Philippe Woloszyn
email: philippe.woloszyn@univ-rennes2.fr

Gaëtan Bourdin
email: gaetan.bourdin@paysages-enchantier.com

THE HYPERSCAPE PROJECT: [2] PARTICIPATIVE GAME INFORMATIONAL CONSTRUCTION

Keywords: Participative game, territorial soundscape, informational dimensioning, entropy evaluation, Zipf law Jeu participatif, paysage sonore territorialisé, dimensionnement de l'information, évaluation de l'entropie, loi de Zipf

This paper develops Hyperscape participative game theoretical and methodological assumptions. As an hyper-structural ambient-dimensioned interaction system, Hyperscape constitutes a systemic way for territorial acknowledgement. An illustration of this principle presents a sound multisource analysis of soundscape from Malakoff, a district in Nantes, with using the sound athmosphere generator. Manipulation of this hypertool should provide information to evaluate sound interaction through Zipf law entropy dimensioning.

Résumé: Cet article présente les bases théoriques et méthodologiques du jeu participatif Hyperscape. Ce système de dimensionnement des interactions ambiantales vise une prise de connaissance territoriale par une méthode issue de la systémique. Pour illustrer ce principe, nous présentons une analyse multisource du paysage sonore de Malakoff (Nantes, France) en utilisant le générateur d'ambiances. Cet outil nous fournira les informations pour l'évaluation des interactions sonores par le dimensionnement de leur entropie via la loi de Zipf.

Participative Game Informational Construction

INTRODUCTION

From biophysical to sociodynamical sciences, interaction laws (or, more generally, organizational principles) that emerge from the regularities in collective behaviour are most of time unlinear, as the actors teleological assumptions acts following environmental-dependent non-linear interactions [START_REF] Minsky | A framework for representing knowledge[END_REF]]. Their emergent properties are deeply networked to the system observers, in our case, inhabitants involved into the territorial observatory and acknowledgement process in Malakoff district, Nantes, France.

Our main hypothesis for Participative Game Informational Construction lies on supervenience principle [START_REF] Davidson | How is Weakness of the Will Possible ? Moral Concepts[END_REF]], stating that mental properties and facts "supervene" on physical properties and facts. This principle edict totally disconnected laws between individual and collective behaviour processes. It assumes that subject actions are defined, on one side, by the relationships between elementary physical properties and individual representations, and, in the other side, between collective behaviours and global phenomenon manifestation. This leads us to qualify global environmental interaction set as a collection of interacting systems, showing collective behaviour at different scales, that means, for different proxemies [START_REF] Woloszyn | An acoustic ambience study by immersive sound recognition[END_REF]]. This observed structural organisation of the proxemical mechanisms of interactions laws will define the ambients perceptual representation system, through interaction flow organisation dimensioning [Woloszyn (2000a[START_REF] Woloszyn | The visualisation of the urban "ambients" parameters[END_REF]]. Therefore, ambient territory knowledge integration is enabled through the proposed Hyperscape action game process, allowed by socio-psycho-physical data feedback streaming through hypertools game-participative functions.

Thus, considered as multi-level emergent structures as for living organisms or social community structures (anthroposystems), the information flow dimensioning enables information entropy quantification. Measurement scaling law can be also deduced from the emergent characteristics of a number of hypermedia landscapes inquiries in perception.

INFORMATIONAL DIMENSIONING METHODOLOGY

Structural ambients deconstruction has to be referred to its reciprocal percept organisation through psychics and physics interdimensioning. Resulting psychophysical laws [START_REF] Condamines | Acoustique psycho-physique[END_REF]] have to be articulate within micro-psycho-social concept rules [START_REF] Moles | Théorie structurale de la communication et société[END_REF]], in order to model socio-ecologically valid interaction laws [START_REF] Gibson | The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception[END_REF]]. This teleological construction uses a virtual formalisation of reality, Hyperscape play-ground, producing artefacts with territorial rules acting into the present depth. With acting into this interactive game, players would be able to interact into the virtual territory, idealization between territorial representations and projections.

Zipf law dimensioning

In order to estimate this cognitive distance between reality and imagination, we'll use an empirical law known as "Zipf law", named for Harvard linguistic professor George Kingsley Zipf, which models the occurrence of distinct objects in particular collections [START_REF] Brookes | The derivation and application of the Bradford-Zipf distribution[END_REF], [START_REF] Egghe | The exact place of Zipf's and Pareto's law amongst the classical information laws[END_REF], Kunz (1988), [START_REF] Wyllys | Empirical and theoretical bases of Zipf's Law[END_REF]]. Zipf law says that the i th most frequent object will appear 1/i th times the frequency of the most frequent object in the collection. Also an expression of universal regularities, this law is applied in numerous domains: in English texts word occurrence frequency [Blair (1988), [START_REF] Li | Random Texts Exhibit Zipf's-Law-Like Word Frequency Distribution[END_REF], [START_REF] Zipf | Selected Studies of the Principle of Relative Frequencies of Language[END_REF]], as well as populations of cities [START_REF] Gabaix | Zips's law for cities: An explanation[END_REF], [START_REF] Kali | The city as a giant component: a random graph approach to Zipf's law[END_REF], [START_REF] Tong | Zipf's Law for Cities: A Cross Country Investigation, mimeo. An updated version has been[END_REF]], immune system characterization [START_REF] Burgos | Zipf-Scaling Behavior in the Immune System[END_REF]], bibliographical classification or prediction [START_REF] Fairthorne | Empirical hyperbolic distributions (Bradford-Zipf-Mandelbrot) for bibliometric description and prediction[END_REF]), Federowicz (1982)], or cancer classification [START_REF] Li | Zipf's Law in Importance of Genes for Cancer Classification using Microarray Data[END_REF]]. Nevertheless, except musical [START_REF] Manaris | Progress Towards Recognizing and Classifying Beautiful Music with Computers: MIDI-Encoded Music and the Zipf-Mandelbrot Law[END_REF][START_REF] Manaris | Evolutionary Music and the Zipf-Mandelbrot Law: Progress towards Developing Fitness Functions for Pleasant Music[END_REF][START_REF] Manaris | Zipf's Law, Music Classification, and Aesthetics[END_REF]] and audio medical signal [Dellandrea (2004)] applications, we didn't find Zipf law application for other audio domains such as soundscape acknowledgment in scientific literature. As it typically holds when the "objects" themselves have a property (such as length or size) which is modelled by an exponential distribution, we will use this method to evaluate sound entropy quantification relevant to Malakoff territory. Zipf law states that in a tabulation of the occurrence of all words in a sufficiently comprehensive text, ranged by their frequency, will the product of rank number and frequency make up a constant. In addition will the number of different words in the vocabulary be equal to the frequency of the most common word, as seen following French text Zipf law application figure 1:

Figure 1: Frequency-rank Zipf's law for French language [START_REF] Mandelbrot | Information Theory and Psycholinguistics[END_REF]]

Zipf law may be stated mathematically as:

eq. ( 1)

where f i , the frequency of the unit (wordform or lemma) having the rank k, s, the exponent coefficient (near to 1 for English language word frequency distribution), and C, a constant. In a logarithmic scale, Zipf law is expressed as a straight line with about -45° angle, as seen figure 1.

Zipf principle and information treatment

Zipf also provided a theoretical explanation for his law [START_REF] Zipf | Human behaviour and the Principle of the Least Effort[END_REF]]. He found that the law was an expression of a competition between two economic principles: "The economics of the speaker", that tend towards a reduction of the number of words in language, and "the economy of the listener", that tend to use a new word in each new linguistic act that the speaker wish to do. In all persons speaking a language fluently there is a balance and Zipf law is an indication that this balance is reached. Consequently to this assumption, Zipf suggests a way to optimize the cost of communicative transactions between speakers and listeners by wedging their relative directories, as illustrated figure 2:

Figure 2: Shannon informational scheme and "Informational impedance adaptation" : Transmitter-receiver directories fitting [START_REF] Moles | Théorie structurale de la communication et société[END_REF]].

A.A. Moles called this action "Informational impedance adaptation", acted though the apprenticeship process [START_REF] Moles | Théorie structurale de la communication et société[END_REF]]. This process corresponds to an adaptative function which asymptote reveals perfect fitting between transmitter and receiver directories, that means Zipf balance is reached through a power law equal to 1.

Entropy calculation processing

Zipf power law can be readed as a linear relationship when plotting data in log-log coordinates, arranging dots along a line, which reveals the structural relationship between the number of sources occurrences and their rank, leading to informational dimension expression D s as:

eq. ( 2)

where p(x) is the occurrence of element x of rank k. The numerator of this dimensional expression constitutes the entropy expression H, as: eq. ( 3)

This entropy calculation will enable transmitter-receiver directories fitting quantification of the perceived soundscape thanks to hypertools developed within the Hyperscape project.

