text:
    No. 71-288.
    Laird, Secretary of Defense, et al. v. Tatum et al.,
   408 U. S. 1. Motion to withdraw opinion of this Court denied. Motion to recuse, nunc pro tunc, presented to Mr. Justice Rehnquist, by him denied.

Memorandum of Mr. Justice Rehnquist.

Respondents in this case have moved that I disqualify myself from participation. While neither the Court nor any Justice individually appears ever to have done so, I have determined that it would be appropriate for me to state the reasons which have led to my decision with respect to respondents' motion. In so doing, I do not wish to suggest that I believe such a course would be desirable or even appropriate in any but the peculiar circumstances present here.

Respondents contend that because of testimony that I gave on behalf of the Department of Justice before the Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights of the Judiciary Committee of the United States Senate at its hearings during the 92d Cong., 1st Sess., on Federal Data Banks, Computers and the Bill of Rights (hereinafter Hearings), and because of other statements I made in speeches related to this general subject, I should have disqualified myself from participating in the Court’s consideration or decision of this case. The governing statute is 28 U. S. C. § 455, which provides:

“Any justice or judge of the United States shall disqualify himself in any case in which he has a substantial interest, has been of counsel, is or has been a material witness, or is so related to or connected with any party or his attorney as to render it improper, in his opinion, for him to sit on the trial, appeal, or other proceeding therein.”

Respondents also cite various draft provisions of Standards of Judicial Conduct prepared by a distinguished committee of the American Bar Association, and adopted by that body at its recent annual meeting. Since I do not read these particular provisions as being materially different from the standards enunciated in the statute, there is no occasion for me to give them separate consideration.

Respondents in their motion summarize their factual contentions as follows:

“Under the circumstances of the instant case, Mr. Justice Rehnquist’s impartiality is clearly questionable because of his appearance as an expert witness for the Justice Department in Senate hearings inquiring into the subject matter of the case, because of his intimate knowledge of the evidence underlying the respondents’ allegations, and because of his public statements about the lack of merit in respondents’ claims.”

Respondents are substantially correct in characterizing my appearance before the Ervin Subcommittee as an “expert witness for the Justice Department” on the subject of statutory and constitutional law dealing with the authority of the Executive Branch to gather information. They are also correct in stating that during the course of my testimony at that hearing, and on other occasions, I expressed an understanding of the law, as established by decided cases of this Court and of other courts, which was contrary to the contentions of respondents in this case.

Respondents’ reference, however, to my “intimate knowledge of the evidence underlying the respondents’ allegations” seems to me to make a great deal of very little. When one of the Cabinet departments of the Executive Branch is requested to supply a witness for the congressional committee hearing devoted to a particular subject, it is generally confronted with a minor dilemma. If it is to send a witness with personal knowledge of every phase of the inquiry, there will be not one spokesman but a dozen. If it is to send one spokesman to testify as to the department’s position with respect to the matter under inquiry, that spokesman will frequently be called upon to deal not only with matters within his own particular bailiwick in the department, but with those in other areas of the department with respect to which his familiarity may be slight. I commented on this fact in my testimony before Senator Ervin’s Subcommittee:

“As you might imagine, the Justice Department, in selecting a witness to respond to your inquiries, had to pick someone who did not have personal knowledge in every field. So I can simply give you my understanding . . . .” Hearings 619.

There is one reference to the case of Tatum v. Laird in my prepared statement to the Subcommittee, and one reference to it in my subsequent appearance during a colloquy with Senator Ervin. The former appears as follows in the reported hearings:

“However, in connection with the case of Tatum v. Laird, now pending in the U. S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, one printout from the Army computer has been retained for the inspection of the court. It will thereafter be destroyed.” Hearings 601.

The second comment respecting the case was in a discussion of the applicable law with Senator Ervin, the chairman of the Subcommittee, during my second appearance.

My recollection is that the first time I learned of the existence of the case of Laird v. Tatum, other than having probably seen press accounts of it, was at the time I was preparing to testify as a witness before the Subcommittee in March 1971. I believe the case was then being appealed to the Court of Appeals by respondents. The Office of the Deputy Attorney General, which is customarily responsible for collecting material from the various divisions to be used in preparing the Department’s statement, advised me or one of my staff as to the arrangement with respect to the computer print-out from the Army Data Bank, and it was incorporated into the prepared statement that I read to the Subcommittee. I had then and have now no personal knowledge of the arrangement, nor so far as I know have I ever seen or been apprised of the contents of this particular print-out. Since the print-out had been lodged with the Justice Department by the Department of the Army, I later authorized its transmittal to the staff of the Subcommittee at the request of the latter.

At the request of Senator Hruska, one of the members of the Subcommittee, I supervised the preparation of a memorandum of law, which the record of the hearings indicates was filed on September 20, 1971. Respondents refer to it in their petition, but no copy is attached, and the hearing records do not contain a copy. I would expect such a memorandum to have commented on the decision of the Court of Appeals in Laird v. Tatum, treating it along with other applicable precedents in attempting to state what the Department thought the law to be in this general area.

Finally, I never participated, either of record or in any advisory capacity, in the District Court, in the Court of Appeals, or in this Court, in the Government’s conduct of the case of Laird v. Tatum.

Respondents in their motion do not explicitly relate their factual contentions to the applicable provisions of 28 U. S. C. § 455. The so-called “mandatory” provisions of that section require disqualification of a Justice or judge “in any case in which he has a substantial interest, has been of counsel, is or has been a material witness . . . .”

Since I have neither been of counsel nor have I been a material witness in Laird v. Tatum, these provisions are not applicable. Respondents refer to a memorandum prepared in the Office of Legal Counsel for the benefit of Mr. Justice White shortly before he came on the Court, relating to disqualification. I reviewed it at the time of my confirmation hearings and found myself in substantial agreement with it. Its principal thrust is that a Justice Department official is disqualified if he either signs a pleading or brief or “if he actively participated in any case even though he did not sign a pleading or brief.” I agree. In both United States v. United States District Court, 407 U. S. 297 (1972), for which I was not officially responsible in the Department but with respect to which I assisted in drafting the brief, and in S&E Contractors v. United States, 406 U. S. 1 (1972), in which I had only an advisory role which terminated immediately prior to the. commencement of the litigation, I disqualified myself. Since I did not have even an advisory role in the conduct of the case of Laird v. Tatum, the application of such a rule would not require or authorize disqualification here.

This leaves remaining the so-called discretionary por-tiQn of the section, requiring disqualification where the judge “is so related to or connected with any party or his attorney as to render it improper, in his opinion, for him to sit on the trial, appeal, or other proceeding therein.” The interpretation and application of this section by the various Justices who have sat on this Court seem to have varied widely. The leading commentator on the subject is John P. Frank, whose two articles, Disqualification of Judges, 56 Yale L. J. 605 (1947), and Disqualification of Judges: In Support of the Bayh Bill, 35 Law & Contemp. Prob. 43 (1970), contain the principal commentary on the subject. For a Justice of this Court who has come from the Justice Department, Mr. Frank explains disqualification practices as follows:

“Other relationships between the Court and the Department of Justice, however, might well be different. The Department’s problem is special because it is the largest law office in the world and has cases by the hundreds of thousands and lawyers by the thousands. For the most part, the relationship of the Attorney General to most of those matters is purely formal. As between the Assistant Attorneys General for the various Departmental divisions, there is almost no connection.” Supra, 35 Law & Contemp. Prob., at 47.

Indeed, different Justices who have come from the Department of Justice have treated the same or very similar situations differently. In Schneiderman v. United States, 320 U. S. 118 (1943), a case brought and tried during the time Mr. Justice Murphy was Attorney General, but defended on appeal during the time that Mr. Justice Jackson was Attorney General, the latter disqualified himself but the former did not. 320 U. S., at 207.

