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    THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ANTHONY MOMAN, Defendant-Appellant.
    First District (1st Division)
    No. 1-86-3452
    Opinion filed June 29, 1990.

      Michael J. Pelletier and Anna Ahronheim, both of State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.
    Cecil A. Partee, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Laurie N. Feldman, Special Assistant State’s Attorney, and Inge Fryklund and Renee Goldfarb, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.
   PRESIDING JUSTICE BUCKLEY

delivered the opinion of the court:

Anthony Moman (defendant), John Crockett, and Delecta Upshaw were charged with armed robbery (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 38, par. 18 — 2). Prior to trial, the trial court severed Upshaw’s case from Crockett’s and defendant’s, and defendant and Crockett were subsequently tried by a single jury. Defendant appeals his conviction and 12-year-imprisonment sentence, contending that (1) he was denied a fair trial by the introduction of a codefendant’s out-of-court confession and testimony relating to a confession given by another nontestifying accomplice; (2) the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress statements because he was not adequately informed of his Miranda rights; (3) he was denied a fair trial by improper prosecutorial remarks regarding defendant’s consultation with his attorney; (4) he was denied a fair trial by the admission of evidence of other crimes; (5) he was denied a fair trial by the prosecutor’s failure to disclose certain information in discovery regarding defendant’s confession; (6) he was denied a fair trial by certain prosecutorial comments made during closing argument; (7) he was denied a fair trial where the court failed to admonish the jury to refrain from discussing the case; (8) the trial court violated his constitutional right to be free from compelled self-incrimination at the sentencing hearing; and (9) he was denied a fair trial by the cumulative effect of the trial errors.

We affirm.

In the evening of July 9, 1985, 62-year-old Walter Wilkerson, employed as an operator at General Telephone Electric (GTE) in Northlake, Illinois, drove home after completing the 2 to 10:30 p.m. shift at GTE. Wilkerson parked his car in his mother’s garage, located at 8158 South Vernon Street in Chicago, and thereafter proceeded to walk the one block to his home. While walking north on the west side of Vernon Street, Wilkerson observed two black men, whom he later identified as Crockett and Upshaw, exit a car parked on the east side of the street and cross the street.

Crockett and Upshaw walked a few feet behind Wilkerson. Wilkerson heard them discuss the location of an address and observed them walk toward a building each time he would pause. A third person then appeared in front of Wilkerson at approximately a one-foot distance, pointed a nickel-plated pistol at his head, and stated, “Punk, don’t move.” Crockett and Upshaw grabbed Wilkerson, one on each side of him, and wrestled him to the ground. The gunman ripped off the left leg of Wilkerson’s trousers, took a wallet containing more than $400 from the pocket, and stated, “I got it.” The three individuals then fled around the comer. Wilkerson subsequently called the police and gave them a report upon their arrival at his home.

Police arrested Crockett and Upshaw on July 19, 1985, and defendant was arrested on July 20, 1985. Defendant, Crockett, and Upshaw participated in a lineup conducted on July 21, 1985, from which Wilkerson identified Crockett and Upshaw as perpetrators of the crime.

Prior to defendant and Crockett’s trial, defendant presented numerous motions to the trial judge. The trial judge denied defendant’s motion to quash arrest and suppress statements for lack of probable cause to arrest him, denied his motion to suppress statements on grounds of involuntariness and failure to comply with Miranda requirements, denied his motion for severance from codefendant Crockett on grounds that their defenses were antagonistic and that Crockett’s statements implicated him, denied his motion to redact the references to him in Crockett’s statement, although it granted his motion to redact references to other crimes in the statements, and denied his motion to bar the State from impeaching him with a 1981 robbery conviction.

At trial, following Wilkerson’s testimony regarding the July 9 incident, Chicago police captain Thomas Faragoi testified regarding the July 19, 1985, arrests of Crockett and Upshaw. At 3:30 a.m. on July 19, he observed four individuals inside a 1970 blue Chevy parked at an all-night gas station. He followed the car in his marked squad car to 79th and Ashland Avenue to obtain its license plate number, which was “Illinois ZRI 194.” Over defendant’s objection, Faragoi testified that his attention was drawn to the car because he had heard four or five days earlier that a car fitting that description and bearing license plate number ZR 1194 was being sought in connection with an armed robbery. Faragoi stopped the car, and the driver and the front passenger fled when he attempted to apprehend the occupants. Faragoi arrested Crockett and Upshaw, the back seat passengers.

Prior to the testimony of Chicago police detective Ray Madigan concerning his interview with Crockett and Upshaw at the police station on July 19, 1985, the trial judge denied defendant’s motion that the court instruct the jury to give “separate consideration” to each defendant because the jury had been instructed on three prior occasions to this effect and would later be instructed at the close of the case.

Madigan testified that he interviewed Crockett and Upshaw for approximately three hours on July 19 about matters other than the Wilkerson robbery. On the following day, July 20, 1985, Madigan and his partner, Detective Daniel McWeeney, searched for defendant and Darryl Love. The officers found defendant and an individual named Andre Collins at 56th Street and Calumet Avenue. Both individuals fled upon noticing the officers. Defendant fell and was apprehended by McWeeney, but Collins escaped. Madigan stated that he read defendant his Miranda warnings, and defendant was thereafter taken to the police station.

Madigan further testified that he again read defendant his Miranda warnings in a police interview room before he and McWeeney had a 45-minute conversation with defendant regarding matters other than the Wilkerson robbery. Madigan then spoke with Crockett about the Wilkerson case and other matters for a three-hour period. Madigan subsequently had a conversation with defendant regarding matters other than the Wilkerson case. Afterwards, defendant was taken to the lockup.

Madigan stated that lineups were conducted on July 21 at approximately 11 a.m. Nine individuals participated in the lineup, including defendant, Crockett, and Upshaw. Madigan was present when Wilkerson identified Crockett and Upshaw, as well as when Assistant State’s Attorney Patrick McNerney interviewed Crockett and Assistant State’s Attorney Diane Romza interviewed Upshaw. Madigan was also present later when McNerney took a court-reported statement from Crockett. Over defendant’s objection, Madigan testified that Upshaw also gave a court-reported statement.

Madigan testified that he was again present at approximately 4:30 p.m. when Romza read defendant his Miranda rights and defendant agreed to make an oral statement. Defendant stated that on July 9 he was in a Chevy with “Dirk, Hook, and John.” Defendant identified Dirk as Darryl Love, Hook as Delecta Upshaw, and John as John Crockett. Defendant stated that Dirk was in the front seat with a gun, that Hook and John were in the back seat, and that he was driving the car. They were looking for somebody to rob. They drove past an old man, continued one block farther down, at which point Hook, Dirk and John exited the car. The three robbed the old man and returned to the car with $400 to be divided equally amongst them.

Madigan testified that following defendant’s statement, Madigan returned to the interview room where Crockett was located and was present when McNerney reviewed Crockett’s statement with Crockett. MeNerney, defendant, and Madigan each initialed each correction made, including the addition of “Amp” as the driver, and each signed the statement.

On cross-examination, Madigan stated that he did not instruct the lockup keeper to take defendant to the hospital, that defendant fell onto his knees before he was apprehended but he did not indicate this fact in the police report, and that he did not observe any injuries on defendant. Madigan also admitted that the police reports contained no details as to defendant’s oral statements, indicating only that defendant admitted to a robbery. Madigan further stated that defendant did not mention a date, time or place of the incident described in his oral statement.

On redirect examination, over defendant’s objection, Madigan read from his police report as to a “[c]ourt reported statement from both Crockett and Upshaw, implicating *** [defendant]. [Defendant] made admission to robbery as well.” Following defendant’s motion for a mistrial, the court instructed the jury that the purpose of the evidence was to show that a report was in fact filed with a mention by this officer that the defendant made a statement and that it was not offered for the purpose of the truth of the report or statements made therein.

Romza testified over defendant’s objection that she took a court-reported statement from Upshaw on July 21 prior to interviewing defendant. She then interviewed defendant, first identifying herself as a prosecutor and working for the police, and then advising defendant of his Miranda rights from a printed form. Defendant agreed to make an oral statement, but refused to sign a written statement or make a court-reported statement. Romza testified to the oral statement given by defendant consistent with Madigan’s testimony, adding that defendant admitted the incident occurred at 81st and Vernon Streets and that defendant was aware that one of the others had a gun and they would take the victim’s money. Romza further testified that defendant looked “fine,” did not complain of any injury, and received food, a beverage and a trip to the washroom.

McNerney testified that he interviewed Crockett in Madigan’s presence. He advised Crockett of his Miranda rights and of his status as an assistant State’s Attorney working with the police. Crockett made an oral statement and a court-reported statement. The court reporter subsequently took a statement from another defendant and then typed Crockett’s statement. Crockett thereafter made corrections on the statement.

