Alexander Meschtscherjakov
email: alexander.meschtscherjakov@sbg.ac.at

Manfred Tscheligi
email: manfred.tscheligi@ait.ac.at

Bastian Pfleging
email: bastian.pfleging@ifi.lmu.de

Shadan Sadeghian Borojeni

Wendy Ju
email: wendyju@cornell.edu

Philippe Palanque
email: palanque@irit.fro

Andreas Riener
email: andreas.riener@thi.de

Bilge Multu

Andrew L Kun
email: andrew.kun@unh.edu

Shadan Sadeghian Borojeni
email: shadan.sadeghianborojeni@offis.de

Bilge Mutlu

Interacting with Autonomous Vehicles: Learning from other Domains

Keywords: Aeronautics and Space, Automated Driving, Autonomous Systems, Conversational Agents, Humanmachine Interplay, Human-Robot Interaction H.5.m. Information interfaces and presentation (e.g., HCI): Miscellaneous

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Background

The potential introduction of autonomous vehicles on real streets has been shaping the public discussion over the last years. Examples range from Google's driverless car [START_REF] Sebastian | Toward robotic cars[END_REF] to the announcement of Uber's use of selfdriving cars to transport people. 1 The introduction of fully autonomous vehicles will have a significant impact not only on people's mobility behavior but also how people or other vehicles interact with automated vehicles. Issues, such as the design of user-friendly interfaces for the driver to communicate with the vehicle (e.g., giving directions) or how User Experience (UX) will change when driving in automated vehicles have been discussed from an HCI perspective in the Automotive UI community [e.g., [START_REF] Riener | 1st Workshop on Ethically Inspired User Interfaces for Automated Driving[END_REF][START_REF] Tscheligi | Workshop: Exploring the User Experience of Autonomous Driving[END_REF], mobile HCI [START_REF] Alexander Meschtscherjakov | Mobile Interaction with and in Autonomous Vehicles[END_REF], RO-MAN [START_REF] Riener | Workshop: CARobots: Automated Driving Systems as Robots on Four Wheels[END_REF], as well as at CHI itself [START_REF] Michael Feary | Multiple Views on Safety-Critical Automation: Aircrafts, Autonomous Vehicles, Air Traffic Management and Satellite Ground Segments Perspectives[END_REF][START_REF] Alexander Meschtscherjakov | Experiencing Autonomous Vehicles: Crossing the Boundaries between a Drive and a Ride[END_REF][START_REF] Alexander Meschtscherjakov | HCI and Autonomous Vehicles: Contextual Experience Informs Design[END_REF].

Issues that have been dealt with from an HCI perspective include control transition procedures from the vehicle to the human driver and vice versa [START_REF] Ioannis Politis | Language-based multimodal displays for the handover of control in autonomous cars[END_REF][START_REF] Walch | Autonomous driving: investigating the feasibility of car-driver handover assistance[END_REF], timing of such procedures [START_REF] Gold | Taking Over Control from Highly Automated Vehicles[END_REF], conveying contextual information at takeover [START_REF] Shadan | Assisting Drivers with Ambient Take-over Requests in Highly Automated Driving[END_REF], shared situation awareness between driver and vehicle [START_REF] Mccall | 1st Workshop on Situational Awareness in Semi-Automated Vehicles[END_REF], naturalness of interaction with a vehicle [START_REF] ! Bastian Pfleging | AutoNUI: 3rd Workshop on Automotive Natural User Interfaces[END_REF], perceived loss of control [START_REF] Eckoldt | An Experiential Perspective on Advanced Driver Assistance Systems[END_REF], acceptance of autonomous vehicles [START_REF] Rödel | Towards Autonomous Cars: The Effect of Autonomy Levels on Acceptance and User Experience[END_REF][START_REF] Philipp Wintersberger | Automated Driving System, Male, or Female Driver: Who'd You Prefer? Comparative Analysis of Passengers' Mental Conditions, Emotional States & Qualitative Feedback[END_REF], ethical issues in decision making [START_REF] Frison | First Person Trolley Problems: Evaluation of Drivers' Ethical Decisions in a Driving Simulator[END_REF], side activities for automated rides [START_REF] ! Bastian Pfleging | Investigating User Needs for Non-Driving-Related Activities During Automated Driving[END_REF], and the simulation of automated driving [START_REF] Baltodano | The RRADS platform: a real road autonomous driving simulator[END_REF].

