author: DALY, J.

text:
    STATE OF CONNECTICUT v. LAWRENCE C. KURANKO
    (AC 20577)
    Lavery, C. -T., and Mihalakos and Daly, Js.
    Argued March 27 —
    officially released August 20, 2002

      Lawrence C. Kuranko, pro se, the appellant (defendant).

      Denise B. Smoker, assistant state’s attorney, with whom, on the brief, were Mary M. Galvin, state’s attorney, and L. Mark Hurley, supervisory assistant state’s attorney, for the appellee (state).
   Opinion

DALY, J.

The defendant, Lawrence C. Kuranko, appeals from the judgment of conviction, rendered after a jury trial, of assault of a victim sixty years of age or older in the third degree in violation of General Statutes (Rev. to 1999) § 53a-61a (a) and reckless endangerment in the first degree in violation of General Statutes § 53a-63 (a). On appeal, the defendant claims that the trial court improperly (1) permitted the state to use evidence of the defendant’s post-Miranda? silence against him in violation of his constitutional right to due process and (2) permitted the jury to return an inconsistent verdict. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

The jury reasonably could have found the following facts. From 1994 to 1998, the defendant, an attorney, represented J.F. Barrett Co. and its former president, Donald Barrett, in various legal matters, including the company’s bankruptcy petition. Although the defendant resigned from the Connecticut bar in December, 1998, he continued to assist Barrett in liquidating the company’s assets to satisfy its creditors.

On February, 17, 1999, the defendant called Barrett and told him that Lafayette American Bank wanted to meet with them. The bank held a $2.4 million note executed by the company that Barrett had personally guaranteed. A meeting was scheduled for February 19, 1999, at 3 p.m. That morning, the defendant and Barrett met at the Milford town hall to review the land records of two properties that Barrett was attempting to sell to raise funds to pay off the bank note. Before beginning, they decided to have a cup of coffee at a nearby restaurant. At the restaurant, the defendant and Barrett discussed the amount of money that Barrett had given the defendant to pay to the bank. Barrett claimed that the amount was $843,000, while the defendant claimed that it was around $700,000.

Without resolving their dispute, the two men returned to the town hall and reviewed the land records. Thereafter, the defendant suggested that they drive to one of Barrett’s properties located at 990 Naugatuck Avenue in Milford and clean it up so that a prospective buyer could view it the following day. Barrett, who was dressed in business attire, reluctantly agreed and they drove to the property.

At the property, the defendant and Barrett entered the building through an unlocked door. The defendant brought a brown paper bag that contained black plastic garbage bags into the building with him. Barrett told the defendant that he was not properly dressed for cleaning and that he was going to return to his car and drive around the property. After a while, Barrett noticed the defendant standing outside the front of the building carrying a plastic garbage bag that was partially filled with debris. The defendant told Barrett that he had left his wallet inside the building and that the door had locked behind him. Barrett and the defendant entered the building through a window in the back of the building to retrieve the wallet.

Once inside, the defendant attacked Barrett, by putting a plastic garbage bag over his head and shoulders. After a brief struggle, Barrett was able to free himself from the defendant and to pull off the bag. Both men left the building together and returned to Barrett’s car where Barrett told the defendant to “get a hold of [himself]” and “stop the nonsense” because they still needed to meet with the bank. When they entered the car and Barrett started to drive, the defendant again attacked Barrett, this time by choking him with his hands. Barrett stopped the car and a struggle ensued. Eventually, Barrett managed to open the driver’s side door, fall to the ground and run to the building’s loading dock. The defendant pursued Barrett and attempted to choke him. Barrett grabbed the defendant by his testicles, and the defendant released him. Barrett fled to his car and shut the door, but before he could lock it the defendant opened the door and began choking him again. As Barrett repelled the defendant, Barrett fell to the ground and cut his head.

At that point, Ervin Crook, who knew Barrett, and his boss, Roger Toffolon, drove up in a minivan. Barrett scrambled into the minivan’s backseat and explained that someone had tried to kill him. Toffolon called the police with Crook’s cellular telephone. The defendant approached the minivan and asked to use the telephone. Toffolon refused and notified the defendant that the police were on the way. In response, the defendant stated that he was going to jump into the nearby Housa-tonic River, and he walked away in the direction of the river.

Soon thereafter, Officer James Garfield of the Milford police department arrived at the scene. As Garfield was interviewing Barrett, the defendant, who was soaking wet, returned to the scene and implored Garfield to arrest him because he “did it.” The defendant also told Garfield that he had jumped in the river to commit suicide. He then passed out. Both the defendant and Barrett were taken to a local hospital and treated for their injuries. The defendant was advised of his Miranda rights in the ambulance en route to the hospital.

At trial, the defendant testified that he did not attack Barrett with a garbage bag and that the incident inside the building did not occur. Although he admitted that he and Barrett fought outside the building, he claimed that Barrett was the aggressor and that he had acted in self-defense. The jury nevertheless convicted the defendant of assault in the third degree and reckless endangerment in the first degree. This appeal followed. Additional facts will be set forth as necessary.

I

The defendant claims that, pursuant to Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 96 S. Ct. 2240, 49 L. Ed. 2d 91 (1976), the trial court improperly permitted the state to use evidence of the defendant’s postMiranda silence against him in violation of his constitutional right to due process. We disagree.

A

The defendant first claims that the state improperly questioned Garfield and Detective William Haas regarding the defendant’s failure to file a complaint against Barrett in violation of Doyle. We are not persuaded.

The following additional facts are relevant to our resolution of the defendant’s claim. At trial, Garfield testified that, at the crime scene, the defendant admitted that he had tried to kill Barrett and asked Garfield to arrest him. Immediately following that testimony, the prosecutor asked Garfield if, at any point in their conversation, the defendant asked him to arrest Barrett. Garfield answered, “No.” The prosecutor then asked, “To this day . . . has [the defendant] ever filed a formal complaint with you to have Barrett arrested for anything?” The defendant objected in accordance with Doyle, and the court sustained his objection. The prosecutor continued by asking Garfield whether the defendant made any complaint about Barrett at the crime scene. The defendant again objected, and the court sustained his objection. Garfield then testified, without objection, that he did not arrest Barrett and that, to his knowledge, Barrett was never arrested in connection with the incident.

During the state’s direct examination of Haas, the prosecutor asked, “Did you receive any other complaints to arrest anyone else at this scene?” Haas answered, “No.” Haas further testified that only the defendant was arrested in connection with the incident. When Haas finished testifying, the defendant moved to strike all testimony concerning the fact that Barrett was not arrested. The defendant argued that the fact that Barrett was not arrested was irrelevant. Alternatively, he asked the court to give the jury a limiting instruction “to the effect that [the fact that Barrett was not arrested] is not any evidence and should not be considered as such.” The court denied the defendant’s motion, reasoning that striking the testimony was unnecessary because, unlike questions about the defendant’s failure to file a complaint against Barrett, questions concerning the fact that Barrett was not arrested did not implicate the defendant’s postarrest silence. The court, however, stated that it would give an appropriate limiting instruction.

“Ordinarily, evidence of a defendant’s postarrest and post-Miranda silence is constitutionally impermissible under the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment. Doyle v. Ohio, [supra, 426 U.S. 610].” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Berube, 256 Conn. 742, 750, 775 A.2d 966 (2001). “The factual predicate of a claimed Doyle violation is the use by the state of a defendant’s postarrest and post-Miranda silence either for impeachment or as affirmative proof of his guilt.” State v. Joly, 219 Conn. 234, 256, 593 A.2d 96 (1991). “The point of the Doyle holding is that it is fundamentally unfair to promise an arrested person that his silence will not be used against him and thereafter to breach that promise by using the silence to impeach his trial testimony.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Montgomery, 254 Conn. 694, 713, 759 A.2d 995 (2000).

In the present case, both Garfield’s and Haas’ testimony clearly concerned the defendant’s pre-Miranda silence. “Because it is the Miranda warning itself that carries with it the promise of protection, the United States Supreme Court has concluded that the prosecution’s use of silence piior to the receipt of Miranda warnings does not violate due process.” State v. Espos-ito, 223 Conn. 299, 319, 613 A.2d 242 (1992). We therefore conclude that the defendant’s claim that his due process rights were violated is without merit.

B

The defendant also claims that the state improperly questioned him during cross-examination regarding his failure to file a complaint against Barrett and commented on his post-Miranda silence during its closing argument to the jury in violation of Doyle. We are not persuaded.

The following additional facts are relevant to our resolution of the defendant’s claim. During cross-examination, the prosecutor and the defendant engaged in the following colloquy:

“[Prosecutor]: Did you talk to Officer Garfield about claiming you were defending yourself?
“[Defendant]: I wanted to talk to him but I didn’t. No.
“[Prosecutor]: Did you tell Officer Garfield that Donald Barrett started it?
“[Defendant]: As I said, I think the most I told him was my name.
“[Prosecutor]: Okay. And up to this day, have you ever filed a complaint to have Barrett arrested?
“[Defendant]: No.”