Before McNerney read Crockett’s statement to the jury, the trial court denied defendant’s request to redact from Crockett’s statement that “Amp” was the driver and that defendant was “Amp.” The trial judge did require the State to redact the fact that defendant was the other individual who fled from the car stopped by Faragoi on July 19, 1985, and statements suggesting other armed robberies committed by Crockett.

McNerney read Crockett’s statement to the jury, which included the following: Crockett admitted that on July 9, 1985, just before midnight, he was riding in a car with “Amp,” who was the driver, “Dirk” and “Hook.” Defendant was known as “Amp.” They observed an old man drive a car into a garage, enter and exit a house, and walk down the street. As a “front,” they discussed the location of an address. They approached the old man and announced a stickup. The man ran but tripped. Crockett and Dirk grabbed the man. Hook, holding a gun, stood up over the man. Crockett tore the man’s pants and took $385 to $390 from his pockets. They ran and divided the money, with each receiving $100, including the driver. On July 19, 1985, Crockett was driving when police stopped his car. Dirk jumped out of the car and ran. Crockett acknowledged that no promises were made to him at the police station, that he was given coffee and cigarettes and was permitted to use the washroom; and he stated that the gun he had “then” was a .38 caliber which “[w]e took *** off of an old man.”

Defendant and Crockett both testified at trial.

Crockett testified that at midnight on July 9, 1985, he was at his apartment at 5630 South Calumet Street with Laquedia Brown and Shonda Fullilove. After the three played “Mastermind” until 10 p.m., both women spent the night. Crockett denied robbing Wilkerson that night. On July 19, 1985, he was arrested while parked in a blue Nova at 77th and Marshfield Streets. Over defendant’s objection, the State inquired into whether defendant was the driver, to which Crockett responded “no.” Also over defendant’s objection, the State asked Crockett whether he knew defendant, to which Crockett responded that he knew defendant now, but did not know him well at the time of the offense. Crockett further stated that he gave the court-reported statement because the police had beaten him and threatened to “pin” a murder on him if he did not confess to the Wilkerson robbery.

On cross-examination, defendant’s counsel elicited testimony from Crockett that Crockett did not know defendant’s name when arrested, that the police wrote into the statement that “Ant” was the driver, and that he never said that “Ant” or defendant was the driver.

Defendant testified that he had a 1981 robbery conviction, to which he had pled guilty, but he did not plead guilty to the charge on trial because he was innocent. On July 20, 1985, he was arrested at approximately 11 a.m. He ran at first, but stopped because he had no reason to run. He did not fall. When apprehended by McWeeney, he was handcuffed to the fence, then taken in an unmarked car and beaten with a flashlight and fist. He was later taken to the hospital with swollen knees, stomach pains and nausea. He was permitted to call his mother while at the hospital, and then returned to the police station. Defendant did not give the statement reported by Romza, but did state some of the things, as instructed by McWeeney, because he was afraid that McWeeney would beat him again. Romza was the first to advise him of his rights. He refused to give a court-reported statement because he did not want to lie again. Defendant denied participating in the crime against Wilkerson.

In rebuttal, the lockup keeper on duty on July 20, 1985, testified that both defendants made phone calls while in custody, neither complained of mistreatment, and both looked “fine.” Defendant requested to go to the hospital because he had a problem with his stomach and did not feel well. Smith testified that, according to common procedure, a suspect is taken to the hospital whenever the suspect so requests.

McWeeney testified in rebuttal that defendant tripped and fell at the time of his arrest and that he did not beat or threaten defendant.

On appeal, we initially address defendant’s contentions relating to the circuit court’s denial of his motion to sever his case from Crockett’s, the admission of Crockett’s out-of-court confession, and the admission of State witnesses’ testimony concerning Upshaw’s confession. Defendant argues that the circuit court’s ruling and the admission of this evidence violated his sixth amendment confrontation rights, Illinois evidentiary law, and Illinois case law regarding severance.

Defendant contends that the admission of testimony from State witnesses concerning Upshaw’s statement violated his sixth amendment confrontation rights as set forth in Bruton v. United States (1968), 391 U.S. 123, 20 L. Ed. 2d 476, 88 S. Ct. 1620. In Bruton, the Supreme Court held that a defendant’s sixth amendment right to cross-examination would be violated by introduction in a joint trial of a nontestifying accomplice’s statement which implicates the defendant, even where limiting instructions are given to the jury. Although Upshaw’s confession was not admitted at defendant’s trial, defendant argues that his confrontation rights were violated when the jury was made aware that Upshaw had made a statement implicating him.

The record demonstrates that State witnesses made several references to the fact that Upshaw had made a court-reported statement during testimony regarding the chronology of events during the 30-hour police investigation. These references were proper to explain the steps taken by police in the investigation and to rebut the defense implication that Crockett and defendant were coerced into falsely confessing. It has been repeatedly held that where the substance of a conversation is not revealed, an officer may properly testify concerning investigatory procedures, even though the jury could reasonably infer therefrom that the accomplice implicated the defendant. People v. Gacho (1988), 122 Ill. 2d 221, 248, 522 N.E.2d 1146, 1159; People v. Johnson (1987), 116 Ill. 2d 13, 24, 506 N.E.2d 563, 568; People v. Buckner (1984), 121 Ill. App. 3d 391, 397, 459 N.E.2d 1102, 1107; People v. Dixon (1982), 105 Ill. App. 3d 340, 347, 434 N.E.2d 369, 376.

Defendant, though, refers us to testimony by Officer Madigan and Assistant State’s Attorney Romza, wherein direct references were made that Upshaw had implicated defendant in his statement. While Romza’s testimony that “[defendant] had been implicated as a participant in the armed robbery of Walter Wilkerson” does not directly indicate that Upshaw implicated defendant in his confession, Madigan’s testimony does directly indicate such. In an attempt to rehabilitate Madigan’s testimony that he made no notes concerning defendant’s interrogation, the State had Madigan read the following from his report over defendant’s objection: “Court reported statement from both Crockett and Upshaw, implicating *** [defendant]. [Defendant] made admission to robbery as well.”

The outcomes in the above-cited cases, which involve indirect suggestions that an accomplice implicated the defendant, turn on whether the substance of the statement has been elicited; where the content of the statement is not revealed, courts find no confrontation violation. (See People v. Rivera (1986), 145 Ill. App. 3d 609, 624, 495 N.E.2d 1088, 1098-99.) We see no distinction between the cases finding no error where an inference that an accomplice implicated the defendant is drawn from testimony regarding the chronology of police activity and the direct testimony to that effect in the instant case. The remark that Upshaw had implicated defendant did not reveal the corroborating details or any of the content of the confession. The statement was not offered for its truth, and the statement revealed only what was already indirectly disclosed from the testimony regarding the chronology of the police activity. The only case cited by defendant where a court found a confrontation violation from direct references that a nontestifying codefendant implicated the defendant, People v. Campbell (1983), 115 Ill. App. 3d 631, 635, 450 N.E.2d 1318, 1322, did not discuss the above Illinois case law and emphasized that the prosecutor's repeated remarks in closing argument, over repeated admonishments from the trial court, were calculated to urge the jury to convict defendant because the accomplice had incriminated him in the robbery. We find Campbell distinguishable from the isolated remark made by the witness here.

Turning to the admission of Crockett’s confession at trial, no sixth amendment confrontation violation occurred by the introduction of Crockett’s confession because Crockett testified at trial and was subject to cross-examination by defendant’s counsel. (Bruton, 391 U.S. at 136, 20 L. Ed. 2d at 485, 88 S. Ct. at 1628; Nelson v. O’Neil (1971), 402 U.S. 622, 627, 29 L. Ed. 2d 222, 227, 91 S. Ct. 1723, 1726-27 (confirming Bruton’s intimation that a defendant’s confrontation rights are violated “only where the out-of-court hearsay statement is that of a declarant who is unavailable at the trial for ‘full and effective’ cross-examination” and finding no Bruton violation even though the testifying codefendant denies making the out-of-court statement).) Nevertheless, defendant argues that we should not consider the fact that Crockett testified at trial because the trial court erred in denying his pretrial motion to sever his trial from Crockett’s.

The trial court denied defendant’s motion for severance on the basis of the post-Bruton plurality decision in Parker v. Randolph (1979), 442 U.S. 62, 60 L. Ed. 2d 713, 99 S. Ct. 2132, wherein the Court ruled that a defendant’s sixth amendment rights would not be violated by the introduction, with limiting instructions, of a codefendant’s confession implicating the defendant where the confessions are interlocking. Parker’s plurality holding has since been overruled by the United States Supreme Court in Cruz v. New York (1987), 481 U.S. 186, 95 L. Ed. 2d 162,107 S. Ct. 1714.

