author: TAMILIA, Judge: BECK, Judge,

text:
    496 A.2d 1
    CONSTANT A., Appellant, v. PAUL C.A.
    Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
    Argued March 22, 1984.
    Filed June 14, 1985.
    Reargument Denied Aug. 23, 1985.

      Donald J. Martin, Norristown, for appellant.
    Samuel A. Litzenberger, Quakertown, for appellee.
    Before CAVANAUGH, BECK and TAMILIA, JJ.
   TAMILIA, Judge:

This is an appeal from the denial of a mother’s petition for expanded shared custody of her two children, Andrea and Darren; the mother is living in a fully acknowledged lesbian relationship. The lower court had before it a petition for involuntary termination of parental rights by the father and stepmother, which it denied. It is not an issue here. There was also a claim for visitation, by the maternal grandparents, determined in their favor; that portion of the judgment has not been appealed. The appeal before the court is solely on the issue of whether the lower court abused its discretion in entering the partial custody order and refusing to expand the order as suggested by appellant. Among other things, the lower court considered the mother’s homosexuality in reaching its decision. Contrary to the view of the appellant, which maintains that the homosexual relationship cannot be considered, we would hold that it is a relevant consideration in any custody determination. If appellant’s view was to be adopted, and the issue of homosexuality excluded, the only substantive issue remaining would be that of the best interest of the children, as it related to the mother’s parenting capacity.

In reaching the issue as to whether or not the mother’s petition for expanded partial custody, in effect, shared custody, was properly denied, the trial judge of necessity must have considered whether or not there had been a substantial change of circumstance requiring or permitting a change in the prior Order of Court entered in 1980. The only apparent change of circumstance appearing on the record was the mother’s belief that she had now resolved her homosexual identity problems and that since she had now had a stable eight-year relationship with Cathy S., it was now timely to bring it into the open and share it with her children. Appellant would have us find this was a sufficient basis for the court to enter the expanded custody order. We disagree. In a recent holding by this Court, Agati v. Agati, 342 Pa.Super. 132, 492 A.2d 427 (1985), we determined that any change in a partial custody order required a showing of changed circumstances and could not proceed initially as an inquiry as to the best interest of the child. As will be developed hereafter, appellant fails by either standard.

Our scope of review in matters relating to change of custody has recently been clarified by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in Commonwealth v. Robinson, 505 Pa. 226, 478 A.2d 800 (1984), which states that we are bound by the findings of the trial judge which are reasonably supported by the evidence and all inferences taken therefrom. We do, however, have a broad scope of review, Commonwealth ex rel. Spriggs v. Carson, 470 Pa. 290, 368 A.2d 635 (1977), and Ellerbe v. Hooks, 490 Pa. 363, 416 A.2d 512 (1980). Within these limitations, the appellate court may-set aside the decree or judgment of the trial court only if it finds there has been an abuse of discretion. The appellant would overrule the trial court by setting aside the requirement of proof of changed circumstances and deal with the merits as related to the third and fourth findings of his decree in which the court states:

3. Notwithstanding the efforts of the so called “Gay Rights” movement, we conclude that the natural mother’s lesbian relationship shows her moral deficiency; however, there is no proof that the mother’s homosexuality constitutes a grave threat to the children.

Therefore,

4. Under such circumstances, we will consider the factor of the natural mother’s lesbian relationship only to limit visitation[] and not to completely deny it.

While the trial court made a gratuitous finding concerning the moral nature of the mother’s relationship, his decision upon the facts was warranted by the evidence and fully supported by his findings, independent of the one concerning the mother’s moral deficiency. The appellant took the moral pronouncement and ran to unwarranted conclusions concerning the court’s findings and would have us reverse or alter an otherwise appropriate partial custody order.

A major issue posed is the privacy issue; it requires that we make an inquiry as to whether the law, as it has developed, applies equally to homosexual couples as compared to heterosexuals.

The marital right to privacy is guaranteed by the constitution. Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 85 S.Ct. 1678, 14 L.Ed.2d 510 (1965); Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 152, 93 S.Ct. 705, 726, 35 L.Ed.2d 147 (1973). The personal intimacies of marriage, the home, procreation, motherhood, childbearing, and the family have been held “fundamental” by the Supreme Court and, hence, have been encompassed within the protected rights of privacy. Marital intimacies in the privacy of their bedroom are within the protected right of privacy, guaranteed by the right to privacy. Lovisi v. Slayton, 539 F.2d 349 (4th Cir., En Banc, 1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 977, 97 S.Ct. 485, 50 L.Ed.2d 585 (1976). This is not a protected right when others are admitted to observe or participate in their intimacies. Thus, although an activity (sodomy) is a crime, (Va.Code Anno. § 18.1-212, Crimes against nature (anal/oral intercourse between two persons or an animal)), it is protected by virtue of the privacy requirements of marriage. Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438, 92 S.Ct. 1029, 31 L.Ed.2d 349 (1972) is inapposite because the same privacy right does not apply to unmarried couples engaged in criminal activity. Doe v. Commonwealth’s Attorney for City of Richmond, 403 F.Supp. 1199 (E.D.Va.1975), aff'd, 425 U.S. 901, 96 S.Ct. 1489, 47 L.Ed.2d 751 (1976) (upholding statute as applied to homosexual acts between two consenting adults in private places) (hereinafter, Doe v. Richmond ).

Although the Pennsylvania Supreme Court has ruled that sexual intercourse between consenting adults of the same sex is not punishable (even when done in public), Commonwealth v. Bonadio, 490 Pa. 91, 415 A.2d 47 (1980), that ruling turned on the provision in the Pennsylvania Crimes Code, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3124, prohibiting consensual deviate sexual intercourse. Section 3101, Definitions, defines “deviate sexual intercourse” as “Sexual intercourse per os or per anus between human beings who are not husband and wife, and any form of sexual intercourse with an animal.” (emphasis added) For purposes of the Crimes Code chapter on sexual offenses, § 3103, Spouse relationships, extends the interpretation of spouse to include persons living as man and wife, regardless of the legal status of their relationship. The Supreme Court, in a plurality decision with three justices dissenting, and three justices concurring with, but not joining Justice Flaherty, held that the equal protection clause would not permit a statute to impose a penalty on single or nonspousal partners, when it excepts spousal partners from the penalty for identical activity. The extended discussion on morality and freedom by the majority received no concurrence by the other members of the court.

The United States Supreme Court, in Doe v. Richmond, supra, found no problem in prohibiting homosexual activity between consenting adults. Indeed, the case which gave the impetus to increased rights in and out of marriage, Griswold, supra, in the Concurring Opinion of Justice Goldberg joined by the Chief Justice and Justice Brennan, stated:

Finally, it should be said of the Court’s holding today, that it in no way interferes with a State’s proper regulation of sexual promiscuity or misconduct. As my Brother Harlan so well stated in his dissenting opinion in Poe v. Ullman, supra, 367 U.S. at 553, 81 S.Ct. at 1782.
‘Adultery, homosexuality and the like are sexual intimacies which the state forbids ... but the intimacy of husband and wife is necessarily an essential and accepted feature of the institution of marriage, an institution which the State not only must allow, but which always and in every age it has fostered and protected.’

This discussion impinges on two aspects of the appellant’s argument: first, that the trial court was in error in its consideration of the conduct of appellant and her live-in companion as morally deviant behavior; secondly, it affects the freedom which the appellant has requested, that is, to have unrestricted access to the children in her home and to travel to any state or Canada.

As to the first, without agreeing with the trial judge in his finding on morality, we would acknowledge there is considerable opinion, belief and law in this country, which cannot be ignored, and which supports such a conclusion. Indeed, in most of the cases cited by the appellant and referred to below, regarding heterosexual meretricious relations, the court stated that the state does not condone such behavior. Homosexual relations cannot be considered to have a higher standing. Even if not criminalized, the only basis for not condoning the behavior is the moral basis. Secondly, permitting the appellant the freedom to travel could clearly place the children in a situation with the mother and Cathy S., where the adults could be subject to arrest and prosecution for deviant sexual behavior. Doe v. Richmond, supra. Thus, if the courts will not provide homosexual behavior the same protection under the privacy considerations of the constitution pursuant to the incorporation doctrine of the fourteenth amendment equal protection provision, and such relationships, even when regularized, are not accorded the attributes of a marriage, infra, it can correctly be described as morally deviant or immoral.

While, unquestionably, the courts of this nation are viewing the emergent issue of homosexuality with much closer scrutiny, understanding and consideration, the national bias, which cannot be ignored is to favor the non-homosexual parent in a custody case. We would prefer to have the trial judge express his belief as to the morality of this issue, than to conceal it and to have it be an unverbalized consideration.

The appellant would have this Court make a bold policy statement that a parents’ homosexuality is not a relevant consideration in awarding custody unless it can be shown that the parents’ homosexual behavior adversely affects the children in question. In doing so, she would have us find that the trial court erred in considering the lesbian relationship with Cathy S. in deciding to limit partial custody. This argument makes an erroneous logical conclusion that homosexuality equals homosexual behavior which equals a lesbian relationship, ergo, if homosexuality is not relevant, lesbian relationship is not relevant. We strongly disagree.

To make such a finding, the law of Pennsylvania would go far beyond most, if not all, other states in declaring that a lesbian relationship is presumed to be regular, or to state it another way, the presumption of regularity that applies to a heterosexual family (spousal or nonspousal) relationship applies equally to a homosexual relationship. The effect of this is apparent in this case — the burden of proof shifts to the parent alleging the traditional relationship to prove any adverse effect that might arise from the homosexual union. The appellant and the dissent would then rely on this “nexus theory” to either grant or deny visitation or custody according to the proof tendered. We submit the law is and should be that, where there is a custody dispute between members of a traditional family environment and one of homosexual composition, the presumption of regularity applies to the traditional relationship and the burden of proving no adverse effect of the homosexual relationship falls on the person advocating it.

