Senior Lecturer, Lucian Marina
email: marinafrds@yahoo.com

Nicusor Moldovan
email: nmodovan@apulum.ro

INCLUDING THE INHABITANTS' OPTIONS IN A PROCESS OF TERRITORY REGENERATION FOR THE VAUBAN-TYPE FORTRESS IN ALBA IULIA, ROMANIA

Keywords: urban regeneration, methodology, inhabitants' options, governance, integrative project

Our study presents a methodology of including the inhabitants' options in urban regeneration, based on the direct involvement of University "1 Decembrie 1918" Alba Iulia in the sociological research on the inhabitants' options and in designing a marketing plan for the Vauban-style Fortress in Alba Iulia, not for suburbs (as urban regeneration generally refers to) but for a city centre hosting cultural and historical vestiges of world value.

Including the Inhabitants' Options in a Process of Territory Regeneration for the

Vauban-Type Fortress in Alba Iulia, Romania.

Including the inhabitants' options in regeneration processes can be generally seen as a community development action, of the type bottom-up, through which the needs expressed by the population of a given territory are used as a basis for urban development projects. If the city encompasses valuable sites, which can act as poles of urban growth, expressing needs becomes a more complicated process which requires a systematic and methodological effort.

From August 2007 to May 2008, the University "1 Decembrie 1918" carried out two projects at the request of the local administration in Alba Iulia, namely a sociological research and a Marketing Plan for the Vauban-style Fortress. In the case of the Vauban-type Fortress in Alba Iulia, archaeological research has brought to light the remnants of old medieval settlements and especially vestiges of the period of the Roman Empire.

As a result of its studies conducted between 2007 and 2008, the University has suggested the local administration to consider the inhabitants' options when deciding the ways in which the Vauban-style Fortress can be regenerated. Thus, the following stages have been completed: 1) discussion panels with young architects and experts in sociology that identified the main ideas which could be developed within the historical Fortress site (the project was designed as a summer camp for young urban planners and was not organized by the University), 2) experts at the University identified the possible regeneration directions of the Fortress and defined a sociological framework of investigating the inhabitants' options, 3) the opinions of inhabitants interested in the issue of regeneration were gathered (among other methods, a questionnaire with more than 400 questions was used for more than 1200 people) 4) opinions were processed and conclusions to the sociological study were drawn 5) a marketing study was carried out for the first urban regeneration project, to be funded through national or European schemes 6) an integrative project has been outlined for urban regeneration efforts, designed as a type of 'Fortress Governance' and the idea was discussed with the citizens, experts and the local administration.

Further on, we shall present this methodology and its results in the case of the Vauban Alba Iulia Fortress.

Stage 1. The discussion group with the young people experts in architecture and sociology (local people, but also foreigners attached to the town)

The first stage of integrating the inhabitants' options was done as a summer camp, where everybody worked according to a qualitative methodology. There were themes, directions, projects that were tested in the following stages. We are showing some of the working methods: the organisers put together five teams of young experts, who debated on the regeneration alternatives, talked to the local people and even suggested architectural projects. In this stage, the University's involvement was reduced only at the level of coordinating some sociological activities, of gathering the qualitative data.

Stage 2. Inventorying the possible directions of regenerating the Fortress by the experts at the University and defining a sociological context of investigating the inhabitants' options.

The initiative group at the University of Alba Iulia, formed of sociologists, economists, people working in the computer science field and historians made a pilot study in June-August 2007, through which the following needs of the population in Alba Iulia and of the local responsibles regarding the touristic promotion of the Fortress were identified:

a) At the level of the local authorities in Alba Iulia, there is a development strategy that says that tourism in the historical Fortress was declared a strategic priority. Nevertheless, there is no study of proportion that could offer a clear image on the population's options regarding the strategic importance of the touristic objectives in the town, a few years after approving and making the strategy popular.

b) The studies done by the Sociology Department at the "1 Decembrie 1918" University between 1999-2005, at the level of Alba Iulia they showed the high interest of the citizens of this town in the touristic promotion of the monuments in town. The sociological investigations show that between 1999-2006 the citizens of Alba Iulia manifest an increasing satisfaction regarding the development of the town, believing at the same time that the touristic resources of the town are not considered valuable enough at their potential. Projects financed by the local budget, such as The urban camp 2007 ("the young experts", stage 1) have succeeded in bringing into discussion some possible promotion options. The local public's sustaining degree for the potential projects of superior quality of the historical Fortress was not known though.

The experts diagnosed that the triple historical value of the Fortress (ancient, medieval and modern), that has some architectonical and historical monuments of national and international importance (The Roman Fortress with its vestiges, the bastion-like Fortress of Vauban type, the Batthyaneum Library, the Roman Catholic Cathedral, the Union Museum and the Academic College, the present headquarters of the "1 Decembrie 1918" University, etc.) increase the necessity of defining a promotion strategy for the Fortress, based on the opinions of the citizens of this town. Thus, an evaluation programme of the inhabitants' options was suggested, meant to clarify the strategic directions. In the research programme the following objectives (the questions of the research) were defined:

1. Which is the present state of the touristic product of the historical Fortress and which are the steps to follow in order to develop it?

2. Which is the degree of interest and possible involvement of the citizens of this town in developing the touristic product of the historical Fortress?

3. Which is the relative competitiveness of the objectives constituting the historical product (visiting, promotion preference, putting to good use)?

4. How much can the Fortress and the objectives on its land be promoted while promoting the major touristic objectives in town?

5. How informed are the citizens of Alba Iulia, where does he get tourist information on the historical Fortress, how attractive was this information according to the source type?

6. What kind of messages should be used in promoting the Fortress?

7. What major actions would be necessary for the touristic promotion strategy and who should aim at promoting the Fortress?

8. Which would be the potential involvement degree of the general population within interactive tourism offers that are characteristic to the present cultural and historical tourism?

9. Which should be the percentage of the local budget dedicated to developing and promoting sightseeing attractions in the Fortress?

10. Which would be the population's major options regarding the lines of development for the Alba Iulia Fortress?

In order to address these objectives, a quantitative methodology focussed on two methods has been finalized and tested: diagnosis analysis of the touristic market, sociological analysis and marketing analysis of the inhabitants' options.

Stages 3-4. Diagnosis analysis of the touristic market collecting and analyzing the opinions of the inhabitants interested in regeneration (a questionnaire with over 400 questions was used and data from 1200 people interested was collected)

The diagnosis analysis of the tourism market for the historical Fortress of Alba Iulia revealed the following:

i. At present, the main source of request for accommodation services in the city comes from the business or conference sector. On the other hand, there are few catering services and leisure time activities providers, which are not very diversified. Considering the diversity of foreigners visiting the city, highly qualified hotel and restaurant staff is a must, so as to meet the most demanding tastes (special menus for tourists from Italy, Germany and the Asian countries)

ii. Specific touristic activities, touristic circuits, organized events are few if we consider the demand and the pressure of competition. Complete touristic products must be designed, which address tourists differently, depending on all the social and motivational elements characterizing them.

iii. The main categories of touristic resources of Alba Iulia generate tourism forms such as cultural tourism and business and conference tourism. Most tourists visiting Alba Iulia and staying at the main hotels in the city are Romanians. However, there is a significant percentage of foreign visitors. Despite the fact that the number of tourists accommodated at the Cetate and Parc hotels in the city, and the level of indicators of tourist circulation (total number of days per tourist and the average period of stay) has a slightly decreasing tendency as compared to the previous years, the number of people visiting the Unification Museum or the Unification Hall has slightly increased during 2005 and 2006 as compared to the previous years.

iv. With no alternative accommodation sites built, no improved quality of tourist services and classical forms of tourist offers, exceeded by the competition of modern means of attraction specific to world cultural and historical tourism, we arrive at the conclusion that there is a slight tendency to keep tourism inside the historical Fortress to short visiting forms with a lower possibility to obtain consistent profits.

Following the analysis of the data obtained from the inquiry on the inhabitants' options, the University experts have formulated a series of recommendations that the local administration has adopted and included in the Marketing Plan.

The recommendations included in the Marketing Plan were the following:

A. The strategic development plan proposed by the citizens of Alba Iulia for the Fortress is that of the exceptional development of cultural and historical tourism and not of a common development. 82.8% of the citizens choose "the purpose of the area to be visiting monuments, exhibits and historical buildings", 74.5% as "an area of daily tourist attractions, by organizing many open air events in a medieval atmosphere", "50.2% as an area where conferences and cultural events could be organized" and only 24.2 % as "a trading area (grocer's, shops, etc.)" and 12% as "an area with many offices...". As a result, the recommended management structure should be able to satisfy the citizens' option for an exceptional cultural-historical product.