I have no hesitation in concluding that my total lack of connection while in the Department of Justice with the defense of the case of Laird v. Tatum does not suggest discretionary disqualification here because of my previous relationship with the Justice Department.

However, respondents also contend that I should disqualify myself because I have previously expressed in public an understanding of the law on the question of the constitutionality of governmental surveillance. While no provision of the statute sets out such a provision for disqualification in so many words, it could conceivably be embraced within the general language of the discretionary clause. Such a contention raises rather squarely the question of whether a member of this Court, who prior to his taking that office has expressed a public view as to what the law is or ought to be, should later sit as a judge in a case raising that particular question. The present disqualification statute applying to Justices of the Supreme Court has been on the books only since 1948, but its predecessor, applying by its terms only to district court judges, was enacted, in 1911. Mr. Chief Justice Stone, testifying before the Judiciary Committee in 1943, stated:

“And it has always seemed to the Court that when a district judge could not sit in a case because of his previous association with it, or a circuit court of appeals judge, it was our manifest duty to take the same position.” Hearings Before Committee on the Judiciary on H. R. 2808, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., 24 (1943), quoted in Frank, supra, 56 Yale L. J., at 612 n. 26.

My impression is that none of the former Justices of this Court since 1911 have followed a practice of disqualifying themselves in cases involving points of law with respect to which they had expressed an opinion or formulated policy prior to ascending to the bench.

Mr. Justice Black while in the Senate was one of the principal authors of the Fair Labor Standards Act; indeed, it is cited in the popular-name index of the 1970 edition of the United States Code as the “Black-Connery Fair Labor Standards Act.” Not only did he introduce one of the early versions of the Act, but as Chairman of the Senate Labor and Education Committee he presided over lengthy hearings on the subject of the bill and presented the favorable report of that Committee to the Senate. See S. Rep. No. 884, 75th Cong., 1st Sess. (1937). Nonetheless, he sat in the case that upheld the constitutionality of that Act, United States v. Darby, 312 U. S. 100 (1941), and in later cases construing it, including Jewell Ridge Coal Corp. v. Local 6167, UMW, 325 U. S. 161 (1945). In the latter case, a petition for rehearing requested that he disqualify himself because one of his former law partners argued the case, and Justices Jackson and Frankfurter may be said to have implicitly criticized him for failing to do so. But to my knowledge his Senate role with respect to the Act was never a source of criticism for his participation in the above cases.

Mr. Justice Frankfurter had, prior to coming to this Court, written extensively in the field of labor law. The Labor Injunction which he and Nathan Green wrote was considered a classic critique of the abuses by the federal courts of their equitable jurisdiction in the area of labor relations. Professor Sanford H. Kadish has stated:

“The book was in no sense a disinterested inquiry. Its authors’ commitment to the judgment that the labor injunction should be neutralized as a legal weapon against unions gives the book its energy and direction. It is, then, a brief, even a ‘downright brief’ as a critical reviewer would have it.” Labor and the Law, in Felix Frankfurter The Judge 153, 165 (W. Mendelson ed. 1964).

Justice Frankfurter had not only publicly expressed his views, but had when a law professor played an important, perhaps dominant, part in the drafting of the Norris-LaGuardia Act, 47 Stat. 70, 29 U. S. C. §§ 101-115. This Act was designed by its proponents to correct the abusive use by the federal courts of their injunctive powers in labor disputes. Yet, in addition to sitting in one of the leading cases interpreting the scope of the Act, United States v. Hutcheson, 312 U. S. 219 (1941), Justice Frankfurter wrote the Court’s opinion.

Mr. Justice Jackson in McGrath v. Kristensen, 340 U. S. 162 (1950), participated in a case raising exactly the same issue that he had decided as Attorney General (in a way opposite to that in which the Court decided it). 340 U. S., at 176. Mr. Frank notes that Mr. Chief Justice Vinson, who had been active in drafting and preparing tax legislation while a member of the House of Representatives, never hesitated to sit in cases involving that legislation when he was Chief Justice.

Two years before he was appointed Chief Justice of this Court, Charles Evans Hughes wrote a book entitled The Supreme Court of the United States (Columbia University Press, 1928). In a chapter entitled Liberty, Property, and Social Justice he discussed at some length the doctrine expounded in the case of Adkins v. Children’s Hospital, 261 U. S. 525 (1923). I think that one would be warranted in saying that he implied some reservations about the holding of that case. See pp. 205, 209-211. Nine years later, Mr. Chief Justice Hughes wrote the Court’s opinion in West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, 300 U. S. 379 (1937), in which a closely divided Court overruled Adkins. I have never heard any suggestion that because of his discussion of the subject in his book he should have recused himself.

Mr. Frank summarizes his view of Supreme Court practice as to disqualification in the following words:

“In short, Supreme Court Justices disqualify when they have a dollar interest; when they are related to a party and, more recently, when they are related to counsel; and when the particular matter was in one of their former law offices during their association; or, when in the government, they dealt with the precise matter and particularly with the precise case; otherwise, generally no.” Supra, 35 Law & Contemp. Prob., at 50.

Not only is the sort of public-statement disqualification upon which respondents rely not covered by the terms of the applicable statute, then, but it does not appear to me to be supported by the practice of previous Justices of this Court. Since there is little controlling authority on the subject, and since under the existing practice of the Court disqualification has been a matter of individual decision, I suppose that one who felt very strongly that public-statement disqualification is a highly desirable thing might find a way to read it into the discretionary portion of the statute by implication. I find little to commend the concept on its merits, however, and I am, therefore, not disposed to construe the statutory language to embrace it.

I do not doubt that a litigant in the position of respondents would much prefer to argue his case before a Court none of whose members had expressed the views that I expressed about the relationship between surveillance and First Amendment rights while serving as an Assistant Attorney General. I would think it likewise true that counsel for Darby would have preferred not to have to argue before Mr. Justice Black; that counsel for Kristensen would have preferred not to argue before Mr. Justice Jackson; that counsel for the United States would have preferred not to argue before Mr. Justice Frankfurter; and that counsel for West Coast Hotel Co. would have preferred a Court which did not include Mr. Chief Justice Hughes.

The Term of this Court just past bears eloquent witness to the fact that the Justices of this Court, each seeking to resolve close and difficult questions of constitutional interpretation, do not reach identical results. The differences must be at least in some part due to differing jurisprudential or philosophical propensities.

Mr. Justice Douglas’ statement about federal district judges in his dissenting opinion in Chandler v. Judicial Council, 398 U. S. 74, 137 (1970), strikes me as being equally true of the Justices of this Court:

“Judges are not fungible; they cover the constitutional spectrum; and a particular judge’s emphasis may make a world of difference when it comes to rulings on evidence, the temper of the courtroom, the tolerance for the proffered defense, and the like. Lawyers recognize this when they talk about ‘shopping’ for a judge; Senators recognize this when they are asked to give their ‘advice and consent’ to judicial appointments; laymen recognize this when they appraise the quality and image of the judiciary in their own community.”

Since most Justices come to this bench no earlier than their middle years, it would be unusual if they had not by that time formulated at least some tentative notions that would influence them in their interpretation of the sweeping clauses of the Constitution and their interaction with one another. It would be not merely unusual, but extraordinary, if they had not at least given opinions as to constitutional issues in their previous legal careers. Proof that a Justice’s mind at the time he joined the Court was a complete tabula rasa in the area of constitutional adjudication would be evidence of lack of qualification, not lack of bias.