In addition to the reasons flowing from the discussion on criminal law above, there are other considerations. Homosexual marriages are not permitted and the relationship is not to be equated with heterosexual relations, notwithstanding the Equal Rights Amendment (Pa.1972); Singer v. Hara, 11 Wash.App. 247, 522 P.2d 1187 (1974). The Washington Court of Appeals stated,

In the instant case, it is apparent that the state’s refusal to grant a license allowing the appellants to marry one another is not based upon appellants’ status as males, but rather it is based upon the state’s recognition that our society as a whole views marriage as the appropriate and desirable form for procreation and the rearing of children ....

Singer, id. at 259, 552 P.2d 1187. The fact remains that marriage exists as a protected legal institution primarily because of societal values associated with the propagation of the human race. Similarly, in DeSanto v. Barnsley, 328 Pa.Super. 181, 476 A.2d 952 (1984) (Spaeth, P.J.), this Court held, first, that common law marriages and formalized marriages are equivalent forms in Pennsylvania; 2) common law marriages could not be expanded beyond the ambit of ceremonial marriages without statutory (legislative) enactment, and 3) it is impossible under either form for persons of the same sex to marry. The above case, Singer, and the authority cited in those Opinions, deal extensively with the rule of social acceptance, common law, and traditional values, in establishing the definition of marriage. Inherent in that definition is the union of a man and woman for the purpose of procreation and rearing of children. From this is derived the concept of family and the baseline of support and custodial obligations. Our laws that deal with children recognize this precept. (The Juvenile Act, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6301 et seq., the Child Protective Services Law, 11 P.S. § 2201 et seq., the Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2100 et seq.). When there is intervention and the need to establish rights and limitations, the rights of each parent are protected; Control and Custody of Children, 48 P.S. §§ 91, 92; Custody and Grandparents Visitation Act, 23 P.S. § 1001 et seq. Nowhere is there any hint that the relationship sanctified by tradition and law, the traditional family, is to be considered on an equal basis with a relationship which has received minimal social acceptance and no legal recognition. In Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036 (9th Cir.1982) (Court of Appeals affirmed federal district court’s holding that marriage between persons of same sex did not qualify one of the parties, who was an alien as citizen’s spouse pursuant to Immigration and Nationality Act), the court stated:

In effect, Congress has determined that preferential status is not warranted for the spouses of homosexual marriages. Perhaps this is because homosexual marriages never produce offspring, because they are not recognized in most, if any states, or because they violate traditional and often prevailing societal morals.

Id. at 1042. The appellant and dissent would have us take a giant step beyond that taken in Myers v. Myers, 468 Pa. 134, 360 A.2d 587 (1976) and Brooks v. Brooks, 319 Pa.Super. 268, 466 A.2d 152 (1983) (the mere fact that a parent has a nonmarital (heterosexual) relationship is insufficient to deny him or her custody of the children), and hold not only that this applies also to homosexual relationships — but more that homosexuality is not a relevant consideration. Even in extramarital heterosexual relationships this Court has held that a parent’s meretricious relationship is a factor. An inquiry into the relationship and its effects on the children is necessary to make a proper custody determination. Rupp v. Rupp, 268 Pa.Super. 467, 408 A.2d 883 (1979); McCann v. McCann, 270 Pa.Super. 171, 411 A.2d 234 (1979). The reason for extending the rule in relatively recent times to accord some meretricious heterosexual relationships the status accorded to marriage, is that in most respects other than the ceremonial, they comply with the traditional requirements of a family, a man and woman who live together in a stable family relationship, who have or may procreate, providing the substance needed to rear children — “one that might be considered a durable de facto relationship”, Stauton v. Austin, 209 Pa.Super. 187, 194, 223 A.2d 892 (1966). The realities of modern society with the dramatic increase in separation and divorce, the enormous increase in unmarried couples and the very substantial number of families affected thereby, required the recognition by legislatures and the courts of the extension of the family concept. Particularly in Pennsylvania, until the Divorce Act of 1980 (23 P.S. § 101 et seq.) because of the difficulty in obtaining divorce, and the termination of support upon divorce, it was not uncommon to find many parties living in long term meretricious, but otherwise suitable family situations. In some respects, it harbors back to an earlier age in the evolution of the family when formal unions were much less prevalent. In virtually all respects, these meet the test of the relationship connoted by marriage. The same cannot be said for the lesbian relationship, whether it be analyzed from the traditional, legal or social point of view. Thus to equate it on the same level as the traditional family, by presuming equality with such a family, is a fallacy. This is in no way a refutation of the doctrine of Spriggs v. Carson, supra, which eliminated any presumptions in favor of one parent as to the other and provided that the evidentiary scale is evenly balanced at the outset. Here, the father and mother started equal; once the father established the mother’s lesbian relationship and his own legitimate and stable heterosexual family relationship, a presumption arose favoring the preferability of the traditional relationship. In Re Custody of Hernandez, 249 Pa.Super. 274, 376 A.2d 648 (1977).

Thus in the context of this case, it was incumbent upon appellant to prove that there would be no adverse effect to an enhanced partial custody order, that would have included total exposure to the mother’s life style. In addition, as stated above, since there was already a partial custody order dated May 1, 1980, the appellant was required to show a change of circumstances, permitting the Order to be modified, and that it was in the best interest of the children to do so. The appellant failed to prove this in all respects.

Contrary to the glowing and faultless description of the facts favorable to the appellant presented in her brief and adopted by the dissent, we find, after a careful review of the record, the briefs of the parties, including the Amicus Brief of the Civil Liberties Union, and the Opinion of the trial court, that the lower court, in its findings, was basically correct and that his decree must be sustained. Commonwealth v. Robinson, supra.

There are substantial reasons for sustaining the trial court. Three are paramount.

1) In any custody case in which a child is to spend substantial time in the company of an adult in the custodial setting, it is incumbent on the parties and the court to present for appellate review the testimony of that person. Here, one half of the mother’s relationship to which the children were to be exposed did not appear on the record except by reference. Neither the trial court nor we are able to apprise her character, appearance, demeanor or by the major analytical tool at trial, cross-examination, probe her feelings, desires, intent, capacity or potential to be a supervising surrogate or custodial influence. We know fully what the character and capacity of the father and stepmother are for parenting, but we know only that half of the relationship with Cathy S., represented by the mother. Under some standards, moral lapse of nonmarital relationships occurring in the past may be forgiven, but conduct which is persistent and flagrant will not be excused by the courts. Commonwealth ex rel. Grillo v. Shuster, 226 Pa.Super. 229, 312 A.2d 58 (1973); In re Snellgrose, 432 Pa. 158, 247 A.2d 596 (1968). In this case, the least the courts should require is the careful appraisal of the person, Cathy S., if it is to determine, in the best interest of the children, whether or not there was a material detriment. Rupp, Myers, supra. The behavior of all persons who will either reside in the proposed home or will exert a substantial influence over the child falls within the purview of the court. Commonwealth ex rel. Bordlemay v. Bordlemay, 201 Pa.Super. 435, 193 A.2d 845 (1963); also see Dile v. Dile, 284 Pa.Super. 459, 426 A.2d 137 (1981). If upon remarriage, testimony by and about the newly acquired spouse is virtually indispensible, J.F.G. v. K.A.G., 278 Pa. Super. 25, 419 A.2d 1337 (1980); Summers v. Summers, 273 Pa.Super. 285, 417 A.2d 651 (1979), how much more critical is the testimony of a partner to a nonmarital lesbian relationship.

2) In all of the leading cases expanding the rights of heterosexual relationships cited above, the children were involved in the family and knew of the relationship. In one case, Commonwealth ex rel. Drum v. Drum, 263 Pa.Super. 248, 397 A.2d 1192 (1979), the Court (as here) limited visitation outside the scope of the relationship because the mother believed the moral values of the children would be affected. Here, the children do not know of the lesbian relationship of their mother, and it is inconceivable that they would go into that environment, be exposed to the relationship, and not suffer some emotional disturbance, perhaps severe. The mother recognized this by suggesting counselling, likely to be done by a homosexually-oriented counselling service. This presents a situation totally unlike any of the cases referred to above or cited by the appellant or dissent as authority for treating this case as equivalent to Myers and Austin, supra. At ten and thirteen, Darren and Andrea are probably more vulnerable to what may be perceived as radical alterations in their view of a parent and parental relationships, and to being compelled to adjust to a lifestyle to which they had no prior exposure, than at any other period of their lives. Rightfully or wrongly, the father and mother have sheltered the children from this knowledge, and by doing so, insinuated that the mother’s behavior is unacceptable. To reverse this will require the children to accept their mother’s role, and to some extent, to proselytize the children by indicating that because of the role model now found acceptable, it is a suitable life style for the children, particularly Andrea. Whether or not earlier exposure would have been less harmful is a rhetorical consideration as there are different problems at different stages of the developmental process. If the mother took several years to deal with her own sexual orientation, requiring separation and distancing from family and psychiatric counselling, how can we expect the children to grasp the complexities of the mother’s relationship forthwith, as would result from the appellant’s suggested expanded order. This is not an issue of lifestyles; it is one of the effect of the relationship on the children. See Drum, Rupp, Snellgrose, supra.

3) The third important factor, considered by the court below and evident from the record, based on testimony and en camera interviews with the children, is that the children do not wish to spend additional time with their mother. While there is testimony indicating the mother showed limited maternal interest, concern and capacity, and some showing otherwise, the children clearly expressed their belief that time spent with the mother was wasted, boring and- not qualitatively on a par with that of their custodial family. Their desire to limit further contact was clearly related to being in a more vital and satisfying environment, which they did not want interrupted. The evidence clearly supported the conclusion that the father and stepmother provided far superior parental involvement and interaction than the mother and thus support the intelligent and logical reasons given by the children for their choice. The Courts have held that the preference of the children, although not controlling, is a factor to be carefully considered, so long as it is based on good reasons. McCourt v. Myers, 258 Pa.Super. 152, 407 A.2d 875 (1979); Shoup v. Shoup, 257 Pa.Super. 263, 390 A.2d 814 (1978). Nothing on the record indicated an improvement in maternal parenting from the time of the previous order, or for that matter, since the time the mother left eight years earlier.

