text:
    The PEOPLE of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Darionte JONES, Defendant-Appellant.
    No. 1-15-1307
    Appellate Court of Illinois, First District, FOURTH DIVISION.
    Modified opinion filed May 3, 2018
    Michael J. Pelletier, Patricia Mysza, and Meredith N. Baron, of State Appellate Defender's Office, of Chicago, for appellant.
    Kimberly M. Foxx, State's Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg, Annette C. Collins, and Mary L. Boland, Assistant State's Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.
   JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

¶ 1 After a bench trial, defendant Darionte Jones was found guilty of one count of predatory criminal sexual assault and sentenced to 10 years in the Illinois Department of Corrections (IDOC). The conviction stems from the sexual assault of a 12-year-old victim on August 30, 2011, when defendant was 17 years old. On appeal, defendant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence against him.

¶ 2 Defendant claims (1) that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to move to dismiss the charges against him after the State allegedly failed to bring him to trial within the period required by section 103-5(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Speedy Trial Act) ( 725 ILCS 5/103-5(a) (West 2012) ); (2) that, as applied to defendant, the statute governing predatory criminal sexual assault is harsh and violates the cruel and unusual punishment clause of the eighth amendment, as well as the proportionate penalties clause; and (3) that the trial court abused its discretion by sentencing defendant to 10 years, in light of the fact that he was 17 years old at the time of the offense, had only one prior juvenile adjudication for a nonviolent offense, and expressed remorse at sentencing.

¶ 3 For the following reasons, we affirm his conviction and sentence.

¶ 4 BACKGROUND

¶ 5 On this appeal, defendant does not raise any claims concerning any of the evidence introduced at trial, or the sufficiency of the evidence, or any arguments made by the State concerning the evidence. Thus, we provide below only the facts needed to understand the claims before us.

¶ 6 At trial, the State's evidence showed that defendant, who was a school friend of the victim's sister, knocked on the door of the victim's home and the victim let him in. The 12-year-old victim returned to her bedroom to continue watching "Sponge Bob" on television when defendant entered, sat down next to her on the bed, and began kissing her. After the victim told him to stop, he pushed her back on the bed, laid on top of her, and pulled down her pants and underwear. His penis then made contact with her vagina. When the victim heard the door open, she observed defendant run into the closet holding his clothes. When the victim's sister walked into the bedroom, the sister observed the victim on the bed without pants or underwear and found defendant in the closet wearing a shirt but no pants. The sister told him to leave and he did. The sister then told their mother what happened, and the next day the mother and sister told the victim's father who took the victim and her sister to the police station. Three days after the attack, a nurse examined the victim and observed, during the genital exam, redness, irritation, and a microabrasion, which was consistent with sexual assault. A sexual assault kit was performed and was negative for the presence of semen.

¶ 7 As noted, the trial court found defendant guilty of one count of predatory criminal sexual assault of a child. Prior to announcing the verdict, the trial court made specific findings of fact, including that "the State has not presented enough evidence for proof beyond a reasonable doubt" (1) that "the defendant committed an intrusion of his penis into the vagina" of the victim, (2) that "there was any force" or threat of force "in this matter," or (3) that "there was unlawful restraint." The trial court did find that "the State has proven beyond a reasonable doubt that there was contact between the defendant's penis and [the victim's] vagina," and "that the defendant knew that the victim * * * was under 13 years of age." As a result, the court found "there will be a finding of guilty with regards to * * * contact between the penis and the vagina of [the victim] with her being under 13 years of age"

¶ 8 Defendant filed a posttrial motion for a new trial that raised claims concerning the sufficiency of the evidence and the admissibility of certain pieces of evidence. However, the posttrial motion did not assert any of the issues raised on appeal.

¶ 9 At the sentencing on April 9, 2015, the trial court denied defendant's posttrial motion and then heard factors in aggravation and mitigation. In mitigation, defense counsel observed, among other things, that defendant was then presently 20 years old and the father of a 5-year-old and a 4-year-old. The factors in mitigation included the following statement by defendant. On appeal, defendant argues that this statement shows remorse, so we provide it here in full:

"DEFENDANT: I'm here today because, you know I made some wrong actions down the line and I do take full responsibility of everything that has happened. I just ask that you have lenience because I do have two children.
I made a mistake that should never have been made. I am sorry for what I did. Sorry for what other people have been through. That's it."

¶ 10 After listening to defendant's statement, the trial court sentenced him to 10 years with IDOC. Since defendant claims on appeal that the trial court abused its discretion by sentencing him to 10 years instead of the six-year minimum, we provide here the trial court's full statement explaining its reasons for selecting a 10-year sentence:

"THE COURT: All right. Thank you, sir.
Well, this Court having entered a judgment on the finding of guilt with regards to Count 1, predatory criminal sexual assault of a child, that being a Class X felony which carries a mandatory penitentiary sentence of between 6 to 60 years of incarceration in the Illinois Department of Corrections, I have considered the facts of this case, all of the matters in aggravation and mitigation.
The Court has also thoroughly read the Pre-Sentence Investigation Report noting that the defendant's first contact with the law was at 13 years of age for a felony offense of burglary in juvenile court. That was dismissed, but that's the defendant's first contact with the law.
Second contact was a residential burglary where [the trial court] found the defendant guilty-there was a finding of delinquency for a residential burglary, which is a Class 1 felony. He received five years juvenile probation, 150 hours of community service. He received some TASC as well.
And a violation of probation was filed in June of 2008 and a sex evaluation was ordered. And that is State's Exhibit No. 1, which was prepared for [the trial court] apparently July 28th of 2008.
The defendant apparently did not comply further with probation and his juvenile court judge sent him to the Illinois Department of Corrections as a juvenile. He was sentenced to IYC, which is the Juvenile Illinois Department of Corrections. That was in October of 2009.
The State comments about numerous or lengthy criminal histories. These cases have all been dismissed, so the only one the Court is acknowledging basically is the residential burglary where the defendant was found delinquent and sent to the Illinois Youth Department of Corrections.
This case in which this Court found the defendant guilty of predatory criminal sexual assault happened in 2011. He was sent to IYC October 15th of '09. So a little less than two years after he was sentenced as a juvenile to the Department of Corrections, he commits this Class X felony upon a very unsuspecting 12 year old girl who he knew from the neighborhood, he knew her sister, and he committed an act of sexual contact with her.
The Court has read the PreSentence Investigation Report. The defendant does not have any adult criminal history. He has completed only two years of high school. The defendant has no job history. He has two children.
The Court finds based upon the aggravation, the mitigation that this Court has heard, the findings that the Court made, the Court finds that the following sentence is appropriate in this matter. This is a Class X felony as indicated where a sentencing range is between 6 to 60 years.
The Court finds that the sentence that is appropriate for this matter is a period of incarceration of 10 years in the Illinois Department of Corrections.
Based upon this sentencing range, based upon this Class X felony and the facts of this case, the Court does not find that 6 years is an appropriate sentence in this matter. The Court does not find that the maximum sentence is appropriate either. Ten years, which must be served at 85 percent, is an appropriate sentence for this offense of predatory criminal sexual assault."

We observe that 10 years, if served at 85%, is 8½ years. The trial court then found that "[c]redit for 1,316 days will be given to the defendant." This credit, if served at 85%, is over four years. The sentencing on April 9, 2015, was almost three years ago.

¶ 11 Defendant then filed a motion to reconsider his sentence that claimed, among other things, that his sentence was "excessive in view of the Defendant's background and the nature of his participation in the offense." Before the trial court, defense counsel explained that she was challenging only the portion of the sentence that exceeded the minimum of six years. Thus, defendant did not raise before the trial court an issue that he raises on appeal, namely, that his conviction should be reduced to a Class A misdemeanor and that he should be sentenced to less than a year.

¶ 12 With respect to the motion to reconsider sentence, the following colloquy occurred:

"THE COURT: Do you have a motion to file, counsel?
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Yes, Your Honor. To avoid-
THE COURT: A motion to reconsider?
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Yes. To avoid returning in 30 days, I'm asking the Court to reconsider the sentence. The same arguments that I presented in my mitigation regarding the excessive nature of anything greater than 6 years.
THE COURT: State, your response?
ASSISTANT STATE'S ATTORNEY [ (ASA) ]: Your Honor, the sentence is appropriate given the facts.
THE COURT: I'm sorry.
ASA: The sentence is appropriate given the facts.
THE COURT: All right. The defendant's motion to reconsider sentence is denied. The sentencing range is 6 to 60 years. The Court does not find that the 10-year sentence is excessive, therefore, counsel your motion is going to be denied.
[Defendant], any questions about your sentence, sir?
DEFENDANT: No."

Defendant then filed a timely notice of appeal, and this appeal followed.

¶ 13 ANALYSIS

¶ 14 On appeal, defendant claims (1) that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to move to dismiss the charges against him after the State allegedly failed to bring him to trial within the period required by the Speedy Trial Act ( 725 ILCS 5/103-5(a) (West 2012) ); (2) that, as applied to defendant, the statute governing predatory criminal sexual assault is harsh and violates the cruel and unusual punishment clause of the eighth amendment, as well as the proportionate penalties clause; and (3) that the trial court abused its discretion by sentencing defendant to 10 years, in light of the fact that he was 17 years old at the time of the offense, had only one prior juvenile adjudication for a nonviolent offense, and expressed remorse at sentencing.