APPLICATIONS TO THE HYPERSCAPE PARTICIPATIVE GAME FEATURES

The hypertool based on a soundscape territorial ambient sampling is presented thereafter, as an acknowledgement of the ambient sound territorialization. This ambient re-construction game pad we propose will help us to evaluate the cognitive distance between real world environments and ideal world projections [ [START_REF] Woloszyn | Urban HyperScape: a community game for territorial knowledge, Second international annual conference of territorial intelligence[END_REF]] through soundscape description and composition analysis. This is the reason why our game-informational research-action approach, Hyperscape, formulates ambients through event/phenomenon homeomorphic multimedia description, in order to interact with the territorial "players". For this aim, Hyperscape system behaviour will allow coupling physical characterisation of a specified environment (i.e. soundscapes recordings of Malakoff territories) with the corresponding cognitive representations (through environmental psychological game-inquiry process), through an ambient scene construction (namely the sound athmosphere generator presented in the theme A contribution of the present conference: "Landscapes observatory, a Tool Coproduction and Acknowledgment Participative Challenge-Games"). Technically, Hyperscapes methodologies are based on visual, sonic and textual contents, including trans-media navigation features as an on-line "clickable" media navigation process into the territorial representation, in order to constitute an useful tool which facilitates the mediation among the actors of the territory. Therefore, the corresponding hypertools exploits a specific software library, developed through various types of data (sound, video, pictures, vectorized data, text). Actually, games for territory discovering includes a landscape beat box, and a sound atmosphere generator.

An example of Sound data treatment through sound atmosphere generator hypertool exploitation

The sound atmosphere generator uses a specific way for soundscape acknowledgment, with associating a photography with the sound, in order to realize a proper representation from a neighbourhood locality with a visual support (figure 3).

Figure 3 : Sound atmosphere generator functioning principle

Its goal is to allow each inhabitant to reconstruct her/his perception of the Malakoff sound atmosphere, which would recompose the global sound thanks to the sound database described herafter. This tool allows concretely to act on the neighbourhood landscapes to transform them, taking into account the different cognitive soundscape levels: background noise, ambient sounds and acoustic events.

The "clicking" traceability available into HPU system afford us to keep the trace of sound data manipulation, that means, every recomposition step of the mean sound atmosphere generator is readable via a specified file. Therefore, in order to understand the neighbourhood territory representations, qualitative data will be collected to analyze the sound composition process, in respect with the temporal occurrences of the analyzed sounscape sound source composing.

Malakoff soundscape analysis

Taken as a powerful tool for environment acknowledgement evaluation, the previously mentioned Zipf competition principle can analogously be transposed to sound ambient environment, aiming to evaluate "Sound environmental economics (the transmitter)" and " Economy of the atmosphere composer (the receiver)" that will be evaluated through the sound atmosphere generator experimentation.

In an analogical way, sound sources are here considered as the soundscape words (sound items) to be analyzed, as computation of their citation order and frequency. This sound atmosphere generator data treatment will define the Zipf proximal law for each Malakoff constitutive soundscape. Then, we will estimate soundscape informational entropy through sound event density probability distribution calculation, as mentioned before. Ambient sound source classification is made from direct territory observation through sound recording. In order to achieve it, a soundscape database has been recorded in situ, taking the main sound atmospheres of the neighbourhood into account (figure 4). They represent to the greatest extent possible the various atmospheres that a passer-by would encounter when wandering into the urban district. Each sequence, examined through headphone audition, can therefore be described according to each of the sources occurrence frequency. These noises are then classified according to the SaCCSO methodology [START_REF] Léobon | The cartography of a town center soundscape[END_REF]], with providing six sound sources classes, constituted by elementary sonic items, indexable as following:

-the source "Urban activity", accounting for engine noise, road traffic, transport noise and works noise, -the source "Human presence", relating to indications of people passing through, -the source "Human activity", signing the noises relating to individual activities, -the source "Language and communication", for really challenging messages such as set of signs, musical animation, understandable conversations, -the source "Wildlife noise" for nature and animals sounds, referring generally to open spaces, -and the source "background noise", signalling indirectly the notion of calm of a soundscape [START_REF] Léobon | La qualification des ambiances sonore urbaines[END_REF]].

Zipf law application

After this typological construction born of soundscape source enumeration by headphone hearing , we quantify the citation occurrence of each source, in regard with its citation order. As indicated equation (1), mathematical expression of Zipf law involves the number of occurrences of a done sound source, understood as an acoustic event, and provides the relationship between the number of sound source occurrences with respect to their occurrence frequencies. Result of soundscape quantification should then provide a rank-order Zipf power law, which, compared to the power law resulting from sound atmosphere generator experimentation, should provide the informational impedance adaptation level between real and imagined soundscape. The resulting event density probability distribution will then allow information dimension computation, through relative entropy calculation of the soundscape sources.

As entropy expression (equation ( 3)) reveals the sharp (H=1) or low (H<1) correlation between the real sources present in the studied territory and their evocation, sound source distribution within a done environment constitutes an elementary indicator of the evocation force of a given soundscape. As a complementary result, the three "metaclasses", background noise, ambient sounds and acoustic events, will be defined through the respective sound sources Zipf scaling values, as those lasts describe cognitive distance of soundscape elements.

Relying on a structuralist hypothesis [ [START_REF] Moles | Les sciences de l'imprécis[END_REF]], we claim that every soundscape can thus be described as a combination of the previous sonic items (sound sources), belonging to the three specified metaclasses, feeding the sound athmosphere generator.

Conclusion

The interesting perspectives offered by Zipf law have led us to evaluate its pertinence for environmental sound sources classification and evaluation. Thus, Zipf competition principle can be analogously transposed to sound ambient environment perception, in order to evaluate cognitive distance between real and imaginary soundscape in Malakoff territory.

To do this, Zipf power-law distribution on ranked sound data enables acoustical information flow dimensioning, which will be applied on both sound athmosphere qualification through soundscape listening and sound atmosphere generator hypergame. This way to analyse urban atmospheres may enable us to define the notions of sensible sound territory, with finding significant relationships between dimensional evaluation of a soundscape and its appreciation level through a participative ambience reconstruction game.

The global participatory approach that makes this approach possible involves the development of complex processes, touching transversely to both public and private performances, as well as individuals and cultural groups. A more complete computer-adapted knowledge and culture sharing is actually under development within Hyperscape project, implying territorial politic structures and organisations. This will experience their participation to the Malakoff urban development process, through knowledge, tools and goals sharing. Within territorial rules integrations, intelligent territorial system HyperScape should be able to operate an ecologically valid transcription of the representations of a given territory as a collective construction in spatial terms as well as in social ones.

Figure 4 :

 4 Figure 4 : Territorial soudscape map : Malakoff captation points


Fco Javier

Mahía Cordero

Director Marisa Martínez Gónzalez

Accem Gijón
email: gijon@accem.es

Raquel Palacio

Isabel Hevia Artime

PERMANENT OBSERVATORY OF IMMIGRATION IN ASTURIAS ODINA

Keywords: territorial intelligence, participation, partnership, sustainable development, networks, learning, immigration, local development, observation, cohesion

The Permanent Observatory of Immigration in Asturias (ODINA) is a group formed by entities and institutions (goverment agencies, private, NGOs, trade unions, associations) that work in the region, directly and also crosswise with the immigrant community with the aim to integrate and to promote immigrants social welfare (through Health, Training, Education, Employment, Housing...). One of the ODINA main targets is making a dynamic study and assessment of the Immigrants socio-economic background. This group deals of starting and developing the Observatory through cooperative survey and participative evaluation methodology (Catalyse), territorial diagnoses, territorial indicators, and agents repertoire.

ODINA promoters are Accem and the Social Affairs Council of the Government of the Principality of Asturias. ODINA is framed within an Accem Observatories Network.

PERMANENT OBSERVATORY OF IMMIGRATION IN ASTURIAS-ODINA

TERRITORIAL CONTEXT IN ASTURIAS

Asturias is an Autonomous community on the northern coast of Spain formed by 78 municipalities. According to population data from the municipal census of January 1 st , 2008, Asturias has 1,079,215 inhabitants, which means 0.4 % growth with respect to the previous year, equivalent to 4,353 more people than in 2007. Of the total inhabitants of 1/1/2008, 561,354 are women (equivalent to 52 %) and 517,861 are men (equivalent to 48 %), fact attributable to women's life expectancy-eight years longer than men. To indicate, in this regard, that one of the demographic characteristics of our community is the decrease and aging of the population.

According to the latest Municipal Census of the National Institute of Statistics, there are 40,171 Immigrants residing in Asturias (equal to 3.7 % of total population). Making Asturias the fifth Community as far as immigrants added to the census (22.8 %). In terms of economic structure, Asturias is a region with an industrial tradition in decline (mining, iron and steel industry, naval industry), which has suffered several restructurings and adjustments. Nevertheless, the importance of the industrial sector in the regional production system is still strong (greater than the national average). The region is characterized by a structure of private businesses, functioning fundamentally in small and medium sized companies.

Foreigners living in

From the perspective of social cohesion, Asturias is a community with a high level of social organization and effective trade unions.

BACKGROUND

The Permanent Observatory of the Immigration in Asturias (ODINA) is framed within a pilot project promoted by ACCEM and financed since 2000 by the Social Affairs Council of the Government of the Principality of Asturias, with the purpose of forming and developing a permanent mechanism for cooperative observation and shared evaluation of the socio-economic situation of the immigrant community in Asturias.