Finally, while it is improper to deny partial custody consideration because of a moral lapse that occurred sometime in the past and to refuse to acknowledge rehabilitation by the parent, Commonwealth ex rel. Holschuh v. Holland-Moritz, 448 Pa. 437, 292 A.2d 380 (1972), it cannot be ignored as the past is prologue to the future and the present is the dividing point between the two. Unquestionably, the mother abandoned her family to assume a lifestyle which she was aware had little or no legal, social or moral acceptance. The issue is not whether she had a right to do this or whether it was moral or immoral; it must be weighed purely as it affected the children. The paramount consideration is the welfare of the children and all considerations, including the rights of parents, are subordinate to the children’s physical, intellectual, moral, spiritual and emotional well being. Commonwealth ex rel. Stauton v. Austin, 209 Pa.Super 187, 223 A.2d 892 (1966) allocatur denied. The Austin court acknowledged that such a relationship (illicit heterosexual) is not to be condoned in our society. Unquestionably, the same can be said for a lesbian relationship. To permit the stability of the children and the hard won growth as a family experienced by them and their custodial parents, to be sacrificed to the desires of a mother who wishes a closer relationship with them, which they reject, after being virtually abandoned by her — when that relationship is loaded with unconventional and traumatic aspects, is unconscionable.

While we would hold that as in Bezio v. Patenaude, 381 Mass. 563, 410 N.E.2d 1207 (1980), homosexuality per se is not a basis for denying visitation or partial custody to a parent, we do not consider it irrelevant. In this regard the lower court held, correctly, that such a relationship was not so severely disabling to the physical or moral health of the children to terminate parental rights or deny visitation. Commonwealth ex rel. Sorace v. Sorace, 236 Pa.Super. 42, 344 A.2d 553 (1975); Lewis v. Lewis, 271 Pa.Super. 519, 414 A.2d 375 (1979). However, as we discussed above, there are sufficient distinctions between legal relationships and meretricious relationships to find that it is a relevant consideration in every custody case to scrutinize the illicit relationship, whether heterosexual or homosexual.

We also find, as discussed above, that there are sufficient social, moral and legal distinctions between the traditional heterosexual family relationship and illicit homosexual relationship to raise the presumption of regularity in •favor of the licit, when established, shifting to the illicit, the burden of disproving detriment to the children. In doing so, we recognize the need to examine carefully each case, to determine the detriment or possible detriment to the children of a homosexual parent, but would not adopt the policy espoused by the appellant, cited by Patenaude, supra; D.H. v. S.H., — Ind.App. —, 418 N.E.2d 286 (1981) where no consideration is to be given to the sexual preference unless concrete harm to the child is proven. A review of the cases throughout the country indicates no uniformity in this respect, and there is a multiplicity of holdings in every direction. Since each of those cases are distinguishable on their facts and according to local statutory interpretation, they offer little in the way of guidance. While the appellant cites cases favorable to ignoring the lesbian relationship, other equally authoritative citations are available.

In Irish v. Irish, 7 F.L.R. 2256, the Michigan Court of Appeals held that the court could condition Orders of visitation so that the mother could not have contact overnight with her lesbian partners while the children visited. In Woodruff v. Woodruff, 6 F.L.R. 2250, the North Carolina Court of Appeals allowed father visitation, but specified his child could not be in the presence of the father’s male lovers nor was he to have any friends visit him at home while the child was there; In re J.S. & C., 129 N.J.Super. 486, 324 A.2d 90 (1974) permitted visitation but denied unrestricted visits or any overnight stays with the homosexual partners or exposure to any homosexual activity; S. v. S., Ky.App.Cf., 7 F.L.R. 2133 (1980) held that while it would refuse to conclude as a matter of law that lesbianism is sufficient to justify a change of custody, the court went on to hold that the lesbianism of the mother was a sufficient change of circumstance to review the effect on the child as “potential for endangering” the child’s welfare. It quoted the Journal of the National Association of Social Workers, Vol. 25, Number 3, May, 1980, pp. 198 et seq., “The lesbianism of the mother, because of the failure of the community to accept and support such conditions, forces on the child a need for secrecy and the isolation imposed by such a secret, thus separating the child from his or her peers.”

We believe and find here that there was no change of circumstance sufficient to warrant a revocation of the order of May 1, 1980, and that upon all of the evidence, appellant failed to prove on the record, that the children would not suffer detriment, and to the contrary, from the evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom, it is clearly established they would suffer severe detriment by the

order suggested by the appellant. The controlled partial custody and visitation order proposed by the trial court will assure a minimum of harm to the children, while permitting the mother and children to have reasonable contact with each other. (See In re J.S. & C., supra.)

Judgment affirmed.

BECK, J., dissents.

BECK, Judge,

dissenting:

I respectfully dissent. In the context of partial custody, I would hold that a parent’s homosexuality is a relevant consideration if it can be shown that the parent’s homosexual behavior adversely affects the child(ren) in question.

It is important to recognize that the question before the court is limited to expanded partial custody. The majority does not recognize this limitation and writes without distinguishing standards for shared custody, sole custody and partial custody. At 52-54. The mother-appellant in the case sub judice is not requesting shared custody, sole custody or unrestricted access (At 58) but delimited partial custody.

Also, it is important to note that the issue of privacy has been raised sua sponte by the majority. At 54-58. Said issue was neither briefed nor argued by the parties, and accordingly, this court is precluded from deciding the issue. Wiegand v. Wiegand, 461 Pa. 482, 337 A.2d 256 (1975). The majority relies on Doe v. Commonwealth’s Attorney for Richmond, 403 F.Supp. 1199 (E.D.Va.1975), aff'd, 425 U.S. 901, 96 S.Ct. 1489, 47 L.Ed.2d 751 (1976). The majority states, “The United States Supreme Court, in Doe v. Richmond, supra, found no problem in prohibiting homosexual activity between consenting adults.” At 56. This is not a correct statement. It is significant that the United States Supreme Court did not issue an opinion in Doe v. Richmond. Rather, the Supreme Court affirmed a divided three-judge Virginia district court which declined to grant declaratory or injunctive relief to bar enforcement, or threatened enforcement, of the state’s sodomy statute against male homosexuals.

The Supreme Court’s summary affirmance of the Virginia district court’s ruling has limited precedential value, Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651, 677, 94 S.Ct. 1347, 1362, 39 L.Ed.2d 662 (1974), and has been criticized as “an egregious example of an unexplained summary affirmance.” P. Bator, D. Shapiro, P. Mishkin & H. Wechsler, Hart and Weschler’s The Federal Courts and the Federal System 112 n. 1 (Supp.1977); see also L. Tribe, American Constitutional Law 943 (1978). Thus, the majority’s foundation for the broad privacy concepts it asserts is weak. I explain this not from a reverence for technical purity but to indicate that the majority’s discussion on privacy cannot serve as the basis for future decisions on the subject in this Commonwealth.

The scope of appellate review in partial custody matters is analogous to that in custody matters. The appellate court is bound by the trial court’s factual findings if supported by competent evidence of record. Commonwealth ex rel. Robinson v. Robinson, 505 Pa. 226, 478 A.2d 800 (1984). The scope of appellate review is otherwise broad. Id.; Commonwealth ex rel. Spriggs v. Carson, 470 Pa. 290, 368 A.2d 635 (1977); In re Donna W., 325 Pa.Super. 39, 472 A.2d 635 (1984).

In denying expanded partial custody, the trial court stated:

3. Notwithstanding the efforts of the so called “Gay Rights” movement, we conclude that the natural mother’s lesbian relationship shows her moral deficiency; however, there is no proof that the mother’s homosexuality constitutes a grave threat to the children.
4. Under such circumstances, we will consider the factor of the natural mother’s lesbian relationship only to limit visitation[] and not to completely deny it.

Its reasoning was further explained in the Decree Nisi:

(b) The limited visitation provided herein is sufficient to maintain the natural mother’s identity with the children. Any greater periods would be burdensome to the children and unduly interfere with the father and stepmother’s primary caretaking responsibilities. Moreover, the children have become so secure and well adjusted in their present home that we fear it will be harmful to award a greater parental role to the natural mother.

The trial judge’s thoughtful opinion reflects an appreciation for a stable traditional family. I have no doubt that such a natural family is a more certain base for children’s healthy development. But courts can neither create traditional families for children where the truth reveals otherwise nor insulate children from parents who do not fit the traditional mold. It is not desirable for the court to shield children from significant contact with a parent whose lifestyle the court might find unacceptable without a showing that the parent’s behavior will adversely affect the children.

For many years homosexual relationships were kept hidden from the view of society. However, they have now become more open, and to some degree more accepted in our culture. Parents living in openly homosexual relationships have begun to use the courts to seek custody and partial custody. See, e.g., Basile, Lesbian Mothers I: Custody and Homosexual Parents, 2 Women’s Rights L.R. 3, 1974; Evans, Parent and Child: M.J.P. v. J.G.P.: An Analysis of the Relevance of Parental Homosexuality in Child Custody Determinations, 35 Okla.L.R. 633 (1982); Kraft, Lesbian Child Custody, 6 Harvard Women’s L.J.183 (1983).

In the context of partial custody I would hold that a parent’s homosexuality is a relevant consideration if it can be shown that the parent’s homosexual behavior adversely affects the child(ren). In order for homosexuality to be relevant there must be a clear factual showing of a connection between the parent’s homosexuality and its adverse effect on the well-being of the children).

Judge Louis D. Stefan of Montgomery County outlined a nexus test which I would adopt.

In deciding custody, a judge should consider a parent’s sexual preference only where there has been a clear factual showing of a connection between the parent’s sexual preference and concrete harm to the child. Requiring a showing of nexus is particularly important where there exists such a great potential for subjective prejudice solely because one parent is a homosexual.

Commonwealth ex rel. Barron v. Decker, 107 Montg. 8, 12 (1980), quoting Hitchens, Martin & Morgan, Child Custody and the Homosexual Parent, 18 Judges J. 33, 35 (Fall 1979).

