author: LAVERY, J.

text:
    MICHAEL SKAKEL v. JONATHAN BENEDICT
    (AC 19160)
    O’Connell, C. J., and Lavery and Hennessy, Js.

      Argued May 27
    officially released August 5, 1999

      David T. Grudberg, with whom were Michael Sherman and, on the brief, William F. Dow III, for the appellant (plaintiff).

      Susann E. Gill, senior assistant state’s attorney, with whom, on the brief, were Jonathan Benedict, state’s attorney, Domenick J. Galluzzo, executive assistant state’s attorney, and Bruce Lockwood, deputy assistant state’s attorney, for the appellee (defendant).

       August 5,1999, the date that this decision was released as a slip opinion, is the operative date for all substantive and procedural purposes.

   Opinion

LAVERY, J.

The plaintiff, Michael Skakel, appeals from the trial court’s denial of his application for injunctive relief. On appeal, the plaintiff claims that the trial court improperly (1) concluded that the information sought by the defendant, Jonathan Benedict, was not protected by our statutory psychiatrist-patient privilege, (2) failed to apply the federal administrative regulations that were in effect at the time he received treatment for alcohol abuse and (3) determined that the state’s delay in asserting its alleged right to information concerning his treatment for alcohol abuse did not violate his right to due process under the federal constitution. We reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand the case to that court for further proceedings consistent with this decision.

The record discloses the following facts and procedural history. Sometime prior to March, 1978, the plaintiff was charged with driving while intoxicated in New York. To resolve that pending criminal charge, he was required to complete an alcohol treatment program at Elan, a treatment facility located in Poland Spring, Maine. The plaintiff was a resident at Elan from March 10,1978, until February 18,1980. At the time the plaintiff was admitted to Elan, it was licensed by the state of Maine, Bureau of Rehabilitation, Office of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse, as a residential treatment facility. On August 1, 1979, the Maine department of mental health and corrections issued Elan a conditional license as a mental health facility, which remained effective through February 28, 1980. During the period in question, Elan received federal funding for its therapeutic program.

Elan was founded in 1970 by Gerald E. Davidson, a licensed psychiatrist, and Joseph Ricci. Davidson is now deceased. After Ricci had completed an addiction treatment program at Daytop, a treatment facility located in New Haven, he worked at Daytop and later joined Davidson in founding Elan. Davidson was the medical director at Elan and Ricci was the executive director and therapeutic director. The trial court found that during the period in question, except for Davidson, none of the staff members at Elan had any formal training, degrees or licenses in psychiatry, psychology or social work. Moreover, the trial court found that, aside from Davidson, few, if any, of the staff members were college graduates.

Davidson spent approximately one hour with each new student upon admission and would meet with each student and the student’s parents approximately six to nine months later. The scope of diagnosis or treatment at these meetings is unknown. Davidson visited Elan’s campus for relatively limited periods since he maintained a practice and resided in Boston, Massachusetts. The trial court found that Davidson visited Elan “at most two or three times a week, sometimes less, and not usually any more . . . [and that] he was very rarely an active participant in the therapeutic program.” The staff, under the guidance of Ricci, handled the day-today operations at Elan.

The trial court found that “Elan and Daytop are known as therapeutic communities based on behavior modification by self-help with other residents by methods similar to those of Alcoholics Anonymous but with a full-time residential setting.” In describing the therapeutic program at Elan, the trial court stated that a new student began by performing menial housekeeping duties under the supervision of a more senior student and staff member. Each weekday, approximately eight to ten students of varying degrees of seniority, with staff supervision, participated in group discussions. “The object of these meetings [was] to share problems and answers to problems based on the experiences of the participants. The shared experiences were to be treated as confidential between the participants.” Davidson rarely participated and Ricci occasionally took part in these sessions. On some occasions, students and staff members participated in disciplinary rather than therapeutic sessions called “general meetings” or “haircuts.” There was no indication that the plaintiffs therapeutic treatment differed from that of the other students at Elan.

The state has appointed a grand jury to investigate the 1975 death of Martha Moxley, which occurred in Greenwich. In connection with this proceeding, the state subpoenaed Ricci and Peter McCann, a staff member at Elan, to testify before the grand jury. On or about October 16, 1998, the plaintiff filed an application for injunctive relief seeking permanently to enjoin the state from compelling Ricci and McCann to testify or produce any records relating to his treatment at Elan. The plaintiff claimed that all of the foregoing information was privileged and that it could not be disclosed absent his consent. He also petitioned the trial court to order that all communications, both written and oral, between him and anyone else at Elan should not be disclosed to the grand jury.

Ricci refused to testify before the grand jury, claiming that the information requested by the state was privileged. Thereafter, pursuant to General Statutes § 54-47a, the state filed a motion to compel Ricci to testify. The trial court consolidated the plaintiffs application for injunctive relief and the state’s motion to compel. By an oral memorandum of decision, dated December 10,1998, the trial court denied the plaintiffs application for injunctive relief, but granted the state’s motion to compel. The trial court ordered Ricci to testify before the grand jury concerning any statements made by the plaintiff in his presence or that were reported to him, excluding any statements the plaintiff made to Davidson, that related to the plaintiffs knowledge, if any, concerning the circumstances surrounding the death of Moxley. On December 29, 1998, the plaintiff timely filed this appeal. Additional facts will be set forth where necessary to a resolution of the issues on appeal.

I

The plaintiff first claims that the trial court improperly concluded that his communications at Elan, both written and oral, could be disclosed to the grand jury because this information was not protected by our statutory psychiatrist-patient privilege. See General Statutes §§ 52-146d through 52-146j. In his application for injunctive relief, filed pursuant to § 52-146j, the plaintiff claimed that the information sought by the state was privileged under our psychiatrist-patient privilege. In determining whether the law of this state or the state of Maine governed the plaintiffs claim of privilege, the trial court concluded, and neither party disputes, that the law of this state controls. Accordingly, we will assume without deciding that Connecticut law governs this issue.

The trial court denied the plaintiffs application for injunctive relief, in part, because the information sought by the state was not protected by the psychiatrist-patient privilege. The trial court stated that in order for the plaintiff to invoke the protections afforded by General Statutes § 52-146e, he must satisfy two conditions. First, he must establish that Elan was a “mental health facility” within the meaning of § 52-146d (5). Second, he must demonstrate that the communications and records related to the diagnosis or treatment of a “mental condition” within the meaning of § 52-146d (2). The trial court concluded that the plaintiff satisfied neither of these statutory prerequisites to the invocation of the privilege.

A

The plaintiff first claims that the trial court improperly concluded that Elan was not a mental health facility within the meaning of § 52-146d (5). We need not reach this issue because we conclude that the trial court’s decision was improperly predicated on the conclusion that, as a condition precedent to the invocation of the psychiatrist-patient privilege, §§ 52-146d and 52-146e required the plaintiff to establish that Elan was a mental health facility within the meaning of § 52-146d (5).

In its memorandum of decision, the trial court stated: “What occurred here, in the court’s opinion, was residential treatment in a therapeutic community for substance abuse; and ... I find that [the plaintiff has] not sustained [his] burden of proving that Elan—as I have found the facts: that [the] staff being all laypersons except for Dr. Davidson—was a mental hospital or, I am sorry, a mental health facility. ” The trial court denied the plaintiffs application for injunctive relief, in part, because the plaintiff “failed to satisfy the court that the organization of Elan at the time was to the degree of meeting, shall we say, a threshold of being a mental health facility.”

In reaching this conclusion, the trial court decided that, as a condition precedent to the invocation of the psychiatrist-patient privilege, §§ 52-146d and 52-146e required the plaintiff to establish that Elan was a mental health facility within the meaning of § 52-146d (5). “Statutory construction is a question of law and therefore our review is plenary.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Butler v. Hartford Technical Institute, Inc., 243 Conn. 454, 458, 704 A.2d 222 (1997); Davis v. Norwich, 232 Conn. 311, 317, 654 A.2d 1221 (1995). When interpreting a statute, we are guided by well established tenets of statutory construction. “Our fundamental objective when construing a statute is to ascertain and give effect to the apparent intent of the legislature. ... In seeking to discern that intent, we look to the words of the statute itself, to the legislative history and circumstances surrounding its enactment, to the legislative policy it was designed to implement, and to its relationship to existing legislation and common law principles governing the same general subject matter.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Hall v. Gilbert & Bennett Mfg. Co., 241 Conn. 282, 295, 695 A.2d 1051 (1997); Conway v. Wilton, 238 Conn. 653, 663-64, 680 A.2d 242 (1996).

We begin our analysis with an examination of the text of the relevant statutes. Herbert S. Newman & Partners, P. C. v. CFC Construction Ltd. Partnership, 236 Conn. 750, 756, 674 A.2d 1313 (1996). Section 52-146e (a) provides in relevant part: “All communications and records as defined in section 52-146d shall be confidential and shall be subject to the provisions of sections 52-146d to 52-146j, inclusive. . . Section 52-146d (2) provides: “ ‘Communications and records’ means all oral and written communications and records thereof relating to diagnosis or treatment of a patient’s mental condition between the patient and a psychiatrist, or between a member of the patient’s family and a psychiatrist, or between any of such persons and a person participating under the supervision of a psychiatrist in the accomplishment of the objectives of diagnosis and treatment, wherever made, including communications and records which occur in or are prepared at a mental health facility . . . .” (Emphasis added.) Section 52-146d (5) defines mental health facility.

