Bernard Kamsu-Foguem
email: bernard.kamsu-foguem@enit.fr

Aurélie Flammang

Knowledge description for the suitability requirements of different geographical regions for growing wine

Keywords:

The production of wine has progressed on every main continent. The knowledge modeling can support the sharing of expertise, methods and good practice concerning international grape vine growing and wine production while maintaining a high level of quality. Our research focuses specifically on the development of a support system for knowledge formalization. We describe some procedural rules to represent experienced knowledge in the viticulture domain and plant pathology. We use a graphical software for rules management. The visual representation is a step toward the improvements of interaction between Artificial Intelligence methods and domain experts to make interpretable learning models for concrete decisions. This implementation enables us to make valuable visual reasoning to search whether the Chinese regions are capable of receiving a production of French vineyards. In particular, one outcome is that two Chinese regions appear more favorable and consistent for the development of wine from the Bordeaux region.

Introduction

The practice of grape cultivation and fermentation to produce wine is the part of Eastern and Mediterranean civilizations. The production of wine has progressed into a greatly structured scientifically detailed process that yields outstanding wines on every main continent around the world [START_REF] De Luca | 19 -Wines[END_REF]. Culture of wines is the part of French heritage and is synonymous with quality in the world [START_REF] Charters | Chapter 2 -The history of wine[END_REF]. Here we seek to support the export of know-how, methods and good practice concerning international grape vine growing and wine production while maintaining a high level of quality. Many varieties of wine have been made over the millennia and there is a comprehensive assortment of particular and typical wine styles [START_REF] Jackson | 9 -Specific and Distinctive Wine Styles[END_REF]. Wine is sometimes associated with health promoting properties. Some molecules (e.g. resveratrol, hydroxytyrosol and melatonin) naturally present in wine have showed antioxidant, cardioprotective, anticancer, antidiabetic, neuroprotective and antiaging activities [START_REF] Fernández-Mar | Bioactive compounds in wine: resveratrol, hydroxytyrosol and melatonin: A review[END_REF]. These health benefits and social media have some influences on consumer behavior in emerging markets (e.g. sustainable/organic wines) [START_REF] Lockshin | Consumer behaviour for wine 2.0: a review since 2003 and future directions[END_REF]. However, numerous consumers drink mainly wine for enjoyment of the flavors. Wine tourism also has a significant role in inter-continental relationship marketing chain [START_REF] Hojman | Wine tourism: Chilean wine regions and routes[END_REF] The quality of wines demanded by consumers is on the increase and this is becoming a major concern for winemakers and grapevine growers all around the world. The notion of wine-growing area represents the best combination of 'soil-climate-vine', respecting the possibilities for resources and services supplied by the natural environment. The wine grower expertise is transformed into association rules covering a wide range of factors relating to the full development of a vineyard from site selection to successful vine growing and they are: in a specific geographical location and under specific human actions, regional climate or microclimate, the chemical and physical parameters of the target soil with its water at field scale. The advances in technology and research give us the directions to follow: factors associated with "terroirs", which have the greatest influences on the quality of the grapes and, therefore, the quality and specificities of the wine.

We focus on this project to study an implementation project of French wines on Chinese territory. It is essential to judge the relevance of the grape production in Asia. The purpose of our researches focuses specifically on the development of a support system for decision-making. Indeed we see that the actors of the wineries do not effectively use all available information for decision making. In order to obtain a good product for a good wine, we focused on how the quality of grapes could be improved for producing refined premium wine labels.

In our study, we sought to address the following issues:

-Is it possible to plant vineyards with vines of European type in China? The climatic and geological conditions in China are they similar or compatible with European varieties? We examined the adaptability of China's potential wine growing areas under different climate regimes, with a view to describing the common features of adaptive viticulture-making? Are these areas more likely to be developed into vineyards/more suitable for grapevine growing when compared with other regions? Analyze the criteria based on which the currently developed Chinese vineyard sites were chosen and developed and where they are located? -Potential vineyards will they be able to meet the requirements: quality, legislative, environmental exigencies of local or global market? -What are the exact conditions that make European and Chinese vineyards similar? Are they the same expectations on the local Chinese market and the world market? -What are the factors reflected by the identified parameters that show similarities, and on which ones we should act? -What are the intrinsic and extrinsic factors in grapevine growing the wine production? We seek to formalize knowledge in order to be more easily transmitted to future growers, whether European or Chinese. We sought a relation between various factors and the proper development of the vine, it emerged that these links were not clearly established at this time and that winemakers acted mainly by application and transmission of know-how and experience.

State of the art: key factors in the vineyards domain

The vineyard location and planting choices (e.g. vine variety) have the biggest impact on reducing vulnerability, and may also provide considerable adaptive capacity to enhance agricultural resilience to climate change [START_REF] Nicholas | Farm-scale adaptation and vulnerability to environmental stresses: insights from winegrowing in Northern California[END_REF]. For instance, adaptive strategies have allowed buffering climatic effects on grapevine performances in certain Mediterranean areas [START_REF] Ripoche | Modelling adaptive management of intercropping in vineyards to satisfy agronomic and environmental performances under Mediterranean climate[END_REF].

The literature first presents the different stages of development of the vine, the main vine diseases such as blight, botrytis (gray mold) or mildew and few treatments. It was learned that the diseases do not address all the same parts of the vine (leaves, vines or seeds), they are dependent on seasons and climate, and all varieties are not affected to the same extent. Subsequently, through a study of the different regions of China, we could compare the conditions for the proper development of vineyards. This study focused on the precipitation and the possibility of water areas, as well as sunshine and temperatures in particular through the Huglin index, as we will explain later in this report. We also mentioned varieties implanted in French and Chinese regions. We also analyzed the influence of the soil, its minerals, and climate on the growth of the vine. Finally, we have deepened their study of some French appellations, through three characteristics regions, which are the Loire Valley, Bordeaux and Côtes du Rhone. There are varieties implanted, regional average temperatures and geological features (presence of sand or gravel etc.).

The expertise of the culture of the vine, to try to apply it to parts of China, is not owned by one person but by a group of actors who share their knowledge for the good development of vine and wine production. During our researches we had information from various trades: winemaker, winery technical director, analyst taster or engineer in a laboratory of oenology.

After researching analysis of existing practices we realized that some factors were essential to the development of varieties. Here the main factors on which we based our research and studies are geology, climate, diseases and treatments, driving mode and irrigation.

Geology

Soil definition: the rock is at the origin of the formation of the basement that we know today. It is characterized by physicochemical alteration over time provided the elements that constitute the ground. Its rocks can be of three types: sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic rocks.

The soil itself has four layers:

• Litter: this layer is closer to the surface which is in direct contact with air. It consists of leaves decaying.

• Humus is the intermediate layer that is composed of organic matter in a state of advanced decomposition. We find the presence of living organisms such as bacteria, unicellular organisms, fungi, etc.

• The mineral layer: it is mainly composed of rock.

• The soil is not inert; it will evolve through the action of microorganisms, insects but also climate (wind, frost, sun, etc.) that will permanently transform its composition.

Indeed, the land on which the grapes grow is going to affect the resistance of varieties, size, etc. On this criterion, several parameters are involved directly. First, the type of soil: the case of limestone, sandstone, clay or another. For example, a clay soil will improve water retention which will prevent the vines suffer water stress (lack of water), while a gravelly soil is rather dry and arid. The soil type is generally related to the following parameters: the content of trace elements and macronutrients (e.g. sandy soil will often be deficient in boron or copper). However, only a scientific analysis of the soil will determine how effectively the soils are rich or poor.

The soil provides all the nutrients and water that the vines need to grow and produce grapes. Nutrients are essential in the life of the vine. They are mostly found in minerals. There are two broad categories, macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients.