Defendant relies on People v. Carter (1986), 145 Ill. App. 3d 985, 988, 496 N.E.2d 1206, 1208, to support his position that courts of review, when considering a trial court’s decision on a pretrial motion, do not consider subsequent happenings at trial. We believe that the State correctly interprets the case from which the Carter language stems, People v. Yonder (1969), 44 Ill. 2d 376, 256 N.E.2d 321, to mean that a reviewing court will not look to trial events to second-guess a trial court’s denial of a severance motion where a defendant has made insufficient allegations of prejudice prior to trial. (See Yonder, 44 Ill. 2d at 386, 256 N.E.2d at 327.) In the instant case, we find no basis for overlooking the fact that the codefendant was subject to full and effective cross-examination at trial. A contrary finding would effectively eliminate any harmless error analysis from reviews of denials of severance, contrary to the numerous decisions invoking such analysis in severance cases. See, e.g., People v. Burbank (1972), 53 Ill. 2d 261, 291 N.E.2d 161; People v. Nunn (1989), 184 Ill. App. 3d 253, 541 N.E.2d 182; People v. Jones (1988), 169 Ill. App. 3d 883, 524 N.E.2d 593; People v. Smith (1988), 172 Ill. App. 3d 94, 526 N.E.2d 849.

Defendant next contends that, even if a Federal confrontation violation did not result from the admission of Crockett’s confession, the introduction of the confession violated Illinois evidentiary rules regarding hearsay statements. The State refutes defendant’s assertion, arguing that Illinois courts follow the Federal case law in the sixth amendment area which have found that interlocking confessions may be admitted as direct substantive evidence against a defendant. Defendant responds that Illinois evidentiary law acts independently of the Federal constitutional analysis to forbid the admission in a joint trial of a hearsay statement of a codefendant implicating the defendant.

Federal case law in the sixth amendment area has evolved as follows with regard to interlocking confessions. In emphasizing both the inadmissibility of the codefendant’s hearsay statement against defendant under traditional rules of evidence and the compounding of this unreliable evidence when the accomplice “does not testify and cannot be tested by cross-examination,” Bruton intimated that the inadmissibility of the codefendant’s confession against the defendant is a prerequisite to finding a sixth amendment confrontation violation. (Bruton, 391 U.S. at 136, 20 L. Ed. 2d at 485, 88 S. Ct. at 1628.) In Lee v. Illinois (1986), 476 U.S. 530, 543, 90 L. Ed. 2d 514, 527-28, 106 S. Ct. 2056, 2063, the Court further indicated that, even where the hearsay evidence does not fall within a firmly rooted hearsay exception, the confrontation clause would not be violated by an unavailable codefendant’s confession that has an “independent indicia of reliability” to overcome the presumption of unreliability placed upon an accomplice’s incriminating confession. Lee suggested that interlocking confessions may provide the independent indicia of reliability required to overcome the presumption of unreliability of an accomplice’s confession:

“Obviously, when codefendants’ confessions are identical in all material respects, the likelihood that they are accurate is significantly increased. *** If those portions of the codefendant’s purportedly ‘interlocking’ statement which bear to any significant degree on the defendant’s participation in the crime are not thoroughly substantiated by the defendant’s own confession, the admission of the statement poses too serious a threat to the accuracy of the verdict to be countenanced by the Sixth Amendment. In other words, when the discrepancies between the statements are not insignificant, the codefendant’s confession may not be admitted.” (Lee, 476 U.S. at 545, 90 L. Ed. 2d at 529, 106 S. Ct. at 2064-65.)

The Supreme Court, in Cruz, when it rejected Parker’s analysis that interlocking confessions rendered cross-examination less than a constitutional imperative, confirmed Lee’s suggestion by stating that the fact that the confessions are interlocking may be relevant to whether the statement is of sufficient reliability to be admitted as direct evidence against defendant. Cruz, 481 U.S. at 193-94, 95 L. Ed. 2d at 172,107 S. Ct. at 1719.

Lee recognized, however, that even if the confession meets the “Lee test” for admissibility under the sixth amendment analysis, State hearsay rules could act independently of the confrontation clause to preclude admission of codefendants’ reliable confessions. (Lee, 476 U.S. at 539, 90 L. Ed. 2d at 525, 106 S. Ct. at 2061.) Focusing now on Illinois law, a well-established Illinois evidentiary rule is that an out-of-court statement of a codefendant made outside the presence of the defendant is hearsay which is not admissible as substantive evidence against the defendant. (People v. Clark (1959), 17 Ill. 2d 486, 162 N.E.2d 413; People v. Tyner (1964), 30 Ill. 2d 101, 195 N.E.2d 675; People v. Bennett (1987), 162 Ill. App. 3d 36, 515 N.E.2d 840.) Even if such a statement is not admitted substantively against a defendant, Illinois courts have recognized “from [very] early times” the statement is “very damaging” to the defendant if admitted at a joint trial even with limiting instructions because “it is very difficult for a juror to divest himself, under instructions, from the illegitimate effect of such evidence.” (People v. Duncan (1988), 124 Ill. 2d 400, 413, 530 N.E.2d 423, 430, citing White v. People (1876), 81 Ill. 333, 338; People v. Sweetin (1927), 325 Ill. 245, 252, 156 N.E. 354, 357; People v. Johnson (1958), 13 Ill. 2d 619, 624, 150 N.E.2d 597, 600; People v. Shelly (1951), 409 Ill. 613, 621, 100 N.E.2d 915, 919; People v. Clark (1959), 17 Ill. 2d 486, 491-92, 162 N.E .2d 413, 416.) Accordingly, unless an exception to the hearsay rule applied, Illinois courts, on grounds of fairness, have allowed admission of such statements at joint trials only reluctantly, only with proper limiting instructions, and only if the statements are cleansed of all references to a nondeclaring defendant. Duncan, 124 Ill. 2d at 414, 530 N.E.2d at 430; Clark, 17 Ill. 2d at 490,162 N.E .2d at 416.

In arguing that Illinois evidentiary rules do not bar admission where the confession meets the Lee test for admissibility, the State cites numerous Illinois cases which have considered whether confessions are “interlocking” under Lee for purposes of determining the admissibility of a confession. (E.g., People v. Mahaffey (1989), 128 Ill. 2d 388, 539 N.E.2d 1172; People v. Johnson (1987), 116 Ill. 2d 13, 506 N.E.2d 563; People v. Williams (1990), 196 Ill. App. 3d 851; People v. Parks (1988), 168 Ill. App. 3d 978, 523 N.E.2d 130; People v. Gibson (1987), 156 Ill. App. 3d 459, 509 N.E.2d 563 (dictum).) In these cases, however, either the issue of State evidentiary law was not raised or the court did not expressly address the issue.

Our research has disclosed two appellate court cases from the first district, People v. Curtis (1989), 190 Ill. App. 3d 207, 214, 546 N.E.2d 624, 628, and People v. Collins (1989), 184 Ill. App. 3d 321, 329, 539 N.E.2d 736, 741, which have examined the admissibility of confessions under Illinois evidentiary law separately from the examination of the reliability of the confessions under the sixth amendment analysis. In these cases, the fact that the interlocking confessions were deemed reliable and admissible for purposes of the sixth amendment confrontation analysis did not render the confessions admissible under Illinois evidentiary analysis.

Although our supreme court has stated, in another context involving the admission of nontestifying codefendants’ statements, that “Illinois courts have *** approached the admissibility of *** [the] statements *** quite independently of the Federal constitutional doctrine underlying *** Bruton” and that the Illinois rule regarding the admissibility of such statements “has sufficient basis in the inherent authority of our courts to announce the law of evidence for the assurance of fair trials” (Duncan, 124 Ill. 2d at 413, 415, 530 N.E.2d at 429), it has not addressed whether an “interlocking” confession with “sufficient indicia of reliability” under Lee would render the confession admissible under Illinois evidentiary law. Until our supreme court rules otherwise, we will follow the appellate courts in this district finding the fact that a confession is interlocking under Lee does not render the confession admissible under Illinois evidentiary analysis.

