Karine Briard

Cindy Duc

Najat El

Mekkaoui De Freitas

Bérangère Legendre

Sabine Mage

Career Interruptions: how do they impact pension rights?

Keywords: E24, H55, J26 Career interruption, Pensions, Social security

teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

Introduction

The retirement age and the standard of living of pensioners depend on a variety of individual and familial life routes: age of employment entry, children, life expectancy, unemployment, inactivity... These deviations from a continuous career are more frequent than in the past in most OECD countries and could induce a strong impact on the age of retirement and on pension benefits [START_REF] Cor | Augmenter le taux d'emploi des seniors, les enseignements des expériences étrangères[END_REF]. The aim of this article is to evaluate the effects of several cases of career breaks on the retirement pension for French workers.

The literature dealing with this subject highlights the specific situation of women. A lot of studies provide an analysis of women's career interruptions due to childbirth. Arun et alii. (2004) and [START_REF] Malo | Women's Family-Related Career Breaks: a Long-Term British Perspective[END_REF] conduct this type of study respectively in the Australian and British cases. According to Arun et alii. (2004), women face income penalties because of their child-related career breaks. [START_REF] Malo | Women's Family-Related Career Breaks: a Long-Term British Perspective[END_REF] show that women tend to choose lower-prestige occupations in anticipation of their career interruptions. [START_REF] Nakamura | On the Determinants of Career Interruption by Childbirth among Married Women in Japan[END_REF] investigate the determinants of career interruption following childbirth for married women in Japan. Their results show the difficulty for an educated woman to find an equivalent position when she quits her job due to childbirth. From Danish data, Gupta and Smith (2001) assess the negative impact of children on mothers' human capital accumulation. In most cases, the number of children has a negative effect on women's wages and consequently on women's pensions.

While children affect particularly women's careers, others career break determinants could be identified. The literature on the French case [START_REF] Briard | Profils types des salariés du secteur privé : approche par une classification des carrières[END_REF][START_REF] Cloarec | Les passages de l'emploi à la retraite[END_REF]Colin, Iéhlé, and

A brief literature review

The recent literature on career interruptions indicates that smooth careers are not frequent. This phenomenon is particularly observed in France over the last years. Many French studies have devoted their attention to these increasing career breaks [START_REF] Cloarec | Les passages de l'emploi à la retraite[END_REF][START_REF] Colin | Les trajectoires de fin de carrière des salariés du secteur privé[END_REF][START_REF] Burricand | Les parcours de fin de carrière des générations 1912-1941: l'impact du cadre institutionnel[END_REF][START_REF] Bommier | Le marché du travail à l'approche de la retraite : évolutions en France entre 1982 et 1999[END_REF]. [START_REF] Cloarec | Les passages de l'emploi à la retraite[END_REF] focuses on the transition time between the last working period and retirement. The author shows that today the breaks are more frequent at the end of career than in the past.

Precisely, the results indicate that the time between the end of working life and the beginning of retirement increased from less than 1 year for people born before 1912, to 2.5 years for people born between 1932 and 1936.

By using the same survey, [START_REF] Burricand | Les parcours de fin de carrière des générations 1912-1941: l'impact du cadre institutionnel[END_REF] pointed towards the crucial role of French legislation, notably, the possibility for workers in the private sector to retire earlier 6 . However Bommier, [START_REF] Bommier | Le marché du travail à l'approche de la retraite : évolutions en France entre 1982 et 1999[END_REF] indicate that the activity rate 7 remains stable for years. According to these authors, part-time work has developed over the last years for men and women. From data provided by the French Employment survey, they indicate that this phenomenon is observed more frequently for men aged from 55 to 59: between 1984 and 1997, the proportion of individuals concerned by part-time employment has tripled. [START_REF] Magnac | Fins de carrière et départs à la retraite : l'apport des modèles de durée[END_REF] carry out a study on the end of careers. They examine the impact of an unemployment period, at the end of professional life, on retirement age. They take into account the effects of the last French reform in 2003 which increased the duration of contribution to receive a full pension.

Using a survey on retirees' incomes 8 , wages data 9 , data on unemployment benefits and early retirement 10 , they study accumulated pension rights as well as career and retirement decisions.

Their analysis shows that women retire later than men, as they experience more career interruptions.

With a duration model, they analyze the impact of unemployment on retirement decisions.

According to their results, workers have a higher probability to retire at the age of 60 and 65 if they experienced an unemployment period during their career. [START_REF] Mette | Impact des différents aléas de carrière sur les retraites : inactivité, chômage, travail à temps partiel et préretraite[END_REF] focus their research on the impact of career setbacks on pension amounts for workers from the private sector by taking into account the 1993 French reform.

They observed that both the break in the working career and the duration of working life have an impact on pension benefits. However, the evolution of the legislation shows that different generations are not submitted to the same treatment. Cohorts fully concerned by the reform of 1993 benefit from a lower replacement rate. Workers experiencing a setback such as unemployment, part-time employment or inactivity often receive a lower replacement rate. This impact can be considerable in terms of pension amounts.

In our article, we follow the same methodology used by Colin and Mette. Nevertheless, we evaluate the impact of career breaks on retirement pensions in the French case by taking into account the last pension reforms rules (2003) and more career breaks cases. Before evaluating the impact of career interruptions, we have to build the career path.

Methodology of career reconstruction and Career Path Analysis

Methodology 8 Data from the Échantillon Interrégimes des Retraités (EIR), a panel which gives information about a retiree's pension in all pension schemes (private -régime general -public pension schemes and complementary schemes). 9 Annual wage returns data given by firms (DADS). 10 Data about the unemployment benefits and pre-retirement from the Union Nationale pour l'Emploi dans l'Industrie et le Commerce (UNEDIC)

In order to reassemble the careers of individuals belonging to the 1938 to 1948 generations, the information given by the INSEE "Enquête Patrimoine" 2003-2004 (box 1) is very helpful to conduct an analysis by cohort as well as by gender. The role of gender is also analysed in detail. Two sub-groups are considered: 2105 men and 2068 women. This survey is particularly useful, as it encompasses a retrospective calendar of the individuals' professional careers. Moreover, the database offers information about all pension schemes. The family characteristics are also provided (number of children) 11 . Starting with the initial situation of each individual, this calendar allows the reader to progressively trace the professional careers of the individual and to identify any interruptions in activity that may have taken place (unemployment and inactivity). The length of each employment can be found, even if the calendar depends on the memory of the surveyed individual. Indeed, some career setbacks may not be mentioned, either because the period was too short for the individual to remember, or because the period of unemployment or inactivity was perceived as a painful phase and therefore difficult to bring up. In other words, the survey minimises the number and the length of career setbacks. The survey covers 22,821 individuals (48% men and 52% women) aged 0 to 99 years old. All of these individuals are interviewed in the first questionnaire, the individual questionnaire.

These individuals belong to the households interviewed in the second questionnaire. This second part of the survey characterizes the households' behaviours. In this "Households" part of the survey, 9 692 households are interviewed. The third questionnaire, the 'Product' part of the survey, provides us with information on the savings and financial products as well as the capital holdings of the household. Finally, the last questionnaire, 'Transmission', refers to the different transfers of capital between ancestors and descendants. This survey particularly informs the reader of the financial and non-financial assets of the household belonging to the selected individual questioned, their revenue, their age, their social-professional category, their education/training, their marital situation, and their status (active, inactive, retired). Furthermore, the survey also includes the type (and sometimes the amount) of asset detention retained by the household (checking account, savings account, real estate, life insurance, corporate savings, etc...). Retirement pensions, both state and private (type and amount), are also presented.

In addition, the survey reports on the situation of households faced with unemployment, illness, and financial constraints. Individuals are asked about their career, their different occupations over their past professional path and their unemployment, part-time employment or inactivity periods.

Another French survey, "l'échantillon interrégime des cotisants (EIC)", regularly informs about the pension rights accumulated by the insured in different public pension schemes. However, we prefer the Patrimoine Survey because it allows us to combine the personal behaviours of the individuals with their household's characteristics, something we cannot do using the EIC. Indeed, we cannot neglect the family phenomena when studying retirement planning.

Initially, the surveyed individuals had the choice between 15 modalities. Given the complexity and the multitude of professional careers, a regrouping of the different occupations into 6 categories was established in the following manner:

Category Grouping For each cohort, an analysis of the individuals' careers was performed, starting with their initial occupation and followed by a decomposition of their different occupational movements.

Career Path Analysis

Tables 1 and2 present the prominent results obtained for the men and women belonging to the 1938 to 1948 generations.

The results indicate that career setbacks are becoming more frequent, particularly for people born after 1944; this is the case for women as much as for men.

As time passes by, men experiencing careers without setbacks before the age of 55 are rarer (table 1). These men represented 91% of the 1938 generation and 80% of the 1943 generation.

Increasing periods of unemployment and inactivity are also observed. More and more men are experiencing at least one period of unemployment during their career path (7% for the 1938 generation, 14% for the 1943 generation and 12% for the 1948 generation).

Inactivity periods are also more and more frequent.

No man from the 1938 and 1943 generations declared having known multiple unemployment periods, while 1.4% of the men from the 1948 generation claimed having been inactive multiple times throughout their professional career. For women, a decrease in the periods of inactivity (table 2) was observed. Fewer and fewer women experience multiple periods of inactivity during their career. As a result, women from more recent generations are more present on the labour market and therefore experience more unemployment periods than their elders (17% for the 1943 generation, 17.5% for the 1948 generation versus 13% for the 1938 generation).

Impact of career accidents on pensions

In this part, we propose to assess the impact of fluctuations around the standard career path on the pension amount and the replacement rate, which is the simplest and most used indicator of the link between pensions and wages. To do that, we use the sample cases method (Box 2)

and define sample cases of a private sector worker's career path which deviates from a fulltime continuous career because of unemployment, part-time work or inactivity.

