author: HENRY WOODS, District Judge.

text:
    W.D. McMAHEN, Plaintiff, v. PARAMOUNT HOLDINGS, INC., Defendant.
    No. LR-C-84-1032.
    United States District Court, E.D. Arkansas, W.D.
    March 18, 1985.
    H. Edward Skinner, Little Rock, Ark., for plaintiff.
    Victor A. Fleming, Little Rock, Ark., for defendant.
   ORDER

HENRY WOODS, District Judge.

Plaintiff, a licensed real estate broker and resident of the State of Arkansas, filed the complaint herein seeking to recover a brokerage commission he allegedly was wrongfully deprived of by the defendant. He also seeks to recover certain special damages as well as punitive damages. Defendant is a corporation organized and existing according to the laws of the State of Delaware with its principal place of business in New York, New York. Defendant does not maintain an office in Arkansas nor has it ever been qualified to do business in Arkansas. Defendant seeks to have service quashed and to have this case dismissed, arguing that the Arkansas Long Arm Statute does not authorize service upon it and that even if it does, an exercise of this Court’s in personam jurisdiction over it would be unconstitutional.

In resolving the issues raised by the defendant’s motion, the Court must first determine whether the facts satisfy the Arkansas Long Arm Statute and assuming that this inquiry is answered in the affirmative, the Court must then determine whether or not the exercise of personal jurisdiction over defendant is consistent with due process. Mountaire Feeds, Inc. v. Agro Impex, S.A., 677 F.2d 651, 653 (8th Cir.1982). The challenge to personal jurisdiction places the burden upon plaintiff to make a prima facie showing of jurisdiction. Id. at 653, n. 3. In determining whether the plaintiff has discharged his burden in this case, the Court will look to the face of his complaint, as well as his uncontroverted affidavit. The facts controlling the resolution of this jurisdictional dispute are basically undisputed.

In November of 1982, plaintiff was contacted by telephone by Arthur S. Kay, a licensed real estate broker in St. Louis, Missouri. Mr. Kay explained that he and David Renton, a licensed real estate broker in Connecticut, were engaged in an attempt to locate a purchaser for the Rodeway Inn in St. Louis. The purpose of Mr. Kay’s telephone call was to solicit the plaintiff’s assistance in accomplishing the sale of this Rodeway Inn in exchange for his agreement to share any commission with the plaintiff. Defendant owned Lodging Systems, Inc. which was the owner of the capital stock of Rodeway Redevelopment Corporation. Rodeway Redevelopment Corporation owned the Rodeway Inn in St. Louis. The plaintiff accepted Mr. Kay’s offer and began to seek a purchaser for the motel.

Plaintiff located a prospective purchaser, Mr. Akbar Omar, a California resident. Mr. Akbar Omar’s brother, Mr. Aaron Omar, acted as his agent in the negotiations. Mr. Aaron Omar lived in Little Rock, Arkansas during the period of time when negotiations were conducted for the purchase and sale of the St. Louis Rodeway Inn. Negotiations were conducted by plaintiff and Omar by telephone with the defendant’s agent. When negotiations stalled, it was decided that rather than an asset sale, a stock transfer would take place. The Omar’s Little Rock, Arkansas attorney then began preparation of a contract as negotiations via telephone and mail continued between the parties.

The purchase of the Rodeway Redevelopment Corporation capital stock by Akbar Omar was completed on September 23, 1983. Mr. Aaron Omar executed the contract in Little Rock, Arkansas as agent for Akbar Omar, and the defendant’s agent, Norman Walker, executed the contract in Dallas, Texas. Defendant’s agent, Mr. Walker, participated in the negotiation of the contract by telephone conference calls. He never physically appeared in Arkansas.

During negotiations a dispute arose as to the respective entitlement to commissions of Kay, Renton, and the plaintiff. Defendant caused $100,000 to be escrowed in a Russellville, Arkansas bank for the purposes of paying brokerage commissions on this transaction. Eventually plaintiff was sued by the other two brokers in state court in St. Louis, Missouri for allegedly interfering with their contractual right to receive the entire brokerage commission. This suit was compromised in a manner that allowed plaintiff to recover $25,000 of the $100,000 escrowed funds. Plaintiff alleges in this suit that he was entitled to a $50,000 brokerage commission. He seeks the $25,000 differences and the expenses and legal fees incurred in defending the Missouri action, as well as $100,000 in punitive damages.

That part of the long arm statute upon which plaintiff seeks to effectuate service and thereby sustain jurisdiction reads as follows:

C. Personal jurisdiction based upon conduct.
1. A court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a person, who acts directly or by an agent, as to a (cause of action) (claim for relief) arising from the person’s
(a) transacting any business in this State;
(b) contracting to supply services or things in this state: ...
(d) causing tortious injury in this State by an act or omission outside this State if he regularly does or solicits business, or engages in any other persistent course of conduct in this State or derives substantial revenue from goods consumed or services used in this State:
2. When jurisdiction over a person is based solely upon this section, only a (cause of action) (claim for relief) arising from acts enumerated in this section may be asserted against him.

Ark.Stat.Ann. § 27-2502 C(l)(a), (b) and (d) and C(2).

“[T]he Arkansas Supreme Court ‘has held that the term “transacting business” is more inclusive than the earlier term “doing business” and that the legislative intention was to expand jurisdiction to the modern constitutional limit.’ E.g., Wichman v. Hughes, 248 Ark. 121, 450 S.W.2d 294, 296 (1970) (single contractual transaction), citing Currie, ‘The Growth of the Long Arm’: Eight Years of Extended Jurisdiction in Illinois, 1963 U.I11.L.F. 533, 565 (Arkansas long-arm statute patterned after Illinois statute).” Mountaire Feeds, Inc. v. Agro Impex, S.A., supra at 653-54.

While plaintiff was initially contacted by the two other brokers and not directly by the defendant, it must be kept in mind that their contact with plaintiff was in behalf of the defendant. Once plaintiff located Akbar Omar as a prospective purchaser, defendant encouraged the plaintiff to assist in finalizing the transaction by contacting him in Arkansas. During the actual negotiations the defendant telephonically communicated with Omar’s agent, Omar’s local Little Rock attorney, and the plaintiff in the drafting of the agreement. Significantly, the contract of sale recites that it shall be governed by and interpreted by Arkansas law. While this may not be a forum selection clause such as found in S.D. Leasing, Inc. v. Al Spain & Assoc., 277 Ark. 178, 640 S.W.2d 451 (1982), it may be considered with the other evidence of defendant’s “transacting business” in Arkansas. Probably the strongest indicia of defendant’s transacting business in Arkansas is the defendant’s escrowing of funds in an Arkansas bank in an attempt to resolve the brokerage commission dispute. Additionally, the Court finds that plaintiff’s cause of action arises from defendant’s transacting business in this state as set forth above. Ark.Stat.Ann. § 27-2502 C(2). Finding that the defendant transacted business within the State of Arkansas, the Court will not address the issues of whether or not Ark.Stat.Ann. § 27-2502 C(l)(b) and (d) supply additional bases for in personam jurisdiction over the defendant.

Does the application of the Arkansas Long Arm Statute in the manner set forth above violate due process? For the following reasons, the Court finds that this question must be answered in the negative.

In order to satisfy due process, defendant must have sufficient minimum contacts with Arkansas “such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend ‘traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.’ ” International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S.Ct. 154, 158, 90 L.Ed. 95 (1945). Has the defendant purposefully availed “itself of the privilege of conducting activities within [Ark.], thus invoking the benefits and protection of its laws.” Hansen v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253, 78 S.Ct. 1228, 1240, 2 L.Ed.2d 1283 (1958). Cases confronting this issue have focused on three primary factors:. (1) quantity of contacts with forum state; (2) nature and quality of these contacts; (3) the source and connection of the cause of action with those contacts; and two secondary factors, (4) the interest of the forum state, and (5) the convenience or inconvenience to the parties. See, e.g., Aftanase v. Economy Baler Co., 343 F.2d 187 (8th Cir.1965). The actions of this defendant in Arkansas (negotiating a brokerage agreement, negotiating a contract to sell stock which recited that Arkansas law would apply, establishing an escrow account with an Arkansas bank, see, supra, in Court’s discussion of “transacting business”) are of sufficient quantity and quality and of such a connection with Arkansas so as to not offend due process by asserting in person-am jurisdiction over it. “The fact that the actual final execution of the contract may have been in [Texas], rather than in Arkansas, is immaterial.” Thompson v. Ecological Science Corp., 421 F.2d 467, 469 (8th Cir.1970) (citations omitted). As in Thompson, supra, “[the] defendant’s activities in Arkansas were directed toward the consummation of the contract in question. An ordinarily insignificant contact with a State becomes significant when it gives rise to the claim involved in the lawsuit.” Id. at 470 (citations omitted).