The trial court properly concluded that § 52-146e (a) extends the privilege to “communications and records” as defined in § 52-146d (2). Several factors establish, however, that the trial court improperly construed § 52-146d (2) as extending the privilege only to communications and records that occur in or axe prepared at a mental health facility as defined in § 52-146d (5). First, the text of § 52-146d (2) explicitly provides that the privilege covers communications and records relating to the diagnosis or treatment of a patient’s mental condition, between certain designated parties, “wherever made.” Because “wherever” is not defined either in § 52-146d or in chapter 899 of the General Statutes, it is appropriate to look to the commonly approved meaning of this word. “The words used in a statute must be given their commonly approved meaning, unless a contrary intent is clearly expressed. General Statutes § 1-1 (a) . . . .” (Citations omitted.) Smith v. Safeco Ins. Co. of America, 225 Conn. 566, 570, 624 A.2d 892 (1993); Dubaldo v. Dept. of Consumer Protection, 209 Conn. 719, 722, 522 A.2d 813 (1989). “Wherever” is defined as “at, in, or to any or all places that: in any circumstance in which.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary. In the absence of any indication that the legislature intended to give “wherever” a different meaning, we will utilize the commonly approved meaning of this word. The legislature’s use of the expansive words “wherever made” reflects that it did not intend the privilege to govern only those oral and written communications that occur in or are prepared at a mental health facility.

Second, “wherever made” is immediately followed by the phrase “including communications and records which occur in or are prepared at a mental health facility . . . .” General Statutes § 52-146d (2). Although our Supreme Court has “recognized in the past that the words include and including can be considered as words of limitation as well as enlargement”; (internal quotation marks omitted) State v. DeFrancesco, 235 Conn. 426, 435, 668 A.2d 348 (1995); Maciejewski v. West Hartford, 194 Conn. 139, 147, 480 A.2d 519 (1984); application of a well established tenet of statutory construction suggests that the legislature used “including communications and records which occur in or are prepared at a mental health facility” as an illustrative application of “wherever made” and not to limit its scope.

“We presume that the legislature had a purpose for each sentence, clause or phrase in a legislative enactment, and that it did not intend to enact meaningless provisions.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Hall v. Gilbert & Bennett Mfg. Co., supra, 241 Conn. 303; Zichichi v. Middlesex Memorial Hospital, 204 Conn. 399, 407, 528 A.2d 805 (1987). “It is a basic tenet of statutory construction that the legislature did not intend to enact meaningless provisions. . . . Accordingly, care must be taken to effectuate all provisions of the statute.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Szymkiewicz, 237 Conn. 613, 621, 678 A.2d 473 (1996); see State v. Spears, 234 Conn. 78, 93, 662 A.2d 80, cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1009, 116 S. Ct. 565, 133 L. Ed. 2d 490 (1995). “ ‘[Sjtatutes must be construed, if possible, such that no clause, sentence or word shall be superfluous, void or insignificant . . . State v. Szymkiewicz, supra, 621; see Bridgeport Hospital v. Commission on Human Rights & Opportunities, 232 Conn. 91, 100-101, 653 A.2d 782 (1995); Hopkins v. Pac, 180 Conn. 474, 476, 429 A.2d 952 (1980). If we interpreted § 52-146d (2) as extending the psychiatrist-patient privilege only to communications and records between designated parties that occurred in or were prepared at a mental health facility, we would render meaningless the phrase “wherever made.” To avoid this result, we interpret “including communications and records which occur in or are prepared at a mental health facility” as an illustrative application of “wherever made.”

We conclude that the trial court improperly concluded that the plaintiff was required to establish that Elan was a mental health facility as defined in § 52-146d (5) as a condition precedent to the invocation of the psychiatrist-patient privilege.

B

Although we decided in part IA of this opinion that the trial court improperly concluded that the psychiatrist-patient privilege extends only to communications and records that occur in or were prepared at a mental health facility, we need not reverse the judgment of the trial court if we conclude that it properly determined that the plaintiff failed to establish that the information sought by the state constituted “oral and written communications and records . . . relating to diagnosis or treatment of a patient’s mental condition . . . .” (Emphasis added.) General Statutes § 52-146d (2). We conclude that the trial court improperly determined that the plaintiff failed to satisfy this requirement.

In its memorandum of decision, the trial court stated: “[F]or the petitioner to prevail under § 52-146d, it is [his] burden of proof to show that . . . these records were in relationship to a patient’s mental condition . . . .” The trial court concluded: “I find that [the plaintiff] has not sustained [his] burden of proving . . . that the communications were related to a patient’s mental condition.” The trial court concluded that the plaintiff attended Elan not for the diagnosis or treatment of a mental condition within the meaning of § 52-146d (2), but rather solely for the diagnosis or treatment of alcohol abuse. In reaching this decision, the trial court interpreted the statute to mean that an alcohol related disorder did not constitute a mental condition within the meaning of § 52-146d (2). As such, because the state was not seeking disclosure of information that related to the diagnosis or treatment of a patient’s mental condition, the trial court concluded that the information sought by the state did not fall within the privilege.

As we have already demonstrated, § 52-146e (a) extends the psychiatrist-patient privilege to “communications and records” as defined in § 52-146d (2). “ ‘Communications and records’ means all oral and written communications and records thereof relating to diagnosis or treatment of a patient’s mental condition . . . .” (Emphasis added.) General Statutes § 52-146d (2). The plaintiff claims that several factors establish that alcohol related disorders constitute a mental condition within the meaning of § 52-146d (2). On August 1, 1979, the state of Maine issued Elan a conditional license as a mental health facility and this license remained effective through February 28,1980. He also claims that the psychiatric community recognizes alcohol related disorders as a mental condition. The state contends that, despite the views of the state of Maine and the psychiatric community, our legislature did not intend to include alcohol related disorders within the meaning of “mental condition” in § 52-146d (2).

The determination as to whether communications and records relating to the diagnosis or treatment of an alcohol related disorder fall within the ambit of a “mental condition” in § 52-146d (2) presents a question of statutory inteipretation. “Statutory construction is a question of law and therefore our review is plenary.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Butler v. Hartford Technical Institute, Inc., supra, 243 Conn. 458. As we already have stated, our interpretation is guided by well established tenets of statutory construction. See Hall v. Gilbert & Bennett Mfg. Co., supra, 241 Conn. 295; Conway v. Wilton, supra, 238 Conn. 663-64. We begin our analysis with the words of the statute itself. Neither § 52-146d nor chapter 899 of the General Statutes defines mental condition. Nor is the meaning of this term readily apparent from its context. Although our examination of the legislative history to § 52-146d (2) did not disclose any information useful in resolving this issue, application of several tenets of statutory construction provide us with guidance in ascertaining the meaning the legislature attributed to this term.

First, “[t]he legislature is quite aware of how to use language when it wants to express its intent to qualify or limit the operation of a statute.” State v. Ingram, 43 Conn. App. 801, 825, 687 A.2d 1279 (1996), cert. denied, 240 Conn. 908, 689 A.2d 472 (1997). If the legislature had wanted to exclude alcohol related disorders from the category of mental conditions protected by our state’s psychiatrist-patient privilege, it could easily have done so. Neither the text or legislative history of § 52-146d (2), nor chapter 899 of the General Statutes excludes alcohol related disorders or places any limitation on the scope of the term mental condition.

Second, the doctrine of pari materia provides that “statutes relating to the same subject matter may be looked to for guidance in reaching an understanding of the meaning of a statutory term.” Doe v. Institute of Living, Inc., 175 Conn. 49, 58, 392 A.2d 491 (1978); Stuart v. Dept. of Correction, 221 Conn. 41, 45, 601 A.2d 539 (1992); State v. Hill, 201 Conn. 505, 515, 523 A.2d 1252 (1986). Chapter 319j of the General Statutes, which is entitled “Addiction Services,” is contained in title 17a, which is entitled “Social and Human Services.” General Statutes § 17a-688 (c), which is contained in chapter 319j, requires persons, hospitals, treatment facilities and the department of mental health and addiction services to comply with federal confidentiality laws and regulations concerning alcohol and drug patient records. General Statutes § 17a-680, which is also contained in chapter 319j and governs General Statutes §§ 17a-680 through 17a-690, sets forth several definitions. General Statutes § 17a-680 (1) provides that “ ‘[a]lcohol-dependent person’ means a person who has a psychoactive substance dependence on alcohol as that condition is defined in the most recent edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s ‘Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders’ . . . .”

The text of § 17a-688 (c) manifests our legislature’s intention to afford confidentiality to the records of individuals who seek diagnosis or treatment for alcohol related disorders by mandating compliance with “federal statutes concerning confidentiality of alcohol . . . patient records and any regulations pursuant thereto . . . .” Of greater significance, § 17a-680(l) reflects our legislature’s awareness of the mental or psychological aspect of many alcohol related disorders and its recognition that the psychiatric community regards many of such disorders as mental disorders. See American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Ed. 1994) pp. 194-204. In the absence of any legislative intent to the contrary and in accordance with the presumption that our legislature intends to create a consistent body of law, we interpret § 52-146d (2) in a manner that is consistent with §§ 17a-680 (1) and 17a-688 (c).

Third, when we interpret a statute, our fundamental objective is to give effect to the apparent intent of the legislature. See Hall v. Gilbert & Bennett Mfg. Co., supra, 241 Conn. 295. “[W]e interpret statutory language in light of the purpose and policy behind the enactment.” Willow Springs Condominium Assn., Inc. v. Seventh BRT Development Corp., 245 Conn. 1, 26, 717 A.2d 77 (1998); State v. Pieger, 240 Conn. 639, 646, 692 A.2d 1273 (1997). “[T]he purpose of the privilege is to give the patient an incentive to make full disclosure to a physician in order to obtain effective treatment free from the embarrassment and invasion of privacy which could result from a doctor’s testimony.” State v. White, 169 Conn. 223, 234-35, 363 A.2d 143, cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1025, 96 S. Ct. 469, 46 L. Ed. 2d 399 (1975); see Bieluch v. Bieluch, 190 Conn. 813, 819, 462 A.2d 1060 (1983). This statutory privilege ensures the patient that confidential communications that are necessary for effective treatment or diagnosis may be safely disclosed to a psychiatrist. See Bieluch v. Bieluch, supra, 819. Interpreting mental condition in § 52-146d (2) to include alcohol related disorders would effectuate the legislature’s objective by providing individuals who suffer from such disorders with an incentive to seek treatment and to make a full disclosure to a psychiatrist. In contrast, the trial court’s interpretation frustrates that objective.