Our finding that it was error under Illinois evidentiary law to admit Crockett's confession at defendant’s trial without redacting all references to defendant, however, does not dispose of the issue. We must next determine whether the error may be deemed harmless. Evidence was presented from the victim, who unequivocally testified to the details of the crime. Evidence was also presented that defendant confessed to his participation in the crime in the presence of a police officer and an assistant State’s Attorney at the police station after being fully advised of his Miranda rights. Defendant’s confession corroborated the details given by the victim in every detail. Defendant’s prior felony conviction was admitted for purposes of impeaching defendant’s testimony as to the forced fictitious confessions, and defendant has not raised this issue on appeal. We conclude the admission of the codefendant’s statements to be harmless error, as the evidence submitted against defendant established his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

Defendant’s final contention regarding the trial court’s denial of his motion for severance is that the court committed reversible error because the severe disparity in proofs against defendant and Crockett denied him a fair trial. A severance is required, defendant points out, where any set of circumstances would deprive a defendant of a fair trial. (People v. Bean (1985), 109 Ill. 2d 80, 485 N.E.2d 349.) Defendant directs us to People v. Byron (1987), 116 Ill. 2d 81, 506 N.E.2d 1247, wherein our supreme court noted the Federal case law which has recognized that disparity in “ ‘the quantity and type of evidence adduced against the co-defendants[ ] is a vital consideration in evaluating the necessity for severance’ ” due to concerns as to “whether the jury can reasonably be expected to compartmentalize the evidence as it relates to separate defendants in the light of its volume and limited admissibility.” Byron, 116 Ill. 2d at 93, 506 N.E.2d at 1252, quoting United States v. Sampol (D.C. Cir. 1980), 636 F.2d 621, 646.

Defendant has not demonstrated that the type or volume of evidence introduced at the joint trial was such that the jurors could not be reasonably expected to compartmentalize the evidence as it relates to the separate defendants. Unlike Sampol, where the overwhelming bulk of the evidence related to the codefendants and bore no relevance to the less serious charges against the defendant, defendant here was charged as an equal participant in the crime and the State admitted into evidence defendant’s damaging detailed confession as to his participation in the crime. Furthermore, unlike Byron, where the court found the overwhelming volume of the evidence against the codefendant prejudiced the defendant “in view of the bitter antagonism” in the codefendants’ defenses at trial, defendant has not indicated any other circumstances which would demonstrate the prejudicial effect of the different quanta of evidence here. Moreover, a defendant is required in his pretrial motion for severance to specifically demonstrate the prejudice of which he complains. (Byron, 116 Ill. 2d at 92, 506 N.E.2d at 1251.) Defendant here did not raise the issue of disparate evidence as a basis for severance in his pretrial motion for severance or in his post-trial motion.

Defendant next contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress his confession because Officer Madigan diluted defendant’s Miranda rights by adding, “[y]ou may waive the right to advice of counsel and your right to remain silent and you may answer questions or make a statement without consulting a lawyer if you so desire.” Defendant did not argue this “dilution of rights” theory at his pretrial motion to suppress hearing. In arguing that defendant has waived this claim, the State urges us not to follow People v. Visnack (1985), 135 Ill. App. 3d 113, 118, 481 N.E.2d 744, 747-48, which found the defendant’s claim that police officers did not inform him of his attorney’s presence and his intent to speak with him affected defendant’s substantial rights and therefore the exception to the waiver rule applied. While we agree with the State’s assertions that not all constitutional rights fall within the meaning of “substantial rights” (cf. United States v. Frady (1982), 456 U.S. 152, 71 L. Ed. 2d 816, 102 S. Ct. 1584) and that Miranda is a prophylactic rule (see New York v. Quarles (1984), 467 U.S. 649, 81 L. Ed. 2d 550, 104 S. Ct. 2626), we believe that the defendant’s claim involves substantial constitutional rights and therefore find the waiver exception applicable here.

As to the merits of defendant’s claim, defendant asserts that, under Miranda, a suspect must be made “acutely aware that he is faced with a phase of the adversary system.” (Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 384 U.S. 436, 469, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694, 721, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 1625.) He analogizes the officer’s statement here to that found improper in Commonwealth v. Singleton (1970), 439 Pa. 185, 189, 266 A.2d 753, 755, where the officer suggested that the suspect had something to gain from making a statement to the police by including that the defendant’s statement may be used “for or against” him. He further analogizes the “mixed signals” given by the officer here to those in Eagan v. Duckworth (7th Cir. 1988), 843 F.2d 1554, and United States ex rel. Williams v. Twomey (7th Cir. 1972), 467 F.2d 1248, where included in the warning of defendant’s right to counsel was the statement that the defendant could only receive appointed counsel if and when he went to court. Duckworth has recently been reversed by the Supreme Court in Duckworth v. Eagan (1989), 492 U.S. 195, 106 L. Ed. 2d 166, 109 S. Ct. 2875, wherein the Court stated that “[reviewing courts *** need not examine Miranda warnings as if construing a will or defining the terms of an easement. The inquiry is simply whether the warnings reasonably ‘conve[y] to [a suspect] his rights as required by Miranda.’ ” Duckworth, 492 U.S. at 203, 106 L. Ed. 2d at 177, 198 S. Ct. at 2880, quoting California v. Prysock (1981), 453 U.S. 355, 361, 69 L. Ed. 2d 696, 702,101 S. Ct. 2806, 2810.

Without examining Duckworth’s effect on the Commonwealth decision, we find the warnings given here are distinguishable from those in Commonwealth in that defendant here was first apprised of the consequences of speech and only then informed of a right to choose between speech and silence. In addition, the statements here followed the officer’s recitation of the essential Miranda warnings and were succeeded by unchallenged Miranda warnings given by the assistant State’s Attorney. Under these circumstances, we conclude that the warnings given by the officer reasonably conveyed to defendant his Miranda rights.

Defendant next contends that he was denied due process when the prosecutor, in eliciting from defendant that he had attended a conference with his attorney and Crockett immediately preceding defendant’s testimony and emphasizing the fact in closing argument, improperly commented on defendant’s sixth amendment privilege in order to penalize him for exercising this constitutional right. Defendant did not object to the prosecutor’s cross-examination at trial, and he failed to raise the matter in his post-trial motion. Nonetheless, he argues that the plain error exception to the waiver rule should apply here.

On cross-examination of defendant, the prosecutor inquired as follows:

“Q. Okay. Now, immediately before you testified here today, we had a little bit of a break, didn’t we?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And the Judge and jury also left the courtroom, didn’t they?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And you left the courtroom, too, right?
A. Yes.
Q. You went into a conference room into the back, didn’t you?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Tell the jury who else was in that room.
A. Me, John Crockett, [Crockett’s counsel] and [defendant’s counsel].
Q. And that was right after John Crockett’s testimony finished, wasn’t it?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And the four of you were back there for about five minutes?
A. Yes.
Q. And then you came out here and you began your testimony, isn’t that right?
A. Yes, sir.”

In closing argument, the prosecution stated: “Did [defendant] look like he was telling the truth, or did [defendant] look like he was rehearsed? Did he look like he got it down pat? A couple questions I asked at the time: Mr. Moman, Friday afternoon, just before you testified, where did you go? We took a recess. Where did you go? Went back to the conference room in the back. Who was present? John Crockett, his lawyer, my lawyer and me. What was that all about?”

Defendant cites People v. Meredith (1980), 84 Ill. App. 3d 1065, 405 N.E.2d 1306, and People v. Taylor (1987), 153 Ill. App. 3d 710, 506 N.E.2d 321, as supporting his argument that the above inquiry and remarks constituted plain and reversible error. The State distinguishes these cases on the ground that the prosecutors in those cases argued that defendant’s consultation with counsel demonstrated cognizance of guilt, whereas the prosecutor here attempted to show that defendant and his codefendant fabricated their united defense of police coercion.

Meredith and the Federal cases cited therein establish that it is improper to penalize a defendant for exercising his sixth amendment right to counsel through prosecutorial comment:

“ ‘[There are] no special circumstances that would justify use of a constitutional privilege to discredit or convict a person who asserts it. The value of constitutional privileges is largely destroyed if persons can be penalized for relying on them. It seems peculiarly incongruous and indefensible for courts which exist and act only under the Constitution to draw inferences of lack of honesty from invocation of a privilege deemed worthy of enshrinement in the Constitution.’ ” (Meredith, 84 Ill. App. 3d at 1073, 405 N.E.2d at 1312, quoting Grunewald v. United States (1957), 353 U.S. 391, 425-26, 1 L. Ed. 2d 931, 955, 77 S. Ct. 963, 984-85 (Black, J., concurring).)

Contrary to the State’s assertion that the remarks here merely referred to defendant’s meeting with his codefendant, the remarks clearly included defendant’s consultation with his attorney. We have considered the cases cited by the State to support its argument regarding the propriety of the comments here, but find them distinguishable. People v. Thomas (1983), 116 Ill. App. 3d 216, 452 N.E.2d 77, and People v. Stewart (1973), 12 Ill. App. 3d 226, 297 N.E.2d 391, did not involve a defendant’s constitutional right to counsel since the challenged remarks related to defense witnesses other than the defendant. The court, in People v. Kitchen (1977), 53 Ill. App. 3d 521, 529, 368 N.E.2d 528, 535, found that the prosecutor’s comments there did not charge that defendant was coached by his counsel, but rather referred to the defendant’s personal decision to testify in his own defense in order to correct any inconsistencies between the codefendant’s testimony and his attorney’s opening statement.

