author:
Chief Justice SAYLOR.
      Justice BAER,

text:
    132 A.3d 957
    WEST PHILADELPHIA ACHIEVEMENT CHARTER ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, Petitioner v. The SCHOOL DISTRICT OF PHILADELPHIA and School Reform Commission, Respondents.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Argued Sept. 9, 2014.
    Re-Submitted Jan. 20, 2016.
    Decided Feb. 16, 2016.

      Roberto Tomas Datorre, Esq., Robert M. Tomaine, Esq., PA Department of Education, James David Schultz, Esq., Philadelphia, for Pennsylvania Department of Education and Acting Secretary of Education, amicus curiae.
    Kevin Michael McKenna, Esq., Nicole DiRado Snyder, Esq., Exton, for MaST Community Charter School and Pennsylvania Coalition of Public Charter Schools, amici curiae.
    J. Bart DeLone, Esq., for Attorney General’s Office.
    Robert W. O’Donnell, Esq., Jeffrey Ryan Stacey, Esq., O’Donnell & Associates, for West Philadelphia Achievement Charter Elementary School.
    Arleigh Pritchard Heifer III, Esq., Deena Jo Schneider, Esq., Carl A. Solano, Esq., Schnader Harrison Segal & Lewis, LLP, Philadelphia, for School District of Philadelphia and School Reform Commission.

      SAYLOR, C.J., EAKIN, BAER, TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, JJ.
   OPINION

Chief Justice SAYLOR.

In this matter we address whether legislation designed to help the Philadelphia School District recover from financial hardship violates the non-delegation rule.

Public schools in Pennsylvania are governed by the Public School Code of 1949. In 1959, Article VI(F) was added to the code to assist school districts experiencing financial distress. See 24 P.S. §§ 6-691 to 6-695 (1959) (the “Distress Law”). Responding to adverse financial conditions in the Philadelphia School District (the “School District”), the Legislature again amended the School Code in the late 1990s by adding provisions to the Distress Law tailored to school districts of the first class, ie., the School District. See Act of Apr. 27, 1998, P.L. 270, No. 46 (“Act 46”). Act 46 augmented Section 691 of the School Code so that the Secretary of Education could declare the School District distressed if it failed certain budgetary requirements or would fail to provide an educational program in compliance with the School Code, the State Board of Education’s regulations, or the Secretary’s standards. See 24 P.S. § 6-691(c), Act 46 also added Section 696 to the Distress Law, which provided that when the School District was declared distressed under Section 691(c), the Secretary was to appoint a chief executive officer (“CEO”) to oversee it. See id. § 6-696 (1998). The CEO was given the power to suspend or revoke charters and, notably for present purposes, to suspend regulations of the State Board of Education and “the requirements of this act,” i.e., the School Code. Id. § 6-696(i)(3) (1998).

In October 2001, Section 696 was again amended. These revisions provide that on a declaration of distress, a five-member School Reform Commission (“SRC”)—mostly appointed by the Governor—is to be named to oversee the School District, thus assuming various powers formerly assigned to the CEO. The amendments give the SRC, which is an instrumentality of the school district exercising the school board’s authority, sweeping powers, including “all powers granted to the superintendent by law and a special board of control under section 693[.]” 24 P.S. § 6-696(i). Of central relevance here, they also transfer to the SRC the suspension powers previously given to the CEO.

During the 2001-2002 school year, the School District experienced a substantial budgetary shortfall. In December 2001, the Secretary declared the district to be distressed per Section 691(c). The Philadelphia School Board’s powers were suspended and the present SRC was appointed and assumed governance of the district.

Meanwhile, Petitioner, the West Philadelphia Achievement Charter Elementary School (the “Charter School”) had applied for a charter. In 2001, the School District granted it a five-year charter which the SRC renewed for an additional five years in 2006. As the charter’s expiration approached in 2011, the Charter School again sought renewal. The SRC responded by passing Resolution 20 of 2011 (“SRC-2011-20”).

SRC-2011-20 specified that the Charter School’s charter was renewable for an additional five years subject to certain conditions. It also provided that, “the SRC, pursuant to section 6-696(i)(3) of the Public School Code, partially suspends the corrective action status provision in Section 17-1729-A(a.1) of the Charter School Law....” SRC-2011-20 at 2. Section 17-1729-A(a.1), the suspended provision, states that when a charter school located in a first class school district is in corrective action status—meaning it has failed to meet adequate yearly progress for at least four consecutive years, see 24 P.S. § 1-102—and seeks to renew its charter, the school district’s governing body may place reasonable conditions in the charter that require the school to meet student performance targets within stated time periods. See 24 P.S. § 17-1729-A(a.1). However, the Charter School was not in corrective action status. Thus, the. SRC’s suspension of Section 17-1729-A(a.1) had the effect of removing the requirement that a charter school be in corrective action status prior to the SRC placing conditions in a renewed charter. SRC-2011-20 also set forth other requirements for the renewal of the charter, including that the Charter School must agree to enroll no more than 400 students notwithstanding that, under the Charter School Law, charter schools are not subject to school-district-imposed enrollment caps. See 24 P.S. § 17-1723-A(d)(1) (providing that a school district’s governing authority may not impose an enrollment cap on a charter school absent the charter school’s consent).

The Charter School refused to sign a charter renewal agreement containing the terms of SRC-2011-20, Although the 2006 charter expired in 2011, the Charter School continued to operate. Additionally, its enrollment exceeded 400 students. The School District began reimbursing the Charter School for only 400 students. Thereafter, the Charter School requested, and ultimately received, funding for the additional students from the Department of Education pursuant to Section 1725-A(a)(5) of the Charter School law. That provision requires a school district to pay a charter school for each enrolled student; it also states that, in the event the district fails to make such payment, the Secretary must deduct the deficiency from Commonwealth payments that would otherwise be made to the district. See 24 P.S. § 17-1725-A(a)(5). The consequence is that, for the Charter School’s enrollment in excess of 400 students, some monies that the Department would have paid over to the School District were instead provided to the Charter School.

The School District’s financial condition continued to decline between 2011 and 2013. The SRC reduced expenditures and made staff reductions. However, these retrenchments were insufficient to keep pace with revenue shortfalls. Thus, the SRC passed Resolution 1 of 2013 (“SRC-2013-1”), stating that the School District was in the midst of an untenable financial crisis. SRC-2013-1 suspended a number of sections of the Charter School Law, as well as “any applicable regulations,” on the grounds that the SRC “desire[d] to remove limitations on its power to suspend charters[J” SRC-2013-1 at 4. One category of suspended provisions concerned the nonrenewal or revocation of charters, in particular: Section 17-1729-A(a), which provides the causes and grounds for nonrenewal or revocation; Section 17-1729-A(c), which requires that a public hearing be held regarding any decision to revoke or not renew a charter; Section 17-1729-A(d), which establishes a procedure for charter schools to appeal a school district’s revocation or nonrenewal determination to the State Charter School Appeal Board; and Section 17-1729-A(f), which clarifies that, while an administrative appeal is ongoing, the school’s charter remains in effect. The resolution indicated that these additional suspensions “shall not be effective until a policy containing a set of standards and procedures is adopted by the [SRC].” Id. at 5.

SRC-2013-1 also expanded the SRC’s authority to impose student performance targets on charter schools. As noted, Section 17-1729-A(a.1) permits the imposition of student performance targets only when the charter school is in corrective action status. SRC-2013-1 stated that the SRC “needs more flexibility in declining to renew a poor-performing charter school and desires to require all charter schools to meet specific reasonable student performance targets[.]” SRC-2013-1 at 6. Accordingly, this portion of SRC-2013-1 abrogated Section 17-1729-A(a.1)’s limitation that only schools in corrective action status may be subject to performance targets as a condition of charter renewal. See id.

Next, SRC-2013-1 observed that the School Code does not permit limits on charter school enrollment unless the charter school agrees to such limits. See SRC-2013-1 at 6 (citing 24 P.S. § 17-1723-A(d)). Accordingly, SRC-2013-1 suspended those provisions, permitting the SRC to place enrollment caps unilaterally on any charter school. Finally, SRC-2013-1 eliminated the ability of charter schools to receive funding for enrolled students directly from the Department of Education. To achieve this, SRC-2013-1 suspended Section 17-1725-A(a)(5) and all associated regulations. See SRC-2013-1 at 7.

In February 2014, the SRC released a draft version of its “Proposed Charter Schools Policy,” apparently to implement SRC-2013-1’s provisions, some of which, as noted, were subject to the adoption of standards and procedures. The Charter Schools Policy states, inter alia, that charter schools must accept enrollment caps imposed by the SRC. It also provides that, in the absence of an agreement between a charter school and the SRC, the SRC may dictate the terms under which the charter school operates. As well, the Charter Schools Policy sets forth new reasons to revoke or non-renew a charter that do not appear in the School Code, including that a charter school failed to comply with SRC-imposed enrollment caps.

Shortly after the release of the Proposed Charter Schools Policy, the Charter School filed in this Court a pleading styled as an Application for Leave to File Petition in the Nature of a Complaint for Declaratory Judgment and Injunctive Relief Pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 3307 (the “Application”). The Application, which named the School District and the SRC as respondents, was directed to this Court’s original jurisdiction pursuant to Section 27 of Act 46, which states:

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear any challenge to or to render a declaratory judgment concerning the constitutionality of sections 691(c) and 696 of the act.... The Supreme Court is authorized to take such action as it deems appropriate, consistent with the Supreme Court retaining jurisdiction over such a matter, to find facts or to expedite a final judgment in connection with such a challenge or request for declaratory relief.