Lastly, although the following information does not provide any insight into the legislative intent underlying § 52-146d (2), we note for illustrative purposes only that our interpretation of this statute is consistent with dictum from this court and our Supreme Court. An examination of our case law discloses that individuals who suffer from alcohol related disorders often seek psychiatric treatment and we have referred in dictum to communications and records made in the course of seeking such treatment as “psychiatric communications and records.” “The people of this state enjoy a broad privilege in the confidentiality of their psychiatric communications and records, including those pertaining to their diagnosis, prognosis or treatment for alcohol abuse or alcoholism. See General Statutes §§ 17-155bb (b), 52-146d, 52-146e.” (Emphasis added.) State v. D'Ambrosio, 212 Conn. 50, 55, 561 A.2d 422 (1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1063, 110 S. Ct. 880, 107 L. Ed. 2d 963 (1990); see State v. Joyner, 225 Conn. 450, 478, 625 A.2d 791 (1993); State v. Grant, 33 Conn. App. 647, 654, 637 A.2d 1116, cert. denied, 229 Conn. 910, 642 A.2d 1206 (1994). Moreover, our interpretation of § 52-146d (2) is consistent with decisions from other jurisdictions that have, under different circumstances, viewed alcohol abuse or alcoholism as a disease. See Adams v. Weinberger, 548 F.2d 239, 244 (8th Cir. 1977) (“[w]e are not so Victorian as to be indifferent to the expanding theoiy of alcoholism being a disease”); Connecticut General Life Ins. Co. v. Dept. of Industry, Labor & Human Relations, 86 Wis. 2d 393, 407, 273 N.W.2d 206 (1979) (“[ajlcoholism is a disease [and] [i]ts diagnosis is a matter of expert medical opinion”).

The state claims that our Supreme Court’s decision in State v. Rollinson, 203 Conn. 641, 652-58, 526 A.2d 1283 (1987), establishes that the psychiatrist-patient privilege does not protect any communications or records relating to the diagnosis or treatment of alcohol related disorders. The state’s reliance on Rollinson is misplaced. In Rollinson, the defendant claimed that the trial court improperly denied his motion to suppress several statements he made to the staff and patients of a hospital’s detoxification unit. Id., 652. The Supreme Court did not determine whether this statutory privilege extended to communications and records relating to the diagnosis or treatment of alcohol related disorders because the defendant “[c]onced[ed] that none of these statements [fell] expressly within the statutory privilege of confidential communications with a psychiatrist or a psychologist . . . .” (Citation omitted.) Id. We decline to transform the defendant’s concession in Rollinson into a legal conclusion that all records and communications relating to the diagnosis or treatment of alcohol related disorders do not fall within the psychiatrist-patient privilege. On the basis of all of the foregoing factors, we conclude that the trial court improperly concluded that an alcohol related disorder did not fall within the meaning of “mental condition” in § 52-146d (2).

We conclude, therefore, that both of the factors the trial court relied on in rejecting the plaintiffs claim of privilege were improper. Because the trial court disposed of this claim on both of those grounds, it did not determine whether the plaintiff satisfied the remaining criteria necessary to invoke the psychiatrist-patient privilege. For example, the trial court did not determine whether any of the communications and records sought by the state were related “to diagnosis or treatment” of the plaintiffs alcohol related condition. General Statutes § 52-146d (2). Nor did the trial court determine whether any of the communications and records sought by the state were made “between the patient and a psychiatrist, or between a member of the patient’s family and a psychiatrist, or between any of such persons and a person participating under the supervision of a psychiatrist in the accomplishment of the objectives of diagnosis and treatment . . . .” (Emphasis added.) General Statutes § 52-146d (2). We, therefore, reverse so much of the trial court's decision as pertains to this issue and remand the case to the trial court with the direction that it determine whether the plaintiff has satisfied the remaining criteria necessary to invoke the statutory psychiatrist-patient privilege.

II

The plaintiff next claims that the trial court improperly failed to apply the federal administrative regulations, which afford confidentiality to alcohol patient records, that were in effect at the time he received treatment at Elan. See 42 C.F.R. § 2.1 et seq. Those regulations were enacted pursuant to the Comprehensive Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation Act of 1970, now codified in 42 U.S.C. § 290dd-2.

A

As a threshold matter, the state claims that we cannot review this claim because the plaintiff cited neither the federal act and regulations nor § 17a-688 (c), which requires the state to comply with the federal act and regulations, in his application for injunctive relief. We do not agree and conclude that, after a careful examination of the record in light of relevant precedent, the plaintiffs noncompliance with Practice Book § 10-3 (a) does not preclude us from reviewing this claim in the context of deciding his appeal from the trial court’s denial of his application for injunctive relief.

The following additional facts are relevant to a resolution of this issue. In his application for injunctive relief, dated October 16, 1998, the plaintiff did not cite the federal act and regulations or § 17a-688 (c). In paragraph 5 (c) of the “state’s brief in opposition to [the plaintiffs] motion for injunctive relief,” dated November 5, 1998, the state conceded that the disclosure of records relating to the diagnosis or treatment of substance abuse is controlled by the federal act and regulations, but claimed that for several reasons the plaintiff was not entitled to relief under this body of law. In paragraph 5 (c) of the “addendum to the state’s brief in opposition to the [the plaintiffs] motion for injunctive relief,” filed December 1, 1998, the state claimed that the information it sought fell within an exception to the protections afforded by the federal act and regulations.

On December 9, 1998, each of the parties presented arguments to the trial court. The record discloses that Benedict represented the state, John Campbell represented Ricci and Elan, and both Linda Kenney and Michael Sherman represented the plaintiff. Benedict neither claimed, nor does the record disclose, that his arguments concerning the federal act and regulations related solely to the trial court’s disposition of the state’s motion to compel. Kenney, who represented only the plaintiff, claimed that the plaintiff was entitled to relief under the federal act and regulations, and the record discloses that the state did not claim that the plaintiffs failure to cite the federal act and regulations or § 17a-688 (c) in his application for injunctive relief precluded him from relying on this body of law.

In its memorandum of decision, dated December 10, 1998, the trial court addressed both the plaintiffs application for injunctive relief and the state’s motion to compel. Several excerpts from the memorandum of decision reflect that the trial court addressed both the statutory psychiatrist-patient privilege and federal law in its disposition of the plaintiffs application for injunctive relief.

The following principles govern our review. Practice Book § 10-3 (a) provides that “[w]hen any claim made in a complaint, cross complaint, special defense, or other pleading is grounded on a statute, the statute shall be specifically identified by its number.” Our Supreme Court has repeatedly stated, however, that § 10-3 (a) is merely directory and not mandatory. Steele v. Stonington, 225 Conn. 217, 221 n.7, 622 A.2d 551 (1993); Hanover Ins. Co. v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co., 217 Conn. 340, 345, 586 A.2d 567 (1991); Rowe v. Godou, 209 Conn. 273, 275, 550 A.2d 1073 (1988). We have excused noncompliance with § 10-3 (a) where the record discloses that neither the opposing party nor the trial court were confused or misled as to the statutory basis of the party’s claim. See Hanover Ins. Co. v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co., supra, 345 (“[i]n the absence of any showing that either Hanover or the trial court was misled by the failure to cite [General Statutes] § 38-100 in addition to [General Statutes] §§ 38-97 and 38-98, we conclude that the issue raised by Fireman’s special defense was properly before the court”); Goodrich v. Diodato, 48 Conn. App. 436, 443, 710 A.2d 818 (1998) (“ [although the defendant did not specifically refer to [General Statutes] § 47-21 in her special defense, the defendant sufficiently apprised the trial court of her special defense of ouster”); DeVita v. Esposito, 13 Conn. App. 101, 104, 535 A.2d 364 (1987) (“there can be no confusion about the basis for the plaintiffs cause of action, and there can be no doubt that General Statutes § 47-31 served as the basis for the plaintiffs action to quiet title”).

In the present case, the foregoing precedent establishes that the plaintiffs noncompliance with § 10-3 (a) does not preclude our review of this claim because the record discloses that neither the state nor the trial court were confused or misled as to the basis for the plaintiffs application for injunctive relief. The state cannot claim that it was confused or misled by the plaintiffs noncompliance with § 10-3 (a) because, as evidenced by the state’s responsory memoranda, the plaintiffs allegations were sufficient to apprise the state of his reliance on federal law. In both its memorandum of law in opposition to the application for injunctive relief and its addendum to that memorandum, the state argued that the federal act and regulations did not protect the information in question from disclosure. Moreover, during arguments before the trial court, Kenney, who represented only the plaintiff, apprised both the state and the trial court of her client’s reliance on federal law. Our review of this claim is therefore proper.

B

The state next claims that, even if the plaintiffs noncompliance with § 10-3 (a) does not preclude our review of this claim, the plaintiff cannot file an application for injunctive relief seeking to enforce the protections afforded by 42 U.S.C. § 290dd-2 and the corresponding federal regulations. We disagree and conclude that § 17a-688 (c), which mandates that the state comply with this federal act and these federal regulations, impliedly authorizes the plaintiff to maintain a private right of action for injunctive relief.

The text of § 17a-688 (c) does not explicitly authorize a private right of action for injunctive relief. “In determining whether a private remedy is implicit in a statute not expressly providing one, several factors are relevant. First, is the plaintiff one of the class for whose . . . benefit the statute was enacted . . . ? Second, is there any indication of legislative intent, explicit or implicit, either to create such a remedy or to deny one? . . . Third, is it consistent with the underlying purposes of the legislative scheme to imply such a remedy for the plaintiff? . . . Cort v. Ash, 422 U.S. 66, 78, 95 S. Ct. 2080, 45 L. Ed. 2d 26 (1975).” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Napoletano v. CIGNA Healthcare of Connecticut, Inc., 238 Conn. 216, 249-50, 680 A.2d 127 (1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1103, 117 S. Ct. 1106, 137 L. Ed. 2d 308 (1997).