Although the prosecutor’s remarks were improper because they penalized defendant for consulting with his attorney, we find that the remarks do not give rise to invocation of plain error doctrine and that the references are not so prejudicial as to require a new trial. The remarks here are not as prejudicial as those which suggested that only a guilty person would contact an attorney in Meredith and Taylor. The instant case is more analogous to People v. Kerans (1982), 103 Ill. App. 3d 522, 531, 531 N.E.2d 726, 733, where the court found to be harmless error the prosecutor’s remarks that defendant was able to sit back at trial and listen to all the other testimony while he “was right in the attorney’s ear” and “then weave a story as best he could.”

Defendant also contends that the compounding prejudicial effect of several references to other crimes denied him a fair trial. The State argues that, other than the proper admission of defendant’s prior armed robbery conviction, no evidence was introduced connecting defendant to other crimes and that every effort was made at trial to redact references to the other crimes.

Defendant directs us to evidence adduced purportedly in contravention of the pretrial agreement forbidding the State from introducing evidence of other pending armed robbery charges and requiring the redaction of references to other crimes in Crockett’s confession. Defendant first refers to Officer Faragoi’s testimony concerning a radio broadcast of an armed robbery he heard five days before he apprehended Crockett and Upshaw in a car bearing a license number similar to the one on the car used in the armed robbery referred to in the radio broadcast. Faragoi’s testimony did not prejudice defendant because the record does not establish that the other armed robbery could have been linked to defendant. (See People v. Rahn (1973), 15 Ill. App. 3d 170, 304 N.E.2d 161, rev’d on other grounds (1974), 59 Ill. 2d 302, 319 N.E.2d 787.) Faragoi did not identify defendant as the fourth person who fled from the car connected to the other armed robbery, and Crockett, upon the prosecutor’s inquiry, denied that defendant was in the car at the time of Crockett’s arrest. Furthermore, the radio broadcast in issue was made five days after the armed robbery for which defendant is on trial.

Defendant next refers to a portion of Crockett’s court-reported statement which he claims revealed to the jury that the gun taken in the Wilkerson robbery was taken from another robbery. Following a series of questions regarding the police’s treatment of Crockett at the police station on the day of his arrest, the prosecutor elicited the following from Crockett:

“Q. In fact, when you have been in the interview room, you weren’t handcuffed?
A. For a short while, but then, you know they took the handcuffs off.
Q. And what type of gun did you have then?
A. A.38.
Q. Where did you get the .38?
A. We took it off of an old man.
Q. And it was none of the old men that we have talked about, is that right?
A. No.”

The gun Crockett had in his possession “then” refers to the gun in his possession at the time of his arrest, not at the time of the Wilkerson robbery. The reference, therefore, did not connect defendant to the other crime mentioned. Moreover, defendant has waived our review of this claim by failing to object when the trial court, which had placed the responsibility on counsel to make further redactions, specifically inquired of defense counsel shortly before the confession was read to the jury regarding the necessity of any further redactions.

Defendant’s final claim concerning other crimes evidence is that he was prejudiced by the trial court’s denial of his pretrial motion to exclude his 1981 armed robbery conviction as impeachment evidence and the subsequent admission of the conviction at trial. Only crimes punishable in excess of one year or involving dishonesty or false statement may be used for impeachment purposes if the trial judge determines that the probative value of the prior conviction outweighs the danger of unfair prejudice (People v. Tribett (1981), 98 Ill. App. 3d 663, 424 N.E.2d 688; People v. Smith (1980), 88 Ill. App. 3d 897, 410 N.E.2d 973.) A trial court is given wide latitude in determining whether the probative value outweighs the danger of unfair prejudice. Tribett, 98 Ill. App. 3d at 678.

Defendant maintains that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing admission of the impeachment evidence because, in light of the references to other crimes discussed above, the potential prejudicial effect of this similar prior crime outweighed any probative value of the evidence. As previously demonstrated, the references to other crimes did not connect defendant to those crimes. As to. the similarity of defendant’s prior conviction to the instant charge, similarity is a factor to consider in weighing the prejudicial effect against its probative value due to the potential inference of guilt to be drawn from the evidence, but it does not dictate its exclusion. (Tribett, 98 Ill. App. 3d at 676, 424 N.E.2d at 697; People v. Blair (1981), 102 Ill. App. 3d 1018, 1026, 429 N.E.2d 1375, 1381.) The trial court here did not abuse its discretion in finding the probative value of the conviction outweighed any prejudicial effect where the conviction was relatively recent to the instant charge and where the robbery conviction bore on defendant’s veracity, which he squarely placed in issue. See People v. Medreno (1981), 99 Ill. App. 3d 449, 425 N.E.2d 588; People v. Burba (1985), 134 Ill. App. 3d 228, 236, 479 N.E.2d 936; People v. Hancock (1982), 110 Ill. App. 3d 953, 955, 443 N.E.2d 226, 228.

Defendant’s next contention is that the admission of testimony from State witnesses that defendant identified “Dirk,” “Hook” and “John” as Love, Crockett, and Upshaw in his oral confession, where the State had only disclosed defendant’s references to “Dirk,” “Hook” and “John” in its response to defense discovery request, violated Supreme Court Rule 412(a)(ii) (107 Ill. 2d R. 412(a)(ii)) and constituted reversible error. The parties initially dispute whether defendant is estopped from raising the argument because his written discovery motion requested only a “written summary” of any oral statements made by defendant. It is not necessary that we resolve this dispute because we find that the State’s failure to disclose these details did not constitute reversible error.

Supreme Court Rule 412(a)(ii) requires the State to disclose to the accused “the substance of any oral statements made by the accused.” (107 Ill. 2d R. 412(a)(ii).) It was promulgated to protect a defendant against surprise, unfairness, and inadequate preparation and to afford the defense an opportunity to investigate the circumstances surrounding the statement. (People v. Cisewski (1987), 118 Ill. 2d 163, 172, 514 N.E.2d 970, 974.) A new trial is only required where the State fails to comply with the discovery requirements when the defendant is prejudiced by the discovery violation and the trial court fails to eliminate the prejudice. Cisewski, 118 Ill. 2d at 172, 514 N.E.2d at 974; People v. Weaver (1982), 92 Ill. 2d 545, 560, 442 N.E.2d 255, 260.

Unlike the cases referred to us by the parties, People v. Weaver (1982), 92 Ill. 2d 545, 442 N.E.2d 255, and People v. McInnis (1980), 88 Ill. App. 3d 555, 411 N.E.2d 26, the State in the instant case disclosed the critical statements which incriminated defendant in the crime. The trial court here properly found that the challenged details simply clarified the obvious — that defendant knew to whom he referred and that the police were also aware that he meant Crockett, Upshaw, and Love since Crockett had revealed the same in his recorded confession. Thus, the State sufficiently complied with Rule 412(a)(ii).

In any event, defendant has not demonstrated any prejudice which would require a reversal. In determining whether a new trial is warranted due to a discovery violation, courts are to consider the closeness of the evidence, the strength of the undisclosed evidence, and the likelihood that prior notice could have helped the defense discredit the evidence. (Cisewski, 118 Ill. 2d at 172, 514 N.E.2d at 974.) The prejudice to which defendant refers is that the details further enhanced the reliability of his oral confession by “interlocking” his confession further with Crockett’s court-reported statement. Defendant, however, does not contend that he did not previously know the identity of Hook and Dirk, nor does he indicate how he could have benefited by the prior disclosure of this detail.

Defendant next refers us to numerous prosecutorial comments in closing argument which, he contends, were improper and denied him a fair trial. In reviewing these comments, we are mindful that prosecutors are afforded great latitude during closing argument (People v. Morrison (1985), 137 Ill. App. 3d 171, 484 N.E.2d 329), and that improper arguments are not reversible error unless they cause the jury to convict where it would otherwise have acquitted (see People v. Shum (1987), 117 Ill. 2d 317, 512 N.E.2d 1183; People v. Sawczenko (1989), 180 Ill. App. 3d 406, 535 N.E.2d 1105). Since our review of the record has revealed many of defendant’s contentions to be without merit, only those contentions worthy of our review will be considered below.

Defendant contends that the prosecutor encouraged the jury to lump the evidence against Crockett and defendant together and to consider Crockett’s incriminating statements in the court-reported confession against defendant. In closing argument, the prosecutor argued: “What does the Defendant Crockett’s statement tell you? That three people stuck him up, and that [defendant] was the driver of the get away car,” as well as the argument “[according to John Crockett’s statement, [defendant] was the driver of the getaway car.” Defendant objected to the statements on the ground that separate consideration should be given to each defendant. The trial court, in stating “the jury will be so instructed,” overruled defendant’s objection. We do not believe the remarks are reversible error. The prosecutor did not argue that the jury should consider Crockett’s statement against defendant, and any improper suggestion to this effect was cured by the court’s prompt instruction, as well as by the numerous other instructions given to the jury in this regard throughout the trial.