Yet whether these opinions have become at all widely known may depend entirely on happenstance. With respect to those who come here directly from private life, such comments or opinions may never have been publicly uttered. But it would be unusual if those coming from policymaking divisions in the Executive Branch, from the Senate or House of Representatives, or from positions in state government had not divulged at least some hint of their general approach to public affairs, if not as to particular issues of law. Indeed, the clearest case of all is that of a Justice who comes to this Court from a lower court, and has, while sitting as a judge of the lower court, had occasion to pass on an issue that later comes before this Court. No more compelling example could be found of a situation in which a Justice had previously committed himself. Yet it is not and could not rationally be suggested that, so long as the cases be different, a Justice of this Court should disqualify himself for that reason. See, e. g., the statement of Mr. Justice Harlan, joining in Lewis v. Manufacturers National Bank, 364 U. S. 603, 610 (1961). Indeed, there is weighty authority for this proposition even when the cases are the same. Mr. Justice Holmes, after his appointment to this Court, sat in several cases which reviewed decisions of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts rendered, with his participation, while he was Chief Justice of that court. See Worcester v. Street R. Co., 196 U. S. 539 (1905), reviewing 182 Mass. 49 (1902); Dunbar v. Dunbar, 190 U. S. 340 (1903), reviewing 180 Mass. 170 (1901); Glidden v. Harrington, 189 U. S. 255 (1903), reviewing 179 Mass. 486 (1901); and Williams v. Parker, 188 U. S. 491 (1903), reviewing 174 Mass. 476 (1899).

Mr. Frank sums the matter up this way:

“Supreme Court Justices are strong-minded men, and on the general subject matters which come before them, they do have propensities; the course of decision cannot be accounted for in any other way.” Supra, 35 Law & Contemp. Prob., at 48.

The fact that some aspect of these propensities may have been publicly articulated prior to coming to this Court cannot, in my opinion, be regarded as anything more than a random circumstance that should not by itself form a basis for disqualification.

Based upon the foregoing analysis, I conclude that the applicable statute does not warrant my disqualification in this case. Having so said, I would certainly concede that fair-minded judges might disagree about the matter. If all doubts were to be resolved in favor of disqualification, it may be that I should disqualify myself simply because I do regard the question as a fairly debatable one, even though upon analysis I would resolve it in favor of sitting.

Here again, one’s course of action may well depend upon the view he takes of the process of disqualification. Those federal courts of appeals that have considered the matter have unanimously concluded that a federal judge has a duty to sit where not disqualified which is equally as strong as the duty to not sit where disqualified. Edwards v. United States, 334 F. 2d 360, 362 n. 2 (CA5 1964); Tynan v. United States, 126 U. S. App. D. C. 206, 376 F. 2d 761 (1967); In re Union Leader Corp., 292 F. 2d 381 (CA1 1961); Wolfson v. Palmieri, 396 F. 2d 121 (CA2 1968); Simmons v. United States, 302 F. 2d 71 (CA3 1962); United States v. Hoffa, 382 F. 2d 856 (CA6 1967); Tucker v. Kerner, 186 F. 2d 79 (CA7 1950); Walker v. Bishop, 408 F. 2d 1378 (CA8 1969). These cases dealt with disqualification on the part of judges of the district courts and of the courts of appeals. I think that the policy in favor of the “equal duty” concept is even stronger in the case of a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. There is no way of substituting Justices on this Court as one judge may be substituted for another in the district courts. There is no higher court of appeal that may review an equally divided decision of this Court and thereby establish the law for our jurisdiction. See, e. g., Tinker v. Des Moines School District, 258 F. Supp. 971 (SD Iowa 1966), affirmed by an equally divided court, 383 F. 2d 988 (CA8 1967), certiorari granted and judgment reversed, 393 U. S. 503 (1969). While it can seldom be predicted with confidence at the time that a Justice addresses himself to the issue of disqualification whether or not the Court in a particular case will be closely divided, the disqualification of one Justice of this Court raises the possibility of an affirmance of the judgment below by an equally divided Court. The consequence attending such a result is, of course, that the principle of law presented by the case is left unsettled. The undesirability of such a disposition is obviously not a reason for refusing to disqualify oneself where in fact one deems himself disqualified, but I believe it is a reason for not "bending over backwards” in order to deem oneself disqualified.

The prospect of affirmance by an equally divided Court, unsatisfactory enough in a single case, presents even more serious problems where companion cases reaching opposite results are heard together here. During the six months in which I have sat as a Justice of this Court, there were at least three such instances. Since one of the stated reasons for granting certiorari is to resolve a conflict between federal courts of appeals, the frequency of such instances is not surprising. Yet affirmance of each of such conflicting results by an equally divided Court would lay down “one rule in Athens, and another rule in Rome” with a vengeance. And since the notion of “public statement” disqualification that I understand respondents to advance appears to have no ascertainable time limit, it is questionable when or if such an unsettled state of the law could be resolved.

The oath prescribed by 28 U. S. C. § 453 that is taken by each person upon becoming a member of the federal judiciary requires that he “administer justice without respect to persons, and do equal right to the poor and to the rich,” that he “faithfully and impartially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent upon [him] . . . agreeably to the Constitution and laws of the United States.” Every litigant is entitled to have his case heard by a judge mindful of this oath. But neither the oath, the disqualification statute, nor the practice of the former Justices of this Court guarantees a litigant that each judge will start off from dead center in his willingness or ability to reconcile the opposing arguments of counsel with his understanding of the Constitution and the law. That being the case, it is not a ground for disqualification that a judge has prior to his nomination expressed his then understanding of the meaning of some particular provision of the Constitution.

Based on the foregoing considerations, I conclude that respondents motion that I disqualify myself in this case should be, and it hereby is, denied.

       In a motion of this kind, there is not apt to be anything akin to the “record” that supplies the factual basis for adjudication in most litigated matters. The judge will presumably know more about the factual background of his involvement in matters that form the basis of the motion than do the movants, but with the passage of any time at all his recollection will fade except to the extent it is refreshed by transcripts such as those available here. If the motion before me turned only on disputed factual inferences, no purpose would be served by my detailing my own recollection of the relevant facts. Since, however, the main thrust of respondents’ motion is based on what seems to me an incorrect interpretation of the applicable statute, I believe that this is the exceptional case where an opinion is warranted.

       See S. Exec. Rep. No. 91-12, Nomination of Clement F. Haynsworth, Jr., 10-11.

       See denial of petition for rehearing in Jewell Ridge Coal Corp. v. Local 6167, UMW, 325 U. S. 897 (1945) (Jackson, J., concurring).

       The fact that Mr. Justice Jackson reversed his earlier opinion after sitting in Kristensen does not seem to me to bear on the disqualification issue. A judge will usually be required to make any decision as to disqualification before reaching any determination as to how he will vote if he does sit.

       In terms of propriety, rather than disqualification, I would distinguish quite sharply between a public statement made prior to nomination for the bench, on the one hand, and a public statement made by a nominee to the bench. For the latter to express any but the most general observation about the law would suggest that, in order to obtain favorable consideration of his nomination, he deliberately was announcing in advance, without benefit of judicial oath, briefs, or argument, how he would decide a particular question that might come before him as a judge.

         Branzburg v. Hayes, 408 U. S. 665 (1972); Gelbard v. United States, 408 U. S. 41 (1972); Evansville Airport v. Delta Airlines Inc., 405 U. S. 707 (1972).

