source: Caselaw Access Project

author: Justice Thomas

license: Public Domain

text:
    ALASKA v. NATIVE VILLAGE OF VENETIE TRIBAL GOVERNMENT et al.
    No. 96-1577.
    Argued December 10, 1997
    Decided February 25, 1998

      Thomas, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.

      John G. Roberts, Jr., argued the cause for petitioner. With him on the briefs were Gregory G. Garre, Bruce M. Botelho, Attorney General of Alaska, Barbara J. Ritchie, Deputy Attorney General, and D. Rebecca Snow and Elizabeth J. Barry, Assistant Attorneys General.

      Heather R. Kendall-Miller argued the cause for respondents. With her on the brief was Lloyd Benton Miller.

       Briefs of amici curiae urging reversal were filed for the State of California et al. by Daniel E. Lungren, Attorney General of California, and Thomas F. Gede, Special Assistant Attorney General, and by the Attorneys General for their respective States as follows: Bill Pryor of Alabama, Grant Woods of Arizona, Gale A. Norton of Colorado, Rickard Blumenthal of Connecticut, Robert A. Butterworth of Florida, Jim Ryan of Illinois, Jeffrey A, Modisett of Indiana, Rickard P. Ieyoub of Louisiana, Scott Harshbarger of Massachusetts, Frank J. Kelley of Michigan, Mike Moore of Mississippi, Jeremiah (Jay) W. Nixon of Missouri, Joseph P. Mazurek of Montana, Frankie Sue Del Papa of Nevada, Dennis C. Voceo of New York, Michael F. Easley of North Carolina, Heidi Heitkamp of North Dakota, Mike Fisher of Pennsylvania, Betty D. Montgomery of Ohio, Jeffrey B. Pine of Rhode Island, Mark Barnett of South Dakota, Jan Graham of Utah, William H. Sorrell of Vermont, and William U. Hill of Wyoming; for the Alaska Fish & Wildlife Federation.and Outdoor Council, Inc., et al. by James Martin Johnson and Gregory Frank Cook; and for the Council of State Governments et al. by Richard Ruda, Charles F. Lettow, and Michael R. Lazerwitz.

      Briefs of amici curiae urging affirmance were filed for the Navajo Nation et al. by Paul E. Frye, Judith K Bush, and James R. Beilis; for the Tanana Chiefs Conference by Bertram E. Hirsch, Michael J. Walleri, Bñice J. Ennis, Jr., and Thomas Perrelli; for Koniag, Inc., by R. Collin Middleton, William H. Timme, and Timothy IK Seaver; and for Indian Law Professors by Richard B. Collins, David H. Getches, Raphael J. Moses, Robert N. Clinton, Carole E. Goldberg, and Ralph W. Johnson.

      Briefs of amici curiae were filed for the Alaska Federation of Natives et 'al. by Arlinda F. Locklear, David S. Case, Carol H. Daniel, Douglas Pope, Hans Walker, Jr., and Marsha Kostura Schmidt; for the Metlakatla Indian Community by S. Bobo Dean and Marsha Kostura Schmidt; and for Shee Atika, Inc., by Bruce N. Edwards.

   Justice Thomas

delivered the opinion of the Court.

In this ease, we must decide whether approximately 1.8 million acres of land in northern Alaska, owned in fee simple by the Native Village of Venetie Tribal Government pursuant to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, is “Indian country.” We conclude that it is not, and we therefore reverse the judgment below.

I

The Village of Venetie, which is located in Alaska above the Arctic Circle, is home to the Neets’aii Gwieh’in Indians. In 1948, the Secretary of the Interior created a reservation for the Neets’aii Gwieh’in out of the land surrounding Venetie and another nearby tribal village, Arctic Village. See App. to Pet. for Cert. 2a. This land, which is about the size of Delaware, remained a reservation until 1971, when Congress enacted the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA), a comprehensive statute designed to settle all land claims by Alaska Natives. See 85 Stat. 688, as amended, 43 U. S. C. § 1601 et seq.

In enacting ANCSA, Congress sought to end the sort of federal supervision over Indian affairs that had previously marked federal Indian policy. ANCSA’s text states that the settlement of the land claims was to be accomplished

“without litigation, with maximum participation by Natives in decisions affecting their rights and property, without establishing any permanent racially defined institutions, rights, privileges, or obligations, [and] without creating a reservation system or lengthy wardship or trusteeship.” § 1601(b) (emphasis added).

To this end, ANCSA revoked “the various reserves set aside ... for Native use” by legislative or Executive action, except for the Annette Island Reserve inhabited by the Met-lakatla Indians, and completely extinguished all aboriginal claims to Alaska land. §§ 1603, 1618(a). In return, Congress authorized the transfer of $962.5 million in state and federal funds and approximately 44 million acres of Alaska land to state-chartered private business corporations that were to be formed pursuant to the statute; all of the shareholders of these corporations were required to be Alaska Natives. §§ 1605, 1607, 1613. The ANCSA corporations received title to the transferred land in fee simple, and no federal restrictions applied to subsequent land transfers by them.

Pursuant to ANCSA, two Native corporations were established for the Neets’aii' Gwich’in, one in Venetie, and one in Arctic Village. In 1973, those corporations elected to make use of a provision in ANCSA allowing Native corporations to take title to former reservation lands set aside for Indians prior to 1971, in return for forgoing the statute’s monetary payments and transfers of nonreservation land. See § 1618(b). The United- States conveyed fee simple title to the land constituting the former Venetie Reservation to the two corporations as tenants in common; thereafter, the corporations transferred title to the land to the Native 'Village of Venetie Tribal Government (Tribe). ■

In 1986, the State of Alaska entered into a joint venture agreement with a private contractor for the construction of a public school in Yenetie, financed with state funds. In December 1986, the Tribe notified the contractor that it owed the Tribe approximately $161,000 in taxes for conducting business activities on the Tribe’s land. When both the contractor and the State, which under the joint venture agreement was the party responsible for paying the tax, refused to pay, the Tribe attempted to collect the tax in tribal court from the State, the school district, and the contractor.

The State then filed suit in Federal District Court for the District of Alaska and sought to enjoin collection of the tax. The Tribe moved to dismiss the State’s complaint, but the District Court denied the motion. It held that the Tribe’s AlNCSA lands were not Indian country within the meaning of 18 U. S. C. § 1151(b), which provides that Indian country includes all “dependent Indian communities within the borders of the United States”; as a result, “the Trib[e] [did] not have the power to impose a tax upon non-members of the tribe such as the plaintiffs.” Alaska ex rel. Yukon Flats School Dist. v. Native Village of Venetie Tribal Government, No. F87-0051 CV (HRH) (D. Alaska, Aug. 2, 1995), App. to Pet. for Cert. 79a.

The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed. 101 F. 3d 1286 (1996). The Court held that a six-factor balancing test should be used to interpret the term “dependent Indian communities” in § 1151(b), see id., at 1292-1293, and it summarized the requirements of that test as follows:

“[A] dependent Indian community requires a showing of federal set aside and federal superintendence. These requirements are to be construed broadly and should be informed in the particular case by a consideration of the following factors:
“(1) the nature of the area; (2) the relationship of the area inhabitants to Indian tribes and the federal government; (3) the established practice of government agen-eies toward that area; (4) the degree of federal ownership of and control over the area; (5) the degree of eohesiveness of the area inhabitants; and (6) the extent to which the area was set aside for the use, occupancy, and protection of dependent Indian peoples.” Id., at 1294.

Applying this test, the Court of Appeals concluded that the “federal set aside” and “federal superintendence” requirements were met and that the Tribe’s land was therefore Indian country. Id., at 1300-1802.

Judge Fernandez wrote separately. In his view, ANCSA was intended to be a departure from traditional Indian policy: “It attempted to preserve Indian tribes, but simultaneously attempted to sever them from the land; it attempted to leave them as sovereign entities for some purposes, but as sovereigns without territorial reach.” Id., at 1303. Noting that the majority’s holding called into question the status of all 44 million acres of land conveyed by ANCSA, he wrote that “[w]ere we writing on a clean slate, I would eschew the tribe’s request and would avoid creating the kind of chaos that the 92nd Congress wisely sought to avoid.” Id., at 1304. He nonetheless concluded that Ninth Circuit precedent required him to concur in the result. Ibid. We granted certiorari to determine whether the Court of Appeals correctly determined that the Tribe’s land is Indian country. 521 U. S. 1103 (1997).

h — 4 H-i

A

“Indian country” is currently defined at 18 U. S. C. § 1151. In relevant part, the statute provides:

“[T]he term Indian country . . ..means (a) all land within the limits of any Indian reservation under the jurisdiction of the United States Government. . . , (b) all dependent Indian communities within the borders of the United States whether within the original or subsequently acquired territory thereof, and whether within or without the limits of a state, and (c) all Indian allotments, the Indian titles to which have not been extinguished, including rights-of-way running through the same.”

