author: DEL SOLE, Judge: CAVANAUGH, Judge,

text:
    601 A.2d 277
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania v. Daniel W. ATWOOD, Appellant.
    Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
    Argued May 15, 1991.
    Filed Oct. 8, 1991.
    Reargument Denied Dec. 11, 1991.

      See also 378 Pa.Super. 21, 547 A.2d 1257; 401 Pa.Super. 638, 577 A.2d 647.

      Mark H. Rubenstein, Pittsburgh, for appellant.
    Andrea McKenna, Deputy Atty. Gen., Harrisburg, for Com., appellee.
    Before CAVANAUGH, DEL SOLE and CERCONE, JJ.
   DEL SOLE, Judge:

Appellant, Daniel Atwood, was found guilty after a sixteen day jury trial of six counts of Theft by Deception, three counts of Perjury, and one count each of False Swearing and Theft by Failure to make Required Disposition of Funds. Appellant was sentenced to an aggregate term of six to eighteen years in confinement followed by a term of two years probation. The essence of the theft convictions is Appellant’s fraudulent acquisition of funds from participants in his evangelical revival in Erie County, Pennsylvania. The and false swearing convictions arose from his statements before a statewide grand jury.

Appellant raises six issues for our review. Upon review of these claims, we determine that it is necessary to award Appellant a new trial on all counts except Count Ten, which we dismiss. We will discuss each issue seriatim.

First, Appellant claims that the trial court erred in denying his pre-trial applications to quash the indictment on the basis that the statewide grand jury was improperly used and the attorney general superseded his statutory authority-

Chief Justice Nix ordered the impaneling of the Fourth Statewide Grand Jury pursuant to the Investigating Grand Jury Act, [Act], 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 4541 et seq. Section 4544 provides in pertinent part that a multi-county investigating grand jury may be convened by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania upon application of the Attorney General who shall state that such grand jury is necessary to investigate organized crime or public corruption or both involving more than one county. In the instant application for the Fourth Statewide Grand Jury, the Atwood investigation was not mentioned.

However, subsequently, the Attorney General submitted the Atwood investigation to this grand jury alleging inter alia that a concerted scheme operated by Daniel Atwood occurred and is occurring in Erie, Venango and Fayette Counties. This submission was made pursuant to 42 Pa. C.S.A. § 4550 which requires that the Attorney General submit a notice to the supervising judge alleging that the matter in question should be brought to the attention of the investigating grand jury because the investigative resources of the grand jury, [such as its subpoena power], are necessary for a proper investigation.

Appellant claims that the Attorney General did not have the authority to submit the instant investigation to the statewide grand jury because the investigation did not concern organized crime or public corruption, and it involved only one county, Erie County. In other words, Appellant argues that section 4544 not only limits the jurisdiction of a multi-county grand jury, but all subsequent submissions to the grand jury must meet this jurisdictional predicate for subject matter. We disagree.

It is settled law that the Act permits the impaneling of an investigating grand jury without specific reference to the criminal activity or activities to be investigated. In re County Investigating Grand Jury of October 18, 1982, 501 Pa. 118, 460 A.2d 249 (1983). Further, the exercise of judicial discretion with respect to the impaneling of an investigating grand jury is limited to a determination of whether the allegations of the district attorney in the application for impaneling are facially adequate in terms of the Act. In re: Investigating Grand Jury of Philadelphia County (Appeal of Washington), 490 Pa. 31, 39, 415 A.2d 17, 21 (1980).

In the instant case the allegations in the application for a statewide grand jury were facially adequate in terms of the Act. Further, because other cases may be brought before the Grand Jury after it has been impaneled, the Atwood investigation need not have been mentioned in the original application for impaneling.

Moreover, we agree with the following statement by the trial court:

This court notes, significantly, that the allegations of multi-county activity were made in good faith and the appellant has neither offered nor even alleged anything to the contrary. The fact that, post hoc, all the appellant’s criminal activity was revealed to be in one county will not shield the defendant from criminal prosecution. The only alternative to the present ruling would be to quash each and every indictment of a multi-county grand jury when the defendant’s criminal activities are later revealed to have occurred in only one county. This would be ludicrous. (Trial Court Opinion at 9).

We have recently held that, “where properly impaneled, the purpose for which a grand jury is convened does not restrict the grand jury from investigating actions which constitute criminal activity or probable violations of the criminal laws of the Commonwealth.” Commonwealth v. McCauley, 403 Pa.Super. 262, 588 A.2d 941 (1991). Rather, all that need be alleged in an application for submission of an investigation to any grand jury, county or multi-county, is that the matter in question requires the investigative resources of the grand jury. 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 4550.

Given that the powers or investigative resources of any investigative grand jury, multi-county or county, are governed by the same statute, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 4548 (Powers of investigating grand jury), and that the application for submission of the Atwood investigation to the Fourth Statewide Grand Jury alleged that its investigative resources were necessary for a proper investigation, the Attorney General and the grand jury were within their statutory authority to investigate the allegations concerning Mr. Atwood. We therefore decline to quash the information issued by the grand jury.

Appellant next contends that the statute of limitations had run on counts three and nine of the information. He argues that the crimes charged in these counts occurred prior to July 12, 1982, and therefore the “new” statute of limitations which became effective on that date was inapplicable, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5552(b), as amended by P.L. 417, No. 122, § 1 (1982). Under the “old” statute, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5552(a), (c), the Commonwealth was obliged to commence prosecution within two years of the commission of the theft, or file a complaint within one year of the discovery of the crime. Appellant alleges that because the Commonwealth failed to file a complaint within one year of the discovery of the crime in 1983, and instead waited until November of 1986, the statute of limitations had run. Furthermore, because the crimes were committed prior to July 12, 1982 the Commonwealth could not avail itself of the new five year statute of limitations as it relates to theft offenses.

Count Three charged Appellant with theft by deception from Mr. William Gouron of both $2,000 and a valuable ring. Although the exact date of the theft was not established during trial, when Mr. Eugene Kennet was asked whether he was present in August of 1982 when the money and the ring were loaned to Appellant, he replied affirmatively. (N.T. July 15, 1987, p. 124) This testimony was sufficient to establish that the crime occurred in August, and therefore the “new” statute of limitations was applicable. Therefore, the limitation period had not run on this count before a complaint was filed.

Count Nine charged Appellant with theft by failure to make required disposition of funds received. The testimony on when this occurred was contradictory, but the cashier’s check was dated July 20, 1982, and the victim, Carol Sherwood, testified that she handed it over to Appellant the same day it was issued. (N.T. July 13, 1987, pp. 14-17). We find that the evidence was sufficient to establish that the theft occurred after July 12, 1982, and the “new” statute of limitations was applicable. Therefore, the information on this count was timely filed.

Next, we must consider Appellant’s claim that the trial court erred in admitting irrelevant and prejudicial testimony concerning Appellant’s “lifestyle.” This included testimony concerning Appellant’s adultery and the lavish gifts he showered on his paramour, his gambling, membership in expensive clubs, ownership of expensive cars, etc. Appellant argues that the minimal probative value of this evidence in establishing a motive to defraud, was greatly outweighed by the prejudicial effect of the evidence, and that based on the ruling in Commonwealth v. Haight, 514 Pa. 438, 525 A.2d 1199 (1987), a new trial is required.

In Haight, the defendant was convicted of burglary, criminal trespass and criminal mischief following a jury trial. In the course of cross-examining the defendant’s girlfriend, she testified, over objection, that the defendant was unemployed and was receiving public assistance. The Commonwealth urged that the evidence of income was relevant and admissible to prove a motive for the burglary, and if it was inadmissible it was harmless error.

The Haight court cited Commonwealth v. Stewart, 461 Pa. 274, 278, 336 A.2d 282, 284 (1975), for the principle that evidence is relevant when “the inference sought to be raised by the evidence bears upon a matter in issue in the case and, second, whether the evidence renders the desired inference more probable than it would be without the evidence.” Id., 514 Pa. at 440, 525 A.2d 1199, it held that the testimony concerning Haight’s income was irrelevant and rejected the “motive” argument as merely accentuating the propensity of the accused to commit a crime rather than demonstrating an intent or reason to commit a specific act charged. Id., 514 Pa. at 442, 525 A.2d 1199. In other words, it held that poverty or lack of income was inadmissible evidence to establish a motive for committing a crime such as burglary or criminal trespass. In concurrence Justice Papadakos cited the following statement from 2 Wigmore, Evidence § 392, “Undoubtedly a lack of money is logically connected with a crime involving financial gain. The trouble is that it would prove too much against too many.” Id., at 514 Pa. 443, 525 A.2d 1199 (Papadakos, J., concurring). Therefore, although the defendant’s lack of money and financial needs were logically relevant in establishing motive, they were legally irrelevant.