The defendant did not object to this line of questioning, nor did he object when the prosecutor later elicited that the defendant had never filed a complaint to have Barrett arrested. At the close of the evidence, however, the defendant moved for a mistrial, claiming that the state was allowed to elicit information through its witnesses and the defendant in violation of his right to remain silent. In the event the court denied his motion, the defendant also requested a limiting instruction advising the jury either to disregard any testimony concerning his postarrest silence or not to draw an adverse inference against him from his refusal to talk to the police. The court denied the defendant’s motion for a mistrial, but in its final instructions to the .jury, the court stated: “Nor, of course, should you give any weight whatsoever to that absence of evidence of charges pending against Mr. Barrett. Neither the existence nor absence of charges is relevant to the sole issue you must decide.”

In his initial closing argument, the prosecutor did not mention the defendant’s failure to make a complaint against Barrett. In his rebuttal, however, the prosecutor stated that the defendant “never filed a complaint with any police authority to this day that [Barrett] assaulted me. [Barrett] started it. I’m a victim.”

Assuming arguendo that a Doyle violation occurred in the present case, we conclude that it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. “Doyle violations are . . . subject to harmless error analysis. . . . The harmless error doctrine is rooted in the fundamental purpose of the criminal justice system, namely, to convict the guilty and acquit the innocent. . . . Therefore, whether an error is harmful depends on its impact on the trier of fact and the result of the case. . . .

“[B]efore a federal constitutional error can be held harmless, the court must be able to declare a belief that it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. . . . The state bears the burden of demonstrating that the constitutional error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. . . . That determination must be made in light of the entire record [including the strength of the state’s case without the evidence admitted in error]. . . .

“A Doyle violation may, in a particular case, be so insignificant that it is clear beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury would have returned a guilty verdict without the impermissible question or comment upon a defendant’s silence following a Miranda warning. Under such circumstances, the state’s use of a defendant’s postarrest silence does not constitute reversible error. . . . The [error] has similarly been [found to be harmless] where a prosecutor does not focus upon or highlight the defendant’s silence in his cross-examination and closing remarks and where the prosecutor’s comments do not strike at the jugular of the defendant’s story. . . . The cases wherein the error has been found to be prejudicial disclose repetitive references to the defendant’s silence, reemphasis of the fact on closing argument, and extensive, strongly-worded argument suggesting a connection between the defendant’s silence and his guilt.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Daugaard, 231 Conn. 195, 211-13, 647 A.2d 342 (1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1099, 115 S. Ct. 770, 130 L. Ed. 2d 666 (1995).

Here, the defendant’s silence was not the focus of either the prosecutor’s cross-examination of the defendant or his closing argument. The two challenged questions were a minor part of the prosecutor’s extensive cross-examination of the defendant, and the prosecutor’s single remark during his rebuttal argument was brief and did not serve to highlight the defendant’s silence. Moreover, neither the questions nor the remark were specifically directed at postarrest, as opposed to prearrest, silence. Although questions and remarks that encompass both prearrest and postarrest silence should not be allowed; see State v. Jeffrey, 220 Conn. 698, 721, 601 A.2d 993 (1991), cert. denied, 505 U.S. 1224, 112 S. Ct. 3041, 120 L. Ed. 2d 909 (1992); the state’s questions and remark in the present case cannot be said to have “struck at the jugular” of the defendant’s defense, or “highlighted” the defendant’s silence to the point of prejudicial error. See State v. Robles, 33 Conn. App. 60, 65, 632 A.2d 1377 (1993) (error harmless where state asked whether defendant “ever” told police that he stabbed victim).

Finally, even without the disputed questions and remark, the state had a particularly strong case against the defendant. Barrett testified extensively and consistently regarding the defendant’s repeated attacks on him. His testimony was corroborated by Garfield’s testimony that the defendant admitted that he tried to kill Barrett and requested that Garfield arrest him. Barrett’s treating physician also testified that his injuries were consistent with manual strangulation. Moreover, when notified that the police would be arriving at the crime scene momentarily, the defendant fled the scene and jumped into the Housatonic River in an attempt to commit suicide, evidencing his consciousness of guilt.

After a careful review of the entire record, we conclude that any Doyle violation was so insignificant that it is clear beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury would have returned a guilty verdict even without the challenged questions or remark, especially in light of the court’s limiting instruction to the jury. The state therefore has established beyond a reasonable doubt that the alleged improper questioning and remark were not a factor in the trial’s outcome or, in other words, that they were harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Accordingly, the defendant’s claim must fail.

II

The defendant next claims that the court improperly permitted the jury to return an inconsistent verdict in violation of his constitutional right to due process. Specifically, the defendant argues that his conviction of assault in the third degree and reckless endangerment in the first degree is legally inconsistent because the offenses require proof that the defendant simultaneously possessed two different, mutually exclusive mental states, namely, those of intentionality and recklessness. We disagree.

To determine whether a jury verdict is legally inconsistent, “we look carefully to determine whether the existence of the essential elements for one offense negates the existence of the essential elements for another offense of which the defendant also stands convicted. If that is the case, the verdicts are legally inconsistent and cannot withstand challenge. . . . Put more simply, we determine if there is a rational theory by which the jury could have found the defendant guilty of both crimes.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Johnson, 65 Conn. App. 470, 484-85, 783 A.2d 1057, cert. denied, 258 Conn. 930, 783 A.2d 1031 (2001). “It is not inconsistent ... to find that a criminal defendant possesses two different mental states, as long as [the] different mental states relate to different results.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Morascini, 62 Conn. App. 758, 762, 772 A.2d 703, cert. denied, 256 Conn. 921, 774 A.2d 141 (2001).

In the present case, contrary to the defendant’s contention, the jury was not required to find that the defendant possessed the relevant mental states simultaneously with respect to his acts against Barrett. See State v. Fernandez, 27 Conn. App. 73, 94, 604 A.2d 1308, cert. denied, 222 Conn. 904, 606 A.2d 1330 (1992). Where, as here, there are multiple criminal acts, the jury reasonably could have found that the defendant committed one act or group of acts with one mental state and a second act or group of acts with a different mental state. See State v. Hawthorne, 61 Conn. App. 551, 555, 764 A.2d 1278 (2001); State v. Glover, 40 Conn. App. 387, 395, 671 A.2d 384, cert. denied, 236 Conn. 918, 673 A.2d 1145 (1996). Indeed, there is a compelling case for finding that the defendant’s actions constituted “different crimes that occurred on an escalating continuum.” State v. Mooney, 61 Conn. App. 713, 722, 767 A.2d 770, cert. denied, 256 Conn. 905, 772 A.2d 598 (2001); see also State v. Fernandez, supra, 94. For exam-pie, on the basis of the evidence presented at trial, the jury reasonably could have found that when the defendant first attacked Barrett in the building, he acted not with the specific intent to injure Barrett physically, but rather with reckless indifference to Barrett’s safety. The jury reasonably could have found, however, that the defendant’s mental state had changed to an intent to injure Barrett physically when he subsequently attacked him in the car, at the loading dock and then again in the car.

Because the jury was not required to find that the defendant possessed two different mental states simultaneously with respect to his acts against Barrett, its verdict was not legally inconsistent. See State v. Glover, supra, 40 Conn. App. 395. We, therefore, conclude, on the basis of the evidence presented at trial, that the jury reasonably could have found that the defendant acted with different mental states with respect to Barrett at different times during the incident. Accordingly, the court properly accepted the verdict of guilty on both charges.

The judgment is affirmed.

       General Statutes (Rev. to 1999) § 53a-61a (a) provides in relevant part: “A person is guilty of assault of a victim sixty or older in the third degree when he commits assault in the third degree under section 53a-61 and the victim of such assault has attained at least sixty years of age . . . .”

       General Statutes § 53a-63 (a) provides: “A person is guilty of reckless endangerment in the first degree when, with extreme indifference to human life, he recklessly engages in conduct which creates a risk of serious physical injury to another person.”

       See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).

       After his resignation from the Connecticut bar, the defendant’s sister, an attorney, assumed responsibility for the company’s legal representation.

       The jury acquitted the defendant of the charges of attempt to commit murder in violation of General Statutes §§ 53a-49 and 53a-54a (a), assault of a victim sixty or older in the second degree in violation of General Statutes (Rev. to 1999) § 53a-60b (a) and reckless endangerment in the second degree in violation of General Statutes § 53a-64 (a).


source: Caselaw Access Project

author: LANDAU, J.

license: Public Domain

text:
    TOWN OF SOUTHINGTON v. COMMERCIAL UNION INSURANCE COMPANY
    (AC 18088)
    Landau, Schaller and Dupont, Js.

      Argued December 11, 2001 —
    officially released August 27, 2002

      Bradford R. Carver, for the appellant (defendant).

      Marjorie S. Wilder, with whom, on the brief, was Talbot A. Welles, for the appellee (plaintiff^.
   Opinion

LANDAU, J.

This appeal concerns a subdivision performance bond provided pursuant to General Statutes § 8-25. The primary issue is whether the surety is liable to the municipality where the surety’s bankrupt principal has failed to complete the subdivision and the municipality, which acquired the subject land at a foreclosure sale, has become the successor developer. We conclude that, pursuant to the terms of the bond and § 8-25,* the surety is liable to the municipality for completion of the subdivision.