The problems surrounding automated vehicles are not unique. Other domains have been dealing with collaboration between humans and autonomous systems such as robots, aeronautics and space, conversational agents, or smart devices over the last years. Issues such as how to design a system for shared control or how to program a conversational agent have been studied. It has been even argued that an automated vehicle can be regarded as a special kind of robot, since it observes the environment (including humans), makes autonomous decisions based on sensed data and decision rules, and affects the physical environment [START_REF] Tscheligi | Panel "Toward 2020: Human Interaction with Autonomous Vehicles[END_REF]. In this workshop, we want to discuss what automated driving interaction research can learn from other domains.

It is inspired by a special interest group (SIG) at CHI 2016 that discussed multiple views on safety-critical automation, ranging from aircrafts and autonomous vehicles to air traffic management and satellite control [START_REF] Michael Feary | Multiple Views on Safety-Critical Automation: Aircrafts, Autonomous Vehicles, Air Traffic Management and Satellite Ground Segments Perspectives[END_REF]. The SIG targeted the general audience and covered multiple industries and multiple contexts of use with the aim of discussing experiences with interaction design in the context of autonomous systems.

Workshop goals

The workshop has multiple goals in order to inform HCI research and practice within automated driving.

•! Provide a forum for researchers and designers of human interaction with autonomous systems with a focus on automated driving

•! Discuss potential for transferring knowledge from other domains such as HRI and aeronautics and space to the design and evaluation of automated vehicles

•! Present research on how the design of humanautomated system communication can inform the design of automated vehicles (e.g., chatbots or virtual assistants such as Amazon's Alexa, Apple's Siri, or Google Assistant)

•! Discuss best practices and patterns for the design of autonomous systems and how they can be applied for the design of automated vehicles

•! Envision new interaction paradigms for the driver to communicate with the automated vehicle

•! Explore new designs for (shared) control situations including authority sharing

•! Explore engineering issues related to safety, reliability, and security properties as well as certification

•! Consider UX factors relevant to the design of interactions with autonomous systems such as acceptance and trust (including complacency)

•! Discuss ethical questions and assess their relevance in the context of critical systems

Participation

The workshop is intended for HCI researchers, practitioners, designers and developers that deal with the interaction of humans with autonomous systems (e.g., HRI, aeronautics and space, conversational agents). Workshop candidates have to submit a position paper (four pages in the CHI extended abstract format).

Organizers

We have experience in the organization of conferences and workshops in the area of automated driving and human-robot-interaction. This includes events at conferences such as CHI, AutomotiveUI, and HRI. Shadan Sadeghian Borojeni is a researcher at the Interactive Systems group at OFFIS Institute for Information Technology in Oldenburg, Germany. Her research investigates interaction techniques to support task switching and takeover situations in highly automated driving using multi-modal cues evaluated in driving simulator experiments (e.g., [START_REF] Shadan | Assisting Drivers with Ambient Take-over Requests in Highly Automated Driving[END_REF]).

Wendy Ju is an assistant professor of Information Science at Cornell Tech in New York City. Her research focuses on interaction with automation, particularly human-robot interactions and autonomous vehicle interfaces (e.g., [START_REF] Tscheligi | Panel "Toward 2020: Human Interaction with Autonomous Vehicles[END_REF]), as well as novel research methods to understand interaction with autonomy (e.g.

[1], [START_REF] Rothenbücher | Ghost Driver: A Field Study Investigating the Interaction between Pedestrians and Driverless Vehicles[END_REF]). [START_REF] Riener | Workshop: CARobots: Automated Driving Systems as Robots on Four Wheels[END_REF]), as well as topics related to (over)trust, acceptance [START_REF] Philipp Wintersberger | Automated Driving System, Male, or Female Driver: Who'd You Prefer? Comparative Analysis of Passengers' Mental Conditions, Emotional States & Qualitative Feedback[END_REF], and ethical issues [START_REF] Frison | First Person Trolley Problems: Evaluation of Drivers' Ethical Decisions in a Driving Simulator[END_REF][START_REF] Riener | 1st Workshop on Ethically Inspired User Interfaces for Automated Driving[END_REF] in automated driving.