We limit our study to people who receive a basic pension from only the old age fund of the French Social Security, called CNAV (Caisse nationale d'assurance vieillesse). However, we assess the total amount of the pension determined at retirement, which includes the complementary pensions of ARRCO and AGIRC (only white collar workers).

Box 2: The sample cases method "Sample cases" or "typical cases" are often used for the assessment of public policies. They refer to units like individuals or households, whose characteristics are entirely specified for the study carried out. With regard to existing situations, which would be extracted from a population, sample cases have the advantage of being simple and not being soiled by disruptive singular attributes.

For the study of pension rights, the sample case can represent an insured individual or even a couple or a household if the analysis is extended to survivors' benefits. This sample of insured is then characterized by the attributes examined by the pension scheme for the calculation of one's pension rights: year of birth, sex, number of children, wages, etc...

The sample case can be typical or atypical, representative and\or illustrative. If the goal of the study is to approach a description of reality, sample cases are generally chosen as representative of the most frequent individual situations. This method collides with the problem that an average situation is not always representative of all of the individual situations which it is supposed to describe. Nevertheless, new developments based on the classification of longitudinal professional courses allow us to identify weighted typical cases from a whole population [START_REF] Briard | Profils types des salariés du secteur privé : approche par une classification des carrières[END_REF].

If the goal of the sample cases is simply to illustrate the consequences of the pension's calculation rules, the sample cases can be fictitious, only illustrative, without a narrow link to the characteristics of the population. The stylised sample cases used in this paper, partly built on statistics, can be assigned to an intermediate approach, between representative and conventional cases.

Definitions and sample cases

The reference case that we consider is the path of a childless individual who begins to work at the age of 20 and stops at 60 after a continuous career without breaks or reduced activity periods. It corresponds to the norm on which the calculation of the pension paid by the Social security plan is based (see Box 3).

Five deviations around this reference case are considered12 :

-a part-time job, between the ages of 30 and 44;

-an unemployment period spread over the career path: two years between the 9 th and the 11 th year of the working life, two years between the 19 th and the 21 st , one year between the 29 th and the 30 th ;

-five years of early retirement, which can be assimilated to five years of unemployment at the end of the active life;

-an inactivity period between 35 and 39 years to raise two children, associated to "old age insurance for parents living at home" (OIPH, see Box 3);

-an inactivity period between 35 and 39 years to rise two children, but not associated to OIPH.

Except these last two sample cases supposed to be those of women with two children, cases indifferently characterize a childless woman or a man.

Our analysis also takes into account professional paths with both unemployment and inactivity. We specify three durations for the unemployment spells, 1 year, 3 years and 5 years, and two durations of inactivity, 3 years and 5 years. The place of these events on the career is the following:

-1 year of unemployment at the age of 39 (20 th year of the working life); The professional paths with five years of inactivity are supposed to be followed by women with two children.

Three earnings profiles are considered:

-the flat profile of a blue collar worker 1.2 times the Guaranteed Minimum Wage (GMW);

-the growing profile of a blue collar worker which starts at 0.5 times the SS wageceiling (SSWC) 13 and finishes at 1 SSWC after 40 years of activity;

-the growing profile of a white collar worker (with contribution to AGIRC) which starts at 1 SSWC and finishes at 2 SSWC.

To simplify, we assume that the earnings progress is linear and not concave as it is generally observed. Besides, only the path with inactivity leads to a temporary stop of the wages progress. In the other cases, after the interruption of activity, the wage is the same as in the absence of interruption. For the projection, the GMW and the social security wage ceiling are supposed to grow at an annual rhythm of 1.7% until 2010 and 1.8% beyond (except inflation).

The rate of payroll contributions is constant in the projections. The retirement age is supposed to remain at 65, so that the pensions are always computed at the full rate, without penalties.

Box 3: Calculation of the Social security pension

Social security pensions are managed by the French national old age insurance fund.

In 2008, the pension was calculated in reference to a continuous forty-year career path paid at the level of 800 hours of Guaranteed Minimum Wage (GMW) per year. Thus, a quarter of insurance is validated for every slice of annual wage at 200 hours of GMW (1,772 € on January 1 st , 2010). This validation does not take into account the actual duration of activity, so an individual having worked at this rate a single hour a year for forty years validates forty years of contribution.

Some non-working periods validate quarters without contributory counterpart. These so called "assimilated periods" or AP are granted for any period of 50 days of unemployment, 60 daily allowances in case of disease (also in case of childbirth or of occupational accident)

and for any quarterly payment of the invalidity pension.

The Social security pension is the product of three terms, in a nutshell:

-the annual average wage (AAW), calculated as the average of the actualized highest At retirement, the basic amount of the pension benefit B is calculated as: For people who are eligible for the full rate, this amount is compared to a minimal amount called "contributory minimum", which is delivered on the prorata of the contribution period validated at the CNAV. On April 1 st 2010, its complete annual amount (when p SS ≥ P SS ) is 7,147.68€.

τ × × ) ,
The complete and full pension is a reference, but is not an average. It rather constitutes an eligible maximum because an insured individual whose career path is longer cannot expect a higher pension or an earlier retirement, except if he benefits from two conditions introduced in 2003: -a "surcote", which increases the pension of a rate up to 5% on the condition of pursuing a salaried activity after 60 and being eligible for the full rate; -an early retirement, starting at age 56 for the insured having long careers (with conditions of total insurance period, contribution duration and age of the beginning of activity).

Consequently, among the main differences with regard to the continuous career path, we can mention: the losses of rights due to periods of interrupted or reduced activity, and early retirements before eligibility for the full rate with an insufficient contribution duration.

Box 4: Taking the career accidents into account in the pension of the private sector employees

Unemployment periods

CNAV compensates unemployment in terms of insurance period by granting 1 quarter for 50 days of allowances. If the unemployment period isn't compensated by the unemployment fund, it is taken into account by the pension scheme within the limits of one year (continuous period or not) and, from the 2 nd period, on the condition of succeeding to a compensated unemployment period.

In the complementary plans ARRCO and AGIRC, the unemployment periods allow the granting of points on the basis of the last wages: the daily wage determines the amount of unemployment allowances for ARRCO, and the three last years define allowances for AGIRC.

Consequently, periods of unemployment are quite well compensated by basic and complementary plans. However, the pension of an insured person having known unemployment periods could be lower than if he had followed a continuous career path if:

-more than one year of unemployment isn't compensated by the unemployment fund; -the number of days of the unemployment period was lower than 50 in a calendar year; -wages earned during the years where he was unemployed are included in the annual average wage (AAW); this is often the case if the working life is shorter than 25 years.

Inactivity periods

CNAV gives place to compensation of inactivity periods only in the case of parental leave: a rise of the insurance period is granted to men and women, but they can't cumulate it with the insurance period bonus of eight quarters per child, which is automatically granted to women 14 . Low-income and children's age conditions (one child under 3 years of age or three children under 21), reduced activity or inactivity periods can also give the right to the pension of the "old age insurance for parents living at home" (OIPH), which consists in granting wages (based on GMW) and quarters.

These familial rights are granted without the of stopping activity, and they are cumulative.

For ARRCO and AGIRC, periods of inactivity give points during parental leave if contributions are paid (with the agreement of the employer), but there is no OIPH. In general, there is no compensation for the interruption of working life due to the children's education, but a pension bonus is given to parents of three or more children.

Part-time and low wages

For the CNAV, only the highest wages count for the calculation of the AAW.

A quarter is validated from 200 hours of the Guaranteed Minimum Wage (GMW), that is to say four quarters for a half-time at the GMW all year long or a full-time at the GMW for six months. The important number of wages counted for the AAW penalizes the insured with short and\or intermittent career paths. Since 2004, when no quarter is validated, the corresponding year is excluded. However, if a single quarter is validated, the wage -though lower-is considered an annual wage.

ARRCO and AGIRC don't compensate periods of weak payments because the points to which the workers are entitled are in proportion to their contributions. Since 2005, people have the possibility of paying the contribution on the basis of full-time employment, but in accordance with their employers.

Results and analysis

At retirement, former employees of the private sector receive at least two pensions from the statutory plans: the pension benefit of the Social security, which is a function of the insurance period and the best wages, and the pension of the complementary plans, ARRCO and AGIRC for white collar workers, which are proportional to contributions. Yet, each of these schemes includes some compensation mechanisms so that an "accident" in the career path is generally smoothened.

Impact on the Social security pension paid by CNAV

For the sample cases considered for the 1940-generation, part-time employment, unemployment and inactivity, associated or not with the OIPH, induce a variation up to 12% on the CNAV pension amount (Table 3 and Annex 1).

The impact of an accident on the insurance period is limited by various mechanisms included in the legislation (see. Box 4). The insurance period is of 160 quarters for the sample case with part-time employment because the annual wage is supposed to be always higher than 800 hours of GMW. For the case with unemployment periods, wages earned during years without unemployment are sufficient to validate four quarters a year too; moreover, the years for which the unemployment period lasts all year are completely compensated with the validation of four assimilated periods (AP). We observe the same result for the cases with an early retirement or an inactivity period associated to OIPH. The only cases in which the insurance period is less than that of the continuous career are the sample cases with inactivity and no OIPH. Of course, losses in the insurance period are less when a bonus is granted for children (16 quarters for two children). For example, the insurance period of the case with 5 years of unemployment and 3 years of inactivity is only 148 quarters, while it is 156 for the case of 5 years of unemployment and 5 years of inactivity with two children (Annex 1b).

Whatever the sample case, the wages are superior or equal to 1.2 GMW so that the pension is not raised at the contributory minimum and the annual average wage (AAW) is effectively taken into account for the calculation of the pension. As a consequence, the incidence of a not-salaried period is variable according its timing in the career and the wages profile: if it concerns a period of weak (respectively high) earnings, AAW -and consequently the pension benefit-will be higher (respectively lesser) than for a continuous career path. Thus, a period of unemployment generally affects AAW and pension benefits less than an early retirement period, which is situated at the end of active life. For the sample cases studied, early retirement causes a decline reaching about 13% for a career path with wages growing from 0.5 to 1 SSWC, 6% for a flat profile with wages at 1.2 GMW and 5% for wages going up to the ceiling (cf. table 3a), while these values are always less in case of an unemployment period with the same duration: respectively -2.1%, -1.0% and -0.4%.