B. Two important local brands are certified based on the results of the population study: the symbolic capital of Romania and Original and impressive fortifications -marking many historical moments. The proposal of the study, formulated based on the analysis of statistical correlations between the option of the supporters for the two brands s one to promote and valuate an integrated brand synthesized as follows: the Alba Iulia Fortress -A Romania symbolic capital with two-millennium old fortifications. The brand has an extensive support in the case of 90% of the people investigated in the sociological inquiry, which means at least 65% of all the city's inhabitants (including the outskirts). The error for this support base is +/-2,8% (this is the error margin for the batch). In fact, the adhesion percentage can be by at least 16 percentages higher, to a total of 81% (as not all who refused to answer the inquiry reject this brand, but 50% at the most).

C. The citizens believe that developing and promoting the Fortress is a budget priority. Over three fourths of the citizens would approve of funds being directed towards this area (17% say that most of the budget should go there and 67% support the idea of sharing an important sum to this and other priorities).

D. The Fortress should be valued by its inclusion in well known cultural and historical tourism circuits. The promotion plan for the integrated brand of the historical Fortress should include solutions to draw foreign tourists to the well known routes (itineraries) to which the Fortress already belongs within the offer of tourism operators, for which it does not yet have a powerful marketing profile. The next marketing step is encouraging the inclusion of the Fortress into the tourism agencies' and tourism operators' plans, which promotes objectives that have similar or complementary profiles to the Fortress brand. Such a marketing method has paid spectacular results in the American-European programme "Routes to the roots", a project coordinated by American Research Centre and University of Oldenburg from Germany. The programme has mainly aimed at inviting American citizens to visit Germany, with 64 US target cities. Tourists were invited to examine the culture of the region that their ancestors had emigrated to and to study the emigration cases on site. f. Festival routes (we have the Wine route, but we encourage other initiatives);

g. Routes of cultural events (in the hypothesis that open-air cultural events can be developed to cover most of the year).

E. If we want to value the Fortress, we cannot neglect the endeavour to identify witnesses of the city's multiethnic and multi-religious profile, now of the past. Among these "historical traces" we have to mention first the Germans and the Jews (practically, they no longer live in the city, but we still have traces of their culture left and they are still searched for by tourists from these countries. The proof is a constant tourist flux from Germany, Austria and Israel, as the diagnosis analysis shows). A special interest is paid to the Protestant and Catholic vestiges from the Vauban Fortress.

F. The study underlines the citizens' option in favour of a modern cultural and historical tourism creating many events in a historical ambiance and by city planning in a monumental style that can draw tourists from inside and outside the country. The most important visions extracted from the citizens' options are medieval atmosphere (with carriages, costumes but also contemporary music events) and historical monument planning of the Fortress (such as a medieval tower with a panoramic view, a Roman amphitheatre or a medieval inn). The citizens claim as necessary conditions for tourism development the green space cleaning, well signalled alleys and routes, and limiting the access of cars in the area. The option for commerce aims at the cultural-historical commerce. Those who accept other types of commerce are in minority. A real estate development of the Fortress on a modern line is not very much accepted (offices for firms or local institutions). Opinions are different on this subject and they depend on the subjects' status.

G. In order to value the historical site, spectacular modalities were identified and put into practice (medieval costumes, permanent lightening, canon fire shots, etc). All of these, among others, which do not exist but which are desirable for citizens (holographic projections on the Fortress walls, projectors, medieval carriages) must be developed and promoted with the promotion of the Fortress, in order to attract tourists (to accompany objective presentations and add value).

H. Vauban is an international brand. Thus, the Development strategy of Alba Iulia proposes measures to integrate the medieval Fortress into the European Network of Vauban Fortresss. At the moment, the existing network of Vauban Fortresss contains French Fortresss 2 that applied for admission at UNESCO. A collaboration on the line of extending this network should have a new objective and it should be supported by concrete measures on this line. Therefore, the organization of medieval events is agreed by most of the population. "Vauban" does not have the same symbolic meaning as "medieval" from the viewpoints of the promotion message agreed by the citizens. The organization within the Fortress's perimeter of a Vauban-Visconti 3 area can be a measure supporting an enriched integrated brand and it can help use the meaning of the word Vauban into the local identity.

Stage5. Designing the Marketing plan for the first project of urban regeneration and the search for financial resources.

The main recommendations of the marketing plan approved by the municipality endorses the product strategy and the strategy for promoting the tourist offer.

The product strategy takes into consideration the release of a tourist offer, containing products and tourist tracks, an offer issued for the local market (the inhabitants of the city) but also for the national and international market.

An important component of the marketing strategy is represented by the promoting strategy of the tourist offer, which endorses the use of some promoting techniques (advertising, public relations, and attendance to tourism fairs) adequate to all categories of tourists taken into consideration.

The marketing plan was completely included in a financial project with European funds (ORP-The Operational Regional Plan). In this moment the project was declared a winner and it will have a total budget of 12 million Euros. The project will be implemented by the local administration with the collaboration of the University and by periodic consulting of the inhabitants.

Stage 6.Outlining an integrated project for the urban regeneration efforts as a "Governance of the Fortress" and its discussion with the inhabitants, the experts and the administration.

In the last stage of the integration project for the inhabitants` opinions, the University, by the help of the project team, used a quality intercession based on the interview method of return of results. Local leaders were interviewed and an integration project was sketched and it was called, temporary, (we are still in the testing stage of the local leaders' cohesion): "The Governance of the Fortress". The administration is a public private partnership, having as a 3 Why "Vauban-Visconti" and not "Vauban"? First of all because it would better define the architectural hallmark of the city, by expanding the reference area. Second of all, it would pay homage to the "designer" of the Fortress's architecture. Thirdly, a certain brand can only exist when there is a connection between the tourist's identity and the brand's identity. From this point of view, Italian visitors (according to the diagnosis analysis, they form the majority) would have something to identify with. This space can receive a more spectacular name which could again extend its attraction area, such as: The imperial Vauban-Visconti area (the aim is to make a better cultural and hitorical definition, to improve tourism marketing and to open to new categories of tourists).

constituent factor the local public administration to which the organizations implied in the management of the cultural-historical patrimony of the Fortress participate. Everything should be fulfilled by the help of the inhabitants, their consulting and their involvement in the processes of informing and tourist orientation. This last aspect should be planned and evaluated by the University by the help of the sociology and marketing department.

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

In the plans of the urban regeneration, they tend to limit the public involvement and the community groups (Brindley, Rydin, Stoker, 2005), no matter the used combination of the management. A formula of private management of the regeneration can reduce even more this involvement, the architectural details and the aesthetic criteria being established entirely by specialists. This thing can take to debates and conflicts. A solution can be a corporatist formula, coordinated by the local administration. The popular participation consists of implying the public too, in the small decisions from the regeneration processes, tested successfully in some cases (the Belfast situation, analyzed in Hughes, Carmichael, 1998), it necessitates a detailed organization of the public informing, based on a direct communication.

The urban regeneration processes are often stages of a larger process of urban transformation where it endorses, in the first stages, the reorganization of the urban mobility by investments in the infrastructure and the revival of some industrial areas. The regeneration of the Torino suburbs, described by Elissa Roso, a strategic plan of the city hall (2004), could not have been fulfilled but only after the forming of the networks of connection and urban integration. In other recent processes of urban transformation (for example, the case of Detroit), sports and culture are also mentioned as key elements in the reconstruction of some peripheral areas. In what concerns Alba Iulia, the particularity is that the regeneration concerns a central area, situated in the city centre, but where the level of investments in the infrastructure was low. The aspect of the area is one of a deserted suburb, where the former warehouses of the army and the catacombs used by it were overlapped with the depopulation of the area and the chaotic constructions nearby. The development of a methodology for integrating the inhabitants` options had as a consequence the elucidation of the strategy directions of the tourist product, the draw of a marketing plan for promoting the Vauban Fortress and the connected vestiges and the development of a corporative formula for the administration of the urban regeneration where the interests of the many groups are negotiated in the limits of the general directions established by the inhabitants. Brindley, T.;Rydin, Y., Stoker, G. (2005), The politics of urban change, Taylor&Francis, e-Library Hughes, J.; Carmichel, P. (1998), "Building, partnerships in urban regeneration: A case study from Belfast", in "Community Development Journal" and Oxford University Press, 33, pp. 205-225 Greg Richards and Carolina Bonink (1995), "Marketing cultural tourism in Europe" in "Journal of Vacation Marketing", pp. 1, 172