Furthermore the Haight court held that the admission of this evidence was not harmless error. The defendant claimed he had an alibi for the time of the burglary and the alleged co-conspirator and his wife testified that he was a participant in the burglary. There was no eye-witness or real evidence linking him to the burglary, and therefore the trial turned on the credibility of the witnesses including defendant. The court held that the introduction of this inadmissible evidence cannot be deemed harmless, since this evidence would reflect upon Haight’s credibility.

Although, ostensibly, the Haight court did not employ a traditional balancing analysis, balancing the minimum probative nature of the testimony against its prejudicial effect, in actuality its harmless error analysis was a finding that the prejudicial nature of this testimony, given that this was a case which rested on the credibility of the witnesses, had greater weight than the probative value of this evidence in establishing a motive for the crime.

In Commonwealth v. Wax, 391 Pa.Super. 314, 571 A.2d 386, 388 (1990), evidence was admitted concerning the appellant’s indebtedness, including rent owed, gambling debts, and payments on a Mercedes car which was eventually repossessed. The appellant was convicted of attempted theft by deception for submitting a fabricated insurance claim, and it was shown that at the time Appellant filed his insurance claim his gambling debts were roughly equal to his claim. On appeal, Mr. Wax claimed that this evidence was barred by Haight

However, we held that, “Haight cannot be construed as creating an absolute bar to the admission of all evidence of financial difficulties.” Id., 571 A.2d at 388. In distinguishing Haight from Wax, we stated:

Haight easily is distinguished from the instant case. Here, evidence of appellant’s debts was specific and substantial and from it the jury could infer appellant’s motive or state of mind to commit a crime, especially where the crime was strictly an economic one. Moreover, no general prejudice such as that present in Haight can be asserted because evidence of the debts clearly was not intended to stigmatize appellant on the basis of his economic status. Since Haight does not dictate the result appellant suggests, this court should assess the admissibility of the disputed evidence under traditional considerations of relevancy. Id.

Consequently, a traditional relevancy analysis was applied, and the court used, “a common sense evaluation of the disputed evidence and an inquiry into whether the probative value of the evidence exceeds its prejudicial impact,” Id., 571 A.2d at 389. It held that the evidence was admissible, based on the findings that the evidence of Appellant’s immediate financial liabilities was both specific and substantial, and that the crime was a strictly economic crime. Therefore, the jury was not asked to speculate on a weak chain of inferences which would not have been probative of the motive for committing the crime. In conclusion, the Wax court found that the probative value of this evidence clearly outweighed the prejudicial effect of evidence which did not raise problems of stigma and unfairness such as those implicated in Haight.

The instant case falls somewhere between Haight and Wax. On the one hand we find that the contested “lifestyle” testimony concerning Appellant’s adultery and extravagance was, like the Haight testimony, both stigmatizing and inherently prejudicial. However, the element of unfairness which arises when poverty is considered to be a motive for committing a crime, is missing. After all, here the inferences of motive arose from Appellant’s own conduct and behavior rather than from an unfortunate situation such as unemployment or financial need.

As in Rev. Atwood was convicted of a strictly economic crime, theft by deception and improper disposition of funds. These crimes involve the creation of a false impression as to “law, value, intention or other state of mind.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3922(a)(1). The Commonwealth must often rely on words, conduct, or circumstances to infer an intent to defraud. Commonwealth v. Feldman, 243 Pa.Super. 408, 365 A.2d 1289 (1976). In consequence, we find that the chain of inferences is not too attenuated from Appellant’s conduct in lavishing gifts on a paramour, when the funds were given to him for “the Lord’s work,” to the fraudulent intent involved in misusing funds received and intentionally failing to repay loans.

Although, unlike Wax, the evidence did not establish the exact amount spent by Appellant on his “lifestyle,” nor did it establish that the loans or gifts received in support of Appellant’s ministry exactly matched the amount he spent outside his ministry, the evidence did show that his “lifestyle” was lavish, requiring substantial funds for its maintenance, and that substantial funds were received from his followers.

Like Haight, this case rested on the credibility of the Appellant who contradicted the testimony of Commonwealth witnesses concerning such questions as whether the money received by Appellant was a loan or a gift, whether Appellant told other witnesses he had no intention of paying back the loans, and whether he promised to use donations for specific purposes. However, after weighing the probative value of this evidence as against its prejudicial effect on Appellant’s credibility, we cannot say that the trial court committed a manifest abuse of discretion in admitting such evidence. Commonwealth v. Lumpkins, 324 Pa.Super. 8, 471 A.2d 96 (1984). We therefore affirm the trial court on the issue of the admissibility of evidence concerning Appellant’s “lifestyle.”

Next, Appellant claims that the trial court erroneously admitted information concerning the impact of his crimes on the lives of some of the victims. He argues that this evidence was unduly prejudicial without the requisite probative value. We will separately consider the contested testimony of the witnesses in order to assess its admissibility.

First, Appellant objects to that part of the prosecutor’s opening remarks in which he stated that six of the eight victims were women who were either widows or separated from their husbands, and that as a result of Appellant’s non-payment on the loans they lost their life savings, retirement benefits, and death benefits. Appellant claims that the admission of these remarks, over objection, was error because they were designed solely to evoke sympathy, while having little if any probative value.

The trial court ruled that the remarks concerning the source of these funds and the financial circumstances of these individuals was relevant to refute Appellant’s claim that the funds received were gifts and not loans to Appellant’s ministry, and to show the unlikelihood that such individuals would make such large gifts. Given the probative value of this information, and the small probability that the “unavoidable effect [of these remarks] would be to so prejudice the jury against the accused and prevent the finding of a true verdict,” we find that the court did not err in overruling the Appellant’s objection. Commonwealth v. Galloway, 302 Pa.Super. 145, 448 A.2d 568 (1982).

Next, Appellant argues that it was impermissible to ask a question of a witness, Ms. Josephine Sorozak, which was answered affirmatively, whether as the result of her loan of $30,000 to Appellant, her retirement policy was depleted. (N.T. July 8, 1987, at p. 104) We need not reach the merits of this contention, because there was no contemporaneous objection to this question or to the answer, and therefore the issue is now foreclosed from appellate review. Commonwealth v. Hubble, 314 Pa.Super. 99, 460 A.2d 784, 789 (1983).

For similar reasons of waiver, we need not address whether the testimony elicited from Ms. Carol Sherwood, that she was an unemployed widow with five minor children, and that she had little money left from her husband’s death benefits because Rev. Atwood failed to pay back the loan, was admissible. (N.T. July 13, 1987, at pp. 10, 12-13).

Next Appellant claims that the testimony concerning the financial plight of the witness, Ms. Bernita Anderson, was irrelevant and prejudicial. We disagree. This evidence was relevant to prove why Mrs. Anderson and her husband phoned Appellant in Florida asking for repayment, and why when Appellant flew to Maine they accepted $3,000 and signed a release absolving Appellant of further financial liabilities. The court did not err in admitting this testimony. (N.T. July 13, 1987, at p. 185).

The Commonwealth was also permitted to establish that Ms. Carol Sherwood had to re-negotiate a loan with her bank and pay more interest because Rev. Atwood failed to repay within the time promised. The trial court states that the evidence of the financial consequences of Appellant’s acts was relevant to prove damages as required under Commonwealth v. Walentoski, 300 Pa.Super. 559, 446 A.2d 1300 (1982).

However, Walentoski does not discuss the issue of proving damages. Rather, this case held that the Commonwealth has the burden of producing evidence of the value of the goods stolen, in order to establish the grade of the offense. Id., 300 Pa.Super. at 565 n. 2, 446 A.2d 1300. Here the amount of the loan made to Appellant was at least $9,000, without including any additional interest from refinancing, and Appellant was charged on this count of Theft by Deception as a felony of the third degree. Theft by Deception constitutes a felony of the third degree if the amount involved exceeds $2,000. (18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3903(a)). Therefore, it was unnecessary to introduce evidence of the loan re-negotiation and the increased interest payments in order to establish the grade of the offense. Appellant argues that a new trial is warranted because the introduction of this evidence served only to prejudice Appellant’s right to a fair trial by evoking sympathy for Ms. Sherwood, without providing any probative evidence.

Although we agree that it was error to admit this evidence, as it did not serve to establish the grade of the offense, we believe that the introduction of this evidence was harmless error. Harmless error has been defined as one which could not have contributed to the verdict. Commonwealth v. Baldwin, 282 Pa.Super. 82, 422 A.2d 838 (1981).

Appellant’s conviction on this count of Theft by Deception, could not have been influenced by the improper admission of this evidence. The prejudice inherent in evidence showing that Ms. Sherwood was forced to pay more interest on the loan she took out to cover money she loaned Rev. Atwood, is minimal, given the amount of the increased interest as compared to the original $9,000 loan. We therefore will not reverse Appellant’s conviction on this count.

Lastly, Appellant argues that it was error to allow Ms. Laura Nickell to testify that she and her husband loaned him $1,000 and that the check he gave as repayment bounced. Appellant contends that this evidence was irrelevant because he was not charged with any criminal offense in connection with Ms. Nickell and it was irrelevant to any issue in the case. We disagree.