Act 46, § 27, reprinted in 24 P.S. § 6-691, Historical & Statutory Notes. The Charter School also filed an accompanying Petition in the Nature of a Complaint for Declaratory Judgment and Injunctive Relief, followed by a first amended petition (the “Complaint”).

In the Complaint, the Charter School challenged the constitutionality of Section 696(i)(3), arguing that it “gives the SRC unlimited discretion and power to suspend provisions of the School Code without establishing standards or restraints on the use of that power.” Complaint at 25. The Charter School asserted that this power is in violation of the non-delegation precept of Article II, Section 1 of the state Constitution. The school maintained that, while the Legislature may delegate authority to execute or administer laws, it must establish standards and limit such delegation so that the administrative agency tasked with executing the laws conducts itself in compliance with legislative purposes. See id. at 26 (citing, inter alia, Pennsylvanians Against Gambling Expansion Fund v. Commonwealth, 583 Pa. 275, 331, 877 A.2d 383, 417 (2005) (“PAGE”), and Blackwell v. State Ethics Comm’n, 523 Pa. 347, 359, 567 A.2d 630, 636 (1989)). Thus, the Charter School expressed that a delegation of legislative authority is constitutional only if the General Assembly sets forth the policies guiding the delegation and surrounds it with definite standards and limitations. See id. at 27 (quoting Bell Tel. v. Driscoll, 343 Pa. 109, 116, 21 A.2d 912, 915-16 (1941)). According to the Charter School, Section 696(f)(3) of the Distress Law lacks the limitations and standards necessary to render it a constitutionally-permissible delegation of legislative authority. See id.

The Charter School asked this Court to issue a declaratory judgment specifying that Section 696(f)(3) of the Distress Law, 24 P.S. § 6-696(i)(3), is unconstitutional as an unlawful delegation of the General Assembly’s legislative authority in violation of Article II, Section 1. It also requested preliminary and permanent injunctive relief.

The SRC and School District (collectively, “Respondents”) filed an answer primarily asserting that some of the Charter School’s claims were not of constitutional dimension and, as such, they were outside the scope of this Court’s obligation to exercise jurisdiction under Section 27 of Act 46. Respondents did acknowledge, however, that this Court had jurisdiction over the non-delegation claim. See Response to Application for Leave to File Petition at 22-23.

Upon review, we granted the Application and issued a preliminary injunction limited to a directive that the parties preserve the status quo as it existed when the Application was filed. We also reserved judgment as to declaratory and permanent injunctive relief and directed the parties to brief, inter alia, the non-delegation issue.

The Charter School largely renews the contentions it advanced in its Complaint. It suggests that Section 696(i)(3) grants unfettered power to the SRC to suspend virtually any subset of the School Code’s many provisions without any standards to guide or restrain the use of that power. It claims that the SRC has now used such power to suspend laws that granted specific rights to charter schools, and it has substituted its own “Charter School Policy” in place of the suspended provisions. Put simply, the Charter School argues that, with respect to charter schools, the SRC has created its own law, which is contrary to Article II, Section 1.

The Pennsylvania Coalition of Public Charter Schools and Philadelphia’s Mathematics, Science and Technology Community Charter School (“MaST”) have submitted a joint amicus brief supporting the Charter School’s request for relief. Ami-ci suggest that Respondents’ actions have jeopardized the interests and operations of Philadelphia’s charter school communities, which include parents and students. Amici also assert that such actions are contrary to the interests of the larger community, including the scholastic interests of the 5,300 students on MaST’s waiting list.

Respondents observe, first, that legislative authority is the power to make, alter, and repeal laws. See Brief for Respondents at 23-24 (quoting Jubelirer v. Rendell, 598 Pa. 16, 41, 953 A.2d 514, 529 (2008)). They state that suspensions do not equate to the making, amendment, or repeal of any law, and hence, the non-delegation doctrine does not apply to the SRC’s suspension powers under Section 696(i)(3). Respondents contend that the governing constitutional provision in this case is Article I, Section 12, which, by its terms, permits the Legislature to delegate the power to suspend laws. See Pa. Const. art. I, § 12 (“No power of suspending laws shall be exercised unless by the Legislature or by its authority.” (emphasis added)). Further, according to Respondents, even if the non-delegation doctrine does apply, Section 696(f)(3) does not violate it. In this regard, Respondents proffer that the doctrine requires only that the governing statute as a whole make clear the Legislature’s policy choices so that those on whom the Legislature confers power act in accordance with those choices. As applied here, Respondents argue, the Distress Law clarifies that its overall policy objective is to take all measures necessary to rescue a school district of the first class from financial distress, and that this policy provides a governing standard for the SRC’s exercise of its suspension authority. See Brief for Respondents at 32-33 (“The policy of the [Distress Law] is clear—end the distress.”).

The Department of Education and the Acting Secretary of Education, as amici supporting Respondents, add that the School District is in a statutorily defined state of fiscal distress as demonstrated by the Secretary’s issuance of a declaration of distress under Section 691. They maintain that the Legislature intended, under such circumstances, for the SRC to retain powers necessary to reverse the prevailing conditions of financial hardship and poor academic performance. Amici reason that such conditions, as defined by Section 691 of the School Code, and as further clarified by the Secretary’s declaration of distress, provide adequate guidance to the SRC, thereby rendering its Section 696(i)(3) suspension powers constitutional.

Article II, Section 1 of the Pennsylvania Constitution states that “[t]he legislative power of this Commonwealth shall be vested in a General Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives.” Pa. Const. art. II, § 1. The non-delegation rule has been described as a “natural corollary” to this text. Chartiers Valley Joint Schs. v. Allegheny Cnty. Bd. of Sch. Dirs., 418 Pa. 520, 529, 211 A.2d 487, 492 (1965); see also W. Mifflin Area Sch. Dist. v. Zahorchak, 607 Pa. 153, 158 n. 5, 4 A.3d 1042, 1045 n. 5 (2010) (noting that Section 1 “has been interpreted to .,. require[ ] that the basic policy choices involved in legislative power actually be made by the Legislature” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). The precept, which has its origins in the separation-of-powers doctrine, see Lehman v. Pa. State Police, 576 Pa. 365, 380, 839 A.2d 265, 274 (2003), is of early lineage, see Wayman v. Southard, 23 U.S. (10 Wheat.) 1, 43, 6 L.Ed. 253 (1825) (Marshall, C.J.), and was expressed by political theorists who influenced the framers of the Constitution. See, e.g., John Locke, Second Treatise op Government § 141 (1690) (observing that legislative power “consists of the power to make laws, not to make legislators,” and indicating, moreover, that the legislature is not free to transfer its lawmaking powers to any other body because such power was delegated to the legislature by the people); cf. 1 William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England *168 (1753) (remarking that a member of the House of Commons could not delegate his vote to a proxy “as he himself is but a proxy for a multitude of other people”). See generally Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit op the Laws XI:6 (1748) (suggesting that political liberty requires a separation of legislative, executive, and judicial powers), quoted in The Federalist No. 47 (James Madison).

This Court has considered multiple categories of non-delegation challenges. One such category involves statutes in which the General Assembly enacts a law but leaves its effectiveness to be determined by another person or entity via the ascertainment of some material fact or state of affairs. For example, in Locke’s Appeal, 72 Pa. (22 Smith) 491 (1873), the Court approved a local-option law by which the electors of a municipality could vote to either allow or prohibit the sale of alcohol within the district. See id. at 494-95. The Court explained that the Legislature passed the law, which included such provisions as penalties for violating any ban on the sale of alcohol, but left its effectiveness to be determined by ascertainment of a fact, namely, the majority vote of the district’s electors. See id. at 498; accord Driscoll, 343 Pa. at 114, 21 A.2d at 914-15 (“Where the legislature ... delegates to an administrative body the power to determine some fact or state of things upon which it makes or intends to make its own action depend, it is the legislature which has legislated and not the administrative body.”). Thus, Locke’s Appeal upheld the challenged statute. See also Young v. Fetterolf, 320 Pa. 289, 182 A. 676 (1936) (approving a statute giving municipalities the option to suspend a law prohibiting certain sporting events).

Another category of cases in which delegation has been challenged involves the legislative establishment of primary objectives or standards and the entrustment to another entity to “fill up the details under the general [legislative] provisions[.]” Driscoll, 343 Pa. at 114, 21 A.2d at 915 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); cf. Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan, 293 U.S. 388, 426, 55 S.Ct. 241, 251, 79 L.Ed. 446 (1935) (“Congress may ... establish primary standards, devolving upon others the duty to carry out the declared legislative policy[.]”); J.W. Hampton, Jr., & Co. v. United States, 276 U.S. 394, 409, 48 S.Ct. 348, 352, 72 L.Ed. 624 (1928) (Taft, C.J.) (requiring an “intelligible principle” to which the non-legislative body must conform), quoted in Holgate Bros. Co. v. Bashore, 331 Pa. 255, 262, 200 A. 672, 675 (1938). So long as adequately-defined standards and methodologies are provided by the Legislature, the administrative action involved may be as narrow as the grant or denial of a license, see, e.g., Casino Free Phila. v. Pa. Gaming Control Bd., 594 Pa. 202, 934 A.2d 1249 (2007), or as broad as the setting and adjustment of minimum and maximum wholesale and retail prices of a commodity to ensure fairness to producers and consumers and to regulate the supply of that commodity. See, e.g., Rohrer v. Milk Control Bd., 322 Pa. 257, 186 A. 336 (1936) (adopting the Superior Court dissent as this Court’s opinion).