¶ 15 For the following reasons, we affirm his conviction and sentence.

¶ 16 I. Speedy Trial Act

¶ 17 Defendant's first claim is that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to move to dismiss the charges against him after the State allegedly failed to bring him to trial within the 120-day period required by the Speedy Trial Act ( 725 ILCS 5/103-5(a) (West 2012) ).

¶ 18 To determine whether a defendant was denied the effective assistance of counsel, we apply the well-known test set forth in Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). People v. Albanese , 104 Ill. 2d 504, 526, 85 Ill.Dec. 441, 473 N.E.2d 1246 (1984) (adopting the Strickland test). Under Strickland , a defendant must show both that (1) his counsel's performance was deficient and (2) his counsel's deficient performance prejudiced him. People v. Cordell , 223 Ill. 2d 380, 385, 307 Ill.Dec. 669, 860 N.E.2d 323 (2006).

¶ 19 However, "[t]he failure of counsel to argue a speedy-trial violation cannot satisfy either prong of Strickland where there is no lawful basis for arguing a speedy-trial violation." Cordell , 223 Ill. 2d at 385, 307 Ill.Dec. 669, 860 N.E.2d 323 ; see also People v. Staake , 2017 IL 121755, ¶ 47, 421 Ill.Dec. 936, 102 N.E.3d 207 ("Counsel's failure to assert a speedy-trial violation cannot establish either prong * * * if no speedy-trial violation occurred."); People v. Phipps , 238 Ill. 2d 54, 65, 342 Ill.Dec. 893, 933 N.E.2d 1186 (2010) ("Counsel's failure to assert a speedy-trial violation cannot establish either prong * * * if there is no lawful basis for raising a speedy-trial objection.").

¶ 20 Thus, we must determine, first, "whether defendant's speedy-trial rights were violated before we can determine whether counsel was ineffective." (Emphasis added.) Cordell , 223 Ill. 2d at 385, 307 Ill.Dec. 669, 860 N.E.2d 323 ; see also Phipps , 238 Ill. 2d at 65, 342 Ill.Dec. 893, 933 N.E.2d 1186 ("we must first determine whether defendant's right to a speedy trial was violated").

¶ 21 In the case at bar, since defendant raises the alleged speedy-trial violation for the first time on appeal, there are no factual findings made by the trial court for this court to review. In addition, the question of what the Speedy Trial Act requires is a legal question, which this court reviews de novo . People v. Van Schoyck , 232 Ill. 2d 330, 335, 328 Ill.Dec. 267, 904 N.E.2d 29 (2009) (whether the defendant's statutory speedy-trial rights "were contravened is a pure question of law, which this court reviews de novo "); Cordell , 223 Ill. 2d at 389, 307 Ill.Dec. 669, 860 N.E.2d 323 ("The construction of a statute is a question of law reviewed de novo ."). De novo consideration means that we perform the same analysis that the trial court would perform. People v. Melecio , 2017 IL App (1st) 141434, ¶ 42, 418 Ill.Dec. 40, 89 N.E.3d 874.

¶ 22 The primary goal of a court in construing a statute is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature. East St. Louis Federation of Teachers, Local 1220 v. East St. Louis School District No. 189 Financial Oversight Panel , 178 Ill. 2d 399, 411, 227 Ill.Dec. 568, 687 N.E.2d 1050 (1997) ; Fumarolo v. Chicago Board of Education , 142 Ill. 2d 54, 96, 153 Ill.Dec. 177, 566 N.E.2d 1283 (1990) (the "fundamental" rule is "to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature"). A court will first ascertain the intent of the legislators from the plain language of the statute itself. East St. Louis , 178 Ill. 2d at 411-12, 227 Ill.Dec. 568, 687 N.E.2d 1050. We also consider "the entire Act, its nature, its object and the consequences" of "construing it one way or the other." Fumarolo , 142 Ill. 2d at 96, 153 Ill.Dec. 177, 566 N.E.2d 1283.

¶ 23 Section 103-5 provides in relevant part:

"Every person in custody in this State for an alleged offense shall be tried by the court having jurisdiction within 120 days from the date he [or she] was taken into custody unless delay is occasioned by the defendant * * *. Delay shall be considered to be agreed to by the defendant unless he or she objects to the delay by making a written demand for trial or an oral demand for trial on the record." 725 ILCS 5/103-5(a) (West 2012).

¶ 24 The last line quoted above, requiring a defendant to make a written or oral demand for trial, was added in 1999. Cordell , 223 Ill. 2d at 386, 307 Ill.Dec. 669, 860 N.E.2d 323. Thus, any cases decided before 1999, any cases decided based on the 1999 statute, or any cases that relied primarily on pre-1999 cases are simply not relevant to a present determination about whether a delay was agreed to by a defendant. Cordell , 223 Ill. 2d at 392, 307 Ill.Dec. 669, 860 N.E.2d 323 (finding that a 2000 appellate court opinion was not relevant because it "never addressed the amended statute").

¶ 25 As a result of the 1999 amendment, we must consider any delay to be agreed to by a defendant "unless he or she object[ed] to the delay by making a written demand for trial or an oral demand for trial on the record." 725 ILCS 5/103-5(a) (West 2012). Interpreting the 1999 amendment, our supreme court has held that it requires a defendant to make a demand for trial after the delay is proposed. Cordell , 223 Ill. 2d at 391, 307 Ill.Dec. 669, 860 N.E.2d 323. A prior demand by defendant for trial is not enough to qualify as an objection. Cordell , 223 Ill. 2d at 391, 307 Ill.Dec. 669, 860 N.E.2d 323. Our supreme court explained why:

"As amended, section 103-5(a) places the onus on a defendant to take affirmative action when he becomes aware that his trial is being delayed. To allow basic requests for trial, made before any delay was even proposed, to qualify as objections to 'delays' not yet proposed would provide defendants with another sword to use after the fact to overturn their convictions. This does not comport with the intent of section 103-5(a)." Cordell , 223 Ill. 2d at 391-92, 307 Ill.Dec. 669, 860 N.E.2d 323.

Thus, to qualify as an objection, there must be, first, a proposed delay and then a written or oral demand for trial by the defense.

¶ 26 Defendant concedes that most of the time between his arrest and his trial was excluded from the speedy-trial clock. However, he claims that, even with most of the time excluded, there were still 152 days that counted and that this 152 days is far more than the 120 days that the statute permits.

¶ 27 In response, the State argues that there was a 36-day period, counted by defendant, that should be excluded because defendant acquiesced. Thus, it is only this 36-day period-between August 14, 2013, and September 19, 2013-that is disputed by the parties on appeal.

¶ 28 While the amendment "does not mandate any 'magic words' constituting a demand for trial," it does require "some affirmative statement in the record requesting a speedy trial." (Emphasis omitted.) Phipps , 238 Ill. 2d at 66, 342 Ill.Dec. 893, 933 N.E.2d 1186. "[T]he provisions of section 103-5 are to be liberally construed in favor of the defendant, and * * * the State cannot improperly manipulate criminal proceedings or purposefully evade the operation of the section's provisions." Van Schoyck , 232 Ill. 2d at 335, 328 Ill.Dec. 267, 904 N.E.2d 29.

¶ 29 The 36-day period under dispute began to run on August 14, 2013. On July 10, 2013, the prior court date, a pretrial hearing was continued by agreement to August 14, 2013. The hearing concerned a motion filed by the State to allow certain hearsay testimony.

¶ 30 On August 14, 2013, the State informed the court that its witnesses were still unavailable, and the court stated that "[t]he record is going to reflect the State's not ready." The trial court then asked defense counsel what her position was, and defense counsel responded, "Well, [the prosecutor] did advise me this morning as to the unavailability of the witnesses, so ..." The court then stated, "The matter is going to continue, motion State."

¶ 31 On appeal, defendant argues that the court's ruling that the State was not ready and that the hearing was continued on the State's motion show that this time was attributable to the State, not defendant. However, the transcript shows that the parties continued to discuss rescheduling the hearing for over a page and not once during this extended discussion did defense counsel assert a demand for trial as the amended statute explicitly requires.

¶ 32 While no " 'magic words' " are required, "some affirmative statement" is required to assert a trial demand under the amended statute, and defense counsel failed to utter any words resembling a trial demand before the court ruled or during the subsequent discussion about rescheduling. Phipps , 238 Ill. 2d at 66, 342 Ill.Dec. 893, 933 N.E.2d 1186 ; see also 725 ILCS 5/103-5(a) (West 2012) (requiring "a written demand for trial or an oral demand for trial on the record"). Thus, this 36-day period was excluded from the speedy-trial clock, and no speedy-trial violation occurred.