Defendant also directs us to prosecutorial comments which he asserts suggested to the jury that police officers generally have more integrity than criminal defense lawyers and other witnesses and that the jurors should find the police more credible because, as citizens, the jurors depend upon the police. The State responds that the arguments were a proper response to defense counsel’s closing argument in a case where the jury had to resolve a credibility battle between the police and defendants.

In closing argument, defense counsel attempted to construct the police officer’s motive to lie by including remarks such as “[w]e like to believe that our police officers are out there to protect us *** just as in any other way of life, there are bad Americans, some bad people *** I regret to tell you ladies and gentlemen that is what we have here”; “[i]f any of you think a police officer is going to come and testify and admit to striking a prisoner in a police station, I want to sell you some real estate”; and “[i]f you think a police officer is going to come in here and tell you [they beat defendant], you are mistaken because they are not going to do that *** because it is a crime.” In response, the prosecutor remarked: “[T]he police *** don’t gain anything. *** [McWeeney and Madigan] are going to go out and they are going to catch people that did it and bring them to court. And when they get to court, lawyers like Mr. Diamond Falk and Mr. Simon are going to accuse them of beating defendants and making up evidence. *** And what did they get? They get a paycheck. If they don’t go to court, they get the same paycheck.”

While Illinois ease law has held that it is improper to argue that a witness is more credible because of his status as a police officer (People v. Rogers (1988), 172 Ill. App. 3d 471, 526 N.E.2d 655; People v. Richardson (1985), 139 Ill. App. 3d 598, 487 N.E.2d 716; People v. Ford (1983), 113 Ill. App. 3d 659, 447 N.E.2d 564), the prosecutor’s remarks here did not rise to the level of suggesting that the officers were more credible due to their police status, but were a proper response to defense counsel’s attempt to discredit police witnesses in general.

The prosecutor, however, further stated to the jurors: “[W]hen you are looking for help *** you dial 911 [and] get the Chicago Police Department. You put your faith in these people. If you dial 911, next time I will wait for [defendant] and John Crockett to come around.” We agree with defendant that these remarks were improper due to their proclivity to arouse fear in the jurors by implying that a not-guilty verdict would be tantamount to turning their backs on the persons upon whom they depend for protection. (See People v. Threadgill (1988), 166 Ill. App. 3d 643, 651, 520 N.E.2d 86, 90.) Nonetheless, we find these isolated comments, where the trial court sustained defendant’s objection to the statements and instructed the jury to disregard the remarks and to base their decision on the evidence, did not prejudice defendant.

Defendant further refers us to the prosecutor’s comments on defendant’s failure to call certain defense witnesses. Defendant cites Illinois case law which provides that where a witness is equally available to the State, it is improper for the State to comment unfavorably on the failure of defendant to produce witnesses because such remarks unfairly tend to shift the burden of proof to the accused (People v. Lee (1984), 128 Ill. App. 3d 774, 782, 471 N.E.2d 567, 573; People v. Nodal (1980), 89 Ill. App. 3d 538, 541, 411 N.E.2d 1087, 1090), unless a defendant injects into the case the name of an alibi witness and then fails to call the witness (People v. Lopez (1987), 152 Ill. App. 3d 667, 678, 504 N.E.2d 862, 869; People v. Wills (1986), 151 Ill. App. 3d 418, 421, 502 N.E.2d 775, 777).

The State responds by arguing that defendant has waived objection to this area of argument by failing to raise it in his post-trial motion. As to the merits of defendant’s argument, the State points out that Hlinois case law conflicts on the propriety of commenting on a defendant’s failure to produce evidence other than his own testimony or evidence in the State’s peculiar control as long as such comment does not suggest that the defense bears any burden of proof. (See People v. Albanese (1984), 104 Ill. 2d 504, 522, 473 N.E.2d 1246, 1253; People v. Williams (1968), 40 Ill. 2d 522, 528, 240 N.E.2d 645, 649; People v. Lion (1957), 10 Ill. 2d 208, 216, 139 N.E.2d 757, 761.) Citing People v. Ross (1980), 89 Ill. App. 3d 128, 133, 411 N.E.2d 1187, 1190, the State further asserts that where the defendant undertakes to testify, his testimony is subject to the same scrutiny and comment as any other witness.

In issue are the following prosecutorial comments: “[Defendant] never told you he was someplace else, that he didn’t do it”; “[i]f [defendant] was injured, his knees were swollen up, where is the doctor? *** The defense has the power to bring forth witnesses”; and “[i]f [the victim] was drunk, they could bring in evidence to prove it.”

Defendant did not specifically mention these remarks in his post-trial motion. He merely generally asserted that the prosecutor “shifted the burden of proof to [defendant].” It is established that, in raising an objection in a post-trial motion, the defendant must recite the specific improper remarks made by the prosecutor so that the court may make an informed ruling on his motion after being fully apprised of the specific instances of prosecutorial misconduct. (People v. Smith (1985), 139 Ill. App. 3d 21, 27, 486 N.E.2d 1347, 1350.) Because defendant failed to raise the alleged errors with sufficient specificity in his post-trial motion, the alleged errors are not preserved for our review. See Smith, 139 Ill. App. 3d at 27-28, 486 N.E.2d at 1350.

Defendant also refers us to prosecutorial comments which he contends improperly shifted the burden of proof by urging the jurors to convict him even if the defense case left the jurors with a reasonable doubt. In rebuttal argument, the prosecutor remarked:

“It is never easy to decide things one way or the other. But your decision right now is a very important one. You can, by your decision, say we know you are guilty. The State has proven you guilty. We do not have a reasonable doubt of your guilt. Sign the guilty forms for the defendants. Or you can say maybe you have raised enough dirt to confuse a few issues and maybe we have got doubt, therefore we are going to sign the not guilty forms. If you do that, you are telling John Crockett and [defendant] it is okay for them to do what they did.”

Any confusion as to the proper burden of proof which may have arisen from these comments was diminished by the prosecutor’s statement immediately prior thereto informing the jury of the State’s proper burden of proof, by the trial court’s prompt ruling sustaining defendant’s objection to the comments, and by the trial court’s instructions as to the State’s burden before trial and before jury deliberations.

Addressing now the final two errors alleged by defendant, we find his contentions to be without merit. Defendant’s contention that he was denied a fair trial by the trial court’s failure to admonish the jury to refrain from discussing the case during the trial overlooks the fact that the court did instruct the jury to this effect prior to trial. Moreover, this court has refused to follow the Federal case upon which defendant relies, which had presumed prejudice from the failure to so admonish the jury. See People v. Diaz (1988), 169 Ill. App. 3d 66, 522 N.E.2d 1386.

Defendant’s contention that his fifth amendment right to be free from compelled self-incrimination was violated when the court at sentencing elicited, and considered as aggravating factprs, that defendant was not supporting his three children and that he had a serious daily alcohol problem fails because defendant did not invoke his fifth amendment rights or demonstrate a compelled incrimination.

In eliciting the above information, the trial court already had before it a presentence investigation report in which defendant had provided information concerning his illegitimate children living with his girl friend, his unemployment and financial dependence on his mother, and his drug and alcohol consumption. Defendant has never challenged his contributions to the presentence report; thus, he misplaces his reliance on Estelle v. Smith (1981), 451 U.S. 454, 68 L. Ed. 2d 359, 101 S. Ct. 1866, where the Supreme Court found that the State could not introduce the results of a compelled pretrial psychiatric examination at a capital sentencing hearing.

As to the additional information elicited from defendant at the sentencing hearing, the Supreme Court has stated that Miranda does not apply “outside the context of the inherently coercive custodial interrogations for which it was designed.” (Roberts v. United States (1980), 445 U.S. 552, 560, 63 L. Ed. 2d 622, 631, 100 S. Ct. 1358, 1364.) The Supreme Court’s comments in United States v. Monia (1943), 317 U.S. 424, 427, 87 L. Ed. 2d 376, 380, 63 S. Ct. 409, 410-11, are also noteworthy here: “The [fifth] amendment speaks of compulsion. It does not preclude a witness from testifying voluntarily in matters which may incriminate him. If, therefore, he desires the protection of the privilege, he must claim it or he will not be considered to have been ‘compelled’ within the meaning of the Amendment.”