Philippe

Bilge Mutlu is an associate professor of computer science and industrial engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison where he directs a research program on building human-centered principles and methods for designing robotic and autonomous technologies, including autonomous and collaborative driving systems (e.g., [START_REF] Gibson | Situation Awareness, Scenarios, and Secondary Tasks: Measuring Driver Performance and Safety Margins in Highly Automated Vehicles[END_REF][START_REF] Price | Psychophysics of Trust in Vehicle Control Algorithms[END_REF]). He has co-organized several workshops, tutorials, and panels at CHI and HRI conferences and served on program, organizing, and steering committees, including serving as general cochair of HRI 2017 with Manfred Tscheligi.

Andrew L. Kun is associate professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of New Hampshire. His research focus is human-computer interaction in vehicles [START_REF] Andrew | Shifting Gears: User Interfaces in the Age of Autonomous Driving[END_REF], primarily in speech interaction, as well as the use of visual behavior and pupil diameter measures to assess and improve the design of user interfaces. He served as the General Chair of the 2012 AutomotiveUI conference [START_REF] Andrew | AutomotiveUI: Interacting with Technology in Vehicles[END_REF].

Website

The workshop website will contain the call for participation including dates and author instructions. It includes the background of each organizer and a detailed schedule of the workshop. Accepted position papers will be available for download.

https://hci.sbg.ac.at/sites/autonomous-vehicles-chi2018

Pre-Workshop Plans

The call for participation (CFP) will be distributed via HCI-, HRI-and AutomotiveUI-related mailing lists (e.g., chi-announcements), as well as personal distribution lists based on workshops and conferences we have held. Accepted workshop position papers will be made available to all participants via the workshop website.

Workshop Structure

This will be a one-day workshop consisting of approx. 16 participants plus organizers. Table 1 provides an overview of the proposed workshop schedule.

Participants will be welcomed and introduced into workshop goals. The first half of the workshop-day will be dedicated to oral position and reflection presentations of each participant. Participants will be provided with a 10-minute presentation slot including Q&A. Presentations should be short and thought provoking. We encourage Pecha Kucha style presentations (i.e., 20 slides, 20 seconds for each slide, overall duration 6:40 min).

The second half of the workshop will be dedicated to participant discussions and collaborations. In worldcafé-style sessions, participants will discuss challenges of human-automated system interaction from various perspectives. There will be four tables each hosting a specific topic (e.g., shared control, anthropomorphism, mode and situation awareness, trust, ethics, etc.).

Topics will be finalized based on position paper submissions. Each table will have a host (one of the organizers). After 25 minutes, every participant will move to another table to ensure that by the end of the workshop each participant has discussed each topic. Finally, a group session will be held, in which topic hosts will present results. In a wrap up phase potentials for a joint publication and/or a special issue on the topic will be discussed.

Post-Workshop Plans

Workshop results will be communicated both to communities and a general audience including a Poster at CHI. We plan to produce a report for publication in the ACM Interactions magazine and prepare a special issue in a selected journal (e.g. Springer Journal on Quality and User Experience 3 ) following the conference. This will depend of the quality of the contributions and of the output of the workshop. In any case, workshop results will be made available through the workshop website and an email list to network with others will be created. Finally, the preparation of an informal Special Interest Group (SIG) at CHI 2019 will be considered. The workshop is restricted to approximately 16 participants. Applications will be selected by workshop chairs, who will evaluate position papers based on their fit with the workshop theme, their and their quality. The author of an accepted submission must attend the workshop, provide a short presentation, and register for both the workshop and for at least one day of the main conference.

  More precisely, starting in 2013, we have been involved in the organization of a series of workshops on UX in automated driving at the ACM International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications [e.g.,[START_REF] Alexander Meschtscherjakov | MaDSAV: maintaining driving skills in semi-autonomous vehicles[END_REF][START_REF] Alexander Meschtscherjakov | Experiencing Autonomous Vehicles: Crossing the Boundaries between a Drive and a Ride[END_REF][START_REF] Alexander Meschtscherjakov | HCI and Autonomous Vehicles: Contextual Experience Informs Design[END_REF][START_REF] Alexander Meschtscherjakov | Mobile Interaction with and in Autonomous Vehicles[END_REF][START_REF] Riener | 1st Workshop on Ethically Inspired User Interfaces for Automated Driving[END_REF][START_REF] Tscheligi | Workshop: Exploring the User Experience of Autonomous Driving[END_REF]. In 2015, we organized a CHI workshop on "Experiencing Autonomous Vehicles: Crossing the Boundaries Bastian Pfleging is a postdoc researcher at LMU Munich, Germany. Previously, he was researcher at the University of Stuttgart and the BMW Technology Office in California. His special research interests are automotive user interfaces, now with a focus on non-