This appeal returns to this court for the third time to resolve the remaining claims of the defendant, Commercial Union Insurance Company.* * See Southington v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 254 Conn. 348, 369, 757 A.2d 549 (2000). The defendant’s remaining claims are that “the trial court improperly (1) failed to find that the [plaintiff town of Southington] violated its statutory and regulatory obligations thereby prejudicing the defendant and discharging its surety obligation because the trial court (a) did not conclude that the [plaintiff], as a successor in interest, was required to provide a substitute bond, (b) did not conclude that the defendant was prejudiced by the [plaintiffs] failure to give it timely notice of the breach of contract; (2) failed to apply the law of the case to the count [of the plaintiffs complaint] sounding in contract; (3) failed to conclude that the [plaintiff] had not met its burden of proof on the contract and negligence claims; and (4) awarded damages because it failed to conclude (a) that the [plaintiff] was required to complete the subdivision improvements before making a claim, (b) that the defendant was entitled to a refund for funds not expended by the [plaintiff], (c) that the [plaintiffs] proof was insufficient in that it did not establish the date of the breach and the costs of completing the improvements on that date, (d) that for equitable reasons, pursuant to General Statutes § 52-238 (a), no damages were due the [plaintiff] and (e) that the [plaintiffs] evidence of the cost of completing the improvements was speculative.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Southington v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., supra, 356 n.6, quoting Southington v. Com mercial Union Ins. Co., 54 Conn. App. 328, 330 n.2, 735 A.2d 835 (1999), rev’d, 254 Conn. 348, 757 A.2d 549 (2000). In addition, our Supreme Court advised this court to consider “whether the plaintiff, which acquired the property through foreclosure, was precluded from calling the bond because it had become, in effect, a successor developer of the subdivision.” Southington v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., supra, 254 Conn. 356 n.6.

The following relevant facts and procedural history are not in dispute. “The [plaintiff] brought an action against the defendant for payment under a performance bond that the defendant had posted as surety. Michael J. Martinez was the president, sole director and sole shareholder of A.M.I. Industries, Inc. (AMI). In 1988, AMI applied to the [plaintiffs] planning and zoning commission (commission) for approval of an industrial subdivision in the town on Captain Lewis Drive. At the time, the real property was owned by Southington Land Associates, Inc. (SLA). On October 4,1988, the commission approved the application subject to AMI’s furnishing a $590,000 subdivision or public improvement bond.

“On November 1, 1988, Martinez, as principal, and the defendant, as surety, executed a subdivision bond for the real property, and on February 9,1989, SLA sold the property to MJM Land Investments, Inc. (MJM). Martinez was the president and sole stockholder of MJM. By April, 1995, Martinez, AMI and MJM had failed to complete the improvements required under the subdivision approval. [By letter dated April 7, 1995] [t]he [plaintiff] informed the defendant that the subdivision had not been completed and that if it was not completed by October 3, 1995, the [plaintiff] would have to call the bond. Martinez declared personal bankruptcy and the [plaintiff] purchased the real property in a foreclosure auction on June 27, 1995.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 354-55, quoting Southington v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., supra, 54 Conn. App. 330-31.

The plaintiff commenced this action on June 23,1995, alleging, in its amended complaint, breach of contract and negligence and, in the alternative, promissoxy estoppel and identity-unity of interest, and seeking damages of $175,000 to complete the subdivision improvements. The trial court, Hon. Frances Allen, judge trial referee, rendered judgment in favor of the plaintiff on the breach of contract and negligence counts of the complaint. The defendant appealed to this court, which reversed the trial court’s judgment, concluding that because at the time the plaintiff called the bond, no lots in the subdivision had been conveyed “that would require the completion of public improvements covered by the bond, the defendant has incurred no liability to the [plaintiff].” Southington v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., supra, 54 Conn. App. 334. The plaintiff thereafter appealed to our Supreme Court, which reversed our judgment, holding that “a municipality has broad discretion in deciding whether to call a subdivision performance bond posted pursuant to § 8-25.” Southington v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., supra, 254 Conn. 358. Our Supreme Court remanded the case to this court to consider the defendant’s remaining claims.

To address the issue raised by our Supreme Couxt, i.e., “whether the plaintiff, which acquired the property through foreclosure, was precluded from calling the bond because it had become, in effect, a successor developer of the subdivision”; id., 356 n.6.; we remanded the case to the trial court; Southington v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 61 Conn. App. 757, 768 A.2d 454 (2001); because it is well known that appellate courts do not find facts and draw conclusions related thereto. See Perkins v. Fasig, 57 Conn. App. 71, 79, 747 A.2d 54, cert. denied, 253 Conn. 925, 754 A.2d 797 (2000).

On remand to the trial court, the parties stipulated to the following facts. The plaintiff purchased the property for economic and industrial development and thus became a successor developer. The plaintiff paid $325,450 for the property. At the time of the trial in October, 1997, the plaintiff had sold four of the eleven lots in the subdivision; the average price per acre was $40,000. The court, Hon. Richard M. Rittenband, judge trial referee, found on remand that the plaintiff had purchased the property, which is in an economic empowerment zone, not to make a profit, but to stimulate economic development. Judge Rittenband declined to decide whether the plaintiff was precluded from calling the bond because it was a successor developer. The parties returned to this court for additional oral argument, but without supplemental briefing.

We first review the law governing subdivision bonds and suretyship in general. The performance bond in question was posted pursuant to § 8-25. In such situations, our Supreme Court has observed that the rules of statutory construction as well as several fundamental principles governing suretyship law apply to the defendant’s claims. Southington v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., supra, 254 Conn. 358. “First, the general purpose of a suretyship contract is to ‘guard against loss in the event of the principal debtor’s default.’ . . . ‘Surety-ship by operation of law results when a third party promises a debtor to assume and pay the debt he owes to a creditor.’ . . . Second, municipal bonds are construed in accordance with the general rules for written instruments. ... It is axiomatic that a performance bond runs to the benefit of the obligee. ‘[T]he obligation of a surety is an additional assurance to the one entitled to the performance of an act that the act will be performed.’ . . . Third, ‘[t]he liability of sureties is to be determined by the specified conditions of the bond. . . .'In the present case, the bond signed by the defen dant as surety provided that the defendant would be bound until the improvements were completed. Fourth, when a bond is required by statute, a court will read the statute into the contract between the principal, surety and obligee. ... ‘A contractor’s bond, given for the full and faithful performance of a contract for a public improvement, will be construed with reference to the statute pursuant to which it is given, and such statutory provisions will be read into the bond . . . .” (Citations omitted; emphasis added.) Id., 358-59.

I

We first turn to our Supreme Court’s question as to whether the plaintiff was precluded from calling the performance bond because it had become a successor developer; see id., 356, n.6.; as it could be dispositive of the appeal. We conclude, however, that although the plaintiff is a successor developer of the subdivision, having acquired the property at a foreclosure sale, it is not precluded from calling the bond.

As previously stated, the parties stipulated that the plaintiff had acquired the property at a foreclosure sale for the purpose of economic and industrial development and had become a successor developer. The court on remand found that the property is in an economic empowerment zone and that the plaintiffs purpose in developing the property is to stimulate economic development, not to make a profit. Neither of the parties has brought any law to our attention that the manner in which the plaintiff acquired the property is consequential to the issue, and we know of none.1 **

The defendant argues that because the plaintiff is a successor developer, it is wearing two hats, i.e., that of the principal and that of the obligee. The merger of these two roles, the defendant contends, destroys the suretyship relationship. It also contends that by purchasing the land, the plaintiff destroyed the defendant’s right of equitable subrogation against Martinez. The defendant cites no authority for the argument that its equitable rights have been destroyed and no findings of fact related thereto.

The plaintiff responds to the defendant’s arguments by emphasizing that although it may be a successor developer, the bond was provided pursuant to § 8-25 to protect it from the burden of an incomplete subdivision. The defendant agreed to complete the subdivision improvements if Martinez did not. We agree with the plaintiff.

“When a bond is issued to comply with a statutory condition precedent to any transaction with a public authority . . . the language of the bond . . . is to be interpreted in the light of the statute and with a view to effectuating the legislative intent.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Brookfield v. Greenridge, Inc., 177 Conn. 527, 535, 418 A.2d 907 (1979). Because this issue requires us to interpret the performance bond in concert with § 8-25, our review is plenary. See Education Assn. of Clinton v. Board of Education, 259 Conn. 5, 15, 787 A.2d 517 (2002) (review of statutory construction is plenary); Aubin v. Miller, 64 Conn. App. 781, 786, 781 A.2d 396 (2001) (interpretation of contract is question of law, review is plenary).