Although this definition by its terms relates only to federal criminal jurisdiction, we have recognized that it also generally applies to questions of civil jurisdiction such as the one at issue here. See DeCoteau v. District County Court for Tenth Judicial Dist., 420 U. S. 425, 427, n. 2 (1975).

Because ANCSA revoked the Venetie Reservation, and because no Indian allotments are at issue, whether the Tribe’s land is Indian country depends on whether it falls within the “dependent Indian communities” prong of the statute, § 1151(b). Since 18 U. S. C. § 1151 was enacted in 1948, we have not had an occasion to interpret the term “dependent Indian communities.” We now hold that it refers to a limited category of Indian lands that are neither reservations nor allotments, and that satisfy two requirements — first, they must have been set aside by the Federal Government for the use of the Indians as Indian land; second, they must be under federal superintendence. Our holding is based on our conclusion that in enacting § 1151, Congress codified these two requirements, which previously we had held necessary for a finding of “Indian country” generally.

Before § 1151 was enacted, we held in three cases that Indian lands that were not reservations could be Indian country and that the Federal Government could therefore exercise jurisdiction over them. See United States v. Sandoval, 231 U. S. 28 (1913); United States v. Pelican, 232 U. S. 442 (1914); United States v. McGowan, 302 U. S. 535 (1938). The first of these cases, United States v. Sandoval, posed the question whether the Federal Government could constitutionally proscribe the introduction of “intoxicating liquor” into the lands of the Pueblo Indians. 231 U. S., at 36. We rejected the contention that federal power could not extend to the Pueblo lands because, unlike Indians living on reservations, the Pueblos owned their lands in fee simple. Id., at 48. We indicated that the Pueblos’ title was not fee simple title in the commonly understood sense of the term. Congress had recognized the Pueblos’ title to their ancestral lands by statute, and Executive orders had reserved additional public lands “for the [Pueblos’] use and occupancy.” Id., at 39. In addition, Congress had enacted legislation with respect to the lands “in the exercise of the Government’s guardianship over th[e] [Indian] tribes and their affairs,” id., at 48, including federal restrictions on the lands’ alienation. Congress therefore could exercise jurisdiction over the Pueblo lands, under its general power over “all dependent Indian communities within its borders, whether within its original territory or territory subsequently acquired, and whether within or without the limits of a State.” Id., at 46.

In United States v. Pelican, we held that Indian allotments — parcels of land created out of a diminished Indian reservation and held in trust by the Federal Government for the benefit of individual Indians — were Indian country. 232 U. S., at 449. We stated that the original reservation was Indian country “simply because it had been validly set apart for the use of the Indians as such, under the superintendence of the Government Ibid, (emphasis added). After the reservation’s diminishment, the allotments continued to be Indian country, as “the lands remained Indian lands set apart for Indians under governmental care;... we are unable to find ground for the conclusion that they became other than Indian country through the distribution into separate holdings, the Government retaining control.” Ibid.

In United States v. McGowan, we held that the Reno Indian Colony in Reno, Nevada, was Indian country even though it was not a reservation. 302 U. S., at 539. We reasoned that, like Indian reservations generally, the colony had been “Validly set apart for the use of the Indians ... under the superintendence of the Government.’” Ibid, (quoting United States v. Pelican, supra, at 449) (emphasis deleted). We noted that the Federal Government had created the colony by purchasing the land with “funds appropriated by Congress” and that the Federal Government held the colony’s land in trust for the benefit of the Indians residing there. 302 U. S., at 537, and n. 4. We also emphasized that the Federal Government possessed the authority to enact “regulations and protective laws respecting th[e] [colony’s] territory,” id., at 539, which it had exercised in retaining title to the land and permitting the Indians to live there. For these reasons, a federal statute requiring the forfeiture of automobiles carrying “intoxicants” into the Indian country applied to the colony; we noted that the law was an example of the protections that Congress had extended to all “‘dependent Indian communities’” within the territory of the United States. Id., at 538 (quoting United States v. Sandoval, supra, at 46) (emphasis deleted).

In each of these cases, therefore, we relied upon a finding of both a federal set-aside and federal superintendence in concluding that the Indian lands in question constituted Indian country and that it was permissible for the Federal Government to exercise jurisdiction over them. Section 1151 does not purport to alter this definition of Indian country, but merely lists the three different categories of Indian country mentioned in our prior eases: Indian reservations, see Donnelly v. United States, 228 U. S. 243, 269 (1913); dependent Indian communities, see United States v. McGowan, supra, at 538-539; United States v. Sandoval, supra, at 46; and allotments, see United States v. Pelican, supra, at 449. The entire text of § 1151(b), and not just the term “dependent Indian communities,” is taken virtually verbatim from Sandoval, which language we later quoted in McGowan. See United States v. Sandoval, supra, at 46; United States v. McGowan, supra, at 538. Moreover, the Historical and Revision Notes to the statute that enacted § 1151 state that § 1151’s definition of Indian country is based “on [the] latest construction of the term by the United States Supreme Court in U S. v. McGowan .. . following U. S. v. Sandoval. (See also Donnelly v. U.S.).... Indian allotments were included in the definition on authority of the case of U. S. v. Pelican.” See Notes to 1948 Act, following 18 U. S. C. § 1151, p. 276 (citations omitted).

We therefore must conclude that in enacting § 1151(b), Congress indicated that a federal set-aside and a federal superintendence requirement must be satisfied for a finding of a “dependent Indian community” — just as those requirements had to be met for a finding of Indian country before 18 U. S. C. § 1151 was enacted. These requirements are re-fleeted in the text of § 1151(b): The federal set-aside requirement ensures that the land in question is occupied by an “Indian community”; the federal superintendence requirement guarantees that the Indian community is sufficiently “dependent” on the Federal Government that the Federal Government and the Indians involved, rather than the States, are to exercise primary jurisdiction over the land in question.

B

The Tribe’s ANCSA lands do not satisfy either of these requirements. After the enactment of ANCSA, the Tribe’s lands are neither “validly set apart for the use of the Indians as such,” nor are they under the superintendence of the Federal Government.

With respect to the federal set-aside requirement, it is significant that ANCSA, far from designating Alaskan lands for Indian use, revoked the existing Venetie Reservation, and indeed revoked all existing reservations in Alaska “set aside by legislation or by Executive or Secretarial Order for Native use,” save one. 43 U. S. C. § 1618(a) (emphasis added). In no clearer fashion could Congress have departed from its traditional practice of setting aside Indian lands. Cf. Hagen v. Utah, 510 U. S. 399, 401 (1994) (holding that by diminishing a reservation and opening the diminished lands to settlement by non-Indians, Congress had extinguished Indian country on the diminished lands).

The Tribe argues — and the Court of Appeals majority agreed, see 101 F. 3d, at 1301-1302—that the ANCSA lands were set apart for the use of the Neets’aii Gwich’in, “as such,” because the Neets’aii Gwich’in acquired the lands pursuant to an ANCSA provision allowing Natives to take title to former reservation lands in return for forgoing all other ANCSA transfers. Brief for Respondents 40-41 (citing 43 U. S. C. § 1618(b)). The difficulty with this contention is that ANCSA transferred reservation lands to private, state-chartered Native corporations, without any restraints on alienation or significant use restrictions, and with the goal of avoiding “any permanent racially defined institutions, rights, privileges, or obligations.” § 1601(b); see also §§ 1607,1613. By ANCSA’s very design, Native corporations can immediately convey former reservation lands to non-Natives, and such corporations are not restricted to using those lands for Indian purposes. Because Congress contemplated that non-Natives could own the former Yenetie Reservation, and because the Tribe is free to use it for non-Indian purposes, we must conclude that the federal set-aside requirement is not met. Cf. United States v. McGowan, 302 U. S., at 538 (noting that the land constituting the Reno Indian Colony was held in trust by the Federal Government for the benefit of the Indians); see also United States v. Pelican, 232 U. S., at 447 (noting federal restraints on the alienation of the allotments in question).

Equally clearly, ANCSA ended federal superintendence over the Tribe’s lands. As noted above, ANCSA revoked the Venetie Reservation along with every other reservation in Alaska but one, see 43 U. S. C. § 1618(a), and Congress stated explicitly that ANCSA’s settlement provisions were intended to avoid a “lengthy wardship or trusteeship.” § 1601(b). After ANCSA, federal protection of the Tribe’s land is essentially limited to a statutory declaration that the land is exempt from adverse possession claims, real property taxes, and certain judgments as long as it has not been sold, leased, or developed. See § 1636(d). These protections, if they can be called that, simply do not approach the level of superintendence over the Indians’ land that existed in our prior cases. In each of those eases, the Federal Government actively controlled the lands in question, effectively acting as a guardian for the Indians. See United States v. McGowan, supra, at 537-539 (emphasizing that the Federal Government had retained title to the land to protect the Indians living there); United States v. Pelican, supra, at 447 (stating that the allotments were “under the jurisdiction and control of Congress for all governmental purposes, relating to the guardianship and protection of the Indians”); United States v. Sandoval, 231 U. S., at 37, n. 1 (citing federal statute placing the Pueblos’ land under the “ ‘absolute jurisdiction and control of the Congress of the United States’ ”). Finally, it is worth noting that Congress conveyed ANCSA lands to state-chartered and state-regulated private business corporations, hardly a choice that comports with a desire to retain federal superintendence over the land.