A brief trial of the observational mechanism was instituted 1999 within the framework of the community initiative "Integra plural -resources for employment" developed by ACCEM and financed by the Ministry of Work and Social Affairs (IMSERSO) and the European Social Fund. At present ODINA functions in a regional and local observation network made up of two Local Observation Groups (Gijón & Oviedo) and by eight Municipal Observation Points (Avilés, Candamo, Grado, Langreo, Las Regueras, Navia, Valdés and Villaviciosa).

ANALYZED POPULATION

Refugees, Immigrants & Asylum Seekers in Asturias.

OBSERVATIONAL STRUCTURE TARGETS :

-Dynamic study and assessment of the Immigrants socio-economic background.

-To establish co-operation processes among the different social agents operating within the territory.

-To establish immigrant participation and accessibility processes at the definition, planning and development of the different action programmes.

-To design and develop common actions.

-To create tools for the commonly agreed design of indicators on the group and territory socio -economic situation.

-To provide information that allow to analyse in a more specific and updated point of view the immigrant community situation.

ODINA NETWORK STRUCTURE

The observational ODINA -Network structured is made up by entities and institutions (government agencies, private, NGOs, trade unions, associations) that work in the region, directly and also crosswise with the immigrant community with the aim to integrate and to promote immigrants social welfare (through Health, Training, Education, Employment, Housing...). This network develops the Permanent Observatory of Immigration in Asturias, methodology, diagnoses, territorial indicators, agents repertoire and starting integration actions.

At present ODINA functions in a regional and local observation network made up of two Local Observation Groups ( Gijón & Oviedo) and by eight Municipal Observation Points (Avilés, Candamo, Grado, Langreo, Las Regueras, Navia, Valdés, and Villaviciosa).

ODINA -Network configuration: a) Local Observation Groups:

The Local Observation Groups have a local network structured and are formed by entities and institutions that make the survey in a particular place, they take charge of dealing with their clients accompaniment and diagnoses (people who come to their offices, an also gather information from the accompaniment and test activities).

They also check the local diagnoses (related to the obtained information from the territorial observational context of each group) and the regional diagnoses (related to the information from the different observational context of the local groups and observational points).

b) Observation Points:

They do not have a local network structure and they are constituted by an institution that works in a specific territorial context. They observe and gather information from their clients.

c) Action workshops:

Formed by the ODINA -Network entities and institution that belong to any of the three workshops (Education Workshop, Socio -Economic guidance Workshop and Social Marginalization Workshop).This group has to analyze in depth the diagnoses (groups, trends, profiles) and to propose concrete actions related to the needs and diagnoses realized (local and regional).

ODINA Partnership structure is formed by 47 associates:

Public Institutions:12

• Social Affairs Council of the Goverment of the Principality of Asturias (Sponsor associate)

• Education and Science Council of the Principality of Asturias (collaborator associate)

• Town hall of Gijón (Municipal Foundation of Social Affairs)

• Town hall of Oviedo (Social Affairs Council)

• Town hall of Avilés (Social Affairs Council)

• Town hall of Candamo (Social Affairs Council)

• Town hall of Grado (Social Affairs Council)

• Town hall of Las Regueras (Social Affairs Council)

• Town hall of Villaviciosa (Social Affairs Council)

• Town hall of Valdés (Social Affairs Council)

• Town hall of Grado (Social Affairs Council)

• Town hall of Navia (Social Affairs Council)

ASOCIATIONS/ NGOs: 10

• Accem (NGO)

• Asociación Pro Inmigrantes de Asturias (APIA) (NGO)

• Asturias Acoge (NGO)

• Asociación Pro inmigrantes Intervalo (NGO)

• Centro de Iniciativas, Solidaridad y Empleo-CISE (NGO)

• Cruz Roja Asamblea Local de Gijón ( Red Cross )

• Cruz Roja Asamblea Autonómica de Asturias (Red Cross)

• Fundación Albergue Covadonga (Shelter)

• Movimiento por la Paz Asturias (MPA) (NGO)

• Proyecto SICAR-Hermanas Adoratrices (Catholic organization)

TRADE UNIONS: 2

• Unión General de Trabajadores (U.G.T.)

• Unión Sindical Obrera (U.S.O)

EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS: 15

• Los Campos (Gijón). (School)

• Ramón de Campoamor (Gijón). (School)

• San Lorenzo (Gijón). (School)

• San Miguel (Gijón). (School)

• Ursulinas de Jesús (Gijón) (School)

• Calderón de la Barca (Gijón) (High School)

• Rosario Acuña (Gijón) (High School)

• El Llano (Gijón). (School)

• Menéndez Pidal.(Gijón) (School)

• EOEP de Atención Temprana de Gijón (Team of Educational and Psycho -pedagogical guidance)

• Sagrada Familia (Oviedo) (School)

•

ODINA NETWORK WORKSHOPS AND ACTIONS (2006 -2007)

ODINA Network target is getting through the diagnoses in order to start on specific actions related to the identified needs and diagnoses. The workshops matters depend on the diagnoses and they are the following:

1. ODINA Education Workshop. The action axes are: external compensatory; awareness raising in the school environment and transition from school life to mature life. The third axe has been prioritized, crosswise and permanently maintaining the others. A Seminar called Youth and immigration: new educational and social challenges was organized into this action axe. As for spreading actions, at the same time as the Seminar on youth and immigration, the diffusion fulfilled of the second Education Workshop Bulletin, and at present they are working on the third. This campaign has consisted in making leaflets and posters reporting on the advantages of the different programmes of the Rent of Housings Promotion for owners. The motto of the campaign is " An empty housing does not produce anything, set your housing to produce, set it in rent ". The campaign was officially presented to the media in Gijón. There have been printed numbers 1 and 2 of the Bulletin of the Social Marginalization Workshop, and at present they are working on the edition of a Guide of Access to the Housing aimed at owners and tenants. Workshp (training & employment).This workshop has developed a campaign called "Fight against asylum seekeres, refugees and immigrants discrimination in the labour market" . Campaign aimed, on one hand, at overcoming the prejudices and reticences for the contracting of these people, and on the other hand, at promoting the equality of treatment in the work among the migrant population and the autochthonous one. This campaign has consisted in making a photo-booklet showing immigrants professional occupations in Asturias and several companies of different sectors of economic activity, which in a voluntary way have been involved in the content and development of this campaign. The campaign was officially presented with the representatives' presence of the autonomous, local administration, associations, unions and mass media in Gijón and Oviedo in April, 2007. The Workshop has also edited its first Bulletin .

ODINA Social Marginalization

ODINA Socio -Economic guidance

OBTAINED OUTCOMES.

Strengths a) Related to observation:

• A more concrete and dynamic knowledge of the needs and problematic identified and felt by the group of immigrants and their socio-economic background.

• A better knowledge (quantitative and qualitative) of the phenomenon of the immigration from an integral and cooperative perspective, and from a territorial and local boarding.

• A more precise, dynamic and optimized visibility of the social available resources in the territory to attend to the needs of the group.

b) Related to partnership:

• A reinforcement in the processes of development of the partnership between public, private institutions / entities, social and economic agents, for the mobilization of all the available resources, which facilitate dynamics of social and labour insertion for the group of migrants and in a crosswise way for the autochthonous group.

• A joint planning of the actions aimed at improving integration processes of the group, from a cooperative diagnosis between the entities and institutions involved in the Observatonal Device.

• An improvement of information exchange processes, data, surveys, and publications on the knowledge of the group, between different agents of the research area.

Weaknesses. a)-Related to observation:

• The limits of the secondary information sources.

•

The information management from the cartographic dimension. • The information management related to the territory organization.

b) Related to partnership:

• Lack of cooperative work culture, networking, distrust, suspicion, fear feelings between the agents.

• The plurality of the individual agents interests.

• The context (social, political, economic...) relevancy to promote the partnership building up; time needs and search for the right time to start the process. • The adequacy to the different paces and resources of the agents involved in the process for the joint of the partnership. • The reorganization of the human, technical and material resources.

• The precedents of conflict between the different actors.

ODINA NETWORK AND ITS METHODOLOGY ADDED VALUE.

• The enhance of resources and actions between the public entities and the third sector.

• Accessibility of the information to immigrants and general public.

• The improvement of the participation processes and decision-making of the immigrants in programmes and projects planning and development for social integration in the host society. • The reinforcement of the living together between the foreign population and the host society, through mechanisms and mixed spaces of participation. • The integral and collective management of the problems and answers (reinforcement of the solidarity and participation mechanisms between the agents / spaces of responsibility and power distribution and strengthening of the social territorial cohesion) • "Bridge" / "mediation" effect in dialogue processes, conflicts negotiation and agents relationships.

• Action crosswise opposite to the compartmentalization of the social policies.

• The complementarity and optimization of the resources (human, economic, technological…) of the territory. • The improvement of the participation processes and decision making of the different agents in the planning and development of the actions (equality reinforcement between the agents). • Provides the construction of a common language and target between the agents on different aspects (social, economic).

ODINA NETWORK PUBLICATIONS AND MONOGRAPHIC RESEARCHES

Besides Observatory diagnoses and Workshop publications, there have been also made publications, surverys and monographic researches where asked for local and autonomous Administration. 9.1. Publications.