Additionally, Arkansas has an interest in providing a forum for one of its citizens to attempt to enforce the alleged contract, and the relative convenience of the parties and expected witnesses does not militate against Arkansas’ serving as the forum state.

In accordance with the foregoing, the defendant’s Motion to Quash Service and Dismiss is denied.


source: Caselaw Access Project

author: HATFIELD, District Judge.

license: Public Domain

text:
    Thomas M. STANLEY, Plaintiff, v. Margaret HECKLER, Secretary of Health and Human Services, Defendant.
    No. CV-84-215-GF.
    United States District Court, D. Montana, Great Falls Division.
    March 18, 1985.

      Barry T. Olson, Great Falls, Mont., for plaintiff.
    George Darragh, Jr., Asst. U.S. Atty., Great Falls, Mont., for defendant.
   MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

HATFIELD, District Judge.

This action is before the court on motion of the plaintiff, Thomas M. Stanley, requesting the court to enter judgment by default against the defendant, the Secretary of Health and Human Services (“Secretary”), pursuant to Rule 55(e), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On January 23, 1985, the Secretary’s default was entered in this matter pursuant to Rule 55(a), Fed.R.Civ.P. The Secretary’s default was appropriately entered after she failed, for the second time, to file a timely answer to Mr. Stanley’s complaint for judicial review, under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), of the Secretary’s decision denying Stanley’s claim for Disability Income Benefits and Supplemental Security Income under the Social Security Act. Substantially contemporaneous with the entry of her default, the Secretary moved to dismiss Mr. Stanley’s complaint upon jurisdictional grounds; a motion which the court denied for lack of merit.

On January 28, 1985, the Secretary filed a motion requesting the court to set aside the default and grant the Secretary leave to file her answer. The only basis advanced by the Secretary in support of that motion was her assertion that the filing of the motion to dismiss somehow entitles her to relief from the default.

On February 28, 1985, a hearing was held before the court, at which time the plaintiff was allowed the opportunity to present evidence sufficient to establish his claim for relief, and the Secretary the opportunity to rebut the same. At the time of the hearing, the Secretary renewed her request for relief from the default, and asked the court to allow the administrative record to be filed.

DISCUSSION

Relief from Default

Under Rule 55(c), Fed.R.Civ.P., the court can set aside an entry of default for “good cause.” Cognizant of the fact that default judgments are not favored in the law, see, Schwab v. Bullock’s Inc., 508 F.2d 353 (9th Cir.1974), the court is, nonetheless, compelled to deny the Secretary’s request for relief.

A default should not be set aside when the reasons urged for doing so are insufficient to warrant that relief. See e.g., Dolphin Plumbing Co. of Florida, Inc. v. Financial Corp. of North America, 508 F.2d 1326 (5th Cir.1975). The Secretary has not offered, let alone established, any reason why she failed to file a timely answer. The Secretary simply submits that the filing of an untimely motion to dismiss entitles her to relief from the default entered against her. The filing of an untimely motion to dismiss, however, does not constitute “good cause,” sufficient to relieve a party from the entry of default, even under the relaxed standard of Rule 55(c), Fed.R.Civ.P.

The Secretary moves in virtually every action for judicial review under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) for an extension of time to file an answer upon the ground that additional time is needed to prepare the transcript of the administrative hearing. In fact, multiple requests for additional time are made in nearly every case. The default of the Secretary has been entered in numerous prior cases before this court. Whenever the default is entered, however, the Secretary immediately files an answer and the administrative record, beseeching the court to set aside her default. To this point, the court has exercised its discretion in a lenient manner, but has never received an explanation for the inordinate delay associated with the preparation of the administrative transcripts in these matters.

The transcript of the administrative hearing in the present action is less than 20 pages in length. Surely, the 120 days granted the Secretary to file an answer was adequate time to prepare that transcript. The Secretary has not offered any fact which would warrant a conclusion to the contrary.

The court is acutely aware of both the Secretary’s heavy workload, and the fact that the federal courts are prohibited from interfering with the administrative process. Where a final decision has been rendered by the Secretary and a complaint for judicial review filed, however, the individual' claimant is entitled to a timely judicial review. Unwarranted and unexplained delays will not be condoned by this court, where the ultimate decision in such cases is of paramount importance to the individual claimant, disability benefits represent perhaps the only source of income to a deserving claimant.

Default Judgment

Rule 55(e), Fed.R.Civ.P. provides:

No judgment shall be entered against the United States or an officer or agency thereof unless the claimant establishes his claim or right to relief by evidence satisfactory to the court.

Consistent with the proscription of Rule 55(e), the court, in the matter sub judice, held an evidentiary hearing with respect to Mr. Stanley’s claim. Mr. Stanley presented evidence which established to the satisfaction of the court that he is “disabled” within the meaning of the Social Security Act, and entitled to the benefits claimed in his complaint. Accordingly, the court finds it appropriate, on the basis of the evidence presented, to enter judgment by default in favor of Mr. Stanley.

The Secretary submits that the court may not enter default judgment against her without considering the administrative record. The Secretary contends that federal courts are precluded, by Rule 55(e) in conjunction with 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) and (h), from granting relief to a Social Security claimant, even where the Secretary is in default under Rule 55(a), unless the claimant establishes that the Secretary’s final decision is not supported by substantial evidence.

Several circuit courts have struggled to develop a logical analysis of the interrelationship between Rule 55(e) and the standard of review established by 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), and reach a conclusion as to whether a district court is without authority in cases under the Social Security Act, to affirm, modify or reverse a decision of the Secretary, even in the context of a default by the Secretary, without considering the administrative record. See, Alameda v. Sec. of Health, Educ. and Welfare, 622 F.2d 1044 (1st Cir.1980); Williams v. Califano, 593 F.2d 282 (7th Cir.1979); Poe v. Matthews, 572 F.2d 137 (6th Cir.1978); Carroll v. Sec. of Health, Educ. and Welfare, 470 F.2d 252 (5th Cir.1972). Even a cursory review of those decisions reveals that the courts are not in complete accord as to the quantum of evidence required by Rule 55(e) in an action for judicial review under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). In fact, the decisions range from an insistence that the district court is limited, in default situations, to determining whether the record provides substantial evidence to support the Secretary’s decision, see, Williams v. Califano, 503 F.2d at 284-85, to a determination that a “relaxed” degree of analysis of the administrative record may be employed by the district court. See, Alameda v. Sec. of Health, Educ. and Welfare, 622 F.2d at 1046-47.

The precise issue regarding the interrelationship between Rule 55(e) and 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) has not been resolved in this Circuit. Nonetheless, this court believes that the dicta espoused by the Ninth Circuit Court in Giampaoli v. Califano, 628 F.2d 1190 (9th Cir.1980), is dispositive of the Secretary’s argument. Although Giampaoli was postured for disposition by way of Rule 37(b)(2)(C), Fed.R.Civ.P., the court’s analysis and interpretation of Rule 55(e) provides clear guidance in resolving the issue presented in the case at bar.

In Giampaoli, the Court stated:

Finally, we reiterate that Rule 55(e) should be interpreted narrowly. It puts the government in a privileged position above all other litigants. If this privilege is interpreted too broadly, the government obtains an undue advantage, which enhances its strategic position and upsets the overriding policy that civil litigants receive equal treatment. HEW has repeatedly sought to use this advantage against poor and disabled persons who are overmatched by the agency’s vast resources, and who already suffer because of the ‘glacial pace’ at which HEW conducts its administrative disability proceedings, (citations omitted)

628 F.2d at 1195.

If the court were to accept the proposition advocated by the Secretary and followed by the Seventh Circuit, in Williams, supra, it would be interpreting Rule 55(e) broadly, in direct contravention of the rationale espoused in Giampaoli. Simply stated, the interpretation of Rule 55(e) advanced by the Secretary would have the effect of rendering Rule 55(e) a nullity in actions for judicial review under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). A claimant would be placed at the grace of the Secretary in having his claim reviewed. A result which could not have been intended by Congress in enacting 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) and a result which this court will not serve to foster.

SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE

The court is firmly convinced that default judgment in this matter is appropriately entered on the basis of .the evidence presented by Mr. Stanley at the evidentiary hearing held before this court. Nonetheless, in an effort to expedite the receipt of benefits to an obviously meritorious claimant should the rationale of this court be ultimately rejected by the Circuit Court, the court has reviewed the administrative record to determine whether the Secretary’s final decision is supported by substantial evidence. The review conducted reveals that the final decision of the Secretary to the effect that Mr. Stanley is not “disabled” within the meaning of the Social Security Act is not supported by substantial evidence.

The record in this matter speaks for itself. Mr. Stanley’s exertional limitations aside, the record developed by the Administrative Law Judge clearly establishes that Mr. Stanley suffers from the non-exertional limitation of severe pain. The Administrative Law Judge found Mr. Stanley’s subjective complaints of pain to be fully credible and clearly corroborated by the medical evidence of record. Considering Mr. Stanley’s exertional limitations in conjunction with the non-exertional limitations of pain, the Administrative Law Judge concluded that Mr. Stanley was disabled and entitled to benefits under the Social Security Act.

The decision of the Appeals Council is devoid of any discussion or evaluation of Mr. Stanley’s non-exertional limitation of pain. It is indeed incredible, but not surprising, that the Appeals Council would reverse a decision in which the pain experienced by the claimant was such an important factor in the Administrative Law Judge’s decision, when no evidence exists in the record whatsoever to rebut Mr. Stanley’s subjective complaints of pain.

The Secretary can disregard a claimant’s self-serving statements such as allegations of pain, but only when they are unsupported by objective findings. Maounis v. Heckler, 738 F.2d 1032, 1034 (9th Cir.1984). This circuit has accepted the “validity of the proposition that subjective symptoms of pain are a significant factor to be weighed in determining whether there exists ‘disability’ as defined in the Act.” Mark v. Celebrezze, 348 F.2d 289, 292 (9th Cir.1965).

Here, there are both subjective complaints of pain and objective clinical evidence of pain, but the Appeals Council nevertheless rejected both. Although it is within the power of the Secretary to make findings concerning the credibility of witnesses and to weigh conflicting evidence, Rhodes v. Schweiker, 660 F.2d 722, 724 (9th Cir.1981), she cannot reach a conclusion first, and then attempt to justify it by ignoring competent evidence in the record that suggests an opposite result. Whitney v. Schweiker, 695 F.2d 784, 788 (7th Cir.1982).

CONCLUSION

Judgment by default must be entered in favor of the claimant, Mr. Stanley, and against the Secretary pursuant to Rule 59(e), Fed.R.Civ.P., Mr. Stanley having established the merit of his claim by evidence satisfactory to this court.

In addition, review of the administrative record reveals that the Secretary did not meet her burden of proving that Mr. Stanley was capable of performing light sedentary forms of gainful employment. Consequently, the court finds the Secretary’s decision that Mr. Stanley is not disabled is not supported by substantial evidence.

For the reasons set forth herein,

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the decision of the Secretary is REVERSED. The Secretary shall forthwith provide Mr. Stanley benefits under the Social Security Act in accordance with the decision of the Administrative Law Judge entered in this matter on October 28, 1983.

The Clerk is directed to enter JUDGMENT accordingly.

      . Although the Secretary's motion was based upon Rule 55(c) in conjunction with Rule 60(b), no judgment had been entered as of January 28, 1985. Accordingly, the motion was simply a motion requesting the court to set aside the Secretary’s default pursuant to Rule 55(c), Fed. R.Civ.P.


author: MURRAY M. SCHWARTZ, District Judge.

text:
    Paul K. ALLISON, on Behalf of GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION, Plaintiff, v. GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION, Elliott M. Estes, Reuben R. Jensen, Howard H. Kehrl, F. James McDonald, Thomas A. Murphy and Roger B. Smith, Defendants.
    Civ. A. No. 84-214 MMS.
    United States District Court, D. Delaware.
    March 19, 1985.

      William Prickett, and Excetral K. Caldwell, Prickett, Jones, Elliott, Kristol & Schnee, Wilmington, Del. (Harold E. Kohn, and Diane M. Nast, Kohn, Savett, Marion & Graf, P.C., Philadelphia, Pa.; Joseph F. Roda, and Bernadette McKeon Hohenadel, Joseph F. Roda, P.C., Lancaster, Pa., of counsel), for plaintiffs.
    William O. LaMotte, Jr., Thomas Reed Hunt, Jr., and Michael Houghton, Morris, Nichols, Arsht & Tunnell, Wilmington, Del., for individual defendants.
    E. Norman Veasey, R. Franklin Balotti, and Allen M. Terrell, Jr., Richards, Layton & Finger, Wilmington, Del., for defendant General Motors Corp.
   OPINION

MURRAY M. SCHWARTZ, District Judge.

This opinion addresses the tension produced by the necessity for corporate governance by a corporation’s board of directors and the use of the shareholder’s derivative suit as a device for remedying abuse of corporate decision making power. It also peripherally touches on choice of law problems that arise when a federal procedural rule is inextricably linked to state substantive law.

Defendant General Motors Corporation (“GM”) and six individual defendants have moved to dismiss Paul K. Allison’s shareholder’s derivative complaint. The dismissal motion raises two primary issues: 1) whether a derivative suit should be dismissed as premature where the plaintiff allegedly allowed the corporation insufficient time to respond to a Fed.R.Civ.P. 23.1 demand, and 2) whether the allegations of the second amended complaint are adequately particularized and legally sufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss predicated upon the rejection of a demand by the GM Board of Directors in the exercise of its business judgment. It is concluded that although the complaint was filed prematurely, the highly unusual case-specific facts counsel against dismissal on this ground. Nonetheless, the second amended complaint will be dismissed because it is legally insufficient to override the business judgment of the Board of Directors to terminate this litigation.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

On April 17, 1984, plaintiff Allison, a GM shareholder, filed a derivative action against GM and six of its present and former directors (“individual defendants”) alleging violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”), 18 U.S.C. § 1961 et seq., and fraud, mismanagement and breach of fiduciary duties. On May 8, 1984, defendants moved to dismiss the original complaint by reason of plaintiff’s failure to verify the complaint, allege noncollusiveness, make an adequate demand upon the Board of Directors, and await a response to the demand which was made. Plaintiff responded by filing a verified amended complaint which included an allegation of noncollusiveness. Defendants again moved to dismiss and alternatively to obtain a stay of discovery pending resolution of the motions to dismiss and pending the GM Board’s action on plaintiff’s demand letter. On May 29, a stay was ordered except as to any discovery which might be relevant to the motions to dismiss and stay.

Following briefing of the motions to dismiss but prior to oral argument, the GM Board, on October 1, 1984, rejected the demand. GM promptly buttressed its motion to dismiss by adding the Board’s rejection of plaintiffs demand as an additional reason for dismissal. In support of the motion, GM filed, via affidavit, the report and recommendation of a committee of the GM Board of Directors. Plaintiff reacted by moving to further amend his complaint to allege wrongful rejection of the demand. After grant of that motion all defendants again moved to dismiss the second amended complaint as legally insufficient and not in compliance with Fed.R.Civ.P. 23.1. The motions to dismiss center upon the adequacy of the demand letter, the timing of filing of the original complaint, and the legal sufficiency of the latest amended complaint.

In a detailed, three page, single-spaced letter dated January 30, 1984, plaintiff demanded GM institute suit against the individual defendants

to obtain recovery of all funds that have been or will be spent by GM because of the defective condition of the X-cars [Buick Skylark, Pontiac Phoenix, Chevrolet Citation and Oldsmobile Omega], on the grounds that in authorizing the production and sale of the X-cars in defective condition, and in authorizing GM to furnish incomplete and false information to NHTSA [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration], those directors breached their fiduciary duties to GM, to its substantial detriment.

(Docket Item (“Dkt.”) 14, Exh. A, at 3). As background to the request for institution of suit, the demand letter recites that one month prior to initial production in 1977, the individual defendants either knew or should have known of a “premature brake lock-up” problem with the X-cars. The demand letter charged the individual defendants with mismanagement and breach of their fiduciary duties to GM arising from their permitting production and sale of defective X-cars in 1979 and 1980. Thereafter the individual defendants allegedly either directed or knowingly acquiesced in the providing of incomplete, inaccurate and false information to NHTSA relating to the X-cars. The demand letter then states that as “a direct result of the production and sale of the X-cars, and of the failure by GM to provide complete and truthful information to NHTSA,” X-cars have been involved in numerous accidents resulting in personal injuries and deaths. Those accidents have led to the filing of over fifty lawsuits, one of which resulted in a verdict against GM in excess of $5 million and others of which have been settled. In addition, the demand letter recites that GM has twice made voluntary recalls of X-cars and that NHTSA has filed suit against GM seeking a recall of 1.1 million X-cars and a civil penalty in excess of $4 million. Finally, the demand letter recites that because GM is self-insured, it has suffered, and will continue to suffer, financial detriment.