¶ 33 In addition, defense counsel's statements after the trial court's ruling could be interpreted as agreeing. While we do not rest our opinion on this point, we cite it only as some additional support for our finding:

"THE COURT: The matter is going to continue, motion State.
ASA: That's fine, Judge.
THE COURT: It's going to be final for [the hearing].
ASA: All right.
THE COURT: It will be the fourth hearing date.
ASA: We were looking at Thursday, September 5th as a possible date.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Judge, just for the record with regard to that day, that's my trial, that's here, the attempt-
THE COURT: No, I have three matters set. * * * I have attempt murder, home invasion, and murder all set[ ] for that day for hearing.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: The other day we talked [about] was the 19th.
THE COURT: I'll be on a jury that week, but just in case?
DEFENSE COUNSEL: It's a murder.
THE COURT: Yes.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: It starts on Monday?
THE COURT: Yes, [name of another defendant]. Aren't you on that?
ASA: No.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Yeah, the 19th?
THE COURT: You're backup, so I'll know Monday. I'm due to pick that day.
ASA: I understand.
THE COURT: So that's not the best week. That has two private counsels * * * and I'm definitely due to pick that Monday.
ASA: I wa[s] aware of that, Judge. I'm just seeking to do it as a backup if for some reason it's not ready.
THE COURT: As a backup. Counsel, do you wish that?
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Yes.
THE COURT: Motion State, Thursday 9/19/2013, 11:00, setting the matter down for hearing on the * * * motion marked final. If I'm not on jury trial-by Monday you will know, and you can call off your witnesses. If I'm not on Monday, then it will proceed on Thursday.
ASA: All right. Thank you.
THE COURT: So you have to be a backup if you wish that day. I do have a murder jury that week.
All right. September 19th, [defendant], 11:00 is your next date."

The reason that we do not rest our opinion on this point is that we do not want to mislead either trial courts or counsel on what is required. What is now required is an affirmative demand for trial. 725 ILCS 5/103-5(a) (West 2012) (requiring "a written demand for trial or an oral demand for trial on the record"). The whole point of the amended statute is to remove any need for courts to scour the record to determine whether defense counsel implicitly or arguably did or did not agree. Cordell , 223 Ill. 2d at 391-92, 307 Ill.Dec. 669, 860 N.E.2d 323. Only an affirmative demand for trial, in writing or on the record, will do. 725 ILCS 5/103-5(a) (West 2012). However, the above quote does show that defense counsel stated no words resembling a trial demand during the ensuing discussion about scheduling and dates.

¶ 34 Without a speedy-trial violation, there can be no ineffective assistance claim on this basis. As noted above, "[t]he failure of counsel to argue a speedy-trial violation cannot satisfy either prong of Strickland where there is no lawful basis for arguing a speedy-trial violation." Cordell , 223 Ill. 2d at 385, 307 Ill.Dec. 669, 860 N.E.2d 323. As a result, we do not find this claim persuasive.

¶ 35 Defendant does not claim that his counsel was ineffective for failing to assert a trial demand on August 14, 2013, nor could he on the record before us. The speedy-trial clock was not about to run out on August 14, 2013, and the record provides no clue as to whether counsel had her own strategic reasons for not objecting to the delay. Defendant claims on appeal only that his counsel was ineffective for failing to move to dismiss his case once the speedy-trial clock had already run. However, as we already explained above, this claim does not satisfy the statute.

¶ 36 While this appeal was pending, defendant filed a motion to cite People v. Dalton , 2017 IL App (3d) 150213, 414 Ill.Dec. 248, 79 N.E.3d 883, as additional authority, which this court granted. However, Dalton presents a different factual situation and a different issue than the case at bar. In Dalton , the State charged defendant on December 30, 2003, with aggravated criminal sexual abuse. Dalton , 2017 IL App (3d) 150213, ¶ 3, 414 Ill.Dec. 248, 79 N.E.3d 883. On May 17, 2004, which was more than 120 days after the original charges were filed, the State filed an amended information adding a count that was based on the same physical act, but that charged the greater offense of criminal sexual assault. Dalton , 2017 IL App (3d) 150213, ¶ 4, 414 Ill.Dec. 248, 79 N.E.3d 883.

¶ 37 In Dalton , the appellate court found that the trial counsel was ineffective for failing to move to dismiss the additional charge. The Dalton court explained that, once a defendant is charged, he "must be tried within 120 days not only for" the charged offense "but also for any other offenses that could be charged based on the same underlying act." Dalton , 2017 IL App (3d) 150213, ¶ 21, 414 Ill.Dec. 248, 79 N.E.3d 883. "Because both counts were based on the same physical act," the defendant's right to a speedy trial was violated at the very moment that "the State filed the additional charge, more than 120 days after filing the original charges." Dalton , 2017 IL App (3d) 150213, ¶ 23, 414 Ill.Dec. 248, 79 N.E.3d 883. The Dalton court found that there was "no strategic reason for trial counsel to fail to move to dismiss a charge" that was already in violation of the "defendant's right to a speedy trial." Dalton , 2017 IL App (3d) 150213, ¶ 28, 414 Ill.Dec. 248, 79 N.E.3d 883.

¶ 38 In the case at bar, the speedy-trial clock had not expired on August 14, 2013, when the disputed 36-day period began or at any other time prior to trial. Thus, Dalton does not apply here.

¶ 39 For all the foregoing reasons, we do not find defendant's speedy-trial claim persuasive.

¶ 40 II. Eighth Amendment and Proportionate Penalties Clause

¶ 41 Defendant claims that (1) the registration and notification laws applicable to sex offenders and (2) the statutory scheme that resulted in his 10-year sentence violate the federal constitution's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment ( U.S. Const., amend. VIII ), as well as the Illinois Constitution's proportionate penalties clause ( Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11 ). Defendant does not claim that these laws are facially invalid but only that they are invalid as applied to him.

¶ 42 Defendant asks this court to reduce his offense from predatory criminal sexual assault of a child ( 720 ILCS 5/11-1.40(a) (West 2010) ) to the Class A misdemeanor of criminal sexual abuse ( 720 ILCS 5/11-1.50(b), (d) (West 2010) ). Predatory criminal sexual assault of a child has a sentencing range of 6 to 60 years ( 720 ILCS 5/11-1.40(b)(1) (West 2010) ), while the misdemeanor offense carries only a sentence of less than one year ( 720 ILCS 5/11-1.50(d) (West 2010) ). Defendant argues that, since he has already served more than the maximum possible sentence for a Class A misdemeanor, no resentencing is necessary.

¶ 43 For the following reasons, we do not find defendant's claim persuasive.

¶ 44 A. As-Applied Challenge

¶ 45 Defendant raises only an as-applied challenge. "An as-applied challenge requires a showing that the statute violates the constitution as it applies to the facts and circumstances of the challenging party." People v. Thompson , 2015 IL 118151, ¶ 36, 398 Ill.Dec. 74, 43 N.E.3d 984. "In contrast, a facial challenge requires a showing that the statute is unconstitutional under any set of facts, i.e. , the specific facts related to the challenging party are irrelevant." Thompson , 2015 IL 118151, ¶ 36, 398 Ill.Dec. 74, 43 N.E.3d 984. "By definition, an as-applied constitutional challenge is dependent on the particular circumstances and facts of the individual defendant or petitioner. Therefore, it is paramount that the record be sufficiently developed in terms of those facts and circumstances for purposes of appellate review." Thompson , 2015 IL 118151, ¶ 37, 398 Ill.Dec. 74, 43 N.E.3d 984. Usually, "the trial court is the most appropriate tribunal for the type of factual development necessary" for an as-applied challenge. Thompson , 2015 IL 118151, ¶ 38, 398 Ill.Dec. 74, 43 N.E.3d 984.

¶ 46 Although defendant raises this as-applied challenge for the first time on appeal, he argues that he may raise an as-applied challenge to a statute at any time. In support, he cites the Illinois Supreme Court's decision in People v. McCarty , 223 Ill. 2d 109, 123, 306 Ill.Dec. 570, 858 N.E.2d 15 (2006). However, the Illinois Supreme Court in Thompson distinguished this same case when a defendant tried making the same argument based on it. Thompson , 2015 IL 118151, ¶ 40, 398 Ill.Dec. 74, 43 N.E.3d 984. In Thompson , our supreme court observed that the McCarty decision did not "even involve[ ] an as-applied constitutional challenge." Thompson , 2015 IL 118151, ¶ 40, 398 Ill.Dec. 74, 43 N.E.3d 984.

¶ 47 However, the State does not claim on appeal that defendant forfeited his claim by failing to raise it in the court below. The State may forfeit a claim of forfeiture by failing to raise it. E.g. , People v. Bridgeforth , 2017 IL App (1st) 143637, ¶ 46, 416 Ill.Dec. 773, 86 N.E.3d 1058 ("The rules of waiver also apply to the State, and where, as here, the State fails to argue that defendant has forfeited the issue, it has waived the forfeiture."). Thus, we will consider defendant's claim.

¶ 48 Since the trial court never addressed this claim, there is no ruling by the trial court for us to review, and our review is by its very nature de novo . De novo review means that we will perform the same analysis that a trial court would perform. Xcel Supply LLC v. Horowitz , 2018 IL App (1st) 162986, ¶ 38, 421 Ill.Dec. 540, 100 N.E.3d 557. "A statute is presumed constitutional, and the party challenging the statute bears the burden of demonstrating its invalidity." People v. Malchow , 193 Ill. 2d 413, 418, 250 Ill.Dec. 670, 739 N.E.2d 433 (2000). A court has "a duty to construe a statute in a manner that upholds its validity and constitutionality if it can be reasonably done." Malchow , 193 Ill. 2d at 418, 250 Ill.Dec. 670, 739 N.E.2d 433.