The enactment under review contains aspects of both of these classifications. It assigns to an executive branch official the duty to ascertain facts preliminary to a determination that a school district of the first class is in distress. See 24 P.S. § 6-691(c). That part of the law is uncontroversial. The contested issue is whether the Legislature provided adequate standards to channel the SRC’s discretion in choosing which portions of the School Code to suspend pursuant to Section 696(i)(3) in order to remediate such distress.

Initially, we agree with Respondents that via the Distress Law, as amended in 1998 and 2001, the Legislature sought to empower the SRC to take actions which it might deem necessary or convenient to alleviate the School District’s ongoing financial crisis. While this is a salutary goal, the means chosen to effectuate it were extremely broad: the Legislature gave the SRC what amounts to carte blanche powers to suspend virtually any combination of provisions of the School Code—a statute covering a broad range of topics. See 24 P.S. § 6-696(i)(3) (authorizing the SRC generally to “suspend the requirements of’ the School Code and its associated departmental regulations). This Court’s decisions addressing the non-delegation rule have never deemed such an unconstrained grant of authority to be constitutionally valid. To the extent Respondents couch the legislative intention to remediate the School District’s financial distress as a standard, moreover, we find this to be more aptly described as the legislative objective. Indeed, neither Section 696(i)(3) nor the Distress Law generally imposes any discernable standards or restraints in relation to the selection of School Code provisions for suspension. Those high-level determinations are left entirely to the SRC’s discretion, and it is not apparent that any mechanism exists to either channel or test the SRC’s exercise of such discretion.

The SRC’s actions in the present case demonstrate the point: the SRC suspended a number of significant aspects of the Charter School Law and, in effect, rewrote some of that law in the form of its Charter Schools Policy. One aspect of the Charter School Law that the SRC suspended sets forth the bases for nonrenewal or termination of a charter and allows a charter school which suffers an adverse decision to obtain a hearing and administrative review before the State Charter School Appeal Board. See SRC-2013-1 at 4-5; 24 P.S. § 17-1729-A(a), (d), quoted in Complaint at 10-12. See generally 24 P.S. § 17-1721-A (establishing the state appeal board). This suspension undermines the concept that the SRC’s decision making is, realistically, subject to standards set forth by the Legislature. Furthermore, that the Charter Schools Policy is essentially a legislative document is illustrated by, inter alia, its addition of eight new criteria for nonre-newal or revocation of a charter above and beyond those decided on by the Legislature in Section 1729-A of the Charter School Law. See Charter Schools Policy at 17.

The Distress Law also lacks any mechanism to limit the SRC’s actions so as to “protect[ ] against administrative arbitrariness and caprice.” Tosto v. Pa. Nursing Home Loan Agency, 460 Pa. 1, 12, 331 A.2d 198, 203 (1975). See generally William Penn Parking Garage, Inc. v. City of Pittsburgh, 464 Pa. 168, 346 A.2d 269 (1975) (plurality) (reciting that the non-delegation rule serves two interrelated purposes: to ensure the Legislature makes basic policy choices, and to protect against the arbitrary exercise of unnecessary and uncontrolled discretionary power). This is a substantial deficiency because this Court has generally viewed the inclusion of such limitations as a necessary condition to satisfy the non-delegation rule. See Holgate Bros., 331 Pa. at 260, 200 A. at 675 (“In all such occasions ... the legislative body must surround such authority with definite standards, policies and limitations to which such administrative officers, boards or commissions, must strictly adhere and by which they are strictly governed.”).

In Tosto, for example, the Court considered a non-delegation challenge to the Nursing Home Loan Agency Law—a statute designed to provide financing for nursing home capital improvements undertaken to accommodate the health and safety needs of a nursing home’s residents. Tosto rejected the constitutional attack because the law provided “detailed guidelines for certain important agency decisions,” as well as “numerous procedural guidelines for protection against administrative arbitrariness[.]” Tosto, 460 Pa. at 12-13, 331 A.2d at 203. These requirements included a legislative mandate that the agency establish neutral criteria for use in determining priority among applicants and develop standardized forms for loan applications. See id. The Court concluded that the use of such “criteria and forms is an important safeguard against the arbitrariness of ad hoc decision making.” Id. at 13, 331 A.2d at 204.

Several months later, the Court announced its decision in William Penn. That dispute involved a tax enabling statute which, among other things, permitted courts to assess whether certain local taxes were “excessive and unreasonable,” and thus, invalid. The plurality observed that the enabling law afforded substantial protections against uncontrolled discretionary power. It noted, in this respect, that the evaluation of tax excessiveness or reasonableness was assigned to the judicial branch which must explain the grounds for its decision in a reasoned opinion subject to appellate review, so as “to insure the general consistency of [the courts’] actions ... and to confine them within their proper sphere.” William Penn, 464 Pa. at 213, 346 A.2d at 291-92. Thus, the delegation was held to be appropriate.

On the other hand, in PAGE the Court faced a non-delegation challenge to Section 1506 of the Pennsylvania Race Horse Development and Gaming Act (the “Gaming Act”), which indicated that the siting of a slot-machine facility could not be prohibited by zoning laws, but that the Gaming Control Board could, in its discretion, “consider such local zoning ordinances when considering an application for a slot machine license.” PAGE, 583 Pa. at 329, 877 A.2d at 416 (quoting 4 Pa.C.S. § 1506 (repealed and replaced)). In evaluating whether the statute complied with Article II, Section 1, the Court reviewed a number of non-delegation decisions—including Tosto and William Penn—and recognized that, not only must the Legislature make the “basic policy choices” embodied in a law, it must also supply “adequate standards which will guide and restrain the exercise of the delegated administrative functions.” Id. at 333, 877 A.2d at 418 (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). With this litmus, PAGE concluded that Section 1506 of the Gaming Act stood in contrast to the provisions upheld in prior cases because it did not supply the Gaming Control Board with “definite standards, policies and limitations to guide its decision-making with regard to zoning issues.” Id. at 334, 877 A.2d at 418; cf. State Bd. of Chiropractic Exam’rs v. Life Fellowship of Pa., 441 Pa. 293, 298, 272 A.2d 478, 481 (1971) (invalidating a law which effectively delegated to the Pennsylvania Chiropractic Society the task of determining the requirements, quality, and nature of chiropractic continuing education).

Although the present case may not be on all fours with PAGE—since the legislative goal here is evident, whereas the Gaming Act gave no indication regarding what, if any, importance the Gaming Control Board should give to local zoning laws—it is more like PAGE than Tosto or William Penn. As explained, there are few, if any, concrete measures embodied in the Distress Law to effectively channel the SRC’s discretion as in Tosto, and there is no requirement that the SRC hold hearings or explain the grounds for its suspension decisions in a reasoned opinion subject to judicial review as a check against arbitrariness or ad hoc decision making, as in William Penn. The SRC’s awareness of the objective of its mission does not equate to definite standards, enforceable guidelines, or a realistic check against arbitrary decision making. See Panama Refining, 293 U.S. at 431-32, 55 S.Ct. at 253 (explaining that, unless a statute requires the person with delegated powers to make particularized findings that certain prerequisites are met, any standards or guidelines derived solely from stated legislative policy objectives are “inoperative” to exert any control over that person).

Additionally, the Distress Law does not merely empower the SRC to grant or deny charters. It permits the SRC to govern many substantive aspects of the delivery of public education in Philadelphia—including the operation of charter schools—through the suspension of virtually any combination of School Code provisions and associated regulations. In this regard, Petitioner argues, persuasively in our view, that:

The power to suspend the requirements of the Public School Code is an extremely broad power and is especially broad in the context of this case. The Public School Code is a significant body of law that is subdivided into more than 60 articles and hundreds of statutes, with far-reaching effects on the creation, operation, finances, and legal rights of students, teachers, and taxpayers. The Code concerns widely divergent topics such as public bidding requirements, school construction, reimbursements between the Commonwealth and school districts, [and] rules for the auditing of school finances.... Pursuant to the statutes that make up the various parts of the Code, the State Board of Education has promulgated a vast set of regulations embodied in Title 22 of the Pennsylvania Code, which itself outlines an extremely complex regulatory scheme governing the manner in which public education is delivered in Pennsylvania.... [T]he SRC could potentially suspend every single requirement contained in the Charter School Law. It could, for example, suspend the provisions governing the funding formula for charter schools contained in Section 17-1725-A and do away with the School District’s obligation to pay charter schools at all.

Brief for Petitioner at 36-38 (footnotes and citations omitted).

The Distress Law gives the SRC these broad powers pursuant to a generalized legislative objective of mitigating the School District’s adverse financial circumstances. For the reasons given above, we do not view such objective as supplying either a constitutionally adequate guiding standard or an effective channeling mechanism relative to the SRC’s discretionary suspension powers.