The testimony concerning this check to Ms. Nickell was relevant in two ways. First, it showed how Rev. Atwood generally disregarded his obligations and avoided his debts. He not only gave Ms. Nickell a check which was returned for insufficient funds, but he refused to pay her after the check bounced. She and her husband had to force an embarrassing confrontation with him in a public place on two occasions, and to follow him until he made payment on the check. This is relevant to the issue of intent not to pay back his loans, which is often difficult to prove directly, requiring the Commonwealth to rely on circumstantial evidence of words or conduct. Commonwealth v. Bentley, 302 Pa.Super. 264, 448 A.2d 628 (1982).

Secondly, Ms. Nickell’s check was not made out to Rev. Atwood, but to WSEE-TV, the local television station where Rev. Atwood broadcast his ministry. Testimony concerning this check was important in establishing that the funds received by WSEE-TV in payment for Rev. Atwood’s air time, roughly $1,000 in the relevant time period, came from the Nickells, not from Ms. Carol Sherwood. For the purposes of establishing Theft by failure to make required disposition of funds, a charge made in connection with Appellant’s failure to use Ms. Sherwood’s funds for his televised ministry, the evidence concerning this check tended to prove that none of Ms. Sherwood’s gift was used for payments to the television station.

Therefore, for the reasons stated above, we hold that a new trial is not required because of the testimony received concerning the impact of Appellant’s actions on the lives of these individuals who gave or loaned money to his ministry.

Next, Appellant contests the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain convictions for Theft by Deception, Theft by Failure to make required disposition of funds, and perjury. He does not contest his conviction for false swearing on this ground. We must examine the ten challenged convictions separately.

Appellant claims there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction for Theft by Deception in connection with a loan that he obtained from Ms. Cynthia Carr in the amount of $1,000. Ms. Carr testified that Appellant told her he would repay the money prior to the loan coming due, and when the victim tried to contact Appellant at the phone number he gave her, she learned the number was no longer in service. Moreover, he never attempted to contact her after the loan became due. Viewing the evidence, as we must, in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, and drawing all inferences in the Commonwealth’s favor, we find that the jury could determine beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant had obtained the loan by deception intending not to pay it back. Commonwealth v. Peduzzi, 338 Pa.Super. 551, 556, 488 A.2d 29 (1985); Commonwealth v. Kichline, 468 Pa. 265, 361 A.2d 282 (1976).

At count three of the information, on the charge of Theft by Deception, Appellant was charged with obtaining a ring valued at $3,000 and $1,000 cash from a Mr. William Gouron, and creating a false impression that he would return the ring and/or repay this victim. There was testimony from two witnesses to the loan transaction, the value of the ring, and to the fact that Appellant was asked to repay and return the ring. Furthermore, there was testimony concerning the fact that Appellant borrowed the ring for use on one of his broadcasts, and then he pried out the stones from the ring and had them reset in another ring.

Testimony of the victim as to the defendant’s acts or the surrounding circumstances, if believed, is sufficient to prove the element of intent. Commonwealth v. Quartapella, 372 Pa.Super. 400, 539 A.2d 855 (1988). Here, there was testimony from two witnesses, and one was present both when the loan was obtained and when the request was made for the return of Mr. Gouron’s property. Therefore, the evidence was sufficient to convict Appellant on this count.

Counts five and seven of the information concern transactions involving Ms. Carol Sherwood. Count five charges that Appellant intentionally created a false impression that he would repay a $10,000 loan obtained from Ms. Sherwood, and therefore was guilty of Theft by Deception. Appellant argues that because Ms. Sherwood did receive partial payment on the loan in the amount of $3000, and because he acknowledged before and during trial that the $10,000 was a loan, there was insufficient evidence to show that Appellant never intended to repay the loan. Rather, he argues, he was simply financially unable to make full payment in a timely manner.

We disagree. Appellant repeatedly failed to return any of Ms. Sherwood’s phone calls, and it was only after the Attorney General’s office had begun investigating Appellant and had interviewed Ms. Sherwood in connection with this investigation, that Ms. Sherwood received partial repayment in the mail, along with a letter promising to keep in closer contact with her in the future. No further monies were ever repaid to Ms. Sherwood by the time of trial in 1987. (N.T. July 13, 1987, at pp. 24, 65.) Furthermore, a witness testified that Rev. Atwood told him, at or near the time he secured the loan, that he had no intention of repaying the loan to Ms. Sherwood. (N.T. July 9,1987, at p. 275.)

We find that in viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, there was sufficient evidence for the jury to conclude that the only reason that Appellant did make partial repayment was because he knew he was being investigated and feared the consequences, and that he was guilty of Theft by Deception because he had no intention of repaying Ms. Sherwood at the time he obtained the loan from her. Peduzzi, supra, 338 Pa.Super. at 556, 488 A.2d 29.

Count 9 charges that Appellant failed to make the required disposition of the $5,000 received from Ms. Sherwood for use in buying air time on a local television station. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3927 provides in pertinent part:

Theft by failure to make required disposition of funds received
(a) Offense person who obtains property upon agreement, or subject to a known legal obligation, to make specified payments or other disposition, whether from such property or its proceeds or from his own property to be reserved in equivalent amount, is guilty of theft if he intentionally deals with the property obtained as his own and fails to make the required payment or disposition.

We find that the Commonwealth proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the Appellant obtained the funds from Ms. Sherwood subject to a known obligation to use it for buying air time on WSEE-TV, and that he intentionally used the money for other purposes. Testimony from Ms. Sherwood showed that she gave him $5,000 to buy air time, and an employee of the television station testified that he received only $1,000 in payment. Furthermore, Ms. Nickell’s testimony tended to show that the funds the station did receive came from her check made out directly to the station. We therefore find there is no merit to Appellant’s claim of insufficiency.

In Count Six, Appellant was charged with Theft by Deception in connection with Ms. Wanda Olson, who loaned Rev. Atwood $2,000. The facts are substantially similar to those in Ms. Sherwood’s case in that no money was repaid despite numerous phone calls and attempts to reach Rev. Atwood. Subsequently, Ms. Olson received $1,000 by mail in repayment after the investigation of Appellant was underway. Furthermore, despite Appellant’s contention to the contrary, Ms. Olson was never repaid in full because he stopped payment on one of the checks she received from him. (N.T. July 10, 1987, at p. 492.) For the reasons discussed above in connection with Appellant’s conviction for Theft by Deception as regards Ms. Sherwood, we find no merit to Appellant’s claim of insufficiency of the evidence to convict on this count of Theft by Deception.

Next, Appellant claims there was insufficient evidence to convict him of Theft by Deception from Mr. Alan Gates who was a parishioner at the Interfaith Worship Center in 1982 when Rev. Atwood conducted his revival there. We find no merit to Appellant’s claim concerning this count of the charge.

The final count of Theft by Deception concerns moneys given to Rev. Atwood by Ms. Anna Gates, the mother of Mr. Alan Gates. Appellant urges that this conviction should be set aside because Mrs. Gates specified that the money need not be paid back so long as Atwood continued to do the Lord’s work and because Mrs. Gates made no demand for repayment of the principle of the loan, although she did demand repayment of the interest.

Although, we agree that on this count there is insufficient evidence to show that the money obtained from Ms. Gates was a loan rather than a gift, given that she told an investigator from the Attorney General’s office that she would not be too upset if she did not get the money back as long as the money was used for the Lord’s work, (N.T. July 10, 1987, at p. 492), we still find that Appellant obtained the moneys from Ms. Gates by deception.

Rev. Atwood told Ms. Gates that he needed $5,000 from her to buy TV air time. (N.T. July 10, 1987, at p. 472; July 9, 1987, at p. 275), and in fact Ms. Gates gave Rev. Atwood a total of $6,500, after taking out a loan at her bank on July 26, 1982. The sales manager of the television station testified that the total amount received by the television station after July 20, 1982 was $1,020, and that Rev. Atwood never made a single payment at any time of $5,000. (N.T. July 14, 1987, at pp. 121-124.) This testimony was sufficient to prove that Appellant intentionally deceived Ms. Gates when he obtained these funds from her.

Theft by Deception entails the intentional creation of a false impression as to law, value, intention to perform a promise, or other state of mind, at the time a person obtains the property of another. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3922(a)(1). We hold that there was sufficient evidence to prove that Appellant intentionally deceived Ms. Gates when he promised to use the money obtained to buy television air time, and therefore there is no merit to Appellant’s claim that this count should have been dismissed.

Appellant was also convicted of various counts of perjury (Counts 10, 12, and 16) stemming from his testimony before the Fourth Statewide Grand Jury. The offense of perjury is defined in 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4902(a):

(a) Offense person is guilty of perjury, a felony of the third degree, if in any official proceeding he makes a false statement under oath or equivalent affirmation, or swears or affirms the truth of a statement previously made, when the statement is material and he does not believe it to be true.