¶ 49 B. Registration and Notification Laws

¶ 50 Defendant claims first that the registration and notification laws applicable to sex offenders violate both the federal constitution's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment ( U.S. Const., amend. VIII ), and the Illinois Constitution's proportionate penalties clause ( Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11 ), as applied to him. However, as the State argues, these laws do not constitute punishment for constitutional purposes. "Only governmental action that inflicts 'punishment' may be restricted by the eighth amendment and the proportionate penalties clause." People v. Avila-Briones , 2015 IL App (1st) 132221, ¶ 46, 401 Ill.Dec. 40, 49 N.E.3d 428 ; People v. Gipson , 2015 IL App (1st) 122451, ¶ 70, 393 Ill.Dec. 359, 34 N.E.3d 560 ("the eighth amendment" and "the proportionate penalties clause" do "not apply unless a penalty has been imposed").

¶ 51 Defendant challenges, as applied to him, the Illinois Sex Offender Registration Act (Registration Act) ( 730 ILCS 150/1 et seq. (West 2010), which requires him to register as a sex offender with local law enforcement officials, and the Illinois Sex Offender Community Notification Law (Notification Law) ( 730 ILCS 152/101 et seq. (West 2010) ), which requires state police to maintain a sex offender database for the purpose of identifying sex offenders and making information about them available to persons specified in the statute and to the public. See generally People v. Cornelius , 213 Ill. 2d 178, 181-83, 290 Ill.Dec. 237, 821 N.E.2d 288 (2004) (describing the two statutes); Malchow , 193 Ill. 2d at 416-18, 250 Ill.Dec. 670, 739 N.E.2d 433 (describing the two statutes).

¶ 52 However, our supreme court has found that neither of these statutes are punitive in nature. With respect to the Registration Act, our supreme court has stated "it is worth repeating that sex offender registration is not punishment." People v. Cardona , 2013 IL 114076, ¶ 24, 369 Ill.Dec. 117, 986 N.E.2d 66 ; People ex rel. Birkett v. Konetski , 233 Ill. 2d 185, 203, 330 Ill.Dec. 761, 909 N.E.2d 783 (2009)("This court has repeatedly held, though, that the [Registration] Act's requirements do not constitute punishment."); Malchow , 193 Ill. 2d at 419, 250 Ill.Dec. 670, 739 N.E.2d 433 ("requiring sex offenders to register is not punishment"). "Rather, it is a regulatory scheme designed to foster public safety." Cardona , 2013 IL 114076, ¶ 24, 369 Ill.Dec. 117, 986 N.E.2d 66 ; Birkett , 233 Ill. 2d at 203, 330 Ill.Dec. 761, 909 N.E.2d 783 ("Rather, the [Registration] Act is a regulatory statute intended to foster public safety."). "The category 'sex offender' is entirely a creature of statute, and there are several ways a person can acquire that label, only one of which is criminal conviction of a triggering offense." Cardona , 2013 IL 114076, ¶ 25, 369 Ill.Dec. 117, 986 N.E.2d 66. Similarly, with respect to the Notification Law, our supreme court has found that it did not constitute punishment. Malchow , 193 Ill. 2d at 424, 250 Ill.Dec. 670, 739 N.E.2d 433 ("the Notification Law does not constitute punishment"); see also Cornelius , 213 Ill. 2d at 205, 290 Ill.Dec. 237, 821 N.E.2d 288 ("the primary purpose of the Registration Act and Notification Law is to assist law enforcement and to protect the public").

¶ 53 For example, in Malchow , the defendant contended "that the Registration Act and the Notification Law disadvantage him because they increase the punishment for previously committed offenses." Malchow , 193 Ill. 2d at 419, 250 Ill.Dec. 670, 739 N.E.2d 433. Our supreme court observed that "[r]esolution of this contention turns on the question of whether the provisions of the Registration Act and the Notification Law constitute punishment." Malchow , 193 Ill. 2d at 419, 250 Ill.Dec. 670, 739 N.E.2d 433. The supreme court observed that neither the Registration Act nor the Notification Law constituted punishment for purposes of the ex post facto clause. Malchow , 193 Ill. 2d at 419, 424, 250 Ill.Dec. 670, 739 N.E.2d 433 ("the requirements of the Notification Law are nonpunitive"); see also Cornelius , 213 Ill. 2d at 209, 290 Ill.Dec. 237, 821 N.E.2d 288 (the Notification Law did not violate "the ex post facto provisions of the United States or Illinois constitutions"). The court went on to conclude that the Registration Act and the Notification Law also did not violate the eighth amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment because they simply were not punishment. Malchow , 193 Ill. 2d at 424, 250 Ill.Dec. 670, 739 N.E.2d 433.

¶ 54 Thus, our supreme court has repeatedly rejected the type of claim that defendant makes here, and so must we. In re A.C. , 2016 IL App (1st) 153047, ¶¶ 77, 79, 403 Ill.Dec. 811, 54 N.E.3d 952 (since our supreme court found "no punitive intent" behind the Registration Act and the Notification Law, we must "also reject [the minor] respondent's contentions that he was subjected to cruel and unusual and grossly disproportionate punishment").

¶ 55 We observe that the Third District reached a different finding than we do today. In People v. Tetter , 2018 IL App (3d) 150243, ¶ 3, --- Ill.Dec. ----, --- N.E.3d ----, in a 2-to-1 decision, the Third District found that the Registration Act and Notification Law constituted punishment and that the punishment was grossly disproportionate as applied to the defendant in that case. However, the State filed a petition for rehearing in Tetter on February 21, 2018, and that petition is still pending. As a result, the Third District's decision is not yet final.

¶ 56 The Tetter opinion was based, in part, on an earlier opinion by a different panel of the Third District which held that the statute banning sex offenders from public parks ( 720 ILCS 5/11-9.4-1 (West 2012)was facially unconstitutional. People v. Pepitone , 2017 IL App (3d) 140627, ¶¶ 1, 3, 412 Ill.Dec. 317, 75 N.E.3d 297. Our supreme court granted a petition for leave to appeal in Pepitone almost a year ago, so guidance from our highest court should be forthcoming.

¶ 57 Although the Third District opinion in Tetter is not yet final and we hesitate to discuss it for that reason, we address it here for completeness' sake only.

¶ 58 In Tetter , the Third District observed that both the Illinois Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court have found that sex offender registration and notification laws do not constitute punishment. Tetter , 2018 IL App (3d) 150243, ¶¶ 43-44, --- Ill.Dec. ----, --- N.E.3d ----. However, the Third District observed that our legislature subsequently passed numerous amendments imposing additional restrictions upon sex offenders, including restrictions on where a sex offender may be present, live, work or move about his community. Tetter , 2018 IL App (3d) 150243, ¶ 45, --- Ill.Dec. ----, --- N.E.3d ----. Thus, the Third District found that it was faced with a "very different and more restrictive" set of statutes than those considered by either our supreme court or the United States Supreme Court previously. Tetter , 2018 IL App (3d) 150243, ¶ 45, --- Ill.Dec. ----, --- N.E.3d ----.

¶ 59 The Third District concluded that, since these statutes now "stripped" offenders of "freedom of movement," they were now more "akin to probation or supervised release," which is considered punishment. Tetter , 2018 IL App (3d) 150243, ¶ 48, --- Ill.Dec. ----, --- N.E.3d ----. "Specifically, 'safe zones' surrounding schools, school bus stops, and public parks, significantly restrict defendant's lawful movement within the community. These zones restrict where he may live, drive, work, or attend any social function for life. Although not to the same degree as prison, the sex offender statutes' restrictions affirmatively disable and restrain offenders such as defendant." Tetter , 2018 IL App (3d) 150243, ¶ 52, --- Ill.Dec. ----, --- N.E.3d ----. The Third District thus concluded that our sex offender statutes now "satisfy the traditional definition of punishment." Tetter , 2018 IL App (3d) 150243, ¶ 56, --- Ill.Dec. ----, --- N.E.3d ----. "The traditional aims of punishment are incapacitation, retribution and deterrence." Tetter , 2018 IL App (3d) 150243, ¶ 58, --- Ill.Dec. ----, --- N.E.3d ----. The Third District found that the new amendments satisfy these traditional aims, since the legislature implemented them in order to incapacitate convicted sex offenders, as well as to deter future crimes. Tetter , 2018 IL App (3d) 150243, ¶¶ 58-59, --- Ill.Dec. ----, --- N.E.3d ----. In conclusion, the Third District found that, given this defendant's "virtually zero risk of recidivism," "his lifetime subjection to the sex offender statutes is grossly disproportionate." Tetter , 2018 IL App (3d) 150243, ¶ 80, --- Ill.Dec. ----, --- N.E.3d ----. It then "vacate[d] defendant's subjection to the sex offender statutes' registration requirements and restrictions." Tetter , 2018 IL App (3d) 150243, ¶ 80, --- Ill.Dec. ----, --- N.E.3d ----.