Finally, we find unavailing Respondents’ suggestion that the non-delegation rule does not presently apply because only statutory suspensions are involved, and such suspensions are authorized by Article I, Section 12. That provision’s implication that suspensions may only occur per legislative authorization does not alter the restrictions on delegating legislative decision making as embodied in Article II, Section 1.

In summary, we hold that Section 696(i)(3) of the School Code, 24 P.S. § 6-696(i)(3), is unconstitutional as it violates the non-delegation rule of Article II, Section 1. Accordingly Respondents’ actions taken pursuant to that provision are null and void, and Respondents are permanently enjoined from taking further action under the authority it confers.

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.

Justices TODD, DOUGHERTY and WECHT join the opinion.

Justice BAER files a dissenting opinion in which Justice DONOHUE joins.

Justice BAER,

dissenting.

I respectfully dissent from the majority’s holding that Section 6-696(i)(3) of the Distress Law, 24 P.S. § 6-696(i)(3), which grants the School Reform Commission (“SRC”) the power to suspend provisions of the Public School Code, constitutes an unlawful delegation of legislative authority in violation of Article II, Section 1 of the Pennsylvania Constitution. In my view, Section 6—696(i)(3) does not delegate legislative power, but rather delegates the authority to suspend legislation that affects the economic stability of a school district in financial distress, which is constitutionally permissible pursuant to Article I, Section 12. Accordingly, I would reject the constitutional challenge raised by the West Philadelphia Achievement Charter School (“Charter School”) and deny the Charter School’s request for injunctive relief.

Preliminarily, it is relevant that the Distress Law embodies a comprehensive statutory scheme to preserve school districts that are experiencing a financial crisis by remediating identified types of economic hardship that have resulted from ordinary operating procedures under the Public School Code. The statute identifies several threshold circumstances and levels of fiscal hardship that trigger the Secretary of Education’s ability to issue a certificate declaring a school district in financial distress. 24 P.S. § 6-691. When a school district of the first class, i.e., the Philadelphia School District, is deemed to be in financial distress the SRC is established to replace the school district’s board of directors and assume the latter’s powers and duties. Id. § 6-696(a). The SRC serves as an instrumentality of the school district to administer the operation, management and educational program of the school district. Id. § 6-696(e)(1).

Section 6-696(i) enumerates fourteen specific powers granted to the SRC, which powers continue until the Secretary of Education issues a declaration to dissolve the SRC, purportedly when financial stability has been achieved. Id. § 6-696(e)(1). An additional power enumerated in Section 6-696(i) is the power to suspend provisions of the Public School Code, which is challenged herein. The text of Section 6-696(i)(3) provides as follows:

In addition to all powers granted to the superintendent by law and a special board of control under section 693 and notwithstanding any other law to the contrary, the School Reform Commission shall have the following powers:
To suspend the requirements of this act and regulations of the State Board of Education except that the school district shall remain subject to those provisions of this act set forth in sections 1073, 1073.1, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1080, 1732-A(a), (b) and (c), 1714-B and 2104 and regulations under those sections.

24 P.S. § 6-696(i)(3).

Reduced to its essence, the Charter School’s contention, which the majority adopts, is that Section 6-696(i)(3)’s suspension power is so broad that it delegates legislative power to the SRC in violation of the anti-delegation rule. This premise is based upon the purported lack of any restraints or standards contained in the statutory language of Section 6-696(i)(3) to guide the SRC’s exercise of the suspension power as well as the alleged lack of any means to protect against the arbitrary or ad hoc exercise of the SRC’s discretion in choosing which statutory provisions to suspend.

Respectfully, I disagree as I believe that the General Assembly, when enacting Section 6-696(i)(3) and the comprehensive statutory scheme of which it is a part, provided adequate standards to guide the SRC’s exercise of discretion in determining which provisions of the Public School Code should be subject to the suspension power. I further find there are procedures in the Distress Act that adequately protect against the SRC’s arbitrary or ad hoc suspension determinations.

My analysis begins with an examination of what constitutes legislative power. Legislative power has been defined as the power “to make, alter, or repeal laws.” Blackwell v. State Ethics Comm’n, 523 Pa. 347, 567 A.2d 630, 637 (1989). Accordingly, “[i]t is axiomatic that the Legislature cannot constitutionally delegate the power to make law to any other branch of government or to any other body or authority.” Gilligan v. Pennsylvania Horse Racing Commission, 492 Pa. 92, 422 A.2d 487, 489 (1980) (citing State Bd. of Chiropractic Examiners v. Life Fellowship of Pa., 441 Pa. 293, 272 A.2d 478, 480 (1971)).

The legislature may, however, constitutionally delegate to another body the authority to execute and administer a law so long as the General Assembly makes the basic policy choices and provides adequate standards and guidelines to allow the other body to carry out those legislative policies. Blackwell, 567 A.2d at 637. Significantly, in reviewing the adequacy of guiding standards incorporated in a law, this Court looks to the law as a whole, considering its purpose and scope, the subject matters covered therein, the duties prescribed and the broad or narrow powers granted. Dauphin Deposit Trust Company v. Myers, 388 Pa. 444, 130 A.2d 686, 688 (1957). The General Assembly is not required “to provide a detailed how-to manual within each and every legislative act” in order to supply adequate standards, Casino Free Philadelphia v. Pennsylvania Gaming Control Bd., 594 Pa. 202, 934 A.2d 1249, 1252 (2007), and all details of administration need not be precisely or separately enumerated in the statute. Chartiers Valley Joint Schools v. County Board of School Directors, 418 Pa. 520, 211 A.2d 487, 492 (1965).

With this jurisprudence in mind, I conclude that Section 6-696(i)(3) is not an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power under Article II, Section 1 as it does not authorize the SRC to make, alter or repeal the law. Rather, Section 6-696(i)(3) constitutes a lawful delegation of the General Assembly’s power to suspend laws pursuant to Article I, Section 12 of the Pennsylvania Constitution. See Pa. Const. art. I, § 12 (“No power of suspending laws shall be exercised unless by the Legislature or its authority.” (emphasis added)). While there is superficial appeal to the Charter School’s contention that the suspension power is so broad that it effectively enables the SRC to “legislate,” a close examination of the challenged provision and the statutory scheme of which it is a part reveals that the SRC is empowered only to suspend those provisions of the Public School Code that result in financial distress to the school district for the limited period during which the economic crisis of the school district continues. Because Section 6-696(i)(3) does not authorize the SRC to legislate by making, altering, or repealing the law, it is not an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power.

By enacting Section 6—696(i)(3) and the Distress Law as a whole, the General Assembly has made the basic policy determination to preserve the failing school district by identifying and remediating sources of financial distress “notwithstanding any other law to the contrary.” 24 P.S. § 6-696(i). The SRC does not hold the power over basic policy choices inherent in the Public School Code, but may only exercise its discretion to suspend those provisions that preserve the school district by remediating identified types of financial distress.

I do not believe the Legislature afforded the SRC carte blanche powers to suspend any combination of the School Code provisions. The standards guiding the SRC’s exercise of discretion in determining which provisions of the Public School Code to suspend appear both in Section 6-696(i)(3) itself, which enumerates several provisions that may not be suspended, as well as in the Distress Law as a whole, which, as noted, makes clear that remediation efforts are aimed at resolving the financial distress of the school district. A suspension of a provision of the Public School Code that is immaterial to the contemplated advancement of financial stability is simply unauthorized. Although the suspension power granted to the SRC is somewhat broad, it is necessarily so, as the breadth of the standard is driven by the breadth of the problem, and the problem here is unquestionably great. Accord. Water & Power Res. Bd., Dep’t of Forests & Waters, 145 A.2d at 182. Because the General Assembly can neither predict all causes of refractory distress within such a complex system nor statutorily prescribe precisely how to remedy the effects in all instances, the grant of broad authority is required to effectuate the purposes of the legislation.

Additionally, the Distress Law contains procedures to protect against arbitrary or ad hoc decision-making by the SRC. The Distress Law requires the SRC to submit annually a report to the Governor and the Education Committees of both the House of Representatives and the Senate regarding progress made toward improvements in fiscal and academic performance. 24 P.S. § 6-696(n.2). The General Assembly therefore brings to bear a multi-branch review of both the performance of the SRC in abating distress and, ultimately, whether financial distress continues to exist at all. By requiring the SRC to report annually to the Commonwealth’s chief executive and the legislative committees, the Distress Law holds the SRC accountable to perform in accordance with the remedial purposes of the Distress Law. Finally, the Distress Law authorizes the Governor to remove a member of the SRC prior to expiration of the term of office upon proof by clear and convincing evidence of malfeasance or misfeasance. Id. § 6-696(b)(2). In my view, the improper exercise of an enumerated power, such as the suspension power, could constitute grounds for removal of SRC members.