Appellant was convicted of penury in Count 10 of the information for stating that he never received any funds from Anna Gates with the understanding that he was to repay said funds as a loan, when said statement was material and said actor did not believe it to be true. Appellant contends there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction on this count because the Commonwealth did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he did not believe his statement to be true.

We have stated that a subjective belief is especially difficult to prove, and of necessity such proof relies to a great extent on the circumstantial evidence presented by the Commonwealth. Commonwealth v. Spennato, 318 Pa.Super. 532, 537, 465 A.2d 681 (1983). Under the circumstances presented here, it cannot be said that the Commonwealth has sustained its burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant knew his answer to be false.

Here, in effect, the crucial question was whether when Appellant told the grand jury that the monies received from Ms. Gates were a gift not a loan, he knew this statement to be false. We hold that it was not unreasonable for Appellant to take Ms. Gates statement that, “she would not mind if he didn’t repay her as long as he continued to do the Lord’s work,” to mean that she was making a gift to him for use in his evangelical ministry. We can not find that the Commonwealth proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant knew his statement to the grand jury was false. Therefore, we dismiss this conviction on the basis of the insufficiency of the evidence.

Next, Appellant claims that the evidence was insufficient to sustain a conviction of penury in regard to his testimony that the $30,000 received from Mrs. Sorozak was a gift not a loan. He argues that the trial testimony of Mrs. Sorozak was contradicted by another witness, Earl Swain, who also testified that agents of the Attorney General of Pennsylvania attempted to have him state that the transaction he witnessed between Appellant and Mrs. Soro-zak was a loan. This contradiction, he contends, coupled with prosecutorial overreaching rendered the evidence wholly insufficient to establish that Appellant’s statement was false. Furthermore, he argues that even if the statement were false, it was immaterial because the transactions occurred in Ohio and were not part of the grand jury investigation in Pennsylvania, and that the transaction was so vague that there was insufficient evidence to prove that Appellant had a subjective belief that the transaction was a loan.

We find no merit to these contentions. Both Mrs. Soro-zak and her daughter Cathy Leiphart testified that the funds given Rev. Atwood were a loan not a gift, and the jury chose to believe them over Earl Swain and Appellant. Determinations concerning the credibility of witnesses are solely within the province of the jury, and a mere conflict of testimony does not render a verdict insufficient. Commonwealth v. Evans, 299 Pa.Super. 529, 533, 445 A.2d 1255 (1982).

Furthermore, “the test of the materiality of a false statement is whether it can influence a fact-finder, not whether it does.” Commonwealth v. Lafferty, 276 Pa.Super. 400, 406, 419 A.2d 518 (1980). When Rev. Atwood appeared before the grand jury the focus of the grand jury’s investigation was whether Atwood had fraudulently obtained monies from his followers. Testimony relevant to his course of conduct in conducting his itinerant ministry in other locations could have affected the outcome of the grand jury proceedings. Therefore the testimony at issue was material.

Finally, we find nothing vague in the testimony of Mrs. Sorozak or her daughter, from which we might conclude that Rev. Atwood could have reasonably believed in the truth of his statement that the monies received were a gift not a loan. Therefore the trial court properly upheld the conviction.

As to Appellant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to convict him of perjury as regards his statement to the grand jury that he never received any funds from William Gouron with the understanding that he was to repay said funds, we find no merit to his argument and hold that the trial court properly upheld that conviction.

Next, Appellant claims that the trial court erred in refusing to allow the testimony of several defense witnesses, fellow ministers, who would testify, inter alia, to various matters concerning Rev. Atwood’s religious beliefs and business practices, as well as the average expenses of travelling ministers. The Commonwealth objected to this testimony and requested an offer of proof. The offer of proof was given at an extensive sidebar, and it was the defense position that these witnesses were the “heart and soul” of the defense.

The offer of proof was essentially that these ministers were itinerant, evangelical ministers with independent churches, and had been so for many years. The defense contended that Rev. Atwood’s religious beliefs were contrary to the beliefs of most if not all of the jurors, and that it was necessary to have the testimony of these ministers with similar religious beliefs, and who knew Rev. Atwood because they had participated in revivals with him, in order to acquaint the jurors with the tenets of this religion. This was essentially expert testimony on evangelical religious practices and methods of fund raising. More specifically, in order to establish the legitimate reasons for Rev. Atwood’s fund-raising efforts in the form of loans and gifts, these witnesses were prepared to testify on the high expenses of a travelling ministry including television costs, salary costs, and road expenses. This evidence would also be offered to refute the Commonwealth’s position that Atwood’s “life style” expenses were the motive for the alleged crimes.

In order to establish that Appellant intended to repay the loans, and therefore refute the Commonwealth’s evidence of fraudulent intent, these witnesses’ testimony was also offered to prove that it was within customary practice among evangelists to borrow money to keep the ship afloat, and sometimes they would be unable to repay these loans in a timely manner due to an inability to raise the proper funds. They would also testify that Rev. Atwood in the past had obtained loans from individual parishioners to keep his ministry going in periods when there were financial difficulties, and that these loans had been repaid. (N.T. July 21, 1987, pp. 82-120). The defense contended:

The primary thrust of his [Rev. Loudermilk’s] testimony would be that in his experience as a minister in conducting his own ministry that on many occasions he requested parishioners, people who had given contributions in the past to make loans to his ministry. Because of the evident [sic] flow of cash within these evangelical ministries, there are times that it is required or necessary to keep the ship afloat to take out loans and often individuals are approached and often those individuals are not repaid within the time promised because they are not able to raise the money. The only way they can repay individuals is raising the funds by other means, and that is an accepted, common, customary practice, not individual to Reverend Atwood or to Reverend Loudermilk, but that is an accepted practice in the evangelical field. And that is of primary importance, that is the defense in this case. (N.T. July 21, 1987, at p. 88).

The court excluded the testimony of these witnesses on the basis that, (1) the proffered testimony was beyond the scope of witnesses’ qualifications, in that in the nature of the industry it would be very difficult to ascertain with any degree of certainty what are average or reasonable expenses, and (2) the testimony was “totally irrelevant to any issue before the court.” (Trial Court Opinion at 25-26).

In support of its contention that the witnesses were not qualified to testify on such matters as the average and reasonable expenses in this industry the trial court cites Commonwealth v. Henry, 524 Pa. 135, 569 A.2d 929 (1990). In that case the defendant in a murder trial was not permitted to introduce evidence of a videotape of a person who suffered from an alcohol provoked condition. The court held that the conditions depicted in the videotape were too dissimilar from Appellant’s physical and mental condition on the night of the crime. “The law is clear that experimental evidence is admissible only if the conditions under which the experiment was conducted are substantially similar to those at the time of the event in question.” Id., 569 A.2d at 936.

In the instant case the evidence sought to be admitted was not “experimental” evidence, but evidence from ministers who were similarly situated in terms of their type of employment and ministry. More importantly, unlike a videotape, these ministers would be subject to cross-examination, in which their claimed knowledge of the ordinary expenses of such ministries, and the similarity of their ministries as compared to that of Rev. Atwood could be attacked and discredited.

We also disagree that this testimony was totally irrelevant to any issue before the court. The relevancy of this testimony is especially clear on the issue of Appellant’s intent. To be guilty of Theft by Deception, it is not enough that Appellant be unable to repay the moneys owed, but rather his intention must be not to repay the loans at the time the moneys changed hands. This intention is a matter of proof. Commonwealth v. Peduzzi, 338 Pa.Super. 551, 488 A.2d 29 (1985). We have long held that as an aid to the jury, we will admit testimony which establishes a state of mind, or intent, at the time of the crime. Commonwealth v. McCusker, 448 Pa. 382, 391, 292 A.2d 286 (1972).

The evidence offered by the defense, that evangelical ministers operate with little or no capital in reserve, relying on a steady stream of loans or gifts donated by followers of the ministry, was probative of whether Appellant intended to pay back his loans, but was merely unable to do so because of an inability to raise the required funds.

We also note that earlier in the trial, evidence was introduced, favorable to the Commonwealth, on the practices of evangelical ministries. In particular Ms. Sherwood stated that her church in Erie had hosted other revivals prior to Rev. Atwood’s, and that she had never loaned those revivalists any money. (N.T. July 13, 1987 at p. 71).

In refusing to admit this testimony from the ministers, the trial court stated inter alia:

THE COURT: How can an accepted practice in a field make a crime not a crime, or make something that was not a crime a crime. (N.T. July 21, 1987, at p. 89).
THE COURT: Let me put it to you this way. Supposing we had had a case of insider trade, and somebody brought in 14 people on Wall Street to say this is the practice of the industries, it’s been done for years. Is that relevant to the defense? (N.T. July 21, 1987, at p. 95).

We find this analogy totally spurious. Insider trading is a crime per se, but failure to pay back a loan is only criminal if the individual debtor had the requisite fraudulent intent. Without this fraudulent intent, the alleged failure to repay is a matter for the civil, not the criminal courts. Indeed this evidence was offered to prove that Appellant’s intent was not criminal, that the nature of the “evangelical business” was such that this conduct was not criminal conduct.