Section 8-25 (a) provides the reason for which municipalities may require developers of subdivisions to provide performance bonds. “[T]he commission may accept a bond in an amount and with surety and conditions satisfactory to it securing to the municipality the actual construction, maintenance and installation of such improvements and utilities within a period specified in the bond. . . .” (Emphasis added.) General Statutes § 8-25 (a). “The purpose of statutory construction is to give effect to the intended purpose of the legislature. ... If the language of a statute is plain and unambiguous, we need look no further than the words actually used because we assume that the language expresses the legislature’s intent.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. DeFrancesco, 235 Conn. 426, 435, 668 A.2d 348 (1995). In other words, if Martinez or one of his businesses did not complete the subdivision in two years, the plaintiff could look to the defendant’s bond to complete the subdivision.

The performance bond stated in relevant part: “NOW, THEREFORE, THE CONDITION OF THIS OBLIGATION IS SUCH that if the above bounden Principal shall within two (2) years from the date of recording of said plat, make the aforesaid improvements as required by the Town of Southington, Connecticut, then this obligation to be void; otherwise, it shall remain in full force and effect. . . .” (Emphasis added.)

“Where . . . there is clear and definitive contract language, the scope and meaning of that language is not a question of fact but a question of law.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Alco Standard Corp. v. Charnas, 56 Conn. App. 568, 571, 744 A.2d 924 (2000). “[W]e interpret contract language in accordance with a fair and reasonable construction of the written words and . . . the language used must be accorded its common, natural, and ordinary meaning and usage where it can be sensibly applied to the subject matter of the contract. ... If the terms of [a contract] are clear, their meaning cannot be forced or strained by an unwarranted construction to give them a meaning which the parties obviously never intended. ... A court will not torture words to import ambiguity where the ordinary meaning leaves no room for ambiguity, and words do not become ambiguous simply because lawyers or laymen contend for different meanings.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Rumbin v. Utica Mutual Ins. Co., 254 Conn. 259, 286, 757 A.2d 526 (2000).

We conclude that the plaintiff was not precluded from calling the bond although it had become a successor developer. The language of the performance bond and § 8-25 (a) are clear and unambiguous. If the subdivision was not completed in two years, the bond placed no limitations on the defendant’s obligation to the plaintiff; to the contrary, it provided that the bond shall continue in full force and effect. The parties agree that Martinez, AMI and MJM did not complete the work on the subdivision in two years from the date the plat was recorded.

Although we conclude that the language of the bond and the statute are clear, we think that it is worth noting that together, they fulfill the legislature’s intent. Significantly, Martinez, the defendant’s principal, became a bankrupt. The bond therefore is available to fulfill the intent of our legislature as set out in our municipal planning laws, codified in chapter 126 of our General Statutes. In the early 1990s, certain amendments were enacted to these laws in response to the vicissitudes of land development, notably periods of economic growth and decline. Bankruptcy of developers and subdivision projects was of concern to our legislature. See Southington v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., supra, 254 Conn. 364, quoting the remarks of Representative Dale W. Radcliffe. Our Supreme Court observed that the statements of various legislators in enacting legislation regulating subdivision approvals and surety bonds “demonstrate that . . . the legislature was concerned with developers and sureties leaving municipalities with inadequate resources to complete subdivision improvements. Nothing in the legislative history of [General Statutes § 8-26c] suggests that the legislature intended to release developers or sureties from their obligations to complete subdivision improvements.” Southington v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., supra, 364. Because the defendant’s principal went bankrupt and failed to complete the subdivision, the bond is available to the plaintiff to complete the subdivision.

Pursuant to § 8-25 and the terms of the bond itself, the plaintiff is entitled to the proceeds of the bond to pay for the work needed to complete the subdivision, which the defendant’s principal failed to do. “The bond in this case is for the protection of the public rather than for the benefit of the surety . . . .” Brookfield v. Greenridge, Inc., supra, 177 Conn. 535. “The surety was paid to provide security against that very risk.” Okee Industries, Inc. v. National Grange Mutual Ins. Co., 225 Conn. 367, 378, 623 A.2d 483 (1993). The plaintiff therefore was not precluded from calling the bond, even though it had become a successor developer.

II

The first of the defendant’s remaining claims is that the court improperly failed to find that the plaintiff violated its statutory and regulatory obligations, thereby prejudicing the defendant and discharging its surety obligation. The defendant claims that the court should have concluded (1) that the plaintiff, as successor in interest, was required to provide a substitute bond and (2) that the defendant was prejudiced by the plaintiffs failure to give it timely notice of the breach of contract. We disagree.

“The trial court’s findings are binding upon this court unless they are clearly erroneous in light of the evidence .... We cannot retry the facts or pass on the credibility of the witnesses. ... A finding of fact is clearly erroneous when there is no evidence in the record to support it ... or when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. . . . Noble v. White, 66 Conn. App. 54, 60, 783 A.2d 1145 (2001).” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Lussier v. Spinnato, 69 Conn. App. 136, 141, 794 A.2d 1008, cert. denied, 261 Conn. 910, 806 A.2d 49 (2002). “[WJhere the legal conclusions of the court are challenged, we must determine whether they are legally and logically correct and whether they find support in the facts set out in the memorandum of decision . . . .” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Miller, 67 Conn. App. 544, 547, 787 A.2d 639, cert. denied, 259 Conn. 923, 792 A.2d 855 (2002).

A

The defendant claims that subsections (b) and (c) of § 8-26c support its position that the plaintiff, as a successor developer, is precluded from calling the bond, citing that “no additional lots in the subdivision shall be conveyed by the subdivider or his successor in interest as such subdivider except with approval by the commission of a new application for subdivision of the subject land”; General Statutes § 8-26c (c); and that “[i]f the commission grants an extension of an approval, the commission may condition the approval on a determination of the adequacy of the amount of the bond or other surety furnished under section 8-25, securing to the municipality the actual completion of the work.” General Statutes § 8-26c (b). On the basis of these subsections of the statutes, the defendant contends that the plaintiff was required to obtain approval of a subdivision plan and to post a bond of its own. The essence of the defendant’s argument is that if the plaintiff had posted a bond, the defendant would be relieved of its obligation as surety. We are not persuaded.

The defendant’s argument with respect to § 8-26c (b) and (c) is misplaced. These statutory subsections are directed to a municipality and prescribe what it may require of successor developers to ensure completion of the subdivision and what must be done before a developer may convey lots. The statutes were enacted for the benefit of municipal taxpayers to prevent their having to pay for the completion of subdivisions, not for a surety whose principal has defaulted. See Brookfield v. Greenridge, Inc., supra, 177 Conn. 535. These issues and corresponding statutes do not apply to a judgment for breach of contract. The contract at issue is the performance bond, which was provided pursuant to § 8-25. As we concluded in part I, the language of the performance bond is controlling, not § 8-26c (b) or (c).

Furthermore, § 8-26c (b) does not mandate that a commission require a successor developer to post a bond. Section 8-26c (b) provides that “the commission may condition the approval . . . .” (Emphasis added.) General Statutes § 8-26c (b). The legislature’s use of the term may denotes permissiveness or discretion. See Cantoni v. Xerox Corp., 251 Conn. 153, 165, 740 A.2d 796 (1999). The commission need not require a successor developer to post a performance bond, particularly in this instance where the successor developer is the municipality that is protected by the performance bond of the defendant’s principal. The defendant’s argument suggests that the plaintiff as successor developer must obtain a bond to protect itself from its own failure to complete the subdivision. We will not torture the words of the statute to obtain such a bizarre result. See Rocque v. Northeast Utilities Service Co., 254 Conn. 78, 86, 755 A.2d 196 (2000). “[CJommon sense must be used in statutory interpretation, and courts will assume that the legislature intended to accomplish a reasonable and rational result.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Carpenter v. Freedom of Information Commission, 59 Conn. App. 20, 24, 755 A.2d 364, cert. denied, 254 Conn. 933, 761 A.2d 752 (2000).

The defendant also claims that the plaintiff ignored its own regulations by not submitting a new application to complete the subdivision. The defendant, however, failed to cite the text of the relevant regulation and has provided no law or analysis with respect to this claim. “We are not required to review issues that have been improperly presented to this court through an inadequate brief. . . . Analysis, rather than mere abstract assertion, is required in order to avoid abandoning an issue by failure to brief the issue properly. . . . Where a claim is asserted in the statement of issues but thereafter receives only cursory attention in the brief without substantive discussion or citation of authorities, it is deemed to be abandoned.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Elm Street Builders, Inc. v. Enterprise Park Condominium Assn., Inc., 63 Conn. App. 657, 659 n.2, 778 A.2d 237 (2001). We therefore deem abandoned that aspect of the defendant’s claim regarding the plaintiffs regulations.

B

The defendant also claims that the court concluded improperly that the defendant was not prejudiced by the plaintiffs failure to give it timely notice of the breach of contract. We disagree.

Judge Allen made the following findings of fact that are necessary for our resolution of this claim. The plaintiffs zoning commission approved the principal’s application for a subdivision for a period of seven years pursuant to § 8-26c (d), which provides in relevant part that “any subdivision approval made under this section on or before October 1, 1991, shall expire not more than seven years from the date of such approval.” The subdivision approval was for seven years, until at least October 3, 1995. The amount of the bond required by the plaintiffs engineer was $590,000, which included a 20 percent inflationary contingency. The defendant accepted payment of a premium to accept the risk associated with the bond. In December, 1990, the commission reduced the amount of the bond because some of the improvements had been made.