Macronutrients:

-Nitrogen effects elements: it allows the plant to grow for the proper development of the plant; -Magnesium: it has the same role as nitrogen, but its action is much more specific in the chlorophyll; -Calcium: it helps nourish the root system of the plant and promotes the rise of sap; -Potassium: it is a factor of vigor and yield, it facilitates the accumulation of sugars in the grapes, it can also regulate the opening and closing of stomata; -Phosphorus: it allows root development and ripening berries.

Micronutrients:

-Boron: it plays an important role in cell wall structure and formation of grapes and in the metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates. Micronutrients are minerals necessary for plant life, but in small quantities (a gram per hectare per year). Despite these small amounts assimilated by the vine, the lack or excess of these elements can cause physiological problems (deficiency or toxicity) detrimental to the quality and quantity of harvest but also the sustainability of stocks. Indeed, trace elements play an important physiological role: photosynthesis, respiration, energy transport, etc. However, these problems are rare and often unique to particular situations (soil type, weather, etc.).

Vines

Several factors affect vines and wine quality. It is clear from several studies that eventually the water supply of the vine is in many cases the quality factor which builds those important taste aspects needed to drive consumer preference. Water regime of a plant involves climate and soil through evapotranspiration; vine absorbs water through the roots and break through the leaves.

At the end of winter, there is a certain amount of water available in the soil: the necessary water stock. This reserve decreases during vegetative growth of the vine due to a by evaporation of sweat but especially by the leaves.

Overall, the presence of water in the soil is favorable to vegetative potential of the vine. If the vine has enough water and light throughout the cycle, it favors growth of vegetatively propagated varieties. Photosynthesis enables plants to produce food for themselves and the vines use its energy for production of leaves and stems, which will predominate over the berries. A water deficit is necessary to make a quality wine. When it occurs, shoots grow and berries stop. Sugars formed by photosynthesis are then available to feed berries. However, if the deficit is too large, the lack of water requires so excessive vine naturally limit water loss. Plant stomata close leaves, limiting or stopping water uptake and gas exchange. The production of sugars is then interrupted at the expense of maturation. It is ideal for a quality production to have a floor that provides a level of water deficit (but not excessive) relatively early to promote the accumulation of sugars.

Soil composition plays a very important role in the water supply of the vine. We distinguish two different soil types, percolation soil that filters rainfall and hydromorphic soil that can drain the water by their inclinations. A good root development of the vine is very important not only to the anchoring of the plant, but also for absorbing water and nutrients.

Deep-rooted of the vines: up to about 60 cm, the roots grow vertically, but as horizontal to capture more nutrients. After 60 cm, rooting is only vertical. It is from 3 m but up to 10 m depending on the terrain. On soils with a filter, the plant will need long roots able to seek water from deep below the surface of the earth, making it resistant to draughts triggered by climate change.

A field with good soil is one that produces abundant fruit when seeds are sown and development and selective treatment with herbicides may be warranted to promote the development of compatible plants. But it also requires that the plant can have all the nutrients and trace elements that will be characteristic of the grape. The composition of soil varies from one place to another with its specificities (e.g. river banks, forest, grassy fields, top of a hill, and bottom of a hill). The contribution of ground water is also very important; it must be input even during the period of ripening and grapes with thick skins, are both quality factors.

Climate

In this factor, we focused on two parameters: temperature and precipitation. The temperature has a direct impact on wine quality both from the perspective of the sugar content and the pH variation (acidity level). The Huglin index estimates the heliothermal potential of a specific climatic condition; temperature calculations consider the period of the day in which grapevine metabolism is more active [START_REF] Huglin | Biologie et écologie de la vigne (in french)[END_REF]. The calculated value comprises a correction factor for the length of the day in higher latitudes and is an indicator used to identify if the temperatures are suitable grape varieties (probable sugar content and acidity ratio).

Huglin index is obtained by calculating an index on a year of average daily temperatures above 10 • C, between 1st April and 30th September. It helps to have an idea of the amount of heat received by the plant during its growing season. It helps to describe the overall climate of a region, or the potential for adaptation of a species (Table 1).

Huglin index is described by the following equation [START_REF] Tonietto | A multicriteria climatic classification system for grape-growing regions worldwide[END_REF]):

• For the Northern hemisphere

HI = 30 sep 1 apr [(T -10) + (Tx -10)] 2 • k
• For the Southern hemisphere

HI = 30 mar 1 oct [(T -10) + (Tx -10)] 2 • k
where T is the mean air temperature ( • C); Tx the maximum air temperature ( • C); k the day length coefficient, varying from 1.02 to 1.06 between 40 • and 50 • latitude.

Regarding precipitation, it is important to know the rainfall periods and the amounts present in each region. Water is an essential element in the development of the vine but can be harmful depending on the period of the life cycle of the vine and the amount of water present. Indeed, humidity favors the development of most diseases and for example in the ripening stage. Water intake too reduces the amount of sugar in the grapes and water supply must be guided by the principles of sustainable development and done in good conditions, primarily during the first part of the vegetative Table 1 The average temperatures of regions by seasons.

cycle. During maturation, a water regime less restrictive as a more severe stress will reduce the sugar content of the grapes. But the quality of the red wine depends more on its phenolic content than the sugar content at maturity. Enological potential of black grapes can be excellent, even if a strong water stress slightly penalizes the sugar content of the juice.

The sun is another factor that can affect the quality of the grapes. In fact, light is essential for the plant to perform photosynthesis. This process allows plants to synthesize sugars. In the vast majority of the wine regions of the world, the light radiation is sufficient for this phenomenon to occur. The greatest length of daylight in the northern regions compensates the effect of the decrease in the luminous intensity. Having colored soils can help because it will reflect more light and therefore the plant will be exposed. Plenty of sunshine is essential in the previous two months of the harvest because it is at this point that the sugar will accumulate in the grapes.

Diseases and their treatment

The culture of the vine is a complex art, indeed the vine disease accumulates the most diverse and unexpected effects: mushroom and insects cause whenever significant damage. The agro-environmental research relies increasingly on systemic approaches and computer simulation. There are two objectives to analyze the treatment of the vine [START_REF] Léger | Experimenting statecharts for multiple experts knowledge elicitation in agriculture[END_REF]:

-The first is to analyze the expected performance of a system according to the criteria of sustainable development. -The second is to make a transfer of knowledge and expertise through models of decision making.

If we generalize a model for control of diseases, a decision process, we can reduce the number of treatments currently responsible for a high consumption of pesticides by viticulture. The establishment of a decision-making process will reduce the number of treatment compared with usual practice, strongly consuming pesticides. It is therefore important to identify quickly but accurately diseases in the vineyard to prevent infestations and loss of performance or quality. However, it is necessary to emphasize that the presence of a pathogen or disease does not automatically mean that treatment is necessary. Each year the severity of the disease varies, it is mainly due to climatic conditions, the history of the vineyard and the sensitivity of varieties.

We decided to study this criterion because the disease condition the sustainability of the feet, and the quantity of grapes (and therefore wine) produced. Some diseases occur directly on grapes such as botrytis and other feet or vine leaves. Overall, the diseases thrive throughout the year except in winter where they shall be controlled in accordance with the requirements given in the domain knowledge. Some diseases will find it easier to develop on certain varieties or with a certain humidity and temperature. Regarding level of treatment, there are different types of fungicides against fungi, insecticides and herbicides but actually those agronomics methods are far away from an environmental care. The decision to apply a fungicide is based on certain elements such as estimated disease risk, economic threshold, and duration of protective cover provided by fungicides [START_REF] Ellison | An expert system for the management of Botrytis cinerea in Australian vineyards. I. Development[END_REF].