       Petitioners in Gravel v. United States, 408 U. S. 606 (1972), have filed a petition for rehearing which asserts as one of the grounds that I should have disqualified myself in that case.  Because respondents’ motion in Laird was addressed to me, and because it seemed to me to be seriously and responsibly urged, I have dealt with my reasons for denying it at some length. Because I believe that the petition for rehearing in Gravel, insofar as it deals with disqualification, possesses none of these characteristics, there is no occasion for me to treat it in a similar manner. Since such motions have in the past been treated by the Court as being addressed to the individual Justice involved, however, I do venture the observation that in my opinion the petition insofar as it relates to disqualification verges on the frivolous. While my peripheral advisory role in New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U. S. 713 (1971), would have warranted disqualification had I been on the Court when that case was heard, it could not conceivably warrant disqualification in Gravel, a different case raising entirely different constitutional issues.


source: Caselaw Access Project

license: Public Domain

text:
    No. 71-1476.
    Gaffney v. Cummings et al.
   Appeal from D. C. Conn. Probable jurisdiction noted.


text:
    No. 72-77.
    Norwood et al. v. Harrison et al.
   Appeal from D. C. N. D. Miss. Probable jurisdiction noted.


text:
    No. 71-1637.
    City of Burbank et al. v. Lockheed Air Terminal, Inc., et al.
   Appeal from C. A. 9th Cir. Probable jurisdiction noted.


text:
    No. 71-1694.
    Frontiero et vir v. Laird, Secretary of Defense, et al.
   Appeal from D. C. M. D. Ala. Probable jurisdiction noted.


text:
    No. 72-147.
    Bullock, Secretary of State of Texas, et al. v. Regester et al.
   Appeal from D. C. W. D. Tex. Probable jurisdiction noted.


text:
    No. 72-11.
    Palmore v. United States.
   Appeal from Ct. App. D. C. Motion to dispense with printing jurisdictional statement granted. Further consideration of question of jurisdiction postponed to hearing of case on the merits.


text:
    No. 71-1428.
    Hensley v. Municipal Court, San Jose-Milpitas Judicial District, Santa Clara County.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari granted.


text:
    No. 71-1459.
    United States v. Little Lake Misere Land Co., Inc., et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari granted.


text:
    No. 71-1598.
    Hodgson, Secretary of Labor v. Arnheim & Neely, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari granted.


text:
    No. 71-1665.
    United States v. Cartwright, Executor.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari granted.


text:
    No. 71-1698.
    United States v. Bishop.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari granted.


text:
    No. 72-10.
    Moor et al. v. County of Alameda et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari granted.


text:
    No. 71-1442.
    Colgrove v. Battin, U. S. District Judge.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Motion of International Association of Insurance Counsel for leave to file a brief as amicus curiae and certiorari granted.


text:
    No. 71-6481.
    Davis v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis and certiorari granted.


text:
    No. 71-6698.
    Morris v. Richardson, Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis and cer-tiorari granted.


text:
    No. 71-6742.
    Hurtado et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis and certiorari granted.


text:
    No. 71-1168.
    Streckfus Steamers, Inc., et al. v. City of St. Louis et al.
   St. Louis Ct. App. Mo. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1175.
    Forks et al. v. City of Warsaw.
   Sup. Ct. Ind. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1231.
    Pace v. Pace.
   Ct. App. Cal., 2d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1236.
    No. 71-6263.
    Alabama v. Rennow; and Rennow v. Alabama.
   Ct. Crim. App. Ala. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 47 Ala. App. 419, 255 So. 2d 602.


text:
    No. 71-1357.
    No. 71-1358.
    Reynolds v. United States; and Stamp v. United States.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 147 U. S. App. D. C. 340, 458 F. 2d 759.


text:
    No. 71-1360.
    Kabinto et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1373.
    Lacob v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1376.
    Geoghegan & Mathis, Inc. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1378.
    Intercontinental Industries, Inc. v. American Stock Exchange et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1382.
    Schroud v. Milwaukee County Department of Public Welfare.
   Sup. Ct. Wis. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1387.
    Hiken v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1390.
    Benter v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1391.
    Smith, Warden v. Hiatt.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1393.
    Daniel et ux. v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1397.
    Miami Police Benevolent Assn., Inc. v. Adams et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1403.
    Forbes Leasing & Finance Corp. v. Lebowitz.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1405.
    Democratic National Committee v. Federal Communications Commission et al.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1413.
    Brown et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1418.
    Lomayaktewa et al. v. Corcoran, U. S. District Judge, et al.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1432.
    Direct Mail Advertising Assn., Inc., et al. v. United States Postal Service et al.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1436.
    Bland v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1438.
    No. 71-1568.
    Cecere v. United States; and DeCarlo v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 458 F. 2d 358.


text:
    No. 71-1440.
    Wenger v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1455.
    Bursten v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1463.
    Milliken, Governor of Michigan, et al. v. Bradley et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1467.
    Flynn v. Board of Examiners, Board of Education of the City of New York.
   App. Div., Sup. Ct. N. Y., 2d Jud. Dept. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1468.
    Bosley et ux. v. Grand Lodge of Ancient Free & Accepted Masons of Maryland.
   Ct. App. Md. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1480.
    Alexander v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1481.
    Collins et al. v. Avery et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1484.
    Fink et ux. v. United States.
   Ct. Cl. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1485.
    Harness v. Kentucky.
   Ct. App. Ky. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1486.
    Hart, dba San Diego Cabinets, et al. v. National Labor Relations Board.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1488.
    Wachovia Bank & Trust Co. v. Harris, Trustee.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1489.
    Plastiline, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1490.
    Bethlehem Mines Corp. et al. v. United Mine Workers of America et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1492.
    Dyal v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1493.
    Fhagen et al. v. Miller, Commissioner of Mental Hygiene, et al.
   Ct. App. N. Y. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1494.
    Tuscany Fabrics, Inc. v. United States.
   C. C. P. A. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1496.
    Casanova Guns, Inc. v. Shultz, Secretary of the Treasury, et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1497.
    Beck v. Connecticut General Life Insurance Co.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1498.
    International Association of Machinists & Aerospace Workers et al. v. Northeast Airlines, Inc.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1499.
    Devcon Corp. v. Woodhill Chemical Sales Corp.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1500.
    Knox et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1504.
    Panotex Pipe Line Co. et al. v. Phillips Petroleum Co. et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1506.
    Fichman v. United States.
   Ct. Cl. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1508.
    Chong Yuk Wah v. United States.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1507.
    Monroe, dba North Area Refuse Co. v. Cussen.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1515.
    Rodovich v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1516.
    Harrell v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1518.
    Handy v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1519.
    Brown et al. v. Scott.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1520.
    Kirkpatrick v. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
   Sup. Ct. Wis. Certi-orari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1521.
    Heath et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1524.
    Lay et al. v. City of Kingsport, Tennessee, et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1526.
    No. 71-1679.
    Eisenstadt, Sheriff v. Baker; and Baker v. Eisenstadt, Sheriff.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 456 F. 2d 382.