In support of its claim that it was prejudiced by the plaintiffs untimely notice, the defendant looks to language in the bond and two of the plaintiffs regulations. The defendant quotes the following language in the bond to support its claim that the bond expired on November 1, 1990. “The condition of this obligation is such that if the above bounden Principal shall within two (2) years . . . make the aforesaid improvements . . . then this obligation to be void; otherwise, it shall remain in full force and effect. ...” The defendant also relies on §§ 4-08.1 and 4-08.2* of the zoning regulations of the town of Southington to support its claim that the bond expired in two years. Specifically, the defendant reads together the following language from two different subsections of the regulations. “In computing the estimated cost of all public improvements, the Town Engineer shall add a percentage not exceeding 20 [percent], to cover inflationary costs, contingencies, and administrative or other costs to the Town in case of default. . . .” Southington Zoning Regs., § 4-08.1. “No bond shall be accepted for a period exceeding two year's unless it contains a provision for reviewing the amount of the bond annually with regard to inflation. . . .” Id., § 8-04.2. The defendant’s position apparently is that the bond expired after two years because it did not contain the 20 percent inflationary provision and therefore the plaintiff was required to inform it that the principal was in default on November 1, 1990. The defendant cites another of the plaintiffs regulations, which provides in relevant part that “if, after due notice, the improvements for which the bond has been posted have not been fully completed within the time limit established in the bond . . . notices shall be sent to the developer and the bonding company”; id., § 4-08.8; advising the principal and the surety of the default.

Under our plenary standard of review of contracts, we conclude that the bond does not contain a time limitation. The language is clear and unambiguous that if the principal completes the improvements within two years, the defendant’s obligation is void. If the improvements, however, are not completed, the obligation remains in full force and effect. It is an open-ended contract written by the defendant. Because the bond was drafted by the defendant, it must be construed against the defendant. See Brookfield v. Greenridge, Inc., supra, 177 Conn. 535. Courts will not torture the plain meaning of words to obtain the result a party may desire. See Rumbin v. Utica Mutual Ins. Co., supra, 254 Conn. 286.

Furthermore, the facts of this case, including the actions of the defendant’s agents, are contrary to the defendant’s argument that the bond expired on November 1, 1990. During a discovery deposition, Sebastian Rodo, attorney in fact for the defendant, testified that the bond was open-ended and had no expiration date. By date of May 1, 1992, the defendant sent the plaintiff a general form status inquiry concerning the subdivision completion. The defendant was informed that the subdivision was not completed. Judge Allen found, and the record supports her finding, that the town engineer incorporated a 20 percent contingency in the bond requirements. In addition, the commission reviewed the adequacy of the bond in December, 1990, at the request of the principal to reduce the amount of the bond. The commission in fact reduced the amount of the bond. We conclude that the defendant was not prejudiced by the plaintiffs failure to inform it in November, 1990, that the principal had not completed the improvements to the subdivision.

Ill

The defendant’s third claim is that the court improperly failed to apply the law of the case to the count in the plaintiffs amended complaint sounding in contract. We do not agree.

When an appellate court reviews a claim of failure to apply the law of the case, we first look at the rulings of the different trial courts to determine the standard applicable to each of the rulings of the court. McCutcheon & Burr, Inc. v. Berman, 218 Conn. 512, 526, 590 A.2d 438 (1991). If the standards are different, then the law of the case does not apply. “From the vantage point of an appellate court it would hardly be sensible to reverse a correct ruling by a second judge on the simplistic ground that it departed from the law of the case established by an earlier ruling. Breen v. Phelps, [186 Conn. 86, 100, 439 A.2d 1066 (1982)].” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) McCutcheon & Burr, Inc. v. Berman, supra, 525.

The plaintiffs original complaint was in one count seeking payment under the performance bond. The complaint identified AMI as the applicant for the subdivision, and the commission required AMI to post a bond to ensure the completion of the improvements. A copy of the performance bond was attached to the complaint. The defendant filed a motion to strike the complaint, claiming that the complaint failed to state a cause of action because “the bond principal has no obligation to Southington to complete the improvements which are the subject of this action.” The court, Arena, J., granted the motion to strike on October 2, 1995. The plaintiff pleaded over; see Practice Book § 10-44; and filed an amended complaint in four counts. In the first count, the plaintiff pleaded over the stricken count, including, but not limited to, adding the following paragraph: “At some point between October 4, 1988 and November 1, 1988, the exact date being unknown to plaintiff at this time, A.M.I. assigned or otherwise transferred its interest in the Subdivision to Michael J. Martinez (‘Martinez’). Martinez was then the President, sole director and shareholder of A.M.I.” The defendant filed an answer and special defense to the amended complaint on April 12, 1996, without again challenging the legal sufficiency of the contract count. The defendant thus waived its right to challenge the legal sufficiency of the amended pleading. See Practice Book § 10-7.

In trying the case, Judge Allen found that AMI was required to post the bond, that Martinez was the president, sole shareholder and director of both AMI and MJM, and that the defendant issued the bond for the purposes contained in it. Also, Martinez was known to the defendant as a contractor, and the defendant knew that he was operating his affairs through AMI. Judge Allen concluded that by posting a bond with the defendant, Martinez bound his heirs, successor and assigns, as principals, and the defendant as surety, to complete the improvements. The court also concluded that § 8-25 does not specify which party is eligible or required to post a subdivision bond. The court also concluded that the defendant was well aware of the risk that it was undertaking. Judge Allen concluded that the plaintiff had proved its case.

The defendant claims that Judge Allen reconsidered a legal issue decided by the granting of its motion to strike the original complaint. This argument is flawed. The defendant wholly overlooks the fact that the plaintiff pleaded over by alleging additional facts in its breach of contract count in the amended complaint, allegations that the defendant did not challenge. See Practice Book § 10-44; McCutcheon & Burr, Inc. v. Berman, supra, 218 Conn. 528 (ability to amend after motion to strike). Furthermore, the defendant has misconstrued the law of the case doctrine as it applies to the facts here.

“The law of the case is not written in stone but is a flexible principle of many facets adaptable to the exigencies of the different situations in which it may be invoked. . . . [I]t expresses the practice of judges generally to refuse to reopen what has been decided and is not a limitation on their power. . . . Where a matter has previously been ruled upon interlocutorily, the court in a subsequent proceeding in the case may treat that decision as the law of the case, if it is of the opinion that the issue was correctly decided, in the absence of some new or overriding circumstance.” (Citations omitted; emphasis added.) Breen v. Phelps, supra, 186 Conn. 99. Even if we assume for the sake of argument that the motion to strike was granted properly, the defendant fails to consider the overriding circumstance that the plaintiff repleaded its breach of contract count, and the defendant filed an answer and special defenses thereto. We therefore conclude that the court did not improperly fail to follow the law of the case, as Judge Allen determined whether the plaintiff had proved its contract count, not whether the allegations stated a cause of action.

IV

The defendant’s next claim is that the court improperly concluded that the plaintiff met its burden of proof on the contract and negligence counts of its complaint. With respect to the contract count, the defendant claims that Judge Allen made no finding that Martinez was either an assignee or successor in interest to the subdivision. The defendant also claims that the plaintiff failed to prove that Martinez ever owned the subdivision or that AMI assigned its interest in the subdivision to Martinez. We are not persuaded.

We note again that the trial court’s findings of fact are binding on this court unless we determine that they are clearly erroneous. See Lussier v. Spinnato, supra, 69 Conn. App. 141. We must determine whether the court’s legal conclusions are legally and logically correct and find support in the facts found by the court. See State v. Miller, supra, 67 Conn. App. 547.

Section 8-25 requires only that a bond shall be provided; it does not state who shall provide the bond. The bond states that Martinez bound himself, his heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns to the plaintiff with respect to a subdivision application concerning Captain Lewis Drive. There was ample evidence before the court to support Judge Allen’s finding that Martinez was doing business as AMI and that he was the president, sole director and sole shareholder. The defendant knew how Martinez conducted his affairs, as he was well known to it as a contractor. Martinez negotiated the purchase of the subdivision land and caused the subdivision application to be filed by one of his employees. Martinez applied for the bond on November 1, 1988. On February 8, 1989, after the bond was posted, MJM acquired title to the subdivision. Martinez was the president and sole stockholder of MJM. AMI undertook the subdivision improvements.

On the basis of our review of the record, we conclude that there was ample evidence before the court that Martinez conducted his business affairs under different corporations as it suited his needs. He negotiated the acquisition of the land and the subdivision approval. Regardless of the fact that MJM acquired title to the land after the subdivision was approved and the bond was posted does not change that fact that the defendant knew the purpose of the bond when it posted it and assumed the risk contained therein. We further conclude that the court’s findings were not clearly erroneous, and we do not have the impression that a mistake has been made. We cannot say that the court’s conclusions were illogical or not supported by the facts.