Besides, in case of an accident (part-time, unemployment or inactivity), the selection of the highest wages limits the decline of the AAW and, as a consequence, the pension. For example, for a career paid 1.2 GMW, the period of part-time employment induces a loss of 18.5% of the career average wage for the 1940-generation, but AAW being calculated on only the best wages (the 17 highest ones), its decline remains weak (in most cases 0.4%; cf. table 3 and Annex 1a). The "shock absorber" role of the calculation rule of the AAW is also particularly visible on the case mixing unemployment and inactivity breaks (Table 3b and Annex 1b). In particular, when we consider ten years without wages, that is one quarter of the total career duration, the AAW only declines 0.4% in the sample case with the higher wages (1 to 2 SSW) when the career average wage declines about 4%.

For the more recent generations, the increasing number of wages included in the AAW (enacted in 1993) leads to a decline of the ratio AAW / career average wage (Table 4). This weakens the "shock absorber" mechanism, particularly for the increasing proportion of people for whom the working life is shorter than the number of wages considered in AAW. The risk of a decrease in pensions is strengthened by the gradual increase in the insurance period required to benefit from a full pension (enacted by the 1993 and 2003 reforms) and to have a complete pension (2003 reform). As a consequence, the standard career of forty years becomes incomplete and does not represent the norm anymore. The relative losses due to a deviation from the new standard career could also increase.

Impact on the total amount of the pension

The complementary plans are often qualified as more contributive than the basic plan because they do not include implicit redistributive mechanisms such as the AAW calculation rules.

Neverthess, they compensate some accidents like unemployment periods to a wider extent by granting as many points as the wage was maintained, while the basic plan validates quarters but does not record wages, which can have a negative impact on the annual average wage.

Evidence of redistributive mechanisms in the pension calculation rules, specifically in the basic pension, is given by decreasing replacement rates: the higher the wages during the working life, the stronger the erosion in purchasing power at retirement. In the sample cases under consideration, redistribution essentially plays between the low or the average level of earnings (1.2 GMW or 0.5 to 1 SSCW) and the high level of earnings (1 to 2 SSCW), regardless of the replacement rates computed on the last wage (see Figure 1) or on the average wage (see Table 3 and Annex 1).

The total effect of a deviation from the standard career path on the total amount of pension depends on the nature of the deviation.

The differences in wages -due to part-time employment, for example-are not smoothened in the complementary pensions. As expected, with regard to other accidents, the insured who have part-time employment periods are those who lose most in terms of complementary pension, and the higher their wages, the higher their losses: the loss reaches 12.4% for the at 1.2 GMW, 13.1% for the career growing from 0.5 to 1 SSWC, and of 19.3 % for the career growing from 1 to 2 SSWC, with a 30% loss on the only pension served by the AGIRC.

On the contrary, in the case of unemployment, the complementary plans can better compensate the loss in pension. It appears that the loss in complementary pensions is less in the case of early retirement -assimilated to unemployment for the pension entitlements-than in the case of unemployment earlier in the career. With regard to a continuous career, the loss of total pension in the case of early retirement is less important than on only the basic plan (2.5% versus 5.9% for a career at 1.2 GMW, for example; see Table 3). On the other hand, the compensation of unemployment at younger ages by the complementary plans is not sufficient to compensate for the negative consequences of the accident on the total pension (1.9% versus 1.0% for a career in 1.2 GMW).

In no case do complementary plans compensate inactivity. Thus, the complementary pension of an insured having interrupted his activity is always lower than the pension of an insured with a continuous career. Nevertheless, for the sample cases considered in which inactivity is connected to the education of children, the familial rights entitled by the basic scheme, which can "overcompensate" this kind of interruption, perform quite well for the complete compensation of blue collar workers and reduce the decline of the pension for the white collar workers. In particular, the familial rights can help to access to the « surcote », i.e. a bonus of the pension for each quarter validated by contribution after the full-rate age, from 60.

Consequently, a woman with 160 quarters at 60 (got by 31 years of work, 5 years of OIPH, plus 4 years for two children) who works during four years from 60 to 63, can get a bonus of 12% on her basic pension if the bonus rate is of 3% per annum 15 .

Conclusion

This article provides a measure of the impact of several career breaks on the pension retirement taking into account the last French pension reform (2003). The statutory pension schemes of the private sector employees include mechanisms to compensate career setbacks.

However, the mechanisms could be estimated insufficient in the extent that the insured are not guaranteed to perceive the amounts they would have earned if they had continued to work.

In the theoretical cases studied and under the assumptions relative to these cases, a break in career could appear to be an advantage for the insured, who may perceive the same -even a higher-pension than he would with a continuous career. Nevertheless, the situation for which the pensioner receives a higher pension amount when the career is interrupted is only observed in the specific case of inactivity for children's education. This overcompensation is not necessarily inefficient, as it not only compensates for the direct consequences of the accident, but also the long run repercussions on the career. It's notably the case with childbirth because mothers obliged to temporally interrupt their activities can have difficulties recovering the same level of wages, or a similar growth in wages, when they are back on the labour market.

Besides, we have to keep in mind these evaluations are carried out on specific cases. Most of the career accidents lasted entire years -except for the case with unemployment spread over the career path. This has a relatively low impact on the annual average wage because in counterpart, the years with wages included in the pension are not amputated.

Among the various measures authorities could take to correct the negative consequences of career setbacks on pension, one measure could be to record the wages which would have been perceived without the career break. An easier to implement and less expansive measure would be to consider the allowances perceived during the career break, as it is currently contemplated for maternity leave. However, this solution would not systematically give a higher pension in the extent that no wage can be less penalizing on the annual average wage than a low wage (including allowances) for persons who have fully worked during less than 25 years. If we lay cost issues aside, these kinds of measures could be considered for career setbacks such as unemployment or illness where the allowances are linked to contributions. In return, even if it's also technically possible that in a similar way the social income given to inactive people provide pension rights, that would raise questions about the grounds and the goals of the pension system. Finally, if we search to minimize the impact of career setbacks on retirees' revenues, the analysis scope has to be broadened in order to envision other calculation rules and to consider the social protection system as a whole. SSWC: Social security wage ceiling, * Gross replacement rate of the career average wage (deviation in points of percentage) ** Case with a labor withdrawal at 56, then a re-entry from 60 to 63. The insurance period is unchanged, but the insured is eligible to a bonus of her basic pension. For the 1940-generation, the case has an illustrative role, because the "surcote" was set up in 2004 and only the quarters got from this date are taken into account. Moreover, here we suppose the delay of the working period from 56-59 to 60-63 has no impact on the pension without bonus (actualization coefficients of wages and points prices are the same). Amounts in euros 2007, the career annual average wage of an insured born in 1940 who has followed a continuous career from 20 to 59 years of age, paid at full-time at 1.2 GMW, is of 11,885 €. At his retirement at 65, this insured can expect from the CNAV a pension of 7,808 €, his replacement rate is then of 65.7% (7,808 / 11,885). If this insured had had 15 years of parttime from 30 to 44 years, his pension would have been less of 0.4% and his replacement rate higher of 14.52 points.

Box 1 :

 1 The INSEE Patrimoine Survey 2003-2004 The Patrimoine survey 2003-2004, including 9,692 households, was completed by INSEE between October 2003 and January 2004 and contains data on the entire metropolitan area. The objective was to evaluate the ownership and the value of different types of capital assets or liabilities, to describe the professional capital of self-employed workers to retrace the history (both conjugal and professional) behind the capital of the households (inheritance, professional activity cycle). It is the last survey available on this subject. It follows the survey on Financial Assets in 1992 and the Patrimoine survey in 1998. The survey includes four questionnaires completed by French households and individuals.

- 3

 3 years of unemployment: one at the age of 29, two years at the ages of 38 and 40; -5 years of unemployment: same repartition as the second sample case; -3 years of inactivity from the age of 31 to 33 years; -5 years of inactivity from the ages of 31 to 35 years.

  annual wages (the 17 highest for the 1940-generation, the 25 highest for the 1948generation); -the prorate coefficient, which is the ratio between the insurance period validated by the individual at the Social security scheme, p SS , and the statutory maximal insurance period, P SS (150 quarters for the 1940-generation until 2008, 160 since); -the calculation rate (τ), called "full rate" at its maximum of 50% and reduced by a rate δ according to the insurance period required to reach 65 years of age or a statutory insurance period, all basic plans being considered, P AP (157 quarters for the 1940-generation until 2003, 160 since).

Table 1 :

 1 Evolution of Career Setbacks for Men before they are 55 years old

	Generation	1938	1943	1948
	%

of individuals without any career setbacks at 55 years old

		91%	80.4%	83%
	Among them, without changes	36%	45%	33.3%
	%

of individuals having known at least one period of unemployment

		7.1%	14.7%	12.2%
	Among them, % of individuals having known:
	-unemployment in the beginning/middle of their career	62.5%	33%	44%
	-unemployment at the end of career	37.5%	67%	56%
	Multiple periods of unemployment	1%	2%	3.4%
	%

of individuals having known at least one period of inactivity

		1.8%	8.8%	6.1%
	Among them, % of individuals having known:
	-inactivity in the beginning/middle of their career	50%	33.3%	55%
	-inactivity at the end of career	50%	66.6%	45%
	Multiple periods of inactivity	0%	0%	1.4%
	%

of individuals having known one or more periods of unemployment and inactivity 0% 2% 2% Number of observations 113 102 148

Source: Patrimoine Survey 2003 -2004, authors' calculations.