The trial court upheld the admissibility of “lifestyle” testimony, and evidence of Appellant’s failure to repay loans to Ms. Nickell and Ms. Sorozak, even when no charges were filed against Appellant regarding these loans, on the basis that the criminal intent which must be proved in order to establish Theft by Deception is often difficult to prove' directly. We affirmed the trial court noting that the Commonwealth must often rely on circumstantial evidence of words or conduct to prove the requisite intent. Commonwealth v. Bentley, supra. In all fairness, the trial court may not not grant a certain amount of latitude to the Commonwealth in order that it might establish by inference the element of intent or motive, and then deny that same latitude to the defense.

We therefore dismiss Appellant’s conviction of perjury as to Count Ten of the information. As to all other counts we remand for a new trial in accordance with this opinion. Jurisdiction relinquished.

CAVANAUGH, J., files a dissenting opinion.

CAVANAUGH, Judge,

dissenting.

I respectfully dissent, and would affirm all of the appellant’s convictions.

The majority would overturn the appellant’s conviction for perjury before the grand jury because the evidence was insufficient, in that “it cannot be said that the Commonwealth has sustained its burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant knew his answer to be false.” I do not agree.

The Commonwealth presented testimony from the victim, Anna Gates, that Atwood had asked for a loan to buy television time. The victim’s son, Alan Gates, testified that Anna Gates had loaned money to the appellant. One Eugene Kennett testified that the appellant had promised to repay the money advanced by the victim. Finally, Jay Altland testified that he was aware that appellant had borrowed money from Mrs. Gates and that the appellant had no intention of repaying it.

We must sustain the conviction, when viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, as the verdict winner, and drawing all reasonable inferences favorable therefrom, the evidence is sufficient to find every element of the crime shown beyond a reasonable doubt. Commonwealth v. Griscavage, 512 Pa. 540, 517 A.2d 1256 (1986).

Perjury is defined by statute as follows:

A person is guilty of perjury, a felony of the third degree, if in any official proceeding he makes a false statement under oath or equivalent affirmation, or swears or affirms the truth of a statement, when the statement is material and he does not believe it to be true.

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4902(a).

The appellant was under oath before a grand jury, and he stated that he thought the monies were a gift, and not a loan. The Commonwealth placed several witnesses on the stand who testified that the opposite was true, and that the appellant was aware of it. The loan-gift distinction clearly was material to the investigations. All the elements of the crime, therefore, were satisfied by the evidence of record. My colleagues place undue emphasis on a statement supposedly made to an investigator from the Attorney General’s office by the victim that “she would not mind if he didn’t repay her as long as he continued to do the Lord’s work.” At the very most, this created an issue of credibility for the finder of fact to rule upon. The finder of fact ruled against the appellant on this issue. The statement does not, in my opinion, mandate a reversal of the penury conviction.

My colleagues also would grant the appellant a new trial based upon the exclusion of the testimony of other “evangelical ministers” that their business practices often consisted of precisely what activities resulted in appellant’s convictions-not paying loans when due, floating debts by borrowing from others and then using that borrowed money to pay initial lenders, and running up expensive bills financed by this fiscal manipulation. This testimony was properly excluded by the lower court as irrelevant. The issue before that court was whether the appellant had committed the crimes with which he was charged, not whether the other “evangelical ministers” were also committing the crime as well or were engaged in loose financial practices. I would not grant a new trial, but would affirm the judgment of sentence.

      . We note that the procedural history of this case is somewhat irregular. On direct appeal from the January 8, 1988 judgment of sentence, a panel of this court dismissed the appeal for failure to file a concise statement of matters complained of on appeal. Commonwealth v. Atwood, 378 Pa.Super. 21, 547 A.2d 1257 (1988). Subsequently, this court reversed the denial of a petition for post-conviction relief and held that Appellant should file a 1925(b) statement nunc pro tunc within 14 days of the remand of the record, and "may thereafter proceed with a direct appeal nunc pro tunc." We also relinquished jurisdiction. Commonwealth v. Atwood, 401 Pa.Super. 638, 577 A.2d 647 (1990) (mem.).
      In light of the fact that it was not clearly stated when Appellant should properly file his appeal, or indeed if a new appeal need be filed at all, we hold that the appeal was timely filed, and thus, we will reach the merits on the issues raised.

      . On page 2 of his dissenting opinion, Judge Cavanaugh writes, “My colleagues place undue emphasis on a statement supposedly made to an investigator from the Attorney General’s office by the victim that, ‘she would not mind if he didn’t repay her as long as he continued to do the Lord’s work’ ”. We note that Ms. Gates not only told this to the investigator, but she admitted under cross-examination at trial that she had said this to Rev. Atwood at the time she gave him the loan. (N.T. at 282, July 7, 1987). Therefore, it was not an isolated statement of Ms. Gates intentions made to a third party on one occasion, but was conceded at trial by Ms. Gates. Furthermore, a close look at the Rev. Kennett’s testimony (N.T. at 107, July 15, 1987), reveals that he does not contradict Ms. Gates on this issue, while Jay Atland's testimony is an opinion without any factual basis in the statements of either Rev. Atwood or Anna Gates. (N.T. at 282, July 9, 1987).

      . The court remarked to counsel at sidebar, “y°u aTe attempting to use this evidence to show that this guy [Rev. Atwood] did not commit any crimes.” (N.T. July 21, 1987 at p. 94). As the defense points out, this remark was an inadvertent admission by the court that this evidence was probative of criminal or fraudulent intent.

      . Count 10 of the criminal information.


source: Caselaw Access Project

author: CIRILLO, Judge:

license: Public Domain

text:
    601 A.2d 292
    Joseph COLLINCINI v. HONEYWELL, INC., Appellant.
    Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
    Argued Aug. 22, 1991.
    Filed Nov. 26, 1991.
    Reargument Denied Jan. 31, 1992.
    Petition for Allowance of Appeal Denied June 9, 1992.

      Joseph Brooks, Washington D.C., for appellant.
    Vicki Kuftic Horne, Pittsburgh, for appellee.
    Before WIEAND, CIRILLO and JOHNSON, JJ.
   CIRILLO, Judge:

This is an appeal from a judgment entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County awarding appellee Joseph Collincini $100,000.00 in compensatory damages and $400,000.00 in punitive damages from appellant Honeywell, Inc. We affirm.

Appellee Collincini worked for appellant Honeywell, Inc. (“Honeywell”) in the Industrial Services Division in Pittsburgh from 1972 until he was discharged in 1986. Six weeks after separating from Honeywell, Collincini began working in the Pittsburgh area for American Technical Services, Inc. (“ATS”), a minor competitor of Honeywell’s. Part of Collincini’s job at ATS was selling maintenance service contracts similar to those he sold for Honeywell.

Three months after Collincini began working for ATS, counsel for Honeywell wrote to the president of ATS in Georgia, complaining that Collincini was using proprietary information from Honeywell and “engaging in unfair competition against Honeywell and wrongful interference with Honeywell contractual relations with third party customers.” After listing contracts lost to ATS, Honeywell's attorney continued:

Honeywell is certain that ATS, as a responsible company, will investigate Mr. Collincini’s actions and prevent their recurrence. Should such unfair practices continue, Honeywell will pursue its available legal remedies to the fullest.

In response, ATS stated that it would check into the matter, and requested copies of any agreements or forms, regarding Honeywell proprietary information, that Collinci-ni had signed. Honeywell sent a copy of the application form Collincini had signed when he began working for Honeywell. The application contained no reference to a non-compete clause.

Three weeks later counsel for Honeywell wrote a second letter to the president of ATS, in which she detailed “two additional instances of Mr. Collincini's continuing wrongful interference with Honeywell contractual relations” and also accused Collincini of using inside information to take business away from Honeywell. The letter concluded with the admonition that, “Honeywell expects evidence of good faith action taken by ATS to end these practices immediately.” One week later Collincini was dismissed from ATS.

Collincini sued Honeywell for intentional interference with known contractual relations, and for defamation. Honeywell counterclaimed for monies due and still owed by Collincini under the terms of his employment contract with them. The jury found in favor of Collincini on the complaint of tortious interference with a contract, awarding him both compensatory and punitive damages, and found for Honeywell on the defamation complaint. The jury also found in favor of Honeywell on the counterclaim, and awarded the company damages in the amount owed. Both parties filed post-trial motions which were denied. This timely appeal followed.

Honeywell raises five issues for our consideration: 1) whether hearsay evidence admitted without objection is legally sufficient to support a verdict in favor of the appel-lee; 2) whether letters, containing true statements of fact and an opinion based on those facts, written to appellee's employer, can constitute tortious conduct on the part of a former employer; 3) whether the failure to include a timely requested instruction in the charge to the jury requires the granting of a new trial; 4) whether failure to mitigate damages bars recovery; and 5) whether failure to instruct the jury that punitive damages must bear a reasonable relationship to compenstory damages warrants a new trial.