BIBLIOGRAPHY

2

  Arras (Pas-de-Calais), Bazoches (Nièvre), Besançon (Doubs), Blaye/Cussac-Fort-Médoc (Gironde), Briançon (Hautes-Alpes), Camaret-sur-Mer (Finistère), deux ouvrages du canal du Midi (la voûte des Cammazes et l'aqueduc de la Cesse), Palais à Belle-Île-en mer (Morbihan), Longwy (Meurthe et Moselle), Mont-Dauphin (Hautes-Alpes), Mont-Louis (Pyrénées orientales) Neuf-Brisach/ Breisach-am-Rhein (Haut-Rhin et Allemagne), Saint-Martin-de-Ré (Charente-Maritime), Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue (Manche) Villefranche-de-Conflent (Pyrénées Orientales)

  The destination network (tourist destinations) included cites such asRotterdam, Bremen, Hamburg, Liverpool, etc. (G. Richards; C. Bonink, 1995). Thus, we can mention several routes resulting from diagnosis analysis and from the evaluation of offers for the main tourism operators: a. The Romanian spirituality route (exists in the plan of Romanian operators as the main source of Romanian tourists) includes museums, traditional churches and monasteries of Romania, in a non-structured manner;

b. The route of the medieval German State of Transylvania (exists in the plan of Romanian tour operators) includes objectives from medieval Transylvania: Sebeş, Sibiu, Mediaş, Sighişoara, etc.; c. The Latin route (exists in the Plan of Italian and French operators, less in Romania) contains Fortresss on the itinerary of the Roman entrance in Dacia starting from the south of Danube (in Romania, another objective is found in the Orăştie Mountains); d. The military Christian route (does not exist in the tour operators' plans) can address Fortresss from Hungary and Transylvania that the Austrians built to chase the Turks from Central Europe; e. The Jewish culture route (the programme exists within itineraries of European Jews) 1 and can include other cities from Alba county where there are still traces of Jewish culture;

http://www.judaica.ro/


Denis Michel
email: denis.michel@live.fr

New treatments of density fluctuations and recurrence times for re-estimating Zermelo's paradox

Keywords: Recurrence time, rare macrostates, density fluctuations, quantum of time. 1

What is the probability that all the gas in a box accumulates in the same half of this box? Though amusing, this question underlies the fundamental problem of density fluctuations at equilibrium, which has profound implementations in many physical fields. The currently accepted solutions are derived from the studies of Brownian motion by Smoluchowski, but they are not appropriate for the directly colliding particles of gases. Two alternative theories are proposed here using self-regulatory Bernoulli distributions. A discretization of space is first introduced to develop a mechanism of matter congestion holding for high densities. In a second mechanism valid in ordinary conditions, the influence of local pressure on the location of every particle is examined using classical laws of ideal gases. This approach reveals that a negative feedback results from the reciprocal influences between individual particles and the population of particles, which strongly reduces the probability of atypical microstates. Finally, a thermodynamic quantum of time is defined to compare the recurrence times of improbable macrostates predicted through these different approaches.

Introduction

If you stand in one side of a closed room and that all the air suddenly accumulates on the other side, you would fatally suffer from depressurization. Yet nobody seems afraid by this horrible scenario. People without notions of statistical mechanics just feel that this is impossible. Statistical physicists consider that this situation is improbable, but so improbable that it is completely negligible. In fact, this probability has never been exactly calculated. This question touches the long standing paradox of macroscopic transitions considered at first glance as irreversible but underlain by microscopic reversibility. New calculations are presented in this article to quantify the recurrences times of Poincaré.

Macro-irreversibility resulting from micro-reversible processes

According to the second law of thermodynamics, macrosystem evolutions can be classified into reversible and irreversible ones. From a statistical perspective, irreversible transitions transform macrostates covering a lower number of microstates (less probable) into macrostates covering a higher number of microstates (more probable). A simple example is the expansion in a box of a gas previously confined in a small subvolume after removal of a partition membrane. This rational principle of irreversibility however raised concerns, particularly vehement from Zermelo [START_REF] Zermelo | Über einen Satz der Dynamik und der mechanischen Wärmetheorie[END_REF]. For historical reviews on these debates, see [START_REF] Steckline | Boltzmann and the recurrence paradox[END_REF][START_REF] Brown | Boltzmann's H-theorem, its discontents, and the birth of statistical mechanics[END_REF] and the interesting articles of Boltzmann translated and compiled in [START_REF] Brush | Kinetic theory[END_REF]. The Loschmidt reversibility paradox [START_REF] Loschmidt | Über das Wärmegleichgewicht eines Systems von Körpern mit Rücksicht auf die Schwere[END_REF] stressed that when microscopic changes are reversible, there is no reason for an ensemble of microscopic changes to be not reversible. This view is supported by the recurrence theorem of Poincaré, which states that any very improbable state, such as a well organized initial state, will necessarily reappear, given sufficient time [START_REF] Poincaré | Sur le problème des trois corps et les équations de la dynamique[END_REF]. Considering the example of gas expansion described above, such an event would be the spontaneous reclustering of gas particles in a small region of the box. Moreover, as this state will reappear once, it will reappear infinitely often, giving rise to a quasi-periodic phenomenon. The right question is not whether this event can occur or not, but how often it reproduces. As pointed by Zermelo, this paradox ruins the idea of irreversibility. The answer of Boltzmann to Zermelo was: "Young man, you know mathematics but you do not know physics. Think how long it takes for that to happen? It would take far longer than the age of the universe even for a very small system". For his calculus, Boltzmann used the example of 1 cm 3 of gas with the assumption that the system passes through all its microstates before recurrence and that 2 × 10 27 different microstates take place in one second [START_REF] Boltzmann | Entgegnung auf die Wärmetheoretischen Betrachtungen des Herrn E. Zermelo[END_REF]. However, Boltzmann enumerated only microstates differing through their velocity, but not spatial, distribution, although density changes are much more appreciable macroscopically. This puzzling choice could be merely technical because of the difficulty to enumerate spatial configurations in continuous space. On the contrary, changes of particle location, but not of velocities, will be examined here, by assuming that velocity vectors distribute evenly on particles regardless of their instantaneous coordinates. The time unit of universe age used by Boltzmann will be reused. Indeed, the disconnection between realistic observation time windows and the recurrence waiting times remains an excellent argument opposable to Zermelo, but in fact the parameter of time is absent from microstate enumerations and this point has never been really quantified. In addition, the theory generally believed to address density fluctuations, that of Smoluchowski, is inappropriate to quantify recurrence periods for self-colliding systems such as gases.

Traditional modeling

A traditional tool of statistical mechanics is a box of volume V containing N randomly distributed particles. In this box, the number of particles x present in a subvolume v, is subject to fluctuations around a mean value N v/V . The probability that x = n is currently given by a simple Bernoulli distribution:

P (x = n) = N n v V n 1 - v V N -n (1)
which says that the probability of location of a single particle is dictated by the fraction of available volumes only [8]. This admitted result can however be questioned because it neglects both particle exclusion and pressure and is valid only for very low densities. The available space is more and more reduced as density increases. As a consequence, Eq.( 1) overestimates the probability of atypical microstates such as those in which near all the particles are in the same side of the box. Two mechanisms are proposed below to restore a role for the relative particle density in the compartments: (i) the bulk or congestion hypothesis, only appreciable for highly concentrated systems, and (ii) the pressure hypothesis, important for gases in ordinary conditions and missing in the current approaches to density fluctuations. But let us first point out the assumptions of Smoluchowski which are inappropriate for gases.

Brownian motion vs mutual collision

The study of Smoluchowski on density fluctuations in a medium of constant average density [START_REF] Smoluchowski | Über die zeitliche Veränderlichkeit der Gruppierung von Emulsionsteilchen und die Reversibilität der Diffusionserscheinungen[END_REF], is far from general. Smoluchowski's calculations were celebrated because they remarkably fitted the experiment of Svedberg on particles moving through Brownian motion [START_REF] Svedberg | Eine neue Methode zur Prüfung der Gültigkeit des Boyle-Gay-Lussacschen Gesetzes für Kolloide Lösungen[END_REF]. But Brownian motion does not result from mutual collisions. The difference is important since the main starting assumption of Smoluchowski is that the motions of the different particles are not mutually influenced, so that all possible individual positions have equal a priori probabilities. With respect to the problem of density fluctuations, this assumption implies that the probability of entrance of particles in any subvolume, does not depend on the number of particles already contained in it. Accordingly, the basic ingredient used by Smoluchowski was a Poisson distribution P (x = n) = ν n e -ν /n! corresponding to the limit of the binomial formula of Eq.( 1) for very large N and V and a mean value ν = N v/V . The movements of colloids are the resultant of huge numbers of collisions with solvent molecules but not of direct collisions between the suspended substances. Moreover, the motion of these substances is buffered by surrounding solvent molecules, so that they are not transferred to other suspended particles, thereby ensuring the mutual independence of these particles and their insensitivity to crowding and pressure. This independence no longer applies to systems made of mutually colliding particles. Although gas particles are usually called independent when non-interacting chemically, they are in fact mutually constrained. A very interesting consequence of this situation is that every individual particle is both (i) an actor of the collective effect known as pressure and (ii) a receptor of this pressure which influences its own location. These reciprocal influences between the individual and the population is the essence of statistical mechanics and should appear in the formulation of density fluctuations, contrary to Eq.( 1) and to the assumptions of Smoluchowski.