Table 2 :

 2 Evolution of Career Setbacks for Women before they are 55 years old

	Generation	1938	1943	1948
	% of individuals without any career setbacks at 55	37.9%	42.2%	44.7%
	years old
	Among them, without changes	47%	65%	47%
	% of

individuals having known at least one period of unemployment

	12.7%	17.2%	17.4%
	58%	25%	50%
	42%	75%	50%
	4.2%	3.5%	3.7%
	%

Among them, % of individuals having known:

-unemployment in the beginning/middle of their career -unemployment at the end of career Multiple periods of unemployment

of individuals having known at least one period of inactivity

  The career path of a woman appears to be less and less perturbed over time. A career without any interruptions is observed for 38% of the women from the 1938 generation, 42% from the 1943 generation, and 45% from the 1948 generation.

		55.8%	51.7%	45.3%
		55%	45%	63%
		45%	55%	37%
	Multiple periods of inactivity	16.8%	11.2%	6.8%
	% of individuals having known one or more periods	6%	11.2%	8%
	of unemployment and inactivity
	Number of observations	95	116	161

Among them, % of individuals having known:

-inactivity in the beginning/middle of their career -inactivity at the end of career Source: Patrimoine Survey 2003 -2004, authors' calculations.

Table 3 :

 3 Deviations from the reference career a) Analysis on sample cases with one kind of accident -1940-generation -retirement at 65 years

						CNAV	CNAV + ARRCO	CNAV + ARRCO + AGIRC
			Career	AAW	Total	Pension in	Replacem	Pension in	Replacem	Pension in	Replacem
			average	in €2007	insurance	€2007	ent	€2007	ent	€2007	ent
			wage		period		rate		rate		rate
			in €2007
		continuous, full-time	11 885	15 617	160	7 808	65,7%	12 753	107,3%	12 753	107,3%
		with part-time	-18,5%	-0,4%	0,0%	-0,4%	14,52	-5,1%	17,60	-5,1%	17,60
	1.2 GMW (blue collar)	with unemployment with early retirement	-7,2% -5,9%	-1,0% -5,9%	0,0% 0,0%	-1,0% -5,9%	4,44 -0,01	-1,9% -2,5%	6,21 3,87	-1,9% -2,5%	6,21 3,87
		inactivity compensated by OIPH	-0,3%	0,0%	10,0%	0,0%	0,17	0,3%	0,58	0,3%	0,58
		(with activity after 60)**	-0,3%	0,0%	10,0%	12,0%	8,07	7,6%	8,48	7,6%	8,48
		inactivity not compensated	-0,3%	0,0%	-2,5%	0,0%	0,17	0,3%	0,58	0,3%	0,58
		continuous, full-time	17 721	25 157	160	12 579	71,0%	19 045	107,5%	19 045	107,5%
		with part-time	-17,0%	-2,1%	0,0%	-2,1%	12,72	-5,9%	14,45	-5,9%	14,45
	from 0.5 to 1	with unemployment	-6,6%	-2,1%	0,0%	-2,1%	3,43	-2,7%	4,46	-2,7%	4,46
	SSWC	with early retirement	-9,3%	-12,8%	0,0%	-12,8%	-2,73	-8,7%	0,65	-8,7%	0,65
	(blue collar)	inactivity compensated by OIPH	1,3%	0,0%	10,0%	0,0%	-0,93	0,2%	-1,20	0,2%	-1,20
		(with activity after 60)**	1,3%	0,0%	10,0%	12,0%	7,48	8,1%	7,21	8,1%	7,21
		inactivity not compensated	1,3%	0,0%	-2,5%	0,0%	-0,93	0,2%	-1,20	0,2%	-1,20
		continuous, full-time	35 443	27 589	160	13 794	38,9%	21 636	61,0%	30 117	85,0%
		with part-time	-17,0%	0,0%	0,0%	0,0%	7,98	-2,7%	10,53	-10,4%	6,72
	from 1 to 2	with unemployment	-6,6%	-0,4%	0,0%	-0,4%	2,58	-0,8%	3,79	-4,3%	2,15
	SSWC	with early retirement	-9,3%	-4,8%	0,0%	-4,8%	1,92	-2,4%	4,59	-6,2%	2,85
	(white collar)	inactivity compensated by OIPH	1,3%	0,0%	10,0%	0,0%	-0,51	-0,2%	-0,94	-2,8%	-3,50
		(with activity after 60)**	1,3%	0,0%	10,0%	12,0%	4,10	7,4%	3,67	2,6%	1,11
		inactivity not compensated	1,3%	0,0%	-2,5%	0,0%	-0,51	-0,2%	-0,94	-2,8%	-3,50

Table 4 :

 4 Ratio AAW / gross annual wage average (retirement at 65) For an insured born in 1940, the annual average wage (AAW) considered for the calculation of his pension is based on his 17 highest actualized wages. Because of the limitation to the best wage, if the insured has followed a continuous full-time carrier, with wages at 1.2 GMW, the AAW is also higher than 31% of the gross annual wage average. From the 1948 generation, the number of wages considered in the AAW goes to 25, which leads to a decrease of the ratio AAW / gross annual wage average. The variations between the successive generations submitted to the same rules of calculation(here the 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980 generations) are only due to different wage sequences. Figure 1: Gross replacement rate of the last wage (retirement at 65 years) Analysis on sample cases with only one kind of accident -1940-generation Annex 1: Evaluation on sample cases for the 1940-generation a) with only one kind of accident: part-time, unemployment, early retirement, inactivity with children

	Career at 1.2 GMW			Generations
	(blue collar)	1940	1950	1960	1970	1980
	Continuous at full-time	1.31	1.13	1.11	1.13	1.13
	with part-time	1.60	1.29	1.26	1.26	1.26
	with unemployment	1.40	1.19	1.16	1.17	1.26
	with early retirement	1.31	1.10	1.07	1.08	1.09
	inactivity compensated by OIPH	1.32	1.12	1.09	1.10	1.10
	inactivity not compensated	1.32	1.12	1.09	1.10	1.10

* * For the case with early retirement, the last wage is the wage earned at 54 years and not at 59.

1992 French agreement.

According to ILO.

The Echantillon Interrégimes des Cotisants (EIC) is another French survey which gives detailed information on the insured, but children and unemployed without benefits are not recorded.

These five cases are those of[START_REF] Mette | Impact des différents aléas de carrière sur les retraites : inactivité, chômage, travail à temps partiel et préretraite[END_REF]. They are convergent with the observations made on the Patrimoine survey.

The Social security ceiling is the maximal wage submitted to contribution for the basic pension scheme. It is indexed on wages' growth. On January 1st, 2010, the annual ceiling was 34,620€.

The bonus of eight quarters by child was reformed in 2010. Now, four out of eight quarters can be given the father according the decision of the parents.

The bonus rate was 3% by year until 2006. It became progressive, 3% to 5% according the number of contributed quarters, in 2007 and 2008. From January, 1 st , 2009, it is uniform and set at 5%.

b) with two kinds of accidents: unemployment and inactivity


Vocabulaire Christian Meyer

à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

"assemblé" à Corbie, au début de l'abbatiat d'Adalhard, au cours des années 780 3 . C'est dire que si, pour la musique, le LG puise principalement dans les Étymologies et le De ecclesiasticis officiis d'Isidore, dans un corpus de sources grammaticales, enfin dans de nombreux textes patristiques 4 , il ignore les textes majeurs mis au programme d'étude des arts libéraux au IX e siècle et sur lesquels repose précisément l'ars musica médiévale : le De institutione musica de Boèce, les commentaires du Timée de Calcidius, celui du Songe de Scipion par Macrobe, ou encore le De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii qui, comme la Musique de Boèce, fera l'objet d'une abondante glose. 2. Composé près de trois siècles après le Liber glossarum, le dictionnaire de Papias se situe à un moment de l'histoire de la musique où la théorie du chant liturgique issu de la réforme carolingienne s'est consolidée, posant désormais une classification des chants de l'office et de la messe selon les catégories de l'octoechos et un ensemble de règles régissant la psalmodie et le chant antiphoné. A cet égard, le dictionnaire de Papias, bien après la rédaction des grands traités des IX e et X e siècles (Aurélien de Réôme, Hucbald, Musica Enchiriadis, Alia Musica), et au moment même de l'essor de l'enseignement de Guy d'Arezzo (fl. c. 1020-1035), réunit a priori les conditions historiques pour rendre compte de la "réception lexicographique" de cette étape fondamentale de la construction de la théorie du chant liturgique. 3. Contrairement au Liber glosssarum, le dictionnaire de Papias a connu une fortune considérable tout au long du Moyen Age jusqu'à l'aube des temps modernes, comme en témoignent plus d'une centaine de manuscrits et non moins de quatre éditions incunables5 . Il a été en outre l'instrument de référence pour d'autres ouvrages lexicographiques comme le Liber derivationum d'Hugutio de Pise [START_REF]7 Plusieurs éditions incunables en ligne sur le site de la Bayerische Staatsbibliothek[END_REF] , composé vers 1160, ou encore le Catholicon (vers 1286) du Dominicain Jean de Gênes 7 , mais il semble également avoir alimenté les écrits sur la musique tout au long du Moyen Age, et ces traces méritent d'être précisément identifiées.