text:
    No. 71-1527.
    Florida Machine & Foundry Co. et al. v. National Labor Relations Board.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1533.
    Bello et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1557.
    National Surety Corp. v. United States.
   Ct. Cl. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1535.
    Travelers Indemnity Co. v. Erickson’s, Inc.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1540.
    Citizens Organized for the Preservation of Our Environment et al. v. Richfield Board of Zoning Appeals et al.
   Sup. Ct. Ohio. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1551.
    Rosner v. Duchess Music Corp. et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1552.
    Hoover et al. v. Wyandotte Chemicals Corp.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1555.
    Johnston et ux. v. Byrd.
   Sup. Ct. Ala. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1559.
    Baxter et al. v. Railway Express Agency, Inc., aka REA Express, et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1561.
    Heyman et al. v. Kline.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1564.
    Thompson v. Amis et al.
   Sup. Ct. Kan. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1565.
    Raimondi v. United States.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1569.
    Singh v. Immigration and Naturalization Service et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1570.
    Hobbs v. Custom Finance Co. et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1571.
    Nosser et al. v. Bradley et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1575.
    Levine v. United States et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1576.
    Andreas v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1578.
    Berger v. Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1580.
    Cataldo et ux. v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1589.
    Singer Co. v. Greene.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1590.
    Hamlett v. Conco, Inc.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1591.
    Washington Urban League, Inc. v. Public Service Commission of the District of Columbia et al.
   Ct. App. D. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1593.
    Aronow v. California.
   App. Dept., Super. Ct. Cal., County of Santa Clara. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1594.
    Salvaggio v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1595.
    Middlebrooks v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1599.
    Cook County College Teachers Union, Local 1600, American Federation of Teachers, AFL-CIO, et al. v. Byrd et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1597.
    Federal Power Commission v. Greene County Planning Board et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1600.
    Union Camp Corp. v. Dyal et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1606.
    Karlin v. Avis et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1609.
    Regents of the University of California v. Karst et al.
   Ct. App. Cal., 2d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1610.
    Mehrtens, U. S. District Judge v. Protective Committee for Independent Stockholders of TMT Trailer Ferry, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1611.
    W. R. Bean & Son, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1615.
    Knapp et ux. v. Miami Memorial Park, Inc., et al.
   Sup. Ct. Fla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1619.
    Baker v. New York.
   Ct. App. N. Y. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1621.
    Estate of Montgomery et al. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1622.
    Holland v. Holland.
   Sup. Ct. Ohio. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1629.
    Edwards v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1630.
    Kellogg Co. v. National Labor Relations Board.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1632.
    Cast Optics Corp. v. National Labor Relations Board et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1640.
    Bank of America National Trust & Savings Assn. v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1643.
    Schulte et al. v. Oklahoma City.
   Sup. Ct. Okla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1644.
    Steiner v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1650.
    C & G Boat Co., Inc., et al. v. Crescent River Port Pilots Assn. et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1653.
    McFarland v. Knapp et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1657.
    Scott v. Maryland.
   Ct. App. Md. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1660.
    Thompson et vir v. Board of Commissioners of the Oak Brook Park District of DuPage County et al.
   App. Ct. Ill., 2d Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1661.
    Moveable Offshore, Inc. v. Hall.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1662.
    Atlantic-Richfield Co. v. Cherry et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1659.
    Milder v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1663.
    Manfredonia v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1667.
    Love v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1670.
    Bertram Yacht Sales, Inc. v. Moron et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1671.
    Kansas City v. Webb et al.
   Sup. Ct. Mo. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1673.
    Sailor et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1677.
    Tucker v. Bitonti.
   Sup. Ct. Conn. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1678.
    Prignano v. Illinois.
   App. Ct. Ill., 1st Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1682.
    Dennett v. United States et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1685.
    United Brotherhood of Carpenters & Joiners of America, Local 169, et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1686.
    Hardy, Acting Warden v. Vuitch.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1689.
    Muirhead v. Spann.
   Sup. Ct. Miss. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1687.
    East Texas Steel Castings Co., Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1688.
    Muirhead v. Hinds County Democratic Executive Committee et al.
   Sup. Ct. Miss. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1692.
    Annoreno et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1693.
    Irwin v. Eagle Star Insurance Co., Ltd.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1696.
    Barton v. Oregon.
   Sup. Ct. Ore. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1697.
    Pacific Maritime Assn. v. National Labor Relations Board et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1703.
    Kosher v. Washington State Bar Assn.
   Sup. Ct. Wash. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1704.
    Borrowdale et al. v. Board of Junior College District No. 515 et al.
   Sup. Ct. Ill. Certi-orari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1706.
    Shelton v. Tennessee.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tenn. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1707.
    County Collector of Cook County et al. v. Northwestern University.
   Sup. Ct. Ill. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1708.
    Budzanoski et al. v. Sabolsky et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-5610.
    Rollins et al. v. Ohio.
   Sup. Ct. Ohio. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-5769.
    Rodriguez v. Olson et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6127.
    Osborne et al. v. Nobles.
   Ct. App. Ga. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6155.
    Joshua v. Michigan.
   Sup. Ct. Mich. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6226.
    Dessus v. Pennsylvania.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6243.
    Amos v. McCarthy.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6260.
    MacLeod v. Slayton, Penitentiary Superintendent.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6301.
    Enriquez v. Beto, Corrections Director.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6309.
    Ralls v. Missouri.
   K. C. Ct. App. Mo. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6321.
    Thomas v. Beto, Corrections Director.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6329.
    Estes v. Northcross et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6349.
    Weaver v. Texas.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6368.
    Phillips v. Pitchess, Sheriff.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6370.
    Ferguson v. Cardwell, Warden.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6380.
    Allers v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6390.
    Harding v. Warden, Maryland Penitentiary.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6396.
    Howard v. Sigler, Warden.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6407.
    Thomas v. Cardwell, Warden.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6412.
    Ward v. California.
   Ct. App. Cal., 5th App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6413.
    Wilson, aka Griffin v. Gaffney, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6414.
    Humphrey v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6417.
    Jackson v. California.
   Ct. App. Cal., 1st App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6420.
    Cranford v. New Mexico.
   Sup. Ct. N. M. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6430.
    Townsend v. Twomey, Warden.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6437.
    Davis v. Mississippi.
   Sup. Ct. Miss. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6441.
    Adams v. Wainwright, Corrections Director.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6457.
    Gaito v. Schnupp et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6461.
    Chrisman v. Field, Men’s Colony Superintendent, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6464.
    Murray v. City of Cincinnati.
   Sup. Ct. Ohio. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6466.
    Lawless v. Maryland.
   Ct. Sp. App. Md. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6486.
    Mays v. Pennsylvania.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6487.
    Medina v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6495.
    Caldrone v. Gaffney, Warden.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6496.
    Baker v. Gaffney, Warden.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6503.
    Eckert v. Clerk’s Office of the U. S. District Court.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6506.
    Doyle v. Doyle.
   Ct. Civ. App. Tex., 9th Sup. Jud. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6509.
    Higgins v. Illinois.
   Sup. Ct. Ill. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6511.
    Rhodes v. Haynes, Warden.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6521.
    Sailer v. Craven, Warden.
   Sup. Ct. Cal. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6523.
    Jacobs v. Pennsylvania.
   Sup. Ct. Pa. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6524.
    Kirk v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6529.
    Archer v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6532.
    Forrester v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6537.
    Johnson v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6540.
    Grene v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6543.
    Hampton v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6546.
    Nunley v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6547.
    Lewis v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6549.
    Taylor v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6552.
    Atkin, aka Atkinson v. United States.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6555.
    Robins v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6551.
    Skeels v. Richardson, Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6556.
    Telio v. Illinois.
   App. Ct. Ill., 1st Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6557.
    Flournoy v. Illinois.
   App. Ct. Ill., 1st Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6558.
    Workman v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6565.
    Moran v. United States.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6567.
    Manns v. Illinois.
   App. Ct. Ill., 5th Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6569.
    Lowther v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6572.
    Williams v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6575.
    McQueen v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6576.
    Havelock v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6583.
    Luallen v. Neil, Warden.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6580.
    Gibboney v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6582.
    Grooms v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6584.
    Johnson v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6585.
    Buchowiecki-Kortkiewicz v. Immigration and Naturalization Service.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6586.
    Chitwood v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6587.
    Bredy v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6588.
    Randazzo v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6594.
    Tyler v. Parks.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6610.
    Valentine v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6611.
    Carter v. United States District Court for the District of South Carolina et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6612.
    Eckert v. Senate of the United States et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6614.
    Estrada v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6615.
    Behning v. Illinois.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6619.
    Thomas v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6629.
    Henkel v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6631.
    Helton v. Florida.
   Dist. Ct. App. Fla., 1st Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6634.
    Beane v. Richardson, Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6637.
    Johnson v. Missouri.
   Sup. Ct. Mo. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6639.
    Sciortino v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6640.
    Madison v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6641.
    Wysocki v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6646.
    Guerin v. California.
   Ct. App. Cal., 2d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6648.
    Gonzalez v. New York.
   Ct. App. N. Y. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6650.
    Goodwin v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6651.
    Copeland v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6653.
    Nunn v. Cox, Acting Warden.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6654.
    Stevenson v. Montanye, Correctional Superintendent.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6656.
    Machado v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6657.
    Sanders v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6659.
    Korczak v. Division of Employment, Colorado Department of Labor and Employment, et al.
   Sup. Ct. Colo. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6660.
    Pack, aka Parker v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6662.
    Carroll v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6663.
    Harris v. Illinois.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6664.
    Villauerda v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6666.
    Schlanger v. Seamans, Secretary of the Air Force, et al.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6667.
    McDonnell v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6669.
    Siddle v. Ohio.
   Sup. Ct. Ohio. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6665.
    Ray v. Brierley, Warden.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6671.
    Bradley v. Cardwell, Warden.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6672.
    Matthews v. Florida-Vanderbilt Development Corp. et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6673.
    Golden v. Henderson, Warden.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6674.
    Lipscomb v. United States Board of Parole.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6675.
    Copp v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6676.
    Mathers v. Rhay, Penitentiary Superintendent.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6677.
    Allard v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6678.
    Yeaton v. Weisenburg.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6680.
    Ferguson v. Virginia.
   Sup. Ct. Va. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6681.
    Costanza v. New Jersey.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6683.
    Sailer v. California Adult Authority.
   Ct. App. Cal., 3d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6685.
    Hart v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6684.
    Brown v. Wisconsin State Department of Public Welfare.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6686.
    Ellison v. Oklahoma.
   Ct. Crim. App. Okla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6688.
    Lara v. Harris, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6691.
    Zimmer v. Gaffney, Warden.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6692.
    Carter v. Roberts, U. S. District Judge.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6695.
    Randall v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6696.
    Perwin v. New Jersey.
   Sup. Ct. N. J. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6697.
    No. 71-6715.
    Batista v. United States; and Lopez v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 453 F. 2d 749.