Our standard of review of an order denying judgment notwithstanding the verdict is whether there was sufficient competent evidence to sustain the verdict. Wenrick v. Schloemann-Siemag Aktiengesellschaft, et al., 523 Pa. 1, 4, 564 A.2d 1244, 1246 (1989). To make that determination we must consider all the evidence received, whether the trial court ruled correctly on its admissibility or not. Lira v. Albert Einstein Medical Center, 384 Pa.Super. 503, 508, 559 A.2d 550, 552 (1989). We must also afford the verdict winner the benefit of every inference which may reasonably be drawn from the evidence, while rejecting all unfavorable testimony and inferences. Ingrassia Construction Company, Inc. v. Walsh, 337 Pa.Super. 58, 61, 486 A.2d 478, 480 (1984). Judgment notwithstanding the verdict may be granted only in a clear case where the facts are such that no two reasonable minds could fail to agree that the verdict was improper. Gray v. H.C. Duke & Sons, Inc., 387 Pa.Super. 95, 563 A.2d 1201 (1989). We note that judgment n.o.v. may not be employed to invade the province of the jury. Trawick v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co., 242 Pa.Super. 271, 363 A.2d 1265 (1976). Thus when there is a question of fact to be resolved, it is within the sole purview of the jury. Id.

The standard of review for an order denying a motion for a new trial is whether the trial court clearly and palpably abused its discretion or committed an error of law which controlled the outcome of the case. Stevenson v. General Motors Corp., 513 Pa. 411, 425, 521 A.2d 413, 420-421 (1987). If support for the trial court’s decision is found in the record, the order must be affirmed. Commonwealth ex rel. Meyers v. Stern, 509 Pa. 260, 264, 501 A.2d 1380, 1382 (1985). When the record is reviewed in light of these principles, it is clear that the jury’s verdict in favor of Collincini must stand.

Honeywell first contends that the hearsay statement of John Relja is insufficient without corroboration to sustain a finding that Honeywell’s letters to ATS were the proximate cause of Collincini’s dismissal. We disagree. Relja was the branch manager for the Pittsburgh office and Collincini’s supervisor at ATS. Relja testified at trial that his own supervisor, John Timiny, had explained Collincini’s dismissal as follows: “Honeywell wrote letters to the president [of ATS], Mr. Hennig, and they were putting pressure on him, and the easiest way out of his situation was to let Joe Collincini go.” Honeywell neglected to object to Relja’s testimony and it was admitted into evidence.

' “It is well established that hearsay evidence, admitted without objection, is accorded the same weight as evidence legally admissible as long as it is relevant and material to the issues in question.” Jones v. Spidle, 446 Pa. 103, 106, 286 A.2d 366, 367 (1971) (citations omitted) (emphasis supplied). It is also well established in the Commonwealth that the weight and credibility to be accorded evidence is up to the factfinder to determine. See Wilson v. Benjamin, 332 Pa.Super. 211, 481 A.2d 328 (1984); Jim McKain Ford, Inc. v. Oliver, 272 Pa.Super. 104, 414 A.2d 691 (1978). Relja’s testimony about the explanation given him for Collincini’s termination was both relevant and material. Honeywell does not contest that it had the opportunity at trial to object to the admission of the hearsay statement, and that it failed to do so. Therefore, Honeywell cannot now be heard to complain about the consequences of its failure to act. The jury as the factfinder was free to disbelieve— Relja’s testimony. The jury chose to believe his testimony, and chose to attribute Honeywell’s communications with ATS as the proximate cause of Collincini’s dismissal. “It is not within this court’s province to weigh the evidence or to render judgments as to credibility.” Ingrassia Construction Company, Inc., 337 Pa.Super. at 62, 486 A.2d at 480 (emphasis added). Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Collincini, as verdict winner, we find that there was sufficient competent evidence to support the jury’s determination of proximate cause. Id.

Honeywell next contends that its letters to the president of ATS cannot constitute tortious conduct because the letters only contain statements of fact and opinions based on those facts. We disagree. In Birl v. Philadelphia Electric Company, 402 Pa. 297, 167 A.2d 472 (1960), our supreme court, citing the Restatement of Torts, Section 766, stated: “It is generally recognized that one has the right to pursue his business relations or employment free from interference on the part of other persons except where such interference is justified or constitutes an exercise of absolute right.” Id., 402 Pa. at 300, 167 A.2d at 474 (1960). Here Honeywell claims no absolute right; it merely insists that since the statements in its letters are true the letters cannot be tortious. Such reasoning is fallacious.

For the tort of intentional interference with contractual relations to lie: “[T]he actor must act (1) for the purpose of causing this specific type of harm to the plaintiff, (2) such act must be unprivileged, and (3) the harm must actually result.” Id. The first element of purpose or intent need not be malice or ill will; rather, it refers to purposeful interference without justification. Id. As this court stated in Geyer v. Steinbronn, 351 Pa.Super. 536, 553, 506 A.2d 901, 910 (1986), it will be the rare defendant who admits he did intend to interfere with the plaintiff’s contractual relations. “Therefore, the jury usually will be called upon to draw an inference from circumstantial evidence. The defendant’s state of mind and possible motives are certainly relevant to the inquiry even if ill will per se is not a requisite.” Id.

Within weeks of joining ATS, Collineini was successful in convincing a few companies to transfer their maintenance contracts at their contract renewal dates from Honeywell to ATS. Honeywell, which is a much larger entity in the marketplace, responded by having its legal department write to ATS several times, claiming that Collineini was engaging in unfair competition and pressuring ATS to put a stop to it. Evidence admitted at trial indicated that Honeywell knew at the time the first letter was written that it had no cause of action against Collineini or ATS. Despite that knowledge, Honeywell wrote and threatened legal action if ATS did not instruct Collineini to cease soliciting contract renewals from Honeywell customers. Collineini had never signed a non-compete contract with Honeywell, and the proprietary information and trade secrets he was accused of using consisted of nothing more than unclassified information available on the open market. See Spring Steels, Inc. v. Malloy, 400 Pa. 354, 162 A.2d 370 (1960); Fidelity Fund, Inc. v. DiSanto, 347 Pa.Super. 112, 500 A.2d 431 (1985). Moreover, Honeywell never contacted Collineini directly to complain about his behavior. Instead, it chose to write directly to Collincini’s employer on three different occasions. We conclude that the record contains ample evidence from which the jury could infer that Honeywell intentionally interfered with Collincini’s employment relationship with ATS.

Honeywell next contends that the trial court’s failure to include Honeywell’s fourteenth point of requested instruction in its charge to the jury mandates a new trial. We disagree.

It is well settled in our Commonwealth that when the propriety of the jury instruction of the trial court is at issue, those instructions must be viewed in toto to determine if any error has been committed. Unless the charge as a whole can be demonstrated to have caused prejudicial error, we will not reverse for isolated inaccuracies, (citations omitted).

Pachesky v. Getz, 353 Pa.Super. 505, 511, 510 A.2d 776, 779 (1986), quoting Riddle Memorial Hospital v. Dohan, 504 Pa. 571, 576, 475 A.2d 1314, 1316 (1984). A trial court judge has wide latitude in instructing a jury, and he or she may use any language of his or her choice as long as the questions and issues to be resolved are clear. Pagesh v. Ucman, 403 Pa.Super. 549, 589 A.2d 747, 749 (1991).

We have reviewed the jury instructions in their entirety, and we find that the trial court adequately addressed each of the pertinent issues presented at trial. The trial court was under no obligation to include Honeywell’s fourteenth point in its charge to the jury. Honeywell’s suggested fourteenth point is a misstatement of the law, and as such was not relevant. Truth is an absolute defense to defamation; it is not a defense to intentional interference with contractual relations. Furthermore, while Honeywell’s list of contract renewals lost to ATS might be factually correct, its characterization of the information Collincini relied on to obtain those contracts as proprietary or trade secrets is false as a matter of law. See Van Products Co. v. General Welding and Fabricating Company, 419 Pa. 248, 213 A.2d 769 (1965); See also Carl A. Colteryahn Dairy, Inc. v. Schneider Dairy, 415 Pa. 276, 203 A.2d 469 (1964).

Honeywell next insists that since Collincini frequented the racetrack for a year instead of taking another sales job, he failed to mitigate his damages as the law requires and thus should be barred from any recovery. This argument has no merit. Honeywell has misapprehended and misapplied the doctrine of mitigation of damages. It is axiomatic that the doctrine of mitigation of damages addresses the amount of damages to be awarded once liability has been established; it has no bearing whatsoever on the underlying determination of liability. Once the jury found Honeywell liable to Collincini for tortious interference with contractual relations, any alleged failure on Col-lincini’s part to mitigate his loss of income damages only affected the amount of his compensatory damage award, and not his entitlement to it.