V

The defendant also claims that the court improperly awarded damages because it failed to conclude (1) that the plaintiff was required to complete the subdivision improvements before making a claim, (2) that the defendant was entitled to a refund for funds not expended by the plaintiff, (3) that the plaintiffs proof was insufficient in that it did not establish the date of the breach and the costs of completing the improvements on that date, (4) that for equitable reasons, pursuant to § 52-238 (a), no damages were due the plaintiff and (5) that the plaintiffs evidence of the cost of completing the improvements was speculative. The defendant’s claim challenges Judge Allen’s finding that the cost of completing the improvements to the subdivision as of October 1, 1997, was $175,000 and her award to the plaintiff of damages in that amount.

“[T]he trial court has broad discretion in determining whether damages are appropriate. ... Its decision will not be disturbed on appeal absent a clear abuse of discretion.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Elm City Cheese Co. v. Federico, 251 Conn. 59, 90, 752 A.2d 1037 (1999); see also Lyons v. Nichols, 63 Conn. App. 761, 767, 778 A.2d 246, cert. denied, 258 Conn. 906, 782 A.2d 1244 (2001). On the basis of our review of the transcript and the briefs of the parties, we conclude that Judge Allen did not abuse her discretion in awarding the plaintiff $175,000 and that the defendant’s claims are without merit.

A

First, the defendant claims that the plaintiff was required to complete the subdivision improvements before making a claim on the bond. The defendant, however, has failed to provide a legal analysis with authority for this claim. In a footnote, however, the defendant claims that the performance bond at issue here is a so-called indemnity bond rather than a completion bond. The trial court made no such finding and did not explain why the distinction was relevant to the regulations. We will not make that factual determination here. See Blatt v. Board of Assessment Appeals, 63 Conn. App. 512, 515, 776 A.2d 1187 (2001). Because the defendant’s claim received only cursory attention in its brief, we do not consider it. See Elm Street Builders, Inc. v. Enterprise Park Condominium Assn., Inc., supra, 63 Conn. App. 659 n.2.

B

Second, the defendant claims that it was entitled to a refund for damages that the plaintiff did not expend to complete the subdivision. The defendant’s claim is based on the evidence that it presented at trial that it had a contractor who was willing to complete the subdivision at a cost of $110,575 in contrast to the testimony of the plaintiffs engineer that the cost of completion was $175,000. The defendant argues that there was nothing to stop the plaintiff from entering into an agreement with the contractor to complete the subdivision at the lower price. The basis of this claim is entirely speculative, and such assertions are insufficient to prevail on appeal. See Baugher v. Baugher, 63 Conn. App. 59, 69, 774 A.2d 1089 (2001). Furthermore, the case law cited by the defendant is again from New York. The defendant again failed to provide a copy of the relevant New York statutes. The statutes provided by the plaintiff, if applicable, demonstrate that the New York statutes do not conform to § 8-26c (b) or (c). See footnote 8. We therefore conclude that the court’s award was not clearly erroneous as claimed by the defendant.

C

The defendant’s third claim is that the plaintiffs proof was insufficient in that it did not establish the date of the breach. The simple answer to this claim is that the defendant’s counsel stipulated on the record during the second day of trial that damages should be assessed as of October 1, 1997.

“Judicial admissions are voluntary and knowing concessions of fact by a party or a party’s attorney occurring during judicial proceedings. . . . They excuse the other party from the necessity of presenting evidence on the fact admitted and are conclusive on the party making them. ... To the extent that they dispense with evidence, they are similar to facts judicially noticed. ... A party is bound by a concession made during the trial by his attorney.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Cole v. Planning & Zoning Commission, 30 Conn. App. 511, 513-14, 620 A.2d 1324 (1993).

D

The defendant claims that the court improperly failed to conclude that for equitable reasons, pursuant to § 52-238 (a), no damages were due the plaintiff. The defendant’s argument is unavailing.

The defendant presents this argument as a catch-all on the basis of its previously addressed claims. The defendant’s primary argument is that the plaintiff will make a profit on the sale of the lots. This argument is entirely speculative, as there was no finding by either Judge Allen or Judge Rittenband that the plaintiff has been able to sell the lots at the enormous profit speculated by the defendant or that the plaintiff has been able to sell enough lots to pay for the completion of the subdivision improvements.

E

The defendant’s final claim is that there was insufficient evidence concerning the cost to complete the improvements in the subdivision and that the plaintiffs evidence of the cost of completing the improvements was speculative. We do not agree.

The substance of the defendant’s claims is an attack on Judge Allen’s findings of fact, including the credibility of the witnesses. “The assessment of damages is peculiarly within the province of the trier and the award will be sustained so long as it does not shock the sense of justice. The test is whether the amount of damages awarded falls within the necessarily uncertain limits of fair and just damages.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Buckman v. People Express, Inc., 205 Conn. 166, 174-75, 530 A.2d 596 (1987). “In making its assessment of damages for breach of [any] contract the trier must determine the existence and extent of any deficiency and then calculate its loss to the injured party. The determination of both of these issues involves a question of fact which will not be overturned unless the determination is clearly erroneous.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) L.F. Pace & Sons, Inc. v. Travelers Indemnity Co., 9 Conn. App. 30, 41, 514 A.2d 766, cert. denied, 201 Conn. 811, 516 A.2d 886 (1986). “[Credibility is a matter for the trier of fact to determine. In a [proceeding] tried before a court, the trial judge is the sole arbiter of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given specific testimony. . . . Where there is conflicting evidence . . . we do not retry the facts or pass on the credibility of the witnesses. . . . The probative force of conflicting evidence is for the trier to determine.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Nelson, 67 Conn. App. 168, 179, 786 A.2d 1171 (2001).

At trial, the defendant presented testimony from Doran Deckert, president of Apple Valley Excavating, who estimated that the cost of completing the work was $110,575 on the basis of his review of the punch list and the site plan. Anthony Tranquillo, the town engineer, testified for the plaintiff and estimated, on the basis of his inspection of the property and development of a punch list, that the cost to complete the improvements was $175,000. On the basis of the evidence, we cannot conclude that the court’s damages award was clearly erroneous.

The judgment is affirmed.

In this opinion the other judges concurred.

       The bond slated: “KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That we, Michael J. Martinez 5 Park Place, Meriden Connecticut 06450 as Principal, and Commercial Union Insurance Company as Surety, are held and firmly bound unto Town of Southington, Connecticut, as Obligee, in the sum of Five hundred ninety thousand 00/100—($590,000.00) DOLLARS, lawful money of the United States of America, for the payment of which, well and truly, to be made, we bind ourselves, our heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns, jointly and severally, firmly by these presents.

        “WHEREAS, the above bounden principal has made application to Town of Southington, Connecticut for approval and acceptance of the installation of drainage, road, utilities and other improvements to 11 lot subdivision on Captain Lewis Drive—Subdivision No. 895
      “AND, WHEREAS, the Obligee required the filing of a Bond in the amount of Five hundred ninety thousand 00/100 ($590,000.) DOLLARS, to insure the completion of the installation of drainage, road, utilities and other improvements to 11 lot subdivision on Captain Lewis Drive-Subdivision No. 895. NOW, THEREFORE, THE CONDITION OF THIS OBLIGATION IS SUCH that if the above bounden Principal shall within two (2) years from the date of recording of said plat, make the aforesaid improvements as required by the Town of Southington, Connecticut, then this obligation to be void; otherwise, it shall remain in full force and effect. SIGNED, SEALED AND DATED this 1st day of November, 1988.”
      The bond was signed by Martinez, as principal, and Sebastian Rodo, attorney in fact, for the defendant, as surety.

       General Statutes § 8-25 (a) provides in relevant part: “The commission may also prescribe the extent to which and the manner in which streets shall be graded and improved and public utilities and services provided and, in lieu of the completion of such work and installations previous to the final approval of a plan, the commission may accept a bond in an amount and with surely and conditions satisfactory to it securing to the municipality the actual construction, maintenance and installation of such improvements and utilities within a period specified in the bond. Such regulations may provide, in lieu of the completion of the work and installations above referred to, previous to the final approval of a plan, for an assessment or other method whereby the municipality is put in an assured position to do such work and make such installations at the expense of the owners of the property within the subdivision. Such regulations may provide that in lieu of either the completion of the work or the furnishing of a bond as provided in this section, the commission may authorize the filing of a plan with a conditional approval endorsed thereon. Such approval shall be conditioned on (1) the actual construction, maintenance and installation of any improvements or utilities prescribed by the commission, or (2) the provision of a bond as provided in this section. Upon the occurrence of either of such events, the commission shall cause a final approval to be endorsed thereon in the manner provided by this section. Any such conditional approval shall lapse five years from the date it is granted, provided the applicant may apply for and the commission may, in its discretion, grant a renewal of such conditional approval for an additional period of five years at the end of any five-year period, except that the commission may, by regulation, provide for a shorter period of conditional approval or renewal of such approval. . . .”
      Although the legislature has amended § 8-25 several times since the subdivision application was filed in 1988, the statute remains substantively the same. Therefore, all references to § 8-25 are to the current revision of that statute. See Southington v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 254 Conn. 348, 350-52 n.1, 757 A.2d 549 (2000).