The congestion mechanism for dense systems

The description of this mechanism necessitates discretizing space. The discretization of space allows to reconcile the classical approaches to statistical dynamics with the principle of spatial exclusion. Indeed, the pioneer versions of the ideal gas theories ignored the size of the particles, which were conceived as superposable points whose number is defined in N, scattered in continuous volumes defined in R 3 . Hence, considering V N /N ! as a number of microstates, as often found in the literature, is formally erroneous. This problem can be solved by discretizing space.

Quantum of space

The concepts of volume per particle and of mutual exclusion have been introduced in more elaborated versions of kinetic theories, for instance to describe transportation properties such as viscosity, diffusion and thermal conductibility. Moreover, a thermal Planck volume has been defined as the volume necessary to accommodate a single particle at given temperature, shape and mass, with a mean momentum p. For ideal gas particles, λ is the thermal wavelength of de Broglie λ = h/p = h/ √ 2πmk B T where h is the Planck constant, k B the Boltzmann constant and T the temperature. This elementary volume allows to define discrete volumes corresponding to the integers closer to V = V /λ 3 . The λ 3 parcel is not an intrinsic property of "empty space" but is defined relatively to the occupying particles, which explains why it depends on temperature. The same space discretization is in fact implicit in the Sackur-Tetrode equation for entropy [START_REF] Pathria | Statistical Mechanics[END_REF], which introduced quantum considerations in classical thermodynamics and has the advantage to improve entropy extensivity in the Gibbs experiment. As shown below, this discretization is also useful for calculating fluctuation densities of concentrated systems for which the volume occupied by the particles cannot be neglected.

Fluctuation probabilities of dense systems

This theory applies to any dense system, including suspensions. If the volumes v and V contain n and (N -n) particles respectively, the probability for a (N + 1)th particle to be in v is not v/V as assumed in Eq.( 1), but (v -nλ 3 )/(V -N λ 3 ). This difference is of course negligible when V is very large compared to N λ 3 , but not for dense systems. When the intrinsic volume of particles is no longer negligible, the general probability that n particles are present in v, can be obtained using the unitless volumes v defined above. This discretization does not forbid using Eq.( 1), rewritten for the circumstance

P (x = n) = N n vn ( V -v) N -n V N (2)
In this equation, the exponents mean that the entry of a particle in one compartment does not depend on the number of particles already in this compartment. But in fact, when one particle is present in v, then v -1 places are free; when 2 particles are present, v -2 places remain available etc. Hence, Eq.(2) becomes

P (x = n) = N n [v(v -1)...(v -n + 1)][( V -v)( V -v -1)...( V -v -N + n + 1)] V ( V -1)...( V -N + 1) (3)
that can be rewritten as

P (x = n) = v n V - v N -n / V N (4)
Note that instead of starting from Eq.( 1), the result can be conceived directly using the hypergeometric distribution of Eq.( 4) which describes the number of ways to distribute n and (N -n) particles in v and ( V -v) cells respectively, among a total number of possible distributions of N particles over V cells. Eq.( 4) is intrinsically normalized, as should be a probability density function, owing to the Chu-Vandermonde identity:

k i=0 a i b k -i = a + b k (5)
One can verify that Eq.( 1) is recovered when the particles are very scarce in a very large volume. Indeed, Eq.(3) can be rearranged as

P (x = n) = N n vn ( V -v) N -n V N R (6)
with

R = 1 -1 v 1 -2 v ... 1 -v-n+1 v 1 -1 V -v 1 -2 V -v ... 1 -N -n+1 V -v 1 -1 V 1 -2 V ... 1 -N +1 V (7)
If V >> N , it is likely that v >> n and then that ( V -v) >> (N -n), so that R ∼ 1. Then, Eq.( 6) reduces to Eq.( 2) and to Eq.(1) since the λ 3 factor disappears.

A satisfactory behavior of Eq.( 4) is that the probabilities of typical configurations is higher than for Eq.(1), while those of highly asymmetric configurations are much lower (Fig. 1). However, this difference is only marginal for moderately dense systems since the variance of the distribution of Eq.( 4) is only 1 -N λ 3 V times that of Eq.(1). A much larger difference can be obtained by introducing a role for local pressure in particle distribution. 1) and ( 4). For a small but dense system made of 60 particles running and colliding in a box of V /λ 3 = 75 cells, the curves represent the probabilities of finding n particles in a subvolume of 25 cells, calculated using either Eq.(1) (red) or Eq.( 4) (blue, darker). Eq.( 1) underestimates the symmetric microstates around the mean density n = 20 (n = N v/V ) and conversely overestimates the probability of the asymmetric microstates, because it does not take into account the intrinsic volumes of the particles.

The pressure feedback

Suppose that a box contains N particles, out of which n are present in a subvolume v and (N -n) are in the remaining volume (V -v). As previously, these compartments are defined conceptually and are not enclosed by any physical boundary. Now imagine the fate of a single particle present at the interface between v and (V -v). To determine the probability that this particle enters either v or (V -v), it is reasonably not acceptable to neglect the influence of the relative densities in these subvolumes, because of the associated probability of expulsive collisions. This parameter is related to pressure. A crude modeling is proposed to illustrate the consequence of incorporating this parameter, as follows. Pressure represents the density of collisions, itself proportional to the density of the particles ( N V ) at given temperature (because P = N V k B T ). The probability (written below P [∈ ...]) for any particle to enter one compartment rather than the other one, is a function of the competitive propensities of these compartments to recruit this particle. These propensities are named F v and F V -v for the compartments v and (V -v) respectively. Given that they should be normalized to 1 over the whole box, the probabilities take the forms

P [∈ v] = F v F v + F V -v (8a)
and

P [∈ (V -v)] = F V -v F v + F V -v (8b)
The propensity to incorporate a particle should now be defined. It seems rational to postulate that F is the product of two parameters which concur equally to take up a particle, which are:

• The fractional volume available in the absorbing compartment (the only parameter considered in Eq.( 1)), whose values are v V for the compartment v and 1 -v

This equation is a self-regulatory Bernoulli distribution embodying the circular influence between individuals and the population, which is a negative feedback. This negative feedback severely readjusts any deviation from equipartition back to equipartition, with a strength even stronger when the gap is large. Numerical application reveals that Eq.( 12) tolerates very much less than Eq.( 1) atypical microstates such as strongly asymmetric ones containing few particles in v or (V -v). To concretely conceive this point, if all the particles are already present in the left half of the box (a purely theoretical hypothesis), then the probabilities for an additional particle to enter either the left or right halves are not 1/2 and 1/2 as in Smoluchowski's theory, since it will surely bounce back in the empty side.

Recurrence times

Strongly asymmetric distributions are supposed to be so improbable that they never occur spontaneously. Physically speaking, the recurrence time of Poincaré of extreme microstates is expected to exceed all possible observation windows. However, to formally establish this point, it is first necessary to define the time step separating two different configurations in a box of gas. Indeed, if particle trajectories are conceived as continuous, then any time window δt, as short as desired, is expected to contain an infinite number of configurations. As noticed by Zermelo, probabilities do not contain temporal terms. This problem forbids the calculation of recurrence times and contradicts the finite number of configurations assumed in the Sackur-Tetrode equation. Once again, discretization (in this case of time) can save us.

Thermal quantum of time

The goal is now to define the time step τ separating two consecutive configurations. Transitions between successive states of the system were previously assumed to correspond to collisions [START_REF] Berry | Physical Chemistry[END_REF]. If collisions can indeed discretely punctuate velocity changes, they are not necessary for location changes. Instead, the quantum of time proposed here is the time necessary to cross the length unit below which successive configurations cannot be distinguished, because of the uncertainty principle. This is precisely what is the thermal wavelength of de Broglie λ. Hence, for a mean particle velocity v = 8k B T /πm obtained by averaging the velocities distribution [START_REF] Maxwell | Illustrations of the theory of gases[END_REF], one obtains

τ = λ v = h 4k B T = 4 × 10 -14 s at T = 300 K (13)
Recurrence times can now be calculated.

Calculation of recurrence times 7.2.1 For a microstate

A microstate of probability P = 1/Ω, is expected to appear after a mean waiting time T = Ωτ , regardless of the initial observation time.