The Tribe contends that the requisite federal superintendence is present because the Federal Government provides “desperately needed health, social, welfare, and economic programs” to the Tribe. Brief for Respondents 28. The Court of Appeals majority found this argument persuasive. 101 F. 3d, at 1301. Our Indian country precedents, however, do not suggest that the mere provision of “desperately needed” social programs can support a finding of Indian country. Such health, education, and welfare benefits are merely forms of general federal aid; considered either alone or in tandem with ANCSA’s minimal land-related protections, they are not indicia of active federal control over the Tribe’s land sufficient to support a finding of federal superintendence.

The Tribe’s federal superintendence argument, moreover, is severely undercut by its view of ANCSA’s primary purposes, namely, to effect Native self-determination and to end paternalism in federal Indian relations. See, e. g., Brief for Respondents 44 (noting.that ANCSA’s land transfers “foster[ed] greater tribal self-determination” and “renounc[ed] [Bureau of Indian Affairs] paternalism”). The broad federal superintendence requirement for Indian country cuts against these objectives, but we are not free to ignore that requirement as codified in 18 U. S. C. § 1151. Whether the concept of Indian country should be modified is a question entirely for Congress.

The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed.

It is so ordered.

       Generally speaking, primary jurisdiction over land that is Indian country rests with the Federal Government and the Indian tribe inhabiting it, and not with the States. See, e. g., South Dakota v. Yankton Sioux Tribe, ante, at 343.

       As noted, only one Indian reservation, the Annette Island Reserve, survived ANCSA. Other Indian country exists in Alaska post-ANCSA only if the land in question meets the requirements of a "dependent Indian communit[y]” under our interpretation of § 1151(b), or if it constitutes “allotments” under § 1151(c).

       We had also held, not surprisingly, that Indian reservations were Indian country. See, e. g., Donnelly v. United States, 228 U. S. 243, 269 (1913).

       One such law was Rev. Stat. § 2116, 25 U. S. C. § 177, which rendered invalid any conveyance of Indian land not made by treaty or convention entered into pursuant to the Constitution, and which we later held applicable to the Pueblos. See United States v. Candelaria, 271 U. S. 432, 441-442 (1926).

       In attempting to defend the Court of Appeals’ judgment, the Tribe asks us to adopt a different conception of the term “dependent Indian communities.” Borrowing from Chief Justice Marshall’s seminal opinions in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 5 Pet. 1 (1831), and Worcester v. Georgia, 6 Pet. 515 (1832), the Tribe argues that the term refers to ‘political dependence, and that Indian country exists wherever land is owned by a federally recognized tribe. Federally recognized tribes, the Tribe contends, are “domestic dependent nations,” Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, supra, at 17, and thus ipso facto under the superintendence of the Federal Government. See Brief for Respondents 23-24.
      This argument ignores our Indian country precedents, whieh indicate both that the Federal Government must take some action setting apart the land for the use of the Indians “as such,” and that it is the land in question, and not merely the Indian tribe inhabiting it, that must be under the superintendence of the Federal Government. See, e. g., United States v. McGowan, 302 U. S. 535, 539 (1938) (“The Reno Colony has been validly set apart for the use of the Indians. It is under the superintendence of the Government. The Government retains title to the lands which it permits the Indians to occupy”); United States v. Pelican, 232 U. S. 442, 449 (1914) (noting that the Federal Government retained “ultimate control” over the allotments in question).

       The federal set-aside requirement also reflects the fact that because Congress has plenary power over Indian affairs, see U. S. Const., Art. I, § 8, cl. 3, some explicit action by Congress (or the Executive, acting under delegated authority) must be taken to create or to recognize Indian country.

       Although the Court of Appeals majority also reached the conclusion that § 1151(b) imposes federal set-aside and federal superintendence requirements, it defined those requirements far differently, by resort to its “textured” six-factor balancing test. See 101F. 3d 1286, 1293 (CA9 1996). Three of those factors, however, were extremely far removed from the requirements themselves: “the nature of the area”; “the relationship of the area inhabitants to Indian tribes and the federal government”; and “the degree of cohesiveness of the area inhabitants.” Id., at 1300-1301. The Court of Appeals majority, however, accorded those factors virtually the same weight as other, more relevant ones: “the degree of federal ownership of and control over the area,” and “the extent to which the area was set aside for the use, occupancy, and protection of dependent Indian peoples.” Id, at 1301. By balancing these “factors” against one another, the Court of Appeals reduced the federal set-aside and superintendence requirements to mere considerations.


text:
    October 6, 1997
    No. 96-1680.
    No. 96-1904.
    No. 96-2008.
    Silver, Speaker of the House for the New York State Assembly, et al. v. Diaz et al.; Acosta et al. v. Diaz et al.; and Lau et al. v. Diaz et al.
   Affirmed on appeals from D. C. E. D. N. Y. Reported below: 978 F. Supp. 96.


text:
    No. 96-1598.
    O’Leary et al. v. Mack et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Motion of respondent John Mack for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Certiorari granted, judgment vacated, and case remanded for further consideration in light of City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U. S. 507 (1997).


text:
    No. 96-1853.
    Burlington Northern Railroad Co. v. Estate of Red Wolf et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari granted, judgment vacated, and ease remanded for farther consideration in light of Strate v. A-1 Contractors, 520 U. S. 438 (1997).


text:
    No. 96-8308.
    Lancaster v. Florida.
   Sup. Ct. Fla. Motion of petitioner for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Certiorari granted, judgment vacated, and case remanded for further consideration in light of Lynce v. Mathis, 519 U. S. 433 (1997).


text:
    No. 96-8531.
    Lamb v. Singletary, Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections.
   Sup. Ct. Fla. Motion of petitioner for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Certiorari granted, judgment vacated, and case remanded for further consideration in light of Lynce v. Mathis, 519 U. S. 433 (1997).


text:
    No. 96-8978.
    Gomez v. DeTella, Warden.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Motion of petitioner for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Certiorari granted, judgment vacated, and case remanded for further consideration in light of Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U. S. 320 (1997).


text:
    No. 96-9072.
    Pitsonbarger v. Gramley, Warden.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Motion of petitioner for leave to proceed informa pauperis granted. Certiorari granted, judgment vacated, and case remanded for further consideration in light of Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U. S. 320 (1997).


text:
    No. A-185 (97-5685).
    Dwight B. v. Jerry Lynn C.
   Ct. App. Cal., 4th App. Dist. Application for stay, addressed to Justice Ginsburg and referred to the Court, denied.


text:
    No. A-196.
    Lynch et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Application for stay, addressed to Justice Thomas and referred to the Court, denied.


text:
    No. D-1794.
    In re Disbarment of Echols.
   Motion for reconsideration of order of disbarment denied. [For earlier order herein, see, e. g., 520 U. S. 1262.]


text:
    No. D-1809.
    In re Disbarment of Landan.
   Disbarment entered. [For earlier order herein, see 520 U. S. 1262.]


text:
    No. M-1.
    Guerrero-Martinez v. United States.
   Motion for leave to file petition for writ of certiorari under seal with redacted copies of the public record granted.


text:
    No. M-2.
    Webster v. Indiana.
   Motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis without an affidavit of indigency executed by petitioner denied.


text:
    No. M-3.
    Reynolds v. Caspari, Superintendent, Missouri Eastern Correctional Center, et al.
   Motion to direct the Clerk to file petition for writ of certiorari out of time under this Court’s Rule 14.5 denied.


text:
    No. M-4.
    No. M-5.
    No. M-6.
    No. M-7.
    Milton v. Southwestern Bell Telephone Co.; Molson et ux. v. Standard Federal Bank; Martinez v. Office of Personnel Management; Bardsley v. Powell, Trachtman, Logan, Carrle & Bowman et al.; McKay v. Toyota Motor Manufacturing, U. S. A., Inc.; Pearson v. John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co.; Weiss v. La Terraza Apartments; Boitnott v. Cascarano; and Hwa Ja Kim et al. v. Wills & Van Metre, Inc.
    No. M-10.
    No. M-11.
    No. M-13.
    No. M-14.
    No. M-15.
   Motions to direct the Clerk to file petitions for writs of certiorari out of time denied.


text:
    No. M-8.
    Bilzerian v. HSSM #7 Limited Partnership.
   Motion to direct the Clerk to file petition for writ of certiorari with an appendix not in compliance with this Court’s Rule 38.1 denied.