In conclusion, I acknowledge that the General Assembly’s grant of suspension power to the SRC has vast implications on all charter schools, as well as other individuals and entities involved in public education in the Philadelphia School District. The enormity of the power conveyed and the dramatic effects resulting from exercise of that authority, however, do not render Section 6-696(i)(3) unconstitutional under the anti-delegation clause where the General Assembly made the requisite basic policy decisions inherent in the legislation and afforded adequate guidance to the SRC in exercising the suspension authority. It cannot be ignored that a party challenging a legislative enactment bears the heavy burden of demonstrating that the statute clearly, palpably, and plainly violates the constitution. Commonwealth v. Payne, 582 Pa. 375, 871 A.2d 795, 800 (2005). In my opinion, the Charter School has simply failed to satisfy that burden here.

Justice DONOHUE joins this dissenting opinion.

      . Act of Mar. 10, 1949, P.L. 30 (as amended 24 P.S. §§ 1-101 to 27-2702) (the "School Code”).

      . In particular, a new Article VI(F) was added with the original Article VI(F), pertaining to an unrelated topic, remaining in place. It is unknown why the Legislature duplicated the article and section numbers. Such designations as used here pertain to the second Article VI(F) appearing in the School Code, i.e., the Distress Law.

      . The Charter School Law is part of the School Code and is set forth at 24 P.S. §§ 17-1701-A to 17-1751-A.

      . This aspect of SRC-2013-1 appears duplicative of a portion of SRC-2011-20 discussed above. It may have been intended to accomplish more explicitly what SRC-2011-20 achieved indirectly.

      . The Charter School raised additional constitutional and statutory claims. In view of our disposition below, we need not discuss them.

      . The Attorney General was served with a copy of the Complaint as it advanced a constitutional challenge to a statute. See Pa.R.A.P. 521. She indicated, however, that the Department of Education would respond in her stead. The Department ultimately chose to file an amicus brief in lieu of a responsive pleading.

      . The federal analog is reposed in Article I, Section 1 of the United States Constitution. See U.S. Const. Art. I, § 1 ("All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.”).

      . The acuteness of the District’s financial situation cannot serve as a basis to liberalize the non-delegation precept. See Holgate Bros., 331 Pa. at 260, 200 A. at 675 (“Regardless of exigencies which at times arise or of how trying our economic or social conditions become, the powers and duties imposed by the Constitution upon the legislative branch ... remain steadfast and neither the urgency of the necessity at hand nor the gravity of the situation allow the legislature to abdicate, transfer or delegate its authority or duty to another branch of the government.”).

      . A permanent injunction may issue where a party establishes a clear right to relief and there is no adequate redress at law, See Buffalo Twp. v. Jones, 571 Pa. 637, 644, 813 A.2d 659, 663 (2002). That standard is satisfied here.

      . This provision, entitled, "Legislative power,” states "[t]he legislative power of this Commonwealth shall be vested in a General Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives.” Pa. Const. art. II, § 1.

      . Article I, Section 12, entitled, "Power of suspending laws,” states "[n]o power of suspending laws shall be exercised unless by the Legislature or by its authority.” Pa. Const. art. I, § 12 (emphasis added).

      . These powers permit, inter alia: the appointment of entities needed to conduct necessary fiscal and performance audits; agreements with for-profit or nonprofit organizations to operate one or more schools with funds identified in the agreement; the suspension of requirements governing the establishment of, and facilities for, charter schools; the suspension or revocation of a charter; employing professional and senior management employees without state certification upon the committee’s approval of qualifications and salary; the closing or reconstitution of a school; the suspension of professional employees without regard to the section normally governing suspensions; the appointment of managers, administrators, and others to oversee operations of schools; the reallocation of resources, amendment of school procedures, development of achievement plans, and implementation of testing or other evaluation procedures for educational purposes; the negotiation of new collective bargaining agreements; the delegation to a person of powers deemed necessary to carry out the purposes of this article; and the employment of persons to review the financial and educational programs of school buildings and make recommendations to the SRC regarding improvements thereto. See 24 P.S. § 6-696(i).

      . As discussed infra, the text of this provision addresses only the power to suspend legislation, not create new law, and provides guidance in that it enumerates particular provisions that cannot be suspended and to which the school district shall remain subject.

      . In presenting its argument to this Court, the Charter School points to specific actions taken by the SRC, suggesting that its quarrel is not with the constitutionality of the Legislature's delegation of authority, but with how the SRC has exercised the authority granted. In my view, the propriety of the SRC's actions is not properly before this Court as it is not within the scope of our original jurisdiction in this matter; the only question we may decide in this appeal pertains to the constitutionality of Section 6—696(i)(3).

      . The standards advanced by the Legislature must be sufficiently clear and definite to guide the delegee in the performance of its stated function. Holgate Bros. Co. v. Bashore, 331 Pa. 255, 200 A. 672, 674 (1938); Bell Tel. Co. of Pennsylvania v. Driscoll, 343 Pa. 109, 21 A.2d 912, 915 (1941). The standards must also be sufficiently broad to give the delegee some flexibility to deal with the particular problem that the Legislature has asked it to address. See Water & Power Res. Bd., Dep’t of Forests & Waters v. Green Springs Co., 394 Pa. 1, 145 A.2d 178, 182 (1958).

      . I appreciate that the Philadelphia School District has been in financial distress for well over a decade, but this fact cannot cloud the constitutional analysis of the challenged statutoiy language at issue. Stated differently, the SRC's continued inability to achieve economic stability within the school district has no bearing on the constitutionality of the authority granted to the SRC by Section 6-696(i)(3).


source: Caselaw Access Project

author: PER CURIAM.

license: Public Domain

text:
    132 A.3d 972
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Appellee v. Roland A. SPOTTI, Jr., Appellant.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Argued Oct. 6, 2015.
    Resubmitted Jan. 20, 2016.
    Decided Feb. 16, 2016.
    Paul David Boas, Esq., Pittsburgh, Law Office of Paul D. Boas, for Roland A. Spotti, Jr.
    Amy Elizabeth Constantine, Esq., Michael Wayne Streily, Esq., Allegheny County District Attorney’s Office, for Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
    SAYLOR, C.J., EAKIN, BAER, TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, JJ.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 16th day of February, 2016, the appeal is dismissed as having been IMPROVIDENTLY GRANTED.

Justices EAKIN, DONOHUE and WECHT did not participate in the consideration or decision of this ease.


text:
    132 A.3d 972
    MALT BEVERAGE DISTRIBUTORS ASSOCIATION, Gabler's Beverage Distributor, Inc. and PKD, Inc., Petitioners v. PENNSYLVANIA LIQUOR CONTROL BOARD, Respondent Ohio Springs, Inc. and Sheetz, Intervenors.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 16, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 16th day of February, 2016, the Petition for Permission to Substitute Answer to Petition for Allowance of Appeal of Intervener is GRANTED. Furthermore, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED. The issues, as stated by petitioner, are:

(1) Can a single store sell both gasoline and beer without violating the Liquor Code?
(2) Section 404 of the Liquor Code, 47 P.S. § 4—404, prohibits the transfer of a liquor license to a “location” where “the sale of liquid fuels or oil is conducted”; what is a location?
(3) Section 468(a)(3) of the Liquor Code, 47 P.S. § 4-468(a)(3), prohibits the transfer of a liquor license to “any place or property upon which is located as a business the sale of liquid fuels and oil”; what is a place or property?

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    132 A.3d 973
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. Emru KEBEDE, Petitioner.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 17, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 17th day of February, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED on the issue of whether Petitioner’s sentence violates the prohibition against mandatory life sentences for juvenile offenders announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). As a result of the recent holding by that Court that Miller must be applied retroactively by the States, see Montgomery v. Louisiana, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016), the Superior Court’s order is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with Montgomery.

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the decision of this matter.


text:
    132 A.3d 973
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. Melisa Ann McMANUS, Petitioner.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 17, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 17th day of February, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED on the issue of whether Petitioner’s sentence violates the prohibition against mandatory life sentences for juvenile offenders announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). As a result of the recent holding by that Court that Miller must be applied retroactively by the States, see Montgomery v. Louisiana, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016), the Superior Court’s order is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with Montgomery.

To the extent necessary, leave is to be granted to amend the post-conviction petition to assert the jurisdictional provision of the Post Conviction Relief Act extending to the recognition of constitutional rights by the Supreme Court of the United States which it deems to be retroactive. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(iii).

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    132 A.3d 974
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. David MOUA, Petitioner.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 17, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 17th day of February, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED on the issue of whether Petitioner’s sentence violates the prohibition against mandatory life sentences for juvenile offenders announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). As a result of the recent holding by that Court that Miller must be applied retroactively by the States, see Montgomery v. Louisiana, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016), the Superior Court’s order is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with Montgomery.

To the extent necessary, leave is to be granted to amend the post-conviction petition to assert the jurisdictional provision of the Post Conviction Relief Act extending to the recognition of constitutional rights by the Supreme Court of the United States which it deems to be retroactive. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1) (iii).

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the decision of this matter.


text:
    132 A.3d 975
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. John F. NOLE, Petitioner.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 17, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 17th day of February, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED on the issue of whether Petitioner’s sentence violates the prohibition against mandatory life sentences for juvenile offenders announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). As a result of the recent holding by that Court that Miller must be applied retroactively by the States, see Montgomery v. Louisiana, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016), the Superior Court’s order is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with Montgomery.

To the extent necessary, leave is to be granted to amend the post-conviction petition to assert the jurisdictional provision of the Post Conviction Relief Act extending to the recognition of constitutional rights by the Supreme Court of the United States which it deems to be retroactive. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(iii).