We have to precise that "to treat the vines" does not mean automatically "chemical treatments", so we prefer the expression "organic treatments". A life underground of mineral fertilizers are substances of mineral origin, produced by the exploitation of natural deposits of phosphate and potash. Compound fertilizer can be simple mixtures. We distinguish between straight fertilizers, containing only one nutrient, and compound fertilizers, which may contain two or three nutrients. The term mineral fertilizer is normalized by reference to their three main components: NPK. Fertilizers can be simple nitrogenous, phosphatic or potassic. Fertilizers are rated binary NP or NK or PK, the ternary NPK. These letters are usually followed by numbers representing the respective proportions of these elements. Industrially produced chemical fertilizers contain a guaranteed minimum quantity of nutrients, and are indicated on the bag. For example, the formula 5-10-5 indicates the percentage of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) present in the fertilizer, which is 5% N, 10% and 5% of P 2 O 5 K 2 O. The nitrogen supply is expressed as nitrogen N and is provided as a nitrate NO 3 , NH 4 + ammonium or urea. Phosphorus is expressed as P 2 O 5 , but it is provided by the calcium phosphate or ammonium. Potassium is expressed as K 2 O, but it is provided by chloride, nitrate and potassium sulphate (Table 2).

The driving modes

The driving mode means how the vines are installed and then cut in a vineyard. It depends on the grape variety, climate, and type of operation. There are several steps, depending on the season, in the conduct of vines:

-From November to March, when the vine produces neither fruit nor leaf with approaches conducive to the success of agricultural production. Technical schemes mainly focus on controlling the growth of crops and so improving the control of plant and vine growth. -From March to April the focus is on maintaining and ordering tools that support the vines, they are essentially used for tying up vines and maintaining plots. This is also the moment when one removes dead steams replaces them with new grape vines as well.

-In May, it is time to make a weed adapted and a rigorous suckering; and next comes the removal of excess branches to suppress the non-fruit bearing young shots. -From June to mid-August, when the clusters grow, we must clarify the stem by removing clusters and redundant branches, trim the ends of branches preserved, mow between the rows, and start treatments or cleaning operations. It allows controlling the performance and reducing the risk of diseases and the use of chemicals. This can influence the aroma compounds of wines by introducing floral, fruity and spicy nuances [START_REF] González-Álvarez | Impact of phytosanitary treatments with fungicides (cyazofamid, famoxadone, mandipropamid and valifenalate) on aroma compounds of Godello white wines[END_REF]. -The period from the end of August to mid-October is the harvest.

-From the end of the harvest until November, there is no work to be done.

Although several factors must be considered in the choice of varieties, such as planting vines less susceptible to disease is a good way to prevent them. The row orientation north-south and the use of the natural slope promote air circulation and drainage. Tillage practices that enhance soil drainage generally reduce the incidence of seedling diseases. Some of them are suitable for restoring the structure of the soil and burying any crop residues by means of plowing, digging over, hoeing or grubbing. A good size facilitates air circulation, which promotes rapid drying of foliage and greater penetration of the fungicide in the crop canopy. In addition, it is recommended to systematically inspect the vineyard throughout the growing season to monitor the onset and progression of various diseases. At the time of harvest and at the end of the season, it is essential to consider the presence of diseases such as powdery mildew, downy mildew and anthracnose. This means that any sanitation practice (e.g. a two-year rotation) or treatment that will reduce the stage of the infections will directly reduce the risk of diseases. The timing of harvest is possibly the most significant viticultural decision taken each season as the characteristics of the fruit when harvested set limits on the latent quality of the wine produced [START_REF] Jackson | 9 -Specific and Distinctive Wine Styles[END_REF].

Irrigation

Deficit irrigation in water-stressed conditions, complementary irrigation and water harvesting to deal with the variability of resource availability are some options at field scale for organizing water management. Mastered irrigation increases the yield of a vineyard of 30% on average and by up to 50%. It does not solve the basic problems but offset a loss due to climatic factors. It will have adverse effects such as advanced maturity of the grapes, and of course empty part of the water supply in the region. That is why we must master these situations.

Changes in the climate and minor rises in temperature have a direct impact on precipitation. There is a very important difference is an order of magnitude between Chinese and French parts (e.g. between regions of Xinjiang and Bordeaux) on precipitation (rain and snow), flow discharge and erosion, temperature and daylight data. The crops suffer in drought conditions that could have an important impact on viticulture operations, beyond the influence of changes in average productivity.

More sandy clay soils are very permeable and does not hold water. To exploit the vine in this region, farmers will have to imperatively irrigate the vines. The advantage of this method is to have a controlled water supply and therefore can control the amount of sugar in the grapes and its acidity. In France irrigation is banned since the 1900s to prevent abuse. In the 1880s, wine makers irrigated vines heavily to increase productivity. At the same time, the wine was light and slightly sweet. Using water for irrigation is necessary to maintain vineyards in California, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. In addition, the proper collection and disposal of process wastewater can be used in the vineyard irrigation with protection of the environment.

Experienced knowledge formalization

We then established rules of type "algorithmic" that govern the development of the vineyards. They specify the actions prohibited and those which are authorized; that is to say when it is better not to implement, or when one needs to invest in protections or equipment. Artificial Intelligence methods are useful in the modeling approach of agriculture transformations, while the resulting model can be understood by both humans and machines [START_REF] Papadimitriou | Artificial intelligence in modelling the complexity of Mediterranean landscape transformations[END_REF].

In the viticulture domain and plant pathology, it is possible to represent knowledge of the expertise in a series of IF-THEN rules [START_REF] Ellison | An expert system for the management of Botrytis cinerea in Australian vineyards. I. Development[END_REF]. There are some specific procedural rules adapted to the specific needs of the viticulture world. These rules promote power and information sharing among and between participants and decision makers. The structure of this particular analysis therefore adopts a format of IF-THEN rules, concentrating on the procedural rules specified according to climate, geological, disease and treatment factors.

Rules for the climate factor

• IF period = veraison (the beginning of ripening, when the grapes begin to change color from mid-July to August) THEN irrigate regularly within the limits of the law

• IF period = maturation (September-mid-October) THEN allow to dry

• IF period = spring AND precipitations < normal value THEN water the crops regularly • IF organic wine THEN organic processing THEN low yield and need more treatment, within the limit of the quantities determined in the supply balance.

Rules for treatment

IF any of the following conditions is fulfilled: -In late autumn (preventive treatment against powdery mildew) -End of winter (preventive treatment against Anthracnose) -In early spring (preventive treatment against powdery mildew) -Late spring/summer (after flowering and during veraison) (treatment against mildew)

THEN the use of Bordeaux mixture is recommended OR the use of sulfur for small areas. • IF Period between April and June AND 10 • C < Temperature < 35 • C AND high humidity THEN there are favorable conditions for Anthracnose development.

• IF Period = between June and October AND IF 18 • C < Temperature < 20 • C AND high humidity THEN there are favorable conditions for the development of Botrytis in the grape crops.

Conceptual graphs knowledge representation

A conceptual graph is a graph with two kinds of nodes respectively called concepts and conceptual relations and each arc must connect a conceptual relation to a concept (it is said that the graph is bipartite) [START_REF] Sowa | Conceptual Structures: Information Processing in Mind and Machine[END_REF]. Visual reasoning is performed through graph homomorphism which maps adjacent nodes to adjacent nodes and offers the possibilities of specialization of the concept and relation nodes labels [START_REF] Sowa | Knowledge Representation: Logical, Philosophical and Computational Foundations[END_REF]. As the saying goes "a picture is worth a thousand words", the visual reasoning by means of conceptual graph operations is a magnificent view for the scientific popularization of logical reasoning. Without ruling out the demonstrations by the logical formulas, graph operations are sufficient to explain the visual reasoning process like a diagram that could serve as proof of graphical demonstrations [START_REF] Chein | Graph-based Knowledge Representation: Computational Foundations of Conceptual Graphs[END_REF].