For a macrostate

A macrostate covers a certain number of microstates giving the same macroscopic outcome X; for example those in which all the particles are in the same half of a box. The probability of a macrostate X is the fraction of these microstates P X = Ω X /Ω. The mean recurrence time of a macrostate is of course lower than those of its constituent microstates, such that

T X = Ω Ω X τ = τ P X (14)
Strictly speaking, T X is not a period because rare events are not regularly spaced in time. Given the memoryless nature of transitions resulting from numerous chaotic collisions [START_REF] Michel | Simply conceiving the Arrhenius law and absolute kinetic constants using the geometric distribution[END_REF], the probability that a given state occurs before t is

P (X ≤ t) = 1 -e t/ T X (15)
To get a concrete idea of the potency of Eq.( 12) compared to Eq.( 1), the recurrence times expected from the classical and the pressure approaches, are compared in the case of the distribution of only 100 gas particles (Table 1). Results are obtained by integrating the probability density functions of Eqs( 1) and [START_REF] Berry | Physical Chemistry[END_REF]. Table 1: Recurrence times of atypical macrostates in which more than 90 out of 100 particles are confined in 3/4 or 1/2 box. The results shown are obtained with the classical approach (Eq.( 1)) and with the pressure feedback model examined here (Eq.( 12))(Note that the unit of age of the universe is used in reference to the response of Boltzmann to Zermelo quoted previously, but it is purely illustrative and not very rigorous since τ is likely to have been much shorter in the primordial universe).

Macrostate

Model Recurrence time

Eq.(1) 0.5 nanosecond ≥ 90% particles in 3/4 of the box Eq.( 12) 2 hours 45 minutes Eq.( 1) 1 hour 47 minutes ≥ 90% particles in a half-box Eq.( 12) 10 47 universe ages

The system considered in Table 1 is very small since it corresponds to only 0.37 billionth of a picoliter of gas under one atmosphere, but it is however sufficient to reveal the astonishing gap between the predictions of Eq.(1) and Eq.( 12). Even when using the time step used by Boltzmann (0.5×10 -27 s) which is many times shorter than τ used here, the former calculation gives amazingly smaller recurrence times. This difference results from the introduction in the present study of a role, so far neglected, of pressure. When taking this role into account, recurrence times of Poincaré, even for very small systems, become purely mathematical but no longer physical, in agreement with the response of Boltzmann to Zermelo, thus restoring the idea of macroscopic irreversibility.

Discussion

The tool of discretization is used twice in this study: for space in the bulk approach, and for time for measuring recurrence times. The discretization of physical parameters previously conceived as continuous, long proved successful: (i) it allows to get rid of dimensions and to use unitless variables, (ii) it takes advantage of the powerful discrete probabilities and (iii) incidentally, it opened the way to quantum mechanics. As established for matter since Boltzmann, and for energy since Planck and Einstein, the continuous appearance of space and time could be also, after all, only illusions resulting from scale separation. Anyway, following the advice of Mark Kac, for finding a lot of solutions in mathematical physics, "Be wise, discretize!". The thermodynamic quantum of time h/4k B T defined and used here is satisfactory enough in that it is universal, only dependent on temperature but not on parameters such as specific densities or collision rates. It could be very useful to make the connection between probabilities and time. It is important to precise that this time step is microscopic and reversible, valid as well in equilibrium and nonequilibrium situations. In this respect, it should not be confused with the thermodynamic arrow of time, which is macroscopic by nature and defined by the tendency of equilibration [START_REF] Lebowitz | Boltzmann's entropy and time's arrow[END_REF]. For example, the arrow of time, but not time steps, disappears for resting water in a bucket, in spite of its incessant microscopic movements. The new formulations provided here show that the propensity of closed dynamic systems to homogenize is much stronger than previously anticipated, and highlight the reciprocal influences between individuals and the population, which are a fundament of statistical mechanics. This study formally quantifies and further supports the probabilistic view of Boltzmann without denying the existence of fluctuations. It also provides tools for explicitly quantifying the nonphysical status of the Poincaré recurrence theorem. According to this theorem, after sufficiently long time, any finite system can turn into a state which is very close to its initial state, which means that the second law of thermodynamics will be broken in even macroscopic scale. But only brains of mathematicians can be not impressed by the value of the "sufficiently long time" given by Eq. [START_REF] Berry | Physical Chemistry[END_REF] in Table 1, which tremendously exceeds the lifetime of any closed system in the evolving universe. Mathematical modeling of physical phenomena, though incomplete, is certainly one of the noblest successes of humankind, but care should be taken, particularly in the field of probabilities, to always distinguish between mathematics and physics, following the recommendation of Boltzmann. For instance, certain asymptotes which are never reached from a mathematical viewpoint, are reached in the real world. Conversely, infinitesimal probabilities which exist mathematically, must be translated as "never" in the real world.

Figure 1 .

 1 Figure 1. Comparative results of Eqs(1) and[START_REF] Brush | Kinetic theory[END_REF]. For a small but dense system made of 60 particles running and colliding in a box of V /λ 3 = 75 cells, the curves represent the probabilities of finding n particles in a subvolume of 25 cells, calculated using either Eq.(1) (red) or Eq.(4) (blue, darker). Eq.(1) underestimates the symmetric microstates around the mean density n = 20 (n = N v/V ) and conversely overestimates the probability of the asymmetric microstates, because it does not take into account the intrinsic volumes of the particles.

V

for the compartment (V -v).

• The fractional pressure in the rejecting compartment, equivalent to the outside fractional particle density, whose values are here (N -n)/(V -v)

Introducing these values into Eq. (8) gives

and

These equations satisfactorily simplify in singular situations. If the density in v is the same as in (V -v), that is to say when n = N v/V , one obtains

and

which are simply the probabilities used in Eq.( 1). Reciprocally, if the compartments have the same volume (v = V /2), then the probabilities become only dependent on the number of particles in these compartments, as expected.

and

This result, symmetric to the previous one found when the number of particles does not matter, is acceptable for fluctuation ranges of ordinary macroscopic systems. The next step of the reasoning is to understand that every individual particle can be considered as the N th component of a population already containing all others, so that all the particles are equally submitted to Eq.( 9) and are functions of n ranging from 0 to N and v ranging from 0 to V . Finally, a factor 2 is introduced for normalization of the probability that n particles are present in fixed v, yielding the completely developed equation

N -n [START_REF] Berry | Physical Chemistry[END_REF]


Emiliana Mangone
email: emangone@unisa.

THE COMMUNITY AND THE COMMUNITARIAN DEVELOPMENT MODELS

Keywords: community, collective intelligence, territorial development, identity

The concept of "community", which seemed to be abandoned, is greatly being revived as regards to the possibility of explaining the changes and the interventions in a territory. Nowadays we have to formulate a new concept of community, as a collective intelligence, if we want to identify development models to realize the sustainability and the integration of individuals and territories.

THE CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY

The contradictions more and more stressed in development, in economic growth, in the processes of institutional change are the product of changes in the financial and economic system of the western world. In this context, the way react different groups and cultures seem generally created by the autonomy of its actors that have their own specific resources and capacities. But the latter are destined to collective provisional action. In this way, even if we consider global society as being very important, the analysis of theories, experiences and the individual everyday life in a "community" have often re-evaluated "community" as only ways to organize people [START_REF] Saccheri | Sviluppo e trasformazione della comunità[END_REF]. The community seems the only way to be able to read social problems and to define the actions to take. In general, we define "community" a collective nature in which the members operate with reciprocity and they oppose everyone outside the community with their values, laws, traditions and collective interests. The term "community" is ambiguous: when we talk of "community", on the one hand, we refer to it as an element of dichotomy community-society, on the other hand, nowadays we must consider the concept of community as a social practice and collective phenomena. For these reasons, before we continue, it is best to briefly present the theory about community. In the history of sociological thought the changes of social interactions is the starting point at which one gets an evolutionary view of society. The passage from community to society in XIX and XX century was very important. The first scholar that proposed the dichotomy community-society was [START_REF] Tönnies | Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft[END_REF]. He defined the two concepts attributing to the first of two characteristics of "living organism" in which several forms (family, neighbour, relation, etc.) present a face to face interaction and sharing opinions typical of primary sociability. "Community" is a system of characterized relationship by a high degree of personal intimacy, emotions and social cohesion and stability. "Society" instead is a "mechanical aggregate" in which a relationship is possible only thanks to several tools as money or power, furthermore "society" is a particular type of human relationship characterized by a high degree of individualism and contractualism. Society creates a new way for human relations which are characterized by liberal rational choices, which reduce knowledge about others and the relationship becomes instrumental. Another scholar that studied dichotomy is [START_REF] Durkheim | De la division du travail social[END_REF]. According to this author, to community corresponds the "mechanical solidarity" that consists of common values and laws, it permits all individual to stay in a society without conflicts because the intensity of common ideas and beliefs are stronger than everyone's personal ideas. It is typical of traditional society. On the contrary in "mechanical solidarity" there is "organic solidarity" that is typical of a society in which the work division (functional differentiation) exists. In this kind of society the values and laws are less important. People act on the basis of their individual consciousness. There are many other scholars that have studied these concepts (Weber, Parsons, etc.) but in this paper we cannot mention them all because we have very little time, we advice the lectors to read the literature available to improve his/her knowledge. The passage from traditional society to modern society was intended as the transition from community to society. But at this moment, the reality that we observe is different. The societary relations are increasing, they are spreading and have changed our way of life, therefore communitarian forms still exist. In recent years, we have discovered that modern society consists of a mix between different forms of communities. Modern society seems to be characterized by integration of models of community and society which reproduce themselves and they leave open the possibility of interactions between themselves. There are two reason for this condition: one, the passage from tradition to modernity is seen as a process that looks for different ways to establish it, and the second is the type of social relationship that origins in particular context. Finally, the term "community" includes both the political community (in global sense) and ethnic, cultural, religious "subcommunity" [START_REF] Pesenti | Il ritorno della comunità[END_REF]). In simple words, "community" is then a people's integrated system that linked by common customs, usages and existential situations, in this way the people speak and take common decisions. The members of a community actively participate in the decision making about community problems because they are a part of it. The community is a real example of a natural context in which there is a democratic process that is founded on the principle of participation and the building of local public spaces. On this thought, the New Communitarian 1 does not re-evaluate the term of "community" in the sense of antimodernity or nostalgic, but they re-evaluate it in the sense of new form to manifest the fundamental principle of participatory democracy in the process of decision making about common goods 2 . The individuals that do not have a social tie, are not able to act freely, instead the individuals that have strong social ties are to be able to act and, in total liberty, make reasonable choices and give moral judgements. The cooperation between all individuals is very important for the life of everyone, because the responsibility of everyone towards the community does not come back on the underground of individual rights but only a balancing of individual interests to increase collective interests. On these basis, the Communitarian want to promote a "strong democracy" in which the participatory principle is the best way to obtain social cohesion and sustainable territorial development. Thus, the concept of "community", which seemed to be abandoned, is being greatly revived as regards the possibility to explain the changes and the interventions in a territory.