First, the plaintiff, who sought treatment for alcohol abuse, is a member of the class for whose benefit the legislature enacted § 17a-688 (c). “[0]ur legislature has expressly addressed the issue of confidentiality of records by protecting records whose disclosure ‘would constitute a violation of federal statutes concerning confidentiality of alcohol or drug patient records and any regulations pursuant thereto . . . .’ General Statutes § 17a-688 (c).” In re Marvin M., 48 Conn. App. 563, 576, 711 A.2d 756, cert. denied, 245 Conn. 916, 719 A.2d 900 (1998). In § 17a-688 (c), our legislature afforded protection to the class of individuals who seek diagnosis or treatment for alcohol related disorders by mandating that all persons, hospitals, treatment facilities and the department of mental health and addiction services must comply with federal law and regulations concerning the confidentiality of alcohol patient records.

Second, we do not find any indication, explicit or implicit, in the legislative history that the legislature intended either to deny or to create a private right of action for injunctive relief. The legislative histoiy is silent in this respect. Third, providing a private right of action to the plaintiff is consistent with the underlying purposes of § 17a-688 (c). Authorizing this right of action would enable those for whose benefit the statute was enacted to protect the rights our legislature has afforded them. Additionally, the existence of a private enforcement mechanism would encourage and promote compliance with the statute’s directives. We are persuaded that, under the criteria set forth in Cart v. Ash, supra, 422 U.S. 78, a private right of action for injunctive relief exists under § 17a-688 (c).

Moreover, our conclusion derives additional support from our legislature’s failure to allocate the responsibility of enforcing § 17a-688 (c) to an administrative agency or other governmental entity. “[W]here the legislature wishes to limit enforcement of a statute to an administrative body, it has expressly done so.” Napoletano v. CIGNA Healthcare of Connecticut, Inc., supra, 238 Conn. 251. In the present case, the legislature neither explicitly nor implicitly vested enforcement power with an administrative body. Nor did it explicitly or implicitly vest enforcement power in the criminal justice system. The legislature has not stated that a violation of § 17a-688 (c) may result in a fine or incarceration or both. The absence of any enforcement mechanism militates in favor of authorizing a private right of action, thereby enabling those for whose benefit this statute was enacted to protect the rights conferred upon them by the legislature.

C

The state next claims that we cannot review the plaintiffs claim because he did not appeal from a final judgment of the trial court. Specifically, the state contends that the portion of the trial court’s memorandum of decision, which addresses the federal act and regulations, relates solely to the trial court’s disposition of its motion to compel. It therefore characterizes the plaintiffs claim as an appeal from the denial of the state’s motion to compel. Although the state conceded at oral argument that the trial court’s denial of the plaintiffs application for permanent injunctive relief constitutes an appealable final judgment, it claims that the trial court’s decision to grant the state’s motion to compel is not an appealable final judgment.

The state’s argument presupposes, however, that the plaintiffs failure to cite the federal act and regulations or § 17a-688 (c) in his application for injunctive relief precludes this court from construing that portion of the trial court’s memorandum of decision, which addresses the federal act and regulations, as relating to the disposition of both the plaintiffs application for injunctive relief and the state’s motion to compel. As we have already demonstrated, a careful examination of the entire record in light of § 10-3 (a) and relevant precedent establishes that the plaintiffs failure to cite the federal act and regulations or § 17a-688 (c) in his application for injunctive relief does not preclude this court from reviewing this issue in the context of deciding his appeal from the denial of that application. Because we review this issue in the context of deciding the plaintiffs appeal from the denial of his application for injunctive relief and the trial court’s denial of that application constitutes an appealable final judgment, it is unnecessary for us to determine whether the trial court’s decision to grant the state’s motion to compel constitutes an appealable final judgment.

D

Having determined that the plaintiffs federal law claim is properly before us, we now reach its merits. The plaintiff contends that the trial court improperly applied the current federal regulations instead of those regulations that were in effect at the time he received treatment at Elan between 1978 and 1980. Although the plaintiff claims that the trial court should have applied the regulations that were in effect when he received treatment, he briefed and analyzed only 42 C.F.R. §§ 2.63 and 2.65. We therefore limit our review to these two regulations.

Section 2.65 governs any application by an investigative or prosecutorial agency for an order to permit disclosure or use of patient records for the purpose of conducting an investigation or prosecution of an individual who is a present or former patient in a program. 42 C.F.R. § 2.65 (a). Section 2.65 (d), formerly § 2.65 (c), sets forth several criteria that the applicant must satisfy in order to obtain use or disclosure of a patient’s records. The plaintiff concedes that “[o]n appeal, [he] does not challenge the trial court’s application of the balancing test” under § 2.65 (d) and that the criteria in § 2.65 (c) are “similar to those applied by the trial court” under § 2.65 (d). Moreover, he concedes that “[t]he current regulations are very similar, and in some cases identical, to the older regulations, with the exception of the more restrictive rule [§ 2.63] . . . forbidding disclosure of anything except objective data, even where ‘good cause’ for disclosure is found.” In the absence of any showing by the plaintiff that he was prejudiced by the trial court’s application of the current version of § 2.65, we conclude that the trial court’s reliance on this regulation was not improper.

The plaintiff next contends that the “key provision of the 1978 regulations” is § 2.63. Section 2.63 was promulgated in 1975; 40 Fed. Reg. 27802 (1975); Whyte v. Connecticut Mutual Life Ins. Co., 818 F.2d 1005, 1010 n.14 (1st Cir. 1987); and it imposed certain limitations on the scope of disclosure. “Congress recognized that . . . confidentiality is necessary to ensure successful alcoholism treatment. Without guarantees of confidentiality, many individuals with alcohol problems would be reluctant to participate fully in alcoholism programs. The regulations, especially § 2.63, were specifically drafted with these considerations in mind.” Whyte v. Connecticut Mutual Life Ins. Co., supra, 1010. In 1987, the Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service amended § 2.63. See 52 Fed. Reg., Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, pp. 21,801-21,802 (June 9, 1987) (discussing substantive changes brought about by 1987 amendment to § 2.63). This amendment established several exceptions to the pre-1987 version of § 2.63, which had limited court-ordered disclosure to objective data.

The plaintiff contends that there is no authority to support the trial court’s conclusion that the current version of § 2.63, which was amended in 1987, must be applied retroactively. “[T]he presumption against retroactive legislation is deeply rooted in our jurisprudence, and embodies a legal doctrine centuries older than our Republic. Elementary considerations of fairness dictate that individuals should have an opportunity to know what the law is and to conform their conduct accordingly; settled expectations should not be lightly disrupted. For that reason, the principle that the legal effect of conduct should ordinarily be assessed under the law that existed when the conduct took place has timeless and universal appeal.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Landgraf v. USI Film Products, 511 U.S. 244, 265, 114 S. Ct. 1483, 128 L. Ed. 2d 229 (1994). “Retroactivity is not favored in the law. Thus, congressional enactments and administrative rules will not be construed to have retroactive effect unless their language requires this result.” Bowen v. Georgetown University Hospital, 488 U.S. 204, 208, 109 S. Ct. 468, 102 L. Ed. 2d 493 (1988); see Green v. General Dynamics Corp., 245 Conn. 66, 80, 712 A.2d 938 (1998) (Borden, J., dissenting) (there is “a presumption that legislation is prospective . . . and we have generally required a strong showing of legislative intent to overcome that presumption” [citation omitted]); Anderson v. Schieffer, 35 Conn. App. 31, 41, 645 A.2d 549 (1994) (“as rule of construction, legislation to be applied prospectively absent clear intent to contrary”).

The state neither cites in its appellate brief, nor does our review of the relevant portions of the Federal Register disclose, any clear indication that the Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service intended the 1987 amendment of § 2.63, which effectuated substantive changes, to be applied retroactively. See 52 Fed. Reg., Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, pp. 21,796-21,814,41,996-97, 42,061 (1987). In the absence of any clear evidence that this administrative agency intended the 1987 amendment to be applied retroactively, we conclude that the trial court’s reliance on the current version of § 2.63 was improper.

We, therefore, reverse so much of the trial court’s decision as pertains to this claim and remand the case to the trial court with the direction that it apply the appropriate version of § 2.63 in determining whether disclosure of the information sought by the state is warranted. We do not reach, nor should our decision be construed as addressing, whether § 2.63 prohibits or authorizes the disclosure of any of the information sought by the state. Nor should our decision be construed as rendering an advisory opinion concerning the scope of the protection, if any, afforded by this regulation. Resolution of these issues are properly reserved for the trial court on remand.

III

In his final claim, the plaintiff contends that the state’s delay in asserting its alleged right to information concerning his treatment for alcohol abuse violated his right to due process under the federal constitution. We decline to review this claim.

The plaintiff neither claims, nor does our review of the record disclose, that he raised this claim before the trial court. The memorandum of decision is devoid of any reference to this claim. “It is well established that an appellate court is under no obligation to consider a claim that is not distinctly raised at the trial level. Practice Book § 60-5; Yale University v. Blumenthal, 225 Conn. 32, 36 n.4, 621 A.2d 1304 (1993) (issue not reviewed because not raised at trial). This court will review claims not raised at trial only in extraordinary circumstances. See Williamson v. Commissioner of Transportation, 209 Conn. 310, 317, 551 A.2d 704 (1988). [B]ecause our review is limited to matters in the record, we [also] will not address issues not decided by the trial court. Practice Book § 4185, [now § 60-5] (court on appeal shall not be bound to consider a claim unless it was distinctly raised at the trial); Crest Pontiac Cadillac, Inc. v. Hadley, 239 Conn. 437, 444 n.10, 685 A.2d 670 (1996) (claims neither addressed nor decided by court below are not properly before appellate tribunal) (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) W. v. W., 248 Conn. 487, 505-506, 728 A.2d 1076 (1999); Willow Springs Condominium Assn., Inc. v. Seventh BRT Development Corp., supra, 245 Conn. 52. “This general rule against considering claims not raised at trial also applies to constitutional issues. Berry v. Loiseau, 223 Conn. 786, 828, 614 A.2d 414 (1992); Roche v. Fairfield, 186 Conn. 490, 505, 442 A.2d 911 (1982).” Statewide Grievance Committee v. Whitney, 227 Conn. 829, 846, 633 A.2d 296 (1993). Accordingly, we will not review this claim.