Les recherches sur Papias en sont sensiblement restées à l'état où Georg Goetz les avaient abandonnées il y a un peu plus d'un siècle [START_REF] Goetz | Sitzungsberichte der philosophischphilologischen und der historischen Klasse der Königlichen Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München[END_REF] . On retiendra que Papias serait un Lombard, originaire peut-être de Pavie (Papia). Dans l'épître dédicatoire adressée à ses deux fils, il évoque ses patres et fratres, indiquant ainsi qu'il vivait dans une communauté religieuse. Bruno, prince-évêque de Wurzbourg, aurait eu connaissance d'une version préparatoire du dictionnaire avant sa mort survenue en 1045. Enfin selon une conjecture du moine cistercien Albéric de Trois-Fontaines, l'Elementarium doctrinae rudimentum aurait été achevé en 1053. Selon les analyses de Georg Goetz, la majeure partie du matériel lexicographique de son oeuvre est empruntée au Liber glossarumen particulier les entrées qui présentent un caractère évident de glose. De nombreuses entrées du Liber glossarum sont en effet reproduites, par séquences entières, dans le même ordre, parfois abrégées. C'est un point que nous avons pu vérifier dans notre propre enquête. Par ailleurs Papias a largement puisé dans la Grammaire de Priscien et ses scholies, mais aussi chez Boèce et dans un Commentum super Boetium attribué par ailleurs à Loup de Ferrières. Enfin parmi les références abrégées dont sont émaillées les entrées de son dictionnaire, on relève au passage les noms de saint Jérôme, Rémi d'Auxerre, Bède, Fulgence, Horace, Cicéron, un Liber derivationum non identifié par ailleurs ou encore l'Histoire des Lombards de Paul Diacre. G. Goetz concluait son étude en invitant le lecteur moderne a suivre le texte de l'édition incunable de 1476, le cas échéant a procéder à quelques vérifications ponctuelles sur les sources les plus anciennes. C'est dire qu'au vu des témoins de la tradition manuscrite qu'il a pu consulter, il jugeait sans doute que la tradition était relativement stable, ou, du moins, que l'édition incunable préparée par le philologue Bonino Mombricio lui paraissait donner un état satisfaisant du texte original.

Pour notre enquête nous avons suivi le texte donné par le ms. Latin 11531 de la Bibliothèque nationale de France. Il s'agit d'un volume de 252 f., d'assez grand format (505 × 355 mm), dans une copie, sur trois colonnes, du premier tiers du XIII e siècle. Selon un ex-libris, ce volume fut au XVI e siècle la propriété de l'abbaye de Corbie avant de passer chez les Bénédictins de Saint-Germain. La mise en page se distingue par sa clarté : retour à la ligne pour chaque nouvelle entrée et lettre initiale de chaque entrée dans un module un peu plus grand et légèrement repoussée en marge. Notons que le hasard des cotes range ce livre auprès de l'illustre copie du Liber Glossarum de la fin du VIII e siècle (Lat. 11529-11530).

La recherche des sources de Papias en matière de vocabulaire musical est assez décevante : bon nombre d'occurrences proviennent du Liber glossarum et/ou des Étymologies d'Isidore de Séville. Pour le vocabulaire de l'Ars musica, Papias a puisé dans des sources réintroduites par les savants de la renaissance carolingienne, notamment dans Macrobe (art. diatessaron, hemilius, musice melodie), Cassiodore (tonus) et (sans doute indirectement) Boèce (apothoma, peut-être diapason). Un examen du vocabulaire que nous avons relevé montre aussi que si la terminologie gréco-latine du grand système parfait a été recueillie (à l'exception singulière des entrées parhypate et paranete), le vocabulaire technique de la théorie de la modalité est pour ainsi dire inconnu. Les articles prothos et tetrardus ignorent l'acception musicale de ces termes (nous n'avons d'ailleurs pas trouvé d'articles deuterus et tritus). De même, le vocabulaire des intervalles mélodiques, qui commence à s'établir au cours de la première moitié du XI e siècle, n'a pas été recueilli (comme ditonus ou semiditonus par exemple9 ). Deux entrées toutefois retiennent plus particulièrement l'attention et présentent un intérêt, l'un pour l'histoire de la théorie et des pratiques du chant liturgique, l'autre pour l'histoire de l'adaptation de la nomenclature des tons greco-latins à l'octoechos carolingien. Cette acception de la diesis correspond sensiblement à la diesis du genre enharmonique, à savoir la moitié d'un demi-ton (une sorte de quart de ton) constitutif de la structure du tétracorde dans le genre harmonique : soit, en descendant, tierce majeure, diesis et diesis (la, fa mi+ mi, par exemple). Ces micro-tons semblent avoir été connus du rédacteur du tonaire dit de Dijon 10 . Ce tonaire, daté de la première moitié du XI e siècle 11 , utilise en effet, au fil de la notation alphabétique A-P cinq signes en forme de Tau couchés ou de Gamma retournés et renversés qui, restitués dans leur contexte, correspondent au troisième degré (dans l'ordre descendant) de chacun des cinq tétracordes du grand système parfait dans sa division selon le genre enharmonique 12 .

Le recours à des inflexions micro-tonales est également décrit dans un appendice au chapitre X du Micrologus qui ne figure que dans neuf manuscrits dont certains parmi les plus anciens de la tradition du texte 13 15 . Il demeure que la précision « sequentis (semitonii) » apportée par le commentateur du Micrologus semble plutôt désigner le demi-ton E-F. Mais on peut aussi objecter que ces explications pourraient 14 Le texte dit un peu plus haut (10, 8c) : « In nullo enim sono valet fieri excepto tertio et sexto, nam si reperiatur in alio penitus emendanda est ». Ce passage indique que l'auteur de cet appendice se situe dans une tradition qui ignore le gamma grave. 15 L'interprétation communément acceptée est celle d'un abaissement. Cf. p. ex. Armand Machabey, « le terme "subduction" paraît bien désigner une légère inflexion de la voix au-dessous de la tonique à laquelle elle revient » Histoire et évolution des formules musicales du I er au XV e siècle de l'ère chrétienne (Paris, 1928), p. 95. Toutefois selon Fraselle et Germain, deux auteurs d'un mémoire « Sur l'emploi du quart de ton dans le chant grégorien au Moyen Âge » présenté par Fétis en 1857 devant l'Académie royale de Belgique, « la subduction, même dans le genre diatonique, consistait chez les anciens à hausser une note d'un quart de ton appelé dièse... » (Bulletin de l'Académie royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, XXIV [1857], p. 543). Même lecture chez R. Schlecht (1871) : « Dann ist der dritte (Ton), welcher vor dem vierten oder dem ersten (im authentischen ersten Modus) steht, etwas zu subduziren (hinaufzuziehen), und diese Subduction heisst Diesis » (R. Schlecht, « Micrologus Guidonis de disciplina artis musicae. In deutscher Uebersetzung », Monatshefte für Musikgeschichte, V (1873), p. 135-177, voir p. 146). Nous n'avons pas trouvé trace de débats récents sur l'interprétation de ce terme.

tout aussi bien se rapporter à la conception "classique" -à savoir descendante -du tétracorde, empruntée peut-être à une glose perdue de la Musique de Boèce.

2. Modi artis musice sunt VIII : lidius, hypolidius, frigius, hypofrigius, dorius, hypodorius, mixolidius, hypomixolidius.

Les modes de l'art de musique sont au nombre de huit : le lydien, l'hypolydien, le phrygien, l'hypophrygien, le dorien, l'hypodorien, le mixolydien, l'hypomixolydien. La nomenclature-type des modes forgée d'après Boèce, De inst. mus. 4, 15 se décline, à la suite de l'Alia musica (fin IX e , début X e s. ?), dans l'ordre suivant : dorien, hypodorien, phrygien, hypophrygien, lydien, hypoloydien, mixolydien, hypermixolydien 16 . Toutefois l'examen des rubriques des tonaires des XI e et XII e siècles ou d'un traité comme celui de Hermannus Contractus, révèle quelques divergences dans l'adaptation de la terminologie de Boèce aux modes de l'octoechos dont nous avons dressé la liste ailleurs17 . Il se trouve que la nomenclature particulièrement insolite de Papias est en accord avec l'une de ces adaptations divergentes. Il s'agit, en l'occurrence de la terminologie utilisée par l'une des deux traditions manuscrites d'un tonaire autrefois publié par Martin Gerbert (Anon. II) et attribué par Michel Huglo -non sans réserves -à Sigebert de Gembloux (1030-1112) 18 . Michael Bernhard, dans l'introduction à l'édition critique de ce traité-tonaire, indique toutefois que ce texte pourrait avoir été composé dès le X e siècle, dans la région de Liège 19 . L'un des deux témoins du tonaire qui possèdent la nomenclature en accord avec Papias, est un manuscrit du XI e siècle provenant de l'abbaye Saint-Pierre de Gembloux (Br) sur lequel le nom de Sigebert a été associé (de seconde main) au traité-tonaire en question 20 . L'autre (Pr) est un manuscrit copié vers la fin du XI e siècle dans le sud de la Principauté de Liège 21 . S'il est peu probable que cette nomenclature atypique a été substituée postérieurement à la nomenclature-type dans la branche de la tradition du texte illustrée par Br et Pr, il est plus vraisemblable qu'elle était présente dans l'archétype avant d'être modifiée dans l'hypotexte dont dépend le reste de la tradition du texte 22 . Cette hypothèse ne pourra toutefois être validée que par la découverte d'un témoin bien antérieur de cette nomenclature. * * * Au-delà des deux entrées qui viennent d'être commentées, la lecture du Vocabulaire de Papias laissera toutefois l'historien de la musique sur sa faim. En revanche, la consultation de cette encyclopédie lexicale demeure incontournable pour l'étude critique des sources des traités de musique, notamment dans l'exploration des "généralités" sur la musique, son origine, son étymologie, etc. qui abondent dans les écrits à partir du XIII e siècle, en particulier universitaires. Peut-être faudra-t-il se rendre compte que derrière telle ou telle définition le compilateur aura tout simplement puisé dans l'Elementarium doctrinae rudimentum conservé dans la bibliothèque voisine de son cabinet de travail... LG 218v.c (HIERONIM.)

234r.b

Tympanum dicitur media pars simphonie in similitudine cribri.

LG

  Cythara cum IIII cordis. 233v.b Tibie dicte quasi tube sunt enim longitudine et specie similes. ISID. etym. 11, 1, 110 233v.b Tybia est instrumentum musice cum diversis foraminibus que ore inflantur. 233v.b Tybicen. Qui tibia canit, inde tibicino, -as. tibia canit] LG 218v.c 233v.b Tibicen componitur a genitivo tibie et cano, quasi tibiicen sed commutat duas II breves in unam longam. Est autem communis generis, sed tamen feminum tibicina facit unde melius masculini est. 233v.b Tibicines sunt lugubre carmen canentes.