I find that the nexus test properly focuses the inquiry on the impact of the parent’s lifestyle and behavior on the child. It is inappropriate to focus the inquiry solely on a moral or psychological judgment of the parent’s behavior. The latter approach too easily results in the punishment of both the parent and child by depriving them of each other’s nurture, love and companionship. Campbell, Child Custody: When One Parent is Homosexual, 17 Judges J. 38.

Other jurisdictions have employed the “nexus” test in making custody and partial custody or visitation determinations where one parent is openly homosexual. See, e.g., Bezio v. Patenaude, 381 Mass. 563, 410 N.E.2d 1207 (1980); Schuster v. Schuster, 90 Wash. 626, 585 P.2d 130 (1978); In re J.S. & C., 129 N.J.Super. 486, 324 A.2d 90 (Chancery Div.1974), aff'd, 142 N.J.Super. 499, 362 A.2d 54 (1976); D.H. v. S.H., Ind.App., 418 N.E.2d 286 (1981), and cases cited in Evans, supra, and Hunter and Polikoff, Custody Rights of Lesbian Mothers: Legal Theory and Litigation Strategy, 25 Buffalo L.R. 691 (1976).

As the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts stated, “The state may not deprive parents of custody of their children simply because their households fail to meet the ideals approved by the community ... [or] simply because the parents embrace ideologies or pursue lifestyles at odds with the average.” Patenaude, 310 Mass. at 570, 410 N.E.2d at 1216.

This court is once again faced with the question whether the law shall be tolerant of different lifestyles. Several years ago the courts in Pennsylvania were confronted with a similar dilemma in making custody and partial custody awards: whether to permit greater tolerance of parents’ non-marital sexual relationships with persons of the opposite sex. The courts responded responsibly and concluded that such non-marital sexual relationships were relevant only if they could be shown to have an adverse effect on the child(ren). Commonwealth ex rel. Holschuh v. Holland-Moritz, 448 Pa. 437, 292 A.2d 380 (1972); Commonwealth ex rel. Myers v. Myers, 468 Pa. 134, 360 A.2d 587 (1976); Brooks v. Brooks, 319 Pa.Super. 268, 466 A.2d 152 (1983). I would now apply the same analysis to non-marital sexual relationships with persons of the same gender.

In the instant case I would analyze the record to determine whether a nexus exists between the mother’s homosexual lifestyle and harm to the children. I conclude that no nexus has been established. On the contrary, the record reveals that the mother’s life is stable. She has an enduring relationship with another person, an excellent work record, and she is a respected member of the community. The testimony of the mother, her employer, her co-worker and two lifelong friends support this conclusion. Record at 221-315; 315-330; 413-418; 418-446; 446-459.

Together, the mother and her childhood friend Cathy own a 10-room, 4-bedroom house which is well decorated and maintained. The mother had been working at New England Baptist Hospital for seven years at the time of the hearing, and had been recently promoted. Her employer was aware of her homosexuality. She described the mother as, “Very responsible, very thorough, very well organized. She helps me get through the day. She is always on time, very well respected in the hospital.” Record at 318. Cathy is a nurse-anesthetist working at another Boston hospital. Both the mother and Cathy are well respected and active in community affairs in their neighborhood.

In the instant case there was no showing that expanded partial custody would adversely affect the children. The testimony of the father and his witnesses concerned the relationship between the children and their mother before their mother moved to Boston, the stress her move created for them, and the limited contact she has had with the children since that time. The father presented no expert or lay opinion to support a conclusion that the children would be harmed by spending two weeks with their mother away from their father’s home.

The necessary nexus between the mother’s lifestyle and harm to the children has not been demonstrated of record. I, therefore, would hold that the trial court erred in denying the mother’s petition for expanded partial custody in the absence of any showing that such an arrangement would adversely affect the children.

The trial court found that expanded partial custody would be unduly burdensome and would interfere with the primary caretaking responsibilities of the father and his new wife. The record does not support this determination. The inconvenience of travel and temporary separation of the children from their home is routinely experienced by many families in which parents live apart. Nothing in this record indicates that this family would be unusually or uniquely burdened by it. Similarly, there is no support in the record for the trial court’s concern that it would be harmful to award a greater parental role to the mother simply because the children are well adjusted with their father and his new wife. On the contrary, the children’s good relationship in their father’s home should help the children make easier adjustments with their natural mother in Boston.

Additionally, I note that the recent strain occasioned by visitation seems to be due, in great part, to the reluctance on the part of the father to allow the mother to play a maternal role in the lives of her children. This attitude is evidenced by his petition to terminate her parental rights, the trial court’s finding that he had recently created barriers to her visitation (At 57-58), and testimony that he had told the mother that the children didn’t need her anymore. Record at 81.

The children both testified that they did not wish to travel to Boston and would be satisfied if they never saw their mother again. Although the children may be reluctant to leave their familiar home and understandably may have feelings of resentment toward their mother, these sentiments are not controlling in partial custody cases. Fernald v. Fernald, 224 Pa.Super. 93, 302 A.2d 470 (1972); Commonwealth ex rel. Turner v. Strange, 179 Pa.Super. 83, 115 A.2d 885 (1955). Furthermore, I am not persuaded that the children reached these conclusions independent of the influence of their father and stepmother.

Both the father and the stepmother view the children’s monthly weekend visit at their maternal grandparents’ home as an inconvenience rather than an opportunity for the children to maintain a relationship with their mother and grandparents. Record at 83-87; 164. The stepmother testified that the children’s natural mother would not be welcome in her home. Record at 159. The children are aware of their father’s and stepmother’s feelings. When asked if he knew what these proceedings were about, Darren answered that his father and stepmother were trying to keep him and Andrea from going to Boston. Record at 141. The father asked both children to sign his petition for the termination of the mother’s parental rights, and explained to them what it would mean. Record at 70-71. To limit the mother’s contact with her children because their father has made it unpleasant and difficult would be unfair to both the mother and the children. See Commonwealth ex rel. Ermel v. Ermel, 259 Pa.Super. 219, 393 A.2d 796 (1978).

A careful review of the record supports granting expanded partial custody. It clearly traces the mother’s enduring concern for her children. The trial court noted the mother’s decision to leave Pennsylvania caused her great distress. She did not lightly make the decision to leave her traditional lifestyle which was approved by her family and friends in favor of a homosexual lifestyle which was unacceptable in her community. At 4. She realized it would create some initial stress for the children and their father.

The mother left Pennsylvania after explaining to the father that she was homosexual and that it would be best for the children if they remained with him in familiar surroundings supported by friends and family. The trial court noted that the mother did not abandon her children, but “quite to the contrary, she entered into a written agreement under which the primary caretaking responsibilities were assumed by the father, but reserving visitation rights for herself.” At 3.

The trial court found that with a few exceptions, the mother saw the children on a regular basis from the fall of 1975 until April 1979, and that recent lack of contact “resulted from barriers created by the father.” At 4-5. I would not draw a negative inference from the fact that the mother turned the children over to their father, “[r]ather, [I would] construe same as the action of a concerned and loving mother interested in promoting the best interest of her child[ren] at that juncture.” In re Wesley J.K., 299 Pa.Super. 504, 508, 445 A.2d 1243, 1245 (1983) (footnote deleted).

In support of expanded partial custody, the mother testified that she wants Andrea and Darren to visit her in Boston so that they can develop a fuller relationship. She delayed this request until she felt they were old enough to travel, and she was able financially to provide transportation for them. She plans to take them to the hospital where she works, to Cape Code, the Aquarium, the Museum of Science, and other attractions in the Boston area. Each child would have his or her own bedroom while visiting the mother. She has not told them that she is a homosexual, and does not know if anyone else has done so. She would seek professional guidance regarding the best way to approach this issue with them.

The analysis I advocate supports Pennsylvania’s long and deeply held conviction regarding the importance of partial custody and visitation. Partial custody has been granted in this Commonwealth even when the non-custodial parent has had little contact with the child for long periods of time, Fernald; Strange; Commonwealth ex rel. Boschert v. Cook, 122 Pa.Super. 397, 186 A. 229 (1936), and where the children do not wish to visit the non-custodial parent. Pamela J.K. v. Roger D.J., 277 Pa.Super. 579, 419 A.2d 1301 (1980); Fernald.

This court has required the custodial parent to prepare a child for such visits by urging the use of parental authority to compel a reluctant child to visit with the other parent. Fernald; Commonwealth ex rel. Lotz v. Lotz, 188 Pa.Super. 241, 146 A.2d 362 (1958); Strange.

Partial custody is routinely granted even when the child must travel long distances from the custodial home. See, e.g., Pamela J.K.; Commonwealth ex rel. Shoemaker v. Shoemaker, 211 Pa.Super. 188, 235 A.2d 455 (1967); Commonwealth ex rel. Skurat v. Gearhart, 178 Pa.Super. 245, 115 A.2d 395 (1955).

The court’s clear and strong line of cases supporting partial custody is founded on public policy encouraging continued contact and relationship between natural parent and child. Pamela J.K.; Spells v. Spells, 250 Pa.Super. 168, 378 A.2d 879 (1977). “Every parent has the right to develop a good relationship with the child, and every child has the right to develop a good relationship with both parents.” Pamela J.K., 277 Pa.Super. at 593, 419 A.2d at 1309.

Visitation rights of a parent not in custody have long been a matter of concern to the law of this Commonwealth. They must be carefully guarded for when parents are separated and custody is placed in one of the parents, there exists a danger that the parent having custody of the child may use his or her advantageous position to alienate the other parent from the affections of the child.

Lotz, 188 Pa.Super. at 246, 146 A.2d at 364.

In conclusion, I would reverse the order of the lower court insofar as it denied expanded partial custody, and in all other respects, I would affirm the order of the trial court, i.e., its provision for monthly weekend partial custody for the natural mother, and its separate provision for partial custody for the maternal grandparents.

      . See distinction between partial custody and visitation, Actions for Custody, Partial Custody and Visitation, Pa.R.C.P. 1915.1 Scope. Definition.