Finally, Honeywell contends that the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury that punitive damages must bear a reasonable relationship to compensatory damages warrants a new trial. Honeywell’s contention is contrary to Pennsylvania law. Our supreme court has stated:

If the purpose of punitive damages is to punish a tort-feasor for outrageous conduct and to deter him or others from similar conduct, then a requirement of proportionality defeats that purpose. It is for this reason that the wealth of the tortfeasor is relevant. In making its determination, the jury has the function of weighing the conduct of the tortfeasor against the amount of damages which would deter such future conduct. In performing this duty, the jury must weigh the intended harm against the tortfeasor’s wealth.

Kirkbridge v. Lisbon Contractors, Inc., 521 Pa. 97, 103, 555 A.2d 800, 803 (1989). The jury heard evidence that from 1986 through 1988 Honeywell averaged six billion dollars in gross sales and a quarter of a billion dollars in net profit each year. Given Honeywell’s substantial resources and the jury’s determination that Honeywell intentionally interfered with Collincini’s employment with ATS, we cannot say that the $400,000.00 in punitive damages should shock the trial court’s sense of justice. Kirkbridge, supra.

Judgment affirmed.

      . In his original complaint Collincini sued ATS as well as Honeywell for tortious interference and defamation. Both counts against ATS were dismissed with prejudice in pre-trial proceedings. In his amended complaint Collincini sued ATS for wrongful discharge, but that count was discontinued by a consent order. Thus Honeywell was the only defendant at trial.

      . Honeywell has a system of "travelchecks” which their sales force can use either to obtain advance funds or reimbursement for business travel expenses. Collincini had written two dishonored checks to Honeywell and had failed to repay unused travelcheck advances. After his final paycheck was withheld, Collincini still owed Honeywell $1812.34. The jury awarded Honeywell $1812.34, plus six percent interest.

      . Honeywell’s requested instruction reads:
      The 1st Amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects the freedom of speech, and the freedom to have opinions. If the defendant assembled and communicated to plaintiffs subsequent employer a statement of facts pertaining to plaintiffs conduct and presented a legal argument or legal opinion why such conduct violated defendant’s legal rights, and if the facts presented were substantially true, then the defendant cannot incur liability to the plaintiff.

      . Our supreme court has stated that “the employee, upon terminating his employment relationship with his employer, is entitled to take with him the ‘experience, knowledge, memory, and skill, which he had gained while there employed.'” Van Products Co. v. General Welding & Fabricating Co., 419 Pa. 248, 259-61, 213 A.2d 769, 776 (1965) (citations omitted). The court continued to explain that "‘the intimate knowledge of the need, use and demand’ for this product could not be a trade secret. It is something that would be learned in any productive industry, as are the ‘material sources and costs ... labor costs ... the suppliers and accounts payable ... customers and accounts receiveable ... and advertising methods and material.’ ” Id. Although the court was discussing a product in Van Products, supra, the principle is equally applicable to services. In the case at hand, Collincini’s knowledge of contract renewal dates was a result of his “general knowledge, skill and experience," Van Products, supra, in the field and resulted from nothing more than "the intimate knowledge of the need, use and demand” for the particular kind of service maintenance contract that both Honeywell and ATS sold. Id.


text:
    601 A.2d 297
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania v. Benjamin H. BEATTIE, Appellant.
    Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
    Argued Oct. 22, 1991.
    Filed Dec. 11, 1991.

      Benjamin H. Beattie, pro se.
    Sandra Preuhs, Asst. Dist. Atty., Pittsburgh, for Com.
    Before CIRILLO, FORD ELLIOTT and BROSKY, JJ.
   CIRILLO, Judge:

This is an appeal from an order entered on October 19, 1990 in the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County denying appellant Benjamin H. Beattie’s motion in arrest of judgment following his conviction for disorderly conduct. We reverse.

Before reaching the merits of the appeal, we must address a procedural shortcoming in the manner in which this appeal was taken. In Pennsylvania, “[i]t is unquestionably the law that a defendant may appeal only from a final judgment of sentence and an appeal from any prior order will be quashed as interlocutory.” Commonwealth v. Myers, 457 Pa. 317, 319, 322 A.2d 131, 132 (1974). In its brief for appellee the Commonwealth states that:

Th[is] appeal has been taken not from the judgment of sentence but from the order denying appellant’s post-trial motions. Because this case illustrates the repeated failure of the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County to comply with procedural requirements accompanying appeals of summary convictions, however, this Court may determine that, for practical purposes, the order denying post-trial motions should be viewed as an appealable order.

Brief for appellee at 3, note 2.

Although this is undeniably improper, we note that the record indicates that a judgment of sentence was also entered on October 19, 1990. Consequently, even though the appeal is captioned as being from an interlocutory order, it is clear that the case had been finally resolved in the trial court when the appeal was taken. We will therefore treat the captioning defect as harmless. As we stated in Commonwealth v. Gumpert, 354 Pa.Super. 595, 512 A.2d 699 (1986), “[t]his is not to say we are indifferent to the proper captioning of appeals, but only that justice is best served by proceeding to the merits of the case.” 354 Pa.Super. at 597, 512 A.2d at 701. See Pa.R.A.P. 905(a).

Beattie was found guilty by a magistrate of the summary offense of disorderly conduct, and he filed a pro se appeal to the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County. In a de novo bench trial on April 5, 1990, Beattie was again found guilty of disorderly conduct. Although the Honorable Raymond L. Scheib did not announce his verdict in open court, he entered an order that same day adjudicating Beattie guilty and sentencing him to pay a fine of three hundred dollars, and costs. The trial court then mailed a copy of the order of adjudication and sentence to Beattie.

Beattie was sentenced in absentia, and as a result he was never advised on the record of his right to file post-trial motions or an appeal, as required by Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure 1123(c) and 1405(c). Nevertheless, on April 19, 1990 Beattie filed Exceptions, and a hearing was scheduled for July 13. That hearing was postponed. Despite the fact that Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 1123 mandates the disposition of post-verdict motions before imposition of sentence, Beattie’s post-trial motion for arrest of judgment was denied after argument on October 19, 1990, six and one-half months after the sentence was imposed. On November 9, 1990 Beattie filed his notice of appeal to this court.

The incident which resulted in Beattie’s arrest for disorderly conduct occurred at 8:30 p.m. on January 13, 1990. Beattie and two friends had been trying to reposition a 1977 Mercury with West Virginia plates, and a 1979 Honda with no license plates, in his driveway. At all times during the incident Beattie, his two friends and the two cars were on Beattie’s private property.

Responding to a vague radio dispatch apparently occasioned by a telephone complaint about some men and an unlicensed car at Beattie’s address, two police officers from Baldwin Borough drove to Beattie’s house. Upon arrival they approached the two friends at the foot of the driveway, asked to whom the Honda without license plates belonged, and who else was on the property. One of the friends pointed to Beattie up the driveway and identified him while the owner of the Honda showed the officer the title to his car. Officer Vetter saw Beattie near the house, behind the wheel of the Mercury. Officer Vetter walked up the driveway and waited for Beattie to finish parking the car. During the wait the officer noticed a large number of cars, both with and without license plates, behind the house. Officer Vetter then asked Beattie if he had a driver’s license and registration for the Mercury. Beattie refused to answer. Officer Vetter asked if he had any identification at all; Beattie told Officer Vetter to get off his property.

Officer Vetter, by then joined by his partner and eventually a supervisor, continued to demand identification. Beattie repeatedly told the police officers to get off his property, and that they needed a warrant to be on his property. At one point Beattie went into his house alone, came out with the deed to his property and offered to sign his name so the officers could compare his signature to the one on the deed. The police officers refused to accept his offer. Officer Vetter testified that they arrested Beattie “for investigations by the police and for disorderly conduct for his conduct with us [the officers].” Officer Vetter and his partner took Beattie to the police station where he was issued a traffic citation and a citation for disorderly conduct. The traffic citation was later dropped.

On appeal, in his pro se brief, Beattie presents four issues for our consideration: 1) whether appellant can be guilty of disorderly conduct when he was on his own property engaged in lawful activities; 2) whether appellant was subjected to a false arrest and malicious prosecution in retaliation for exercising his First and Fourth Amendment rights; 3) whether the police officers initially had the requisite probable cause to enter private property and interrogate appellant; and 4) whether appellant was denied due process when he was prohibited from recording his own testimony in front of the magistrate and again when he was precluded from testifying at the trial de novo, and whether those prohibitions were a means of protecting dishonest police officers.

Beattie argues that the disorderly conduct conviction cannot stand because he was under no obligation to answer the police officers’ questions. Beattie contends he did the night of the the officers were illegally on his property because they had no probable cause to suspect him of a crime and they had no warrant. We agree. In Commonwealth v. Douglass, 372 Pa.Super. 227, 539 A.2d 412 (1988), allocatur denied, 520 Pa. 595, 552 A.2d 250 (1988) this court explained the circumstances under which an individual is required to answer questions posed by police.