Once the "algorithmic" rules were established, we need to analyze regions. For this we decided to implement these rules by using software tool called Conceptual Graphical User Interface (CoGui) [START_REF] Carloni | Introducing reasoning into an industrial knowledge management tool[END_REF]. CoGui is graphic design software developed in Java language. This software allows, from a conceptual graph to establish a link between the different parameters, it is then possible to build some control rules in a visual form with conceptual graphs. We can then ask a new structure to analyze and compare the prefilled control rules. The software will then investigate whether the structure has similarities with the control rules, and it is possible to draw a conclusion [START_REF] Genest | A content-search information retrieval process based on conceptual graphs[END_REF].

This software seems to fit our need, indeed as we have "algorithmic" rules and we can search whether the Chinese regions are capable of receiving a production of French vineyards. We therefore simply enter our control rules as means by which the conceptual graph operations will assist the efforts to make visual reasoning for the analysis of Chinese regions.

Note that the software is only an aid to improve the speed comparisons taking into account all technical, operational and environmental constraints. It advocates the use of graph operations (mainly rules application and constraints verification) to analyze a set of facts [START_REF] Baget | On rules with existential variables: walking the decidability line[END_REF]. So, it has the ability to select some graphical representation and therefore highlight relationships that could not be true in a series of charts (Kamsu-Foguem et al., 2013c). In addition the engaged visual reasoning would challenge the relevance, redundancy or inconsistency of described rules (Kamsu-Foguem, 2012). However, this remains the responsibility of the knowledge engineer for whom it is important to be successful and as faithful as possible to the reality in the study and drafting the rules that will control.

First step: construction of domain vocabulary

At this stage, we describe all information on the characteristics of the studied object (here vineyards), and the domain vocabulary is organized hierarchically in a taxonomy part of a domain ontology [START_REF] Kamsu Foguem | Knowledge formalization in experience feedback processes: an ontology-based approach[END_REF].

In our case, we started by descriptions of designations (Bordeaux, Loire Valley and Côtes du Rhône) that have some influences on the vineyard. Our aim is to tell if it is possible to associate a Chinese wine at one of these designations. One has to get this setting for the software to recognize the properties on conditions that determine the character of the wine and its variety.

We then entered different types of vines, because as discussed earlier in this report, some of them directly concern some types of wines. We focused on the following six: Grenache, Chardonnay, Merlot, Syrah, Cabernet and Sauvignon.

We also provide related information about some types of diseases and treatments. We have given information about mildew, anthracnose, botrytis and powdery mildew. For treatments there are several categories, systemic treatment, by contact processing or with fungal products. We also filled some fertilizers, geological parameters (soil types, micronutrients and macronutrients, pH), climatic parameters (precipitations, Huglin index) and the periods of the year (Fig. 1).

Similarly it is also vital to comprehend the overall context, to incorporate the different relationships that could then be used to link the parameters between them. We identify three types of relations: usual, temporal and logic (Kamsu-Foguem et al., 2013a) (Fig. 2).

We recorded various data necessary for the study such as months or temperature values, the data will then be used in the comparison tests. They are directly related to the conceptual tree and describe the specific wine-growing characteristics (e.g. thermal requirements). Some fusion methods analyze the spatial relevancy of the information elements of any application region to describe and manage spatial knowledge [START_REF] Paoli | Spatial data fusion for qualitative estimation of fuzzy request zones: application on precision viticulture[END_REF] (Table 3).

Second step: rules representation by conceptual graphs

In the corresponding template (associated tab in edition mode), we use both graphs and numerical data, previously filled to connect them to build different kinds of conceptual graphs (rules and facts). The rules are divided into two parts: a hypothesis and part accordingly [START_REF] Baget | Extensions of simple conceptual graphs: the complexity of rules and constraints[END_REF]. We must understand that if our structure to be analyzed is composed with some facts then the reasoning is focused on verifying hypotheses, whereas procedure analysis mostly involves assessing conditions that are possible to verify by conceptual graph operations. This would allow for revisions of the knowledge and modifications or corrections of the existing contextual viticulture management practices (Figs. 3456).

Analysis of structural knowledge

We now enter the graphical structures to analyze the tab "fact". It is enough merely to undertake some visual comparisons with conceptual graphs. It is sufficient to make entries in the appropriate templates and we just proceed in the same way as for the instruction of rules. However, here there is obviously not yet the result in consequence part because it is information that we seek to determine (Fig. 7).

Here we must pass through "reasoning" mode of the software and ask him to analyze the "facts" by comparison with the "control rules". The software then displays the graphical structure and visual reasoning, with the difference that it has identified part triggering a rule is in black color and that the consequence part of a rule appears in pink color (Fig. 8).

Implementation analysis of vineyards in China

At the graphical modeling and visual reasoning, we are able to achieve concrete results through the CoGui software. Indeed we capture some relevant information to model knowledge of vineyards, but also to formalize the rules on driving modes and irrigation systems.

There, we are still able to draw some conclusions to certain regions of China. It appears prominently that two regions seem more favorable and consistent for development of wine from the Bordeaux region (Fig. 9).

-First Xinjiang region, it is compatible both temperatures, with its high Huglin index, and irrigation capacity to compensate for the lack of precipitations. In addition we find a soil composition similar to that present in Bordeaux region, although it must surely be enriched with different elements. Moisture content is an asset for resistance to most diseases, and the desert region limit the presence of insects. The region is prone to sandstorms, driving mode resistant to strong winds; with trellis would be particularly suitable, such as driving by a tying method that leaves a lot of foliage, useful for the maturing process. For irrigation, on use a Karez system that is a traditional way to access water from underground flow that is connected to wells. -The second region that may correspond to the characteristics of the Bordeaux region is the Gansu. As Xinjiang, its Huglin index allows obtaining high quality of wines. Precipitations are sufficient to not cause water stress too much, and as seen above, a moderate water stress will produce a good quality of the grapes.

In addition, its geology, and vines already established show similarities with Bordeaux. The type of sandy and clayey gravelly soil involves poverty in minerals, it is again preferable to analyze these quantities of minerals before fertilize the soil. However, this soil is more conducive to disease development. -Hebei region, because of its very high Huglin index will be set to work to limit the sunlight of the vines and grapes, for example through a dense driving mode. As part of a new installation, we do not recommend this area as an option to promote.

As regards irrigation on the entire Chinese territory, we will advocate any means not involving a heavy maintenance and technical management. In fact, without questioning the intellectual capacities of the people, for economic reasons investors rely on a workforce unskilled, and this irrigation is misused and have more negative than positive impacts. Combining modeled crop water stress index, soil and climate data improve spatial analysis of terroirs and it enables a better use of environmental features with respect to plant requirement and wine production [START_REF] Bonfante | A physically oriented approach to analysis and mapping of terroirs[END_REF]. Winemaking fermentations aim to adjust the characteristics (temperatures, aromas and flavors properties) of the wine and data mining techniques can be engaged to predict industrial wine problem fermentations [START_REF] Urtubia | Using data mining techniques to predict industrial wine problem fermentations[END_REF]. On-line fermentation monitoring, data management and knowledge based systems can assist the winemakers to optimize process performances as well as product quality [START_REF] Sablayrolles | Control of alcoholic fermentation in winemaking: current situation and prospect[END_REF]. Micro-oxygenation in wines can be applied with the aim of bringing about desirable changes in color, aroma and texture (Gómez-Plaza and Cano-López, 2011) (Fig. 10).