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the decision of this matter.

Justice DONOHUE did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    132 A.3d 975
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. Manuel ORTIZ, Petitioner.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 17, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 17th day of February, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED on the issue of whether Petitioner’s sentence violates the prohibition against mandatory life sentences for juvenile offenders announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). As a result of the recent holding by that Court that Miller must be applied retroactively by the States, see Montgomery v. Louisiana, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016), the Superior Court’s order is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with Montgomery.

To the extent necessary, leave is to be granted to amend the post-conviction petition to assert the jurisdictional provision of the Post Conviction Relief Act extending to the recognition of constitutional rights by the Supreme Court of the United States which it deems to be retroactive. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(iii).

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    132 A.3d 976
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. Ricardo Alphonso PEOPLES, Petitioner.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 17, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 17th day of February, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED on the issue of whether Petitioner’s sentence violates the prohibition against mandatory life sentences for juvenile offenders announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). As a result of the recent holding by that Court that Miller must be applied retroactively by the States, see Montgomery v. Louisiana, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016), the Superior Court’s order is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with Montgomery.

To the extent necessary, leave is to be granted to amend the post-conviction petition to assert the jurisdictional provision of the Post Conviction Relief Act extending to the recognition of constitutional rights by the Supreme Court of the United States which it deems to be retroactive. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(iii).

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the decision of this matter.


text:
    132 A.3d 976
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. Donald ZOLLER, Jr., Petitioner.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 17, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 17th day of February, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED on the issue of whether Petitioner’s sentence violates the prohibition against mandatory life sentences for juvenile offenders announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). As a result of the recent holding by that Court that Miller must be applied retroactively by the States, see Montgomery v. Louisi ana, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016), the Superior Court’s order is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with Montgomery.

To the extent necessary, leave is to be granted to amend the post-conviction petition to assert the jurisdictional provision of the Post Conviction Relief Act extending to the recognition of constitutional rights by the Supreme Court of the United States which it deems to be retroactive. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(iii).

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    132 A.3d 977
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. Edward WALLS, Petitioner.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 17, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 17th day of February, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED on the issue of whether Petitioner’s sentence violates the prohibition against mandatory life sentences for juvenile offenders announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). As a result of the recent holding by that Court that Miller must be applied retroactively by the States, see Montgomery v. Louisiana, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016), the Superior Court’s order is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with Montgomery.

To the extent necessary, leave is to be granted to amend the post-conviction petition to assert the jurisdictional provision of the Post Conviction Relief Act extending to the recognition of constitutional rights by the Supreme Court of the United States which it deems to be retroactive. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(iii).

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    132 A.3d 978
    In re Petition of the BOROUGH OF DOWNINGTOWN. Petition of Friends of Kardon Park and Ann Feldman. In re Petition of the Borough of Downingtown. Petition of Friends of Kardon Park and Ann Feldman. In re Petition of the Borough of Downingtown. Petition of Friends of Kardon Park and Ann Feldman. In re Petition of the Borough of Downingtown. Petition of Friends of Kardon Park and Ann Feldman. In re Petition of the Borough of Downingtown. Petition of Borough of Downingtown, Council of the Borough of Downingtown, Progressive Housing Ventures, LLC and J. Loew & Associates, Inc. In re Petition of the Borough of Downingtown. Petition of Borough of Downingtown, Council of the Borough of Downingtown, Progressive Housing Ventures, LLC and J. Loew & Associates, Inc. In re Petition of the Borough of Downingtown. Petition of Borough of Downingtown, Council of the Borough of Downingtown, Progressive Housing Ventures, LLC and J. Loew & Associates, Inc. In re Petition of the Borough of Downingtown. Petition of Borough of Downingtown, Council of the Borough of Downingtown, Progressive Housing Ventures, LLC and J. Loew & Associates, Inc. In re Petition of the Borough of Downingtown. Petition of Kim Manufacturing Company and Stewart Hall, L.P. In re Petition of the Borough of Downingtown. Petition of Kim Manufacturing Company and Stewart Hall, L.P. In re Petition of the Borough of Downingtown. Petition of Kim Manufacturing Company and Stewart Hall, L.P. In re Petition of the Borough of Downingtown. Petition of Kim Manufacturing Company and Stewart Hall, L.P.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 17, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 17th day of February, 2016, the Petitions for Allowance of Appeal at 410-413 MAL 2015 are GRANTED as to the following issues, as framed by Petitioners:

a. Where a municipality has satisfied the requirement to dispose of condemned property under Section 310(a) of the Eminent Domain Code by abandoning the purpose for which the property was condemned, does the Donated or Dedicated Property Act, Act of Dec. 15, 1959, P.L. 1772, 53 P.S. §§ 3381 et seq. (the “DDPA”) nonetheless require judicial approval before a municipality may dispose of that property?
b. Where a municipality intends to abandon property acquired by condemnation and where that intent is coupled with external acts to achieve such abandonment, has the purpose of the property been “abandon[ed]” for purposes of Section 310(a) of the Eminent Domain Code?

Furthermore, the Petitions for Allowance of Appeal at 358-361 MAL 2015 and 424-427 MAL 2015 are GRANTED, LIMITED TO the following issues:

a. Does the removal of Project 70 Act deed restrictions also remove all public trust interests in dedicated parkland, such that judicial review of the sale of such parkland would no longer be required under the Donated or Dedicated Property Act, 53 P.S. §§ 3381-3386?
b. May municipalities convey private development easements over public parkland without first obtaining Orphans’ Court approval under the DDPA?

The Prothonotary is directed to consolidate these matters for argument.

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the decision of this matter.


text:
    132 A.3d 979
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. Terrence KRONK, Petitioner.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 24, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 24th day of February, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED on the issue of whether Petitioner’s sentence violates the prohibition against mandatory life sentences for juvenile offenders announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). As a result of the recent holding by that Court that Miller must be applied retroactively by the States, see Montgomery v. Louisiana, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016), the Superior Court’s order is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with Montgomery.

To the extent necessary, leave is to be granted to amend the post-conviction petition to assert the jurisdictional provision of the Post Conviction Relief Act extending to the recognition of constitutional rights by the Supreme Court of the United States which it deems to be retroactive. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1) (iii).

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    132 A.3d 980
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. Raymont WALKER, Petitioner.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 24, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 24th day of February, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED on the issue of whether Petitioner’s sentence violates the prohibition against mandatory life sentences for juvenile offenders announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). As a result of the recent holding by that Court that Miller must be applied retroactively by the States, see Montgomery v. Louisiana, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016), the Superior Court’s order is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with Montgomery.

To the extent necessary, leave is to be granted to amend the post-conviction petition to assert the jurisdictional provision of the Post Conviction Relief Act extending to the recognition of constitutional rights by the Supreme Court of the United States which it deems to be retroactive. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b) (1) (iii).

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this.


text:
    132 A.3d 980
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. Rahmil FIELDS, Petitioner.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 24, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 24th day of February, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED on the issue of whether Petitioner’s sentence violates the prohibition against mandatory life sentences for juvenile offenders announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). As a result of the recent holding by that Court that Miller must be applied retroactively by the States, see Montgomery v. Louisiana, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016), the Superior Court’s order is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with Montgomery.

To the extent necessary, leave is to be granted to amend the post-conviction petition to assert the jurisdictional provision of the Post Conviction Relief Act extending to the recognition of constitutional rights by the Supreme Court of the United States which it deems to be retroactive. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(iii).

The Petition for Allowance of Appeal is DENIED in all other respects.

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    132 A.3d 981
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. Michael McMILLAN, Petitioner.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 24, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 24th day of February, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED on the issue of whether Petitioner’s sentence violates the prohibition against mandatory life sentences for juvenile offenders announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). As a result of the recent holding by that Court that Miller must be applied retroactively by the States, see Montgomery v. Louisiana, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016), the Superior Court’s order is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with Montgomery.

To the extent necessary, leave is to be granted to amend the post-conviction petition to assert the jurisdictional provision of the Post Conviction Relief Act extending to the recognition of constitutional rights by the Supreme Court of the United States which it deems to be retroactive. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(iii).

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    132 A.3d 982
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. Roderick Todd ALLEN, Petitioner.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 24, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 24th day of February, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED on the issue of whether Petitioner’s sentence violates the prohibition against mandatory life sentences for juvenile offenders announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). As a result of the recent holding by that Court that Miller must be applied retroactively by the States, see Montgomery v. Louisiana, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016), the Superior Court’s order is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with Montgomery.

To the extent necessary, leave is to be granted to amend the post-conviction petition to assert the jurisdictional provision of the Post Conviction Relief Act extending to the recognition of constitutional rights by the Supreme Court of the United States which it deems to be retroactive. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(iii).

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    132 A.3d 982
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. Andre L.L. VESSELS, Petitioner.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 24, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 24th day of February, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED on the issue of whether Petitioner’s sentence violates the prohibition against mandatory life sentences for juvenile offenders announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). As a result of the recent holding by that Court that Miller must be applied retroactively by the States, see Montgomery v. Louisiana, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016), the Superior Court’s order is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with Montgomery.