¶ 60 As far as this court is aware, the Tetter defendant is the only convicted sex offender in the state of Illinois who has been freed from any and all restrictions under either the Registration Act or Notification Law by an appellate court. Even if the Third District was convinced that our legislature's recent amendments were unconstitutional, the Third District did not explain why it chose not to apply the portions of the statutes that our supreme court has already found to be constitutional. If the Third District was convinced that some of the recent amendments were unconstitutional as applied to certain defendants, that finding would leave trial courts with a task, akin to picking through land mines, to decide which restrictions were unconstitutional as applied to which defendants. For example, is a restriction concerning proximity to a school or park unconstitutional as applied to a defendant who lives in a rural area, miles away from any school or park? Does the Tetter opinion require an appellate court to make its own recidivism risk assessment of each individual defendant, as the Third District did in the case before it?

¶ 61 Whether we agree or disagree with the reasoning in Tetter , we must follow our supreme court's precedent until and unless our supreme court dictates otherwise. Thus, we affirm for the reasons already stated and await further direction from our highest court.

¶ 62 C. Not Cruel and Unusual

¶ 63 Next, defendant claims that the statutory scheme that resulted in his 10-year sentence violates the federal constitution's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment ( U.S. Const., amend. VIII ) and the Illinois Constitution's proportionate penalties clause ( Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11 ) as applied to him.

¶ 64 Specifically, defendant argues that if this offense had occurred two months earlier, when defendant was 16 years old, or two months later, when the victim turned 13, it would have been charged as criminal sexual abuse, a Class A misdemeanor with a sentence of less than a year rather than the Class X offense of predatory criminal sexual assault, which resulted in his 10-year sentence.

¶ 65 In support of his claim that his 10-year sentence violates the cruel and unusual punishment clause and the proportionate penalties clause, defendant cites the Illinois Supreme Court case of People v. Miller , 202 Ill. 2d 328, 336-41, 269 Ill.Dec. 503, 781 N.E.2d 300 (2002) and the appellate court case of Gipson , 2015 IL App (1st) 122451, ¶¶ 69-78, 393 Ill.Dec. 359, 34 N.E.3d 560. For the following reasons, we find these cases distinguishable.

¶ 66 In Miller , a 15-year-old was charged with two counts of murder based solely upon accountability and transferred to the criminal division to be tried as an adult. Miller , 202 Ill. 2d at 330, 269 Ill.Dec. 503, 781 N.E.2d 300. Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted. Miller , 202 Ill. 2d at 330, 269 Ill.Dec. 503, 781 N.E.2d 300. At sentencing, the trial court refused to impose the statutorily mandated sentence of natural life in prison on the ground that application of the mandatory sentence to this minor defendant would offend the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution ( Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11 ) and the eighth amendment of the United States Constitution ( U.S. Const., amend. VIII ). Miller , 202 Ill. 2d at 330, 337, 269 Ill.Dec. 503, 781 N.E.2d 300. On appeal, our supreme court affirmed the trial court, finding the statute unconstitutional as applied to this particular defendant. Miller , 202 Ill. 2d at 341, 269 Ill.Dec. 503, 781 N.E.2d 300. Our supreme court observed that, although this 15-year-old acted only as a lookout and never handled a gun, he was being sentenced as though he was the adult shooter and, thus, sentenced to life with no possibility of parole. Miller , 202 Ill. 2d at 340-41, 269 Ill.Dec. 503, 781 N.E.2d 300. The court found that "this case presents the least culpable offender imaginable, a 15-year-old who had 'about a minute from the time this plan began until the act was completed by other persons.' " Miller , 202 Ill. 2d at 341, 269 Ill.Dec. 503, 781 N.E.2d 300.

¶ 67 In Gipson , the defendant, like the defendant in Miller , was tried and sentenced as an adult for offenses he committed when he was 15 years old. Gipson , 2015 IL App (1st) 122451, ¶¶ 1, 4, 393 Ill.Dec. 359, 34 N.E.3d 560. After a bench trial, the Gipson defendant was found guilty of multiple firearm offenses including attempted first degree murder and sentenced to 52 years in prison, which because of multiple mandatory firearm enhancements, was the minimum available sentence. Gipson , 2015 IL App (1st) 122451, ¶¶ 1, 76, 393 Ill.Dec. 359, 34 N.E.3d 560. On appeal, this court found that defendant's sentence violated the proportionate penalties clause because it "shocks the moral sense of the community." Gipson , 2015 IL App (1st) 122451, ¶ 73, 393 Ill.Dec. 359, 34 N.E.3d 560. In reaching this conclusion, we stated that "we cannot ignore evidence regarding defendant's mental state." Gipson , 2015 IL App (1st) 122451, ¶ 74, 393 Ill.Dec. 359, 34 N.E.3d 560. We found "it meaningful that defendant had been declared unfit to stand trial before this offense occurred." Gipson , 2015 IL App (1st) 122451, ¶ 74, 393 Ill.Dec. 359, 34 N.E.3d 560. We concluded that "our system failed defendant" and that "defendant's mental health issues were not appropriately addressed." Gipson , 2015 IL App (1st) 122451, ¶ 74, 393 Ill.Dec. 359, 34 N.E.3d 560. Although "the trial court considered defendant's youth and mental disorders," the "sentencing scheme * * * did not permit the court to give those factors appropriate weight." Gipson , 2015 IL App (1st) 122451, ¶ 75, 393 Ill.Dec. 359, 34 N.E.3d 560. We found that "the trial court's discretion was frustrated" by the mandatory firearm enhancements. Gipson , 2015 IL App (1st) 122451, ¶ 76, 393 Ill.Dec. 359, 34 N.E.3d 560. These enhancements resulted in a minimum of 52 years for a 15-year-old whose "mental health was questionable at best." Gipson , 2015 IL App (1st) 122451, ¶¶ 74-75, 393 Ill.Dec. 359, 34 N.E.3d 560. We remanded for resentencing, directing the trial court "to impose, on both attempted murder counts, any appropriate Class X sentence * * *, without regard to the mandatory enhancement." Gipson , 2015 IL App (1st) 122451, ¶ 78, 393 Ill.Dec. 359, 34 N.E.3d 560.

¶ 68 Both Miller and Gipson are distinguishable from the case at bar. First, both cases involved 15-year-olds, whereas defendant was 17 years old at the time of the offense. Second, both cases involved natural life or approaching natural life sentences, whereas the sentence in the case at bar was 10 years served at 85%. Third, both Miller and Gipson involved either mandatory life sentences or mandatory multiple firearm enhancements, which frustrated the judiciary's ability to exercise discretion, whereas in this case the trial court had the ability to and did, in fact, exercise discretion to select a sentence at the low end of a sentencing range. Fourth, unlike Gipson , there was no evidence in this case that defendant suffered from a mental health disability. Fifth, in Gipson , we determined that a Class X sentence was appropriate, even though the Gipson defendant's mental health was questionable at the time of the offense. Similarly, in the case at bar, defendant was sentenced to a Class X sentence, and received the very low end of the applicable range.

¶ 69 As a result, we are not persuaded that defendant's 10-year sentence for the predatory criminal sexual assault of a 12-year-old is cruel, unusual, or disproportionate.

¶ 70 III. Abuse of Discretion

¶ 71 Lastly, defendant claims that the trial court abused its discretion by sentencing him to 10 years instead of to the 6-year minimum, primarily because he was only two months past his seventeenth birthday and the victim was only two months short of her thirteenth birthday.

¶ 72 "A reviewing court gives substantial deference to the trial court's sentencing decision because the trial judge, having observed the defendant and the proceedings, is in a much better position to consider factors such as the defendant's credibility, demeanor, moral character, mentality, environment, habits, and age." People v. Snyder , 2011 IL 111382, ¶ 36, 355 Ill.Dec. 242, 959 N.E.2d 656 ; People v. Alexander , 239 Ill. 2d 205, 212-13, 346 Ill.Dec. 458, 940 N.E.2d 1062 (2010). Thus, a sentence within the appropriate sentencing range is usually accorded great deference. People v. Anaya , 2017 IL App (1st) 150074, ¶ 102, 420 Ill.Dec. 320, 96 N.E.3d 405. Although Illinois Supreme Court Rule 615(b) grants a reviewing court the power to reduce a sentence or the degree of an offense, our supreme court has cautioned that this power should be used cautiously and sparingly. Alexander , 239 Ill. 2d at 212, 346 Ill.Dec. 458, 940 N.E.2d 1062. As a result, an appellate court "may not alter a defendant's sentence absent an abuse of discretion." Alexander , 239 Ill. 2d at 212, 346 Ill.Dec. 458, 940 N.E.2d 1062 ; see also Snyder , 2011 IL 111382, ¶ 36, 355 Ill.Dec. 242, 959 N.E.2d 656 ("a reviewing court may not modify a defendant's sentence absent an abuse of discretion"). Our supreme court has found that, with respect to a sentence, an abuse of discretion occurs when the sentence is greatly at variance with the spirit or purpose of the law or manifestly disproportionate to the nature of the offense. Snyder , 2011 IL 111382, ¶ 36, 355 Ill.Dec. 242, 959 N.E.2d 656 ; Alexander , 239 Ill. 2d at 212, 346 Ill.Dec. 458, 940 N.E.2d 1062. A reviewing court must not substitute its judgment for that of the trial court merely because it would have weighed various sentencing factors differently. Alexander , 239 Ill. 2d at 213, 346 Ill.Dec. 458, 940 N.E.2d 1062.