Conclusion

This project is a topical issue; we discovered that leading experts in the wine world looked for adapting the implementation of varieties based on geological and climate features. Our work offers services such time as a consultant to determine if an area is suitable for growing vines and what types of parameters are optimized to enable an adequate culture (choice of type of grape, etc.). Our study shows that the viticulture is a complex science that requires detailed knowledge. However simple rules are a good start to avoid falling into common pitfalls. With this report we hope to provide a framework on which the knowledge formalization could take action in support of and to sustain the viticulture process in China. Throughout our study we have found differences between China and France: variances in terms of implementation (meteorological, geological or historical characterizations), culture or treatment of vines to speak only of the influence of human choices (Table 4).

However, our perseverance has enabled us to establish some links between the two countries. Similarly, rather than presenting data in tabular form only, information explaining and analyzing the variances between French viticulture and Chinese viticulture of the control areas are provided in our work in order to allow better analysis of the knowledge and resources requested.

But we are based solely on the study of the quality of the grapes, not in all stages of the winemaking process. Our approach cannot judge the quality of the final wine, this involving many factors, starting with the quality of the winemaker. This would require conducting research and studies on every aspect of wine productionfrom controlling vineyard pests and diseases to developing grapegrowing and winemaking practices to achieve desirable flavors, aromas and mouth-feel in Chinese wines. Data mining techniques would be valuable to support the oenologist wine tasting evaluations and improve wine production by modeling consumer wine taste preferences [START_REF] Cortez | Modeling wine preferences by data mining from physicochemical properties[END_REF].

In this project we were able to highlight the multitude of factors to consider for the establishment of a vineyard. It is clear that there are many avenues to deepen, and also because the international viticulture is booming (e.g. via its luxury image) and easily find funding for scientific research.

For future works, it would be interesting to build interpretable models in a collaborative manner to make interaction between Artificial Intelligence learning methods and domain experts [START_REF] Thomopoulos | An iterative approach to build relevant ontology-aware data-driven models[END_REF]. Examples of interpretable learning models can be made in an iterative way to improve the obtained results (Kamsu-Foguem et al., 2013b). Also, the web-based systems can help non experts in visual identification of some agricultural problems (e.g. plant diseases) [START_REF] Pertot | Identificator: a web-based tool for visual plant disease identification, a proof of concept with a case study on strawberry[END_REF].

Briefly the conclusion of the China wine regions concerning climates and soils, the conditions to wine growing are not optimal, this means that different types of heavy treatments are needed.

Where irrigation is not required, viticulture could expand and new, higher value crops could be introduced. Moreover we are able to prove that China is a potential good investment for traders and provides some minimal conditions of the vine cycle. Similarly, some companies invest directly in the Chinese territory, since they already get several partnerships with vineyards in the Chinese territory. This view also reminds us that appropriate viticulture situations make it easier to foster economic development.

Then on a history side, we noticed that on the same zone, they were recently planted vines as in Xinjing, we had Chinese trials, China conducted its first atomic test site atmospheric Lop Nor in Xinjiang Autonomous Region Uighur minority, started on October 16, 1964. The last Chinese underground test took place was in July 29, 1996. Originally Tewo County was inhabited by a wide variety of fish, birds, plants and animal species, but it has since become a barren land, Since 2010, the goal to reach by the government is to plant 10,000 acres of vines, a viti-viniculture in conversion. At least in China, at the moment, there is no charter to prove an organic method farming vineyard, a minimum of 4 years is enquire to purify lands if any of this exist one day.

  Some seasonal treatments are used as: -IF Autumn THEN use of fertilizer fund as compost -IF Late winter THEN use of Nettle & Verbena dry mixed spray -IF Spring THEN use of Bordeaux mixture (composed of copper sulfate and lime) Rules with a combination of factors • IF period = fall AND rain THEN protection and coverage of crops • IF period = summer AND rain THEN treatment • IF a designation is equated with Bordeaux AND gravelly calcareous clay soil AND Huglin index = 1830 THEN accepted name; IF Huglin index = 2050 THEN Good conditions to the vine-growing cycle. • IF a designation is equated with Loire Valley AND shale-claysandstone-limestone AND Huglin index = 1500 THEN designation accepted, IF Huglin index = 1800 THEN Good conditions to the vine-growing cycle. • IF Côte du Rhône appellation assimilated AND clay-sand-gravel soil AND Huglin index = 1050 THEN designation accepted. IF Huglin index = 1850 THEN Good conditions to the vine-growing cycle. < Temperature < 20 • C and Precipitations > 10 mm THEN conditions of mildew development. • IF Period between March and August AND IF Temperature ≈25 • C AND Precipitations ≈0 mm THEN there are favorable conditions for White powdery mildew development.

Fig. 1 .

 1 Fig. 1. Partial hierarchy of concepts in the vineyard (tree view and graph view).

Fig. 2 .

 2 Fig. 2. Hierarchy of conceptual relations (tree view and graph view).

Fig. 3 .

 3 Fig. 3. Screenshot of the interface of the graph rules in the software CoGui.

Fig. 4 .

 4 Fig. 4. Example of rule -Here France's Loire Valley designation.

Fig. 5 .

 5 Fig. 5. Example of rule -Here a fungal disease (Powdery mildew).

Fig. 6 .

 6 Fig. 6. Example of rule -Here a preventive treatment.

Fig. 7 .

 7 Fig. 7. The situations to be analyzed of their effectiveness -Here Bohai region.

Fig. 8 .

 8 Fig. 8. Analysis of the structure by CoGui.

Fig. 9 .

 9 Fig. 9. Wine-growing regions of China.

Fig. 10 .

 10 Fig. 10. Wine-growing regions of France.

Table 2

 2 Examples of fertilizers.

	Fertilizer	N	P	K
	Beef manure	6	1	7
	Cow manure	4	1	4
	Horse manure	6	1	5
	Pork manure	4	1	5
	Chicken manure	23	10	17
	Sheep manure	8	1	7
	Rabbit manure	24	5	0.5
	Guano manure	10	13	2
	Feather manure	80	0	0
	Wood ash	0	1	10
	Dry blood	12	1	1
	Bones	4	20	0
	Dry fish	9	12	4
	Horn	12	1	0

Table 3

 3 Numerical data of Huglin index.

	Individuals
	Name	Privileged type
	2500	Huglin
	3000	Huglin
	1800	Huglin
	2000	Huglin
	1500	Huglin

Table 4

 4 B. Kamsu-Foguem, A. Flammang / Land Use Policy 38 (2014) 719-731 Comparative analysis of French and Chinese regions.

	Wine-growing region		Average temperatures ( • C)/precipitations (mm)				Huglin index	Geology	Wine varieties
			Spring		Summer		Autumn		Winter
			• C	mm/month	• C	mm/month	• C	mm/month	• C	mm/month
	France	Bordeaux	15.1	75.9	19.9	68.1	10.3	102.6	7.9	81.5	2080	Clay-limestone and clay-gravel	Merlot
												Palus	Cabernet Franc
												Boulbènes	Cabernet sauvignon
		Loire Valley	14.9	44.2	19.7	25.4	9.4	37.5	7.7	56.9	1810	Shale -slate -sandstone -	Cabernet Franc
												freestone -gravels-clay-sand
		Côtes du Rhône	14.9	84.2	20.1	53.4	8.4	55.5	7.0	37.9	1850	Clay-sand-gravels	Syrah
												Loess-granite-clay
												Limestone sand
	China	Jilin	13.7	50.0	19.5	116.7	-2.7	13.3	-9.3	3.3			Vitis amurensis
		Hebei	19.3	42.0	23.4	69.0	6.4	9.0	-0.4	6.0	3243	Sandy-gravelly	Syrah
												Alluviaux	Cabernet
													Merlot
		Bohai Wan	16.0	14.3	24.0	57.0	9.2	14.3	1.8	3.0		Sandy hills -limestone	Chardonnay
													Italian Riesling
													Cabernets
													Merlot
													Carignan
													Ugni blanc
		Gansu	16.8	30.7	20.7	60.7	4.2	10.0	0.7	5.0	2138	Sandy	Cabernet sauvignon
												Clay-limestone	Cabernet gernischt
													Merlot
													Syrah
													Cabernet franc
													grenache
		Xinjiang	16.6	3.2	21.6	2.5	-1.8	1.9	-9.0	1.2	2180		Cabernet Sauvignon
													Merlot
												Sandy	Chardonnay
													Syrah
													Pinot noir
		Yunnan	13.3	48.3	17.8	130.0	5.2	17.0	2.7	13.0		Low fertility, rich in quartz	Merlot
													Cabernet Sauvignon
													Grenache
													Riesling italien
													Chardonnay
													Yan73
													Rose honey
													Jufeng
		Ningxia	16.3		20.2		1.9		-5.0				Cabernet Sauvignon
													Cabernet Gernischt
													Riesling
													Chardonnay