• " Immigrants in Asturias; associate Guides for the community orientation ", 2003 (made for th Housing & Social Affairs Council of the Goverment of the Principality of Asturias).

Researches.

• Immigrants Training Needs ", 2001 (made for the Town hall of Gijón)

• " Action -Research on the situation of the Ethnic Minorities of Eastern Europe's Countries in the municipality of Gijón ", 2005 (made for the Town hall of Gijón).

• " The Management of the Cultural Diversity in the Asturian Companies ", 2007Companies ", -2008 (Attorney General of the Principality of Asturias).

  Amor de Dios (Oviedo) (School) • Pando (Oviedo) (High School) • Pérez de Ayala (Oviedo) (High School) • Llanes (High School) HEALTH CENTRES: 8 -SESPA: Primary Asistancy Management. Gijón (Área V); • Health Centre of Contrueces • Health Centre of Coto • Health Centre of El Llano • Health Centre of Laviada • Health Centre of Natahoyo • Health Centre of Parque-Somió • Health Centre of Puerta la Villa • Health Centre of Zarracina

  Workshop. An awareness campaign has been raised in cooperation with the Town Hall of Gijón (Housing Council) and VIPASA (the Housing & Social Affairs Council of the Government of the Principality of Asturias). The campaign is aimed to owners of empty housing. It is focused on encouraging renting this housing through different Central Administration housing devices (Public Society of Renting), local and autonomous.

Asturias in 2008 according to continent of nationality. (Source: Municipal Census Projection, 1/1/2008. Provisional Data. National Institute of Statistics (INE))

	European Union	14.346
	Non -EU	1.375
	Africa	3.738
	Central America	2.886
	North America	772
	South America	15.677
	Asia	1.340
	Oceania	33
	Stateless	4
	Total	40.171
	a) Mostly women (58%)
	b) Aged between 25 -29 (56 %)
	c) Come mainly from Rumania (15%), Ecuador (12%) & Brazil (11%).
	d) Geographically concentrated in Oviedo, Gijón & Avilés.

On the other hand, the number of foreigners registered in the Asturian Social Security System on 05/31/2008 was 16,550, of which 68.43 % are under the General Plan, followed by 13.31 % under Special Plan for selfemployed and a 12.90 % under the Special Plan for domestic service.

Just as the migration phenomenon tends to have a certain profile, job migration in Asturias has a profile with the following characteristics, according to the quantitative diagnosis made by the Permanent Observatory of Immigration in Asturias ODINA in 2007 with a population sample of 2,451 immigrants: e) People searching for a job, especially in Services Scheme (45 %) & Construction Scheme (10 %) According to INE data from the Survey of Active Population, in the 1 st quarter of 2008 Asturias had a working population of about 471,000 people, of which 444,500 were employed, meaning an unemployment rate of 8.49 % (equivalent to 41,200 unemployed people). The Service Sector, with 65 %, has the highest employment rates, and the Primary Sector the lowest, with 4.3 %. The Industrial Sector has a rate of 14.9 %, and Construction a rate of 11.7 %.


Tiberiu Catalina

Eric Blanco

Joseph Virgone

CARBON FOOTPRINT STUDY OF A ZERO ENERGY COSUMPTION RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

Introduction

Nowdays, our society must deal with two main issues for this century: the progressive exhaustion of fossil fuels (carbon, oil, gas and coal), which provides currently more than 80% of the primary energies marketed in the world and the climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions are considered to be the main reason of the climatic warming for the last fifty years and a progressive concern about this matter has been observed.

In a report realized by the ,,European Commission for Energy,, the major issues of EU citizens is the energy security which was translated by "shortages of fossil fuel supplies compared to increasing world demand", "high fossil fuel prices", "supplier or transit countries using their positions to exert political pressure" , "inadequate energy efficiency measures in Europe" or "impact of EU climate strategy" (EU Report 2008). Energy is essential for socio-economic progress both in developing and industrialized countries and the demand for energy will increase with the global population, currently growing at a rate of 250,000 people per day (Elani et al, 1996). In the year 2001, the use of fossil fuels released about 23.7 Gigatonnes of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) into the atmosphere with a continuous increase compared to previous periods (International Energy Agency, 2004).

For this reason, an increased understanding of the environmental effects of burning fossil fuels has led to rigorous international agreements, policies and legislations concerning the control of the harmful emissions related to their use (European Commission Report). The industrialized states signed the Kyoto protocol in 1997, which is an agreement to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2008-2012. The objective is a reduction from 25% to 40% of the emissions compared to the level of 1990 from here 2020.

In order to stabilize CO 2 concentrations in the atmosphere several strategies have been proposed. Increasing the efficiency of energy use, and increased reliance on renewable energy sources or sustainable design are among these strategies. Sustainable design can be described as that which enhances ecological, social and economic well being, both now and in the future [7]. The global requirement for sustainable energy provision will become gradually more important over the next fifty years as the environmental effects of fossil fuel use turn out to be very pessimistic.

The buildings sector -i.e. residential and commercial buildings -is the largest user of energy and CO 2 emitter in the EU and is the major energy consumer of the EU's total final energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Buildings account for 40-45% of energy consumption in Europe and China (and about 30-40% world-wide) (International Institute for Sustainable Development). Most of this energy is for the supplying the energy for lighting, heating, cooling, and ventilation. Increased awareness of the environmental impact of CO 2 and NOx emissions triggered a renewed attention in environmentally friendly cooling and heating innovative technologies [START_REF] Abdeen | Energy, environment and sustainable development[END_REF]. Buildings are important consumers of energy and thus important contributors to the emission of GHC into the atmosphere. The development and integration of appropriate renewable energy technologies in buildings has an important role to play. However, issues of cost, investment and ownership along with technical risk provide disincentives to the uptake of embedded energy technologies. More frequently the term of zero energy building (ZEB) is called when designing a new building. A net zero-energy building is in general a residential building with significantly reduced energy needs through efficiency gains such that the balance of energy needs can be supplied with renewable technologies.

The way the zero energy goals are defined influence the choices that designers make to attain this goals and whether they can claim success. An emissions-based ZEB produces at least as much emissions-free renewable energy as it uses from emissions-producing energy sources. Compared to actual buildings it is clear that the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of ZEB are lower on using the energy to heat or cool the space. However it is not obvious that the construction of such house has a lower carbon dioxide emission. This is due to innovative systems that are to be installed and the higher amount of insulation. GHG emissions sources are often easy to identify -for example burning fossil fuels for electricity generation, heating and transport. It is sometimes less obvious that products and services also cause indirect emissions throughout their life-cycles. Energy is required for production and transport of products, and greenhouse gases are also released when products are disposed of at the end of their useful lives. A 'carbon footprint' is a measure of the greenhouse gas emissions and it is an interesting index for comparing 'classic' houses with ZEB. The main reason for calculating a carbon footprint is to inform decisions on how to reduce the climate change impact of the construction and use. This article purpose is to show with precise data the carbon footprint of a zero energy consumption residential house. On this construction, several active systems were installed along with a good insulation, with the objective to reduce at maximum the energy consumption for the heating and electricity. The question that was put is: What is the impact on the environment of these systems and insulation, starting from their manufacture and mounting?

ZERO ENERRGY BUILDING

To model and build a house with positive energy, it is necessary to reduce all aspects of building energy consumption (heating, cooling, domestic hot water and specific electricity). The analyzed building has its design concept in our laboratory (see Figure 1). The first step in simulation modeling of the ZEB is to separate the whole house into zones coupled each other. The separation of different areas of the house is based on the location, occupation and use (14 zones have been identified). Each area is considered a separate cell for which we have to set the volume and wall surfaces. For every wall its characteristics must be defined and the adjacent areas: for example the kitchen has an outside wall facing east with a window wall overlooking the greenhouse. The exterior walls and roof are well insulated with 25 cm, respectively 20 cm of insulation. The windows are highly energy efficient with U glazing =1.43 W/m 2 K, g window =0.596 and U window =1.56 W/m 2 K. The greenhouse adjacent to the ZEB is used as a buffer zone to the north orientation and it's constructed from simple glazing (U window =5.2 W/m 2 K).