      . The dissent would deny that this issue was properly raised or should be considered. Since the right to marry is considered a fundamental right by our Supreme Court, the major religions of the world, and the United Nations Charter, and the right to privacy in marriage flows from this fundamental right, the degree to which personal intimacies are protected is measured by this right. Since in Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438, 92 S.Ct. 1029, 31 L.Ed.2d 349 (1972) the Supreme Court held that single persons must be treated equally to married persons pursuant to the equal protection clause, XIV Amendment, under certain circumstances (contraception, Griswald, supra) the privacy issue is relevant. It, therefore, becomes necessary to analyze the relationship of Constant A. and Cathy S. to determine if their activities, while the children are in their care, are protected, and if not, whether the children’s best interest is thereby endangered.

      . The dissent would hold Doe v. Richmond has no precedental value. Its effect, however, is to sustain the right of authorities in Virginia to prosecute consenting homosexuals apprehended engaging in sexual acts.

      . The dissent would adopt this view and place the burden on the appellee to prove that by granting extended partial custody, the homosexual relationship would adversely affect the children.

      . The dissent would hold that Spriggs v. Carson, 470 Pa. 290, 368 A.2d 635 (1977) would limit the application of presumptions in custody cases. We would agree but believe Spriggs has application in those cases where the fitness or capacity of the parents is equal, not as here, where the standing is not equal because of the existence of a meritricious or homosexual relationship. See discussion, supra.

      . The dissent would equate all forms of living arrangements as variations in life style. Many variations of style can be accommodated within the concept of marriage and the family but style should and cannot be confused with substance. The essence of marriage is the coming together of a man and woman for the purpose of procreation and the rearing of children, thus creating what we know to be the traditional family. A goal of society, government and law is to protect and foster this basic unit of society. It therefore is entitled to a presumption in its favor over any other form of lifestyle, whether it be polygamy, communal living, homosexual relationships, celebate utopian communities or a myriad of other forms tried throughout the ages, none of which succeeded in supplanting the traditional family. The test of equality between the traditional family and the homosexual relationship cannot be met by the homosexual relationship. Simply put, if the traditional family relationship (lifestyle) was banned, human society would disappear in little more than one generation, whereas if the homosexual lifestyle were banned, there would be no perceivable harm to society. It is clearly evident that the concept of family is essential to society, homosexual relationships are not. A primary function of government and law is to preserve and perpetuate society, in this instance, the family. It, therefore, is required to protect and support the family, which means it must be given every reasonable presumption in its favor.

      . See Dissenting Opinion, p. 68.

      . The testimony of the psychiatrist and the studies she cited are unpersuasive as they are of limited number and of recent origin and have not withstood the test of time.

      . The dissent would discount the feelings of the children, although well reasoned, and the findings of the trial judge, who is in the best position to determine the depth and reasonableness of this consideration. We can find no reason, supported by law or fact, which would permit us to ignore it.

      . Furthermore, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court has repeatedly stated that a court of this Commonwealth "should not reach [a] constitutional issue if [a] case can properly be decided on non-constitutional grounds.” Ballou v. State Ethics Commission, 496 Pa. 127, 129, 436 A.2d 186, 187 (1981) (footnote deleted), reargument denied, December 1, 1981.

      . The trial court has substituted the word visitation for partial custody. The meaning of the word visitation as used by the trial court is the same as partial custody. " ‘[P]artial custody’ means the right to take possession of a child away from the custodial person for a certain period of time.” Pa.R.C.P. No. 1915.1; Scott v. Scott, 240 Pa.Super. 65, 368 A.2d 288 (1970) (Spaeth, J., concurring). Essentially, partial custody is granted "where psychological considerations ... or geographical reasons ... require that the non-custodial parent see the child out of the presence of the custodial parent.” Id., 240 Pa.Superior Ct. at 69, 368 A.2d at 291 (Spaeth, J., concurring); see also Commonwealth ex rel. Zaffarano v. Genaro, 500 Pa. 256, 455 A.2d 1180 (1983).

      . See Beck, Nontraditional Lifestyles and the Law, 17 J.Fam.L. 685 (1979).

      . Thus, "[t]he current law reflects the evolution in traditional morality ____Prohibitions have been eased against lifestyles that in prior times were considered unorthodox." Beck, supra note 3, at 701.

      . The majority states that where there is a custody dispute between members of a traditional family environment and one of homosexual composition, "the presumption of regularity applies to the traditional relationship.” At 64-65. Unlike the majority, I do not premise my analysis upon such a presumption but rather follow the Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s caveat in Commonwealth ex rel. Spriggs v. Carson, 470 Pa. 290, 300, 368 A.2d 635, 640 (1977): "Courts should be wary of deciding matters as sensitive as questions of custody by the invocation of 'presumptions’. Instead, ... courts should inquire into the circumstances and relationships of all the parties involved and reach a determination based solely upon the facts of the case then before the Court.” Hence, I consider the particular facts of record in the case sub judice and base my conclusion upon the evidence adduced by the parties.

      . The mother presented the expert testimony of Dr. Mary Cochran, a developmental psychologist and director of an out-patient mental health clinic which serves many homosexual parents as clients. Dr. Cochran testified that from her experience and from studies done by other experts in the field, she has concluded that there is no adverse impact on children who are raised by homosexual parents. Because her testimony related to full custody by homosexual parents, and because she did not actually interview the parties or their children, however, this evidence is of little relevance to the specific issue on appeal.


source: Caselaw Access Project

author: CIRILLO, Judge: BECK, Judge,

license: Public Domain

text:
    496 A.2d 16
    Marian TYLER v. Kenneth KING, Appellant.
    Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
    Submitted Aug. 23, 1984.
    Filed July 12, 1985.

      Michael S. Bomstein, Philadelphia, for appellant.
    Jane C. Greenspan, Philadelphia, Assistant District Attorney, for appellee.
    Before CIRILLO, OLSZEWSKI and BECK, JJ.
   CIRILLO, Judge:

Appellant, Kenneth King, appeals the order of the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County declaring him to be the father of Christina Tyler, daughter of appellee, Marian Tyler. Appellant seeks a new trial or reversal of the finding of paternity. We find no error, and affirm.

Appellee filed a complaint for support for her daughter, born April 10, 1981. At the hearing, appellant was granted a continuance so that Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) blood tests could be taken of himself, appellee and the child, to determine the probability of his having fathered the child. Appellant stipulated that the test results were admissible as some evidence of paternity.

Appellee testified that she met appellant on July 25, 1980, and engaged in intercourse with him that night at his home. She also stated that on several occasions from April to July, 1980, she engaged in sex with another man. Appellant claimed that he did not meet appellee until October, 1980, and that she could not have spent the night of July 25 at his home because at that time his girlfriend and their daughter were living there. On cross-examination, appellee testified that she had lied to appellant about her use of a contraceptive, and that she had told a friend of appellant that another man may have fathered the child.

At the close of appellee’s case, appellant stated his belief that proper interpretation of HLA test results was a matter of statistics, and that these results lacked legal significance without expert testimony. However, he did not object to their admission into evidence. He then moved to dismiss, on the ground that the Commonwealth had not presented proper statistical evidence, in the form of expert testimony, to explain the test results. The motion was denied.

The court found appellant to be the father of appellee’s child. Following this determination, an order for support was entered.

Appellant presents four questions: 1) Did the hearing court err in finding that appellant waived his right to cross-examine blood test examiners or a statistician to explain the test results? 2) Did the hearing court err in holding that appellant was not entitled to the benefit of Turek v. Hardy, 312 Pa.Super. 158, 458 A.2d 562 (1983)? 3) Did the hearing court deny appellant procedural due process when it admitted the test results without allowing appellant the opportunity to confront and cross-examine appropriate experts? 4) Did the hearing court err by reaching factual conclusions contrary to the weight of the credible evidence?

We will dispose of appellant’s first and third questions together, as both concern his right to cross-examine witnesses.

Appellant relies on Section 6134 of the Uniform Act on Blood Tests to Determine Paternity, which states:

Selection of experts

The tests shall be made by experts qualified as examiners of blood types, who shall be appointed by the court. The experts shall be called by the court as witnesses to testify to their findings and shall be subject to cross-examination by the parties. Any party or person at whose suggestion the tests have been ordered may demand that other experts qualified as examiners of blood types perform independent tests under order of court, the results of which may be offered in evidence. The number and qualifications of such experts shall be determined by the court.

Appellant argues that the court is obliged, in all cases where blood tests are involved in a paternity question, to call .those persons who conducted the tests. He further claims that his stipulation to the admissibility of the results at issue was not a waiver of the Act’s protections. We find his argument to be without merit.

Appellant presents us with a simple matter of statutory construction, which is for the court’s resolution. Commonwealth, Higher Education Assistance Agency v. Abington Memorial Hospital, 478 Pa. 514, 387 A.2d 440 (1978). He emphasizzes that Section 6134 uses mandatory language when it states that “experts shall be called by the court.” However, it has long been the rule in Pennsylvania that the word “shall,” although usually mandatory or imperative when used in a statute, may nonetheless be directory or permissive, depending upon the Legislature’s intent; we ascertain this intent after reviewing the entire act, its nature, object and purpose, the respective consequences of various constructions of the particular statute, and after determining whether the action allegedly mandated by the statute is the essence of the thing to be done pursuant to it. Francis v. Corleto, 418 Pa. 417, 211 A.2d 503 (1965); Division 85, Amalgamated Transit Union v. Port Authority of Allegheny County, 417 Pa. 299, 208 A.2d 271 (1965); Prichard v. School District of Willistown Township, 394 Pa. 489, 147 A.2d 380 (1959); Pennsylvania R. Co. v. Board of Revision of Taxes, 372 Pa. 468, 93 A.2d 679 (1953); In re Nomination Papers of American Labor Party, 352 Pa. 576, 44 A.2d 48 (1945); National Transit Co. v. Boardman, 328 Pa. 450, 197 A. 239 (1938); Commonwealth v. Kowell, 209 Pa.Super. 386, 228 A.2d 50 (1967); Wielebinski v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 197 Pa. Super. 292, 178 A.2d 783 (1962); County of Allegheny v. Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, 192 Pa.Super. 100, 159 A.2d 227 (1960); Borough of Pleasant Hills v. Carroll, 182 Pa.Super. 102, 125 A.2d 466 (1956) (allocatur denied); Turner v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 163 Pa.Super. 168, 60 A.2d 583 (1948); Appeal of Baldwin, 153 Pa.Super. 358, 33 A.2d 773 (1943); Kuzmen v. Kamien, 139 Pa.Super. 538, 12 A.2d 471 (1940). See also Commonwealth v. Hess, 270 Pa.Super. 501, 411 A.2d 830 (1979), appeal dismissed, 499 Pa. 206, 452 A.2d 1011 (1982); Commonwealth, Human Relations Commission v. Transit Casualty Insurance Co., 478 Pa. 430, 387 A.2d 58 (1978); Sohmer v. Sohmer, 318 Pa.Super. 500, 465 A.2d 665 (1983); Fireman’s Fund Insurance Co. v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co., 317 Pa.Super. 497, 464 A.2d 431 (1983).