       “In 1991, ITT Hartford began to acquire and service the defendant’s surety bond business and is now the real party in interest.” Southington v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 54 Conn. App. 328, 331 n.3., 735 A.2d 835 (1999), rev’d, 254 Conn. 348, 757 A.2d 549 (2000).

       The defendant claims without authority that the plaintiff had an obligation to inform it that the defendant’s principal was in bankruptcy so that the defendant could protect its surety interest. This contention strikes us as somewhat disingenuous. At trial, Martinez, the principal, testified that both the plaintiff and the defendant were listed as creditors when he sought bankruptcy protection in 1993.

       We agree that “[u]pon total satisfaction of the underlying obligation, the [surety] is subrogated to all rights of the obligee with respect to the underlying obligation to the extent that performance of the [surety obligation] contributed to the satisfaction.” Restatement (Third), Suretyship and Guaranty § 27 (1), p. 113 (1996).

       Comment b of § 34 of the Restatement (Third), Suretyship and Guaranty (1996), provides: “Discharge in bankruptcy proceedings. A [surety] obligation protects against the inability or unwillingness of the principal obligor to perform the underlying obligation. Most often, a principal obligor that fails to perform does so because of a financial inability to perform. Financial inability to live up to one’s obligations, of course, correlates quite highly with insolvency and bankruptcy. Indeed, [a principal] who insists upon a [surety] as a condition of extending credit is typically most concerned about the risk of discharge in bankruptcy proceedings. If the [principal’s] defense of discharge in bankruptcy proceedings could be raised by the [surety], the value of the secondary obligation would be seriously diminished. Accordingly, this defense may not be raised by the [surety].”

       General Statutes § 8-26c provides in relevant part: “(b) The subdivider or Ms successor in interest may apply for and the commission may grant one or more extensions of the time to complete all or part of the work in connection with such subdivision, provided the time for all extensions under tMs subsection shall not exceed ten years from the date the subdivision was approved. If the commission grants an extension of an approval, the commission may condition the approval on a determination of the adequacy of the amount of the bond or other surety furnished under section 8-25, securing to the municipality the actual completion of the work.
      “(c) In the case of a subdivision plan approved on or after October 1, 1977, failure to complete all work within such five-year period or any extension thereof shall result in automatic expiration of the approval of such plan provided the commission shall file on the land records of the town in which such subdivision is located notice of such expiration and shall state such expiration on the subdivision plan on file in the office of the town clerk of such town, and no additional lots in the subdivision shall be conveyed by the subdivider or his successor in interest as such subdivider except with approval by the commission of a new application for subdivision of the subject land. If lots have been conveyed during such five-year period or any extension thereof, the municipality shall call the bond or other surety on said subdivision to the extent necessary to complete the bonded improvements and utilities required to serve those lots. ‘Work’ for purposes of this section means all physical improvements required by the approved plan, other than the staking out of lots, and includes but is not limited to the construction of roads, storm drainage facilities and water and sewer lines, the setting aside of open space and recreation areas, installation of telephone and electric services, planting of trees or other landscaping, and installation of retaining walls or other structures.”
      “Although the legislature has amended § 8-26c several times since the subdivision application was filed in 1988, the statute remains substantively the same. Therefore, all references to § 8-26c are to the current revision of that statute.” Southington v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., supra, 254 Conn. 350-54 n.1.

       In support of this argument, the defendant cites Peekskill v. Continental Ins. Co., 999 F. Sup. 584 (S.D.N.Y.), aff'd, 166 F.3d 1199 (2d Cir. 1998). The facts in Peekskill are substantially different from the facts in this case. Furthermore, we note that the defendant has relied on a number of New York cases and statutes. Although the defendant has asked us to compare the law of New York favorably with its position here, the defendant has not included the text of the relevant New York statutes in its brief. See Practice Book § 67-4 (e). We can only speculate as to the statutes on which the defendant relies. The New York statutes cited in the appendix to the plaintiffs brief, however, indicate that the language of our subdivision statutes and New York’s are not identical. New York law does not mention successor developers or conveyance of lots. See, e.g., N.Y. Village Law § 7-730 (9) (d) and (e) (McKinney 1996); see also International Harvester Co. v. L.G. DeFelice & Son, Inc., 151 Conn. 325, 331, 197 A.2d 638 (1964) (“interpretations of similar statutes in other states are of little help in an interpretation of our own statute because of the variations of wording involved”).

       In answering the amended complaint, the defendant stated that “Commercial Union admits Southington sent a letter dated April 7, 1995, alleging improvements had not been completed and requested payment under the Bond."

       Section 4-08.1 of the Southington zoning regulations provides: “Before approval is granted under this section, the applicant shall file a surety bond of a corporate surety company licensed to do business in the State of Connecticut with the Commission in a form satisfactory to the Town Attorney and in an amount recommended by the Town Engineer and approved by the Commission as sufficient to guarantee completion of all public improvements specified by the Commission and in conformity with the provisions of these Regulations. In computing the estimated cost of all public improvements, the Town Engineer shall add a percentage not exceeding 20 [percent], to cover inflationary costs, contingencies, and administrative or other costs to the Town in case of default. The Commission may accept assurance, in writing, 1'rom each of the utility companies whose facilities are proposed to be installed in the subdivision, in lieu of bond. A certified check or passbook made payable to the Town, OR IRREVOCABLE LETTER OF CREDIT, IN FAVOR OF THE TOWN, may be accepted in lieu of a surety bond as required above.”

       Section 4-08.2 of the Southington zoning regulations provides: “No bond shall be accepted for a period exceeding two years unless it contains a provision for reviewing the amount of the bond annually with regard to inflation. In the event the subdivider shall fail to install all improvements within two (2) years from the date of approval, the term of the performance bond may be extended by the Commission upon request of the developer and subject to the receipt of an agreement of such extension by the surety. However, such extension shall not exceed a period of three (3) years.”

       The defendant provided its standard form onto which the details of a particular surety agreement were typewritten.

       Because we conclude that the court properly rendered judgment on the plaintiffs breach of contract count, we need not reach the defendant’s claim that the court improperly rendered judgment on its negligence count.

       At this point, it bears noting that “[l]egal contentions, like the currency, depreciate through over-issue. The mind of an appellate judge is habitually receptive to the suggestion that a lower court committed an error. But receptiveness declines as the number of assigned errors increases. Multiplicity hints at lack of confidence in any one [issue] . . . Multiplying assignments of error will dilute and weaken a good case and will not save a bad one. . . .
      “Most cases present only one, two, or three significant questions. . . . Usually ... if you cannot win on a few major points, the others are not likely to help. . . . The effect of adding weak arguments will be to dilute the force of the stronger ones.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Pelletier, 209 Conn. 564, 567, 552 A.2d 805 (1989); L & R Realty v. Connecticut National Bank, 53 Conn. App. 524, 527 n.3, 732 A.2d 181, cert. denied, 250 Conn. 901, 734 A.2d 984 (1999).

       The defendant also claims that the plaintiff may not make a profit at its expense. In essence, the defendant claims that the plaintiff will make a profit by selling the lots in the subdivision. The argument is based on speculation, as Judge Allen made no finding that the town would profit from its acquisition and sale of the lots. Judge Rittenband found that the plaintiff paid $352,450 for the land and, as of October 1, 1997, had sold four of the lots at an average of $40,000 per acre. As of that time, the plaintiffs profit was $54,338, which Judge Rittenband found was not sufficient to complete the subdivision improvements.

       As part of this claim, the defendant also claims that there was insufficient evidence concerning the costs of completing the improvements on that date. We address this claim in part V E.

       General Statutes § 52-238 (a) provides: “In any action on a penal bond, containing any condition which has been broken, such damages only shall be assessed as are equitably due, and judgment shall not be rendered for the whole penalty, unless it appears to be due.”


author: WEST, J.

text:
    KERRY ESPOSITO v. MATTHEW ESPOSITO
    (AC 21868)

      Foti, West and Daly, Js.
    Argued April 30 —
    officially released August 27, 2002

      Gerald H. Kahn, for the appellant (plaintiff).

      Ronald J. Piornbino, for the appellee (defendant).
   Opinion

WEST, J.

The plaintiff, Kerry Esposito, appeals from the judgment of the trial court awarding her attorney’s fees in connection with a contempt hearing to enforce the terms of the parties’ dissolution of marriage agreement. The principal issue in this appeal is whether the court improperly failed to conduct an evidentiary hearing prior to deciding the amount of attorney’s fees to be awarded to the plaintiff. The second issue on appeal is whether the court abused its discretion in awarding attorney’s fees in the amount of $500, where the plaintiff had submitted an affidavit supporting her request for attorney’s fees in the amount of $8651.28. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

The following facts are necessary for our resolution of the plaintiffs appeal. On July 28, 1998, the plaintiff filed an action for the dissolution of her marriage to the defendant, Matthew Esposito, and the court dissolved the parties’ marriage on January 18, 2000. The parties submitted a written agreement concerning custody, child support, alimony and the disposition of their property, which the court incorporated by reference into its judgment of dissolution. According to the terms of that agreement, the defendant was obligated to pay $350 per week in child support and up to $200 a month toward qualifying day care expenses for the parties’ minor child.