THE COMMUNITY AS EXPRESSION OF TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT

Nowadays we have to formulate a new concept of community, as a collective intelligence, if we want to identify development models to realize the sustainability and the integration of individuals and territories. Collective intelligence [START_REF] Lévy | L'intelligence collective. Pour une antropologie du cyberspace[END_REF] has to be intended as a form of intelligence distributed everywhere, constantly improved and coordinated in real time, leading to a real mobilization of resources and competences of a specific context. It is based on people's acknowledgment and mutual enrichment, not on the worship of "fetished" communities. The Policy makers who really aim to start a territorial sustainable development have to facilitate and enhance the creation of "communities", as they are fundamental structures in which it is important "to think about": they represent the "factory" of a territorial human and social capital (territorial intelligence). The word "community" in a global society does not have a negative sense, as the community considers individuals in their plenitude and not in one of the roles they have to play in the society. It is a whole of experiences and thoughts, tradition and engagement, participation and willingness, and at the same time it enhances the social dimension of the existence, the sense of belonging to a common destiny. The keystone of a community representing the main resource and a representation of a territorial area, and expression of intelligences existing in that area, is included in the concept of the Communitarian Network, who assert that the condition of social animal is constitutive of men. This condition links men of different social status to their kindred in a context of rules and culture leading to the recognition of the concept of common good which gives a sense to human behaviour. This theory does not oppose liberalism neither the centrality of the individual, considering individuals as embedded in the territory, producing the sense of identity and the creation of protection and sustainable development networks (Etzioni 1995). Through the community we can affirm the social engagement, the respect of mutual rights and freedoms, the balance between needs and responsibilities, the reconstruction of satisfying relations among individuals, and the strengthening of the "social capital", as a form of civil and free development, based on the cooperation of all the individuals within a territory. Contemporary society has strong territorial and social differentiations to be decreased or totally removed. Cities (in many cases metropolis) are deeply fragmented, divided into neighbourhoods and suburbs, strongly differentiated per typology of inhabitants, presence of services and comfort of houses. These aspects of social differentiations cause a feeling of unequal and discriminated use of resources and services, increasing the perception of marginality. They cause the exclusion of adults, provoking an identity crisis, while the "non places" (Augè 1993), where the new generations meet, often become the only place of expression, fostering the sense of uneasiness and alienation. On the other hand, small rural or mountain villages continue depopulating, loosing the strong social and identity bonds which allowed them to survive wars and catastrophes in the past: in this case the sense of marginality affects young people who do not have the certainly of finding a job and abandon their original territories, along with the adults who do not recognize themselves and do not feel as if they belong to the territories whose policies often imitate the urbanization processes, importing only negative aspects. These characteristics in the South of Italy have increased with experience the modernization processes of 1950s of last century: in fact, the southern communities subjected to these processes have been deprived without opposing a strength that develop the processes of empowerment. The cause of this condition is weak identity. In all cases, it should be very important to work, all together, to rebuild our community to be able to face up to the comparison inside and outside of them (D'Agostino 2002). Due to these characteristics and conditions, the community is the most appropriate instrument to defend the territory from exclusion processes and to enhance the implementation of "communitarian" development models. It has to be considered as an open space in which environment and social networks find their best interrelation, in the way of sustainability of development and social protection activities, mixing environment, social and economic aspects. Territorial development projects do not have to improve the lifestyle of a few people, but of the whole community.

To do community means to valorise the differences to contribute to the construction of development models oriented to the preservation of a human dimension of life, starting from the feeling of identity and the embedding to the territory that each individual express when improving social forms of life.

The community is not only a form of territorial expression revealing itself, through consolidated identity equipment and shared traditions [START_REF] Magnier | Sociologia dei sistemi urbani[END_REF]. It is the main resource, since is the unique form of social organisation focused on individuals capable of facing and overcoming "social pathologies" (overcrowding, depopulation, depression, identity crisis, etc.). Therefore, the community should start "promotion", "participation" and "therapy" actions, leading to the assurance, especially for new generations, of life conditions enabling an itinerary of complete and integrated development.

IS IT STILL POSSIBLE FOR TERRITORIAL PROTAGONISM TO EXIST?

The concept of community, with globalization processes, was one of the aspects of dichotomy local-global. In this paper we must underline the importance of the term local, thus it is necessary to explain and define both the spatial or contextual aspects and relationship aspects. The last form is well described by [START_REF] Appadurai | Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization[END_REF] when he defines "locality" as a phenomenology of social life, a structure of emotions made by particular forms of intentional activity that produce typical material effects. It is clear that both aspects must be considered when we think of realizing patterns of territorial development, one does not exclude another, they are integrated. At this point of our thought, we ask ourselves some questions: What is the dimension of "local" that can implement territorial development policy? Is only an univocal definition of "local" possible that integrates relationship and spatial aspects, and that consents to sharing perception between all disciplines that must intervene in the planning of a territorial development? Certainly it is not possible for anymore to equate the local with the administrative boundaries of a territory, especially after the progress of the "process of European integration, that appears or is increasingly perceived as the place at which two structures intersect: a formal one, resulting from the vertical and horizontal relationships among institutional subjects, that is legitimate but slow in acting, and an informal and spontaneous one, made up of open relations networks that offer the advantage of swiftness and flexibility, but it is limited by absence or by lack of legitimacy. So recognizing each other beyond the boundary means, for those who choose to venture onto the path of shared administration, to approach complex relationships that on the one hand, at the informal level, pose the existence of a community of destiny that can be actively involved in the new opportunities for movement and reciprocity, and on the other hand reaffirm the conditions resulting from the legitimate administrative territorial jurisdiction, its allocating power, the distribution of goods, the positioning of its government and representative powers" (Mangone, 2001: 26). A real and correct integration of these two structures is empowering the role of local territory that on the one hand, guarantees the principle of solidarity between among all citizens, it supports the civil society to exercise public responsibility and, on the other hand, that look for a right control on the complex offer of system with guarantees of impartiality and completely of the network's services on the territory. Different subjects, with particular and specific interests, should organize to make an organic policy of territorial development and to answer its needs and demands of territory. Development policies must try to make the most of territorial resources, by directly choosing the most suitable strategies and the management of their output: the territory must behave like a private actor within a marketdriven logic, becoming a competitive actor able to grasp the best opportunities and the most adequate resources, without impairing local characteristics and peculiarities. In line with this logic, local government bodies must play a key role as "helmsmen" steering development, placing the emphasis on growth and enhancement of some aspects that are crucial for the effective implementation of interventions: integration and coordination of interventions; networking through; stimulating role and advocacy and consciousness-raising activities [START_REF] Mangone | Territorial Development and Governance: Third Sector Organizations[END_REF]. Regarding this last aspect (advocacy and consciousness-raising activities) a short analysis of it is necessary, because for the growth of a territory territorial marketing has a relevant position [START_REF] Caroli | Il marketing territoriale[END_REF]. Territorial marketing is the complex of techniques, processing and the tools that permit to establish the market's objects with the attraction of several resources (financial, touristic, meetings, etc.). Territorial marketing is the planning and establishing of inventions, promoting and distributing ideas, goods and services to create exchange to establish objects of organizations and individuals: in this way, communication takes a fundamental role. The establishment of a territorial marketing system, that is constituted by the individuation of territory image and its subsequent diffusion and marketing of "product-territory", should work out the problems related to communication and implementation of information network to promoting the territory and its development. In territorial marketing all actions that are directed to develop the territory attraction to re-evaluate the specificity of territory both for the internal individual or the external individual. In the determining of marketing strategy is priority the concept of "territory vocation" has a priority. "Vocation" is the result of mix territory intangible and not tangible resources: "vocation" represents the natural habits to attract typical demands and to efficiently satisfy expectations. The implementation of the territorial marketing sys-tem must be characterized by the capacity to re-evaluate and to exalt territory characteristics promoting and making them attractive to the public.