The building and its systems has been modeled using Trnsys software. The Trnsys building model, known as, Type 56, is compliant with general requirements of European Directive on the energy performance of buildings and has been used with success by engineers to design efficient buildings, but also for scientific research. The type 56 building model subroutine also accounts for radiative solar gains, thermal mass effects, and the capacitance of the air in the building. In addition to the construction of the building, the model also requires inputs for heating, cooling, ventilation, infiltration, and human comfort factors. The weather file (Lyon city) used for the simulations are hourly based values of solar radiation, air temperature, wind velocity. The heating and cooling set point temperature were set up to 19 o C and respectively 26 o C. The ventilation systems assure a fresh air rate of 1 ach and the infiltrations of the house are supposed to be 0.2 ach. The internal heat gains have been also taken into account during the simulation. These gains included occupants, lighting, electrical equipments and their time scenario. It was found that the heat gains can reduce with 14% (-3000 kWh) the building heating energy consumption but increase the cooling demand with + 1100 kWh. Using a heating scenario (19 o C to 15 o C during non occupational time) reduce the heating demand with 1000 kWh/year. A number of passive systems were installed in order to reduce the energy consumption. First an air-air heat exchanger is installed having an efficiency of 80% and a total air flow of 135.3 m 3 /h. The heat exchanger reduces the winter heating needs by 40% or 2400 kWh savings which confirms the importance of the temperature of the air introduced in the house. During the summer period the system is not used. A second passive system used is the "canadian well" that allows the external air to be heated or cooled in the buried ground pipes before being introduced in the building. This system is composed of two tubes of 20 cm diameter and it buried in the ground at a depth of 2 m on 10 m length. The system was found to be not so efficient during the winter period when the air heating consumption was reduced only by 340 kWh. However it was found to be more interesting to use such system during the summer period when it reduced by 200 kWh the cooling need. Despite this measure, during certain periods was found that the building presents overheating. To reduce them a longer length of the "canadian well" is proposed (up to 30 m) and a higher ventilation rate for certain periods (three times higher).

Another passive element is the thermal mass that plays an important role in the design of passive solar houses. The mass allows for more heat to be captured, and the heat distribution is modulated allowing for less temperature swings in the house. The designed house has a good thermal mass with a time constant higher than 100 h. A ZEB cannot be attained if not using a certain number of active systems that use a renewable energy. A first system installed on the propose ZEB is the geothermal heat pump system. This system has the advantage of having a very high efficiency. It allows in the case of low consumption buildings to reduce to maximum the energy demand by using a good control system. The system is suitable for the use of a low-temperature heating as radiant floor heating and ceiling, with good impact on the thermal comfort of occupants as it was found during the analysis of the PMV index. The heat pump is a 7 kW power water-water system and the ground heat exchanger was calculated to 90 m. The internal diameter (d int =7 cm) of the exchanger was calculated to increase the heat exchange and to limit the pressure loss. Another active system was the solar thermal panels used to heat the domestic hot water. It was sized for 5 occupants with a daily water consumption of 200 liters at 45 o C. The circulation pump between the boiler and the panels consumes 56.7 kWh/year. The necessary surface of the panels was found to be 7.5 m 2 (see Table 2). These systems were modeled under the Trnsys Environment as indicated in Figure 2. The house features a solar ready design, to facilitate on-site installation of the PV net metering system and the solar water-heating system. The building roof area is 60 m 2 which give a maximum are of photovoltaic panels to be installed of 52.5 m 2 . The PV panels were installed at a tilted angle of 45 o C orientated to South.

The passive, active and building consumption are summarized in the Table 2. The overall measure of efficiency used to evaluate the performance of each of the near-zero-energy houses in this study is the amount of energy consumed in relation to the energy consumed in a conventionally built house of the same size.

BUILDING CARBON FOOTPRINT

It was seen from the previous chapter that the building energy flow is positive due to an extensive use of renewable energy systems and high amount of envelope insulation. These measures demand however a certain energy to be manufactured and transported to the building site. Further on we will proceed to a calculation of the carbon footprint of the ZEB. To estimate this we will use an internal scale for the building normal use while for the active systems a global scale will be used. The life cycle of the building and its amenities is an important part in the carbon footprint calculation and a particular attention was allocated. The pollutants don't have the same ,,power" or impact on the environment so the use of a common index is required; the expression of equivalent CO 2 and equivalent carbon C (1 tC=3.67 tCO 2 ) will be further used.

The particularity of the analyzed building is obvious the high amount of active systems or multi-source systems. It is true that these systems are non-polluting the atmosphere when in use but is important to know the amount of energy and emission especially from their fabrication. The study starts with the analysis of emission for the solar thermal panels, which in our case is of 7.5 m 2 . Based on the technical characteristics of the panels it was found that for 1 m 2 the amount of glass is 7.5 kg, 2 kg of insulation, 2 kg of copper and 2 kg of aluminum. As concerns the photovoltaic for 1 m 2 are necessary 2.33 kg of silicium, 7.5 kg of glass and 2 kg of aluminum. The heating floor was also accounted and for 1m2 are necessary 3.66 kg of copper, 200 kg of cement and 52.5 kg of polystyrene. The amount obtained corresponds to a maximum value that did not considered the fact that copper and aluminum may be recycled. This may be compensated by the fact that the emissions from transportation and drilling operation for the geothermal system were not considered. If we distribute this emission for the lifetime of the equipments we arrive to approximately 500 kg equivalent C /year. Systems like geothermal heat exchangers and heating floor are likely the most polluting due to high amounts of copper or cement. On the opposite side, the photovoltaic system has a low carbon footprint and the payback time is less than 5 years, due to tax reduction and the sell price when injecting the over-necessary flow it in the public network. The next step in establishing the carbon footprint of the ZEB was to estimate the auxiliary electrical energy of the house which in our case is 1303 kWh or a total of 29.98 kgeC/year (0.023 kgeC/kWh in France). Building the construction is another point that must be deal with. The amount of materials was calculated for the ZEB with a maximum value of 36199 kgeC/building life time or 724 kgeC/year divided in:

-Cement -233 846.8 kg or 35077 kgeC/building life time or 702 kgeC/year -Plasterboard -11429 kg or 491 kgeC/building life time or 10 kgeC/year -Glass -1523.8 kg or 691 kgeC/building life time or 13 kgeC/year

The building waste was divided in garbage, glass, paper, plastic and cardboard. The carbon emission for the food necessary for the five occupants of the house was estimated based on Jancovici and Manicore (Manicore-website) on six persons where they obtain a value of 1261 kgeC/year. For the analyzed ZEB this value is 1050 kgeC/year. The balance of carbon equivalent emission of the ZEB is close to 500 kgeC/person value that is actually wanted to be reached by the French Energy Guidelines. However the study was conducted on a building where most of the energy is supplied by renewable energy systems and it was thought that we will have lower values. To better understand the dilemma a comparison with a classic house with the same architectural plans and occupation was necessary to solve this problem. If considering a 40 years life time of the construction the ZEB has a carbon footprint of 934 kgeC/year while a classic house has 1106 kgeC/year. The reduction of emission is done mainly on long term and not reporting to an annual comparison.

CONCLUSIONS

In this research paper a detailed analysis of a zero energy building was conducted by focusing on the active renewable energy systems and the house carbon footprint. To calculate the carbon footprint of a zero energy construction house the assumptions and results have been divided into the three sections of construction, maintenance and energy performance. A number of aspects have been analyzed, like the emissions from the building construction, energy use, waste and meals of the occupants. The ZEB energy demand is highly reduced to an extensive use of solar and geothermal energy. It is important to check the carbon emission for the fabrication of the renewable energy systems installed on the house. It was found that a ZEB it is not a non-polluting house with values of around 500 kgeC/person and a construction emission of more than 36160 kgeC. By comparison, the construction of a classic house has 2.3 less emissions, but in use may go to 23 higher values. At a certain moment, a compromise between the building carbon emission and energy reduction must be done. The values presented in this article corresponds to France emission (0.023 kgeC/kWh) a value that is not high due to highly use of nuclear power to produce the electricity. The comparison and the difference between a ZEB and a classic house may differ for other countries; in generally will have a more positive impact of the ZEB.

Fig. 1 :

 1 Fig. 1: Zero Energy Building plans (ground floor, first floor and lateral view)

Fig. 2 :

 2 Fig. 2: Active systems modeling (geothermal heat pump and solar thermal panels) under TRNSYS software

Tab. 1: Monthly solar thermal energy produced and the DHW demand Month Produced solar energy kWh DHW demand kWh

				Auxiliary energy
				kWh
	January	114.00	287.09	173.15
	February	145.85	259,57	131,83
	March	237.96	278,72	76,19
	April	249,05	254,39	50,13
	May	267,77	244,46	27,89
	June	261,55	220,77	1,47
	July	286,85	218,43	0,53
	August	272,11	218,02	3,23
	Septembre	267,99	219,60	6,91
	October	185,89	242,87	69,12
	Novembre	120,34	252,86	151,48
	Decembre	99,15	277,44	184,64

Tab. 2: Monthly energy demand and production of the ZEB Month

				Energy demand kWh			Production
		Heating GHP Aux	DHW Solar Aux.	Vent.	Electricity	Total	kWh
	January	209,83	64,00	135,10	3,00	133,92	176,67	722,51	301,13
	February	116,23	35,40	90,82	3,93	120,96	176,67	544,01	388,47
	March	43,96	13,20	41,26	5,53	131,08	176,67	411,71	651,20
	April	2,02	0,60	23,68	5,40	89,50	176,67	297,87	711,28
	May	0,00	0,00	5,04	5,83	74,50	176,67	262,04	740,47
	June	0,00	0,00	0,00	5,57	81,91	176,67	264,14	806,02
	July	0,00	0,00	0,00	5,90	90,34	176,67	272,90	886,75
	August	0,00	0,00	0,00	5,45	87,64	176,67	269,76	825,56
	Septembre	0,00	0,00	0,00	5,17	78,00	176,67	259,83	724,29
	October	8,72	2,60	44,39	4,37	87,66	176,67	324,41	492,55
	Novembre	99,31	29,80	115,88	3,60	129,58	176,67	554,84	314,40
	Decembre	214,18	65,40	150,19	2,65	133,92	176,67	743,01	256,99
	Year	694,27	211,0	606,35	56,40	1239,01	2120,00	4927,03	7099,11