On February 24, GM responded to the demand letter by advising that the demand would be considered by the Board of Directors at its next regularly scheduled meeting. (Revised Verified and Amended Complaint, Dkt. 14, Exh. B-l). On March 7, GM advised plaintiffs counsel that outside directors were inquiring into the demand and that there would be further communication “at the conclusion of their inquiry.” (Id., Exh. B-2).

On March 19 plaintiff, through his counsel, stated:

In view of the fact that General Motors is now vigorously contesting the government’s X-car recall suit, we must con-elude that the Corporation is not seriously considering suit against the officers and directors referred to in our January 30, 1984 letter to the Board of Directors.

(Dkt. 21, Exh. E). Plaintiff threatened to file his own lawsuit if GM did not file suit by April 2, 1984. GM’s answer to the March 19 letter denied that its defense of the government lawsuit would hinder the outside directors’ evaluation and stated that because the investigation by outside directors was ongoing, filing of suit would be premature. On March 30, 1984, in response to a phone call by plaintiff’s attorney, counsel for GM, after stating that the demand raised complex and highly technical issues, declined to estimate when an informed determination would be made. (Revised Verified and Amended Complaint, Dkt. 14, Exh. B-3). On April 3,1984, plaintiff responded by informing GM that suit would be filed without further notice.

On April 17, 1984, plaintiff filed a two count derivative complaint on behalf of GM against the same six present and former directors named in the demand letter. Both counts allege the individual defendants breached their fiduciary duties by knowingly producing and selling X-cars with defective braking systems, concealing the alleged defect, and providing false and incomplete disclosures to NHTSA and consumers. Count I alleges a civil RICO violation based on predicate offenses of mail and wire fraud. Count II alleges breach of fiduciary duty under state law.

DEMAND REQUIRED — DEMAND EXCUSED (Futility of Demand)

Defendants base their motions to dismiss on failure to comply with Fed.R.Civ.P. 23.1 and failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted because of the insufficiency of the second amended complaint as a matter of law. Defendants argue that Rule 23.1 was not complied with because plaintiffs demand was incomplete and the filing of suit was premature. As a consequence, defendants urge, the entire complaint should be dismissed. Plaintiff counters that demand was futile and hence not required under Rule 23.1, and that in any event, his demand was adequate and the filing of suit was not premature. The Court will first consider plaintiffs claim that demand was futile.

Rule 23.1, devoted exclusively to derivative actions, is a marked departure from the “notice” pleading philosophy of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. It represents a procedural resolution of the tension between the usual statutory directive that a Board of Directors conduct the affairs of a corporation and the power given to shareholders to remedy corporate directors’ misfeasance, malfeasance and nonfeasance by instituting actions on behalf of the corporation. The right to control the prosecution of litigation belongs in the first instance to the Board-of Directors. At the same time, Rule 23.1 recognizes that it is sometimes necessary to have shareholders police, enforce, and indeed assume the directors’ duties of corporate governance. However, Rule 23.1 also acknowledges that because shareholders could be overzealous in their enforcement actions, there ipust be rules to “police the police.” See Daily Income Fund, Inc. v. Fox, 464 U.S. 523, 104 S.Ct. 831, 836-37, 78 L.Ed.2d 645 (1984). Under Rule 23.1 the shareholder must either make a demand or plead with particularity the exceptional circumstances that demonstrate why a demand would be futile, i.e., why the Board of Directors should not be allowed to decide whether to institute litigation. See In re Kauffman Mutual Fund Actions, 479 F.2d 257 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 857, 94 S.Ct. 161, 38 L.Ed.2d 107 (1973). In essence, when demand is not made, the complaining stockholder must show that the Board of Directors abdicated in favor of stockholder control of an-aspect of corporate affairs — the power to control corporate litigation. A court must determine solely on the basis of the complaint whether the plaintiff stockholder has met this burden of alleging that demand is excused. Lewis v. Curtis, 671 F.2d 779, 784 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 880, 103 S.Ct. 176, 74 L.Ed.2d 144 (1982).

With these principles in mind attention is turned to the allegations of paragraph 6 of the amended complaint set out in the margin. Essentially, plaintiff relies upon five justifications that, taken singly or in combination, make this a “demand-excused” case: 1) the GM Board has failed to take action on behalf of GM, despite plaintiffs letters, before the filing of the complaint, 2) the GM Board had knowledge for four years of the wrongdoings alleged in the complaint and failed to bring suit, 3) defendants, as former or present members of the Board, participated in the alleged wrongs recited in the complaint, 4) individual defendants have not and would not file suit against themselves, and 5) the Board of Directors is dominated and controlled by defendants. Each will be considered in turn.

1. Failure to Take Action

A generalized claim that the Board failed to take action on the alleged wrongs set out in the demand letter as of the date of filing of the complaint does not in any way explain why the Board is disabled from assuming control of the litigation. This claim only alerts the Board that a shareholder believes management has done something which requires a response by the Board. At a minimum, plaintiff must offer some particularized legally cognizable reason as to why the GM Board is unable to redress the alleged wrong. See, e.g., Ash v. International Business Machines, Inc., 353 F.2d 491, 492-93 (3d Cir.1965), cert. denied, 384 U.S. 927, 86 S.Ct. 1446, 16 L.Ed.2d 531 (1966).

2. Failure to Bring Suit Despite Knowing for Four Years of the Alleged Underlying Wrongs

Treating plaintiffs complaint charitably, it can be construed as stating:

GM has been aware of the incidents underlying the claims in the demand letter for more than four years, and ... has been involved in an investigation by the federal government during the same period of time into precisely the same matter and had been actively contesting litigation with the federal government arising from that investigation____

(Plaintiffs Brief in Opposition to Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss or Stay, Dkt. 21, at 18). This allegation as to board disability appears to be twofold: 1) The GM Board has been aware of the wrongs constituting the claim for four years and has done nothing about them, and 2) GM’s past conduct in defending against the government investigation and suit involving “precisely the same matter” demonstrates defendants would reject plaintiff’s demand.

With respect to the former, the GM Board’s knowledge of wrongs and failure to institute suit, without more, is inadequate to excuse demand. Clinton Hudson & Sons v. Lehigh Valley Cooperative Farms, Inc., 73 F.R.D. 420, 429 (E.D.Pa.1977) , aff'd mem., 586 F.2d 834 (3d Cir.1978); see Cramer v. General Telephone & Electronics Corp., 582 F.2d 259 (3d Cir.1978), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1129, 99 S.Ct. 1048, 59 L.Ed.2d 90 (1979); Halprin v. Babbitt, 303 F.2d 138, 141 (1st Cir.1962). A general allegation that the Board acquiesced, as signified by its failure to file remedial litigation, is not sufficiently particular to demonstrate demand futility.

Similarly, the allegation of participation in an administrative investigation and defense of a government agency lawsuit, without more, is insufficient to establish futility of demand. Initially it is noted that only by speculative construction of the exhibits attached to the complaint can one discern that plaintiff is tying GM’s defense of the NHTSA litigation to futility of demand. In fact, the demand letter attached to the complaint can be read as encompassing more than the asserted deficiency in the X-car brake system that is at issue in the NHTSA litigation. Assuming the complaint is alleging, however obliquely, that because GM is defending the government lawsuit it would not undertake litigation against the individual defendants, the complaint is silent as to whether it was a GM Board decision to contest the government action. Likewise, the plaintiff has not pleaded with any particularity facts to show why, simply because GM is defending itself, the GM Board would be unwilling to have GM sue the individual defendants. It would not be inconsistent or illogical for GM to contest that the corporation is liable in pending litigation and later, or even simultaneously, sue the defendant directors for breach of fiduciary duty. GM could institute suit against the directors without admitting that the corporation was liable in the NHTSA suit. Thus, GM’s mere failure to institute suit with knowledge of the alleged underlying wrongs and its defense of government litigation do not excuse demand as futile under Rule 23.1.