  Cythare et psalterii repertor Tubal fuisse perhibetur. A Grecis autem Apollo repertor creditur que pectori humano prius similis fuit unde dicitur. Nam pectus dorica lingua cythara vocatur. Paulatim autem plures exstiterunt species eius, ut psalteria, lire, barbite, fenies et pectides et que dicuntur indice que et feriuntur a duobus simul et alie plures. Lirici poete dicit apo tou lerein, i. a varietate carminum. Liricum carmen erat in quo arrident laudes puerosque deorum et pugiles et equi iuvenes et vina referre. Musa dicitur a moys greco, i. aqua, quia musicus sonus maxime ex aqua et aere fit. Que ideo novem finguntur quia vox humana per novem fit officia ex plectro, lingua, pulsu, quatuor dentium, repercussione duorum labrorum, cano gutturiis adiutorio pulmonis sicut follis. Muse sunt dicte filie Iovis et Iunionis, quia omnis vox ex aere et ethere fit. Secundum philosophos autem musa dicitur quasi Moysis, i. aquativa quia nulla sonora vox potest esse sine aqua. Nam aque motus musicam <146v.b> facit. Muse autem appellate a potu myso, i. <a> querendo, quod per eas, sicut Antiqui voluerunt, vis carminum et vocis modulatio queretur. Que inde a poetis Iovis et Memorie filie esse conficte sunt. Nisi enim memoria teneantur soni pereunt quia scribi non possunt. Moyses dicit repertorem musice fuisse Tubal. Greci vero Pytagoram. Alii Linum Thebeum et Zetheum et Amphion. Simphonia vulgo appellatur lignum concavum ex utraque parte pelle extensa quam virgulis hinc inde musicis feriunt, fitque in ea ex concordia et acuti suavissimus cantus. Sistrum lingua egyptiaca dicitur tuba, cum quo Ysis describitur. 220v.a Sonare. Sonum emittere vel facere. Sono -as et sono -is eiusdem significationes, sonui, preteritum sonitum. 220v.a Sono -as inde sonus -ni, sonitus -tus, sonorus -a -um componitur dissonus, armisonus, altisonus, consonantia. A sono nomine componitur sons, sontis, unde componitur insons. 220v.b Sonorus. Benesonans. Sonus gravis. . LG 198r.c (ESIDORI. Sonus et sonitus. Differt nam sonus est quidquid auditus sensibile, sonitus vero confuse voces.) 220v.b Sonus motus est aeris. Huius tria sunt genera : voce ut per fauces, flatu sicut per tubam, pulsu sicut per lyram, et cetera. voce... lyram] ISID. etym 3, 19, 2 (lyram] citharam).