On October 10, 2000, the plaintiff filed an application for rule to show cause and motion to hold the defendant in contempt. The motion alleged that beginning on June 4, 2000, the defendant had failed to pay child support in accordance with the terms of the court order. The motion further alleged that from the time of the dissolution in January, 2000, the defendant had failed to pay qualifying day care expenses as required by the court order. The motion claimed that the defendant was in arrears $4750 with respect to the child support commitment and $2000 with respect to the day care expenses.

On December 15, 2000, the plaintiff filed a second motion to hold the defendant in contempt, repeating the principal allegations of her previous motion and updating the arrearage figures to reflect unpaid balances through December 17, 2000. As adjusted, the plaintiff claimed $7250 in unpaid child support and $2400 in unpaid day care expenses.

The court held a hearing on the contempt motion on January 17, 2001. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court found the defendant in contempt and found the arrearage to be $1740. The court awarded the plaintiff attorney’s fees of $500.

On February 2, 2001, the plaintiff filed a motion to open the judgment awarding her $500 in attorney’s fees on the ground that she had been denied her right to an evidentiary hearing on her request for attorney’s fees. The court denied that motion on April 11, 2001. This appeal followed.

The plaintiff first claims that the court’s award of $500 as attorney’s fees was improper because the court failed to hold an evidentiary hearing on the subject of attorney’s fees. We disagree.

“Whether to allow counsel fees and in what amount calls for the exercise of judicial discretion.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Lambert v. Donahue, 69 Conn. App. 146, 150, 794 A.2d 547 (2002). “Generally, when the exercise of the court’s discretion depends on issues of fact which are disputed, due process requires that a trial-like hearing be held, in which an opportunity is provided to present evidence and to cross-examine adverse witnesses.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) New England Savings Bank v. Clark, 54 Conn. App. 121, 124, 734 A.2d 146 (1999).

In the present case, there were no disputed facts concerning the plaintiffs request for attorney’s fees. In the memorandum of decision accompanying its denial of the plaintiffs motion to open the judgment, the court stated that it “assumed the affidavit of the plaintiffs attorney that he had expended thirty-five hours and that his hourly rate was $225 for a total attorney’s fee of $7875 to be true and accurate. The only issue to be determined was the reasonableness of the fee.”

In Petronella v. Venture Partners, Ltd., 60 Conn. App. 205, 216, 758 A.2d 869 (2000), appeal dismissed, 258 Conn. 453, 782 A.2d 97 (2001), we upheld an award of attorney’s fees despite the fact that the trial court did not hold an evidentiary hearing on the subject. In upholding the award of attorney’s fees over the defendant’s argument that such an award was improper in the absence of a hearing, we relied on our Supreme Court’s statement that “ ‘courts may rely on their general knowledge of what has occurred at the proceedings before them to supply evidence in support of an award of attorney’s fees.’ ” Id., quoting Bizzoco v. Chinitz, 193 Conn. 304, 310, 476 A.2d 572 (1984). In the present case, as in both Petronella and Bizzoco, the court was familiar with counsel's preparation and presentation of the case. Accordingly, there was no need for the court to hold an evidentiary hearing on the subject of attorney’s fees, and the court did not abuse its discretion in awarding attorney’s fees to the plaintiff in the absence of such a hearing.

We next turn to the plaintiffs claim that the court abused its discretion in awarding attorney’s fees in the amount of $500. Specifically, the plaintiff claims that her due process rights were violated because she submitted a financial affidavit that set forth $8651.28 in attorney’s fees in connection with the case, but the court awarded her only $500 in attorney’s fees.

General Statutes § 46b-87 provides that the court may award attorney’s fees to the prevailing party in a contempt proceeding. The award of attorney’s fees in contempt proceedings is within the discretion of the court. Bowers v. Bowers, 61 Conn. App. 75, 81-82, 762 A.2d 515 (2000), appeal dismissed, 258 Conn. 710, 784 A.2d 889 (2001). “An abuse of discretion in granting the counsel fees will be found only if this court determines that the trial court could not reasonably have concluded as it did.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Lambert v. Donahue, supra, 69 Conn. App. 150.

We first address the plaintiff’s argument that the award of attorney’s fees should have been determined by taking into consideration the parties’ relative financial positions pursuant to General Statutes § 46b-62.We disagree with the plaintiff that the court was required to consider the parties’ financial positions in awarding attorney’s fees and that the failure to do so was an abuse of the court’s discretion.

Although the award of attorney’s fees pursuant to § 46b-62 is appropriate when a complaining party has brought an unsuccessful contempt action, where contempt is established, the concomitant award of attorney’s fees properly is awarded pursuant to § 46b-87 and is restricted to efforts related to the contempt action. See Eldridge v. Eldridge, 244 Conn. 523, 534-38, 710 A.2d 757 (1998). Unlike § 46b-62, § 46b-87 does not contain any requirement that the award of attorney’s fees is to be determined with reference to the relative financial positions of the parties. Dobozy v. Dobozy, 241 Conn. 490, 499, 697 A.2d 1117 (1997).

The plaintiff also incorrectly assumes that the reasonableness of attorney’s fees is determined solely with reference to the amount of time actually spent by the attorney in connection with the matter at hand. It is axiomatic, however, that the determination of reasonableness of attorney’s fees appropriately takes into consideration a range of factors, among which the time and labor expended is but one consideration. See O’Brien v. Seyer, 183 Conn. 199, 206, 439 A.2d 292 (1981) (factors properly considered in determining reasonable compensation to attorney summarized in Code of Professional Responsibility, now rule 1.5 of Rules of Professional Conduct); Steiger v. J.S. Builders, Inc., 39 Conn. App. 32, 38-39, 663 A.2d 432 (1995) (adopting list of factors to be considered by trial court if it determines plaintiff is entitled to attorney’s fees, costs in unfair trade practices litigation).

Thus, although there was no dispute as to the hours that the plaintiffs counsel claimed to have devoted to the contempt action, it was within the discretion of the court to determine whether the effort expended on the matter by counsel was reasonable under the circumstances. In making its determination, the court is allowed to rely on its familiarity with the complexity of the legal issues involved. Indeed, it is expected that the court will bring its experience and legal expertise to the determination of the reasonableness of attorney’s fees. See Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express, Inc., 488 F.2d 714, 717-18 (5th Cir. 1974), cited approvingly by this court in Steiger v. J.S. Builders, Inc., supra, 39 Conn. App. 38-39. Moreover, because the award of attorney’s fees pursuant to § 46b-87 is punitive, rather than compensatory, the court properly may consider the defendant’s behavior as an additional factor in determining both the necessity of awarding attorney’s fees and the proper amount of any award.

In the present case, the plaintiff claimed that the defendant owed $8700 in child support and $1540 in child care expenses. Prior to the hearing, the defendant authorized an attorney, who had settled an employment case for him, to send the plaintiff $8500. The plaintiff received that payment on January 16, 2001, the day before the contempt hearing. Thus, the arrearage owed by the defendant at the time of the hearing was only $1740.

In light of both the amount of the arrearage at the time that the hearing was held and the punitive purpose of § 46b-87, we cannot conclude that the award of $500 in attorney’s fees reflected an abuse of the court’s discretion.

The judgment is affirmed.

In this opinion the other judges concurred.

       The plaintiffs affidavit claimed $8651.28 in fees and expenses related to the contempt action before the court, with a projected additional $1500 to $2500 being necessary to bring the action to a conclusion, and an outstanding balance of $4290.18 from the dissolution action.

       Prior to the hearing, the defendant had paid $8500 of the claimed arrearage.

       General Statutes § 46b-87 provides in relevant part: “When any person is found in contempt of an order of the Superior Court . . . the court may award to the petitioner a reasonable attorney’s fee . . . such sums to be paid by the person found in contempt . . . .”

       General Statutes § 46b-62 provides in relevant part: “In any proceeding seeking relief under the provisions of this chapter ... the court may order either spouse or, if such proceeding concerns the custody, care, education, visitation or support of a minor child, either parent to pay the reasonable attorney’s fees of the other in accordance with their respective financial abilities . . . .”

       Rule 1.5 (a) of the Rules of Professional Conduct provides: “A lawyer’s fee shall be reasonable. The factors to be considered in determining the reasonableness of a fee include the following:

        “(1) The time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the questions involved, and the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly;
      “(2) The likelihood, if made known to the client, that the acceptance of the particular employment will preclude other employment by the lawyer;
      “(3) The fee customarily charged in the locality for similar legal services;
      “(4) The amount involved and the results obtained;
      “(5) The time limitations imposed by the client or the circumstances;
      “(6) The nature and length of the professional relationship with the client;
      “(7) The experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyer or lawyers performing the services; and
      “(8) Whether the fee is fixed or contingent.”
      Although that rule governs the reasonableness of the fee charged by an attorney to his client, many of the factors equally are appropriate in determining the reasonableness of a judicial award of attorney’s fees.