¶ 73 When the legislature draws lines with respect to age, there will always be people who are close to the line. Defendant asks us to consider a two-month difference, which is not two days or even two weeks. Since there will always be a defendant close to the legislative line, the statute at issue provided the judiciary with the ability to exercise discretion in fashioning an appropriate sentence within a particular range. 720 ILCS 5/11-1.40(b)(1) (West 2010). The offense provided for "a term of imprisonment of not less than 6 years and not more than 60 years" ( 720 ILCS 5/11-1.40(b)(1) (West 2010) ), thereby providing the court with a 54-year range within which to sentence. In the case at bar, the trial court sentenced defendant to 10 years, which was at the very low end of this range. With respect to defendant and victim's relative maturities, the trial court found that defendant "commit[ted] this Class X felony upon a very unsuspecting 12 year old girl." By contrast, defendant had already fathered two children by the time of the offense.

¶ 74 The arguments that defendant makes on appeal about having an immature 17-year-old brain would apply equally to any 17-year-old, and the statute at issue specifically applies to 17-year-olds. The statue states, in relevant part, that "[a] person commits predatory criminal sexual assault of a child if that person * * * is 17 years of age or older." 720 ILCS 5/11-1.40(a) (West 2010). Thus, the legislature made a policy decision to apply this statute to 17-year-olds, and defendant does not argue that this decision is facially invalid.

¶ 75 After defendant's sentencing in 2015, our state legislature passed a law requiring a sentencing court to consider additional factors in mitigation "when a person commits an offense and the person is under 18 years of age at the time of the commission of the offense." 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-105(a) (West 2016). Although this statute did not apply on April 9, 2015, when defendant was sentenced, it still sheds light on appropriate factors to consider when fashioning a sentence for a young offender. These factors are:

"(1) the person's age, impetuosity, and level of maturity at the time of the offense, including the ability to consider risks and consequences of behavior, and the presence of cognitive or developmental disability, or both, if any;
(2) whether the person was subjected to outside pressure, including peer pressure, familial pressure, or negative influences;
(3) the person's family, home environment, educational and social background, including any history of parental neglect, physical abuse, or other childhood trauma;
(4) the person's potential for rehabilitation or evidence of rehabilitation, or both;
(5) the circumstances of the offense;
(6) the person's degree of participation and specific role in the offense, including the level of planning by the defendant before the offense;
(7) whether the person was able to meaningfully participate in his or her defense;
(8) the person's prior juvenile or criminal history; and
(9) any other information the court finds relevant and reliable, including an expression of remorse, if appropriate." 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-105(a) (West 2016).

¶ 76 With respect to the above factors, we already discussed defendant's age. Second, there was no evidence in the record that defendant was subjected to outside pressure in committing this offense. Third, the presentence report states that defendant stated that he had some conflict with his mother as an adolescent but that he was never abused or neglected. Fourth, the trial court implicitly discussed defendant's potential for rehabilitation while discussing his prior juvenile history. The trial court noted during sentencing that "there was a finding of delinquency for a residential burglary, which is a Class 1 felony." Then in June 2008, there was a violation of probation filed. The trial court observed that "[t]he defendant apparently did not comply further with probation and his juvenile court judge sent him" to IDOC as a juvenile in October 2009. The trial court commented, "So a little less than two years after he was sentenced as a juvenile to the Department of Corrections, he commits this Class X felony." As far as the circumstances of the offense, the trial court observed that defendant preyed "upon a very unsuspecting 12 year old girl who he knew from the neighborhood." As for defendant's degree of participation in the offense, he was not a lookout or ancillary participant, but the one and only participant in the offense. As for his participation in his defense, there was no suggestion that he was unable to meaningfully participate in his own defense. The last or ninth factor includes any "expression of remorse." During his statement to the trial court, defendant stated generally that he had "made some wrong actions" and "made a mistake," and was "[s]orry for what other people have been through." However, he still did not acknowledge specifically what he had done or even acknowledge the victim, referring only to "other people."

¶ 77 Thus, even when we consider these additional factors that were not statutorily mandated at the time of defendant's sentencing, we cannot find an abuse of discretion by the trial court.

¶ 78 CONCLUSION

¶ 79 On appeal defendant claimed (1) that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to move to dismiss the charges against him after the State allegedly failed to bring him to trial within the period required by the Speedy Trial Act ( 725 ILCS 5/103-5(a) (West 2012) ); (2) that, as applied to defendant, the statutes governing predatory criminal sexual assault, registration, and notification were harsh and violated the cruel and unusual punishment clause of the eighth amendment, as well as the proportionate penalties clause; and (3) that the trial court abused its discretion by sentencing defendant to 10 years.

¶ 80 For the foregoing reasons, we find (1) that trial counsel was not ineffective for not moving to dismiss on speedy-trial grounds when there was no speedy-trial violation, (2) that the statute governing predatory criminal sexual assault was not unconstitutional as applied to defendant, and (3) that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by sentencing defendant to the low end of the permissible sentencing range.

¶ 81 Thus, we do not find defendant's claims persuasive and affirm his conviction and sentence.

¶ 82 Affirmed.

Presiding Justice Burke and Justice McBride concurred in the judgment and opinion.

      As we note later when we describe the trial court's factual findings, the trial court found that defendant's penis made contact with the victim's vagina but that the State had failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that it intruded into the vagina.

      The presentence investigation report states that, when defendant was "16, he was sent to the Illinois Youth Center in St. Charles." However, the report does not indicate the length of time he spent there.

      An inmate search on IDOC's website showed that defendant was still incarcerated with IDOC as of February 14, 2018. See Offender Search, Illinois Department of Corrections, https://www2.illinois.gov/idoc/offender/pages/inmatesearch.aspx (last visited Feb. 14, 2018).

      A defendant has both a constitutional and a statutory right to a speedy trial; they are not coextensive. People v. Staake , 2017 IL 121755, ¶ 32, 421 Ill.Dec. 936, 102 N.E.3d 217 ; People v. Cordell , 223 Ill. 2d 380, 385-86, 307 Ill.Dec. 669, 860 N.E.2d 323 (2006). However, in the case at bar, defendant argues only a statutory violation.

      Defendant also asks this court to reduce his conviction pursuant to this court's authority under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 615(b)(3), which permits a reviewing court to "reduce the degree of the offense of which the appellant was convicted." We discuss this claim in the next section.


source: Caselaw Access Project

license: Public Domain

text:
    The PEOPLE of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Patrick STEGER, Defendant-Appellant.
    No. 2-15-1197
    Appellate Court of Illinois, Second District.
    Opinion filed May 4, 2018
    Michael J. Pelletier, Thomas A. Lilien, and Vicki P. Kouros, of State Appellate Defender's Office, of Elgin, for appellant.
    Richard D. Amato, State's Attorney, of Sycamore (Patrick Delfino, Lawrence M. Bauer, and Cora Moy, of State's Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor's Office, of counsel), for the People.
   JUSTICE BURKE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

¶ 1 Defendant, Patrick Steger, was charged by information with one count of felony disorderly conduct ( 720 ILCS 5/26-1(a)(6) (West 2012) ) and by complaint with one count of misdemeanor disorderly conduct (id. § 26-1(a)(1) ). The felony information alleged that, on or about August 2, 2013, defendant

"knowingly called 911 for the purpose of making a false complaint and reporting information when at the time the call or transmission was made, he knew there was no reasonable ground for making the call and further knew that the call could result in the emergency response of any public safety agency in that said defendant called 911 and reported that he needed an officer with the State Police to remove his child because the Deputy on scene was unwilling to do his job."

The misdemeanor complaint alleged that, on or about August 2, 2013, defendant

"knowingly stood outside the residence of [the complainant, Debra,] after being arrested for Disorderly Conduct to which [Debra's] Fiancé was the victim[,] in such an unreasonable manner as to alarm and disturb [Debra] and provoke a breach of peace."

¶ 2 Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of both counts and sentenced to 24 months' conditional discharge. Defendant contends that the evidence was insufficient to convict him on either count. We affirm.

¶ 3 I. FACTS

¶ 4 The following facts were taken from the trial. Debra and defendant had a romantic relationship when they were both teenagers. During that time, they had a son, N.E., who was five years old at the time of trial. Debra later married Mark, and she and Mark lived together with N.E. in Sycamore, Illinois. Defendant lived in Algonquin, Illinois. Defendant had scheduled visitations with N.E. The custody exchanges took place at the McDonald's in Genoa.

¶ 5 Debra testified that on Friday, August 2, 2013, she and Mark drove N.E. to McDonald's for a custody exchange as scheduled. When they pulled into the parking lot, they saw the police handcuffing defendant and placing him into the back of a squad car. Debra knew that charges had been filed against defendant for a prior incident that had occurred between Mark and defendant. The police told Debra that they would let defendant stop at an ATM to retrieve money to "bond out" and that someone would call them about the custody exchange. Debra and Mark knew that the exchange would still take place later that day.