3. Participation in the Alleged Wrong by Individual Defendants

Plaintiff asserts demand is excused because the individual defendants, as members of the GM Board, participated in the underlying wrongs, i.e., the decision to manufacture and sell X-cars with a known brake deficiency and the decision to submit false and incorrect information to the government and the public. Director participation as pleaded contains a glaring deficiency. Nowhere is it pleaded that the individual defendants constitute a majority of the Board. The Court will not presume or infer this crucial fact. Plaintiff cannot be permitted to circumvent Rule 23.1’s particularity requirement by omission.

Courts will in some instances excuse demand if the “complaint alleges that a majority of the directors have participated in the underlying wrongdoing” or were otherwise biased. Lewis v. Curtis, 671 F.2d 779, 784-85 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 880, 103 S.Ct. 176, 74 L.Ed.2d 144 (1982). However, unless a plaintiff makes sufficiently particular allegations of participation, self-dealing, bias, bad faith, or corrupt motive, failure to make a demand will not be excused. Id. at 784-85. Plaintiff has not made particular allegations of this nature. The mere fact that plaintiff names members of the Board of Directors as defendants or even makes conclusory allegations of director wrongdoing does not suffice to excuse demand. Id.; Lewis v. Graves, 701 F.2d 245 (2d Cir.1983); In re Kauffman Mutual Fund Actions, 479 F.2d 257 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 857, 94 S.Ct. 161, 38 L.Ed.2d 107 (1973). It follows that plaintiffs bare allegation of participation by the individual defendants does not obviate the need for a Rule 23.1 demand on the GM Board.

4. The GM Board Having to Sue Itself

Plaintiff has alleged “individual defendants have not brought this action and would not diligently prosecute this action because in effect they would have to bring suit against themselves.” (Dkt. 14, ¶ 6). Without an allegation of majority Board participation, one cannot logically conclude that because individual defendants would not sue themselves, the GM Board would not initiate suit against them. The decision to institute suit would be made by the majority of the GM Board, not by the individual defendants. Moreover, it is well settled that an “allegation that demand upon the directors would be futile because the directors ‘would be suing themselves’ is not alone sufficient to excuse demand.” Lewis v. Curtis, 671 F.2d at 785.

5. Domination and Control

In arguing in support of excusing demand as futile, plaintiff hints that he relies upon an allegation of domination and control of the GM Board by the individual defendants. (Dkt. 21, at 22). This contention invites easy disposition. First, there is no such allegation in the complaint. Second, even if there were, the complaint lacks any factual allegation in support of domination and control. See Vernars v. Young, 539 F.2d 966 (3d Cir.1976). It is concluded on the basis of conventional Rule 23.1 analysis that demand is not excused. The allegations of the complaint, taken singly or in combination, do not demonstrate that demand would be futile.

The above decision rests on federal law because, in the final analysis, the question is whether the complaint complies with a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure, Fed.R. Civ.P. 23.1. This analysis is consistent with the approach of other federal courts, which have largely relied upon federal case law in determining whether the allegations of the complaint are particular enough in their explanation of why demand is excused to satisfy Rule 23.1’s requirements. See, e.g., Lewis v. Graves, 701 F.2d at 248-49; Vernars v. Young, 539 F.2d at 968; Walden v. Elrod, 72 F.R.D. 5, 13 (W.D.Okla.1976). However, in Burks v. Lasker, 441 U.S. 471, 99 S.Ct. 1831, 60 L.Ed.2d 404 (1979), the Supreme Court held that federal courts must ordinarily look to state corporate law, even in cases based entirely on federal law, to determine the powers of corporate directors. Id. at 477-78, 99 S.Ct. at 1836-37. Based on this principle, some federal courts have used state substantive law to analyze whether the reasons offered by plaintiff for excusing demand are adequate. See Lewis v. Curtis, 671 F.2d at 786; Reilly Mortgage Group, Inc. v. Mount Vernon Savings & Loan Ass’n, 568 F.Supp. 1067, 1075 (E.D.Va.1983). Unfortunately, these decisions do not make clear which Rule 23.1 issues are governed by which law. In Lewis v. Curtis, for example, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit cited federal authority for the principle that “mere approval of an allegedly injurious corporate transaction, absent self-interest or bias by a majority of the board, is insufficient to excuse demand.” 671 F.2d at 785. The Third Circuit appellate court then stated that state law would determine whether board members were sufficiently interested in the challenged transaction to excuse demand. Id. at 785-86.

There are several reasons why a federal court might use state law to define the contours of the demand requirement and evaluate whether demand is excused. First, the demand requirement is a rule of substantive right, In re Kauffman Mutual Fund Actions, 479 F.2d at 263; Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A.2d 805, 809 (Del.1984), and federal courts in diversity cases must apply state substantive law. Erie R.R. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188 (1938). Second, because the demand requirement is substantive, Rule 23.1, as a procedural rule, cannot establish or modify this requirement, because procedural rules cannot define or alter substantive rights. See 28 U.S.C. § 2072; Daily Income Fund, Inc. v. Fox, 464 U.S. 523, 104 S.Ct. 831, 842-43, 78 L.Ed.2d 645 (1984) (Stevens, J., concurring) (“the rule [23.1] concerns itself solely with the adequacy of the pleadings; it creates no substantive rights”). Third, the demand requirement is based on substantive principles of state corporate law, such as the principle that management of the corporation is left to the Board of Directors. As the Supreme Court indicated in Burks v. Lasker, supra, state substantive law, not federal law, is the appropriate source of corporate law principles, even for lawsuits otherwise governed by federal law. 441 U.S. at 478-80. Finally, the Supreme Court has noted that the source of the demand requirement may be the applicable substantive law and not Rule 23.1 itself, although the Court found that it need not decide this issue. Daily Income Fund, Inc. v. Fox, 104 S.Ct. at 837 n. 8.

This choice of law question need not be resolved, however, because Delaware law also compels the conclusion that the complaint does not allege facts sufficient to excuse demand. The Delaware Chancery Court has its own Rule 23.1, which is identical, in all aspects pertinent to this case, to Fed.R.Civ.P. 23.1. The Delaware Supreme Court, in Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A.2d 805 (Del.1984), construed Chancery Court Rule 23.1 and established substantive guidelines for when demand is excused as futile. The principles discussed by the Aronson court are either identical to or consistent with the principles drawn from the federal case law cited above. See 473 A.2d at 814-18; see also Pogostin v. Rice, 480 A.2d 619 (Del.1984). Thus, application of the Aronson v. Lewis standard to plaintiffs complaint achieves the same result as the application of federal principles — demand is not excused as futile.

Delaware state law appears to supply another reason why demand would not be excused in this case. In one Delaware case, after the plaintiffs complaint was dismissed for failure to make demand, plaintiff appealed the dismissal to the Delaware Supreme Court. Prior to oral argument, plaintiff made a demand, and the Delaware Supreme Court dismissed the appeal as moot for that reason. Stotland v. GAF Corp., 469 A.2d 421 (Del.1983). Defendant GM urges that Stotland establishes that a plaintiff who makes a demand concedes that demand is not futile. Because the rule of Stotland, while promoting judicial economy, would have the inevitable effect of discouraging demand, I leave to another day in this fast-developing field the question whether the making of a demand by a plaintiff shareholder waives any assertion that demand is excused as futile. Because demand is not excused as futile, attention is turned to defendants’ argument that the demand made in this case is inadequate because it omitted all reference to RICO.

ADEQUACY OF THE DEMAND

All defendants contend plaintiff’s January 30 demand letter was inadequate because it omitted any reference to a RICO legal theory or to the facts underlying the predicate mail and wire fraud violations. They further assert they were affirmatively misled in that the demand letter was couched in terms of breach of fiduciary duty and requested suit be instituted seeking compensatory damages, whereas the complaint is also based on RICO and seeks treble damages, costs and attorneys’ fees.

Adequacy of demand must be determined on a case by case basis. Nonetheless, application of certain basic principles, if followed, will invariably result in a demand being deemed adequate.

Adequacy of demand is tied to its purpose. Demand is required in order to assure compliance with the most fundamental principle of corporate governance— directors are answerable to the shareholders and are charged with the duty and responsibility to manage all aspects of corporate affairs. If misconduct has occurred, the directors must be given the initial opportunity to redress the wrong prior to resort to litigation unless demand is excused for reasons such as self-dealing, self-interest, bad purpose, corrupt motive and the like. See Daily Income Fund, Inc. v. Fox, 464 U.S. 523, 104 S.Ct. 831, 837, 78 L.Ed.2d 645 (1984). Upon receipt of a demand, the Board of Directors must investigate and evaluate the charges in order to discharge its duty to the shareholders and manage corporate affairs responsibly. Cf. Smith v. Van Gorkom, 488 A.2d 858 at 872-873 (Del.1985) (directors must inform themselves before making a decision). The purpose of a demand is to alert the Board of Directors so that it can take such corrective action, if any, as it feels is merited. Daily Income Fund, Inc. v. Fox, 104 S.Ct. at 837. A demand is adequate if it satisfies that purpose.