	[26]. He has been involved in several conferences
	(e.g., co-chairing CHI'04 and AutomotiveUI'11) and co-
	organizing workshops and SIGs (e.g., CHI'16,
	AutomotiveUI'15, and Interact'15). He was also
	conference co-chair of HRI 2017.
	Manfred Tscheligi is professor for HCI & Usability at the
	University of Salzburg and is heading the Center for
	Technology Experience at AIT (Vienna). He is involved
	in driving experience activities and has been active
	already in the discussion on automated driving and HRI

between a Drive and a Ride"

[START_REF] Alexander Meschtscherjakov | Experiencing Autonomous Vehicles: Crossing the Boundaries between a Drive and a Ride[END_REF]

. In 2016, we held a CHI workshop on "Autonomous Vehicles: Contextual Experience Informs Design"

[START_REF] Alexander Meschtscherjakov | HCI and Autonomous Vehicles: Contextual Experience Informs Design[END_REF]

and organized a SIG on "Multiple Views on Safety-Critical Automation: Aircrafts, Autonomous Vehicles, Air Traffic Management and Satellite Ground Segments Perspectives"

[START_REF] Michael Feary | Multiple Views on Safety-Critical Automation: Aircrafts, Autonomous Vehicles, Air Traffic Management and Satellite Ground Segments Perspectives[END_REF]

. In 2015, organizers were involved in the organization of the ATACCS 2 (Application and Theory of Automation for Command and Control Systems). Also, some of the organizers were and are involved in organizing AutomotiveUI 2017 and HRI 2017. Alexander Meschtscherjakov will be the main contact person. He is an Assistant Professor at the Center for HCI of the University of Salzburg. In his research, he deals with automotive user interface design, user experience with autonomous vehicles

[START_REF] Rödel | Towards Autonomous Cars: The Effect of Autonomy Levels on Acceptance and User Experience[END_REF]

, and deskilling of drivers in automated vehicles

[START_REF] Alexander Meschtscherjakov | MaDSAV: maintaining driving skills in semi-autonomous vehicles[END_REF]

. He was co-organizing conferences such as AutomotiveUI'11, Persuasive'15 and organizer of different workshops (e.g., AutomotiveUI'13-16, CHI

'15-16)

. driving-related activities and the transition towards automated driving. He was involved in co-organizing various workshops (e.g., AutoNUI'13, CHI

'16)

and conferences in this domain (e.g., program chair of AutomotiveUI'17, and WIP chair in 2015 and 2016).

Table 1 :

 1 Workshop schedule. We want to discuss what can be learnt from other domains for the design and evaluation of automated driving. To participate, a four-page long paper in the CHI extended abstract format has to be submitted via email to alexander.meschtscherjakov@sbg.ac.at. Position papers should cover one of the following or related topics:

	Time	Phases
	09:00 -09:10	Welcome and introduction to workshop goals and organization
		Position Paper
	09:10-10:30	Presentations I (presentations 10 min each: Pecha Kucha style +
		Q&A)
	10:30 -10:50	Coffee break
		Position Paper
	10:50 -12:10	Presentations II (presentations 10 min each: Pecha Kucha style +
		Q&A)
	12:10 -13:30	Lunch
		World-Café-style group
	13:30 -	discussions on 4 tables (25
	15:10	minutes slots for each
		participant on every table)
	15:10 -15:30	Coffee break
	15:30 -16:30	Presentation of results from each table (15 min each)
	16:30 -17:00	Exploration of future work (e.g., joint publication) and wrap-up
	later	Joint workshop dinner (optional)

3 http://www.springer.com/engineering/signals/journal/41233

  Deadlines •! Position paper: February 2, 2018 •! Notification: February 22, 2018 •! Workshop at CHI2018: April 21/22, 2018 More Information: https://hci.sbg.ac.at/sites/autonomous-vehicles-chi2018

https://www.wired.com/2016/09/heres-like-ride-ubers-selfdriving-car/

http://www.ataccs.org/