CONCLUSION

In the light of what we have discussed above, we can say that the territory can still be the centre of attention even in a global society, instead of just the global society that determines some things that can favour the growth of territory consciousness respect to the opportunities of development that can be linked to utilizing and improving resources and characteristics that a community expresses. Thus, the centre of attention for the territory is confirmed with development policies that are not residual, but they have been built on participatory citizenship of all its members, which the horizontal and vertical subsidiarity principle has considered as a support to spread the sense of responsibility and it has not denied the public part to take care of "governed territorial development". This last, is the expression of a promoting dimension of new interventions and mobilizing community resources with a greater introduction of participatory planning that must involve the institutional actors (Municipalities, Health Systems, Schools, etc.) and civil society actors (associations, syndicates, the voluntary, third sector, etc.) and it must not favour the private subjects that work in the community.

Communitarians' Group (New Communitarian), founded in 1990 by Amitai Etzioni, sees in it famous names, McIntyre, Sandel, Taylor, Bellah e Selznick, only to mention some. The original idea of this network is that possible an moral rebirth without to fall into Puritanism, they hope a "strong and participated democracy" in which the upper principle socio-political is the subsidiarity.

The concept of "common good" is typical of Catholic's thought and social doctrine of Church. It is best to explain the difference between "common good" and "public good"[START_REF] Matteucci | Bene comune[END_REF]): the first is a good of singles that are member of state and that the individuals can to obtain it only by solidarity; the second is a good of everyone in whom united.


Mihai Pascaru
email: m_pascaru@yahoo.com

THE PRINCIPLES OF THE TERRITORIAL INTELLIGENCE. PROPOSALS FOR EXPLORATORY OPERATIONALISATION AND RESEARCHES IN THE LIVEZILE-RIMETEA MICRO-REGION (ROMANIA)

Keywords: territorial intelligence principles, operationalisation, partnership, participation 1

In this study we have shown a few operationalisation attempts of some principles this notion is associated to: the partnership principle, the project development principle and the fundamental principle of participation.

INTRODUCTION

The current work proposes an attempt at operationalising some of the territorial intelligence principles, as they are defined by Jean-Jacques Girardot in his works from the later years [START_REF] Girardot | Intelligence territoriale et participation[END_REF][START_REF] Girardot | Activities and prospects of CAENTI[END_REF]. We place a high heuristic value on the identification of the (territorial intelligence) ethical principles out of the principles of sustainable development. Sustainable development, as Girardot writes, is placed on three principles recognized in many moral and political forums, on a planetary scale: 1) the participation of all actors in the development -first of all, that of the citizens; 2) a global approach of the situations, characterized through an adequate balance between the economic, social and environmental considerations and 3) the actors' partnership. To the three ethical principles there are three associated methodological principles guaranteeing their observance: 1) approaching the territory as an action space; 2) generalization of the management through projects and a culture of evaluation; 3) the development of the information society technologies' accessibility.

Among the principles for which we make proposals of operationalisation, we mention first of all the partnership principle. The openness of the citizens from the micro-region of study is described through the measure to which they are rejecting the dependence on state's intervention, accepting instead (i.e. value in a positive manner) the establishment of partnerships.

The project development principle is looked at from the point of view of some factors that could influence common action at the community level.

The participation principle is described from the perspective of the inhabitants' opportunities for involvement into the collection of the type of information that lays the foundation for development through projects. The queried inhabitants were put in the situation of participating in the activity of a local observer, by providing information regarding the following aspects of the local life: a) the family problems of villagers, b) the social problems of the persons from the village, c) the interrelationships between the village families, d) the evolution of the animals from every homestead, e) the changes in demographics from every homestead (births, deaths, marriages, movements in and out of the village), f) violent behaviour in the village, g) church attendance, h) land transfers in the village (through inheritance, sales and purchases, donation, exchange), i) problems regarding environmental pollution, j) the business dealings in the village. Through exploratory research, we came to the conclusion that there is some openness for the information support of a local observer, except in some areas as the one regarding family problems, relationships between families and the business matters in the village. A series of predictors, such as the gender, age and ethnical affiliation are taken into account for a more profound analysis in this chapter.

The methodology of the research was structured around the sociological ad-hoc inquiry and around the result return interviews. Both methodological approaches set the stage for project-based return, employing for the first time in a Romanian rural context, the scenarios method.

THE PRINCIPLES OF THE TERRITORIAL INTELLIGENCE

In 2005, Jean-Jacques Girardot presented an ample study under the title "Territorial intelligence and participation". Girardot confesses in his study that he himself proposed the term of territorial intelligence in 1999, in tight relation with that of territorial engineering (ingénierie territoriale), territorial intelligence meaning "putting the management of projects and technologies of information society in the service of sustainable development". Along the development of several projects coordinated by Girardot, a new methodology suitable for the development of territorial intelligence is shaping, a methodology named Catalyse. Catalyse means "methods and instruments which allow the great involvement of territorial actors in the accomplishment of the territorial diagnoses or in the local laboratories in order to elaborate more efficient and pertinent action projects for development [START_REF] Girardot | Intelligence territoriale et participation[END_REF]. The main characteristic of the Catalyse methodology, according to Girardot, is participation. Actors represent first an informal partnership for the making of a datacollecting guide in order to proceed to a social or territorial diagnosis. Each of the actors collects the data at the level of his or her users (ses usagers). The data is enhanced for analysis, and then the actors participate to the interpretation of data as well.

For Girardot, the concept of territorial intelligence means "the set of inter-disciplinary knowledge which, on the one hand, contribute to the understanding of the structures and dynamics of the territories, and, on the other hand, intends to be an instrument in the service of the actors of the sustainable territorial development" [START_REF] Girardot | Intelligence territoriale et participation[END_REF].

Territorial intelligence, according to Girardot, relies on six ethical and methodological principles, among which the first is the principle of participation.

We consider the identification of the ethical principles of territorial intelligence in the principles of sustainable development of special heuristic value. According to Girardot, sustainable development relies on three principles validated by numerous moral and political instances at world scale: 1) the participation of all actors to development, mainly of the villagers; 2) the global approach of the situations, characterized by a proper balance among the economic, social and environmental considerations; 3) the partnership of the actors. These ethical principles associate with three methodological principles able to guarantee their observance 1) the approach of the territory as action space; 2) the dissemination of the culture of evaluation and the administration through projects; 3) the development of the accessibility of the technologies of the information society.

Girardot states that these principles take into account first that the global approach relies on a both territorial and prospective vision and, second, that participation and partnership define territorial intelligence as an approach mainly focused on actors, and which relies on the accessibility of the information technologies as well as on the cooperation of the actors.

Participation. The notion of participation, according to Girardot, does not concern only the operators (les opérateurs) but also the beneficiaries of the action, more precisely, the citizens. Participation involves decisionmaking as well as the conception, administration and evaluation of action. Participation is based on communication, consequently on information in an interactive context. This means the accessibility of information, the actors' capacity of accessing the contents of the information, and thus, the technologies of information.

The global and balanced approach. This principle is based on the fact that sustainable development, according to Girardot, tends towards a harmonization of the economic, ecologic, social and cultural objectives. As compared to the centralised (centralisée) logic, which is globally translated through a partition of activities, sustainable development is based on an integrated approach of problems at a territorial scale. It is also global in the sense that a territory depends on the world logics. It is also global in the sense that it integrates all the dimensions of the territorial action. Thus, both the social dimension, through the priority given to the meeting of the needs of the deprived, and the ecological dimension in order to preserve the future for the generations forthcoming are taken into account. Territorial intelligence, as Girardot concludes in this chapter, involves numerous fields of knowledge and action (demography, geography, environment, economy, communication, health, patrimony and institutions) and must involve law, history and culture.