text:
    No. 105,
    Orig.
    Kansas v. Colorado.
   Second Report of the Special Master received and ordered filed. Exceptions to the Report with supporting briefs may be filed within 45 days. Replies, if any, with supporting briefs may be filed within 30 days. [For earlier order herein, see, e. g., 519 U. S. 1005.]


text:
    No. 96-552.
    No. 96-553.
    Agostini et al. v. Felton et al.; and Chancellor, Board of Education of the City of New York, et al. v. Felton et al.,
   521 U. S. 203. Motion of respondents to retax costs denied.


text:
    No. 96-1163.
    Mallott & Peterson et al. v. Stadtmiller et al.,
   520 U. S. 1239. Motion of respondent Beatrice Stadtmiller for attorney’s fees denied without prejudice to refiling in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.


text:
    No. 96-1570.
    No. 96-1793.
    No. 97-49.
    No. 97-144.
    NYNEX Corp. et al. v. Discon, Inc. Cedar Rapids Community School District v. Garret F., a Minor, by His Mother and Next Friend, Charlene F. Portland General Electric Co. v. Columbia Steel Casting Co., Inc. Pearson v. Hines.
   C. A. 2d Cir.;

C. A. 8th Cir.;

C. A. 9th Cir.; and

C. A. 9th Cir. The Acting Solicitor General is invited to file briefs in these cases expressing the views of the United States.


text:
    No. 96-1579.
    Brogan v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. [Certiorari granted, 520 U. S. 1263.] Motion of respondent Reinaldo Roman for leave to proceed further herein in forma pauperis granted.


text:
    No. 96-1769.
    Ohio Adult Parole Authority et al. v. Woodard.
   C. A. 6th Cir. [Certiorari granted, 521 U. S. 1117.] Motion for appointment of counsel granted, and it is ordered that Michael J. Benza, Esq., of Columbus, Ohio, be appointed to serve as counsel for respondent in this case.


text:
    No. 96-1936.
    Fairport International Exploration, Inc. v. Shipwrecked Vessel Known as Captain Lawrence, in rem, et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Motion of Columbus-America Discovery Group, Inc., for leave to file a brief as amicus curiae granted.


text:
    No. 96-1962.
    Cohen v. Little Six, Inc., dba Mystic Lake Casino.
   Sup. Ct. Minn. Motion of respondent for sanctions denied.


text:
    No. 96-7901.
    Trest v. Cain, Warden.
   C. A. 5th Cir. [Certiorari granted, 520 U. S. 1239.] Motion of petitioner to enlarge the record granted. Motion of respondent to enlarge the record granted.


text:
    No. 96-9413.
    No. 96-9513.
    No. 97-5124.
    In re Tyler; Arteaga v. California. In re Tyler.
   C. A. 9th Cir.; and

Motions of petitioners for leave to proceed informa pauperis denied. See this Court’s Rule 39.8. Petitioners are allowed until October 27, 1997, within which to pay the docketing fee required by Rule 38(a) and to submit petitions in compliance with Rule 33.1 of the Rules of this Court.


text:
    No. 97-472.
    Jones, Secretary of State of California v. Bates et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Motion of petitioner to expedite consideration of the petition for writ of certiorari before judgment denied.


text:
    No. 97-5051.
    No. 97-5299.
    No. 97-5770.
    DiGiovanni v. Pennsylvania. Talmage v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue. In re Johnson.
   Super. Ct. Pa.;

C. A. 4th Cir.; and

Motions of petitioners for leave to proceed in forma pauperis denied. Petitioners are allowed until October 27, 1997, within which to pay the docketing fee required by Rule 88(a) and to submit petitions in compliance with Rule 83.1 of the Rules of this Court.


text:
    No. 96-2044.
    No. 96-9360.
    No. 96-9503.
    No. 97-62.
    No. 97-370.
    No. 97-5087.
    No. 97-5121.
    No. 97-5173.
    No. 97-5273.
    No. 97-5288.
    No. 97-5358.
    No. 97-5499.
    No. 97-5547.
    No. 97-5682.
    No. 97-5772.
    In re Kost; In re Scott; In re Bennett; In re McDonald; In re Hope; In re Zani; In re Okoro; In re Carreiro; In re Smith; In re Anderson; In re Michaels; In re Pollard; In re Willis; In re Graves; and In re Moore.
   Petitions for writs of habeas corpus denied.


text:
    No. 96-8553.
    No. 96-9035.
    No. 96-9140.
    No. 96-9226.
    No. 96-9280.
    No. 96-9341.
    No. 96-9345.
    No. 96-9451.
    No. 96-9570.
    No. 97-179.
    No. 97-200.
    No. 97-222.
    No. 97-5103.
    No. 97-5134.
    No. 97-5242.
    No. 97-5243.
    No. 97-5244.
    No. 97-5257.
    No. 97-5332.
    No. 97-5371.
    In re Korando; In re Georgi; In re Thompson; In re Franklin; In re Scott; In re Reiman; In re Schaffer; In re Mays; In re Molina; In re Kornafel; In re United States ex rel. Haycock; In re Drobny et ux.; In re Lane; In re Banks; In re Clark; In re Clark; In re Clark; In re Franklin; In re Karagiannopoulos et al.; In re Baez; In re Akpaeti; and In re Lindow.
    No. 97-5461.
    No. 97-5585.
   Petitions for writs of mandamusdenied.


text:
    No. 96-1870.
    No. 96-9081.
    No. 96-9479.
    No. 96-9529.
    No. 97-5122.
    No. 97-5123.
    No. 97-5305.
    No. 97-5550.
    In re McMahon; In re Azubuko; In re Otis; In re Joyner Jennings; In re Bierley; In re Bierley; In re Wickware; and In re Lee.
   Petitions for writs and/or prohibition denied.


text:
    No. 96-1440.
    Still v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1550.
    No. 96-1551.
    Maryland State Department of Education, Division of Rehabilitation Services v. Department of Veterans Affairs et al.; and National Federation of the Blind et al. v. Department of Veterans Affairs et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 98 F. 3d 165.


text:
    No. 96-1556.
    Lough v. Brunswick Corp., dba Mercury Marine.
   C. A. Fed. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1557.
    Calhoon v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1559.
    Owens v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1595.
    No. 96-1596.
    Arizona et al. v. United States et al.; and California et al. v. United States et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 104 F. 3d 1095 (No. 96-1595) and 1086 (No. 96-1596).


text:
    No. 96-1607.
    Duwamish Indian Tribe et al. v. United States et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1614.
    No. 96-1814.
    Loder v. City of Glendale et al.; and City of Glendale et al. v. Loder.
   Sup. Ct. Cal. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 14 Cal. 4th 846, 927 P. 2d 1200.