The judgment is reversed and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

In this opinion the other judges concurred.

       The defendant, Jonathan Benedict, is the state’s attorney for the judicial district of Fairfield. Hereinafter, we will refer to the defendant as the state.

       In his appellate brief, the plaintiff claims, and the state does not dispute, that Elan provided both schooling and treatment services to its enrollees. In its memorandum of decision, the trial court referred to the enrollees at Elan, including the plaintiff, as “students.” For purposes of consistency and clarity, we will also refer to these individuals as students.

       In his application for injunctive relief, the plaintiff also cited various subsections of General Statut es § 52-146c, the psychologist-patient privilege; General Statutes § 52-146o, the physician-patient privilege; and General Statutes § 52-146q, the social worker-person privilege. The trial court’s memorandum of decision is devoid of any reference to these statutory privileges, and neither party addressed these claims of privilege in their briefs or at oral argument. Therefore, none of these claims of statutory privilege is before this court.

       In reaching this conclusion, the memorandum of decision discloses that the trial court interpreted and applied the current revisions of §§ 52-146d (2) and (5) and 52-146e (a). On appeal, neither party has challenged the propriety of the trial court’s decision to utilize the current revisions of § § 52-146d (2) and (5) and 52-146e (a.). In the appendix to his brief, the plaintiff himself relies on the current revisions of these statutes. In the absence of any claim by either party that the trial court’s reliance on the current revisions of the above mentioned statutes was improper, we treat this claim as it was argued by the parties and decided by the trial court.
      Moreover, a comparison of the current revisions of §§ 52-146d (2) and (5) and 52-146e (a), which this court interprets and applies in resolving the plaintiffs claim on appeal, to the provisions that were in effect when the plaintiff received treatment between 1978 and 1980 discloses that, despite amendments to § 52-146d in 1982 and 1989; Public Acts 1982, No. 82-160, § 64; Public Acts 1989, No. 89-154, § 2; and an amendment to § 52-146e in 1982; Public Acts 1982, No. 82-160, § 65; the legislature did not effectuate any substantive changes to the relevant portions of these statutes during this period.

       General Statutes § 17a-688 (c) provides: “No person, hospital, treatment facility or the department may disclose or permit the disclosure of the identity, diagnosis, prognosis or treatment of any such patient that would constitute a violation of federal statutes concerning confidentiality of alcohol or drug patient records and any regulations pursuant thereto, or as they may be amended from time to time. The department shall adopt regulations to protect the confidentiality of information obtained by it.”

       The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders classifies several types of alcohol related disorders: alcohol use disorders, which include alcohol dependence and alcohol abuse, and alcohol induced disorders, which include alcohol intoxication, alcohol withdrawal, alcohol intoxication delirium, alcohol withdrawal delirium, alcohol induced persisting dementia, alcohol induced persisting amnestic disorder, alcohol induced psychotic disorder with delusions, alcohol induced psychotic disorder with hallucinations, alcohol induced mood disorder, alcohol induced anxiety disorder, alcohol induced sexual dysfunction and alcohol induced sleep disorder. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, supra, p. 195.

       Paragraph 5 (c) of the “state’s brief in opposition to [the plaintiffs] motion for iry'unctive relief,” dated November 5, 1998, states:
      “C. Substance Abuse Therapy Privilege
      “While apparently not all residents at Elan even attended for the purpose of substance abuse therapy, the institution was licensed to render that type of service during the [plaintiffs] stay. If the court were to conclude that substance abuse therapy was the purpose of the peer encounter meetings, communications made therein are not protected by either jurisdiction’s psychiatrist-patient privilege. State v. White, 169 Conn. 223, 234, [363 A.2d 143, cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1025, 96 S. Ct. 469, 46 L. Ed. 2d 399 (1975)]; State v. Boobar, [637 A.2d 1162 (Me. 1994)]. However, such communications may receive some protection under the individual state’s drug rehabilitation schemes. Connecticut General Statutes § 19-496c [Public Acts 1971, No. 858]; State v. White, supra, 233; State v. Rollinson, [supra, 203 Conn.] 654 n.11; [Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 32, § 13862 (West Sup. 1996)]; State v. Boobar, supra [1169].

        “The privilege created however by the foregoing legislation is controlled by the federal Comprehensive Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation Act, 42 U.S.C. § 290dd-2. Given both the language of that statute and the judicial gloss given it by the respective jurisdictions, the protection provided can only be said to be quite limited. In Connecticut confidentiality is only given to [a] treatment center’s records and is not extended to ‘personal observations’ made without recourse to records. State v. White, supra, [169 Conn.] 236. See also United States v. Fenyo, 6 USMJ 933 (AFCMR 1979); United States v. Thomas, 26 USMJ 735 (ACMR 1988). Maine, on the other hand, has determined that no privilege exists at all; rather the statutory scheme provides only a fine as a remedy. State v. Boobar, supra, [637 A.2d 1169].
      “Regardless of whether 42 U.S.C. [§ 290dd-2] creates an actual privilege, it also provides an exception to confidentiality upon order of a court ‘showing good cause therefor.’ 42 U.S.C. § 290dd-2 (b) (c). The applicable federal regulation has defined good cause to include an extremely serious crime such as homicide. 42 C.F.R. § 2.65. Most importantly, this exception has been specifically recognized in such a situation on a local level. State v. Rollinson, supra, [203 Conn.] 654-56; see also In re Marvin M., 48 Conn. App. 563, 573, [711 A.2d 756, cert. denied, 245 Conn. 916, 719 A.2d 900 (1998)]. Clearly, where privilege is claimed for communications in peer encounter sessions or private conversations at Elan in the instant case, the exceptions would apply as well.” (Emphasis added.)

       In paragraph 5 (c) of the “addendum to [the] state’s brief in opposition to [the plaintiffs] motion for injunctive relief,” filed December 1, 1998, the state claimed:
      “VC. Substance Abuse Therapy Privilege
      “As noted in the State’s Brief, a limited privilege is afforded under the respective state’s Substance Abuse Therapy laws (Connecticut General Statutes § 19-496c [Public Acts 1971, No. 858] and [Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 32, § 13862 (West Sup. 1996)]). These statutory schemes both incorporate the provisions of federal law. 4[2] U.S.C. § 290d,d-2. While the states have limited the scope of protection permitted by the scheme, the underlying federal statute also provides a notable exception to a claim of any protection whatsoever in the instance of ‘an extremely serious crime.’ 42 C.F.R. § 2.65.
      “The above cited rule has been explicitly interpreted in Connecticut to cover just such a situation as a murder investigation. State v. Rollinson, supra, [203 Conn.] 654-56. Clearly in enacting 42 C.F.R. § 2.65, Congress st ruck a balance between the needs of confidentiality to effective substance therapy and the interests of justice in criminal matters of extreme seriousness.” (Emphasis added.)

       Several excerpts from the memorandum of decision reflect that the trial court considered both our state’s psychiatrist-patient privilege and the federal act and regulations in its decision to deny the plaintiffs application for injunctive relief. The trial court stated: “It is the burden of the person seeking the privilege to prove the applicability of the statutory privilege, and we actually have two statutes that we have to concern ourselves with, or two bodies of law we have to concern ourselves with; and that is the laws of the State of Connecticut which may relate to privileged communications, and also the laws of this United States concerning the privilege [d] communications that may occur in certain therapeutic settings. . . .
      “Thus, we must address the laws of the State of Connecticut and applicable federal law to determine if any of those verbal communications of [the plaintiff] at Elan are privileged based on applicable statutes, since without a statutory privilege they would be discoverable.”

       See footnote 5.

       In reaching this conclusion, it is necessary to emphasize that we determine only whether our legislature, by mandating in § 17a-688 (c) that all persons, hospitals, treatment facilities and the department of mental health and addiction services shall not violate “federal statutes concerning confidentiality of alcohol or drug patient records and any regulations pursuant thereto,” impliedly authorized a private right of action for injunctive relief. Because we conclude that § 17a-688 (c) confers a private right of action affording injunctive relief, it is unnecessary for us to determine whether 42 U.S.C. § 290dd-2 or the corresponding federal regulations authorize aprivate right of action. Additionally, our holding is limited to the conclusion that § 17a-688 (c) authorizes the plaintiff to maintain a right of action for injunctive relief. We express no opinion concerning whether this statute affords a private right of action for monetary damages or other remedies.

       The United States Supreme Court lists a fourth factor in Cort v. Ash, supra, 422 U.S. 78, namely, whether “the cause of action [is] one traditionally relegated to state law, in an area basically the concern of the States, so that it would be inappropriate to infer a cause of action based solely on federal law?” In Napoletano v. CIGNA Healthcare of Connecticut, Inc., supra, 238 Conn. 250 n.32, our Supreme Court held that it was unnecessary to apply this fourth factor in determining whether a state statute impliedly authorized a private remedy. Because our analysis is limited to the determination of whether § 17a-688 (c) authorizes a private right of action for injunctive relief, and we do not determine whether 42 U.S.C. § 290dd-2 and the corresponding federal regulations authorize this remedy, the fourth Cort factor does not apply to our analysis.

       “We are not required to review issues that have been improperly presented to this court through an. inadequate brief.” Connecticut National Bank v. Giacomi, 242 Conn. 17, 44-45, 699 A.2d 101 (1997). “Where a claim is asserted in the statement of issues but thereafter receives only cursory attention in the brief without substantive discussion or citation of authorities, it is deemed to be abandoned.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Cummings v. Twin Tool Mfg. Co., 40 Conn. App. 36, 45, 668 A.2d 1346 (1996).