Neither defendant nor his counsel on defendant’s behalf invoked defendant’s fifth amendment privilege at sentencing. Nor has defendant demonstrated any judicial misconduct which would justify excusing defendant’s failure to claim the privilege. See People v. Tyner (1964), 30 Ill. 2d 101, 105, 195 N.E.2d 675, 677 (waiver excused where the judge accused a black witness of lying and called his conduct “typical of these people”).

Finally, in view of our above findings on the issues raised by defendant, we reject defendant’s contention that the cumulative effect of the trial errors requires that we grant him a new trial.

Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.

Affirmed.

CAMPBELL and MANNING, JJ., concur.


source: Caselaw Access Project

author: JUSTICE MANNING

license: Public Domain

text:
      In re MARRIAGE OF L. JOYCE FALAT, Petitioner-Appellee, and DONALD P. FALAT, Respondent-Appellant.
    First District (1st Division)
    No. 1-87-2933
    Opinion filed June 29, 1990.

      Glass, Hill, Dallmeyer & Roth, Ltd., of Northbrook (Bradley M. Glass and Michael M. Roth, of counsel), for appellant.
    Joel P. Schaps, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellee.
   JUSTICE MANNING

delivered the opinion of the court:

Respondent, Donald R Falat, appeals from an order of the circuit court of Cook County which denied his motion to strike and dismiss Loretta Joyce Falat’s petition to increase child support. He further appeals from an order of the court increasing child support for adult children.

On February 6, 1979, a judgment for dissolution of marriage was entered dissolving the marriage of Loretta Joyce Falat (Joyce Falat) and Donald Falat. The judgment included a separation agreement between the parties which established that child support for their two minor children, David and Karen, is to be paid by the husband in the amount of $410 per month, based on a $25,000 gross annual salary for the husband and $10,000 gross annual salary for the wife. It was further agreed that:

“Husband’s obligation for payment of child support shall cease upon any one of the following events:
(a) Emancipation of the child;
(b) The child reaching the age of eighteen (18) years of age, however, said obligation for payment of child support shall continue if after reaching the age of eighteen, said child shall be enrolled as a full-time student in high school or college, and in such event, Husband’s obligation to pay child support shall cease upon completion of four-year course of college education.
3. Husband shall pay for or contribute towards the payment of college education of the minor children of the parties, which obligation is conditioned upon the following:
(a) That the child has, at the time, the desire and aptitude for a college education;
(b) That the college education is limited to four consecutive years after graduation from high school, except that such time shall be extended in case of serious illness or military service;
(c) That Husband has the financial ability and stability to pay for such college education.”

On February 6, 1986, Joyce Falat filed a petition for rule to show cause and for modification of the judgment for dissolution of marriage, requesting an increase in child support. A hearing on the petition was commenced on June 16, 1986, before the Honorable William Peterson. During the hearing, Donald Falat testified that his gross income for 1985 was about $39,000 and copies of three pay stubs reflecting his income through March 31, 1986, as $12,626 were received into evidence. Donald Falat also submitted an affidavit of his expenses. Joyce Falat testified regarding her income and expenses and the income and expenses of her children at the time of the divorce and at the time of the hearing. The petition for rule to show cause was resolved on August 13, 1986, when an agreed order was entered by Judge Peterson, providing for the husband and wife to each pay 50% of the college educational expenses of the children. The hearing on the petition for modification was continued several times and was subsequently reassigned to Judge Hyman Feldman. Donald Falat filed a motion to strike and dismiss the petition to increase child support on the basis that the court lacked jurisdiction to grant an increase to adult children. This motion was denied by the trial court on March 18, 1987. A hearing on Joyce Falat’s petition to increase child support was held on August 21, 1987. Joyce Falat testified at the hearing. However, Donald Falat did not attend the hearing, nor was he required to attend since the court had previously stated that “further testimony of Donald Falat is not required.” A court reporter was present at the August 21, 1987, hearing; however, the court reporter lost the notes of that hearing. Donald Falat initially filed his proposed report of proceedings on November 20, 1987. After the passing of a significant period of time, on February 2, 1988, Joyce Falat was granted leave to file instanter a responsive report of proceedings. On that same date, the trial court refused “to certify a report of proceedings due to a lack of memory as to this case.” On April 7, 1988, Donald Falat requested the trial court to certify Joyce Falat’s proposed report of proceedings as to what occurred during the August 21, 1987, proceedings. The report of proceedings was certified by the trial judge on that date.

Joyce Falat stated in the report of proceedings that at the August 21, 1987, hearing she tendered an affidavit dated August 21, 1987, setting forth her monthly income and expenses and an affidavit dated June 16, 1986, prepared by Donald Falat which had been furnished to the court at a prior hearing. Donald Falat’s pay stub for the period ending March 31, 1986, was also tendered to the court. However, Donald Falat’s attorney objected to the admission of his pay stub and affidavit on the basis of lack of a proper foundation for the admission of the pay stub into evidence, the pay stub was hearsay and the admission of the pay stub violated the best evidence rule. This objection was overruled and the documents were admitted into evidence. Joyce Falat further testified at the August 21, 1987, hearing that the $410-per-month child support was agreeable to her at the time of the dissolution of marriage since at that time the children were minors, ages 11 and 13. However, now they are 19 and 20 years of age and attending college. She also testified that an increase of child support is needed due to inflation and the increased expenses of the children in general, utilities and food. She stated that Karen and David earned $10,022 and $4,620 respectively in 1986.

Donald Falat’s attorney stated that he was not offering any evidence since the pay stub is inadmissible and Joyce Falat failed to meet her burden of showing an increased need of child support and Donald Falat’s ability to pay the increase. Donald Falat’s attorney also refused to provide the court with his client’s current income and stated that the income figures on the pay stub did not accurately reflect Donald Falat’s income. Thereafter, the trial court modified the child support to $550 per month retroactive to February 6, 1986, for the period of February 6, 1986, to June 1, 1987. The court then proceeded to set child support at $475 per month.

On appeal the respondent argues that the trial court erred in entering an order increasing child support for adult children who were neither mentally nor physically disabled and the funds were not necessary for the children’s education. Respondent further argues that the petitioner failed to sustain her burden of showing a substantial change in circumstances since the dissolution of marriage to justify an increase in child support and the ability of the respondent to pay. We agree with the orders of the trial court.

We will initially address respondent’s argument that in the present case the trial court lacked jurisdiction to grant an increase of child support to adult children who were neither physically nor mentally disabled nor were the funds necessary for the children’s education. This contention is without merit since a trial court has jurisdiction to consider future child support needs in a dissolution of marriage proceeding and it is not required to expressly retain jurisdiction in order to preside over such proceedings. (In re Marriage of Geis (1987), 159 Ill. App. 3d 975, 982, 512 N.E.2d 1354; In re Marriage of Petramale (1981), 102 Ill. App. 3d 1049, 430 N.E.2d 569.) The general rule is that the obligation of a parent to support his children terminates when the child reaches majority. (In re Marriage of Holderrieth (1989), 181 Ill. App. 3d 199, 206, 536 N.E.2d 946.) However, section 510(c) of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (the Act) specifically provides that “[ujnless otherwise agreed in writing or expressly provided in the judgment, provisions for the support of a child are terminated by emancipation of the child, except as otherwise provided herein.” (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 40, par. 510(c).) The legislative purpose behind the adoption of section 510(c) is to allow the parties to a dissolution proceeding to remain liable for the support of children beyond emancipation. Finley v. Finley (1980), 81 Ill. 2d 317, 326, 410 N.E.2d 12.

The record in the case at bar reveals that the respondent expressly agreed to remain obligated to pay child support if the children were enrolled as full-time students in high school or college. Settlement agreements as they relate to child support are looked upon favorably by Illinois courts, and such agreements will not be set aside absent clear and convincing evidence that the agreement was entered as a result of coercion, fraud, duress or the agreement is contrary to public policy or morals. (In re Marriage of Holderrieth (1989), 181 Ill. App. 3d 199, 206, 536 N.E.2d 946; Stutter v. Stutter (1978), 61 Ill. App. 3d 201, 204, 377 N.E.2d 862.) Additionally, we have specifically held that the circuit court does have the authority to modify a child support provision in a dissolution of marriage judgment that was entered in accordance with a settlement agreement. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 40, pars. 502(f), 510(a); In re Marriage of Geis, 159 Ill. App. 3d at 982; Powers v. Powers (1979), 69 Ill. App. 3d 485, 388 N.E.2d 76.

