author: Justice Ginsburg, Justice Breyer,

text:
    No. 98-93.
    Rubin, Secretary of the Treasury, et al. v. United States, Through the Independent Counsel.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.

Justice Ginsburg,

dissenting.

I agree with Justice Breyer that this Court, and not a Court of Appeals, ought to be the definitive judicial arbiter in this case. The matter is grave and the competency of the Judiciary (as opposed to the Legislature) to craft the privilege in question is genuinely debatable. Today’s disposition, I note, does not in any sense constitute a ruling on the merits of the issue presented. See, e. g., Equality Foundation of Greater Cincinnati, Inc. v. Cincinnati, 525 U. S. 943 (1998) (Stevens, J., respecting denial of certiorari).

Justice Breyer,

dissenting.

This petition raises the question whether federal law recognizes a special Secret Service evidentiary privilege which, in effect, would permit a Secret Service agent protecting the President to refuse to testify unless he saw or heard conduct or statements that were clearly criminal. To put the matter more precisely, the Secret Service claims a privilege that would protect

“information obtained by Secret Service personnel while performing their protective function in physical proximity to the President,”

except that it would not apply

“in the context of a federal investigation or prosecution, to bar testimony by an officer or agent concerning observations or statements that, at the time they were made, were sufficient to provide reasonable grounds for believing that a felony has been, is being, or will be committed.” In re: Sealed Case, 148 F. 3d 1073, 1075 (CADC 1998) (internal quotation marks omitted).

The Court of Appeals denied the existence of such a privilege. The Secretary of the Treasury asks this Court to review that determination.

I believe the question is important and that this Court should grant review. The physical security of the President of the United States has a special legal role to play in our constitutional system. The Constitution vests the entire “Power” of one branch of Government in that single human being, the “President” of the United States. Art. II, § I, cl. 1. He is the head of state. He and the Vice President are the only officials for whom the entire Nation votes. And he is responsible for the actions of the Executive Branch in much the same way that the entire Congress is responsible for the actions of the Legislative Branch or the entire Judiciary for those of the Judicial Branch. He has been called “‘the sole indispensable man in government.'” Clinton v. Jones, 520 U. S. 681, 713 (1997) (Breyer, J., concurring in judgment) (quoting P. Kurland, Watergate and the Constitution 135 (1978)). Thus, one could reasonably believe that the law should take special account of the obvious fact that serious physical harm to the President is a national calamity—by recognizing a special governmental privilege where needed to help avert that calamity.

Moreover, the federal courts themselves have adequate legal authority to develop an evidentiary privilege that will materially help to ensure the physical safety of the President. Federal Rule of Evidence 501 says that “the privilege of a witness . . . shall be governed by the principles of the common law as they may be interpreted by the courts of the United States in the light of reason and experience.” This Court has held that this Rule “did not freeze the law governing the privileges of witnesses in federal trials at a particular point in our history, but rather directed federal courts to continue the evolutionary development of testimonial privileges.” Jaffee v. Redmond, 518 U. S. 1, 9 (1996) (internal quotation marks omitted). See also United States v. Weber Aircraft Corp., 465 U. S. 792, 804, n. 25 (1984) (“Rule 501 was adopted precisely because Congress wished to leave privilege questions to the courts rather than attempt to codify them”). 'Hie Court has suggested that a privilege will apply where permitting a refusal to testify serves “‘a public good transcending the normally predominant principle of utilizing all rational means for ascertaining truth/” Trammel v. United States, 445 U. S. 40, 50 (1980) (quoting Elkins v. United States, 364 U. S. 206, 234 (1960) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting)). The Court of Appeals recognized that the President’s physical safety amounts to the kind of transcendent public good that, in principle, might justify the recognition of a new privilege here, In re: Sealed Case, supra, at 1076, just as important public need has led the courts to recognize new privileges in other cases, Jaffee v. Redmond, supra; Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U. S. 383, 394-395 (1981) (extending attorney-client privilege to cases involving communication between a corporation’s employees acting at the direction of its officers and the corporation’s attorney); Totten v. United States, 92 U. S. 105, 107 (1876) (state secrets privilege); cf. 8 J. Wigmore, Evidence §§2290, 2333 (J. McNaughton rev. 1961) (explaining how common-law courts developed lawyer-client privilege and spousal privilege between the 16th and 19th centuries).