       The following excerpt from the Federal Register outlines the substantive changes effectuated by the 1987 amendment to § 2.63: “The existing regulations at § 2.63 limit a court order to ‘objective’ data and prohibit court-ordered disclosure of ‘communications by a patient to personnel of the program.’ The proposed regulations delete the provision restricting a court order to objective data and precluding an order from reaching ‘communications by a patient to personnel of the program.’ Deletion of that provision provoked considerable discussion and concern on the part of a large number of persons, 85% of whom opposed allowing court-ordered disclosure of nonobjective data.
      “The Final Rule at § 2.63 restores protection for many ‘communications by a patient to personnel of the program’ and information which is of a nonobjective nature, but it does not protect that information from court, order in the face of an existing threat to a third party or in connection with an investigation or prosecution of an extremely serious crime.” 52 Fed. Reg., Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, p. 21,801 (June 9, 1987).
      Prior to its amendment in 1987, § 2.63 provided: “Limitation to objective data—Rules.
      “(a) Limitation to objective data. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, the scope of an order issued pursuant to this subpart may not extend to communications by a patient to personnel of the program, but shall be limited to the facts or dates of enrollment, discharge, attendance, medication, and similar objective data, and may include only such objective data as is necessary to fulfill the purposes for which the order is issued.
      “(b) Exception. When a patient in litigation offers testimony or other evidence pertaining to the content of his communications with a program, an order under this subpart may authorize the submission of testimony or other evidence by the program or its personnel.”
      The current version of § 2.63 provides: “Confidential communications.
      “(a) A court order under these regulations may authorize disclosure of confidential communications made by a patient to a program in the course of diagnosis, treatment, or referral for treatment only if:
      “(1) The disclosure is necessary to protect against an existing threat to life or of serious bodily injury, including circumstances which constitute suspected child abuse and neglect and verbal threats against third parties;
      “(2) The disclosure is necessary in connection with investigation or prosecution of an extremely serious crime, such as one which directly threatens loss of life or serious bodily injury, including homicide, rape, kidnapping, armed robbery, assault with a deadly weapon, or child abuse and neglect; or
      “(3) The disclosure is in connection with litigation or an administrative proceeding in which the patient offers testimony or other evidence pertaining to the content of the confidential communications.”

       The state also contends that, even assuming the trial court should have applied the version of § 2.63 that was in effect when the plaintiff received treatment at Elan, an application of this regulation to the facts of this case demonstrates that the trial court’s order was proper. We properly reserve tire determination of this issue for the trial court on remand. We also decline the state’s invital ion to render an advisory opinion concerning the scope of the protection, if any, afforded by this regulation.
      The state also maintains that the pre-1987 version of § 2.63 is void because it conflicts with its enabling legislation. Specifically, it claims that “if § 2.63 of the 1978 regulations is broadly read as prohibiting the disclosure of [the plaintiffs] statements, and, contrary to the contention of the state, those to whom he spoke are considered program personnel, the trial court order should nevertheless be upheld. Interpreting' this regulation so as to prohibit disclosure of any part of a patient’s record, despite the requisite findings regarding ‘cause,’ would fatally conflict with the plain language of the [enabling] statute.” The state’s contention that the pre-1987 version of § 2.63 conflicts with the enabling statute is predicated on its assumption that either this court or the trial court have interpreted or will interpret § 2.63 “as prohibiting the disclosure of [the plaintiffs] statements and . . . [treating] those to whom [the plaintiff] spoke . . . [as] program personal.” As we have already stated, we properly reserve for the trial court on remand the task of applying this regulation to the facts of this case and determining the scope of the protection, if any, afforded by this regulation. Because the conditions that undergird the state’s claim have not yet occurred, or may never occur, this claim is premature. Therefore, we will not consider it.


source: Caselaw Access Project

author: FOTI, J.

license: Public Domain

text:
    STATE OF CONNECTICUT v. PAUL COPP
    (AC 17373)
    Foti, Schaller and Spear, Js.
    Argued June 3
    officially released September 7, 1999

      Neal Cone, assistant public defender, for the appellant (defendant).

      John A. East III, assistant state’s attorney, with whom, on the brief, were Eugene Callahan, state’s attorney, and Richard Colangelo, assistant state’s attorney, for the appellee (state).
   Opinion

FOTI, J.

The defendant, Paul Copp, appeals from the judgment of conviction, rendered after a jury trial, of assault in the second degree with a motor vehicle in violation of General Statutes § 53a-60d and operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor in violation of General Statutes § 14-227a. On appeal, he claims that the trial court improperly (1) permitted him to represent himself at trial, (2) denied his request for a brief continuance or recess and (3) deprived him of a fair trial when it denied his motion for judgment of acquittal in the presence of the jury. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

The jury reasonably could have found the following facts. The defendant, employed as a limousine driver, drove his employer’s Cadillac Fleetwood to a Fairfield restaurant on September 13, 1995, at approximately 4 p.m. After consuming at least eight vodka drinks at one establishment and four at a second location, he proceeded south in the limousine on the Merritt Parkway at approximately 9:15 p.m., speeding and driving erratically. Drivers of two other vehicles observed the defendant as the driver and sole occupant of the limousine. After passing both vehicles, the limousine crossed the median and collided with two cars in the northbound lanes. A woman in one of the cars was badly injured. Shortly thereafter, the drivers of the two southbound vehicles that the defendant had passed saw the limousine at the accident scene. The defendant was lying on the floor in the front seat area. No one else was in the vehicle. Other witnesses to the accident observed only the defendant in his vehicle. Both the driver’s and passenger’s doors were jammed shut and could not be opened. Firefighters had to cut through the frame of the limousine to extricate the defendant. The car struck by the limousine was so badly damaged that the rescue squad was forced to dismantle it to extricate the injured woman. The defendant’s blood alcohol content was 0.16.

I

The defendant claims that the trial court improperly concluded that he knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to counsel and, therefore, improperly permitted him to represent himself at trial. We disagree.

Before the jury began hearing evidence, the defendant informed the trial court that he wanted to represent himself and to discharge James P. Ginocchio, the public defender assigned to represent him. The defendant claimed that he had lost confidence in Ginocchio’s ability to represent him because of his “constant attempt to have me plea bargain as opposed to thoroughly investigate the case,” and because Ginocchio knew “the brother of one of the key witnesses who is another attorney and close to [the public defenders].” Defense counsel responded that his office had investigated the case and that he was unbiased in all respects. The following colloquy took place between the trial court and the defendant.

“The Court: Mr. Copp, there are circumstances, some circumstances under which the defendant is permitted to represent himself, and I’ll ask you some questions in a moment if that is your desire to represent yourself, but understand this, I would not be granting you a continuance. We would go forward with the trial today, and I would appoint Mr. Ginocchio as standby counsel if I did allow you to represent yourself, so that you could turn to Mr. Ginocchio if at any time you need his legal experience and assistance, but let me speak more generally for just a moment. I have known Mr. Ginocchio for I am going to say fifteen to eighteen years, about that time, as a public defender. I’ve known him to be competent and zealous in his representation at all times. There are times when a lawyer such as Mr. Ginocchio has to speak candidly to his client about the cases, about the strengths of the cases and the weaknesses in the cases, about the desirability to plea bargain a case. That is part of Mr. Ginocchio’s duty. That is part of his job. . . . [T]hough once a client has rejected a plea bargain, I know Mr. Ginocchio habitually is a very capable, zealous advocate for his client’s cause. I have no reason to suspect he would be anything other than that at this trial. Do you understand what I am telling you?

“The Defendant: I understand what you have said.

“The Court: There is an old saying, ‘Don’t shoot the messenger.’ Mr. Ginocchio may be giving you bad news. He may be telling you facts about the case that his investigation has revealed or his legal skill has revealed, [which] he feels [he must] share with you. Just because it is incumbent upon him to share these viewpoints with you does not mean that he is working against you, and it does not mean that he is willing to do anything other than to effectively represent you. Do you understand that?

“The Defendant: I understand what you are saying.”

The defendant refused, however, to reconsider his request to discharge counsel and to proceed pro se. The trial court then engaged in a lengthy and comprehensive canvas of the defendant, pursuant to Practice Book § 961, now § 44-3. During the canvas, the defendant represented that he was sixty years of age, had attended college and had postgraduate training in psychology, and had recently “[taken] a civil case through the Superior Court in the state of Connecticut, the court of appeals in the state of Connecticut, the Supreme Court of the state of Connecticut, the [United States Court of Appeals for the Second] Circuit in New York and to the Supreme Court in Washington.” He represented that he had no legal training or experience beyond that involved in his pro se handling of that case.

The trial court asked the defendant if he understood that the prosecutor had “significant training and experience.” The defendant replied, “I understand he is an attorney.” The trial court then asked the defendant if he understood that the prosecutor’s training and experience would place the defendant “at a disadvantage.” The defendant acknowledged that “[the prosecutor] certainly has more knowledge than I do.” The defendant admitted that he did not know the rules of law and evidence veiy well, but that he could bring himself “up to speed” if granted a three week continuance. The trial court reminded the defendant that it was not going to grant him any continuances at this late point in the proceedings.

When asked by the trial court if he knew how to make and preserve objections to evidentiary rulings, the defendant replied, “I think so. You just object.” When asked if anything in his work history might enable him to represent himself effectively, the defendant replied, “As a businessman, I’ve been involved in a number of court cases, and that would be the only thing that I could bring to mind.”

The trial court then asked the defendant if he understood the nature of the charges and proceedings. The defendant replied, “I believe that I do.” The trial court further inquired if the defendant understood that the assault charge was a felony and that the charge of operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of liquor was a misdemeanor. He replied that he understood the nature of the charges. He also acknowledged that he understood the essence of what the state had to prove with respect to the charges. With respect to the misdemeanor charge, the defendant stated that he understood that “[the prosecution has] to prove that I was driving, and I was driving while intoxicated and that’s primarily it.”

With respect to the assault charge, the trial court inquired: “Do you understand, with respect to the charge of assault with a motor vehicle, that the state also has to prove that while you were driving, as a result of your being intoxicated, that you did cause serious physical injury to another person? Do you understand that is an element of what the state has to prove in the charge of assault with a motor vehicle?” The defendant responded, “Yes.” The defendant was asked if he understood that if convicted of the assault charge he faced a maximum sentence of five years imprisonment plus a maximum fine of $5000, and that if he was convicted of the charge of operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of liquor he faced a maximum sentence of six months imprisonment, which could be imposed consecutively, and a fine of $1000. The defendant acknowledged that he did.