Mamadou Bilo Doumbouya
email: mdoumbou@enit.fr

Bernard Kamsu-Foguem
email: bernard.kamsu-foguem@enit.fr

Hugues Kenfack

Clovis Foguem

Telemedicine using mobile telecommunication: Towards syntactic interoperability in teleexpertise

Keywords:

Telemedicine allows collaborative activities between health professionals for the deployment of medical procedures carried out remotely by means of device using information and communication technologies. This article focuses on the Teleexpertise that allows collaboration between medical professionals in order to share knowledge and expert advices used as explanation elements for decision support. We propose a conceptual model integrating the FIPA (Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents) Contract Net Protocol which permits to collect medical professionals' answers for a request for teleexpertise in an efficient manner. Our model satisfies four requirements (coverage, QoS (Quality of Service) guarantees and prioritisation, mobility and roaming, service usability) on the configuration and operation of the underlying network and the services. Therefore, we provide an operational assistance by improvement of the networks quality of service via interoperable web services. Finally, we hope to bring a tangible contribution on the implementation of this suggested conceptualization that will allow to generate relevant and action-oriented findings.

Teleconsultation: it allows a medical professional to consult a patient remotely. Teleexpertise: it allows a medical professional to seek remotely some opinions to his fellows who have the relevant training and skills. It can be achieved outside the presence of the patient.

Telemonitoring: it allows a medical professional to monitor and supervise a patient remotely. Teleassistance: it allows a medical professional to assist remotely another medical professional during an intervention. Medical response: it is used to provide quick and efficient emergency services. The paramedics support the medical response of both air and ground ambulances.

Introduction

Telemedicine is the fact to use telecommunications and information technologies to provide health at a distance by gathering images and information for diagnosis, treatment, follow-up and monitoring.

Telemedicine is very helpful in several areas such as: rural area [START_REF] Barjis | A sustainable and affordable support system for rural healthcare delivery, decision support systems[END_REF] where medical expert advices are not very often available, critical area to provide quick health care.

Telemedicine is declined in five acts [START_REF] Dgos | implementation of a telemedicine project[END_REF] that are listed below:

Today with the rising of mobile devices many companies and research Institutes are trying to propose innovative solutions in the field of telemedicine adapted to mobile devices context. For example since 2009, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has been publishing reports covering initiatives and mobile health [START_REF] Iwayaa | Mobile health in emerging countries: A survey of research initiatives in Brazil[END_REF]. The mHealth Alliance (mHA), hosted by United Nations Foundation, is another institution who aims to maximise the impact of mobile health, especially in emerging economies, by ensuring interoperability and promoting open standards [START_REF] Iwayaa | Mobile health in emerging countries: A survey of research initiatives in Brazil[END_REF]. Actually, the mobile phone has been recognised as a possible tool of telemedicine since it became commercially available [START_REF] Hung | Implementation of a wap-based telemedicine system for patient monitoring[END_REF]. In this paper we follow this way i.e. proposing solutions including mobile devices related to the telemedicine.

In this study we will focus on the problem of telemedicine & interoperability between many devices such as laptop, desktop, mobile devices, . . .

In the rest of this paper, we talk first about the objective we want to reach, second the state of art to show what has been already done, finally the others sections (Materials and methods, Results, Discussion) show how we try to reach our objective.

Objective

Nowadays the number of mobile devices is rising increasingly. These devices are being part of human being life because they are multi task, they can be used everywhere and every time and are more and more efficient.

By the definition of telemedicine, it allows the use of telecommunication and information systems and it permits collaboration between medical professionals. Telemedicine is value-adding, with the strength and responsiveness of practitioners supporting remote patients or other practitioners. Particularly, the teleexpertise is most likely to exhibit value added services through sharing of expertise, consensus-building and exchange of good practices. Thus our goal in this work is to bring innovative solutions to solve the problem of interoperability and to improve the networks quality of services on mobiles devices by using interoperable web services. Achieving this goal will permit to medical professionals to gain in efficiency.

State of the art

Concept of interoperability

Interoperability is neither the consistency nor the integration in one same system, even if it may however contribute. It concerns exchanges between computer applications, that these are located on the same computer or another player. For the European Committee for standardisation, interoperability is ''a state between two applications when, for a specific task, an application can accept data from the other to perform this requires appropriate and satisfactory manner without this an external operator intervention'' (Altran, 2010).

The main problem of Interoperability is the nature of exchanged data because these data come from multiples sources. The information circulating are more and more issued by the technical systems: sensors, cameras etc., and communications between human beings and the complexity of their relationships, they also pass by a series of systems, the keyboard on the phone through the cameras (Altran, 2010). The information systems have to handle these data regardless their sources.

According to [START_REF] Adebesin | A review of interoperability standards in e-health and imperatives for their adoption in africa[END_REF] there are four levels of interoperability:

Technical level: It permits heterogeneous systems to exchange data, but it does not ensure that the receiving system with be able to use the exchanged data in a meaningful manner.

Syntactic level: It ensures the preservation of the clinical purpose of the data during transmission among healthcare systems.

Semantic level: It permits multiple systems to interpret the information that has been exchanged in a similar manner through pre-defined shared meaning of concepts.

Organisational level: It makes easy the integration of business processes and workflows beyond the limits of a single organisation.

These levels are illustrated in Fig. 1.

In [START_REF] Adebesin | A review of interoperability standards in e-health and imperatives for their adoption in africa[END_REF], the authors talk about many standards around healthcare, and also make a mapping of these standards with the four levels of interoperability cited above. Messaging standards are generally aimed at supporting syntactic interoperability through the transmission of structured messages, while those classified under structure and content address interoperability both at the syntactic and semantic levels by specifying the structure of clinical documents that contain both coded and free text data. Clinical terminologies and codes are used to prevent ambiguity in the use of medical terms, thereby ensuring the same interpretation of clinical data, irrespective of the application that is receiving the data. For more details about the correspondence of interoperability levels and standards see Fig. 2.

Solving interoperability issues

In Altran (2010), the authors try to solve the interoperability problem layer by layer. They give in each layer which technologies can be used. They divided their illustration into nine layers that are listed below: Physical level, network: This level is never specific to health. It unifies around Internet and mobile technologies but can evolve, as demonstrated by the developments in the mobile. Finally, the business needs (for a new service, for example) must be treated as independently as possible.

Transport and communication protocols: At the international level, coordination occurs in EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) structures which have been introduced and established between professionals and regulatory Web sectors (UN/CEFACT, ebXML).

Process and business system exchange:

This level is supported in health by the international organisation called IHE (Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise) whose role is to define ''integration profiles'' for different processes.