GHP-geothermal heat pump, Aux-auxiliary energy, Vent.-ventilation energy demand

  Table 3 summarized the entire systems:

	Equivalent index (keC/t)	418		800	2900
	Equivalent C (kgeC/m 2 )	3.14		1.86	5.8	10.8	51.62	557.44
	Heat pump	Steel	R407C	Copper *	Aluminum *
	Weight (kg)	90	0.008	40	2
	Equivalent index (kgeC/t)	850	417231	804	2900
	Equivalent C (kgeC/m 2 )	76.5	3.34	32.16	5.80	117.8	1	117.8
	Geother. heat exchanger			Copper *
	Weight (kg)	-	-	9.0984	-
	Equivalent index (kgeC/t)			804
	Equivalent C (kgeC/m)			7.32		7.32	180	1316.72
	Heating floor	Cement	Insulation	Copper *
	Weight (kg)	200	52.5	3.6572	-
	Equivalent index (kgeC/t)	250	1050	850
	Equivalent C (kgeC/m 2 )	50	55.13	3.11		108.23	82.92	8974.7
	Canadian Well		Insulation
	Weight (kg)	-	8.4	-	-
	Equivalent index (kgeC/t)		1050
	Equivalent C (kgeC/m)		8.82			8.82	20	176.4
			TOTAL Emission				11201.65
	* -materials that may be recycled
		Tab. 3: Carbon footprint of active systems
		Fabrication				Number Surface/	Total
	Solar thermal panels	Glass	Insulation	Copper *	Aluminum *
	Weight (kg)	7.5	2	2	2
	Equivalent index (keC/t)	418	584	804	2900
	Equivalent C (kgeC/m 2 )	3.14	1.17	1.61	5.6	11.71	5	58.56
	Solar photovoltaic panels	Glass		Silicium	Aluminum *
	Weight (kg)	7.5	-	2.33	2	-	-


Encarna García

San Martín

Accem León

Carmen García

Lourdes García

Fuertes Gol

"GOL", LEÓN OBSERVATION GROUP

Keywords: observation, analysis, territorial intelligence, participation, partnership, sustained development

León Observation Group, "GOL", is one of the devices that constitutes Accem observatories network in Spain. It studies the socio-economic situation of immigrants in a particular territory, Leon. Based on the study results, it aims to plan and develop policies in order to facilitate the social insertion of inmigrant people in their host communities, local, community and sustained development.

LEON OBSERVATORY DEVICE

LEÓN TERRITORIAL CONTEXT

Autonomous Community: Castile and Leon. Autonomous Region made up fo 9 provinces, the largest in Spain, with little industry and strong depopulation in rural areas. The number of immigrants with residence permit was 156,530 on 31 March 2008. (Source: Permanent Immigration Observatory. Ministry of Labour and Immigration) León is one of the mining tradition provinces, now in decline, which received immigration in the 70´s and now lives a new immigration process that has increased as from 2000. According to data from the National Statistics Institute (January 2007), the total population of the province is 497,387 inhabitants, of whom 51.1% are women and 48.8% are men. According to data published on March 31th 2008, the number of immigrants in León with residence permit was 24,815, amount that means a 4.9% over the total population. (Source: Permanent Immigration Observatory. Ministry of Labour and Immigration) Municipalities: Leon, San Andrés del Rabanedo and Villaquilambre. Three municipalities in the metropolitan area of the province's capital. Here is the largest number of immigrants from across the province. Thus, one of the network richness is that members of the Leon Observation Group belong to these three municipalities.

European

"GOL", LEÓN OBSERVATION GROUP

Regarding the evolution of the León Observation Group, in May 2006 the group set up with the aim of creating a partnership structure (made up of third sector entities, governmental institutions, unions and business sector) to on the socio-economic situation of immigrants, so as to plan and develop combined actions that tend to promote the insertion of immigrant people at all levels in their host communities, from the perspective of local, community and sustained development. The final diagnosis has been made on the basis of information collected from the immigrant population attended by members of Gol during the year 2007, from a total of 787 observations. Of those interviewed with the script, 56% were women compared to 44% of men. The predominant age bracket was that between 25 and 45 years old, and no one over 65 years old happened to be interviewed. Some results to emphasize of the diagnosis had been that the highest percentage of immigrant population resides in District 7 of Leon (El Crucero-La Vega) with 29% of observations, followed by District 2 of San Andrés del Rabanedo (Trobajo del Camino) with 13%.

A high proportion (28%) of people attended are from Morocco, followed by a 15% from Colombian and 12% from Dominican Republic. As for the distribution by country and gender, it highlights men when referring to Morocco, Senegal and Algeria and female for countries like Colombia, Ecuador, Dominican Republic and Brazil.

The handling of health card is a requirement that satisfies the majority, but we also found 11% of the population under study that has not handled it.

Only 35 people declared to be currently suffer illness, which is physical in 33 cases and mental in 2.

Workshops / GOL Actions: The last quantitative analysis of data has yielded information on the situation of the group of people attended and interviewed by the ones in charge of the observation process. It is also important to note that the information has been recorded by technical personnel of entities that carrying out a real fieldwork, which facilitates the access to relevant information (health, housing, education, employment ...) on the attended population. Moreover, the actions planned from the reflections on the diagnosis obtained, may be developed by the own institutions members of the observation device, optimizing by this means the network resources.

Finally, it has to be noticed that this work attempts to initiate group actions and proceedings, but attempts as well to influence the actions that will be launched at administration level, to improve the economic, social and labour situation of the immigrant population living in Leon.

The actions more widely requested to the observation group were:

-Information and social orientation for the registration in the city hall, for the knowledge of resources and services in the area. -Improvement of coexistence, reception centres and advice for rental housing.

-Information to handle the health card and to know about the Spanish health system.

-Information for the processing of work and residence permits, as well as the regularization, asylum and monitoring of the dossiers.

-Information for access to the formal and occupational training, as well as to the language and to the general services. -Information / pre-employment training formation in Spain: context knowledge, employment guidance, active job search, labour exchange, employment training devices.

In order to combine these actions to optimize their impact, the León Observation Group has launched two working groups that discussed the results achieved in the year, so they can establish and define lines of action that can contribute to the social insertion of the studied collective in specific areas for each group.

So, initially, two major areas of work have been identified:

Social Inclusion working group

The workshop is organized into four specific areas: Education of Children, Women, Health and Housing. The main objectives pursued by the different areas are:

-Education: to inform and guide on the Spanish educational system, together with the alternatives available after completing compulsory education, trying to promote equal opportunities in education -Women: to inform and guide women on their rights and duties, to guide and support to prevent genderbased violence and access to health benefits -Health: to guide and inform the handling of the health card and the national health system, to develop activities that can promote access to health benefits -Housing: to block the barriers that prevent or hinder immigrant population from accessing to housing, as well as to raise awareness to prevent abuse and racist and xenophobic attitudes -General: to raise awareness about the reality of immigration in all areas: education, health, administration, housing ...

Training and Employment working group

Working Group on Training and Employment has the aiming to coordinate the work between the entities to solve the different needs, related to employment and training, identified after the diagnosis.

The working groups forming the operative observation group has been underlined.

-In 2008 has changed the diagnostic and evaluation toool, "Pragma". Therefore, once the script was developed and adapted to the computing device, "Pragma", the new tool has been installed in all the entities, accompanying and advising those technicians concerned about the modifications, and reviewing the use of tools for we all to perform an adequate data collection.

It has to be taken into account the accompaniment and training with the newly incorporated entities in the use and handling of the observational device tools.

-The operational group has consolidated on working the understanding of the concepts and the common language/ code for a better understanding of the meaning of the data for all those involved in analyzing and improving the quality of data collected over the first year.

-Quality control and clean up of data, locating in the questionnaires any trace of incomplete, with many gaps, or unanswered questionaires. The correction of mistakes is carried out with the reference technician.

-Discussion Group for the analysis of results of 2007 data. Identification of needs through the results obtained during the year 2007 for the best knowledge of the socio-economic situation of immigrants and working on possible future actions.

-Working to prepare the press conference for the presentation of the data from 2007 diagnosis. It was accorded the scheme to follow during the press conference, the data delivered to the press, the place, the diffusion through the media, image, people intervening and general development of the press conference.

-Discussion groups with immigrants and immigrant associations.

Thanks to permanent contact with the direction board of the various schools participating in the León Observation Group. Permanent contact with immigrant associations.

. This Council is made up of 32 entities from different sectors, both public and private, and a wide representation of immigrant associations . One of these associations show interest and asked for being included in the Observatory.