At a minimum, a demand must identify the alleged wrongdoers, describe the factual basis of the wrongful acts and the harm caused to the corporation, and request remedial relief. In most instances, the shareholder need not specify his legal theory, every fact in support of that theory, or the precise quantum of damages. Decisions as to how and on what theory the corporation will pursue wrongdoers are the proper province of the Board of Directors.

Application of these guidelines to the instant demand results in the conclusion that it is more than adequate. The demand identified the alleged wrongdoers — the six former and present members of the Board of Directors; spelled out the perceived wrongful conduct — manufacture and sale of X-cars with a known braking system defect and supplying incomplete, misleading and false information to the government; specified the losses suffered by the corporation — personal injury litigation and a government lawsuit seeking a mandatory recall; and requested relief for the corporation — monetary damages to compensate it for all losses. It is concluded the three page, single-spaced demand letter was sufficiently specific to satisfy Rule 23.1. Having found the demand was adequate, the next question is whether the Board of Directors was afforded sufficient time to respond to the demand before plaintiff filed suit.

PREMATURE FILING OF SUIT

Suit was filed on April 17, 1984, slightly more than two and one-half months after the January 30 demand. The issue is whether two and one-half months was sufficient time for the Board of Directors to respond to the demand or, put another way, whether plaintiff was entitled to abandon the demand procedure and assume control of corporate litigation because the Board failed to respond to his demand within that period. If two and one-half months was not sufficient time to respond, the filing of suit was premature.

There can be no precise rule as to how much time a Board must be given to respond to a demand. Indeed, the question in premature filing cases is not how much time is needed to respond to the demand, but whether the time between demand and filing of suit was sufficient to permit the Board of Directors to discharge its duty to consider the demand. Generally, if demand is required, the amount of time needed for a response will vary in direct proportion to the complexity of the technological, quantitative, and legal issues raised by the demand. Under Delaware law the Board of Directors has a duty to inform itself of all material information essential to an objective and meaningful evaluation of the demand. See Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A.2d 805, 812 (Del.1984); Abramowitz v. Posner, 513 F.Supp. 120, 132-33 (S.D.N.Y.1981) (applying Delaware law), aff'd, 672 F.2d 1025 (2d Cir.1982); cf. Hasan v. Cleve-Trust Realty Investors, 729 F.2d 372, 378-79 (6th Cir.1984) (applying Massachusetts law). Indeed, if the directors made a hasty judgment without making careful inquiry into the demand, their judgment could be attacked as not satisfying the business judgment rule. See Smith v. Van Gorkom, 488 A.2d 858 at 872-873, No. 255-1982, slip op. at 23-26 (Del. Jan. 29, 1985). It follows that the content of the demand is the determining factor in whether the complaint was filed prematurely.

The January 30 demand asserts the braking system of the X-cars was defective. Immediately, the GM Board, which was not necessarily composed of persons knowledgeable about automobiles, much less brake systems, was faced with the necessity of gaining some minimal understanding of the technology of automobile braking systems. The Board also had to determine what and when the six individuals named in the demand knew or should have known about the alleged brake system defect, and whether any of the six named persons were responsible for alleged incomplete and false information being supplied to the government. In addition, the GM Board had to investigate the extent of the damages GM incurred because of the defective braking system. The alleged source of these damages was varied. As a consequence, there had to be an investigation of government litigation efforts to secure a mandatory recall, over fifty personal injury lawsuits, and the other unidentified “numerous accidents” and settlements by General Motors. Given the magnitude and complexity of these issues, two and one-half months was not sufficient time for the GM Board to complete an adequate investigation of the items set forth in the demand letter.

Premature filing of suit after demand has been made in a demand-required case frustrates the policy of Rule 23.1 “that an individual shareholder ordinarily should not usurp the responsibility of corporate management to determine whether and how to pursue a corporate claim.” Weiss v. Temporary Investment Fund, Inc., 516 F.Supp. 665, 670 n. 13 (D.Del.1981), aff'd, 692 F.2d 928 (3d Cir.1982), vacated and remanded on other grounds, — U.S. -, 104 S.Ct. 989, 79 L.Ed.2d 224 (1984). For that reason, premature filing of suit after demand is equivalent to failure to make a demand in a demand-required case. Ordinarily, the remedy for failure to make a demand is dismissal. However, a combination of two circumstances militate against dismissal.

Two months after demand, plaintiff, through his attorney, inquired of special GM Board counsel when the investigation would be completed. He was “brushed off” with the response:

It is impossible, at this time, to fix a date for the conclusion of this inquiry; however, you may be assured that the Board is proceeding diligently and in an expeditious manner.

(Dkt. 14, Exh. B-3). Without being supplied with a target date for a response to the demand, plaintiffs counsel could only speculate when, if ever, GM would respond. In fact, it is unknown if GM would have responded as soon as it did, but for the impetus provided when plaintiff filed the complaint.

This “brush off” was accompanied by unavoidable litigation delay. Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint in May, 1984, and briefing on defendants’ motion was completed by July 23. GM responded to the demand on October 1, before oral argument was held, and then properly used that response as an additional, alternative ground for dismissal of the complaint. Plaintiff thereafter filed a motion to amend the complaint to reflect the GM demand response. The Court permitted the amendment over objection so that all issues could be posed for decision.

Given the accomplished fact of refusal of demand, the complaint could only have been dismissed without prejudice to plaintiff’s right to file a new complaint based upon wrongful refusal of demand. In effect, that new complaint is now before the Court in the form of plaintiff’s second amended complaint. Based on this procedural history, it would be elevating form over substance to dismiss without prejudice the amended complaint on the ground of premature filing of suit, because the amended complaint also alleges wrongful demand refusal.

The refusal to dismiss carries with it a potential for unwanted baggage in future demand-required cases. Derivative plaintiffs could choose to lodge a demand and thereafter prematurely file suit and assert, as here, that notwithstanding the demand, demand is excused. It is unlikely, however, that this danger would develop into long-lasting reality. Such a maneuver could well be blunted if the Board of Directors, after gauging the content of the demand letter, supplied a good faith estimate of a date by which the Board would respond to the shareholder’s demand. Moreover, if the premature filing of a derivative suit after demand becomes a problem, Delaware case law has developed to the point that there could evolve a substantive rule that a derivative plaintiff’s assertion that demand is excused is mooted once demand is made. The establishment of such a rule must await further development in an appropriate case.

In summary, it has been held that: 1) this is not a demand-excused case, 2) the demand was adequate to satisfy the underlying policies and requirements of Rule 23.-1, 3) the original complaint was prematurely filed, and 4) given the circumstances, the amended complaint will not be dismissed because of premature filing. There remains the question whether the amended complaint, including the allegation of wrongful rejection of the demand, is legally sufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss.

DEMAND REFUSED

A threshold question is whether the present motion is one to dismiss or for summary judgment. Plaintiff insists that because defendant General Motors filed, along with its motion to dismiss, the report of its litigation committee to the Board of Directors, the motion is for summary judgment and GM is now subject to the “two-tiered” review and concomitant limited discovery of Zapata Corp. v. Maldonado, 430 A.2d 779, 788 (Del.1981). Defendant GM, relying on the concurring opinion of Judge Becker in Goodwin v. Elkins & Co., 730 F.2d 99 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 105 S.Ct. 118, 83 L.Ed.2d 61 (1984), takes the position that because the report is referenced in, but not attached to, the amended complaint, the Court may consider it without transforming the motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment. It follows, argues GM, that discovery is not permitted and, alternatively, that the Court may determine the motion to dismiss on the face of the complaint without reference to GM’s affidavit and attached report. I decline to add a non-authoritative voice to the ongoing debate within the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit as reflected in Goodwin v. Elkins & Co., supra. Neither side in the debate would dispute that a court has the discretion to refuse to consider materials outside the complaint. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b); 2A Moore’s Federal Practice 1112.09, at 2300 (1984). Accordingly, the motion to dismiss will be decided solely on the face of the complaint as amended to reflect wrongful rejection of the demand. The affidavit and attached report will not be considered. Cf. Waldman v. Carey, 82 F.R.D. 469 (E.D.Pa.1979).