text:
    No. 96-1617.
    Pueblo of Santa Ana et al. v. Kelly, United States Attorney for the District of New Mexico, et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1627.
    Van Zelst et al. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1648.
    Richenberg v. Cohen, Secretary of Defense, et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1653.
    Osaren v. Immigration and Naturalization Service.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1661.
    Amcor Capital Corp. et al. v. Goolkasian et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1695.
    Attala County et al. v. Teague et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1703.
    Bush & Burchett, Inc. v. Herman, Secretary of Labor, et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1717.
    Free Air Corp. v. Federal Communications Commission.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1720.
    Jones v. Texas.
   Ct. App. Tex., 9th Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1733.
    Feezor et al. v. Babbitt, Secretary of the Interior, et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1738.
    Rybar v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1740.
    Geske & Sons, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1743.
    Johnson & Higgins, Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1753.
    County of Napa v. Schutt.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1758.
    McClure et vir v. City of Long Beach et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1759.
    Kirk v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1760.
    Hill et ux. v. Gateway 2000, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1762.
    Washington Restaurant Management, Inc. v. Vons Cos., Inc.
   Sup. Ct. Cal. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1763.
    Spiegel v. Mescall et al.
   App. Ct. Ill., 1st Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1764.
    Spiegel et ux. v. Hollywood Towers Condominium Assn. et al.
   App. Ct. Ill., 2d Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1770.
    Miller et al. v. Provenz et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1772.
    Flick v. Weddington Productions, Inc.
   Ct. App. Cal., 2d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1773.
    Astoria Federal Savings & Loan Assn. v. New York et al.
   App. Div., Sup. Ct. N. Y., 2d Jud. Dept. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1782.
    Adams et al. v. Cumberland Farms, Inc., et al.
   Sup. Jud. Ct. Mass. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1785.
    Discon, Inc. v. NYNEX Corp. et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1786.
    Illinois v. Krueger.
   Sup. Ct. Ill. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1787.
    Dana Corp., Parish Division v. Newton.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1788.
    Citizens United v. United States et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1789.
    Martinez-Serrano v. Immigration and Naturalization Service.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1791.
    Flinn v. Prudential Property & Casualty Insurance Co. et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1792.
    Overbeek v. Heimbecker et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1794.
    Soon Duck Kim et al. v. City of New York.
   Ct. App. N. Y. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1795.
    Dorand v. Right Up Your Alley, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1797.
    Henson v. City of Greensboro.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1798.
    Leap et al. v. Malone et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1799.
    Reidy et al. v. Travelers Insurance Co.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1800.
    Rini v. United Van Lines, Inc.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1801.
    Smolko v. GTE Service Corp.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1802.
    Durham v. Health Net et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1804.
    Hwang v. Harris et al.
   Ct. App. Cal., 4th App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1805.
    Doe et al. v. Sundquist, Governor of Tennessee, et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1806.
    Maryland Psychiatric Society, Inc. v. Wasserman, Secretary, Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1809.
    Reinert v. Pennsylvania.
   Super. Ct. Pa. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1813.
    IBP, Inc., et al. v. Wilson.
   Sup. Ct. Iowa. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1815.
    Vollert v. City of Houston.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1816.
    Prodell et al. v. New York et al.
   App. Div., Sup. Ct. N. Y., 3d Jud. Dept. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1818.
    Federal Election Commission v. Maine Right To Life Committee, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1819.
    Doe v. Massachusetts Department of Social Services et al.
   Sup. Jud. Ct. Mass. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1820.
    Gold, Chapter 7 Trustee for Detrick, et al. v. Panalpina, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1821.
    Brown et ux. v. Shalala, Secretary of Health and Human Services.
   C. A. Fed. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1822.
    Rosano v. Adelphi University et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1826.
    Halash v. Michigan.
   Cir. Ct. Wayne County, Mich. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1827.
    Hess, on Behalf of Hess et al., Minors v. Hess.
   C. A. 6th. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1828.
    Chaparro v. IBP, Inc.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1831.
    Robertson et ux. v. City of South Gate et al.
   Ct. App. Cal., 2d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1832.
    Smith v. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Kansas, Inc.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1833.
    Gardner et ux. v. Stager et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1836.
    Brochu v. Texas.
   Ct. App. Tex., 14th Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1837.
    Houston Brokerage, Inc., et al. v. McDonald et ux., Individually and as Next Friends and Guardians of McDonald, a Minor, et al.
   Ct. App. Tex., 13th Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1838.
    Alexander v. Rush North Shore Medical Center.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1840.
    Cochran v. Planned Parenthood Association of San Mateo County et al.
   Ct. App. Cal., 1st App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1841.
    Louisiana et al. v. Mistretta et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1843.
    Smith v. United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1844.
    MMP Investments, Inc. v. Lander Co., Inc.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1847.
    New Mexico Energy, Minerals and Natural Resources Department et al. v. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1848.

    Yoder et vir v. Honeywell, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1849.
    Lary v. Chater, Commissioner of Social Security, et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1851.
    Jones v. Watson et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1854.
    Cvelbar v. CBI-Illinois, Inc.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1855.
    Schultz v. McDonnell Douglas Corp.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1856.
    Rhomberg et al. v. Wilson, Governor of California, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1858.
    Cole v. Kimberly-Clark Corp.
   C. A. Fed. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1860.
    Hanrahan v. Williams et al.
   Sup. Ct. Ill. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1861.
    Fetty et al. v. Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1862.
    First Jersey Securities, Inc., et al. v. Securities and Exchange Commission.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1863.
    Hindera v. Thai et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1864.
    Frohne v. Texas.
   Ct. App. Tex., 1st Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1867.
    Libertarian Party of Florida et al. v. Smith, Florida Secretary of State, et al.
   Sup. Ct. Fla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1871.
    Maxwell v. Bratton, Police Commissioner, New York City Police Department, et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1874.
    Chalmers v. Tulon Company of Richmond.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1875.
    Hooker v. Producers Tractor Co.
   Sup. Ct. Ark. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1877.
    Fields v. Estate of Fields et al.
   Dist. Ct. App. Fla., 4th Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1878.
    Omni Homes, Inc. v. Board of Supervisors, Prince William County, Virginia.
   Sup. Ct. Va. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1879.
    Sammarco v. Ford Motor Co.
   Sup. Ct. Minn. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1881.
    Gazza v. New York Department of Environmental Conservation.
   Ct. App. N. Y. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1882.
    Ehrlander v. Department of Transportation of Alaska et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1883.
    Fehn v. Securities and Exchange Commission.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1885.
    Frillz, Inc. v. Alvarez, Administrator of Small Business Administration.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1886.
    Becker v. Pena, Secretary of Energy, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1887.
    Zschach et al. v. Lucas, Prendergast, Albright, Gibson & Newman et al.
   Ct. App. Ohio, Franklin County. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1888.
    Tatum v. Vanliner Insurance Company of Fenton, Missouri.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1889.
    Musco Corp. et al. v. Qualite, Inc., dba Qualite Sports Lighting, Inc.
   C. A. Fed. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1890.
    Berellez et al. v. Alvarez-Machain.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1891.
    Mikkilineni v. City of Houston et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1892.
    McLamb v. Arizona.
   Ct. App. Ariz. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1893.
    Jenkins v. Eighth District Court Clerks et al.
   Sup. Ct. Utah. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1894.
    Tanford et al. v. Brand et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1895.
    MW Ag, Inc., et al. v. New Hampshire Insurance Co.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1897.
    Mid South Controls & Services, Inc. v. Hebert.
   Ct. App. La., 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1900.
    Arizona v. Wright.
   Ct. App. Ariz. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1901.
    Emerson, dba Emerson Aviation v. United States.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1902.
    Butler v. General Motors Corp.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1905.
    Rainbow Group, Ltd., et al. v. Casey et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1906.
    Lowe v. Nueces County, Texas.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1907.
    Olivares v. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1908.
    McDevitt v. Disciplinary Board of the Supreme Court of New Mexico et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1909.
    Foster v. International Business Machines Corp. et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1910.
    Felinska v. New England Teamsters and Trucking Industry Pension Fund.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1911.
    Nicholson v. Nevada State Bar.
   Sup. Ct. Nev. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1912.
    Wagstaff v. Virginia.
   Ct. App. Va. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1913.
    Hodge v. Dalton, Secretary of the Navy.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1914.
    Delnero v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1915.
    Kelly et al. v. Staples et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1916.
    Quinn-L Capital Corp. et al. v. Royal Insurance Company of America et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1917.
    Hawkins, Individually and as Personal Representative of the Estate of Gilliam, Deceased v. McNeil Pharmaceutical.
   Ct. App. D. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1919.
    DP Partners, Limited Partnership, et al. v. Hall Financial Group, Inc.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1920.
    In re Acuna.
   Sup. Ct. Cal. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1924.
    Knox v. Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles and Public Safety.
   Sup. Ct. Nev. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1926.
    Williams et vir v. Franklin First Federal Savings Bank et al.
   Super. Ct. Pa. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1927.
    City of Dallas et al. v. Kirks et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1928.
    Lower Brule Sioux Tribe v. South Dakota.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1929.
    Green v. Philadelphia Housing Authority et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1930.
    Garen v. Supreme Court of Washington et al.
   Sup. Ct. Wash. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1932.
    Mainiero v. Jordan, Administrator, Wisconsin Department of Probation and Parole, et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1933.
    E. F., a Minor, By and Through Mississippi Protection and Advocacy System, Inc., as Guardian ad Litem, et al. v. Scafidi, Director, Division of Children and Youth Services, Department of Mental Health, et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1934.
    Beverly Health and Rehabilitation Services, Inc. v. Feinstein, General Counsel, National Labor Relations Board.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1935.
    Spiegel v. City of Chicago et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1937.
    Jackson Square Associates v. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Buffalo Office-Region II.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1938.
    WesBanco Bank Barnesville, fka First National Bank of Barnesville v. Customer Creditors.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1939.
    Norton v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1940.
    Jaques Admiralty Law Firm v. ACandS, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1941.
    Kitze v. Virginia.
   Ct. App. Va. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1942.
    CMI, Inc. v. Intoximeters, Inc., et al.
   C. A. Fed. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1943.
    Stallworth v. Herman, Secretary of Labor.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1944.
    Norton et al. v. Federal Trade Commission et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1945.
    Musser v. Damrow et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1946.
    Nielson v. Syrett Corp.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1947.
    Stanton v. District of Columbia Court of Appeals.
   Ct. App. D. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1949.
    Smelser v. Norfolk & Western Railway Co.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1950.
    Trivedi v. Cooper.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1951.
    Vaught et al. v. Showa Denko K. K. et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1952.
    Holt v. Lewis et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1953.
    Knox et vir v. Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corp.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1954.
    Ballenger v. North Carolina.
   Sup. Ct. N. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1955.
    Holsum Bakers of Puerto Rico, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1956.
    Cole v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1958.
    City of Oceanside et al. v. Shafer.
   Ct. App. Cal., 4th App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1959.
    Mayer, Executrix of the Estate of Mayer, Deceased v. Cornell University et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1960.
    Wang Laboratories, Inc. v. Mitsubishi Electronics America, Inc., et al.
   C. A. Fed. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1961.
    Gordon v. Board of Education for the City of New York.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1964.
    No. 97-5255.
    Merriam v. United States; and Hayes v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 108 F. 3d 1162.