text:
    No. 71-6699.
    Albidrez v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6701.
    Harrison v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6702.
    Tarlton v. Wolfe.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6704.
    Ingraham v. Florida.
   Dist. Ct. App. Fla., 3d Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6703.
    Johnson v. Twomey, Warden.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6705.
    Lamonge v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6706.
    Middleton v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6707.
    Cox v. Gaffney, Warden.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6708.
    Ciotti v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6709.
    Kaye v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6710.
    Blackwood v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6712.
    Engle, aka Tennant v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6713.
    Mitman v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6714.
    Rivera v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6716.
    Torres v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6717.
    Robinson v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6718.
    Cleaves v. Parker.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6719.
    Brown v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6722.
    Martin v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6723.
    Chais-Shulman v. Bank of America Trust No. 54212.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6725.
    Sanchez v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6726.
    No. 71-6727.
    Lobon v. Government of the Canal Zone; and Lobon v. Government of the Canal Zone.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 457 F. 2d 511.


text:
    No. 71-6728.
    Bailey v. United States.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6729.
    Weaver v. California Department of Corrections et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6730.
    Wilkes v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6731.
    Dixon v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6733.
    Gali v. California.
   Ct. App. Cal., 1st App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6735.
    Kennedy, aka Thomas, et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6736.
    Davis v. Beto, Corrections Director.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6737.
    Donohoe v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6738.
    Dennis v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6744.
    Rodriguez v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6745.
    McCray v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6746.
    Evans et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6748.
    Castillo v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6749.
    Parks v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6750.
    Hammonds v. Missouri.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6751.
    Dawn, dba Game Co. v. Sterling Drug, Inc., et al.
   Ct. App. Cal., 2d App. Dist. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6753.
    Scogin v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6754.
    Van Pelt v. DiCosimo.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6756.
    Cunningham v. A. S. Abell Co.
   Ct. App. Md. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6755.
    Morland v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6761.
    Scott v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6762.
    Carnathan v. Texas.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tex. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6766.
    Hord v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6771.
    Mitchell v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6772.
    Lopez v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6775.
    Burdette v. Shore et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6776.
    Jordan v. Florida.
   Dist. Ct. App. Fla., 2d Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6779.
    Lewis v. California.
   Ct. App. Cal., 1st App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6780.
    Mansour v. New Jersey.
   Sup. Ct. N. J. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6782.
    Ellis v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6783.
    Ryan v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6784.
    Pendergraft v. Turner et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6785.
    Knudsen v. Pennsylvania.
   Sup. Ct. Pa. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6786.
    Crow v. Eyman, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6787.
    Bruce v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6788.
    Browne v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6792.
    Gardner v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6793.
    Krikmanis v. Montgomery et al.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6794.
    Boyd v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6795.
    Tate v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6796.
    Shaffer v. Pennsylvania.
   Sup. Ct. Pa. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6797.
    Curtis v. National Labor Relations Board.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6798.
    Ard et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6801.
    Quinn v. Gagnon, Warden.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6802.
    Jones v. Field, Men’s Colony Superintendent.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6804.
    Santana v. United States District Court for the Northern District of New York.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6805.
    Lewis v. Ohio et al.
   Sup. Ct. Ohio. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6806.
    Rosenberg v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6807.
    No. 71-6808.
    Cole v. United States; and Cole v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 457 F. 2d 1141.


text:
    No. 71-6809.
    Morton v. Haynes, Training Center Superintendent.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6810.
    Batts v. California.
   Sup. Ct. Cal. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6811.
    Ross v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6813.
    Fermin v. Richardson, Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6814.
    LeBrun v. Cupp, Warden.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6815.
    Bowers et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6816.
    Earp v. Cupp, Warden.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6817.
    Dorrough v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6820.
    Stidham et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6818.
    Barber v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6819.
    Nelson v. Butler, Prison Superintendent.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6821.
    Knight v. United States.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6822.
    Allen v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6823.
    Smith v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6828.
    Lauchli v. United States et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6829.
    Gauthier v. Massachusetts.
   Sup. Jud. Ct. Mass. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6831.
    Cagle v. Harris, Warden.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6832.
    Hall v. Snyder et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6833.
    Singal v. Two Unknown Named Patrolmen et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6834.
    Greer v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6835.
    Kasey et ux. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6838.
    Holmes et al. v. Laird, Secretary of Defense, et al.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6837.
    Dorsey v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6842.
    Mallory v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6843.
    Doyal v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6845.
    Thomas v. United States.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6846.
    Varnell v. Beto, Corrections Director.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6847.
    Martin v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6848.
    Parker v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6849.
    Jackson v. Connecticut.
   Sup. Ct. Conn. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6850.
    Brown et al. v. North Carolina.
   Sup. Ct. N. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6851.
    Hebah, Administratrix v. United States.
   Ct. Cl. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6855.
    Grandi, aka Ricollet v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6862.
    DiCanio v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6854.
    Masters v. Harris, Warden.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6857.
    Martin v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6859.
    Munns v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6860.
    Christian v. New York State Board of Parole.
   Ct. App. N. Y. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6861.
    Dockery v. California.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6864.
    Sudduth v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6865.
    Alston v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6866.
    Coleman v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6867.
    Lara v. Texas.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tex. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6868.
    Parton v. Tennessee.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tenn. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6870.
    Mathis v. Laird, Secretary of Defense.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6871.
    Lucas v. Ohio.
   Sup. Ct. Ohio. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6873.
    Neely v. Field, U. S. District Judge, et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6874.
    Mitchell v. Nelson, Warden.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6875.
    Moran v. Tuition Plan of New Hampshire, Inc.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6876.
    Bailes et ux. v. Southern Farm Bureau Casualty Insurance Co. et al.
   Sup. Ct. La. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6878.
    Robinson v. Mammoth Life & Accident Insurance Co.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6881.
    Williams v. Ohio.
   Sup. Ct. Ohio. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6882.
    James v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6883.
    Fair v. Hodges et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6884.
    Hudson v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6887.
    Williams v. United States.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6889.
    Moore v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6890.
    Kartsonis v. District Unemployment Compensation Board.
   Ct. App. D. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6905.
    Doyal v. Department of the Treasury, Bureau of Customs, et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6891.
    Hauff v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6892.
    Sailer v. Craven, Warden.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6896.
    Lathrop v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6900.
    Patterson v. Smith, Warden.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6901.
    Morrow v. United States.
   C.. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6903.
    Nease v. United States
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6904.
    Tubbs v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6906.
    Springer v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6907.
    Watson v. Stynchcombe, Sheriff.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6910.
    Thornley v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6911.
    Medina v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6912.
    Pasqua v. New York.
   App. Div., Sup. Ct. N. Y., 1st Jud. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6913.
    Johnson v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6924.
    Obstein v. New Jersey.
   Sup. Ct. N. J. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6915.
    Kile v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6916.
    Dahl v. United States et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6917.
    Scopes v. New York.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6919.
    Birch v. LaVallee, Warden.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6921.
    Miranda v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-6922.
    Lowry v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-2.
    Palmer et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-3.
    Long Manufacturing Co. v. Lilliston Implement Co.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-4.
    Chemical Carriers, Inc., et al. v. Andrews, Executrix.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5.
    No. 72-132.
    Kohn, Trustee, et al. v. American Metal Climax, Inc., et al.; and Roan Selection Trust Ltd. et al. v. Kohn, Trustee, et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 458 F. 2d 255.