	33v.c 36v.a 38r.a 45v.a 47r.c 47r.c 49r.b 49r.b 51r.a 51r.a 51r.a 51r.a 51r.a 51r.a 51r.a 51r.b 54r.c 57r.a 59v.b 59v.c 61r.b 61r.b 61r.b 61v.a 65v.a 65v.a 65v.a 65v.a 65v.a 65v.a 65v.a 67v.b 68v.a 69v.c 75v.c 75v.c 76r.a 76r.a 76r.a 76r.a 76r.a 76r.b 76r.b 76r.b 76r.b 76r.b 76r.c 76v.c 76v.c 76v.c 78r.b 78r.c 79v.a 81r.a 84r.b 90r.b 93v.b 93v.b 94v.a 94v.a 94v.a 105r.a 105r.c 116v.a Intonat. Increpat. Tonitruus fit. Amebeum carmen duos introducit, sed difficilior pars respondet, quia non pro suo arbitrio sed aut maius aut contrarium respondet. cf. Servius, Commentarius in Vergilii Bucolicon librum, p. 37, l. 9 (Buc. 3, v. 59) (in amoebaeo enim carmine difficilior pars respondentis est, qui non pro suo arbitrio aliquid dicit, sed aut maiorem aut contrariam format responsionem.) Anthiphona. Grece vox reciproca duobus choris psallentibus alternatim. ISID. etym. 6, 19, 7 Apothoma. Maior pars semitonii, que a latinis decisio dici potest. Baritona dicunt Greci illa verba que ante finem habent gravem accentum. Boare. Sonare, clamare, mugire vel vocare. Inde dicitur deus bonus quia omnes ad se vocat. deus add. Paris, Lat. 17162, f. 25v LG 44r.a (Clamare vel sonare) Boatus mugitus boum vel vox plena. LG 44r.a (Vox plena sive mugitus boum) Calamaula canna de qua cantatur LG 46r.c (Cana de qua canitur [DE GLOS.]) ; VOCAB. MUS. [S. XI] (ed. Meyer / Nishimagi) 5 Calamus. Canna. A canendo dictus hebreum est. Canna] LG 46v.a Cano, -nis, cecini, componitur instar succino, occino, concino, que tamen in vi faciunt preteritum, secundum quosdam vero in ni. Dicitur inde canens, cantus, canturus, canendus, cantor, cantrix, cantio, cantilena, frequentativa canto et cantico. Concinnus quoque inde componitur. Cantare est cantum voce vel clamoribus insonare. Canere autem interdum modulari interdum vaticinari. vaticinari] cf. ISID. etym. 8, 7, 3 (et proinde poetae latine vates olim, scripta eorum vaticinia dicebantur) Cantare corde psallere operibus domino. AUG. Canticum est vox cantantium in leticia laus. LG 47r.c (cantans] cantantis LG) Cantor dictus quod vocem modulatur in cantu. Cantilena. Cantus lenus. Cantici compositio. cantici compositio] LG 47r.c [DE GLOS.] Cantes proprie sunt fistule quarum sonus artem musicam edidit. Dee quoque cantes dicuntur. REMIG. AUT. 58, 7 Carminare dicimus vel inde dicitur quod qui illa canerent, mente canere existimabantur. ISID. etym. 1, 39, 4 Celeuma clamor nautarum sive carmen super mortus vel super latum. (Virgile) LG 54r.c (Clamor nautas ? ... / Carmen quod navigientes ... ... sive ... supper mortus vel ad latu) Cilus. Cythara. Cymbala accitabula qui percussa invicem se tangunt faciunt sonum PER Y. ISID. etym. 3, 22, 11 a Grecis... humano + nam pectus... simul] ISID. etym 3, 22, 2 Cythara inde cytharedus. Cytharistria. Cytharizo. Clangere. Personare LG 62r. ISID. etym. 7, 12, 28 (Concentor autem dicitur quia consonat) Concino -is, concinui. Concentum i. cum alio canere, convenire, predicere, convenienter canere. Concinno. Vero concinnas, -navi, i. adaptare, componere. Consonare. Apponere, irridere. Concinne. Composite. LG 67r.b Concinnum breviter et ornate compositum. LG 67r.b Concinnus cantus subtilis contio, concentio. Corea sonus ludorum, cantus vel carmina, a choro dicitur. sonus ludorum + a choro dicitur] LG 73v.c (Coreas. sonus in ludorum a coro dictum) Chorus dicitur circulus hominum coniunctorum, i. ordo cantantium. Dicitur a cluo, -is. Inde derivatur chorea. Cromaticum genus musice medium medium] cf. Lat. 17162, f. 49r Diafonia organum dicitur. cf. ORG. Paris. 59 (de diaphonia vel organo aliquantum loqui ceptum est...) ; GUIDO micr. 18, 1 (De diaphonia, id est organi precepto). Diafonia voces discrepantes. ISID. etym. 3, 20, 3 Diastema intervallum vocis spatium ex duobus vel pluribus sonis mutuatum. Vel certe tractus pronuntiationis. REMIG. AUT. 500, 13 (Diastema enim spatium vel intervallum) Diapason. Musice artis symphonia. Constat ex V tonis et duobus semitonis, i. de diapente et diatesseron. Dicitur vero diapason de octo, quia VIII voces habet. constat... semitonis] BOETH. mus. 1, 19 (p. 205, 5) Diapason interpretatur de omnibus, quia omnes habet voces, vel quia cythara antiqua VIII habebat cordas. GUIDO micr. 6, 6-7 (Diapason autem interpetatur de omnibus sive quod omnes habeat voces sive quia antiquitus citharae octo per eam fiebant chordis) Diapente symphonia est que constat ex tribus tonis et semitonio. Habet V autem sonos unde et dicitur. Diafonia i. dissonantia. LG 87r.c (Id est voces discrepantes vel dissone) Diapsalma secundum quosdam hebraice interpretatur "fiat". Grece vero significat intervallum psallendi, i. disiunctio vocum, ubi quedam requies distincte continuationis ostenditur. cf. ISID. etym. 6, 19, 14 Diapsalma in hebreo sela. Hoc est semper et iugiter. Idem est diapsalma quod est pausatio. LG 87v.c Diapsalma significat intervallum psallendi ut tamen psalma sit quod psallitur et significat quod illa quibus interponitur sunt sempiterna. significat... sempiterna] LG 00v.b (significat semper idem quod illa quibus hoc interponitur sempiterna esse...) Diastema. Intervallum. Vocis spatium ex duobus vel pluribus sonis mutuatum, vel certe tractus pronunciationis. Intervallum cf. supra. Vocis-mutuatum] ISID. etym. (mutuatum] aptatum. Diatesseron simphonia constat de duobus tonis et semitonio. Habet vero IIII or sonos unde dicitur diatesseron, id est de quatuor. simphonia... semitonio] MACROB. 2, 1, 25 Diatonicum tercium genus musice dicuntur. Diesis sunt spacia quedam et deductiones modulandi. sunt] est cod. ISID. etym. 3, 20, 6 Diesin. Veteres vocabant semitonium. Nunc vero sonum semitonio minorem. COMPIL. Paris. I p. 192 [S. XI] (Sonum vero minorem tono veteres semitonium vocitarunt) Diesis. Medietas semitonii. Disdiapason. Symphonia ex duabus constat diapason. Dissonum. Perverse sonans. Dissimile. Dissonare. Dissentire. Dorius. Gravis sonus in musica. Tonus. cf. REMIG. AUT. 75, 17 (Toni autem musicae ex vocabulis gentium denominantur : phrygius, lidius, yastius, dorius, inter quos grassimum sonum obtinet dorius) Echo. Vox aeris vel sonus in silva vel in cavernis resonans. LG 97v.c (Vox aerum resonans in silva) Enarmonicum. Genus musice dulce. Fabarii. Cantores apud gentiles dicebantur eo quod in cibo pallentiis leguminis uterentur. Isidorus Hispalensis, De ecclesiasticis officiis 2, 12, 20 Fidicen a fide et canendo compositum commune est. Sed tamen fidicina facit femininum unde melius masculinum est. Fidicula cythara vel fidicen, i. cytharedus dicitur, quia tam concinunt inter se corde eius, ut bene conveniant. citharedus] LG 9r.b quia... conveniant] LG 9r (ut] quam) Fistula dicta quod vocem <e?>mittat. Nam fos vox est stolia missa grece. Hanc quidam putant a Mercurio inventam, alii a Fauno, nonnulli a Mida pastore Agrigentino ex Sicilia. dicta quod... grece] LG 10v.a Fistule vero aquarum dicte quod aquas emittant. LG 10v.a (aquarum sunt dicte quod aquas mundant emittant) Fistulo, -as, -are, fibilare cum fistula. <hec eglogae> cantiones in carminibus. hec eglogae] Heccedora et heccedoge cod. (cf. G. Loewe, Corpus glossariorum latinorum, t. 6 [1899]), p. 372) Hemiolius est cum de duobus numeris maior habet totum minorem et insuper eius medietatem, ut sunt tres ad duo, et ex numero qui emilius dicitur nascitur symphonia que appellatur diapente. ] Nomen de sono tractum fuit antequam proslambanomenos tradderetur, unde eciam sic interpretatur maxima magnarum, gravissima gravissimarum. Hypatemeson. Principalis mediarum scilicet cordarum est. Increpat] LG 46v.c 116v.a Introitus dicitur, quod per eum introimus ad eius officium ; versus, quod per eum revertimur ad introitum. 124r.b Lectio dicitur quia non cantatur, ut psalmus vel ymnus, sed legitur tantum. Hic enim pronuntiatio sola queritur, illic modulatio. Unde oportet ut quando psallitur, ab omnibus psallatur, cum oratur ab omnibus oretur, cum lectio legitur facto silentio ad omnibus audiatur. lectio... queritur] ISID. etym 6, 19, 9 127r.b Licanos hupaton dicta quod licanos grece index digitus est ad demonstrandum que est quarta corda .D. Licanos vero meson, i. tercia mediarum .G. 128r.a Limesta semitonia 128v.b Lyra dicta apo toy ayphye a varietate vocum quod diversos sonos efficiat. Hanc Mercurius invenisse dicitur hoc modo : egrediente nilo reliquit testudinem, que putrefacta et exsiccata nervis in corio extensis, et a Mercurio percussa, sonitum dedit. Ad cuius similitudinem Mercurius lyram faciens, Orpheo tradidit. dicta... efficiat] ISID. 3, 22, 8.-(hanc... tradidit) cf. ibid. 128v.b lerein] ayre ISID. etym. 8, 7, 4 128v.b cf. Horatius, De arte poetica liber (ed. D. R. Shackleton Bailey, Stuttgart 1985), 83-85 (Musa dedit fidibus divos puerosque deorum / Et pugilem victorem et equum certamine primum / Et iuvenum curas et libera vina referre) 138r.a Melodia dulcedo cantus, suavitas vocis vel melodama. suavitas] LG 80v.b VOCAB. MUS. [S. XI] (ed. Meyer / Nishimagi) 34 (dulce cantum vel suavitas vocis) 138r.a Melos suave sonus dulcis cantilene, a suavitate et melle dictum. suave] LG 80v.b dulcis cantilene] LB 80v.b a suavitate... ] ISID. 3, 20, 4 cf. VOCAB. MUS. [S. XI] (ed. Meyer / Nishimagi) 35 (dulcis sonus) 138r.a Melodorius gratissimus sonus. 138r.a Melopeos quasi carminis factor. LG 80v.b 138r.a Melopeum dulce compositum 139v.c Mese est octava corda et interpretatur a media scilicet inter VII et IX. 143r.b Modi artis musice sunt VIII : lidius, hypolidius, frigius, hypofrigius, dorius, hypodorius, mixolidius, hypomixolidius. 143r.b Modix. Chorus LG 86v.a (corus). 143r.b Modus. Inde modius, modulus, modulor, modularis, modulamen. 143r.b Modulatur. Librat, cantat LG 86v.a (Modulant. Librant) 143r.b Modulatio. Dulcedo. Suavitas vocis. dulcedo] LG 86v.a.-(suavitas vocis) cf. ISID. etym. (Eufonia est suavitas vocis) 143r.b Modulo et modulor idem significat antiquitus. 143r.b Modulamina. Cantiones, suavitates. cantiones] LG 86va 143r.b Moys. Grece aqua, unde Moyses, musa, musicus. A Pris<ciano> Muisa Greci mos, musa. 144r.a Monodia. Grece cum unus canit, quod latine dicitur sincinnum. grece... canit, sincinnum] LG 87v.a 146v.a filie... fit] GLOSS. Mart. Cap. 27/12, 23 146v.b AUG. Musica in plerisque locis sacre scripture honorabiliter posita invenitur. Nam non sunt audiendi gentilium errores, qui musas novem esse Iovisque et Memorie filias esse finxerunt. Quos eciam Varro inter eos doctior refellit. Nam omnium sonorum que materies est cantilenarum, triformis est natura : aut enim voce editur, aut flatu, aut percussu. Sed cum hec, ut dictum est, sese habeant, dicit Varro, quandam civitatem tribus artificibus terna simulachra musarum locasse, pulchriora fierent. Sed tamen contigit ut omnes tres artifices ita terna simulacra pulchra facerent, ut populo placerent omnesque in templo Apollinis dedicarent. Quibus etiam postea Esiodum nomen dedisse dicit. MACROB. 2, 4, 13 147r.a Musici. Modulatores cantus, qui cantum noverunt. 147r.a Musicus. Qui musicam novit. Boethius, In Categorias Aristotelis libri IV (PL 64, c. 159-294), 4, 281, 49 147r.a Musicum. Dulce carmen. LG 91v.c vulgo canticum dicitur a psallendo nominatum, quod ad eius ita psallebat ut modico flexu vocis faceret resonare psallentem 188v.b Psalterii repertor Tubal perhibetur. Psalterium autem quod animi ad compunctionem flectantur. Primitiva autem ecclesia simplici voce cantantis exprimitur) cantilenarum suavium ab ecclesia frequentatur, quo facilius tamen non canticum sed psalmus de psalterio nominatur canticum vero tradidit ecclesie, cuius psalterium iccirco cum melodia modulamine quodam expressa sonorum suavitas quasi cantatis videatur 188r-v Psallendi autem usum David propheta in magno mysterio manu continet et licet per ordines simphoniarum psallente spiritu que in templo Appollinis dono ponerent a quocumque artifice que materies... natura] ISID. etym. 3, 19, 1.-(dicit Varro... dedisse dicit) cf. 150r.a Nethe. Corda ultima ita ut pronuncianti vicinior esset quam canenti. Propter 217r.b Simphonia est consonantia plurimorum sonorum. Augustinus, De doctrina christiana, 2, 17, 4-11 146v.c Musica est peritia modulationis sono cantuque consistent dicta per derivationem a musis. ISID. etym. 3, 15, 1 146v.c ISID. etym. 3, 15, 1 146v.c cf. ISID. etym. 3, 15, 1 146v.c Musice partes tres sunt, i. armonica que discernit in sonis acutum et gravem, metrica que mensuram diversorum metrorum probabili racione cognoscit, ut elegiacon, rithmica que requirit incursione verborum utrum bene sonet an male cohereat. Ad omnem autem sonum que materies cantilenarum est, hanc triformem constat esse naturam. Prima est armonica que ex voce cum cantibus constat. Secunda organica que ex flatu existit. Tercia rithmica que pulsu digitorum numeros recipit. Nam aut vox editur sonus sicut per fauces aut flatu sicut per tubam, aut pulsu sicut per cytharam. cf. ISID. etym. 3, 19, 1 146v.c Musica. Grece mysica dicitur. Huius tria sunt genera. Diatonicum gravius, cromaticum medium, enarmonicum dulcissimum. 146v.c Musice melodie tria sunt genera enarmonicum, diatonum <147r.a> et cromaticum. Primum quidem propter nimiam sui difficultatem ab usu recessit, tercium infame mollicie, medium manuum vocibus concordare). cf. LG 153r.c (ORIGENIS. Psalterium. Genus organi musici est quod artifex i. diatonum mundane musice ascribitur. LG 96r.a (DE GLOSSIS) carnales autem non propter spirituales, consuetudo cantandi Modulationis temperamentum ex gravi et acuto Netes. Acutissime voces fidium. 150r.a est instituta ut quia verbis non compunguntur <188v> concordantibus sonis in voce, flatu et pulsu. Cui contraria est Neuma. Id est pars cantilene, que fit de geminatione modulationis suavitate moveantur. Sicut beatus Augustinus diaphonia, i. dissone voces. ptongorum ut tam (pars cantilene) WALT. ODINGT. 5, 9, 21 ; COMM. Boeth. II, p. 214, 2. cf. ISID. etym 3, 20, 2 protestatur dicens « omnes affectus pro sonorum diversitate nescio qua occulta familiaritate excitantur magis cum suavi et 217r.b 154v.a Numeri. Pro cordis vel nervis aut cantu ponuntur. artificiosa voce cantatur ». cf. LG 100r.c (Numeros. Omnimodos pulsas tuo plectro numeros dicit Liber Quare (s. XII ?; ed. G. P. Götz, 1983), appendix II, additio 48, 1-15 cordas sive nervos citare) primitiva... moveantur] Isidorus Hispalensis, De ecclesiasticis officiis 1, 5 ISID. etym. 3, 22, 14 160v.c Organum generale nomen est vasorum omnium musicorum 188v.a Psalmiste a psalmis canendis dicit. Lectores enim predicant 217r.b Simphoniaci. Cantores simphoniarum. quamvis pro consuetudinem organa proprie dicantur que inflantur follibus. Organum... musicorum] cf. ISID. etym. 3, 21, 2. LG 191v.c populis quid sequantur. Isti cantores canunt ut excitent ad 219r.a HY. Sistemata principales partes musicarum. animos audientium compunctionem. Quorum principes vel auctores David sive Asaph extiterunt. Postmodum vero per 219r.a 160v.c Organica in musica est secunda divisio in his que spiritu successionem fuerunt sicut ordo sacerdotalis. Mortuo autem reflante completa in sonum vocis animantur, ut sunt tube, organa, pandoria et cetera. ISID. etym. 3, 21, 1 160v.c Organarius qui utitur organis. Beda, De orthographia (ed. Keil), p. 282, l. 7. 165v.c Paramese i. iuxta mediam posita corda 181v.b Precentor a precino, i. qui vocem premittit in cantu sicut succentor qui subsequitur. qui vocem... in cantu] ISID. 7, 12, 24 187v.a Proslambanomenos -a, interpretatur adquisitus. Unde prosmelodos dicitur a quibusdam, i. ad melodiam addita est autem prima corda vel vox. 188r.c organum etiam assumere quod psalterium dicitur et pulsu etaque opere nominatur. Canticum vero simplici voce cantantes exprimitur. cf. Augustinus, Enarrationes in Psalmos, CCSL 39, ps. 65, 3, 3. (psallere est videatur tamen non canticum sed psalmus de psalterio pulsu manuum vocibus concordare. modulamine quoddam sonorum suavitas quasi cantatio Psallere est organum assumere, quod psalterium dicitur, a 188v.b Psalterium genus organi musici est quod artifex tenens licet 187v.c Prothos Greci, nos protus dicimus, id est primus. 12, 1-3 187v.a Proslambanomenos dicitur appositus sive fundamentum. Asaph filii eius in suum <188v.b> ordinem subrogati sunt a Sonum emittere] LG 198r.c David, qui soli continuis diebus in templo canebant candidatis induti stolis ad vocem unius respondente choro. Ex hoc vereri more ecclesia sumpsit exemplum nutriendi psalmistas voce et arte preclaros. Habentes sonum et melodiam sancte religionis congruentem, non qui musico gestu vel tragedali arte redoleat, i. non qui tragicam exclamet artem, sed que compunctionem magis audientibus faciat. Antiqui pridie quam cantandum erat, cibis abstinebant, p[s]allentia tamen legumina causa vocis 220v.a LG 198r.c assidue utebantur. 220v.b Sons. Nocens culpabilis dicturus quasi satis nocens vel lectores... compunctionem] ISID. etym. 7, 12, 24.-(principes... extiterunt, mortuo... redoleat, sed que... utebantur) Isidorus, De ecclesiasticis officiis, 2, sonando nocens.