text:
    No. 96-1965.
    Martin v. Shaw's Supermarkets, Inc.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1966.
    Valsamis, Inc., et al. v. Cornhill Insurance PLC et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1967.
    Aroma Manufacturing, Inc. v. Alternative Pioneering Systems, Inc., dba American Harvest (two judgments).
   C. A. Fed. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1968.
    Grant v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1969.
    River Oaks Furniture, Inc., et al. v. Ansin et al.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1970.
    No. 96-2035.
    Shretta et al. v. City of Marietta et al.; and Varsalona’s Italian Restaurant, dba Boomer’s, et al. v. City of Marietta et al.
   Sup. Ct. Ga. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 267 Ga. 683, 482 S. E. 2d 347.


text:
    No. 96-1972.
    Derthick et al. v. Bassett-Walker, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1973.
    Lu v. Hadlock et al.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1974.
    Credicorp, Inc., et al. v. Department of Banking and Finance of Florida.
   Sup. Ct. Fla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1975.
    Coulter et al. v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.; Smith v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.; and Corriere et al. v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1976.
    Soto v. Flores et al.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1977.
    No. 96-9480.
    No. 97-320.
    No. 97-5688.
    Lied v. United States; Wallace v. United States; Gallegos v. United States; and Pena-Rodriguez v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 110 F. 3d 1120.


text:
    No. 96-1978.
    Ramos v. Nemetz et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1979.
    Hennon v. Cooper, Warden.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1980.
    Del Buono v. Reynolds Weigel et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1981.
    Bell v. Planned Parenthood League of Massachusetts, Inc.
   Sup. Jud. Ct. Mass. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1983.
    Cobb v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1984.
    Crow Tribe of Indians v. Montana et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1985.
    Hume v. Wallis et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1986.
    Naro et ux. v. Hamilton Township et al.
   Super. Ct. N. J., App. Div. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1989.
    Louis E. Olivero & Associates et al. v. Western States Insurance Co. et al.
   App. Ct. Ill., 3d Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1990.
    Sanders v. Fulton County Board of Education et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1991.
    Swaffar v. Swaffar, Executor of the Estate of Swaffar, Deceased.
   Sup. Ct. Ark. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1992.
    Rabin et ux. v. America’s Favorite Chicken Co. et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1993.
    Carlisle v. Robinett.
   Ct. App. Tex., 2d Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1994.
    Denty v. SmithKline Beecham Corp.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1995.
    Cohen v. Tirabassi.
   Cir. Ct. Howard County, Md. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1996.
    Gordon et al. v. County of Rockland.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1997.
    Zimmer v. Naumann, Parish Council Chairperson, et al.
   Ct. App. Minn. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1998.
    Tyrrel v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-1999.
    McLaughlin v. Washington State Bar Assn. et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2000.
    MGM Grand Air, Inc. v. Miceli et ux.
   Ct. App. Cal., 2d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2001.
    Texas Pharmacy Assn. et al. v. Prudential Insurance Company of America.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2003.
    Grenell v. Conforti et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2004.
    Sundell v. Cisco System, Inc.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2005.
    Texas v. Cook.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tex. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2006.
    Roggio v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2007.
    Smith v. Gordon County et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2009.
    Rocanova v. United States et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2010.
    Rhymer v. Yokohama Tire Corp.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2011.
    Riggins et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2012.
    Lu v. Choate, Halls & Stewart et al.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2013.
    Pate v. Service Merchandise Co., Inc., et al.
   Ct. App. Term. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2014.
    Steele v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2015.
    Fidelity Technologies Corp. v. Butler et al.
   Ct. App. La., 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2016.
    Donohoo et al. v. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2017.
    Snap-Drape, Inc. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2019.
    Kranyik v. City of West Melbourne et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2020.
    Houston v. Finnell et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2021.
    Bouye et al. v. South Carolina.
   Sup. Ct. S. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2022.
    Hudson, By and Through Her Parent, Hudson v. Bloomfield Hills Public Schools et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2023.
    O’Hara v. Bayliner et al.
   Ct. App. N.Y. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2024.
    Moran v. Moran.
   Ct. App. Ariz. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2025.
    No. 96-9447.
    No. 97-5730.
    No. 97-5754.
    Jefferson v. United States; Archer v. United States; McNealy v. United States; and Brazel v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 102 F. 3d 1120.


text:
    No. 96-2026.
    Dunn v. Miami Herald Publishing Co. et al.
   Dist. Ct. App. Fla., 3d Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2027.
    Charly International et al. v. MCA Records, Inc.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2028.
    Tu Ying Chen, Individually, and as Administratrix of the Estate of Shou Fong Chen v. Schramm et al.
   Ct. App. Colo. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2029.
    Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co., fka Burlington Northern Railroad Co. v. Byrd.
   Ct. App. Mo., Eastern Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2030.
    Guido et al. v. Cuvo et al.
   Commw. Ct. Pa. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2031.
    City of New Orleans v. Department of Labor.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2032.
    Schlotz et ux. v. Hyundai Motor Co. et al.
   Ct. App. Minn. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2033.
    McArty v. Norris, Director, Arkansas Department of Correction.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2034.
    SFIC Properties, Inc. v. International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, District Lodge 94, Local Lodge 311, aka IAMAWD.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2036.
    Waugh v. Internal Revenue Service.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2037.
    Schaffer et ux. v. AgriBank, FCB, et al.
   Ct. App. Minn. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2038.
    No. 96-2043.
    No. 96-2049.
    No. 96-2050.
    Sutton v. United States; Novoa v. United States; Jobe v. United States; and Jobe v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 101 F. 3d 1046.


text:
    No. 96-2039.
    Campfield v. Connecticut.
   App. Ct. Conn. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2040.
    KCAL-TV Channel 9 v. Los Angeles News Service.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2042.
    Gray v. Idaho.
   Ct. App. Idaho. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2047.
    Copanos v. Food and Drug Administration et al.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2048.
    Aburahmah v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2051.
    Healthpartners of Southern Arizona, dba Partners Health Plan of Arizona, Inc. v. Atkins.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2052.
    Becerra, Individually and as Next Friend of Doe, a Minor v. Houston Independent School District et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2053.
    Cooke v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-2055.
    Harvard v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8088.
    Gately v. Pennsylvania.
   Super. Ct. Pa. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8311.
    Ginn v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8312.
    Faulkner v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8368.