text:
    No. 72-9.
    Bonkowski v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-26.
    Daly v. Alabama.
   Ct. Crim. App. Ala. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-7.
    Firestone v. Time, Inc.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-13.
    Segura v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-14.
    Carlton v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-15.
    Schaack v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-18.
    Engle v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-27.
    Bittner v. Nebraska.
   Sup. Ct. Neb. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-30.
    Egan v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-31.
    Honolulu Rapid Transit Co., Ltd. v. Public Utilities Commission of Hawaii et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-33.
    Williams v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-38.
    Southwestern Bell Telephone Co. v. Franke et al.
   Sup. Ct. Mo. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-43.
    Cohn v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-47.
    Hayden Publishing Co., Inc., et al. v. Van Valkenburgh, Nooger & Neville, Inc.
   Ct. App. N. Y. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-39.
    Rederi A/B Nordstjernan et al. v. Rivera et al.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-50.
    Railex Corp. v. Speed Check Co., Inc.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-51.
    Michaud et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-52.
    Skil Corp. v. Lucerne Products, Inc.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-57.
    Shelco, Inc., et al. v. Dow Chemical Co. et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-58.
    National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. v. Harwell et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-63.
    Dickson v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-65.
    John B. White, Inc. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-66.
    Clark Equipment Co. v. Wirth.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-68.
    Lane v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-70.
    Lefkowitz, Attorney General of New York v. Weiss et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-78.
    Gifford et al. v. Allen et ux.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-71.
    Hilliard et al. v. Pennsylvania.
   Sup. Ct. Pa. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-73.
    Kleve v. Retail Credit Co.
   Sup. Ct. Ohio. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-80.
    Heltsley et al. v. District No. 23, United Mine Workers of America, et al.
   Ct. App. Ky. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-85.
    Quintana v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-87.
    Harris et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-89.
    Carter et al. v. City of Fort Worth et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-94.
    Jacques v. Louisiana State Bar Assn.
   Sup. Ct. La. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-98.
    Schneider et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-99.
    Luther v. Alabama.
   Ct. Crim. App. Ala. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-101.
    Aveni v. Richman, Trustee in Bankruptcy.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-102.
    Aunt Mid, Inc. v. Fjell-Oranje Lines et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-100.
    Martin v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-103.
    Llerena v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-106.
    Bradshaw v. Thompson et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-107.
    Spears v. Hough.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-110.
    Eagle Star Insurance Group v. Walker, Administrator, et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certi-orari denied.


text:
    No. 72-112.
    Zegers, Inc. v. Zegers.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-113.
    Sterling Drug, Inc. v. Singer et vir.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-122.
    Bishop, Executrix v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-123.
    Guthrie v. Arizona.
   Sup. Ct. Ariz. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-125.
    Ree et al. v. Municipal Court of the Los Angeles Judicial District, County of Los Angeles.
   Ct. App. Cal., 2d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-126.
    Boyer Bros., Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-127.
    Sheris et al. v. Sheris Co. et al.
   Sup. Ct. Ya. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-138.
    Anderson et al. v. Lecon Properties, Inc.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-139.
    No. 72-140.
    Pearson v. Florida; and Pearson v. Florida.
   Dist. Ct. App. Fla., 3d Dist. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 254 So. 2d 573.


text:
    No. 72-143.
    Bratrud v. Dunning, Trustee in Bankruptcy.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-144.
    West Tennessee ACLU et al. v. City of Memphis et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-155.
    Ballantyne v. Central Railroad of New Jersey.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-161.
    Rose v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-162.
    Dodson et al. v. Graham et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-170.
    Moore v. Board of Trustees, Carson-Tahoe Hospital, et al.
   Sup. Ct. Nev. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-203.
    Litton Business Systems, Inc. v. Monroe Lodge No. 770, International Association of Machinists & Aerospace Workers, AFL-CIO.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-230.
    Freese, Executrix v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-165.
    Enyart v. Ashland Discount Co. et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-235.
    McKy v. Hochfelder et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5003.
    Corcoran v. United States.
   Ct. Cl. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5005.
    Abshire v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5006.
    Robins v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5008.
    Abbamonte v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5011.
    Hohensee v. Scientific Living, Inc., et al.
   Sup. Ct. Pa. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5012.
    Eaton et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5013.
    Smith v. Cupp, Warden.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5015.
    Preston v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5016.
    Clark v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5017.
    Anderson v. Parker, Coulter, Daley & White et al.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5018.
    No. 72-5061.
    Brewer v. United States; and Garr v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 461 F. 2d 487.


text:
    No. 72-5021.
    West v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5023.
    Rawls v. Secretary of the Interior et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5025.
    Miller v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5027.
    Zamora-Yescas v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5028.
    Schoefield v. United States.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5029.
    Weaver v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5032.
    No. 72-5087.
    Atkinson v. North Carolina; and Atkinson v. North Carolina.
   Sup. Ct. N. C. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 281 N. C. 51 and 52, 187 S. E. 2d 702 and 703.