-



  Ildefe(Municipal Center for economic development, training and employment of Leon City Council)  Cemfe ((Municipal Center of Training and Employment of San Andrés del Rabanedo City Council)  Ciami (Municipal Center for Information and Advice for Women and Equality of Villaquilambre City Council)  Cemai(Municipal Center for Immigrant Care of Leon City Council)  Accem (Spanish catholic comision association on migrations)  Adavas(Association who works with women victims of assault and domestic violence)  León Charity Association  Isadora Duncan Association for Single Mothers  Asociación Aldaba (Association for school support to immigrant children)  CITE -CCOO, worker´s union  FOREM -CCOO, worker´s union  La Granja Public Primary School  La Palomera Public Primary School  Quevedo Public Primary School  San Isidoro Public Primary School  Antonio González de Lama Public Primary School  Ordoño II Public Secondary School  Cistierna Health Centre  Condesa Health Centre  El Crucero Health Centre  Armunia Health Centre  José Aguado Health Centre  La Palomera Health Centre  Eras de Renueva Health Centre  La Bañeza Health Centre  San Andrés del Rabanedo Health Centre  Ribera de Orbigo Health Centre  Valencia de Don Juan Health Centre  Valderas Health Centre  Astorga Health Centre  Cuenca del Bernesga Health Centre  La Magdalena Health Centre  La Pola de Gordón Health Centre  Santa Maria del Páramo Health Centre  CEL (León Business sector Circle)

  Throughout the year 2007 was constitued the Leon Immigration City Council, being members of GOL 6 of them: ACCEM, Adavas, CEL, Isadora Duncan, ELCI and CITE. It was agreed at a meeting with all GOL members to lend the summary of the project, evolution , objectives and a summary of the data from the 2007 diagnosis. -Collaboration with the Villaquilambre Town Hall to launch combined actions to the insertion of the group of immigrants through the CIAMI and especially with women. (Point for data collection) -Signing of agreement with León County Council to give information and guidance for the integration to asylum seekers and immigrants in the municipalities of the province. (Point for data collection) -Collaboration with León County Council and Castile and Leon Autonomous Gobernment Office in conducting activities to promote health in relation to the immigrant population in the province. (Point for data collection)

Union 9.124 Europe not Community 640 Maghreb 2.934 Rest of Africa 819 Central America 2.002 North America 142 South America 6.193 Asia 950 Oceania 13 Stateless 2 Total 22.819

Foreign Residents in 2008 in León, classified by nationality continent (INE Source: Preliminary results of the Municipal registry till 1 st January, 2008. Provisional data).


PhD. Tiberiu Catalina Phd Joseph Virgone

Cooling energy demand evaluation by means of regression models obtained from dynamic simulations

 was focused on the estimation of heating demand. It is now presented a cooling demand evaluation study. In the early stages of a project, parametric studies have to be done to find an optimum solution among a large number of alternatives. To find a compromise between simple and complex methods of evaluating the cooling energy demand we have proposed to use energy regression models that can approximate with accuracy the results from the model to the data obtained from simulations. The regression energy equations were found to be a good way to quickly estimate the building cooling demand. Among the input data of these regression models it is mentioned the building morphology, sol-air temperature, thermal insulation level, windows U-value and windows surface.

INTRODUCTION

European Union has agreed a forward-looking political agenda to achieve its core energy objectives of sustainability, competitiveness and security of supply, by reducing greenhouse gas emissions by improving energy efficiency of the buildings. In a report realized by the ,,European Commission for Energy,, the major issues of EU citizens is the energy security which was translated by :

-shortages of fossil fuel supplies compared to increasing world demand -high fossil fuel prices -supplier or transit countries using their positions to exert political pressure -inadequate energy efficiency measures in Europe" or "impact of EU climate strategy.

The buildings sector -i.e. residential and commercial buildings -is the largest user of energy and CO 2 emitter in the EU and is the major energy consumer of the EU's total final energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Buildings account for 40-45% of energy consumption in Europe and China (and about 30-40% world-wide) [START_REF] Day | The use of the planning system to encourage low carbon energy technologies in buildings[END_REF].

The forecast the energy heating/cooling demand would be a good indicator for the choice between different conception solutions according to the building characteristics and the local climate. A previous study [START_REF] Catalina | Development and validation of regression models to predict monthly heating demand for residential buildings[END_REF] was focused on heating demand. We now present a cooling demand evaluation study But this energy demand is difficult to estimate given that the energy recovery becomes more complex and that the efficiency of the systems is directly influenced by the heating/cooling demand. Furthermore, estimating building energy demand is a big challenge knowing that it's almost impossible to model a true level of occupancy, lighting, and equipment loadings. The way in which a building and its services operates in practice is extremely complex and modelling it to obtain an accurate estimation of the energy consumption is very difficult. So, we need precise and easy to use support tools. In most of the cases in the early stages of a project, parametric studies have to be realized to find an optimum solution among a large diversity.

Different simplified methods were developed to evaluate the heating demand, like the degree-day method [START_REF] Santamouris | Energy performance of residential buildings: A practical guide for energy rating and efficiency[END_REF]) but they are not so accurate and in most of the cases they are over evaluating the energy demand.

Actually, the most reliable solutions are the simulation energy tools to estimate the impact of design alternatives and better understand the design problems with the respect to energy performance. Simulation tools are a good way to simulate and to analyze the building and the systems but this software tools demand however a considerable amount of detailed input and time from even an experienced user or in some cases powerful informatics equipments. Before or during a project design, multiple solutions should be proposed and studied but the lack of time and the complex data inputs stop this process of optimization and analysis. To find a compromise between simple and complex methods of evaluating the heating/cooling demand is to use energy prediction models that can approximate with accuracy the results from the model to the data obtained from simulations or experimental campaigns.

This main research target of this article concerns the development of energy forecast models to evaluate the monthly/annual cooling demand for office spaces/classrooms, with the aim to be used by architects or design engineers as support tools in the very first stage of their projects in finding efficiently energetic solutions. Our attention will be directed towards the building design in terms of fenestration area and proprieties and its impact on the cooling demand.

The energy prediction model that were obtained in this research work simplify the parametrical studies and replace in the initial phase the numerical simulation tools in order to optimise the building energy consumption versus environmental or financial criteria.

The developed methodology has its base structure on the energy flow and concept presented in Figure 1.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Different prediction models have been proposed by various researchers during the last years, including Fourier series models, regression models and neural network (NN) models. [START_REF] Ruano | Prediction of building's temperature using neural networks models[END_REF] [START_REF] Dong | Applying support vector machines to predict building energy consumption in tropical region[END_REF] using a new NN algorithm and based on the data collected from four commercial buildings in Singapore. [START_REF] Yang | On-line building energy prediction using adaptive artificial neural networks[END_REF] proposed and tested two adaptive artificial NN to predict building energy consumption. The main benefits of artificial NN are that they are capable of adapting themselves to unexpected pattern changes in the incoming data. When dealing with a certain pattern it is possible to use multiple regression analysis to obtain accurate models but is required a database to estimate the model parameters and the appropriateness of the statistical methods used to develop the equation. (Datta et al.1997) compared NN techniques to linear regression techniques and demonstrated that a simple linear regression model performs very poorly compared to a simple neural net. It was found that nonlinear models are substantially more accurate than linear models and a significant reduction of sum squared error is possible.

Based on the literature review it can be observed that there is a high interest on this subject with major potential and substantial advantages for the research and industrial sector. Our research work can be considered as a continuation of the previous researches work by focusing our attention on the office spaces and better taken into account the climate or the building morphology.

REGRESSION MODEL APPROACH

The objective of regression analysis is to predict the single dependent variable (cooling specific consumption) by a set of independent variables (e.g. windows to floor area ratio, climate coefficient and south equivalent surface). When having a large database of values like in our case, The multiple regression shares all the assumptions of correlation: linearity of relationships, the same level of relationship throughout the range of the independent variable, interval or near-interval data, absence of outliers, and data whose range is not truncated. Developing a correlation method, it is essential to generate a large database by doing many parametric studies. Due to the large number of variations and cases, a considerably number of simulations (15.800 samples) was conducted to generate the database. The principle of a ,,blackbox,, was used in this part where the inputs and outputs where first identified and then the process continued with the research of the ,,black-box,, curve-fit function. A ,,black-box,, model of a system is one whose internal structure is unknown and when the inputs/outputs are known and therefore is a question of "curvefitting" by finding the most appropriate function (see Figure 2). Accurate knowledge of the consequence of parameters and the relationship between them is essential for optimal and feasible finding of the examined function.

Figure 2. Black-box model example Knowing that the models are wanted to be used for offices/classrooms building design a number of assumptions was made. The cooling indoor set point temperature was considered to be 26 o C. The occupational period of the room is assumed to be from 8 a.m to 18 p.m only during the weekdays (Monday to Friday) .The heat gains are considered to be for 20W/m 2 (occupants and equipments) and 10 W/m 2 for the artificial lighting during the periods when the daylighting is not sufficient to ensure an illuminance level of 300 lx. The ventilation rate is assumed to be of 2 ach.