Partnership. as Girardot explains, results from the integrated approach which means not only the participation and cooperation of the actors of the territorial action, more generally, of the set of actors in a certain territory. Territorial intelligence, according to Girardot, is characterised by the need to develop the methods and instruments which would facilitate the network action of the partnerships of actors, the partition of information and cooperation.

Let us now focus on the methodological principles stated by Girardot.

The territory as space of action. The primordial role played by the territory in the governance raises a special interest for the concept of territorial intelligence. The territory is defined as interaction between a geographic space and a human community. Hence results that territorial intelligence means three complementary levels of analysis: 1) the territorial actors' game (le jeu), their representations and influential relations, the institutional backgrounds within which they act, as well as the projects and accomplishments which initiate them; 2) the socio-economic dynamics which result from making individual or collective decisions: demographic behaviours, the mobility of goods and individuals, the dynamics of activities etc.; 3) the spatial structures and their evolution which are concrete translations of the actors' games and of the socio-economic dynamics: sceneries and environment, exploitation (occupation) of the soil, the urban morphologies and the networks of settlements, equipments, infrastructures etc. As for the territory, we consider it the necessity to identify the territory proper for action in relation to the administrative territories, and the analysis of governing at several levels to be very important (multi-niveaux).

The project management and the action evaluation. Participation, according to Girardot, means the capacity to elaborate and manage projects, evaluation being the guarantee of an efficient management. The project elaboration in the context of a global and integrated approach means an important apprehension (apprentissage) effort on the actors' behalf. The participation to the collective accomplishment of a territorial diagnosis, then the accomplishment of the system of territorial intelligence inaugurates an apprehension process which continues with the participative evaluation of actions, this signifying the valorisation of good practice and the identification of avoidable errors.

The accessibility of the technologies of the information society and of information. The computer networks, according to Girardot, represent the infrastructure of territorial intelligence. The computer-science and telecommunication instruments are indispensable for the exchange organisation and for the exchange of collective work of the numerous, different actors, who are far away from one another and do not synchronise in time. But, as Girardot notices, the information technologies do not necessarily ensure the information dissemination, or the automatic production of new information.

PROPOSALS FOR EXPLORATORY OPERATIONALISATION AND RESEARCHES IN THE LIVEZILE-RIMETEA MICRO-REGION (ROMANIA)

The micro-region Livezile-Rimetea consisting in those two communes with the same names (Livezile and Rimetea) is geographically situated in the Depression of Trascau, an area with particular landscape in the Apuseni Mountains-Romania (See Photo 1). At the last census ( 2002), 2739 inhabitants were registered of which, 50.97% men and 49.03% women. The micro-region's peculiarity is also given by the long-lasting cohabitation between Romanian people (60.28% in the micro-region and 98.68% in Livezile) and Hungarian people (33.8% in the micro-region and 87.30% in Rimetea).

Rimetea the commune encompasses the villages Rimetea, which is the centre village, and Colţeşti. Livezile commune consists in five villages: Livezile, the centre village, Izvoarele, Poiana Aiudului and Vălişoara. Our researches investigated and explored the representations and opinions of 366 inhabitants, aged over 18, from Rimetea, Colţeşti, Poiana Aiudului, Izvoarele and Livezile.

GIVING VALUE TO THE PARTNERSHIP

Regarding the factors that could be involved in solving local problems, 83.6% of the respondents agreed totally or partially with the foreign investors' exclusive involvement. 86% of the respondents agreed totally or partially with the exclusive involvement of the state. Regarding the town hall, as a unique potential agent of solving local problems, 81.37% agreed totally or partially and 17.2% did not agree. We also focused on businessmen or "people with a lot of money". 72% thought that only they could solve the problems of the community (they agreed totally or partially with this). The belief in the opportunity of a partnership among all the factors of the inhabitants of being unique agents for solving local issues was expressed by 57.7% of the respondents. The partnership idea among all the previously mentioned factors was supported by 87.6% of the respondents.

PROJECT BASED DEVELOPMENT

In our research, the answer given to the help request as a possible indicator of the opportunities to participate in the community development projects was tested by the question: When someone asks you to help them, (ideas, solutions, work or money) how much do the following matter: a)the fact that they have many diplomas, b)the fact that they come from the village/community, c)the political party they belong to, d)the fact that they are a relative or a neighbour, d)the fact that they have a household or a prosperous business, f)anything else?

Of our respondents, 51.7% said that school mattered very much and much, 59.1% thought that belonging to a community mattered very much and much. The political party mattered very much and much for 19.9% of the respondents, while being a relative or a neighbour were very much and much appreciated when giving support by 35.2% of the respondents. Finally, what mattered very much and much was the fact that the person who asks for help has a prosperous household for 31.4% of the respondents.

PARTICIPATION AND INFORMATION

In the operational definition of territorial intelligence we suggested considering the local actors' awareness towards collecting useful information at the level of a local observer in order to correctly ground some development projects. In the research made in the micro-region Livezile-Rimetea, the awareness towards offering information at the village level aimed at the following aspects: a)the villagers' family issues; b)the villagers' social issues; c)the relationship among the villagers' families; d)the evolution of the animals in each household; e)the population changes in each household (births, deaths, marriages, in or out of the village moving); f)the violent behaviour in the village; g)attending a church by the villagers; h) transferring lands in the village (by heritage, selling-buying, donation, exchange); i) environment pollution issues; j) business evolution in the village. The main results are shown in Tables 1 and2.

In the return-of-results interviews with different local leaders from the micro-region, we have shown the following conclusive observations, specific for this theme: Because we wanted to find out if the citizens would contribute with useful information regarding the identification and solving of the village issues, in a local observatory, we found out that almost half or more than half of the respondents agreed to search for and offer different information. Next came the question: what is your comment on this?

Our interlocutors' comments are first of all related to the fear to offer information, due to the communist period experience ("There is nothing like this because they have been afraid to offer information since the time of the deceased [Ceausescu]"), even if it is considered that: "It would be useful. It seems that man lived underground until the revolution, now he is not interested anymore, he had a schedule then, he is confused now, he does not know what tomorrow might bring." (53 years old, Livezile counsellor). There were also some records and referrals to the futility of such a step: "Who would gather the information? This is not necessary. What good would it do to the mayor thinking that I got 10 bags of concrete or a land? It would not help the community in any way." (45 years old, Livezile businessman). Even a mayor kept saying: We are a small enough community and I identify most of the issues in the street, on my way to some work…" (28 years old, mayor, Livezile). When information supply is supported, the information is especially related to infrastructure issues: "I agree with this. There should be a record of all the information concerning road maintenance works, such as weeding or something else …" (45 years old, Rimetea counsellor).

CONCLUSIONS

First of all, our research from Livezile-Rimetea showed the fact that partnerships were positively evaluated by most of the investigated inhabitants. The idea of the exclusive involvement of the village, which had been very popular in the previous years, was now replaced (Pascaru, 2003). A certain tendency to "classify" the information seems to work in the studied communities when family and business are discussed. The ones that agreed with supplying information in general were better integrated in the local communication networks and thus they could constitute an important source of better knowledge of the communities in a territorial intelligence system or in a community development project. Nevertheless, the awareness towards supplying information also has an important ethical side. This side aims both at the relationships among the potential "informers" and the community at the level until which the researcher can get involved in the "secrets" of the community.

Regarding the relational and trust grounds on which we can build a future community development project, a more direct approach related to the different types of social capital can make the relevance of the dimensions of the community matrix clearer. Beyond this desideratum, we can notice the importance still given to the highly educated inhabitants and to their affiliation to the community, compared to the one given to the political party, for example.

Regarding participation with information, in general, we could notice that the number of those saying they would offer information, was smaller only in the case of the family issues in the village, family relationships and when it had to do with the evolution of business in the village.

ANNEX

Table 1 .

 1 The availability to offer information(I)

		Family issues	Social issues	Family	Animal	Population
	Availability	(%) in the village	(%)	(%) relationships	(%) evolution	change (%)
	Rather yes	42.5	51.5	45.2	51.0	56.1
	Rather no	56.7	47.7	53.4	47.4	43.1
	DK/NA	0.8	0.8	1.4	1.6	0.8
	Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Table 2 .

 2 The availability to offer information(II)

		Attending	Land transfer	Environment	Business	Violent
	Availability	church (%)	(%)	pollution (%)	evolution in	behaviour
					the village (%)	(%)
	Rather yes	55.6	54.8	56.7	45.5	51.5
	Rather no	42.5	44.7	42.2	52.9	47.7
	DK/NA	1.9	0.5	1.1	1.6	0.8
	Total	100	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0