Documents and messages structure:

This level is defined by standards such as HL7 (Health Level 7), DICOM (Digital Image Communication). There is also IHE which defines integrations profiles between HL7 and DICOM systems.

Definition and information structure: Whether it is an observation or a medical Act, the mandatory elements are included in a manner that is scientifically sound and ethically acceptable.

Semantics: An effort is being revived on the integration of semantics terminologies in information systems. Examples of universal standard terminologies are: SNOMED (Systematised Nomenclature of Medicine) and for indexation, storage, retrieval, and aggregation of medical data across specialties; LOINC (Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes) for identifying medical laboratory observations. Ergonomics: Its importance is often underestimated. The standards for presentation and disclosure of information will be required for all cases where a human actor will be involved in activities actively or passively.

Security: It is a global approach and must be the subject of an independent reflection, a protection of personal data and safe interaction with the technologies. We must ensure an equivalent level of protection of patients' personal data in line with international standards on fundamental rights, privacy and the legitimate interest of legal persons.

Computer languages: They facilitate the work on information management mechanisms and their dependability, dynamic update processes, advanced procedures and formalised principles for interoperability to support organisational and functional purposes in dynamic and mobile environments.

These different layers are illustrated in Fig. 3. Unlike the previous paragraph, European Community organises the implementation of standards for interoperability according to three levels (DGOS, 2012) instead of nine in Altran ( 2010):

The high level: This level concerns the specifications defined by the national and territorial projects;

The intermediate level: It concerns the profiles of integration to meet the main challenges; The low level: It concerns the standards (HL7, DICOM, IEEE, W3C, Oasis, . . .), interfaces between systems.

Solving interoperability problems by FIPA Contract Net Protocol

The Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents (FIPA) is an international organisation that dedicated to promoting the industry of intelligent agents by openly developing specifications supporting interoperability among agents and agent-based applications. This occurs through open collaboration among its member organisations, which are companies and universities that are active in the field of agents. FIPA makes the results of its activities available to all interested parties and intends to contribute its results to the appropriate formal standards bodies (FIPA).

The FIPA Contract Net Protocol is an interaction protocol for task allocation [START_REF] Liekna | Experimental Analysis of Contract NET Protocol in Multi-Robot Task Allocation[END_REF] respecting FIPA specifications. It is designed for distributing one task among a number of agents [START_REF] Knabe | Improvements to the FIPA Contract Net Protocol for Performance Increase and Cascading Applications[END_REF]. In this protocol there are two types of agents: Initiator: The manager agent which has some tasks to perform. Participants: The other agents which participate in ongoing and future planned tasks.

At any time, any agent can be an Initiator, Participant or both. The flow of the protocol is the following (See figure below for the UML1 protocol diagram.) The initiator asks for proposals from other agents by issuing a Call for Proposals (CFP) that specifies the tasks and any additional conditions for its execution. Participants receiving the CFP are potential contractors and can submit their proposals to perform task that includes preconditions of the execution of the task like price, time, and technical performance when the task will be done or any other precondition. Alternatively, agents may refuse to answer to a CFP where it considers the request unnecessary in the circumstances. As soon as the deadline passes, the initiator evaluates the received proposals and selects agents to perform the task. It can choose one, several or none if there are no satisfactory proposals. The agent (s) of the selected proposal (s) will be sent acceptance notification, and the remaining agents will receive rejections. As soon as the initiator accepts the proposal, the participant has a commitment to carry out the task, i.e. the proposal is binding to the participant. After completing the task the participant sends the completion message to the initiator that can be either information that the task is done or a recorded description of the results contained in the completed task report. In case of failure a corresponding message is sent. Additionally, not-understood messages can be sent at any moment of the protocol in case the agent did not understand the previous message (FIPA ;[START_REF] Liekna | Experimental Analysis of Contract NET Protocol in Multi-Robot Task Allocation[END_REF].

Concerning the goal we want to reach, this protocol is not very suitable for collaboration between medical professionals because as it said in [START_REF] Liekna | Experimental Analysis of Contract NET Protocol in Multi-Robot Task Allocation[END_REF]: ''in general the Contract NET protocol allows finding the most suitable agent for a single task by comparing proposals submitted by agents. Still it is not clear how to use it optimally for multiple tasks at the same time''. We want to collect the proposals of all medical professionals participating in the collaboration. But we can reuse the principle used in FIPA Contract Net protocol to establish communication between agents and also the principle used to collect the agents' proposals. Fig. 4 illustrates how the FIPA Contract Net protocol operates.

Mobile telemedicine

Mobile telemedicine is the fact of using wireless communication services to deliver a medical service [START_REF] Batistatos | Mobiletelemedicine for moving vehicle scenarios: Wireless technology options and challenges[END_REF]. Many works have been achieved concerning this field, for example in [START_REF] Batistatos | Mobiletelemedicine for moving vehicle scenarios: Wireless technology options and challenges[END_REF] the authors proposed a solution of mobile telemedicine in the context of moving vehicle (ambulance). In [START_REF] Kulkarni | mPHASIS: Mobile patient healthcare and sensor information system[END_REF], the authors proposed a solution called mPHASIS. This solution is designed to be pervasive and ubiquitous [START_REF] Kulkarni | mPHASIS: Mobile patient healthcare and sensor information system[END_REF]. It is also a complementary solution for the hospital information system in the sense that it can be coupled to hospital information system by the use of webservices [START_REF] Kulkarni | mPHASIS: Mobile patient healthcare and sensor information system[END_REF]. In [START_REF] Lai | A h-qos-demand personalized home physiological monitoring system over a wireless multi-hop relay network for mobile home healthcare applications[END_REF], it is proposed a mobile telemedicine solution based on wireless multi-hop. This solution permits to provide home care monitoring applications for elderly persons.

Materials and methods

Our contribution in this work will focus on Teleexpertise i.e. proposing collaborative solutions for medical professionals using information systems supporting mobile technologies. Globally we want to propose solutions to solve the interoperability problem encountered in Teleexpertise act through the use of several devices such as mobile devices. The main actors collaborating in this telemedicine act are essentially medical professionals.In fact a medical professional called Requesting physician requests a remote medical professional called Required physician to seek advice or to share some information about patients. These solutions will permit to medical professionals to gain in efficiency because they could be reached anywhere and everywhere if they are equipped with mobile devices. Fig. 5 below shows a generic illustration of the act of teleexpertise:

In teleexpertise the medical professional sometimes had to seek advice about very profound issues in particularly problematic circumstances and under some time constraints. As said in DGOS (2012), the data sharing feature follows two implementation models:

Model of collaboration with strong coupling:

-Participants have a shared vision (in a paired exchange) of the same document from a main workstation.

-Participants have an identical vision of a same document previously distributed locally on each workstation. The distributed application on each workstation provides a shared vision of this document by ensuring an identical simultaneous presentation.

Model of collaboration with weak coupling:

-Participants use the same application (Software as a service (SaaS) mode or Following pre-registration in an integral part of cloud-computing solutions) to access the same information and documents without a common view and the joint planning process (each actor can evolve in the document and be at the screen on a different page of the other actors involved in the Act).

French Telemedicine Committee identified five national priorities (DGOS, 2012) of telemedicine deployment, so our study will focus on these priorities. These five priorities are: Permanence of care in medical imaging Management of care for stroke Health of inmates Management of chronic diseases Care in medico-social structures

Communicating medical devices

According to DGOS (2012), there are two main types of devices which can be used in medical communication:

Active implantable medical devices such as implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Non-implantable medical devices namely those with manual entry: touch screen terminal set up at the patient's home or remote access via web interface (Pc, Tablet, smartphone, . . .) and components that are suitable for both mobile and fixed applications, including sensors and biomedical devices.