To the extent necessary, leave is to be granted to amend the post-conviction petition to assert the jurisdictional provision of the Post Conviction Relief Act extending to the recognition of constitutional rights by the Supreme Court of the United States which it deems to be retroactive. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(iii).

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    132 A.3d 983
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. Michael Lee BOURGEOIS, Petitioner.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 24, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 24th day of February, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED on the issue of whether Petitioner’s sentence violates the prohibition against mandatory life sentences for juvenile offenders announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). As a result of the recent holding by that Court that Miller must be applied retroactively by the States, see Montgomery v. Louisiana, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016), the Superior Court’s order is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with Montgomery.

To the extent necessary, leave is to be granted to amend the post-conviction petition to assert the jurisdictional provision of the Post Conviction Relief Act extending to the recognition of constitutional rights by the Supreme Court of the United States which it deems to be retroactive. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(iii).

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    132 A.3d 983
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. Alec Devon KREIDER, Petitioner.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 24, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 24th day of February, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED on the issue of whether Petitioner’s sentence violates the prohibition against mandatory life sentences for juvenile offenders announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). As a result of the recent holding by that Court that Miller must be applied retroactively by the States, see Montgomery v. Louisiana, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016), the Superior Court’s order is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with Montgomery.

To the extent necessary, leave is to be granted to amend the post-conviction petition to assert the jurisdictional provision of the Post Conviction Relief Act extending to the recognition of constitutional rights by the Supreme Court of the United States which it deems to be retroactive. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(iii).

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    132 A.3d 984
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. Levar Leonard JONES, Petitioner.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 24, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 24th day of February, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED on the issue of whether Petitioner’s sentence violates the prohibition against mandatory life sentences for juvenile offenders announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). As a result of the recent holding by that Court that Miller must be applied retroactively by the States, see Montgomery v. Louisiana, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016), the Superior Court’s order is VACATED, and the case is REMINDED for further proceedings consistent with Montgomery.

To the extent necessary, leave is to be granted to amend the post-conviction petition to assert the jurisdictional provision of the Post Conviction Relief Act extending to the recognition of constitutional rights by the Supreme Court of the United States which it deems to be retroactive. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(iii).

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    132 A.3d 985
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. Richard P. MAZEFFA, Petitioner.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 25, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 25th day of February, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED on the issue of whether Petitioner’s sentence violates the prohibition against mandatory life sentences for juvenile offenders announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). As a result of the recent holding by that Court that Miller must be applied retroactively by the States, see Montgomery v. Louisiana, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016), the Superior Court’s order is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with Montgomery.

To the extent necessary, leave is to be granted to amend the post-conviction petition to assert the jurisdictional provision of the Post Conviction Relief Act extending to the recognition of constitutional rights by the Supreme Court of the United States which it deems to be retroactive. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(iii).

The Petition for remand is denied.

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    132 A.3d 985
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. Benjamin BRABHAM, Petitioner.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 25, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 25th day of February, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED on a limited basis, solely pertaining to the issues of whether Petitioner’s sentence violates the prohibition against mandatory life sentences for juvenile offenders announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). As a result of the recent holding by that Court that Miller must be applied retroactively by the States, see Montgomery v. Louisiana, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016), the Superior Court’s order is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with Montgomery. Allocatur is DENIED in all other respects.

To the extent necessary, leave is to be granted to amend the post-conviction petition to assert the jurisdictional provision of the Post Conviction Relief Act extending to the recognition of constitutional rights by the Supreme Court of the United States which it deems to be retroactive. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(iii).

Justices EAKIN and DONOHUE did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    132 A.3d 986
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. Christopher R. BAKER, Petitioner.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 25, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 25th day of February, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED on the issue of whether Petitioner’s sentence violates the prohibition against mandatory life sentences for juvenile offenders announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). As a result of the recent holding by that Court that Miller must be applied retroactively by the States, see Montgomery v. Louisiana, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016), the Superior Court’s order is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with Montgomery.

To the extent necessary, leave is to be granted to amend the post-conviction petition to assert the jurisdictional provision of the Post Conviction Relief Act extending to the recognition of constitutional rights by the Supreme Court of the United States which it deems to be retroactive. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(iii).

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    133 A.3d 1
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. Dallas Ray VAVRA, Petitioner.
    No. 161 MM 2015.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 24, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 24th day of February, 2016, the Application for Appointment of Counsel is DENIED.

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


author: PER CURIAM

text:
    133 A.3d 1
    Edward GRAZIANO, Petitioner v. COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Nancy Giroux, Custodian (DOC), Respondents.
    No. 5 EM 2016.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 24, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM

AND NOW, this 24th day of February, 2016, the Application for Extraordinary Relief Pursuant to King’s Bench Authority is DENIED.

It is noted that the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County has not yet adjudicated Petitioner’s April 2013 petition. The Prothonotary is thus DIRECTED to serve this order on the President Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County.

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    133 A.3d 1
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. James MILLER, Petitioner.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 24, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 24th day of February, 2016, the Petition for Permission to File an Amended Petition for Allowance of Appeal is DENIED. The Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED on a limited basis, solely pertaining to the issue of whether Petitioner’s sentence violates the prohibition against mandatory life sentences for juvenile offenders announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). As a result of the recent holding by that Court that Miller must be applied retroactively by the States, see Montgomery v. Louisiana, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016), the Superior Court’s order is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with Montgomery. Allocatur is DENIED in all other respects.

To the extent necessary, leave is to be granted to amend the post-conviction petition to assert the jurisdictional provision of the Post Conviction Relief Act extending to the recognition of constitutional rights by the Supreme Court of the United States which it deems to be retroactive. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(iii).

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    133 A.3d 2
    Vamsidhar VURIMINDI, Petitioner v. PROTHONOTARY, Court of Common Pleas Philadelphia, Respondent.
    No. 3 EM 2016.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 24, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 24th day of February, 2016, the Application for Leave to File Original Process is GRANTED, and the Petition for Writ of Mandamus is DENIED.

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    133 A.3d 2
    Michael MADDOX, Petitioner v. John E. WETZEL, Secretary of Department of Corrections and Christopher M. Thomas, Director CMR-Philadelphia Prison System, et al., respondents
    No. 1 EM 2016.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 24, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 24th day of February, 2016, as it appears that Petitioner’s request for a sentence credit was addressed via a January 8, 2016 determination, the Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED. The Application for Leave to File Original Process and the Petition for Writ of Mandamus are DISMISSED AS MOOT.

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    133 A.3d 3
    Richard MICKMAN, Respondent v. Elaine MICKMAN, Petitioner.
    No. 167 MM 2015.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 24, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 24th day of February, 2016, the Application for Extraordinary Relief and Stay/Supersedeas of All Proceedings and the Petition for Leave to Clarify are DENIED.

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the decision of this matter.


text:
    133 A.3d 3
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. Ricky Lee OLDS, Petitioner.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 25, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 25th day of February, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED on the issue of whether Petitioner’s sentence violates the prohibition against mandatory life sentences for juvenile offenders announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). As a result of the recent holding by that Court that Miller must be applied retroactively by the States, see Montgomery v. Louisiana, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016), the Superior Court’s order is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with Montgomery. Allocatur is DENIED in all other respects.

To the extent necessary, leave is to be granted to amend the post-conviction petition to assert the jurisdictional provision of the Post Conviction Relief Act extending to the recognition of constitutional rights by the Supreme Court of the United States which it deems to be retroactive. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(iii).

Petitioner’s Petition for Permission to Pile Amended Petition for Allowance of Appeal is DENIED.

Justices EAKIN and DONOHUE did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    133 A.3d 3
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. Truong V. DUONG, Petitioner.
    No. 355 EAL 2015.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Feb. 29, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 29th day of February, 2016, upon review of Petitioner’s Substituted Petition for Allowance of Appeal, which the Commonwealth has not opposed, we find as follows: The Superior Court deemed Petitioner’s claims before that tribunal to have been waived for Petitioner’s failure to include the relevant notes of testimony in the original record, and then granted Petitioner’s motion to supplement the record and issued an order deeming the submitted notes of testimony to be part of the certified record. The Superior Court erred, however, in then failing to grant Petitioner’s application for reconsideration of the merits of his waived claims. Accordingly, Petitioner’s Substituted Petition for Allowance, wherein Petitioner seeks a remand to the Superior Court for merits review of his claims on appeal, is hereby GRANTED, the order of the Superior Court is VACATED, and this matter is REMANDED to the Superior Court for consideration of the merits of Petitioner’s claims on appeal.

Mr. Justice Eakin did not participate in the decision of this matter.


text:
    133 A.3d 4
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. Kyle J. WILLIAMS, Petitioner.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    March 1, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 1st day of March, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED on a limited basis, solely pertaining to the issue of whether Petitioner’s sentence violates the prohibition against mandatory life sentences for juvenile offenders announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). As a result of the recent holding by that Court that Miller must be applied retroactively by the States, see Montgomery v. Louisiana, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 718, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016), the Superior Court’s order is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with Montgomery. Allocatur is DENIED in all other respects.

To the extent necessary, leave is to be granted to amend the post-conviction petition to assert the jurisdictional provision of the Post Conviction Relief Act extending to the recognition of constitutional rights by the Supreme Court of the United States which it deems to be retroactive. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(iii).