In particular, where a statute’s mandatory language pertains to the action of a court, it is usually a grant of authority. Anderson’s Appeal, 215 Pa. 119, 64 A. 443 (1906); Becker v. Lebanon & M. St. Ry. Co., 188 Pa. 484, 41 A. 612 (1898). Compare Morrison v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 141 Pa.Super. 256, 15 A.2d 391 (1940) (statute purporting to require a deliberative body to render a discretionary decision within a stated time will be construed to be directory). The statute at issue here clearly concerns the power of the court, by presuming to oblige the court to call specified witnesses. It therefore can be construed on this basis alone as merely granting the court the authority to do so.

In addition, the intent and purpose of the Act are twofold. First, the Legislature believed that admission of blood test evidence would be helpful in suits where paternity is an issue, because these tests permit scientifically reliable exclusion of a given man from the group of those who could be a certain child’s father. See Hummel v. Smith, 301 Pa.Super. 276, 286-87, 447 A.2d 965, 970 (1982) (Beck, J., concurring). However, Section 6134 seeks to protect putative fathers from adverse determinations based on blood test results not sufficiently reliable or adequately administered, and from the undue impression which “expert” evidence can make on a trier’s mind. The Act’s purpose is thus the same as the rule for expert testimony: to allow qualified “opinion” testimony in order to explain to the trier a subject matter which is beyond the experience and comprehension of the ordinary layman. See In re Japanese Electronic Products Antitrust Litigation, 723 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.1983); Zenith Radio Corporation v. Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., 505 F.Supp. 1313 (E.D.Pa.1980); Hamil v. Bashline, 481 Pa. 256, 392 A.2d 1280 (1978); Reardon v. Meehan, 424 Pa. 460, 227 A.2d 667 (1967); Swartz v. General Electric Co., 327 Pa.Super. 58, 474 A.2d 1172 (1984). Where the expert witness performed the test or experiment at issue, as is the case under Section 6134, calling him to testify allows a party to inquire into the circumstances surrounding the test, the factors influencing its result, the variables which could affect the result, and the procedures used in recording and preserving the result. Parties are thus protected from any prejudice which may occur from the admission of scientific data which was not accurately gathered, analyzed or recorded.

However, we disagree with appellant that Section 6134 requires the court to call the described experts in all cases. First, the Act itself allows paternity determinations to be made without blood tests. Section 6133 states that “[i]f any party refuses to submit to such tests, the court may resolve the question of paternity, parentage or identity of a child against such party, or enforce its order if the rights of others and the interests of justice so require” (emphasis added). See also Smith v. Beard, 326 Pa.Super. 95, 473 A.2d 625 (1984). In addition, expert testimony is not the sole or paramount form of evidence used in paternity cases. Section 6132(b)(3), governing the use of blood tests in criminal proceedings, allows the court to direct a verdict for the defendant “upon the conclusions of all the experts under the provisions of Section 6136 (relating to effect of test results), otherwise the case shall be submitted for determination upon all the evidence” (emphasis added). Section 6136, in turn, provides that “[i]f the experts disagree in their findings or conclusions, the question shall be submitted upon all the evidence” (emphasis added).

These sections of the Uniform Act demonstrate the Legislature’s second intent, that the trier of fact decide paternity questions on all the evidence, not just on the pronouncements of experts. This is true even in a criminal prosecution, where the burden of proof is far higher and the defendant has such significant interests at stake. Logically, a “trier of fact” would be unnecessary in paternity cases if the verdicts were to be reached by the witnesses.

One final consideration supports our conclusion that Section 6134 does not mandate the calling of experts in every paternity case.

Such a requirement would give the parties to a paternity case a protection unavailable to other litigants. The defendant in a paternity case is entitled without question to certain rights and safeguards. See Corra v. Coll, 305 Pa.Super. 179, 451 A.2d 480 (1982) (due process entitles indigent paternity defendant to appointed counsel); Parenti v. Parenti, 263 Pa.Super. 282, 397 A.2d 1210 (1979) (upon motion, party is entitled to court-ordered blood tests); but see Beard, supra (right to trial in paternity case is not absolute). However, as we will discuss more fully later in this opinion, a party may stipulate to the admission of a piece of evidence, thereby waiving the protections afforded by the rules of evidence. Under appellant’s construction of Section 6134, a party in a paternity case would be insulated from the waivers incurred by other litigants who stipulate to admissibility.

We conclude, from the rules of statutory construction and the text of the Uniform Act, that expert testimony on blood tests is not an absolute, unwaivable requirement in every paternity case. Rather, the need for it will arise from the particular circumstances of the litigation. Where the alleged father denies paternity and challenges the admission of the plaintiff’s scientific or medical evidence, experts appointed under Section 6134 will be called to testify. Here, however, appellant’s stipulation is a circumstance we must consider.

The Pennsylvania rule on stipulations is long-settled: parties may bind themselves, even by a statement made in court, on matters relating to individual rights and obligations, so long as their stipulations do not affect the court’s jurisdiction or due order of business. Foote v. Maryland Casualty Co., 409 Pa. 307, 186 A.2d 255 (1962); Foley Brothers, Inc. v. Commonwealth, Department of Highways, 400 Pa. 584, 163 A.2d 80 (1960); Stinner v. Stinner, 300 Pa.Super. 351, 446 A.2d 651 (1982); Zvonik v. Zvonik, 291 Pa.Super. 309, 435 A.2d 1236 (1981); Kardibin v. Associated Hardware, 284 Pa.Super. 586, 426 A.2d 649 (1981); Marmara v. Rawle, 264 Pa.Super. 229, 399 A.2d 750 (1979); Chamberlin of Pittsburgh, Inc. v. Fort Pitt Chemical Co., 237 Pa.Super. 528, 352 A.2d 176 (1975) (allocatur denied). Stipulations to the admissibility of evidence are common. They do not affect jurisdiction, nor interfere with judicial business or convenience; instead, they aid the court by saving it time which would otherwise be spent on determining admissibility.

The courts employ a contracts-law analysis to interpret stipulations, so that the intent of the parties is controlling. Longenecker v. Matway, 315 Pa.Super. 411, 416, 462 A.2d 261, 263 (1983). The language of a stipulation, like that of a contract, is construed against the drafter. See Central Transportation, Inc. v. Board of Assessment Appeals of Cambria County, 490 Pa. 486, 417 A.2d 144 (1980). The court will hold a party bound to his stipulation: concessions made in stipulations are judicial admissions, and accordingly may not later in the proceeding be contradicted by the party who made them. Tops Apparel Manufacturing Co. v. Rothman, 430 Pa. 583, 587, 244 A.2d 436, 438 (1968); Light v. Miller, 303 Pa.Super. 527, 530, 450 A.2d 51, 53 (1982). See also Cole v. Altieri, 534 F.Supp. 165 (E.D.Pa.1981); Alley v. Comella, 241 F.Supp. 1016 (W.D.Pa.1965); Dale Manufacturing Co. v. Bressi, 491 Pa. 493, 421 A.2d 653 (1980); In re Estate of Monheim, 451 Pa. 489, 304 A.2d 115 (1973); Prudential Property & Casualty Insurance Co. v. Falligan, 335 Pa.Super. 195, 484 A.2d 88 (1984); Aetna Electroplating Co., Inc. v. Jenkins, 335 Pa.Super. 283, 484 A.2d 134 (1984); Hachick v. Kobelak, 259 Pa.Super. 13, 393 A.2d 692 (1978); Commonwealth v. Barksdale, 219 Pa.Super. 444, 281 A.2d 703 (1971) (allocatur denied).

Applying these rules, we find that appellant drafted the stipulation at issue by way of three separate statements at the paternity hearing. Appellant requested a continuance so that blood tests could be performed, and the Commonwealth agreed:

[Assistant District Attorney]:
All right. And we are willing to agree that if he has it done it is admissible, the findings are admissible in court without any chain of custody, et cetera, and he has agreed to say—
[Appellant’s counsel]:
We would so stipulate, not that they are dispositive, but rather that they are admissible for the Court to draw such inference.

When appellee moved to admit the test results, the following discussion occurred:

[Appellant’s counsel]:
As indicated earlier in the record, we have no objection to the admissibility of the test, with this specific proviso: that we believe that it is a matter of statistical evidence as to the proper interpretation of the results. And absent testimony by an expert witness, these results do not have a legal significance.
[The Court]:
All right now. Do I understand that there is no objection to the marking of the HLA blood studies result as P-1, and the birth record P-2? And there is further no objection that they be admitted into evidence. Is that correct ... ?
[Appellant’s counsel]:
Yes, Sir.

At the close of appellee’s case, appellant moved to dismiss, stating in part:

[Appellant’s counsel]:
In addition, Your Honor, we would submit, again absent proper statistical evidence as to the validity of the HLA paternity testing report, its meaning is at best questionable. However, if there had been a statistician offered by the Commonwealth to explain to the Court the significance of this, we believe that upon cross-examination a number of important things would have developed____

Appellant concedes that he did not object to admission of the test report. However, he argues that the results, although admissible, were meaningless without expert testimony. Analogizing the results to business records, he further argues that conceding admissibility does not waive the requirement of a proper evidentiary foundation.