Our proposed model

In DGOS ( 2012), the authors give some generic specifications related to these five priorities cited above. Our proposition will related to the health of inmates. We propose an UML use case diagram that shows some main purposes of collaboration between medical professionals. Fig. 6 shows an illustration of our model. Our proposition will focus on the physical level and the transport and communication protocols level cited above, in other words technical interoperability.

We suppose that the data concerning a patient is already available on a server. In this model, the actors can use both mobile devices and PC. For example the requesting physician can use a mobile device such a tablet or a PC to access a patient medical record. Also via an application he can request for an expertise. This requests is broadcasted to all the specified required physicians by a webserver. The required physicians can be notified of this request directly on their mobile device. So they can then intervene in the act of teleexpertise wherever they located if they accept the request. This step can be achieved by the principle used in FIPA Contract Net Protocol to contact the different participants. We will call this principle of FIPA Contract Net Protocol mFCNP for modified FIPA Contract Net Protocol.In this mFCNP we replace propose by accept which means that the corresponding medical professional accepts to participate in the current expertise act. This principal is illustrated in Fig. 7.

Here in our model the initiator is the server and the participants are the required physicians and the deadline specifies when the expertise act must be done. The communication purpose can be done via visioconference and also by sharing documents. Thus when the visioconference is chosen, the network layer can be dimensioned to support the visioconference according to the required quality of service. For more details about the required quality of service you can see DGOS (2012). In Fig. 8, we illustrate the communication between the actors in the act of teleexpertise by UML (uml) sequence diagrams.

Generally, this diagram shows the establishment of the communication between medical professionals. The intermediate device (A or B) are the devices used by the physicians in the act of teleexpetise. These devices can be smartphone, PC, or laptop. The ref mFCNP represents our modified Fipa Contract Protocol sequence diagram above. It permits to collect the answer of the physicians for the current request for expertise. Ref teleepertise sequence diagram 2 (Fig. 9) illustrates the data exchange practices, the collection of medical professionals' advices and the creation of report that will be used by the requesting physician to provide treatment according to consensual and reliable bases with the patient's consent.

Concerning the transport layer, we propose to use web services for data exchange. And the format of data exchanged is XML (xml), 2 because it has becoming an important standard in computer science, it was utilised as an import-export format in web services or other collaborative platforms [START_REF] Figueredo | Mobile telemedicine system for home care and patient monitoring[END_REF]. Therefore the designed architecture should be Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) using the SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) for exchanging structured information and communication between devices. The architecture of the proposed model is depicted in Fig. 10.

Results

The originality of our work is the fact that we integrate in our model a modified version of Fipa Contract Net Protocol. This protocol was originally introduced to guarantee a reliable collaboration between different participants which trying to achieve the same goal. It allows to collect participants' answers and in the same occasion it identifies the participant which don't reply to the request. Since this protocol includes a deadline time, this time will specify the urgency of the action plan for needed services. It is fundamental for the quality of interaction that promotes the implementation of telemedicine activities with following the levels of priority listed in the contextualised plan.

The emergency telemedicine applications and their usage scenarios impose a number of requirements on the configuration and operation of the underlying network and the services it provides (e.g., data services) [START_REF] Mutafungwa | Femtocells for public safety communications: The emergency telemedicine case study[END_REF] Our model satisfies four of these requirements namely:

Coverage: The mains actors are equipped with mobile devices, so they can act wherever and whenever they are located. This guarantees the coverage requirement.

QoS guarantees and prioritisation:

We advice to follow the QoS specifications gave in DGOS (2012). So that the proposed model will meet the required QoS for telemedicine applications. Mobility and roaming: This requirement is guaranteed by mobility property of the mobile devices.

Service usability: Our model reaches this requirement because we propose that the network layer can be dimensioned automatically according to the required QoS when a communication mode (visioconference or sharing document) is chosen.

The proposed system is not yet implemented. However with the used technologies such as SOAP relied on XML Information Set specifying message formats, it assumed to solve the syntactic interoperability issues of medical professionals acting for the inmates health. And also by the use of HTTPS 3 protocol we guarantee a secure transportation of the data exchanged. As a result, with this solution the actors can use both mobile devices and PC to communicate the core information of a critical care management and to innovate with these new possibilities.

Discussion

In DGOS (2012) and Altran (2010), the authors gave some generic specifications of the implementation of telemedicine acts. In our work we proposed a solution of teleexpertise for inmate health and show that this guarantees interoperability (message negotiation and transmission) between several types of devices by the use of SOAP protocol.

In the proposed model, the participants can achieve the act of teleexpertise by using visioconference, sharing documents or both can be used during any activity. So particularly for the mobile devices there are two main types of application that can be run on these devices:

Native applications: the type of application can easily be interfaced with the mobile devices hardware (camera, accelerometer, GPS, . . .)

Web App: they have limited access to some native features of the mobile devices such as orientation, geolocalisation, media, . . . Thus by the use of native applications instead of web app in telemedicine applications, the access to the mobile devices will be very efficient. Thus, logically, the qualities of the features associated with video, image and voice will be improved. Therefore the main health actors of teleexpertise activities will have better quality of information and then be able to make more informed decisions.

Conclusion

Telemedicine represents an important field of interest that is growing increasingly with the use of new technologies. Teleexpertise one of its acts in prison permits to reduce the cost of medical professionals movement to the prison or the transportation on inmates to hospitals.

The proposed solution shows a teleexpertise system which permits to medical professional to collaborate easily and efficiently using both mobile devices and PCs.

By the usage of the SOAP protocol in the architecture, the solution will permit to several communicating devices to interoperate thanks to a good level of structured information specification in Web Services format. Our model reaches four of the Telemedicine requirements specified in [START_REF] Mutafungwa | Femtocells for public safety communications: The emergency telemedicine case study[END_REF]. In other words, on the basis of the defined information framework, the proposed model checks coverage, QoS guarantees and prioritisation, mobility and roaming and service usability.

In future work we will focus on the semantic interoperability issue and argumentative reasoning for explaining medical decisions. We will develop the stage of formal ontology modelling to make explicit some semantic interoperability difficulties that are identified, providing a common framework for a semantically interoperable environment. Likewise, the semantic interoperability of medical information would enrich collaborative telemedicine projects, pragmatic knowledge organisation and the management of medical emergencies. In telemedicine practices (as with any medical practice) the activities are restricted by some legal and ethical constraints. Therefore, the efficient management of medical files and records is critical for any medical practice so that relevant information and patterns can be quickly retrieved. The argumentative reasoning formalises the elements of arguments underlying the decision-making processes as well as addressing the specific operational requirements that take into account the facts of contextual cases.

Fig. 1 .

 1 Fig.1. Levels of interoperability[START_REF] Adebesin | A review of interoperability standards in e-health and imperatives for their adoption in africa[END_REF].

Fig. 2 .

 2 Fig.2. Standards and interoperability level mappings[START_REF] Adebesin | A review of interoperability standards in e-health and imperatives for their adoption in africa[END_REF].

Fig. 3 .

 3 Fig. 3. Independant layers (Altran, 2010).

Fig. 4 .

 4 Fig. 4. FIPA Contract Net Protocol.

Fig. 5 .

 5 Fig. 5. Teleexpertise act in telemedicine.

Fig. 6 .

 6 Fig. 6. Teleexpertise use cases.

Fig. 7 .

 7 Fig. 7. M-FIPA Contract Net Protocol.

Fig. 8 .

 8 Fig. 8. Teleexpertise sequence diagram 1.

Fig. 10 .

 10 Fig. 10. Teleexpertise architecture.

Fig. 9 .

 9 Fig. 9. Teleexpertise sequence diagram 2.

Unified Modeling Language.