The trial court again asked the defendant: “Do you understand that I believe there are significant dangers and disadvantages that are inherent in self representation?” The defendant responded, “Yes, I understand you.” When the trial court asked the defendant if it had explained the dangers and disadvantages to him, the defendant replied, “Yes.” The trial court then inquired: “Do you still wish to represent yourself?” The defendant replied, “Yes.”

At that point, the trial court heard from Ginocchio and the prosecutor and, relying on State v. Varszegi, 36 Conn. App. 680, 684, 653 A.2d 201 (1995), aff'd, 236 Conn. 266, 673 A.2d 90 (1996), noted that the relevant inquiiy was not whether the defendant possessed the skill and experience of an attorney, but whether he had knowingly exercised his right to represent himself. The trial court then made its final ruling: “All right. I am going to allow Mr. Copp to represent himself. I believe that he adequately understands, appreciates the dangers and the risks of self-representation, but under the Practice Book section I believe he has passed the canvas that I would require. I am, however, going to appoint Mr. Ginocchio as standby counsel for Mr. Copp in the event Mr. Copp feels he needs assistance or in the event that he reverses his decision. Again, Mr. Copp, I believe this is an extremely unwise decision to represent yourself. It is unwise even if you had legal training and experience. The fact that you do not makes your decision especially precarious. However, I will allow your decision to represent yourself. However, there will be no continuance for the purpose of representing yourself. I’ve made that clear from the outset.”

The defendant then renewed his request for a continuance, which the trial court denied, noting that jury selection had been completed eleven days earlier and that this was an ample time frame within which the defendant could have familiarized himself with the case.

At trial, the defendant, acting pro se, cross-examined witnesses, and, when he offered testimony in his defense, Ginocchio, as standby counsel, conducted the direct examination. Ginocchio also assisted the defendant during the prosecution’s cross-examination of the defendant. The defendant moved for judgment of acquittal on three occasions and delivered closing argument to the jury.

There is no question that a defendant in a criminal matter has the right to represent himself and waive the assistance of an attorney. State v. Day, 233 Conn. 813, 820, 661 A.2d 539 (1995). He properly exercises this right of self-representation by knowingly and intelligently waiving his right to representation by counsel. Id., 821. Several criteria must be met, to the satisfaction of the trial court, before a defendant in a criminal case may properly be allowed to proceed pro se, as set forth in Practice Book § 44-3. State v. Webb, 238 Conn. 389, 429, 680 A.2d 147 (1996). The waiver of counsel will be allowed only after the trial court makes a thorough inquiry and is satisfied that the following four conditions are met: The defendant (1) has been clearly advised of his right to the assistance of counsel, including his right to the assignment of counsel if he is so entitled, (2) possesses the intelligence and capacity to appreciate the consequences of the decision to represent himself, (3) comprehends the nature of the charges and proceedings, the range of permissible punishments, and any additional facts essential to a broad understanding of the case, and (4) has been made aware of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation. Practice Book § 44-3.

During oral argument before this court, the defendant did not argue that the canvas was inadequate. Rather, he argued that his waiver was not adequately shown to be voluntarily or knowingly made. His claim is that because he had an incorrect negative feeling about his appointed counsel and because he misapprehended that he could not get a fair trial with that attorney, the trial court should not have allowed his waiver. Under these circumstances, he claims that he should have been forced to continue with counsel. The defendant’s claim lacks merit.

The fact that the defendant’s decision to represent himself was misguided or based on his erroneous perceptions of appointed counsel or his own ability to defend himself and resulted in a conviction is of no consequence. We review the record to determine whether the trial court properly concluded that the defendant was competent to make the decision to waive counsel, and that his decision was made in a knowing, voluntary and intelligent fashion. State v. Day, supra, 233 Conn. 822.

The defendant was adequately made aware of the nature of the proceedings, and the dangers and disadvantages of waiving counsel and representing himself. The record affirmatively shows that the defendant was literate, competent and understanding. He adamantly refused to be represented by counsel, was allowed to represent himself and now complains that he had inadequate counsel. See State v. Varszegi, supra, 36 Conn. App. 685. We conclude that the trial court properly determined that the defendant voluntarily and knowingly waived his right to counsel, and the record reveals that it was done in an intelligent manner.

II

The defendant next claims that he was deprived of his constitutional rights of due process and self-representation because the trial court abused its discretion in denying him a ten minute recess before presenting closing argument to the jury. The defendant also claims that this issue was distinctly raised at trial, but, in the event that it was not properly preserved, he seeks review under State v. Golding, 213 Conn. 233, 567 A.2d 823 (1989). Our review of the record discloses that this claim was not properly preserved at trial.

We will not review this claim because it lacks constitutional magnitude involving the violation of a fundamental right. Before the state gave its closing argument, the defendantrequested atenminute continuance to “gather [his] thoughts” after the state’s argument and before his closing. Further, we note that the trial court recessed the proceedings before the closing arguments. We conclude that the defendant’s wish “to gather his thoughts” does not amount to a claim of constitutional magnitude. The defendant is trying to robe a nonconstitutional claim in constitutional garb. We are not persuaded.

Ill

The defendant’s final claim is that the trial court improperly denied his motion for judgment of acquittal in the presence of the jury.

The defendant seeks Golding review of this unpreserved claim, but has failed to provide this court with an adequate record for review. We, therefore, decline to afford review.

The judgment is affirmed.

In this opinion the other judges concurred.

       Under Golding, “a defendant can prevail on a claim of constitutional error not preserved at trial only if all of the following conditions are met: (1) the record is adequate to review the alleged claim of error; (2) the claim is of constitutional magnitude alleging the violation of a fundamental right; (3) the alleged constitutional violation clearly exists and clearly deprived the defendant of a fair trial; and (4) if subject to harmless error analysis, the state has failed to demonstrate harmlessness of the alleged constitutional violation beyond a reasonable doubt. In the absence of any one of these conditions, the defendant’s claim will fail. The appellate tribunal is free, therefore, to respond to the defendant’s claim by focusing on whichever condition is most relevant in the particular circumstances.” State v. Golding, supra, 213 Conn. 239-40.

       The defendant makes a factual assumption that the jury was in the courtroom when the trial court denied his motion for judgment of acquittal. The transcript shows that the court excused the jury and requested that it “report to the jury assembly room.” Thereafter, the court inquired of the parties, “Anything before we recess?” At this point, the record is insufficient to establish that the jury was still present in the courtroom. We cannot and will not speculate as to this point.


author: SPEAR, J.

text:
    CHASE MANHATTAN BANK v. CDC FINANCIAL CORPORATION ET AL.
    (AC 18031)
    Foti, Spear and Hennessy, Js.
    Argued February 16
    officially released September 7, 1999

      Stuart D. Rosen, with whom was Ann M. Siczewicz, for the appellant (plaintiff).

      Jonathan J. Kane, with whom, on the brief, was Howard L. Siegel, for the appellees (defendant Urban Revitalization, Inc., et al.).
   Opinion

SPEAR, J.

The plaintiff, Chase Manhattan Bank, appeals from the summary judgment rendered in favor of the defendant guarantors on the basis of their statute of limitations defense. The plaintiff claims that the summary judgment was improper (1) because an interest payment made on January 3, 1991, restarted the running of the six year statute of limitations period as to the guarantors of the note and, alternatively, (2) because of the existence of a material fact in dispute, namely, whether the payment was made on behalf of the guarantors. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

On November 25, 1996, the plaintiff commenced this action against the maker of the note, CDC Financial Corporation (CDC), and the eight guarantors of the note. The note provided that the law of New York would govern this transaction. The plaintiff alleged that CDC had executed the demand note on November 2, 1988, and that CDC had made its last payment of interest on January 3, 1991. All of the guarantors filed special defenses in which they claimed that the action was barred by the statute of limitations because it was not commenced within six years of the making of the note.

The plaintiff moved for summary judgment claiming that there was no dispute that CDC executed the note or that the guarantors executed the guarantees, and that the amount due under the note had not been paid. The guarantors also filed a motion for summary judgment claiming that the action was barred by the six year statute of limitations. The trial court rendered summary judgment in favor of the guarantors, and this appeal followed.

Certain additional undisputed facts are necessary to our resolution of this claim. Prior to the filing of the complaint, the plaintiff and CDC entered into several agreements that extended the note and set out new terms governing CDC’s payment of the loan. The third extension agreement was entered into on October 12, 1990. This agreement required CDC to execute a new demand note, to make an immediate $25,000 payment on the current principal and to pay the remainder of the principal by October 26, 1990. CDC made a $25,000 payment of principal on or about October 20, 1990, but failed to pay the principal balance on October 26, 1990. CDC thereafter made an interest payment of $9854.86, dated December 30, 1990, which was received by the plaintiff on January 3, 1991.

The parties agree that under New York law, the six year statute of limitations for an action on a demand note commences on the date of execution of the note. Phoenix Acquisition Corp. v. Campcore, Inc., 81 N.Y.2d 138, 143, 612 N.E.2d 1219, 596 N.Y.S.2d 752 (1993). They agree that this rule applies to guarantors who have waived presentment of the note, as is the case here. Bank of New York v. Bersani, 90 App. Div. 302, 304, 457 N.Y.S.2d 142 (1982). Under New York law, acknowledgment of a debt restarts the limitations period, but only as to the party that made the acknowledgment. See In re Rochester Trust & Safe Deposit Co., 58 N.Y.S.2d 833, 840 (N.Y. App. Div. 1945); Clute v. Clute, 197 N.Y. 439, 449, 90 N.E. 988 (1910). Acknowledgment of the debt by the borrower does not extend the statute of limitation period as to the guarantors “absent some clear- indication that [the borrower] was acting as the agent of the guarantors.” Park Associates v. Crescent Park Associates, Inc., 159 App. Div. 2d 460, 461, 552 N.Y.S.2d 314 (1990). The parties agree that the intent of the guarantors to extend their liability under the note by authorizing an interest payment is a question of fact.