cf. BOETH. mus. 2, 30 (De maiore parte toni in quibus minimis numeris constet. Reliqua igitur pars, quae maior est, apothome nuncupatur a Graecis, a nobis vero potest vocari decisio) 40v.a Armoni<c>a. Modulatio vocis et consonantia plurimarum vocum. Pars musice est, que discernt inter acutum et grave. modulatio... vocum] ISID. etym. 3, 20, 2 (... concordantia plurimorum sonorum) pars...] ISID. etym. 3, 18, 1 40v.b Arsis est vocis elevatio. Thesis vero positio. Ut arma : ar-est elevatio, -ma positio. ut... positio] ISID. etym. 1, 17, 21 42r.c Aspiratio sonus uberius, elatus, cuius contrarius est prosodia. ISID. etym. 1, 4, 11 43v.c Aule dicuntur fistule organales. REMIG. AUT. 49, 9 43v.c Aule. Grece cannula, inde auledus, qui cannulis canit, i. tibicen. cf. Sedulius Scotus, In Donati artem maiorem (ed. Löfstedt, 1977), pars 2, p. 112, l. 80 (auloi dicuntur cannulae vel fistulae in de auledus qui tibia canit) 43v.c Aule. Cannule, aut cordule que in organo resonant. LG 36v.c (HIER. Aulon. Cannulae aut cordulae que in organum resonant) cf. ISID. etym. 6, 19, 9 (Canticum est vox cantantis in laetitiam) 51r.a Canticum psalmi est cum id quod organum modulatur postea cantans eloquitur. 61v.a Clangor. Tube sonitus vel planctus proprie vox anseris est. LG 62r.b (Vox tubae + Bucinarum est + Sonus tube + Nunc sonus proprie autem vox anseris est + Tube sonus ssive planctus + Interdum pro sono ponitur + Per .c. non per .G. scribendum) 65r.c Concentus i. cantus mixtus, i. simphonia. A concino. i. cantus-simphonia] LG 66v.b 65r.c Concentus etiam celi dicitur a quibusdam esse i. consonantia planetarum. celi] LG 66v.b (sonus celi...) 65r.c Concentor dicitur qui in cantando consonat cum aliis. cf. GLOSS. Boeth. mus. 1, 21, 64. Diesis. Certa subductio vocum quando Antiqui aliquid de integro tono diminuebant, quod fiebat solum in productione quarte vel septime vocis ad aliam. Diezeusis disiunctio dicitur. cf. ANON. Bernh. 2, 32 [S. X-XI] (Diezeusis enim disiunctio dicitur) MACROB. 2, 1, 16 106v.a Hydrospsalmus. Quem cantio componit organi. 106v.c Hypates gravissime fidium voces. gravissime fidium] CALC. 40 (inter duos extimarum fidium limites, gravissimae hypates et acutissimae netes) 106v.c Hypatehypaton s. principalis principalium, nam hec vox semper prima. [Hinnitus. acutus clamor cabelli.quia musicus... fit] <Rémi d'Auxerre> (cf. IOH. CICON. mus. 1, 7 p. 66, 7) 146v.a nocens culpabilis] LG 198r.c (nocens] noxius) 220v.b Sonus est quicquid sensibile auditur. Sonitus vero confuse vocis. cf

  219v.b (Thymphanum autem dictum quod medium est unde et margaritum medium. tymphanum dicitur et ipsud sicut symphoniae ad virgulam percutiuntur) 234r.c Tympanum a tipho, que est herba, distenditur sicut citharista, organista, et inflatur. 234r.c Tympanistra vel tympanistria. Qui timpano canit. Commune est. 234r.c Tinnitus. Sonitus cimbali nam de sono factum est. Tintinnabulum a sono vocis dictum est, sichilla vulgo dicitur. Accentus. Sonus. Armonie differentia et quantitas que in vocis accentu et tenore consistit. Cuius genera sunt XV. Tono, -as, -ui, tonitus et intonatus. 235v.b Tonus qui proprie epogdoa fit proportione. Dicuntur tamen toni modi cantilenarum omnium. Qui sunt quatuor vel geminati octo.

		cf. CASSIOD. inst. 2, 5, 3 (tinnitus ... cymabolorum sonus)
	234r.c	Tinnire. Sonare acute.
	234r.c
		Accentus] LG 221r.b
		Sonus] LG 221r.b
		Armonie... XV] CASSIOD. inst. 2, 5, 8.
	235v.b

a sono.. est] ISID. etym. 3, 22, 13 (de sono vocis nomen habet) 234r.c Tinnulus. Sonus liquidus, lenis, purus. LG 219v.c (Tinnula. Liquida, lenis vel pura) 235v.b Tonus est legitimum acuminis vel gravitatis spatium inter sonum et sonum. SCOL. ENCH. 1, 86 235v.b Tonus.

Michel Huglo, « Les arts libéraux dans le Liber glossarum »,Scriptorium, 55 (2001), p. 3-33.

ibid, p.

Bernhard Bischoff, « Die Bibliothek im Dienste der Schule », in : La scuola nell'occidente latino. Settimane di studio del centro italiano di studi sull'altoMedioevo, XIX (Spoleto 1972), p. 385-415 ; étude reproduite in : Mittelalterliche Studien, 3, Stuttgart, 1981, p. 213-233, cf. p. 231.

Aperçu dans M. Huglo, art. cit.,

Une liste de 87 manuscrits a été dressée par G.Goetz (art. cit.,. L'édition de Bonino Mombricio a paru à Milan en 1476, puis à Venise en 1485,

Ces deux termes sont communément utilisés par Guy d'Arezzo. Ditonus possède une occurrence dans le Dialogus de musica.

La variante « hypomixolydius » est attestée à partir du début du XII e s. (FRUT. ton. ; IOH. COTT.).

Voir notre tableau récapitulatif dans Chr. Meyer, Shin Nishimagi, Tractatuli, excerpta et fragmenta de musica S. XI et XII (Turnhout : Brepols, 2011 ; coll. Atelier de Recherche sur les Textes Médiévaux -ARTEM), p. 426.

Michel Huglo, Les Tonaires. Inventaire, Analyse, Comparaison (Paris,

1971), p. 301-310.

Michael Bernhard, Clavis Gerberti, vol. 1 (München, 1989 ; VMK, 7), p. 87-88 ; éd. p. 90-189.

Bruxelles, Bibl. royale, 10078-95, f. 76v « Sententia cuiusdam [suprascr. Sigeberti] de ratione tonorum. Quinque sunt... »

Praha, Národní knihovna, XIX.C.26 (olim Tetschen).

Hypothèse en accord avec le stemma dressé par Michel Huglo, LesTonaires, op. cit., p. 308.