    Pollard v. Edgar, Governor of Illinois, et al.
   Sup. Ct. Ill. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8379.
    Cooper v. Taylor, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8436.
    Adkins v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8470.
    Female Juvenile v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8478.
    Prior v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8489.
    Thomas v. North Carolina.
   Sup. Ct. N. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8501.
    Albano Santos v. Immigration and Naturalization Service.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8548.
    Walker v. Texas.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tex. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8569.
    Gutierrez-Tavares v. Immigration and Naturalization Service.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8580.
    Singleton v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8589.
    Howard v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8598.
    Tagbering v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8694.
    Thompson v. Brown, Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
   C. A. Fed. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8719.
    Lavalais v. Louisiana.
   Sup. Ct. La. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8721.
    Mathis v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8730.
    Green v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8769.
    Pondexter v. Texas.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tex. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8793.
    Thacker v. Texas.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tex. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8823.
    Janecka v. Texas.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tex. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8845.
    Geddie v. North Carolina.
   Sup. Ct. N. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8851.
    Baldwin v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8870.
    Hartley v. Florida.
   Sup. Ct. Fla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8873.
    Ruff v. Smith, Warden.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8875.
    Stroud v. North Carolina.
   Sup. Ct. N. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8883.
    Moreno v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8897.
    Norville et ux. v. Dell Corp.
   App. Ct. Ill., 2d Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8900.
    Angello v. Northern Mariana Islands et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8901.
    Argueta v. California.
   Sup. Ct. Cal. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8904.
    Gates v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8905.
    Schwarz v. Spalding.
   Sup. Ct. Utah. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8908.
    Roberts v. Glanz.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8909.
    Towns v. Illinois.
   Sup. Ct. Ill. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8918.
    Atherton v. Arlington County Board et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8922.
    Hualde-Redin et al. v. Royal Bank of Puerto Rico et al.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8924.
    Allen v. Dilley et al.
   Ct. App. Ore. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8925.
    Burns v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8926.
    Carson v. Charter Medical.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8927.
    DeLong v. City of Strongsville et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8929.
    Drake v. Arizona.
   Ct. App. Ariz. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8930.
    Davis v. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8943.
    McKnight v. Missouri Division of Family Services et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8945.
    Morgan v. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8946.
    Rakov v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8958.
    McIntyre v. Carter, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8963.
    Jarrett v. Toxic Action Wash et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8964.
    Johnson v. Welby et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8965.
    McKinney v. Oklahoma.
   Ct. Crim. App. Okla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8966.
    Chambers v. Pennsylvania.
   Sup. Ct. Pa. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8967.
    Bell v. Texas.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tex. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8969.
    Sales v. Arkansas.
   Sup. Ct. Ark. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8970.
    Harris v. Mississippi.
   Sup. Ct. Miss. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8971.
    Fabian v. De Restrepo et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8972.
    Derden v. Anderson, Superintendent, Mississippi State Penitentiary, et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8973.
    Hudson-Gardner v. South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8975.
    Hairston v. Love, Superintendent, State Correctional Institution at Huntingdon, et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8976.
    Esteves v. Brock et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8982.
    Barker v. TCF Bank Savings FSB.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8983.
    Panos v. Oliver.
   Sup. Ct. Wash. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8984.
    Carter v. Ontiveros et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8988.
    Harrison v. Bailey et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8989.
    Crislip v. Newton, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8991.
    Lowe v. Oklahoma.
   Ct. Crim. App. Olda. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8993.
    Moss v. Illinois.
   App. Ct. Ill., 5th Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-8999.
    Sample v. Tennessee.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tenn. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9001.
    Hacker v. Hacker.
   Ct. App. Wash. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9003.
    Graves v. Oklahoma.
   Ct. Crim. App. Okla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9004.
    Eneias v. Singletary, Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections.
   Sup. Ct. Fla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9009.
    Wilson v. Texas.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tex. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9011.
    Taylor v. North Carolina.
   Super. Ct. N. C., Cumberland County. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9012.
    Rogovich v. Arizona.
   Sup. Ct. Ariz. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9017.
    Willis v. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9018.
    Washington v. Louisiana Department of Corrections et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9019.
    Trusty v. Parker, Warden.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9021.
    Mathura v. Council for Human Services Home Care Services, Inc.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9024.
    Morrison v. Hall, Director, Oregon Department of Corrections, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9026.
    Michau v. Orr et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9028.
    Alvarez v. California.
   Sup. Ct. Cal. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9030.
    Soto v. United States.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9031.
    Moore v. Gomez et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9033.
    Meza v. United States District Court for the Central District of California.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9037.
    Delaney v. Troutman et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9040.
    Stewart v. Kyler, Superintendent, State Correctional Institution and Diagnostic/Classification Center, Camp Hill, et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9041.
    Starr v. Shillinger, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9047.
    Valentine v. Florida.
   Sup. Ct. Fla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9050.
    Rosemond v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9052.
    McGraw v. Mississippi.
   Sup. Ct. Miss. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9056.
    McMillan v. New York.
   App. Div., Sup. Ct. N. Y., 4th Jud. Dept. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9057.
    Lawrence v. Gammon, Superintendent, Moberly Correctional Center.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9058.
    Mejias v. Connecticut.
   App. Ct. Conn. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9062.
    Prellwitz v. Wisconsin.
   Ct. App. Wis. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9063.
    Pesek v. Lincoln County et al.
   Ct. App. Wis. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9064.
    Charron v. Thompson et al.
   Sup. Ct. Mo. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9065.
    Schaffer v. Kirkland et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9074.
    Bennett v. Texas.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tex. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9075.
    Pyle v. California.
   Ct. App. Cal., 3d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9076.
    Whitfield v. Missouri.
   Sup. Ct. Mo. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9078.
    Wright v. Pennsylvania.
   Super. Ct. Pa. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9080.
    Booker v. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9082.
    Spriggs et al. v. United States.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9083.
    Sanders v. United States.
   C. A. Fed. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9084.
    Reitz v. Pennsylvania.
   Sup. Ct. Pa. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9085.
    Reeves v. Novak et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9086.
    Stouffer v. Oklahoma.
   Ct. Crim. App. Okla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9087.
    J. A., a Juvenile v. Florida.
   Dist. Ct. App. Fla., 3d Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9088.
    Whitfield v. Prunty, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9089.
    Taha v. Smith et al.
   Ct. App. Ind. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9090.
    Thompson v. Kentucky.
   Cir. Ct. Kenton County, Ky. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9091.
    Whitson v. Schermer, Chief Bankruptcy Judge, United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Missouri, et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9093.
    Williams v. Allstate Insurance Co.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9095.
    Hoskins v. State Bar of California.
   Sup. Ct. Cal. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9097.
    Hoke v. Arizona.
   Ct. App. Ariz. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9099.
    Frazer v. Millington et al.
   Sup. Ct. Va. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9106.
    Johnson v. Oklahoma.
   Ct. Crim. App. Okla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9107.
    Myers v. Michela.
   Ct. App. Ariz. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9108.
    Jones v. Texas.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tex. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9109.
    Lomax v. Landwehr et al.
   Ct. App. Wis. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9111.
    Kennedy v. State Bar of California.
   Sup. Ct. Cal. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9113.
    Arteaga v. United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9118.
    Fraction v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9119.
    Antonov v. County of Los Angeles Department of Public Social Services.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9121.
    Tate v. Massachusetts.
   Sup. Jud. Ct. Mass. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9125.
    Spradlin v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9126.
    Padron v. California.
   Ct. App. Cal., 2d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9141.
    Perez v. Vaughn, Superintendent, State Correctional Institution at Graterford, et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9143.
    Curry v. North Carolina.
   Ct. App. N.C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9144.
    Aybar v. Drug Enforcement Administration et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9146.
    Brown v. New York.
   App. Div., Sup. Ct. N. Y., 1st Jud. Dept. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9148.
    Moore v. Louis et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9154.
    Wiedmer v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9155.
    Williams v. Borg, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9156.
    Bailey v. Ignacio, Warden.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9161.
    Mungin v. Florida.
   Sup. Ct. Fla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9163.
    Matthews v. Moore, Director, South Carolina Department of Corrections, et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9166.
    Hare v. Sacchett, Acting Warden, et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9167.
    Hughes v. City of Cleveland.
   Ct. App. Ohio, Cuyahoga County. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9169.
    Harris v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9170.
    Hernandez v. Florida et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9176.
    DuPont v. Massachusetts Department of Correction et al.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9177.
    DuPont v. DuBois, Commissioner, Massachusetts Department of Correction, et al.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9178.
    Thompson v. Kentucky.
   Ct. App. Ky. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9180.
    Jafar v. California.
   Sup. Ct. Gal. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9182.
    Kilgore v. Florida.
   Sup. Ct. Fla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9183.
    Neal v. Gramley, Warden.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9184.
    Camarano v. United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9188.
    Craver v. Pennsylvania.
   Sup. Ct. Pa. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9190.
    Carter v. Sargent, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9191.
    Antonelli v. Foster et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9192.
    Van Houten v. Massachusetts.
   Sup. Jud. Ct. Mass. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9194.
    Taylor v. Hanks, Superintendent, Wabash Valley Correctional Institute.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9195.
    Woods v. Mutual of Omaha.
   Ct. App. Tenn. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9196.
    Arteaga v. Santa Clara Department of Family and Children's Services.
   Ct. App. Cal., 6th App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9197.
    Arteaga v. California.
   Ct. App. Cal., 6th App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9198.
    Reid v. United States District Court for the District of New Jersey.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9200.
    Robinson v. Trigg, Superintendent, Reception Diagnostic Center, Plainfield.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9201.
    Fultz v. White, Superintendent, Algoa Correctional Center.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9202.
    Siegel v. California Federal Bank.
   Ct. App. Cal., 2d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9203.
    Rowell v. Texas.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tex. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9204.
    Proctor v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9210.
    Boyd v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9211.
    Casterline v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9214.
    Sayles v. Illinois.
   App. Ct. Ill., 3d Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9215.
    Rush v. Virginia.
   Sup. Ct. Va. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9216.
    Fowler v. Moore, Director, South Carolina Department of Corrections, et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9217.
    Dike v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9218.
    Gelabert v. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division, et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9219.
    Gee v. Oklahoma.
   Ct. Crim. App. Okla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9221.
    Dennis v. Butterworth, Attorney General of Florida, et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9223.
    French v. Thomas, Sheriff, Harris County, Texas, et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9224.
    Higgins v. Higgins et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9227.
    Moore et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9228.
    Magwood v. Alabama.
   Ct. Crim. App. Ala. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9229.
    McGinnis v. Brown, Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9230.
    Moore v. Parmenter, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9231.
    Lenhart v. Oklahoma.
   Ct. Crim. App. Okla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9232.
    Johninson v. Norris, Director, Arkansas Department of Correction.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9233.
    Strang v. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9234.
    Sublett v. Illinois.
   App. Ct. Ill., 1st Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9236.
    Lyle v. Magnolia State Enterprises, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9238.
    Williams v. Thalacker, Superintendent, North Central Correctional Facility.
   C. A. 8th Gir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9240.
    Wilson v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9241.
    Walker v. Appellate Division, Supreme Court of New York, First Judicial Department, et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9242.
    Welsand v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9245.
    No. 97-5056.
    No. 97-5159.
    Carlson v. United States; Brewer v. United States; and Hubert v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 110 F. 3d 793.