The basis for defendants’ motion to dismiss is that the GM Board rejected the demand and decided that this lawsuit is not in the best interest of the corporation. Because a derivative suit is on behalf of the corporation, and because the Board of Directors’ decision as to what is in the corporation’s best interest is ordinarily respected, the GM Board’s rejection of the demand means that this lawsuit should be terminated unless plaintiff can show why the Board’s decision was wrongful or why the requirements of the business judgment rule have not been met. Cf. Smith v. Van Gorkom, supra. As an initial matter, however, the Court must decide what law governs defendants’ motion. Burks v. Lasker, 441 U.S. 471, 99 S.Ct. 1831, 60 L.Ed.2d 404 (1979), teaches that in derivative litigation a federal court must determine whether and under what circumstances state law permits the Board of Directors to terminate a derivative suit. If termination is permitted and plaintiff alleges a violation of federal law, the court must then determine “whether such a state rule [is] consistent with the policy” of the federal statute alleged to have been violated. Burks v. Lasker, 441 U.S. at 480, 99 S.Ct. at 1838; Lewis v. Curtis, 671 F.2d at 785 n. 1. The two count complaint alleges a violation of RICO and a pendent state law claim. Assuming without deciding that a derivative cause of action exists under RICO, plaintiff has not pointed out nor has the Court been able to discover anything in the RICO statute or its legislative history indicating that the policy underlying RICO is inconsistent with director termination of derivative litigation. Accordingly, Delaware state law controls whether the amended complaint sufficiently alleges that the GM Board wrongfully rejected plaintiff’s demand.

Plaintiff argues vigorously that in deciding the validity of the rejection of the demand, the procedure of Zapata Corp. v. Maldonado, 430 A.2d 779 (Del.1981), controls. Zapata holds that after allowing plaintiff limited discovery, the court must conduct a two-tier inquiry. First, “the Court should inquire into the independence and good faith of the [Board of Directors] and the bases supporting its conclusions.” Second, “[t]he Court should determine, applying its own independent business judgment, whether the motion [requesting termination of the derivative suit] should be granted.” 430 A.2d at 788, 789 (footnote omitted).

The difficulty with plaintiff’s position is that the Delaware Supreme Court has made clear Zapata’s two-step analysis applies only in a demand-excused context, and not to a demand-required case. Since Za pata, the court has expressly recognized and continued in place “the Zapata demand-excused/ demand-refused bifurcation.” Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A.2d at 813-14. Moreover, the court has reiterated its view that the business judgment rule applies “where demand on a board has been made and refused.” Id. at 813. “Unless the business judgment rule does not protect the refusal to sue, the shareholder lacks the legal managerial power to continue the derivative action, since that power is terminated by the refusal.” Id.

Under Delaware law, the business judgment doctrine carries with it “a presumption that in making a business decision the directors of a corporation acted on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the company.” Id. at 812. The business judgment rule operates only in the context of director action, including a conscious decision not to act. Moreover, the rule does not apply if the degree of “interestedness” of the Board of Directors in whatever is at issue is too high, if it lacked independence, if it fails to exercise informed business judgment, or if it takes action contrary to the corporation’s best interest. See id. at 812, 818; Smith v. Van Gorkom, supra, at 872-873.

The business judgment rule controls both whether demand is excused in a demand-excused case and the propriety of rejection of a demand in a demand-required case. In the demand-excused context, the corporation’s motion to terminate derivative litigation may be granted, but only if its decision satisfies the heightened judicial scrutiny required by the Zapata two-step test. The reason for differing levels of deference to the business judgment of the Board of Directors is plain. “Demand-excused” is but a shorthand phrase for describing a situation where the allegations, taken as true, give rise to a reasonable doubt that “1) the directors are disinterested and independent and 2) the challenged transaction was otherwise the product of a valid exercise of business judgment.” Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A.2d at 814. Conversely, in a demand-required context, a heightened level of judicial scrutiny is not appropriate since, by definition, plaintiff either does not contest the need for demand or, as here, it has been found that demand is not futile.

The task of the Court is to determine whether the Board of Director’s actual exercise of business judgment — its rejection of the demand — was wrongful. Since by definition it has already been ascertained the Board of Directors is not tainted, the Court in making its determination does not purport to substitute its business judgment for that of the Board. On a motion to dismiss because of rejection of the demand, the Court simply assesses the allegations of the complaint to determine if plaintiff alleges legally sufficient reasons to call into question the validity of the Board of Directors’ exercise of business judgment. Accordingly, the allegations of paragraphs 6, 6a and 6b, which challenge the Board’s rejection of the demand, will be analyzed by applying these principles.

The reasons supporting the conclusion that paragraph 6 of the amended complaint is legally insufficient to excuse demand have already been discussed. A fortiori those same reasons are insufficient to warrant overturning the GM Board’s rejection of the demand. See Lewis v. Curtis, 671 F.2d at 786; Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A.2d 805 (Del.1984). It follows that the adequacy of the complaint ultimately turns on whether paragraphs 6a and b, the paragraphs added by amendment that reflect rejection of demand, are legally sufficient. Paragraphs 6a and 6b provide:

Paragraph 6a: Alternatively, if plaintiff was required to make a demand on the Board of Directors of General Motors and await its response thereto before instituting this litigation, the October 1, 1984 rejection of plaintiff’s demand by the Board was wrongful.
Paragraph 6b: The October 1, 1984 resolution of the Board of Directors of General Motors adopting the recommendation that this suit be dismissed contained in the “Report to the Board of Directors of General Motors Corporation By the Committee Established By A Resolution of the Board on March 5, 1984” was wrongful. The Committee which drafted the foregoing Report and made the recommendation of dismissal was not independent, did not act in good faith and did not have reasonable bases for its conclusions. In addition, the Board’s adoption of the Committee’s recommendation was not in the best interests of General Motors.

(Dkt. 27).

In a demand-required case, the burden is upon a plaintiff challenging a Board of Directors decision to allege and prove facts rebutting the longstanding presumption under Delaware law of the validity of an exercise of business judgment. Aronson, 473 A.2d at 812; see Kaplan v. Centex Corp., 284 A.2d 119, 124 (Del.Ch.1971); Robinson v. Pittsburgh Oil Refinery Corp., 14 Del.Ch. 193, 126 A. 46 (1924). Specifically, plaintiff must allege with particularity that the Board either was tainted by self-interest, acted in bad faith or fraudulently, or, in certain contexts, through gross negligence failed to reach an informed decision. See Smith v. Van Gorkom, supra, at 873; Abramowitz v. Posner, 672 F.2d 1025, 1033 (2d Cir.1982) (applying Delaware law). Federal law similarly requires that plaintiff

allege and prove that the directors of the corporation are personally involved or interested in the alleged wrongdoing in a way calculated to impair their exercise of business judgment on behalf of the corporation, or that their refusal to sue reflects bad faith or breach of trust in some other way.

Ash v. International Business Machines, Inc., 353 F.2d 491, 493 (3d Cir.1965), cert. denied, 384 U.S. 927, 86 S.Ct. 1446, 16 L.Ed.2d 531 (1966).

Plaintiff’s paragraphs 6a and 6b of the amended complaint contain nothing more than bare conclusory allegations that the GM Board acted wrongfully in adopting the recommendation of the committee and rejecting the demand. The allegation that the Board’s rejection of the demand is “not in the best interests of General Motors” is insufficient, because a court is not free to substitute its judgment as to what is in the best interests of a corporation, at least without some allegation of self-dealing, bad faith or fraud. See Abramowitz v. Posner, 513 F.Supp. at 129.

While plaintiff attacks the Board’s decision, he does not allege that the Board did not take the time or make the effort to inform itself. Cf. Smith v. Van Gorkom, supra. Moreover, plaintiff's assertions that the committee making the recommendation “was not independent, did not act in good faith and did not have reasonable bases for its conclusions” are also defective in that they are conclusory. More than mere intonation of black letter law for invalidating a board’s exercise of business judgment must be contained in the amended complaint to avoid dismissal. Plaintiff must allege facts in support of these legal conclusions. This plaintiff has failed to do. It is concluded that the complaint, even as amended to allege wrongful rejection of demand, is legally insufficient and must therefore be dismissed.