MODEL INPUTS/OUTPUT

The model output is considered to be the monthly cooling energy demand expressed in kWh/m 3 . The following inputs were found to give a good curve fit approximation:

a) Climate

The first input of the thermal prediction model is the climate which was defined using the monthly sol-air temperature Tsol-air [START_REF] Yumrutas | Thermal estimation of total equivalent temperature difference values for multilayer walls and flat roofs by using periodic solution[END_REF] calculated from the values of hourly outdoor dry-bulb temperature and the global radiation on horizontal. Extreme climate conditions have been chosen in order to have a larger range of values. The minimum value was calculated to be -8.78 o C (Moscow in January) and maximum of 42.9 o C (Abu-Dhabi in August). The hourly values of outdoor air temperature and solar radiation were obtained using Trnsys (Trnsys, 2006) meteonorm files.

b) Glazing surface and distribution

The window to floor area ratio (WFR) can be translated by a percentage from the occupied floor area of the total glazing area. The most appropriate size of a window for energy smart design depends on building orientation or the amount of thermal mass in the internal building materials. A WFR ratio of 15% to 18% is recommended in France, for conventional constructions and will balance the energy, first cost, and indoor environmental quality as proposed by the French Thermal Directive [START_REF] Cstb | Centre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment[END_REF]. Buildings implementing passive solar strategies using thermal mass and south orientation must be evaluated on an individual basis and may require a different overall WFR to achieve maximum benefit. The parametric study conducted on this input starts with lower values (5%) to higher ratios of 30 % glazing from the occupied floor area. The distribution of the glazing on the building/space façade has an obvious impact on the illuminance level and indoor heat gains, but to attempt a parametric study may be a challenging task. It is wanted to have a single input parameter that could define the glazing distribution and the orientation. The south equivalent surface (S es ) is used in order to solve half of this problem and it's definition by an older French Thermal Guideline is as follows:

1 n es i i i S A C = = ⋅

∑

Where A is the surface of the glazing and orientation coefficients C i (see

y i =f(x 1 ,x 2 ,….x i )
Finally the used regression input is size and façade distribution factor F s-d defined as the S es multiplied by the WFR.

c) Windows U-value

When designing the window, especially when trying to check the impact on the indoor conditions and energy consumption will be the fenestration coefficient of transmittance U win which is our third input in the regression model.

d) Building morphology

Building morphology is an important factor that could influence an increase/decrease of energy required to heat or cool the occupied space. It was found a good solution to define the building or room geometry and implicitly the heat loss surfaces by using the R s/v input which is defined as the ratio between the sum of all heat loss surfaces that are in contact with the exterior, ground or adjacent non-heated spaces and the heated volume of the building/room. The greater the heat loss surface area, the more the heat losses through it, so higher ratios imply high energy demands.

e) Mean building insulation value

The building envelope insulation is a critical component of any facility because it plays a main function in the energy consumption and the regulation of the indoor environment. The French Thermal Standard [START_REF] Cstb | Centre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment[END_REF] defines the U bui coefficient as the building envelope heat loss coefficient which is the average heat loss of thermal transmittance through building envelope including thermal bridges. The U bui is calculated as follows:

( )

i i i i bui i U A l U A ζ ⋅ + = ∑ ∑
where U i is the thermal transmittance of building's components, A i the corresponding surface, ζi the linear heat loss coefficient of building thermal bridges and l i is the corresponding length.

In order to obtain the database necessary to identify the ,,black-box,, function, dynamic simulations were conducted using Trnsys 16 software (Trnsys, 2005). The Trnsys building model, known as, Type 56, is compliant with general requirements of European Directive on the energy performance of buildings and has been used with success by engineers to design efficient buildings, but also for scientific research.

Before approaching the regression analysis and the forecast models accuracy, a short presentation of the vocabulary used in the next part is enounced:

• A residual (or fitting error) is the vertical difference between the actual data points yi and the curve generated from the predicted values y'. If a residual is positive, it means that the actual data point lies above the curve and if takes a negative value that means that the actual data point lies below the curve. If the residual is zero, the actual data point lies on the curve (see Figure 2.13).

• The sum of residuals is the total sum of the residuals for all data points. If the curve passed through each data point, this sum would be zero; however, a regression model can have large positive and negative residuals and still sum to a small number. • The standard error of the estimate is a measure of the accuracy of predictions. The standard error of the estimate is closely related to the sum of squared deviations and is defined below:

σ ∑ 2 est.
(Y -Y ') = N where σ est. is the standard error of the estimate, Y is the simulated value, Y' is the predicted value, and N is the number analyzed cases.

•

The coefficient of determination is a measure of how well the regression line represents the data. If the regression line passes exactly through every point on the scatter plot, it would be able to explain all of the variation. A value of R 2 = 1 means that the curve passes through every data point and inverse when a value of R 2 = 0 means shows that the regression model does not describe the data any better than a horizontal line passing through the average of the data points.

In order to predict the space cooling demand (named y) as a function of the 5 selected parameters, different models have been studied.

Based on the relationship between the parameters it shows that these elements are inter-connected; building morphology with the fenestration area and so on. These interdependences may be modeled by adding interaction terms to the polynomial equation, obtaining thus an interaction model:

i ij ii x x x x β β β β ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ 5 5 5 5 2 0 i i j i i= 1 i= 1 j= i+ 1 i= 1 y = + + +
the form of the models was chosen, the next step consisted in the identification of the coefficients, β i , which minimize the errors between the models outputs and the dynamic simulation results.

The model accuracy was evaluated by the mean of coefficient of determination (R2), the sum of residuals and the standard error of the estimate (SEE). For all the obtained models the R² had good values, higher than 0,99 and the max./min. residual were in acceptable limits. We paid attention to the analysis of residuals due to its importance to give clues about the appropriateness of the model used to fit the data. Histograms and scatter plots of residuals were studied to investigate the distribution of residuals. It was establish that the residuals are randomly scattered around zero and show no discernable pattern, without any relationship to the value of the independent variable. The following regression coefficients were found (see A first parametric study was done on the impact of WFR on the energy demand. As it can be noticed from Figure 3 a WFR of 26% compared to the 18% will increase by 19% the consumption. Other analysis was conducted on the impact of windows U-value. Triple glazing (Uwin=1.4 W/m 2 K) will reduce the consumption by 36% (see Figure 4). The glazing distribution may be a decisive design parameter knowing that can lead to significantly high changes in the energy balance (see Figure 5). With almost 25% higher values are obtained if the glazing is facing South compared to a North orientation.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, it is concluded that the proposed prediction models show promising features to be easy and efficient forecast tools for comparing cooling demand of office spaces. Parametric studies are possible and energy efficiency measures can be easily proposed. The proposed model was based on a large number of simulations and the Coefficient of Multiple Determination (R 2 ) shows that the predicted values fit well the simulations values. The energy equations obtained on this study, associated with the one obtained in a previous study concerning heating demand [START_REF] Catalina | Development and validation of regression models to predict monthly heating demand for residential buildings[END_REF]) could be used by architects and engineers during the early design stage of their project, instead of using more complicated and time consuming simulation software.

Figure 1 .

 1 Figure 1. Energy flow and design concept process for buildings

Figure 3 .Figure 4 .

 34 Figure 3. Impact of WFR ratio on the monthly cooling demand, with indication of monthly correspondent T sol-air temperature

Figure 5 .

 5 Figure 5. Impact of glazing distribution on the monthly cooling demand

  Table 1).

	Controlled inputs	x x x	Black-box model (Curve-fit function)	yi	Outputs(responses
					Windows orientation coefficients
					SSE to SSO	SSE to ESE and SSW to WSW	ESE to ENE and WSW to WNW	ENE to NNE and NNW WNW to	NNE to NNW
					1	0.85	0.55	0.3	0.2
					Table 1. Orientation C i coefficients

Table 2 )

 2 :To show the use of the model a 100m 2 (1076 ft 2 ) office room was analyzed. The height of the room is considered to be 3.2 m. The room is situated at the top floor with one external wall and the roof. The calculated Rs/v is 0.42 m -1 and the U bui is assumed to be 0.35 W/m 2 K. The Uwindow is 2.95 W/m 2 K and the chosen climate is Paris (Tsol-air=19.45 O C -May to 26.06 o C in July). The window to floor area ratio is 18% and

		South equivalent surface of 18 m 2 (south
		orientation). The choice of the building model
		has to be made considering the local constructive
		and material uses. This model is then considered
		as a reference building and the results can be
		extrapolated for a large series of buildings, the
		energy demand being reported to the square
		meter of floor.
	Regression coeff.	Value
	β 0	-3.7222
	β 1	0.0627
	β 2	2.0363
	β 3	0.2504
	β 4	-6.2385
	β 5	-1.0872
	β 1-2	-0.0218
	β 1-3	-0.0031
	β 1-4	0.3006
	β 1-5	0.0300
	β 2-3	0.0126
	β 2-4	-0.5801
	β 2-5	-0.0938
	β 3-4	0.0290
	β 3-5	-0.0294
	β 4-5	0.8581
	β 1-1	0.0021
	β 2-2	-0.2077
	β 3-3	-0.0064
	β 4-4	-1.3848
	β 5-5	0.0962
	Table 2. Model regression coefficients
	Residual Sum of Squares (Absolute) = 664,30
	Standard Error of the Estimate = 0,337
	Coefficient of Multiple Determination (R 2 ) =
	0,9501
	MODEL STUDY CASE

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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research is part of the National Research Project PNII RP/2010, supported by the Romanian Research Council CNCS.