“Summary judgment shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, affidavits and any other proof submitted show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Home Ins. Co. v. Aetna Life & Casualty Co., 235 Conn. 185, 202, 663 A.2d 1001 (1995). Although the party seeking summary judgment has the burden of showing the nonexistence of any material fact ... a party opposing summary judgment must substantiate its adverse claim by showing that there is a genuine issue of material fact together with the evidence disclosing the existence of such an issue. . . . Mere assertions of fact . . . are insufficient to establish the existence of a material fact .... If the nonmovant does not recite specific facts, in accordance with Practice Book §§ 17-45 and 17-46, formerly §§ 380 and 381, that contradict those stated in the movant’s affidavits and documents and show there is a genuine issue for trial, summary judgment shall be rendered against him.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Turner v. Croman, 52 Conn. App. 445, 447, 726 A.2d 1168 (1999).

Here, the plaintiff failed to present evidence to prove a dispute as to the existence of a material fact. Although the plaintiff alleged that the guarantors had authorized the January 3,1991 payment, the guarantors, in support of their motion for summary judgment, presented affidavits contradicting that allegation. As the trial court noted, the plaintiff failed to present any evidence to contradict the guarantors’ affidavits. The trial court was, therefore, justified in concluding that the lack of authorization of the interest payment by the guarantors was not in dispute.

Having properly concluded that there was no evidence that the guarantors intended to extend their liability by authorizing the January 3,1991 interest payment, those facts were not in dispute. The last authorized payment that was made pursuant to the third extension agreement was on or about October 20, 1990. The parties agree that the six year statute of limitations period applies and, therefore, the plaintiff had until October 19, 1996, to file its complaint. The plaintiff untimely commenced its action on November 25, 1996, clearly outside of the six year limitations period. Therefore, the trial court properly concluded that the plaintiffs complaint was barred by the statute of limitations and rendered judgment for the guarantors.

The judgment is affirmed.

In this opinion the other judges concurred.

       The defendant guarantors are Arthur Greenblatt, Steven L. Erie, Community Development Corporation, CDC Management Corporation, CDC Funding Corporation, CDC Investment Corporation, CDC Equity Corporation and Urban Revitalization, Inc.

       In their special defenses, the guarantors pleaded General Statutes § 52-576. Section 52-576 (a) provides in relevant part: “No action for an account, or on any simple or implied contract, or on any contract in writing, shall be brought but within six year's after the right of action accrues . . . .” The parties agree that the law of New York applies to this action and that the relevant statute of limitations under New York law is six years. N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 213 (McKinney 1990).

       The trial court was entitled to assume the truth of the guarantors’ declarations concerning the lack of any intention to be bound by the maker’s interest payment. The inference that may ordinarily be drawn from the failure of a party to file an opposing affidavit is warranted here because the parties that filed affidavits were not the only ones with knowledge of the particular facts involved. Absent clear indication of intent on the part of the guarantors, the interest payment by the borrower will not toll the running of the statute of limitations as to the guarantors. Park Associates v. Crescent Park Associates, Inc., supra, 159 App. Div. 2d 461. This is not the case where the only evidence available to the plaintiff was within the personal knowledge of the defendants. See Nolan v. Borkowski, 206 Conn. 495, 504, 538 A.2d 1031 (1988).


author: SPALLONE, J.

text:
    STATE OF CONNECTICUT v. CARRIE JONES
    (AC 18379)
    Foti, Landau and Spallone, Js.

      Argued March 29
    officially released September 7, 1999

      Dante R. Gallucci, for the appellant (defendant).

      Frederick W. Fawcett, assistant state’s attorney, with whom, on the brief, were Jonathan C. Benedict, state’s attorney, and Gerard P. Eisenman, assistant state’s attorney, for the appellee (state).
   Opinion

SPALLONE, J.

The defendant, Carrie Jones, appeals from the judgment of conviction, rendered after a jury trial, of (1) conspiracy to commit robbery in the first degree in violation of General Statutes §§ 53a-134 (a) (1) and 53a-48, (2) attempt to commit robbery in the first degree in violation of General Statutes §§ 53a-49 and 53a-134 (a) (1), (3) felony murder in violation of General Statutes § 53a-54c and (4) having a weapon in a motor vehicle in violation of General Statutes § 29-38. More specifically, the defendant claims that the trial court improperly denied her motion for judgment of acquittal. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

The jury reasonably could have found the following facts. On July 7, 1996, Bridgeport police officers were dispatched to Railroad Avenue regarding a shooting. Upon arrival, the officers were flagged down by pedestrians who directed them to the area of Railroad Avenue and Myrtle Avenue. There, the officers saw several people in the defendant’s parked car. The officers noticed that the engine was running, the car’s headlights were on and the doors were open. They also saw a male lying on the road behind the car. As the officers exited their patrol car, the defendant exited from the driver’s seat, crying. The defendant told the officers that her husband, Charles Jones, who was in the front passenger seat, had been shot by the individual in the rear seat, Kareem Rolle, who also had been shot. There were three shooting victims who were taken to area hospitals, Donald Minton, Rolle and the defendant’s husband. Charles Jones and Rolle died from their wounds. The defendant suffered a grazing bullet wound to her right shoulder.

The defendant told the police that she and her husband and Minton had come to the area to buy drugs and were lost. Police discovered bullet holes in the rear-seat and in the back of the front seat. They also found three bullet holes in the front windshield and blood stains throughout the car. In the rear passenger compartment, the police found shell casings and a bag containing crack vials. They also found two handguns, one between the driver’s seat and console, and another outside the car near the right front fender. A shotgun was found underneath a wheelchair in the left rear passenger seat.

At trial, the jury heard testimony from James Stephenson, a firearms and tool mark examiner, and Virginia Maxwell, a criminalist, both employed by the state police forensic laboratory. All of the bullets recovered had been fired from the two handguns. One gun had been fired by the defendant. Rolle and Minton also had fired a gun, but Charles Jones had not.

At the conclusion of the state’s case-in-chief, the defendant moved for judgment of acquittal. The trial court granted the motion as to one of five charges then pending. On June 12, 1997, the jury returned a verdict of guilty as to the four remaining counts. This appeal followed.

The defendant claims that the trial court improperly denied her motion for judgment of acquittal as to the remaining counts. Specifically, she argues that the state failed to present sufficient evidence to prove her guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

“The standard of review employed in a sufficiency of the evidence claim is well settled. [W]e apply a two-part test. First, we construe the evidence in the light most favorable to sustaining the verdict. Second, we determine whether upon the facts so construed and the inferences reasonably drawn therefrom the [trier of fact] reasonably could have concluded that the cumulative force of the evidence established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. . . . State v. James, 237 Conn. 390, 435, 678 A.2d 1338 (1996). . . . State v. Crespo, 246 Conn. 665, 670, 718 A.2d 925 (1998). On appeal, we do not ask whether there is a reasonable view of the evidence that would support a reasonable hypothesis of innocence. We ask instead, whether there is a reasonable view of the evidence that supports the [trier of fact’s] verdict of guilty. . . . State v. Torres, 242 Conn. 485, 490, 698 A.2d 898 (1997).” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Rolli, 53 Conn. App. 269, 271-72, 729 A.2d 245, cert. denied, 249 Conn. 926, 733 A.2d 850 (1999).

“We note that [i]t is within the province of the jury to draw reasonable and logical inferences from the facts proven. . . . The jury may draw reasonable inferences based on other inferences drawn from the evidence presented. . . . Our review is a fact based inquiry limited to determining whether the inferences drawn by the juiy are so unreasonable as to be unjustifiable. . . . We note that the probative force of the evidence is not diminished because it consists, in whole or in part, of circumstantial evidence rather than direct evidence. ... It has been repeatedly stated that there is no legal distinction between direct and circumstantial evidence so far as probative force is concerned. ... It is not one fact, but the cumulative impact of a multitude of facts which establishes guilt in a case involving substantial circumstantial evidence. . . . [T]he inquiry into whether the record evidence would support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt does not require a court to ask itself whether it believes that the evidence . . . established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. . . . Instead, the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. ... In doing so, we keep in mind that [w]e have not had the jury’s opportunity to observe the conduct, demeanor, and attitude of the witnesses and to gauge their credibility. . . . State v. Sanchez, 50 Conn. App. 145, 149-50, 718 A.2d 52, cert. denied, 247 Conn. 922, 722 A.2d 811 (1998).” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Rolli, supra, 53 Conn. App. 273.

In this case, the jury had before it the defendant’s statement that Minton had informed the defendant and her husband that he wanted to rob someone and that her husband had agreed to go along with the robbery. The jury also heard evidence that the defendant stopped the car to pick up Rolle, the victim of the attempted robbery, and drove him to his house so he could get drugs. The defendant remained stopped until Rolle returned to the car and the shooting stopped. In addition, the jury reasonably could have inferred that the defendant had a gun in her hand during the attempted robbery when Rolle refused to turn over money or drugs, and that the defendant shot and killed him in the car with a handgun for which she did not have a permit. Further, “[a] defendant may be convicted of felony murder for a death caused by [herself] or another when the death occurs during the commission of one of a number of specified felonies, even if neither the defendant nor [her] confederate had any intent to kill.” State v. Diaz, 237 Conn. 518, 531, 679 A.2d 902 (1996). Robbery is one of those felonies. See General Statutes § 53a-54c.

We conclude, under the facts in this case, that it was not unreasonable for the jury to conclude, on the basis of the evidence presented and the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, that the defendant fired a gun at Rolle during the robbery attempt. The evidence, therefore, was sufficient to sustain the verdict on the remaining counts.

The judgment is affirmed.

In this opinion the other judges concurred.

       The defendant’s motion for judgment of acquittal was granted as to an additional count of murder in violation of General Statutes § 53a-54a on the ground that the state failed to prove intent.

       Minton was the individual lying behind the defendant’s car.

       The wheelchair apparently belonged to Charles Jones, who was paralyzed from the waist down as a result of a previous shooting.

       See footnote 1.