A police encounter with a suspect may be properly characterized as a mere encounter, an investigative detention, a custodial detention, or a formal arrest. A “mere encounter” (or request for information) need not be supported by any level of suspicion, but it carries no official compulsion to stop or respond. An “investigative detention” must be supported by reasonable suspicion; it subjects the suspect to a stop and a period of detention, but does not involve such coercive conditions as to constitute the functional equivalent of arrest, (citations omitted).

372 Pa.Super. at 238-9, 539 A.2d at 417-418.

Beattie contends that since the officers had no grounds for suspicion, the incident was a mere encounter and he was under no obligation to respond to their demands for identification. Conversely, the Commonwealth characterizes the incident as an investigative stop, citing the radio dispatch, the frequent car thefts in the area, and the large number of cars behind Beattie’s house as grounds for the officers’ reasonable suspicion.

To evaluate the validity of an investigative stop we must first determine whether the police officers’ action was justified at its inception. To be justified the officers must have had reasonable suspicion that a crime had been or was about to be committed. “Reasonable suspicion, like probable cause, is dependant upon both the content of information possessed by police and its degree of reliability. Both and considered in the ‘totality of the whole picture,’ that must be taken into account when evaluating whether there is reasonable suspicion.” (citations omitted). Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325, 330, 110 S.Ct. 2412, 2416, 110 L.Ed.2d 301, 309 (1990).

In the case at hand the record reveals an alarming lack of regard for the quality and quantity of information required to conduct an investigative stop. According to Officer Vetter’s testimony, he and his partner were responding to a vague radio dispatch about “a group of men who could have been involved with a stolen vehicle earlier in the month.” Only Beattie’s address was given; neither the source of the information nor a description of possible suspects was included in the dispatch. The officers drove to the address relayed over the radio and approached the two men at the foot of the private driveway. The officers asked the men about the Honda that bore no license plate and were promptly shown the proper ownership papers. That should have ended the inquiry, for Officer Vetter admits that they had no reports of a stolen 1977 Mercury or 1978 Honda, and no additional information to corroborate the dispatch or provide the totality of circumstances necessary to pursue their investigation further. Nevertheless, Officer Vetter proceeded up the private driveway towards Beattie and the residence. It was at that moment that Officer Vetter first saw the twenty-six cars behind the house; the cars were not visible from the bottom of the driveway or the street, especially in the darkness of a winter night. Consequently, despite Judge Scheib’s suggestion that the the lot full of cars could have provided the requisite probable cause, the newly-discovered cars could not have provided the reasonable suspicion necessary to proceed beyond the mere encounter at the bottom of the driveway.

We find that under the constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the police lacked the reasonable suspicion required to continue up the private driveway and conduct an investigative stop of Beattie. Cf. Douglass, 372 Pa.Super. at 238-239, 539 A.2d at 417-418 (decided under the fourth amendment of the U.S. Constitution). Inasmuch as the officers had no authority to compel Beattie to answer their inquiries, Beattie’s conviction for disorderly conduct, which was the result of his refusal to answer, must be reversed. Id.

We note that even if the investigative stop were held to be valid, Beattie’s conviction for disorderly conduct would still warrant reversal. The evidence in the record is insufficient to prove every element of the offense charged, as required. Beattie was convicted of disorderly conduct pursuant to section 5503(a) of the Pennsylvania Crimes Code which provides:

§ 5503. Disorderly conduct
(a) Offense person is guilty of disorderly conduct if, with intent to cause public inconvenience, annoyance or alarm, or recklessly creating a risk thereof, he:
(1) engages in fighting or threatening, or in violent or tumultuous behavior;
(2) makes unreasonable noise;
(3) uses obscene language, or makes an obscene gesture; or
(4) creates a hazardous or physically offensive condition by any act which serves no legitimate purpose of the actor.

Pa.C.S.A. 18 § 5503 (emphasis supplied).

To convict for disorderly conduct the Commonwealth must establish that the accused intended to cause, or recklessly created a risk of causing public inconvenience or alarm. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5503. “Public” is defined in the statute as, “affecting or likely to affect persons in a place to which the public or a substantial group has access; among the places included are highways, transport facilities, schools, prisons, apartment houses,, places of business or amusement, any neighborhood, or any premises which are open to the public.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5503(c).

The investigative stop occurred on Beattie’s private property, at the top of his private driveway, away from the street or public highway. Beattie’s property is not open to the public and his residence is a private dwelling, not an apartment building. Beattie’s two acre property abuts the South Pittsburgh Water Company and an unoccupied two acre lot. Applying the statutory definition of “public” to the circumstances of Beattie’s arrest, it is obvious that Officer Vetter did not confront Beattie “in a place to which the public or a substantial group has access_” 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 5503(c). Consequently, the Commonwealth has failed to prove a vital element of the offense charged.

In Commonwealth v. DeLuca, — Pa. —, 597 A.2d 1121 (1991), our supreme court decided a case under the same statute. In DeLuca the police had been called to the scene of a police stabbing at 1:00 a.m. As the police officers approached they noticed the defendant walking away from a cluster of people who seemed to the police to be a focal point of the activity. One of the officers told DeLuca to stop and remain at the scene until they had an opportunity to assess the situation. DeLuca refused to do so and told the officer he was leaving and to get out of his way. The police officer again told DeLuca to stay; DeLuca responded with obscenities and a repetition of the statement that he was leaving. DeLuca was arrested for disorderly conduct, and later convicted.

In affirming DeLuca’s conviction our supreme court focused on the “equally important evil sought to be prevented by the statute, to wit: ‘recklessly creating a risk of public alarm, annoyance or inconvenience.’ ” Id. at —, 597 A.2d at 1123. (emphasis in original). Although DeLuca was walking away from the crowd at the time of the incident, the court stated:

Such a situation is, by its nature, fraught with danger; danger not only to participants in whatever incident may have been the genesis of such a scene, but danger to bystanders, passersby and arriving police officers. Here, the officer made no illegal or unreasonable request of the appellee. The appellee’s response was the very type of spark the statute so plainly seeks to extinguish before it becomes a flame.

Id.

In the case at hand the Commonwealth contends that if the investigative stop was valid, then Beattie was required to provide identification and his vocal and emphatic refusal to do so constituted grounds for arrest for disorderly conduct. We disagree. The circumstances which, in the supreme court’s view, justified DeLuca’s arrest are absent in Beattie’s case. DeLuca was on public property, in close proximity to the site of a recent stabbing, and within earshot of thirty to fifty people. Beattie was in his own driveway parking a car. No violent crime had been committed. No reference to a crowd or even to inquisitive neighbors, bystanders or passersby appears in the record. Unlike the situation in DeLuca, the incident with Beattie lacked the indicia of disorder characteristic of confrontations with “the very type of spark the statute so plainly seeks to extinguish before it becomes a flame.” Id. Therefore, even under the new supreme court interpretation of the statute, Beattie could not legitimately be charged with recklessly creating a risk of a public disturbance.

As we have conclusively established that Beattie’s conviction for disorderly conduct cannot stand, his remaining issues are moot and we therefore will not address them.

Judgment of sentence reversed.

FORD ELLIOTT, J., concurs in the result.

      . This court considered the propriety of an investigatory stop of an individual in the driveway of his private residence in Commonwealth v. Ogborne, 384 Pa.Super. 604, 559 A.2d 931 (1989) (Tamilia, J., dissenting), reargument denied, July 10, 1989. Although our supreme court initially granted allocatur, Commonwealth v. Ogborne, 524 Pa. 626, 574 A.2d 68 (1990), the appeal was later dismissed as improvidently granted, Commonwealth v. Ogborne, 525 Pa. 570, 583 A.2d 789 (1991). The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari, vacated judgment, and remanded to our court for further consideration in light of Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325, 110 S.Ct. 2412, 110 L.Ed.2d 301 (1990). The panel (Cavanaugh, Tamilia and Popovich, JJ.) filed its revised opinion on October 21, 1991, affirming the judgment of sentence (Popovich, J. dissenting).
      In Ogbome, based on a tip from a reliable informant, the police conducted an investigatory stop of an individual in his private driveway. The appellant was known to the police to deal in drugs, and the informant described the car appellant would be driving, his destination, his approximate time of arrival and the type and approximate quantity of drug he would be carrying. In short, the informant, whose veracity was known to the police, detailed future, activity not generally known to the public, as required by Alabama v. White, supra. This court found the totality of circumstances in Ogborne, which provided the officers with reasonable suspicion to conduct the investigatory stop, to be similar to those in White, and affirmed the conviction on that basis.
      Conversely, in the instant case the transcript reveals no information about the actual the informant. In addition, the dispatch was unspecific and predicted no future activity. Thus without corroborating evidence the police lacked the reasonable suspicion necessary to continue up the private driveway to interrogate Beattie.

      . Pa. Const. of 1874, art. I, § 8 (1969).

      . Act of Dec. 6, 1972, P.L. 1482, No. 334, 18 Pa.C.S. § 5503(a).