text:
    No. 96-9246.
    Haight v. Kentucky.
   Sup. Ct. Ky. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9248.
    Elmore v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9249.
    Finklea v. New Jersey.
   Sup. Ct. N. J. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9250.
    Shroff v. United States.
   C. A. Fed. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9251.
    Perkins v. North Carolina.
   Sup. Ct. N. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9252.
    Shroff v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9253.
    Parker v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9254.
    Schwarz v. Clinton, President of the United States, et al.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9256.
    Williams v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9257.
    Torok v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9258.
    Tasse v. Mayhue Corp. et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9259.
    Tyler v. Carnahan, Governor of Missouri, et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9260.
    Wolford v. Burns, Warden.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9261.
    Castaneda v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9262.
    Alston v. North Carolina.
   Super. Ct. N. C., Warren County. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9263.
    Ross v. Florida.
   Dist. Ct. App. Fla., 2d Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9264.
    Starns v. Illinois.
   App. Ct. Ill., 4th Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9265.
    Portillo et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9266.
    Shaw v. Prunty, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9267.
    Colburn v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9268.
    Walker v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9269.
    Toliver v. Oklahoma.
   Ct. Crim. App. Okla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9270.
    Propst v. North Carolina.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9271.
    Bruce et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9272.
    Sams v. United States.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9273.
    Johnson v. Seckinger, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9274.
    Jacobson v. Singletary, Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections, et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9275.
    Lang v. Star Herald.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9276.
    Jennings v. Duckworth, Superintendent, Indiana State Reformatory.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9277.
    Moore v. Nesbitt et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9278.
    Mathisen v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9279.
    Smith v. United States.
   Ct. App. D. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9281.
    Phillips v. Anderson, Superintendent, Mississippi State Penitentiary.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9282.
    Schexnayder v. Louisiana.
   Ct. App. La., 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9283.
    Carpenter v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9284.
    Brooks v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9285.
    Baker v. Alabama.
   Ct. Crim. App. Ala. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9286.
    Contreras v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9287.
    LaFayette v. California.
   Ct. App. Cal., 2d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9288.
    Mayfield v. California.
   Sup. Ct. Cal. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9289.
    McGee v. Endicott, Superintendent, Columbia Correctional Institution.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9290.
    Johnson v. Nixon et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9292.
    Kirby v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9294.
    Pebworth v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9295.
    Sapp v. Florida.
   Sup. Ct. Fla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9296.
    Ponder v. Dye, Sheriff, Tillamook County, Oregon.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9297.
    Ponder v. Baldwin, Superintendent, Eastern Oregon Correctional Institution.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9298.
    Clay v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9299.
    Odumosu v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9300.
    Boharski v. Boharski.
   Sup. Ct. Mont. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9301.
    Banks v. United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9302.
    Betts v. Angelone, Director, Virginia Department of Corrections.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9303.
    Palmisano v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9304.
    Singleton v. Norris, Director, Arkansas Department of Correction.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9305.
    Parnell v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9306.
    Rodriguez v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9307.
    Brady v. Brady et al.; and Brady v. Brady.
   Ct. App. Cal., 4th App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9308.
    Reyna v. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9309.
    Arteaga v. California.
   Sup. Ct. Cal. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9310.
    Strothers v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9311.
    David v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9312.
    Gordon v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9313.
    Heath v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9314.
    Garcia v. Wisconsin.
   Ct. App. Wis. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9315.
    Henning v. Love, Superintendent, State Correctional Institution at Huntingdon.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9316.
    No. 96-9420.
    No. 96-9541.
    Duran v. United States; Stands v. United States; and Duran v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 105 F. 3d 1565.


text:
    No. 96-9317.
    Hayden v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9318.
    Eshkol v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9319.
    de la Vega v. Chater, Commissioner of Social Security.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9320.
    Hosch v. Bandag, Inc.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9322.
    Herbert v. Cain, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9323.
    Harmon v. Hargett, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9324.
    Goodson v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9325.
    Gonzalez-Quezada v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9326.
    Harner v. Franklin County Juvenile Probation et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9327.
    Henderson v. Angelone, Director, Virginia Department of Corrections.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9328.
    Arteaga v. California.
   Ct. App. Cal., 6th App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9329.
    Arteaga v. California.
   Sup. Ct. Cal. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9330.
    Maus v. Smith.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9331.
    Evans v. Horn.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9332.
    Breakley v. Hinkle, Warden.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9333.
    Citizen v. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9334.
    Comer v. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9335.
    Jamison v. Angelone, Director, Virginia Department of Corrections.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9336.
    James v. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division, et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9337.
    Lang v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9338.
    Anderson v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9339.
    Martinez v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9340.
    Lavertu v. Borofsky, Lewis & Amodeo-Vickery.
   Dist. Ct. N.H., City of Portsmouth. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9342.
    Posey v. North Carolina.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9343.
    Jimenez Ruiz v. United States.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9344.
    Purcell et ux. v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9346.
    Bacon v. North Carolina.
   Sup. Ct. N. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9347.
    Bechara v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9348.
    Roudebush v. Ohio.
   Ct. App. Ohio, Wayne County. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9349.
    Brown v. United States.
   C. A. Armed Forces. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9350.
    Adams v. United States District Court for the Northern District of California.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9351.
    McDonnell v. Woods, Attorney General of Arizona.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9352.
    McDuff v. Texas.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tex. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9353.
    Jackson v. Norris, Director, Arkansas Department of Correction.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9354.
    Torres v. School District No. 2 of Madison County, Nebraska, et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9355.
    Zertuche v. First Interstate Bank of Arizona, N. A.
   Ct. App. Ariz. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9356.
    Wilson v. Grant et al.
   Super. Ct. N. J., App. Div. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9357.
    Williams v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9358.
    Viltrakis v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9359.
    Wanless v. Oklahoma.
   Ct. Crim. App. Okla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9361.
    Heacock v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9362.
    Hughes v. Crandell et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9363.
    Hawkins v. United States.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9364.
    Hoxsie v. Kerby, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9365.
    Hartline v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9366.
    Flynn v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9367.
    Dockery v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9368.
    Ford v. Gaston, Deputy Warden, et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9369.
    Guinn v. Zavaras et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9370.
    Garcia v. Indiana.
   Ct. App. Ind. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9371.
    Schwarz v. Woodruff, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9372.
    Razack v. Immigration and Naturalization Service.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9373.
    Rawlins v. Arizona.
   Ct. App. Ariz. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9374.
    Sheets v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9375.
    Qureshi v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9377.
    Winston v. Carter et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9378.
    Korelis v. Ramada Hotel.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9379.
    La Grange v. Longoria.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9380.
    Toro-Pelaez v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9381.
    Velazquez-Contreras v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9383.
    Van Barnes v. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9384.
    Wooten v. Hartwig, Warden.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9385.
    Washington v. Texas Prison System et al. (two judgments).
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9386.
    Reedy v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9387.
    Parsons v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9388.
    Petties v. United States Postal Service.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9389.
    Harrison v. United States.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9390.
    Haut v. United States (two judgments).
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9391.
    Henyard v. Florida.
   Sup. Ct. Fla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9392.
    Hunt v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9393.
    Schmidt v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9395.
    Allen v. North Carolina.
   Super. Ct. N. C., Halifax County. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9396.
    Cordero v. Lalor, Judge of Greene County Court, et al.
   Ct. App. N. Y. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9397.
    Brown v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9398.
    Beeman v. Iowa.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9399.
    Small v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9400.
    Shomade v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9401.
    Rodriguez-Aguirre v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9402.
    No. 97-5007.
    Pedraza v. United States; and Miller v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: No. 96-9402, 108 F. 3d 1370.


text:
    No. 96-9403.
    Sims v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9404.
    Anzivino v. Lewis et al.
   Ct. App. Ariz. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9405.
    Redd v. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9406.
    Riddick v. Angelone, Director, Virginia Department of Corrections.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9407.
    Ramirez v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9408.
    Cobb v. Alabama.
   Ct. Crim. App. Ala. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9409.
    Scearcy v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9410.
    Pitera v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9411.
    Pleasant v. Nutrition, Inc.
   Ct. App. D. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9412.
    Williams v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9414.
    Wilson v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9415.
    Washington v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9416.
    Traicoff v. Washington.
   Ct. App. Wash. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9417.
    Watts v. West, Secretary of the Army, et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9418.
    Ries v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9419.
    Reddy v. Redlands Community Hospital et al.
   Ct. App. Cal., 2d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9421.
    Bazile v. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9423.
    Fuhr v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9424.
    Higa v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9425.
    Ellis v. Henry, Warden.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 96-9426.
    Fanny v. New Jersey.
   Sup. Ct. N. J. Certio-rari denied.