Appellant confuses the meaning of admissibility. Admissibility is determined not for a class of documents, but for each individual document, and proper foundation is a part of that determination. Hence, when a party concedes admissibility, the need for showing a proper foundation disappears. In Edwards v. Donley, 223 Pa.Super. 71, 297 A.2d 149 (1972) (allocatur denied), the defendant stipulated to the admissibility of the plaintiffs medical bills, but objected at the close of the plaintiffs case to their introduction. This Court held. that the stipulation relieved the plaintiff of the burden he would otherwise have carried before the bills could be admitted. Id., 223 Pa.Superior Ct. at 73-74, 297 A.2d at 150. While the defendant could reserve the right to question the completeness and reasonableness of the plaintiffs bills, that right was not exercised by merely objecting to their introduction. Id., 223 Pa.Superior Ct. at 75, 297 A.2d at 151.

Similarly, appellant’s “proviso” here regarding admission of the test results did not condition their admission on the presentation of expert testimony, nor did he properly object to it. His colloquy in support of the motion to dismiss raised no legal arguments against admission of the results, but rather attacked their value, calling them “questionable” without statistical evidence and claiming that cross-examination would have revealed several weaknesses in their merit. Finally, appellant objects to the hearing court’s “misuse” of the test results. That “misuse” was simply the court’s decision in favor of appellee, based in part on the test results which appellant agreed were admissible.

Appellant’s criticisms of the results go not to their legal admissibility but to the weight he believes a factfinder should accord them. Weight and admissibility are separate issues, and we will not find the hearing court in error for placing more weight on admissible evidence than appellant would prefer, especially where appellant himself agreed to its admission.

Appellant also claims that the hearing court, insofar as it considered the test report, violated appellant’s right to due process by denying him the right to confront and cross-examine relevant experts. In support, appellant cites Commonwealth ex rel. Valentine v. Strongel, 246 Pa.Super. 466, 371 A.2d 931 (1977), Wood v. Tucker, 231 Pa.Super. 461, 332 A.2d 191 (1974), and Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254, 90 S.Ct. 1011, 25 L.Ed.2d 287 (1970).

Appellant’s reliance on Valentine and Wood is misplaced. In Wood, the appellant in a child custody dispute argued that the trial court erred in relying on information dehors the record. This Court agreed, citing the rule that a court may not consider a report without examining the person who made it. 231 Pa.Super. at 463, 332 A.2d at 192. However, the cases following this rule require testimony by a report’s maker in child custody cases, given the crucial family interests at stake and the court’s paramount duty to discern and safeguard the best interest of the child. Robert H.H. v. May L.H., 293 Pa.Super. 431, 439 A.2d 187 (1982); In re Custody of White, 270 Pa.Super. 165, 411 A.2d 231 (1979). We did note in Wood that the use of information dehors the record denies a litigant his right to the in-court presentation of evidence and the opportunity to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses. 231 Pa.Super. at 463-64, 332 A.2d at 192.

In Valentine, the petitioner raised the issue appellant raises now, that the 1961 Uniform Act required testimony by, including cross-examination of, experts. The experts in Valentine had sent written reports to the court and the parties, but presented no testimony at trial. Citing Wood, we held that, because of this,

there is absolutely no evidence in the record of the occurrence or result of any blood test. In its opinion the lower court stated that on the basis of blood tests performed, appellant could not be excluded as the father. It is apparent from the trial court’s opinion that it considered the blood tests prior to making its decision. Clearly it was error for the trial court to use evidence dehors the record to make its determinations.

246 Pa.Super. at 470, 371 A.2d at 933. We did not in Valentine reach the issue of whether the Uniform Act’s provision for expert witnesses is mandatory.

Both Wood and Valentine are distinguishable from the instant case. In both of those cases, the trial court considered evidence which was not in the record and therefore denied the appellants their right to confrontation and cross-examination. See also Coble v. Coble, 323 Pa.Super. 445, 447-48, 470 A.2d 1002, 1003-04 (1984); Shaffer v. Gaal, 312 Pa.Super. 399, 458 A.2d 1020 (1983). Here, by contrast, the test results were on record, pursuant to the stipulation and the reading of them into the record by appellee’s counsel.

We recognize that appellant has procedural and substantive rights. See Beard, Corra and Parenti, supra. However, a party may waive constitutional rights designed for his benefit. Kardibin, 284 Pa.Super. at 600, 426 A.2d at 656-57. The right to confront and cross-examine does not require that the parties in every case cross-examine each adverse witness, but that they have the opportunity to do so. Goldberg, 397 U.S. at 269, 90 S.Ct. at 1021, 25 L.Ed.2d at 300. This right may therefore be waived, even in a criminal case. See Commonwealth v. Harmes, 255 Pa.Super. 147, 386 A.2d 551 (1978). Appellant had the required opportunity to confront and cross-examine the technicians who administered and analyzed the blood tests and reported their results. That he forewent this opportunity is no error on the part of the hearing court.

Nor do we find merit in appellant’s contention as to what “cross-examination” of a statistician would have revealed about the reliability of HLA tests. Assuming appellant meant a statistician distinct from the persons who performed the test, we find no indication in the record that he was prevented from introducing testimony, by an expert of his own, on this subject. Appellant bases this argument on his claim that the hearing court, by admitting the evidence to which he had stipulated, violated his right to confrontation and cross-examination. A party may not complain when he waives his right to present evidence in his favor by choosing not to do so. See Lowenschuss v. Lowenschuss, 323 Pa.Super. 381, 470 A.2d 970 (1983).

Appellant next argues that he is entitled to the benefit of our holding in Turek, supra, which was decided after the hearing of the instant case. Given our decision on appellant’s first and third questions for review, we need not reach this issue. However, we will consider it for the purpose of encouraging competent appellate advocacy.

In Turek, as in the case at bar, the defendant in a paternity suit requested blood tests, and stipulated that the results were admissible. He then objected to the introduction of the results and of expert testimony. We held that HLA test results were “admissible under the current state of the law” as some evidence of paternity. 312 Pa.Super. at 160, 458 A.2d at 563. We also set forth some foundation guidelines which “[t]he party seeking to affirmatively use the HLA results” should show before those results are admitted. Id., 312 Pa.Superior Ct. at 164, 458 A.2d at 565. However, we did not consider the effect of the parties’ stipulation on this requirement.

Appellant cannot insist that he is “entitled” to the Turek holding. First, Turek allowed the admission of HLA test results as some evidence of paternity, where appellant challenges their admission in his case. Second, Turek did not announce that HLA results were admissible where they had not been before, but stated rather that they were admissible under current law. Appellant himself admits that we decided Turek on the basis of existing law; he concludes that therefore Turek need not be held retroactive to apply to the instant case and adds that, because he “has agreed all along” that the results are admissible, the trial court’s comment on Turek concerned a “non-issue.”

Third, appellant emphasizes the Turek Court’s comment that “it is axiomatic that a foundation must be laid” before evidence is admitted. 312 Pa.Super. at 164, 458 A.2d at 565. Appellant then states that the foundation requirement is not a new rule of law, and again concludes that we need not hold Turek retroactive.

Appellant’s only genuine ground for seeking retroactive application of Turek seems to be that decision’s list of guidelines for a proper foundation for HLA results. However, he once more states that retroactivity is unnecessary, because in his case no foundation was presented and ample precedent requires a foundation. He nonetheless concludes that he was “entitled” to Turek and that the hearing court’s refusal to apply its holding was erroneous. For the reasons above set forth, we reject that conclusion.

Finally, appellant asserts that the hearing court’s finding of paternity was against the weight of the credible evidence. In reviewing this argument, we must defer and give great weight to the hearing court’s appraisal of credibility, since that court observed the witnesses during their testimony. Commonwealth ex rel. Ermel v. Ermel, 259 Pa.Super. 219, 223, 393 A.2d 796, 798 (1978); Burston v. Dodson, 257 Pa.Super. 1, 390 A.2d 216 (1978); In the Interest of Clouse, 244 Pa.Super. 396, 368 A.2d 780 (1976) (allocatur denied). We may disregard or overrule the hearing court’s determinations of credibility and the weight of the evidence only in clear cases, when we find that those determinations were manifestly erroneous, arbitrary and capricious, or flagrantly contrary to the evidence. Delahanty v. First Pennsylvania Bank, N.A., 318 Pa.Super. 90, 464 A.2d 1243 (1983); Glickman Real Estate Development v. Korf 300 Pa.Super. 202, 446 A.2d 300 (1982); Shacreaw v. Shacreaw, 248 Pa.Super. 223, 375 A.2d 68 (1977); Leibowitz v. Ortho, 224 Pa.Super. 418, 307 A.2d 449 (1973). In addition, the plaintiff in a civil paternity suit need prove the claim only by a preponderance of the evidence. Commonwealth ex rel. Johnson v. Peake, 272 Pa.Super. 340, 415 A.2d 1228 (1979); Commonwealth ex rel. Lonesome v. Johnson, 231 Pa.Super. 335, 338, 331 A.2d 702, 704 (1974).

Beside passing on credibility, the hearing court considered its examination of the child and comparison of her traits to appellant’s, a valid comparison in paternity cases. Lonesome, 231 Pa.Super. at 338, 331 A.2d at 704.

Upon review of the record, we find that the hearing court’s determinations on credibility were not manifestly erroneous, arbitrary and capricious, or flagrantly contrary to the evidence.

AFFIRMED.

BECK, J., files a dissenting opinion.

BECK, Judge,

dissenting:

I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion. I would hold that Section 6134 of the Uniform Act on Blood Tests to Determine Paternity (Uniform Act) requires the court to provide an expert witness to interpret and attest to the accuracy of blood tests in a paternity proceeding. 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6134. I would further hold that the parties may not waive this requirement.