It is undisputed in the present case that the parties intended to pay child support past the age of majority, and we have frequently held that it is within the broad discretion of the trial court to determine the necessity for child support and the amount granted, and its decision will not be set aside unless it is contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence. (In re Marriage of Geis, 159 Ill. App. 3d at 982; In re Marriage of Mitchell (1981), 103 Ill. App. 3d 242, 249, 430 N.E.2d 716.) Moreover, it is well settled that the modification of a child support award is within the sound discretion of the trial court and that decision will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. In re Marriage of Morrisroe (1987), 155 Ill. App. 3d 765, 770-71, 508 N.E.2d 464; In re Marriage of Winters (1987), 160 Ill. App. 3d 277, 285, 512 N.E.2d 1371; In re Marriage of Milburn (1986), 144 Ill. App. 3d 76, 80, 494 N.E.2d 161; In re Marriage of Schmerold (1980), 88 Ill. App. 3d 348, 410 N.E.2d 629.

Section 513 of the Act provides that in determining the amount of child support to assess, the circuit court must consider the child’s financial resources, the financial resources of both parents, and the standard of living the child would have enjoyed but for the dissolution of the marriage. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 40, par. 513; In re Marriage of Harsy (1990), 193 Ill. App. 3d 415, 423, 549 N.E.2d 995.) The trial court will also consider the physical, emotional and educational needs of the child. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 40, par. 505; In re Marriage of Morrisroe, 155 Ill. App. 3d at 771; In re Marriage of Milburn (1986), 144 Ill. App. 3d 76, 79-80, 494 N.E.2d 161.) Respondent argues that the increase in child support was not necessary for the children’s education since an agreed order was entered for the husband and wife to each pay 50% of the college educational expenses of the children. Petitioner argues that although the parties were ordered to pay educational expenses, the court did not order the parties to share the living and other expenses of the children while attending college. Section 513 of the Act authorizes the trial court to make provisions for the education and maintenance of children after they have - attained the age of majority, and section 505 of the Act allows the court to order the payments to be made out of income. (In re Marriage of Coram (1980), 86 Ill. App. 3d 845, 850-51, 408 N.E.2d 418.) Educational expenses entitle a mother to receive reasonable living expenses in addition to the cost of tuition and books when the children are residing at home while attending college. In re Marriage of Pauley (1982), 104 Ill. App. 3d 100,105, 432 N.E.2d 661.

The Act further grants the trial court the authority to modify any judgment regarding child support upon a showing of a substantial and material change in circumstances. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 40, par. 510(a); In re Marriage of Eisenstein (1988), 172 Ill. App. 3d 264, 269, 526 N.E.2d 496; In re Marriage of Morrisroe, 155 Ill. App. 3d at 770.) Respondent contends that the petitioner failed to sustain her burden of showing a substantial change in circumstances since the dissolution of marriage to justify an increase in child support and the ability of the respondent to pay. Moreover, under the terms of the settlement agreement he agreed to continue child support while the children attended college, not increase child support for his adult children. In marriage dissolution proceedings, a court is not bound by the agreements between the parties providing for the support of children. (Blisset v. Blisset (1988), 123 Ill. 2d 161, 167, 526 N.E.2d 125; Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 40, par. 502(b).) Moreover, section 502(f) of the Act prohibits parties to an agreement from limiting or precluding the modification of child support. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 40, par. 502(f).) Additionally, the Act provides that a trial court “may order *** parents owing a duty of support *** to pay an amount reasonable and necessary for [the] support [of the children].” Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 40, par. 505.

The trial court is only justified in increasing child support upon a showing that the needs of the children and the earnings of the supporting parent have increased since the judgment granting child support was entered. (Addington v. Addington (1977), 48 Ill. App. 3d 859, 863, 363 N.E.2d 151; In re Marriage of Milburn, 144 Ill. App. 3d at 81.) Once the respondent’s increased ability to pay has been demonstrated, the petitioner may establish increased needs of the children based on the fact that the children have grown older and the cost of living has risen. (In re Marriage of Milburn, 144 Ill. App. 3d at 81; Addington, 48 Ill. App. 3d at 863.) Moreover, the trial court may presume that the expenses associated with the raising of children are increased each year. In re Marriage of Loomis (1987), 153 Ill. App. 3d 404, 406, 505 N.E.2d 766.

In the present case, the court was provided with the incomes of Joyce Falat, David Falat and the children at the time of the dissolution of marriage and for 1986. Donald Falat’s income increased from $25,000 to approximately $50,000 in 1986. Joyce Falat’s income increased from $10,000 to $24,000 in 1986. David Falat’s income increased from zero to $4,900 in 1986, and Karen Falat’s income increased from zero to $10,022 in 1986. Donald Falat’s 1986 income was based upon a pay stub tendered to the court for the period ending March 31, 1986. Information regarding the parties’ income and expenses was originally tendered and authenticated when the trial began on June 16, 1986. This information was again tendered to the trial court at the August 21, 1987, hearing. Specifically, at that hearing, Joyce Falat’s attorney tendered an affidavit dated August 21, 1987, stating her monthly income and expenses. He also tendered an affidavit prepared by Donald Falat dated June 16, 1986, indicating his income and expenses. Additionally, at the August 21, 1987, hearing a pay stub for Donald Falat for the period ending March 31, 1986, was tendered to the trial court upon its request. During the August 21, 1987, hearing the trial court attempted to obtain current information by asking the respondent’s attorney, “[W]hat is the husband’s income now?” The response provided was “That is for the petitioner to show. I’m standing on the evidence.” Just prior to this exchange, when the trial court asked the respondent if he had any evidence that he wished to present, the respondent’s attorney stated, “Your Honor, I am not offering any evidence on behalf of respondent.”

The respondent argues that the affidavit and pay stub for the period ending March 31, 1986, furnished to the court at a prior hearing between the parties were inadmissible as competent evidence at the August 21, 1987, hearing and were improperly admitted to establish Donald Falat’s current ability to pay increased child support. We have previously held that where an ultimate issue of fact has been completely litigated at a prior hearing, there is no reason to relitigate that issue in subsequent proceedings in the absence of additional evidence or peculiar circumstances. (People v. Bowen (1987), 164 Ill. App. 3d 164, 171, 517 N.E.2d 608.) Similarly, in the present case, Donald Falat’s pay stub and affidavit were properly received without objection at a prior hearing between the same parties regarding the same issue. That hearing commenced on June 16, 1986, and was continued to August 27, 1986. Although the case was reassigned to another judge in the interim, Donald Falat never sought to abate those proceedings. Consistent with the first judge’s directions, he did not return when the hearing was resumed. His conduct cannot be allowed to thwart the processes of the court. Had he thought the first proceedings should have been abated because the case was reassigned after a hearing had commenced, he had the opportunity to so request that of the court. He cannot “have his cake and eat it too.” At the very least he could have appeared at the second hearing, notwithstanding the court’s admonition to the contrary, and sought to refute the previously entered documents with competent evidence regarding more current income information. Moreover, the admissibility of evidence is within the discretion of the trial court and its decision should not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion. (In re Marriage of Hofstetter (1981), 102 Ill. App. 3d 392, 396, 430 N.E.2d 79; In re Estate of Weisberg (1978), 62 Ill. App. 3d 578, 586, 378 N.E.2d 1152, 1158.) A party asserting that an error has occurred must demonstrate to the court that he has been prejudiced by the error. (In re Marriage of Hofstetter, 102 Ill. App. 3d at 396; In re Estate of Weisberg, 62 Ill. App. 3d at 586.) In the instant case, the respondent did not demonstrate that he was prejudiced by the trial court’s consideration of his 1986 affidavit and pay stub. To the contrary, the record is devoid of any effort on the part of the respondent to present any current information. The failure of the respondent to offer any evidence in response to the trial court’s request creates a presumption that the evidence would have been unfavorable to the respondent’s position. (In re Marriage of Leff (1986), 148 Ill. App. 3d 792, 803, 499 N.E.2d 1042; Tepper v. Campo (1947), 398 Ill. 496, 505, 76 N.E.2d 490.) Under the facts and circumstances of this case, we cannot say that it was improper for the trial court to consider this evidence nor was it an abuse of the trial court’s discretion.

The evidence indicated that the respondent agreed to the continuation of child support past the age of majority. Therefore, both parties intended that the children would receive support if they attended college. Moreover, the evidence revealed Donald Falat’s ability to pay increased child support taking into consideration, inter alia, the 100% increase in his income since the original award of child support, the petitioner’s income and her testimony regarding the increased need for child support due to increased expenses of the children, inflation, increased cost associated with utilities and food. Furthermore, there is nothing in the record to demonstrate that the trial court did not consider the relevant factors, as set forth in the Act, that were reasonable and necessary to determine whether an increase in child support should be granted. Therefore, the evidence supports petitioner’s assertion of a substantial change in circumstances since the original dissolution judgment to support an increase in child support, and based upon the facts of this case, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting an increase in child support.

For the foregoing reasons, the orders of the circuit court of Cook County are affirmed.

Affirmed.

CAMPBELL and O’CONNOR, JJ., concur.