CONCLUSION

It has been held that this is a demand-required case, that plaintiff’s demand was adequate and that the complaint was prematurely filed. Rather than impose the usual sanction of dismissal, the Court went on to examine whether the complaint as amended sufficiently alleges wrongful rejection of demand in order to withstand a motion to dismiss. It has been concluded the allegations in the amended complaint are woefully deficient. Given the litigation history, an order will be entered dismissing the plaintiff’s shareholder derivative complaint with prejudice.

      . Howard H. Kehrl, F. James McDonald, Thomas A. Murphy and Roger B. Smith.

      . Elliott M. Estes and Reuben R. Jensen.

      . The bases of jurisdiction set out in the amended complaint are the jurisdictional provision of RICO, recited as 18 U.S.C. § 1961 etseq., federal question jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. § 1331, and diversity jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. § 1332. However, the diversity jurisdiction allegations are deficient in that the complaint does not specify the citizenship of the individual defendants. At oral argument, plaintiff acknowledged this deficiency and made clear that because of tactical considerations, he was not relying on diversity of citizenship as a basis for jurisdiction at this time. (Dkt. 31, at 40-41, 43-45). Instead, he relies on federal question jurisdiction and jurisdiction conferred by the RICO statute. (Dkt. 31, at 42, 45). Given the deficiencies in the allegation of diversity jurisdiction, Count II must be considered a pendent claim.

      . Fed.R.Civ.P. 23.1 provides in pertinent part:

        In a derivative action brought by one or more shareholders or members to enforce a right of a corporation or , of an unincorporated association, the corporation or association having failed to enforce a right which may properly be asserted by it, the complaint shall ... allege with particularity the efforts, if any, made by the plaintiff to obtain the action he desires from the directors or comparable authority and, if necessary, from the shareholders or members, and the reasons for his failure to obtain the action or for not making the effort.

      . Although there is some authority to support the proposition that a plaintiff who makes a demand thereby waives any argument that demand is futile, see page 1116 infra, the Court will consider plaintiff’s argument. In general, plaintiffs who abandon the demand procedure before receiving a response must demonstrate demand futility. See Mills v. Esmark, Inc., 91 F.R.D. 70, 73 & n. 2 (N.D.Ill.1981).

      . See, e.g., 8 Del.C. § 141(a), which provides in pertinent part: "The business and affairs of every corporation ... shall be managed by or under the direction of a board of directors____’’

      . 6. Written demand by plaintiff that GM bring this action was made by letter dated January 30, 1984, a copy of which is attached marked Exhibit A. The Board of GM has failed to take action on behalf of GM as shown by the letters to and from the Board hereto attached marked Exhibits B-l, B-2 and B-3. The GM Board of Directors has failed to bring suit, despite the fact that members of the Board of Directors have had full knowledge of the wrongs set out herein for at least four years, and have never taken any action. In addition, defendants, present or former members of the GM Board of Directors, have participated in the wrongs herein set out. Thus the individual defendants have not brought this action and would not diligently prosecute this action because in effect they would have to bring suit against themselves. (Dkt. 14, at 2). Plaintiff relies upon these allegations to show demand futility. (Dkt. 21, at 20-21).

      . While the demand letter generally focuses on the alleged brake defect, the enumerated problems caused by the individual defendants’ alleged breach of fiduciary duty are limited to X-cars but not to a brake defect in X-cars. The demand letter recites:

        As a direct result of the production and sale of the defective X-cars, and of the failure by GM to provide complete and truthful information to NHTSA, the following have occurred:
      1. The X-cars have become involved in numerous accidents because of their defective condition.
      2. More than 50 law suits have been filed against GM because of injuries and deaths from X-car accidents.
      3. In the first of these cases to go to verdict, an award was rendered against GM in excess of $5 million.
      4. GM has chosen to settle still other X-car cases in advance of suit.
      5. GM has twice had to recall thousands of X-cars, in 1981 and again in 1983.
      6. NHTSA has filed suit against GM to force the recall of 1.1 million X-cars, and the payment by GM of a civil penalty in excess of $4 million.
      (Dkt. 14, Exh. A, at 2-3).

      . A complicating factor is that because the demand requirement has both procedural and substantive aspects, questions arising under Rule 23.1 could be governed by both state and federal law. In a diversity case, for example, federal procedural law requires that the reasons for not making a demand be pleaded with particularity, but the source of the demand requirement itself may be state law. Moreover, one could argue that state law should be used to evaluate the adequacy of the reasons given to excuse demand. For example, a state’s law might hold that if one-third of the Board of Directors had a financial interest in a transaction, the business judgment rule is inapplicable and a court should not defer to the Board’s judgment. In that situation, an allegation that less than a majority of the Board was financially interested should satisfy Rule 23.1, despite contrary federal case law. See Lewis v. Curtis, 671 F.2d at 785.

      . Although plaintiff's complaint is based on both state law and federal law, Delaware demand requirement principles would apply to the demand on the federal claim as well because the Delaware demand requirement is not inconsistent with the policies underlying the federal cause of action. See pages 1119-1120 infra (discussing Burks v. Lasker).

      . In practical terms, it is important that the result of applying Chancery Rule 23.1 is the same as the application of Fed.R.Civ.P. 23.1. It would be disquieting if a derivative plaintiff suing a Delaware corporation could achieve a different answer as to whether demand is excused as futile simply by filing, quite literally, "across the street” in Chancery Court. For this reason, some commentators have expressed the opinion that "the Delaware [Aronson ] rule on demand should be applied in all forums where a Delaware corporation is sued,” not to determine whether demand is required, but to determine what test to apply on a motion to terminate shareholder derivative suits. Block & Prussin, Termination of Derivative Suits Against Directors on Business Judgment Grounds: From Zapata to Aronson, 39 Bus.Law. 1503, 1512 (1984). Otherwise, plaintiffs who had not made a demand would be encouraged to "forum shop” to find the court most willing to excuse demand.

      . As was discussed above, see page 1116 supra, the rule of Stotland v. GAF Corp., 469 A.2d 421 (Del.1983), concerning the mooting of appeals when a demand is filed, could logically be developed into a rule of this nature.

      . Plaintiff’s state law claim can be fairly summarized as alleging individual defendants committed actions, omissions and breaches of duty set forth in the following paragraph 40 of the amended complaint:
      40. Said actions and omissions by individual defendants in ordering, approving or ratifying the production and sale of the X-Cars with their defective condition uncorrected, in ordering, approving or ratifying GM’s failure to provide the requisite information about said defective condition to purchasers, own- . ers, dealers and NHTSA, and in ordering, approving or ratifying GM’s failure to remedy that defective condition as required by law, were negligent, reckless, willful, wanton, outrageous, in gross and flagrant disregard for the safety and well-being of the public and GM, and in breach of the fiduciary obligations which individual defendants owed to GM as its directors.
      (Dkt. 40, ¶ 40).

      . The question of whether a cause of action exists is not jurisdictional and therefore may be assumed. Burks v. Lasker, 441 U.S. at 476 n. 5, 99 S.Ct. at 1836 n. 5.

      . The Delaware Supreme Court unequivocally stated that a different standard applies when demand, is made and refused:
      Consistent with the purpose of requiring a demand, a board decision to cause a derivative suit to be dismissed as detrimental to the company, after demand has been made and refused, will be respected unless it was wrongful.10 ...
      ******
      A demand, when required and refused (if not wrongful), terminates a stockholder’s legal ability to initiate a derivative action.
      ******
      [A] board has the power to choose not to pursue litigation when demand is made upon it, so long as the decision is not wrongful. If the board determines that a suit would be detrimental to the company, the board’s determination prevails.
      !0 In other words, when stockholders, after making demand and having their suit rejected, attack the board’s decision as improper, the board’s decision falls under the “business judgment" rule and will be respected if the requirements of the rule are met.

        Zapata, 430 A.2d at 784-85 (footnote omitted); see also id. at 787; Block & Prussin, Termination of Derivative Suits Against Directors on Business Judgment Grounds: From Zapata to Aronson, 39 Bus.Law. 1503, 1505 & n. 12 (1984).

      . Abbey v. Computer & Communications Technology Corp., 457 A.2d 368 (Del.Ch.1983), does not controvert this point. Abbey held that by referring a shareholder demand to a Special Litigation Committee and delegating to it the power to determine the corporation’s litigation posture, the corporate Board of Directors concedes being disabled from exercising business judgment. Abbey is not controlling because plaintiff has not alleged that the GM Board delegated the power to assume its litigation posture, and, in fact, the allegations, fairly read, would indicate the GM Board did not delegate this power.

      . See note 7 supra.

      . See pages 1113-1115 supra.