¶ 6 Debra, Mark, and N.E. drove home. At some point, Debra looked out her window and saw defendant in the side yard between her house and the neighbor's house. Then she saw defendant run across the street. Defendant placed his hands behind his head, crossed his feet, and leaned back against a street sign. He stood there for about two to five minutes. Defendant did not knock on the door, make any gestures, or say or yell anything. This "freaked [her] out" because defendant was not allowed to come to her home; "that's why we do the exchanges at a public place." Then Debra saw defendant run back across the street onto her side of the road and he disappeared from view. Debra called the nonemergency police line to report that defendant had been standing across the street from her house.

¶ 7 Mark testified that he and Debra did not get along with defendant. Mark was involved in the custody exchanges, which were sometimes difficult. Mark noted an exchange that happened in June 2013 at the De Kalb County Sheriff's office. As Mark entered, defendant jumped out of a chair and ran to get closer to him and N.E. Mark placed his hands on N.E.'s shoulders to say goodbye, and defendant leaned over and threatened Mark, stating: "If you touch my son again, I will rip your fucking head off." Mark testified that this made him nervous, and he backed away so as not to escalate the situation in front of N.E.

¶ 8 Mark also related another encounter with defendant, in July 2013 at the De Kalb County courthouse. He and defendant were in the same courtroom, and Mark waited for defendant to leave the room first to avoid any altercation. When Mark left, he saw defendant sitting on a bench in the hallway outside of the courtroom. Mark tried to walk past him, but defendant got up and threatened Mark, stating: "If you touch my son again, I will fucking burn you." Mark stated that this frightened him also, and he increased his pace in order to try to separate himself from defendant. Mark reported this incident to the police.

¶ 9 Mark testified that, after he and Debra took N.E. back home to wait for the police to call to make an exchange with defendant, he looked outside the house and noticed that defendant was approaching their property. He and Debra saw defendant standing at the end of their driveway between their home and the neighbor's. Then Mark saw defendant run across the street and stand at one of the traffic poles. Defendant leaned against the pole, crossed his hands behind his head, and crossed his legs. Defendant stayed in that position for about two to three minutes and then walked to the neighbor's house, borrowed a cell phone, and made a call. After that, defendant returned to the pole and stood in the same position. Mark was not expecting to see him. Defendant did not approach the front door, yell, or say anything. N.E. distracted Mark, and when he looked again, defendant was not there, so Mark started looking around the house through all the windows and checking the doors to make sure they were locked. Mark did not know what defendant was going to do and it scared him and Debra.

¶ 10 De Kalb County Sheriff's Deputy Justin Moede testified that, on August 2, 2013, he was advised that defendant had a warrant for his arrest and that defendant would be at the McDonald's in Genoa for a custody exchange. Moede went there and arrested defendant. He also drove defendant to a bank to get money for a bond and then drove defendant to the jail for booking and processing. Moede noted that defendant was very upset.

¶ 11 Moede responded to the nonemergency call from Debra, who had reported that defendant was standing across the street from her home. She showed him where she had seen defendant, who was no longer there. Moede stated that Debra looked shaken and distraught. Moede attempted to find defendant but was called back to the sheriff's office. At the office, Moede spoke with defendant's mother. While Moede was speaking with her, defendant arrived on foot and told his mother to "shut the fuck up, they don't care." Moede attempted to calm defendant, who was belligerent, yelling, and swearing. Moede denied telling defendant that he would not allow defendant to pick up his son until he asked nicely. Moede called Debra and told her to bring N.E. to the sheriff's office for the exchange, as defendant had demanded.

¶ 12 Debra, Mark, and N.E. drove to the sheriff's office for the exchange but stayed in their car. Defendant and his mother were yelling at each other and at Moede.

Moede continued his attempt to calm defendant. N.E. had to use the bathroom, so Moede was going to escort Debra and N.E. into the building. When Debra got out of the car, defendant yelled at her, and N.E. wet himself. Debra informed Moede that she was going home to change N.E., and Moede told her that he would call her back for the exchange.

¶ 13 In the meantime, defendant continued to yell. Defendant stated that he was going to call 911 "to get someone to come down here to do their job." Moede told defendant that it would be unlawful for him to call 911, because Moede was already on the scene and there was no emergency. Moede then learned that defendant's father was outside Debra's house and he drove to her residence to ensure that no further conflict occurred.

¶ 14 The parties stipulated to the foundation of the recording of defendant's 911 call and it was played for the jury. In the recording, defendant first apologized, stating: "If this is not the right number, I have no means to find the non-emergency number right now." Defendant then explained that he was trying to collect his son for visitation, but "the officer that is here will not let me collect my son for no reason." Defendant asked for "an officer here who [was] willing to do their job." The dispatcher advised that officers were already there and would help, but defendant insisted that "none of them want[ed] to help." The dispatcher advised defendant to deal with the officers there because other officers could not be sent. Defendant then asked for the number of the state police. The dispatcher stated that they also would tell him that they could not come, and defendant expressed his frustration with the county and stated that he would look up the number when he got home. The dispatcher again advised that she would not send someone else out there, because officers were already there.

¶ 15 At the close of the State's evidence, defendant moved for a directed verdict. The trial court denied the motion.

¶ 16 Testifying on his own behalf, defendant stated that, when he arrived to pick up N.E. at the McDonald's, Moede told him that there was a warrant for his arrest and he took defendant into custody. Defendant posted bond and he did not have his car, so he walked to a pizza place and borrowed a phone. Defendant called his parents to pick him up. Defendant then walked along Route 23, which was the road his parents would be traveling to get him and the same road where N.E. lived. He stopped at the traffic sign across the street from his son's home because he needed a break. Defendant did not yell anything or make any gestures. He was careful not to do anything that could be misconstrued as hostile. Defendant admitted that he had walked seven or eight miles and that he chose to stop "out of all places" in front of Debra's house after he had just been arrested on Mark's claim. Defendant knew about the complaint against him, knew that the custody exchange could not take place at Debra's house, and understood that the custody exchange would still occur later that night.

¶ 17 Defendant waited for his parents, but they took too long so he walked back to the sheriff's office. Back at the sheriff's office, defendant's mother was talking with Moede. Defendant told his mother, "don't talk to him, he doesn't want to help us, let's just go get my son." Debra arrived with N.E. Moede told defendant that he had to ask nicely if he wanted to see his son. Debra said that N.E. had to use the bathroom. Defendant asked to take N.E. to the bathroom and to go home, but he was prevented from doing so. Debra was carrying N.E. when N.E. wet himself. Debra was then directed to go home to change N.E. Defendant denied yelling at Debra.

¶ 18 Defendant realized that his father was near Debra's house and he told Moede to go there to make sure that nothing happened. Everyone was frustrated at that point. Defendant and his mom followed Moede to Debra's house. Defendant testified that he called 911 while he was in the car with his mom. He explained that he called 911 because he "just wanted to get my son and go. I had this officer that was repeatedly telling me unless I ask[ed] him nicely, I can't take my son, and I have a court order that says I have visitation with my son." Defendant believed that Moede "just didn't want to help me." Defendant explained, "I was essentially wanting a supervisor out there" and "this guy for his own reasons, all I wanted was my son so I could go home, and he was denying me from doing that for no good reason, just that I had to ask him nicely." Defendant stated that he was not expecting an emergency response and that he would have called the nonemergency number, but his phone was in his car in Genoa, and his mother had a flip phone, so he was unable to look up the nonemergency number. Defendant did eventually pick up his son at the sheriff's department.

¶ 19 Debra's call to the police to report that defendant was outside of her house was played for the jury. Debra told the dispatcher that her ex-boyfriend had been arrested earlier and now was standing across the street, staring at her house. She explained that he had been arrested for harassing her fiancé, Mark (who was her husband at the time of trial). Debra told the dispatcher that defendant walked from the police station and that his car was in Genoa, where he was supposed to pick up their son for visitation. She stated that defendant did not say anything; he was leaning on a street sign with his arms folded behind his head.

¶ 20 The jury found defendant guilty of both counts of disorderly conduct. The trial court denied a motion for a new trial. Thereafter, the court sentenced defendant to 24 months' conditional discharge. Defendant timely appeals.

¶ 21 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 22 Defendant contends that he was not proved guilty of either the felony or the misdemeanor disorderly conduct beyond a reasonable doubt. The State has the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt each element of an offense. Jackson v. Virginia , 443 U.S. 307, 315-16, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979) ; People v. Siguenza-Brito , 235 Ill. 2d 213, 224, 336 Ill.Dec. 223, 920 N.E.2d 233 (2009). When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, a court of review must determine "whether, [after] viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, ' "any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." ' " (Emphasis added.) People v. Belknap , 2014 IL 117094, ¶ 67, 387 Ill.Dec. 633, 23 N.E.3d 325 (quoting People v. Collins , 106 Ill. 2d 237, 261, 87 Ill.Dec. 910, 478 N.E.2d 267 (1985), quoting Jackson , 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781 ). It is not the role of the reviewing court to retry the defendant. In re Q.P. , 2015 IL 118569, ¶ 24, 396 Ill.Dec. 356, 40 N.E.3d 9. Rather, it is the responsibility of the trier of fact to resolve conflicts in the testimony, weigh the evidence, and draw reasonable inferences from the facts. People v. Bradford , 2016 IL 118674, ¶ 12, 401 Ill.Dec. 630, 50 N.E.3d 1112. Therefore, a court of review will not substitute its judgment for that of the trier of fact on questions involving the weight of the evidence or the credibility of the witnesses. Id. A criminal conviction will not be reversed for insufficient evidence unless the evidence is so unreasonable, improbable, or unsatisfactory that it justifies a reasonable doubt of the defendant's guilt. Belknap , 2014 IL 117094, ¶ 67, 387 Ill.Dec. 633, 23 N.E.3d 325.