text:
    No. 72-5036.
    Chapa v. 1020 N. Quincey Street, Ltd., et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5037.
    Wilson v. Lash, Warden.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5040.
    Schafer v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5041.
    Hilliard v. California.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5042.
    DeFarlo et al. v. California.
   Ct. App. Cal., 2d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5043.
    Warriner v. Wiseheart et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5046.
    Ford v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5048.
    Dameron v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5049.
    Ramsdell v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5051.
    Bethea v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5052.
    Cox v. McNamara et al.
   Ct. App. Ore. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5055.
    Collins v. Maryland.
   Ct. Sp. App. Md. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5056.
    Long v. Alldredge, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5057.
    Thacker v. Slayton, Penitentiary Superintendent, et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5060.
    Diggs v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5064.
    Reilly v. Cauldwell-Wingate Co., Inc., et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5067.
    Wimberley et al. v. Lynch, Attorney General of California, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5074.
    Puco v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5078.
    Troy v. Kansas et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5076.
    Eskridge v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5081.
    Griffith v. Government of the Canal Zone.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5083.
    Bradley v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5084.
    Peel et al. v. Nichlos et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5086.
    Crutch, aka Jenkins v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5088.
    Walker v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5093.
    Gaines v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5097.
    Richerson v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5098.
    Verduzco-Macias v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5101.
    Serzysko v. Chase Manhattan Bank.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5105.
    Harkins v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5106.
    Smith v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5102.
    Spaulding v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5111.
    Harrison v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5115.
    Richardson v. Massachusetts.
   Sup. Jud. Ct. Mass. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5124.
    Fouchey v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5129.
    Harris v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5140.
    Trahan v. Cupp, Warden.
   Sup. Ct. Ore. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5142.
    Bueno v. Beto, Corrections Director.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5153.
    Leavitt v. Howard, Warden.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-5156.
    Sanders et al. v. Texas.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tex. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1012.
    Neil, Warden v. Phillips.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Motion of respondent for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1065.
    Wainwright, Corrections Director v. Ross.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Motion of respondent for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1148.
    Smith, Warden v. Smith.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Motion of respondent for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1324.
    Illinois v. Raymond.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Motion of respondent for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1579.
    Brown, Director, Virginia Department of Welfare and Institutions, et al. v. Woolfolk et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Motion of respondents for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1588.
    Florida v. Roberson.
   Sup. Ct. Fla. Motion of respondent for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1626.
    McMann, Warden v. Wright.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Motion of respondent for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1636.
    Elliott, Warden v. Taylor.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Motion of respondent for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1695.
    Manufacturers National Bank of Detroit v. Harris.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Motion of respondent for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-17.
    LaVallee, Correctional Superintendent v. Fitzgerald.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Motion of respondent for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-8.
    New Jersey et al. v. Woodard.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Motion of respondent for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1279.
    Sinclair v. Spatocco, aka Reed, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-1306.
    Pendergraft v. Cook, Penitentiary Superintendent.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-1359.
    Judice et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-1361.
    Simms v. Wyoming.
   Sup. Ct. Wyo. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-1452.
    Panas v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-1453.
    Brown v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-1469.
    Ghassemi et al. v. United States et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-1473.
    Dean et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-1501.
    Ruggirello v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-1491.
    Two Tracts of Land et al. v. Tennessee Valley Authority.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-1538.
    Blank v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-1573.
    Peltzman v. National Labor Relations Board.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-1574.
    Jalil v. Hampton, Chairman, United States Civil Service Commission.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-1603.
    Milnarik et al. v. M-S Commodities, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-1608.
    Johnson et al. v. Morton, Secretary of the Interior, et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-1614.
    Lowry et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-1624.
    Lewis v. Strachan Shipping Co. et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-6431.
    Nash v. Texas.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tex. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-1646.
    National Labor Relations Board v. May Department Stores Co.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-6448.
    Bastion v. Louisiana.
   Sup. Ct. La. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-6476.
    Kilbourne v. Louisiana.
   Sup. Ct. La. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-6490.
    McIntyre v. North Carolina.
   Sup. Ct. N. C. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-6500.
    Doherty v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-6508.
    Scott et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-6554.
    Miller v. Oklahoma.
   Ct. Crim. App. Okla. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-6566.
    Ware v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-6598.
    Fugate v. Gaffney.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-6617.
    Farries et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-6711.
    Leal et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-6741.
    Kelly et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-6760.
    Lasch v. Richardson, Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-6764.
    Evans v. Moseley, Warden.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-6781.
    Leano v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-6825.
    Dykes v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 72-37.
    Hoff v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 72-49.
    Frankel et al. v. Securities and Exchange Commission et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 72-60.
    Erdmann v. Stevens et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 72-116.
    Ragland v. Volpe, Secretary of Transportation, et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 72-108.
    Ostrowski v. Ohio.
   Sup. Ct. Ohio. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 72-5152.
    Byrd v. Lykes Brothers Steamship Co., Inc.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-1345.
    Crismon v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Motion to supplement petition granted. Certi-orari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1394.
    California Highway Commission et al. v. La Raza Unida of Southern Alameda County et al.
   Petitioner for certiorari before judgment to C. A. 9th Cir. Motion to dispense with printing respondents’ brief granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1401.
    No. 71-1451.
    No. 71-1539.
    Smith, Trustee v. Baker et al.; Iannotti, Trustee v. Baker et al.; and New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad Company First Mortgage 4% Bondholders Committee v. Baker et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari. Mr. Justice Blackmun took no part in the consideration or decision of these petitions.

Reported below: 457 F. 2d 683.


text:
    No. 71-1429.
    Particular Cleaners, Inc., et al. v. Commonwealth Edison Co.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari. Mr. Justice Powell took no part in the consideration or decision of this petition.


text:
    No. 72-6.
    Interstate Commerce Commission et al. v. Burlington Northern, Inc.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant cer-tiorari. Mr. Justice Powell took no part in the consideration or decision of this petition.


text:
    No. 71-1471.
    Pensec v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Motion to dispense with printing petition granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1483.
    Maselli v. California.
   Ct. App. Cal., 4th App. Dist. Motion to dispense with printing petition granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1525.
    Houle et al. v. Duvall, Commissioner of Labor.
   Sup. Ct. N. H. Motion to dispense with printing petition granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1620.
    Estate of Witkowski v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Motion to dispense with printing petition granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1666.
    Huie et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Motion to dispense with printing petition granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-22.
    Godwin v. Federal Land Bank of Houston.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Motion to dispense with printing petition granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-23.
    Godwin v. Woodward, Judge, et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Motion to dispense with printing petition granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-97.
    In re Hampden Valley Construction Co., Inc.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Motion to dispense with printing petition granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 72-130.
    Chamberlain v. Chamberlain.
   Ct. App. D. C. Motion to dispense with printing petition granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1505.
    Askew, Governor of Florida, et al. v. Aerojet-General Corp.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Motion to strike petitioners’ reply brief and certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1514.
    Berger v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Stewart would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 71-1522.
    Allgood et al. v. Brewer et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Powell took no part in the consideration or decision of this petition.


text:
    No. 71-1605.
    Pan American Match Inc. v. Sears, Roebuck & Co. et al.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Powell took no part in the consideration or decision of this petition.


text:
    No. 71-1627.
    Brotherhood of Railway, Airline & Steamship Clerks, Freight Handlers, Express & Station Employees et al. v. REA Express, Inc.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Powell took no part in the consideration or decision of this petition.


text:
    No. 71-1649.
    No. 71-1700.
    A-T-O, Inc., et al. v. Sperry Rand Corp.; and Sperry Rand Corp. v. A-T-O, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Powell took no part in the consideration or decision of these petitions.

Reported below: 447 F. 2d 1387 and 459 F. 2d 19.


text:
    No. 71-1628.
    Power Authority of New York v. Fadel et al.
   Ct. App. N. Y. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Powell took no part in the consideration or decision of this petition.


text:
    No. 71-1658.
    Seaboard Coast Line Railroad Co. v. McDaniel.
   Dist. Ct. App. Fla., 1st Dist. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Powell took no part in the consideration or decision of this petition.


text:
    No. 71-1680.
    No. 72-21.
    No. 72-24.
    No. 72-62.
    Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. et al. v. Rodes, Trustee in Bankruptcy, et al.; Metropolitan Government of Nashville et al. v. Rodes, Trustee in Bankruptcy, et al.; Koppers Co., Inc. v. Rodes, Trustee in Bankruptcy, et al.; and Wilson County, Tennessee v. Rodes, Trustee in Bankruptcy, et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Powell took no part in the consideration or decision of these petitions.

Reported below: 463 F. 2d 73.


text:
    No. 71-6803.
    Echeverria v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Powell took no part in the consideration or decision of this petition.


text:
    No. 72-93.
    American Oil Co. et al. v. City of Philadelphia et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Powell took no part in the consideration or decision of this petition.


text:
    No. 72-174.
    City Council of the City of Chicago et al. v. Cousins et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Marshall took no part in the consideration or decision of this petition.


text:
    No. 71-1546.
    Stapleton et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Marshall took no part in the consideration or decision of this petition.


text:
    No. 71-6895.
    Gradsky v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Marshall took no part in the consideration or decision of this petition.


text:
    No. 71-1596.
    Pennsylvania et al. v. United States et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Blackmun took no part in the consideration or decision of this petition.


text:
    No. 71-1604.
    Port of Houston Authority of Harris County, Texas v. International Organization of Masters, Mates & Pilots, AFL-CIO, et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Motion of Republic of Liberia for leave to file a brief as amicus curiae granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 71-1617.
    Schmitz v. Societe Internationale Pour Participations Industrielles et Commerciales, S. A.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice White took no part in the consideration or decision of this petition.


text:
    No. 71-1635.
    Keister v. Froehlke, Secretary of the Army, et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Motion to dispense with printing petition granted. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Douglas would grant certiorari.