Section 6134 of the Uniform Act provides that “[tjests shall be made by experts ... who shall be appointed by the court. The experts shall be called by the court as witnesses ... and shall be subject to cross-examination by the parties.” (Emphasis added.) This language is a mandatory direction to the court, requiring it to call an expert witness, and is not, as the majority contends, a grant of authority to the court, merely permitting it to call an expert in its discretion.

The majority maintains that “where a statute’s mandatory language pertains to the action of a court, it is usually a grant of authority.” Maj. op. at 20. However, this generalization as applied to the case sub judice does not find support in the cases cited by the majority.

Recent case law clearly establishes that the word “shall” in a statute is to be construed as a mandatory, rather than a permissive, direction. Burrows v. State Employees’ Retirement Board, 76 Pa.Commw. 84, 463 A.2d 106 (1983) (statute stating that the Retirement Board “shall” have applicant examined was held to be a mandatory instruction to the Board); see also Board of Pensions and Retirement of City of Philadelphia v. Hodge, 72 Pa.Commw. 59, 455 A.2d 1270 (1983); City of Philadelphia v. Shapp, 44 Pa. Commw. 303, 403 A.2d 1043 (1979).

Moreover, the majority’s interpretation of Section 6134 would result in a superfluous grant to the court of authority it already possesses. The majority construes Section 6134 to permit the court to call experts, but the court has inherent power in any case to call experts where evidence beyond the common knowledge of the trier of fact must be evaluated. Therefore, it is nonsensical to interpret Section 6134 as simply allowing the court an opportunity to call expert witnesses.

The majority supports its construction of Section 6134 by noting that Section 6133 of the “Act ... allows paternity determinations to be made without blood tests,” and that under section 6132(b)(3) and 6136 of the Act, “expert testimony is not the sole or paramount form of evidence used in paternity cases.” Slip op. at 6. While these statements may be correct, it does not follow, as the majority would have us believe, that experts are not required once blood tests have been introduced into evidence.

The aforementioned sections of the Uniform Act to which the majority refers merely provide guidance to the court in evaluating evidence under specific circumstances. Section 6136, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6136, states that

if the court finds that the conclusions of all of the experts as disclosed by the evidence based upon the tests are that the alleged father is not the father of the child, the question of paternity ... shall be resolved accordingly. If the experts disagree in their findings or conclusions, the question shall be submitted upon all the evidence.

As the majority asserts, this section does require a paternity determination based upon all the evidence. However, a determination based upon all the evidence is necessitated only where the experts disagree. Thus, it is clear that Section 6136 presumes the testimony of experts where blood tests are introduced. Section 6136 then does not imply, as the majority suggests, that expert testimony is unnecessary under the Uniform Act; rather it reinforces the conclusion that Section 6134 mandates expert testimony where blood tests are introduced. Section 6134 is specific as to the requirement of experts and the mandate of the section is not modified by other provisions of the statute which do not relate to the integrity and reliability of blood tests.

In mandating expert testimony under the Uniform Act, the legislature demonstrated its awareness that the complexity of scientific evidence in paternity determinations requires expert interpretation to assure a proper evidentiary evaluation. This court has similarly recognized the importance of expert testimony in various contexts such as those involving HLA blood test results. In holding HLA blood tests admissible, this court in Turek v. Hardy, 312 Pa.Super. 158, 458 A.2d 562 (1983), stated that “[wjhile we believe that ... the reliability of HLA testing has been established, we do agree with the Utah court’s view that a foundation must be laid in each case.” Id. at 565. Establishing a proper foundation for blood test data necessitates expert testimony on, inter alia, the effect of racial and ethnic variables, factors affecting the test’s accuracy, and proper procedures for performing the test. Thus, even in the absence of Section 6134’s mandate, expert testimony is needed. Turek.

In addition, because I construe Section 6134 of the Uniform Act as a mandatory direction to the court to provide expert testimony, I would hold that the parties may not waive this requirement. In concluding that the requirement for expert testimony may be waived, the majority analogizes civil paternity suits to criminal cases. According to the majority, since criminal defendants may waive certain constitutional guarantees {e.g., the right to a jury trial), paternity defendants in civil actions may do the same.

I find the majority’s analogy inappropriate. In a criminal trial, the defendant may waive rights affecting solely his own interests. But the right to blood testing is not a right exclusive to any party in a civil paternity action. Section 6133 of the Uniform Act states that “the court upon its own initiative or upon suggestion made by or on behalf of any person whose blood is involved may, or upon motion of any party to the action ..., shall order ... blood tests.” The nonexclusivity of the right to blood tests underscores the purpose of such evidence in a paternity suit, i.e., the enhancement of the truth-finding process. Therefore, I conclude that in a case where blood tests have been conducted and evidence related thereto has been introduced into evidence, expert testimony regarding such evidence may not be waived. The truth-finding process is served only if experts are available to explain, support, or contest, inter alia, the blood testing procedures, the raw numerical data, and the meaning of the test results.

Assuming arguendo that the requirement for expert testimony could be waived, I would find that the stipulation made by appellant in the case sub judice does not constitute such a waiver. A stipulation must be construed according to the intent of the parties. Longenecker v. Matway, 315 Pa.Super. 411, 462 A.2d 261 (1983). Here, it is clear that appellant intended to predicate the court’s use of the blood test results on the admission of expert testimony.

Appellant made the following statement when the tests were introduced at trial: “As indicated earlier in the record, we have no objection to the admissibility of the test, with this specific proviso: that we believe that it is a matter of statistical evidence as to the proper interpretation of the results. And absent testimony by an expert witness, these results do not have a legal significance.” Record at 41. Clearly, the appellant agreed to the admissibility of the blood tests but did not agree to waive expert testimony.

For the foregoing reasons, I would remand for a new trial consistent with this opinion.

      . Pa.R.Civ.P. 1910.15 allows appeal of “any issue of paternity” from a final order of support.

      . Act of July 9, 1976, P.L. 586, No. 142, effective June 28, 1978, as amended 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6131-6137 (originally enacted as Act of July 13, 1961, P.L. 587, No. 286) (hereafter “Uniform Act”).

      . The Commonwealth appeared in the case pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. § 6711 (the Civil Procedural Support Law), which states that the district attorney "shall at all times aid in the enforcement of the duty of support.” See 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 6701-6713.

      . In spite of appellant’s argument based on Section 6134, which refers to the "experts” who actually took, analyzed and reported the blood tests, appellant is unclear whether he wanted testimony from these persons or simply from someone qualified to testify about HLA tests and the statistical probabilities involved in their interpretation. His third question presented refers to "blood test examiners or a statistician” (emphasis added). In addition, Section 6134 allows the party who requested blood tests to “demand” that other, independent tests be made for comparison. Appellant waived this provision by accepting the first test as probative of paternity.

      . Before Turek, two separate opinions from our Court focused on the desirability of HLA testing over the former red-blood cell typing method. See Hummel, 301 Pa.Super. at 285, 447 A.2d at 970 (Beck, J., concurring), and In re Mengel, 287 Pa.Super. 186, 200-01, 429 A.2d 1162, 1170 (1981) (Spaeth, J., concurring).

      . The trial court’s “comment” on Turek was simply that that case was decided after defendant’s post-trial motions, and that, until it is held to be retroactive, it does not affect the present case.

      . We also caution counsel that appellate advocacy is hindered when appellate briefs raise arguments and then dismiss them. Issues should be raised only when counsel in good faith believes that they are meritorious; otherwise, neither the interests of judicial economy nor those of the attorney-client relationship are well-served.

      . The majority cites three cases, Becker v. Lebanon, etc., St. Ry. Co., 188 Pa. 484, 41 A. 612 (1898), In re Anderson’s Appeal, 215 Pa. 119, 64 A. 443 (1906) and Morrison v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 141 Pa.Super. 256, 15 A.2d 391 (1940), each of which require a more limited application than that granted by the majority. Essentially, Becker holds that in the face of a statutory directive that the court shall grant an injunction, “[t]he injunction is not to be granted unless a proper case for injunction be made out, in accordance with the principles and practice of equity.” Id. 188 Pa. at 496, 41 A. at 613. In Anderson, the statute provided that “any officer or officers failing to give the security required by the first section of this act within one month after his election, then his or their offices shall be declared vacant____” (Emphasis added). Anderson held that a court could inquire into the circumstances surrounding failure to post a bond because it was not the purpose of the statute to oust newly elected officials who failed to post the required bond through no fault of their own. To hold otherwise would clearly have been contrary to the purpose of the statute as indicated by the other sections of the Act and by case law; a similar situation does not exist in the case sub judice. Finally, Morrison concerns a statute directing the Board to hear appeals within a specified period of time. It held that an automatic verdict for appellant in the event that the Board fails to comply with the time constraint is improper under the statute. Each of these cases grants limited discretion to a court in the face of a directive statute where to do otherwise would render a grave injustice. This clearly does not hold true in the case sub judice. Requiring blood tests in paternity proceedings serves only to enhance the truth-finding process.

      . The majority also refers to Sections 6132(b)(3) and Section 6133 as support for its conclusion that expert testimony is not required by Section 6134 for the same reasons as stated above with regard to Section 6136. Logic does not support this conclusion. Section 6132(b)(3) is analogous to Section 6136 but applies to criminal proceedings; it allows the court to "direct a verdict of acquittal upon the conclusions of all the experts under the provisions of section 6136 (relating to effect of test results), otherwise the case shall be submitted for determination upon all the evidence.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6132(b)(3). Section 6133 allows the court to resolve the question of paternity against a party who refuses to submit to blood tests or “to enforce its order if the rights of others and the interests of justice so dictate." 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6133. Again, this provision does not imply that expert testimony is not required where blood tests are introduced. Rather, Section 6133 pre-approves a specific judgment or order by the court in the instance where a party refuses to submit to blood tests.

      . Turek allowed HLA blood tests to be evidence of the likelihood that a particular male is father of the child. Before Turek, blood tests were admitted only to exclude the alleged father from paternity. In the case sub judice, HLA blood tests were also introduced to show likelihood of paternity.