¶ 23 A. Felony Disorderly Conduct

¶ 24 To establish a violation for calling 911 to make a false report, the State is required to prove that the defendant knowingly

"[c]alls the number '911' for the purpose of making or transmitting a false alarm or complaint and reporting information when, at the time the call or transmission is made, the person knows there is no reasonable ground for making the call or transmission and further knows that the call or transmission could result in the emergency response of any public safety agency." 720 ILCS 5/26-1(a)(6) (West 2012).

¶ 25 Defendant asserts that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt any of the knowing elements of the offense. Specifically, he maintains that the evidence did not show that he knew that the complaint he made was false and knew that the call could result in an emergency response. A person acts with knowledge of:

"(a) The nature or attendant circumstances of his or her conduct, described by the statute defining the offense, when he or she is consciously aware that his or her conduct is of that nature or that those circumstances exist. Knowledge of a material fact includes awareness of the substantial probability that the fact exists.
(b) The result of his or her conduct, described by the statute defining the offense, when he or she is consciously aware that that result is practically certain to be caused by his conduct." Id. § 4-5.

¶ 26 Defendant called 911 requesting an officer to facilitate the custody exchange when Moede already was on the scene doing just that. Defendant stated that Moede would not let him collect his son, which was false; Moede was there to assist the custody exchange. Moede informed defendant that he intended to allow the exchange to take place after N.E. changed his soiled clothes. There was evidence that defendant was consciously aware of these circumstances. As the trier of fact, it was the jury's function to assess defendant's credibility and to "resolve conflicts or inconsistencies in the evidence." People v. Evans , 209 Ill. 2d 194, 211, 283 Ill.Dec. 651, 808 N.E.2d 939 (2004).

¶ 27 Certainly, anytime someone calls 911, there could be an emergency response. If the call is dropped, dispatch will undoubtedly send help. In this situation, defendant actually requested another officer to come to the scene. A call to 911 is an emergency call. It is axiomatic that someone calling 911 is consciously aware that an emergency response is practically certain to result. Further, Moede informed defendant that it would be unlawful for him to use the emergency number to, in essence, complain about Moede's handling of the situation. Based on the facts presented, a reasonable jury could have found that the State met its burden of proof on this charge.

¶ 28 B. Misdemeanor Disorderly Conduct

¶ 29 To prove defendant guilty of misdemeanor disorderly conduct, the State had to prove that he knowingly did any act in such an unreasonable manner as to alarm or disturb another and to provoke a breach of the peace. 720 ILCS 5/26-1(a)(1) (West 2012). Defendant asserts that no rational trier of fact could find that he was guilty of disorderly conduct where there was no evidence that his conduct was unreasonable; he did not knock on the door, make any gestures, or say or yell anything, and there was no evidence that his conduct incited public turbulence so as to provoke a breach of the peace.

¶ 30 Disorderly conduct is loosely defined. The main purpose of the statute is to guard against " 'an invasion of the right of others not to be molested or harassed, either mentally or physically, without justification.' " People v. Davis , 82 Ill. 2d 534, 538, 45 Ill.Dec. 935, 413 N.E.2d 413 (1980) (quoting Ill. Ann. Stat., ch. 38, ¶ 26-1, Committee Comments, at 149 (Smith-Hurd 1977) ). "As a highly fact-specific inquiry, it 'embraces a wide variety of conduct serving to destroy or menace the public order and tranquility.' " People v. McLennon , 2011 IL App (2d) 091299, ¶ 30, 354 Ill.Dec. 448, 957 N.E.2d 1241 (quoting In re B.C. , 176 Ill. 2d 536, 552, 223 Ill.Dec. 919, 680 N.E.2d 1355 (1997) ). "[C]ulpability * * * revolves not only around the type of conduct, but is equally dependent upon the surrounding circumstances." Davis , 82 Ill. 2d at 537, 45 Ill.Dec. 935, 413 N.E.2d 413. "Generally, to breach the peace, a defendant's conduct must threaten another or have an effect on the surrounding crowd." McLennon , 2011 IL App (2d) 091299, ¶ 31, 354 Ill.Dec. 448, 957 N.E.2d 1241. "However, a breach of the peace can occur without overt threats or profane and abusive language." Id. In addition, it "need not occur in public." Id.

¶ 31 Defendant contends that his standing quietly against the traffic sign post was so inoffensive that, even viewed in the context of the surrounding circumstances, it cannot constitute disorderly conduct. Specifically, he notes that he did not make a threat, invade personal space, yell, scream, swing his fists, expose himself, or make unwanted sexual advances. Rather, he argues, he was stranded in the area without his car and merely stood across the street from Debra's house for two to five minutes, and nothing about his conduct was unreasonable or provoked a breach of the peace. We disagree.

¶ 32 In People v. Pence , 2018 IL App (2d) 151102, 421 Ill.Dec. 436, 100 N.E.3d 218, we recently addressed a similar case wherein the defendant's culpability occurred without overt threats or profane and abusive language and was dependent upon the surrounding circumstances. In that case, the defendant used Facebook to contact the victim, D.K., a minor, and send her the message "Hey. Long time no talk. How have you been?" (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. ¶ 3. The defendant contended that no rational trier of fact could find that he knowingly provoked a breach of the peace by sending such an " 'innocuous greeting' " to the victim. Id. ¶ 15. We did not agree, finding the context particularly relevant. Id. ¶ 18. The defendant and D.K. had a history involving text messaging, which was inappropriately sexual and included requests from defendant that D.K. send him sexual pictures. They met in person and defendant eventually was convicted of traveling to meet a minor and grooming. D.K. testified that, when the defendant sent her the Facebook message, she was scared. Her mother testified that she was worried about D.K.'s safety because of the history between the defendant and D.K. The detective testified that, when he met with D.K., she was extremely upset and concerned. Id. Because of the surrounding circumstances, we found that the defendant's Facebook message was threatening to D.K. and to her mother. Id. ¶ 20.

¶ 33 As in Pence , the surrounding circumstances also are particularly relevant in this case. There was a history of tension between the parties when dealing with custody exchanges; that is why the custody exchanges took place at a neutral site. Defendant also had a history of conflict with Mark, in which defendant used profane language and vulgar threats against him on at least two separate occasions. In fact, defendant had just been arrested and released on charges arising from one of those incidents when defendant chose to walk several miles and then stop "out of all places" in front of Debra's house. Defendant stopped there knowing that custody exchanges were not allowed there and knowing that a custody exchange would still take place later that day. Debra testified that defendant's act of standing outside her home "freaked her out," and she could not understand why he was there. Moede observed that she was visibly shaken and distraught. Mark testified that, when defendant disappeared from across the street, he checked to make sure that all the doors in the house were locked, because he did not know what defendant would do and it scared him and Debra. Defendant's demeanor, with his legs crossed and his hands crossed behind his head, standing directly across the street from Debra's home for two to five minutes, reasonably could be perceived as meant to provoke or upset Debra and Mark. Knowing that the custody exchanges were to occur in public, the jury could reasonably conclude that defendant's appearance at Debra's home was threatening to her and Mark. Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the State, a rational trier of fact could have found that defendant's conduct was unreasonable and threatening to Debra and Mark. Without a doubt, defendant's conduct invaded the right of Debra and Mark to not be mentally harassed. See id. ¶ 18.

¶ 34 Defendant relies on People v. Bradshaw , 116 Ill. App. 3d 421, 72 Ill.Dec. 209, 452 N.E.2d 141 (1983), a case where the court reversed a conviction of disorderly conduct. In that case, the defendant left a tavern and stood outside, calling the manager a variety of obscene names for several minutes. None of the other patrons left as a result. The appellate court concluded that the defendant's conduct was "nothing more than annoying" because no one left the tavern as a result. Id. at 422, 72 Ill.Dec. 209, 452 N.E.2d 141. In Bradshaw , there was nothing threatening about the defendant's conduct. However, here, given the context of the parties' relationship, defendant's conduct of standing outside Debra's home was threatening to her and to Mark. In fact, both Debra and Mark testified that they were scared, and Debra called the police for assistance. See Pence , 2018 IL App (2d) 151102, ¶ 20, 421 Ill.Dec. 436, 100 N.E.3d 218 (distinguishing Bradshaw ).

¶ 35 We conclude that the evidence was sufficient to prove defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of misdemeanor disorderly conduct.

¶ 36 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 37 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of De Kalb County is affirmed. As part of our judgment, we grant the State's request that defendant be assessed $50 as costs for this appeal. 55 ILCS 5/4-2002(a) (West 2016); see also People v. Nicholls , 71 Ill. 2d 166, 178, 15 Ill.Dec. 759, 374 N.E.2d 194 (1978).

¶ 38 Affirmed.

Justices Zenoff and Schostok concurred in the judgment and opinion.