent who would be interested in teaching cultural expertise themselves (2%). Organisations interested in a teaching program I know of schools, universities or organisations that may be interested in teaching cultural expertise I know of professional organisations that may be interested in capacity building on the use of cultural expertise I would be interested in teaching cultural expertise Other

Usefulness of a

Organisations interested in a teaching

  Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Stefanie Lemke Date of First Publication: 20/07/2019 Date of Revision: 01/02/2022

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

	PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Stefanie Lemke
	Date of First Publication: 20/07/2019
	Date of Revision: 01/02/2022
	Written
	Between 50 and 100

  ), then 'Client request' (11%, 17), 'Time' (11%, 16), 'The reputation of the expert' (10%, 15), 'Cost' (9%, 14), 'The court/ prosecutor/ Federal Office for Aliens and Asylum have already appointed their expert' (8%, 13) and 'Other' (4%, 6).

	Austria Data Summary
	CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT) CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT) CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)
	PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Stefanie Lemke PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Stefanie Lemke PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Stefanie Lemke
	Date of First Publication: 20/07/2019 Date of First Publication: 20/07/2019 Date of First Publication: 20/07/2019
			Date of Revision: 01/02/2022 Date of Revision: 01/02/2022 Date of Revision: 01/02/2022
	Most experts started giving opinions after being 'Contacted by a court' (67%, 14), followed How are experts paid? % #
	by 'Other' (19%, 4), (9%, 2), with all the remaining options being selected by a single respondent, 5%. Courts 23% 27
	How experts are selected Other How experts started their Clients/ Applicants/ Defendants/ Litigants career Contacted by a court Legal aid	% 19% % 22% 25 67% 21% 24	# 4 # 14	How experts are selected How experts started their career
	Advised by the court Contacted by the Federal Office for Aliens and and Asylum Federal Office for Aliens	26% 40 5% 1 18% 21
	The law allows Asylum Contacted by litigants/ Other	21% 33 5% 1 11% 13
	Client request Time applicants/ defendants/ Philanthropists/ NGOs/ complainants Relatives/ Community The reputation of the expert Total Referred by a colleague Total	11% 17 5 11% 16 100% 21 4% 10% 15 5% 1 100% 115	Contacted by a court Contacted by the Federal Office for Aliens and Other
	Cost		9%	14	Advised by the court Asylum
	The court/ prosecutor/ Federal Office for Aliens and Asylum	8%	13	Contacted by litigants/ applicants/ defendants/ The law allows complainants
	have already appointed their				Referred by a colleague
	expert				Client's request
	Other		4%	6
	Total		100% 154	Time
	Experts were most frequently appointed by Lawyers (27%, 11), followed by The Ministry of
	The reputation of the expert the Interior (24%, 10), then having been contacted directly by Clients (21%, 9), Other (17%,
	7), Instructed by courts (4%, 2), (4%, 2) choose Prefer not to say and one respondent worked
	for an NGO.				Cost
					The court/ prosecutor/ Federal Office for
					Aliens and Asylum have already appointed
					their expert
					Other
					13

where cultural expertise is more useful

	Austria Data Summary
	CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)
	PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Stefanie Lemke
	Date of First Publication: 20/07/2019
		Date of Revision: 01/02/2022
				Usefulness of cultural
				expertise
				Extremely useful	Very useful
				Moderately useful Slightly useful
				Not at all useful
		%	#	Areas of law where more
				useful
	Migration law	55% 36
	More in criminal law than in	17% 11
	civil law
	Other	17% 11
				Cultural expertise is most useful in
	More in civil law than in criminal law	12% 8	immigration law Cultural expertise is more useful in criminal law than in civil law
	Total	100% 66	Other
				Cultural expertise is more useful in civil
				law than in criminal law
				20

  PI: Livia Holden | Post-Doc: Anna Tsalapatanis: Data Collector: Stefanie Lemke Date of First Publication: 20/07/2019 Date of Revision: 01/02/2022 Organisations interested in a teaching program

	Austria Data Summary
	teaching program on cultural expertise	%	#	Usefulness of teaching program on cultural
	Probably yes	39% 29	expertise
	Definitely yes	32% 24
	Might or might not	17% 13
	Probably not	11% 8
	Definitely not	1%	1
	Total	100% 75
				Definitely yes	Probably yes
				Might or might not Probably not
				Definitely not

CULTURAL EXPERTISE IN EUROPE: WHAT IS IT USEFUL FOR? (EURO-EXPERT)

Who instructs the experts

% #

Instructed by lawyers as need arises 28% 11