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


author: PER CURIAM. Chief Justice SAYLOR,

text:
    133 A.3d 5
    Randall A. CASTELLANI and Joseph J. Corcoran, Petitioners v. The SCRANTON TIMES, L.P. t/d/b/a/ The Scranton Times and The Tribune and Jennifer Henn, Respondents.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    March 3, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 3rd day of March, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED. The Superior Court’s decision is VACATED, and the matter is REMANDED to the Superior Court for further proceedings consistent with our decision in Castellani v. Scranton Times, L.P., 633 Pa. 230, 124 A.3d 1229, 1231 (2015).

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.

Chief Justice SAYLOR filed a concurring statement.

Chief Justice SAYLOR,

concurring.

This interlocutory appeal is part of the same defamation case recently addressed in Castellani v. Scranton Times, L.P., 633 Pa. 230, 124 A.3d 1229 (2015) (“Castellani II”), as referenced in the present Order. In that appeal, this Court held that opinions written by Judges Garb and Feudale could be admitted at trial to prove malice on the part of the Newspaper. See id. at 255-56, 124 A.3d at 1245. I dissented from the majority’s determination that undue prejudice as to the issue of falsity could be eliminated by a jury instruction that the opinions could only be considered for purposes of malice, at least in the context of a unified trial—that is, a single trial involving both questions. See id. at 257, 124 A.3d at 1246 (Saylor, C.J., concurring and dissenting). Thus, if left to my own devices, I would presently approve the Superior Court’s holding that redaction of various newspaper articles is necessary to the extent they quote or otherwise reference the Garb and Feudale opinions.

Nevertheless, I was in the minority in Castellani II and, as such, I agree that precedent requires vacation of the Superior Court’s order in the present appeal. Furthermore, since the intermediate court’s decision concerning the need for redaction was based in large part on a holding which has now been reversed, it seems likely that, on remand, the intermediate court will need to reach a different conclusion on the redaction issue in order to remain consistent with Castellani II.

As part of my responsive expression in Castellani II, I noted that bifurcation of the trial could “go a long way toward eliminating any unfair prejudice that the Newspaper would otherwise suffer from introduction of the [Garb and Peudale] opinions.” Id. In response, the majority suggested that any bifurcation request would be “appropriate for the trial court upon remand if requested by the Newspaper.” Castellani II, 633 Pa. at 256 n. 13, 124 A.3d at 1245 n. 13. I would observe, however, that: the Newspaper previously requested bifurcation at the trial court level; the request was denied; and the Newspaper’s challenge to such denial was one of the issues it raised before the Superior Court in the present appeal. See Castellani v. Scranton Times, No. 1145 MDA 2012, slip op. at 15-20, 2014 WL 10917594 (Pa.Super. June 10, 2014). Notably, that tribunal chose not to reach the merits of the issue based on its determination that the articles had to be substantially redacted. See id. at 24. On remand, therefore, the bifurcation issue will again be pending before the Superior Court. In this regard, to the extent the Castellani II majority’s expression can be read to indicate that a second request for bifurcation must now be made by the Newspaper and ruled on initially by the trial court, it was dicta, as the bifurcation question was not before the Castellani II Court.

      . In Castellani I, see Castellani v. Scranton Times, L.P., 598 Pa. 283, 956 A.2d 937 (2008)—also part of the same litigation—the Court considered whether the identity of the Newspaper's confidential source had to be disclosed.


text:
    133 A.3d 290
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Respondent v. Willie BROWN-BEY, Petitioner.
    No. 140 EM 2015.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Jan. 21, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 21st day of January, 2016, the Petition for Review is DENIED.

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    133 A.3d 290
    James MITCHELL, Petitioner v. COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF DELAWARE COUNTY, Respondent.
    No. 1 MM 2016.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    March 7, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 7th day of March, 2016, the Application for Leave to File Original Process is GRANTED, and the Petition for Writ of Mandamus and/or Extraordinary Relief is DENIED.

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    133 A.3d 290
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Petitioner v. Hubert MICHAEL, Respondent.
    No. 78 EM 2015.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    March 7, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 7th day of March, 2016, the Application for Leave to File a Reply is GRANTED, and the Petition for Extraordinary Relief Pursuant to King’s Bench Jurisdiction is DENIED.

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    133 A.3d 290
    Kashyism MANSON, Petitioner v. Judge Susan I. SCHULMAN, Respondent.
    No. 6 EM 2016.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    March 7, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 7th day of March, 2016, the Application for Leave to File Original Process and the Petition for Writ of Mandamus and/or Extraordinary Relief are DISMISSED. See Commonwealth v. Ali, 608 Pa. 71, 10 A.3d 282, 293 (2010) (explaining that a pro se filing presented by an appellant represented by counsel is a “legal nullity”).

The Prothonotary is DIRECTED to forward the filings to counsel of record and to strike the name of the jurist from the caption.

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    133 A.3d 291
    PIPELINE SYSTEMS, INC. and Continental Western Insurance Company, Petitioners v. WORKERS' COMPENSATION APPEAL BOARD (POUNDS), Respondents.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    March 8, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 8th day of March, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED, LIMITED TO the issue set forth below. Allocatur is DENIED as to all remaining issues. The issue, rephrased for clarity, is:

(1) [Did t]he Commonwealth Court err[] because [§ 601(a)(10), 77 P.S. § 1031] unambiguously provides that the employee must be within the course and scope of his employment at the time he provides aid and is injured, not merely be in the course and scope of his employment at the time of the emergency arose as the Commonwealth Court held[?]

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    133 A.3d 291
    In re Nomination Papers of Leon WILLIAMS as Candidate for the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in the 192nd Legislative District. Appeal of Terry Jackson and Renee English, Objectors.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Submitted March 3, 2016.
    Decided March 11, 2016.
    Ian Blythe Everhart, Esq., Kathleen Marie Kotula, Esq., Pennsylvania Department of State, for Bureau of Commissions, Elections and Legislations, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of State.

      City Commissioners of Philadelphia, Pro Se.
    Zachary Cryder Shaffer, Esq., Montoya Shaffer, LLC, for Terry Jackson and Renee English.
    Leon Williams, Pro Se.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 11th day of March, 2016, the Order of the Commonwealth Court is AFFIRMED.

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.


text:
    133 A.3d 292
    SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY, Respondent v. CITY OF PHILADELPHIA and Philadelphia Commission on Human Relations, Petitioners.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    March 15, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 15th day of March, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED. The issue, as stated by Petitioner, is:

Did the General Assembly, when it gave Philadelphia general police powers as expansive as [those] of the General Assembly and specific authority to enact local anti-discrimination laws, intend to exempt SEPTA from compliance with those laws, when the consequence of compliance would not materially disrupt SEPTA’s core transportation function and the consequence of non-compliance would leave hundreds of thousands of Philadelphia passengers and employees without a remedy against many forms of discrimination?

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    133 A.3d 292
    PENNSYLVANIA STATE POLICE, Petitioner v. Michelle GROVE, Respondent.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    March 15, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 15th day of March, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED. The issues, as stated by Petitioner, are:

(1) Is a video, created as a result of a Pennsylvania State Trooper initiating a criminal investigation, exempt from disclosure under Section 708(b)(16) of the Right-to-Know Law?
(2) Is a video, created as a result of a Pennsylvania State Trooper initiating a criminal investigation, exempt from disclosure under the Criminal History Records Information Act?
(3) Is a video depicting troopers at a crash scene in which citations were issued “speaking with the operators of the vehicles,” “observing the crash scene and the damage to the vehicles,” and “directing the operator of the truck involved in the accident to move his vehicle to a safer area,” considered investigative materials pursuant to Section 708(b)(16) of the Righf>-to-Know Law?
(4) Is a video depicting troopers at a crash scene in which citations were issued “speaking with the operators of the vehicles,” “observing the crash scene and the damage to the vehicles,” and “directing the operator of the truck involved in the accident to move his vehicle to a safer area,” considered investigative information pursuant to the Criminal History Records Information Act?
(5) Do provisions of the Wiretapping and Electronic Surveillance Act apply to the audio component of mobile vehicle recordings?
(6) Should this case be remanded for further factual findings to determine whether modifying a mobile vehicle recording, as required by the Commonwealth Court, essentially creates a record in violation of Section 705 of the Right-to-Know Law?

Justice EAKIN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.


text:
    133 A.3d 293
    In re ADOPTION OF M.R.D. and T.M.D., Minor Children Petition of M.C., Natural Father.
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    March 16, 2016.
   ORDER

PER CURIAM.

AND NOW, this 16th day of March, 2016, the Petition for Allowance of Appeal is GRANTED. The issues, as stated by petitioner, are:

(1) Whether the trial court erred in determining that [Petitioner] showed good cause under [S]ection 2901 of the Adoption Act to proceed with the anticipated adoption of the children[,] ... contrary to the evidence and contrary to controlling precedent and law. Specifically,
(2) Whether the trial court erred in terminating the parental rights of the [Petitioner] when the proposed adoption by maternal grandfather would not create a new, genuine, parent-child relationship and foster the creation of a new family unit.
(3) Whether the trial court erred in determining that the anticipated adoption of the children by maternal grandfather would be in the children’s best interests.

Justice DONOHUE did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.