I concede that this Court, when analyzing a new claim of privilege, has looked to the ability of the privilege to win acceptance in federal courts and other jurisdictions. Jaffee v. Redmond, supra, at 12-13; Trammel v. United States, supra, at 47-50. There is no precedent for the privilege claimed in this ease. But, as the Court of Appeals pointed out, the lack of precedent is "hardly surprising,” for this “appears to be the first effort in U. S. history to eompel testimony by agents guarding the President.” In re: Sealed Case, 148 F. 3d, at 1076. For that reason, the Court of Appeals decided that "the absence of precedent” did not “weig[h] heavily against recognition of the privilege.” Ibid. In my view, that determination was correct.

Further, there are strong reasons for believing that a President's physical safety requires the nearby presence of Secret Service agents. The terrible truth, as we all know, is that assassins have killed four American Presidents and have wounded one other. Nine Presidents have been the subject of assassination attempts, including attempts that have taken place while the President was in the White House itself. In addition, a would-be assassin fired a pistol at President-elect Roosevelt three weeks before his inauguration, and the United States has accused a foreign government of planning the assassination of former President Bush when he visited Kuwait in 1993. See Appendix, infra, at 996.

History also teaches that the difference between life and death can be a matter of a few feet between a President and his protectors. President McKinley, for example, standing in a receiving line at the Pan American Exposition in Buffalo, was approached by an assassin, gun in hand hidden under a handkerchief. A Seeret Service agent next to the President, and noticing the handkerchief, might have stopped the assassin. But there was no agent next to the President, for exposition officials had requested those places. The assassination succeeded. N. Y. Times, Sept. 7, 1901, p. 1, col. 2; App. to Pet. for Cert. 42a.

By way of contrast, when John Hinckley fired shots at President Reagan, a Secret Service agent next to the President immediately pushed the President toward a limousine, another pushed the two men into the car, and a third spread his arms and legs to protect the President (and was hit in the chest). The President’s life was saved. P. Melanson, The Politics of Protection: The U. S. Secret Service in the Terrorist Age 186 (1984) (hereinafter Melanson). When a woman pointed a loaded semiautomatic pistol at President Ford, a Secret Service agent standing next to the President quickly grabbed the weapon with one hand and the woman’s arm with the other. After another agent shouted a code warning, two agents grabbed the President and others swiftly surrounded him as they escorted him away. N. Y. Times, Sept. 6, 1975, p. 1, col. 8. Only two weeks later, a shot was fired at President Ford in San Francisco. The President was immediately shielded and hustled into his limousine. N. Y. Times, Sept. 23, 1975, p. 1, col. 8.

As these examples indicate, the Secret Service seeks to surround a President with “an all-encompassing zone of protection,” such that agents, once alerted, can form a human shield within seconds. App. to Pet. for Cert. 41a. The Secret Service submitted undisputed affidavits stating that it cannot carry out this strategy effectively unless agents are near, and often next to, the President. Id., at 37a-93a.

Even when the President is at the White House, the need for protection, and the corresponding need for agents to stay close to the President, does not disappear. A man unknown to President Carter visited him at the Oval Office. During the Reagan administration, a man on the Secret Service’s list of dangerous persons, and with a history of mental disorders, reached the Oval Office without being stopped. Melanson 92. And as noted above, shots were fired at the White House when President Clinton was there. Even though the President was in the private residence at the time, agents fell upon the President within seconds to cover him and move him away from windows. App. to Pet. for Cert. 57a-58a.

Finally, I turn to what the Court of Appeals considered the key question in dispute: Is there a significant likelihood that, without the evidentiary privilege, Presidents too often will keep agents at a distance? The words “too often” are important here. No one believes that the President would refuse protection outright. He cannot do so according to law. 18 U. S. C. § 3056(a). But no law can prescribe the President’s attitude toward security. No law can dictate how faithfully the President follows the Secret Service’s advice regarding security measures. And Presidential security may turn on close questions of degree. The Court of Appeals recognized that the matter was one of degree. It concluded that the Secretary had not shown the benefits of recognizing the privilege with sufficient force. Yet I believe this conclusion is open to significant doubt, particularly for the following two reasons.

First, the complexity of modem federal criminal law, codified in several thousand sections of the United States Code and the virtually infinite variety of factual circumstances that might trigger an investigation into a possible violation of the law, make it difficult for anyone to know, in advance, just when a particular set of statements might later appear (to a prosecutor) to be relevant to some such investigation. Thus, without the privilege, a President could not count on privacy. Rather, he would have to assume, in respect to many Presidential conversations, some genuine risk that a nearby Secret Service agent might later have to divulge their contents.

At the same time there may well be conversations—perfectly lawful conversations, concerning, say, polities or personalities— which a President reasonably would not want divulged. Unless those conversations clearly fall within the bounds of “executive privilege,” the bounds of which are unclear, ef. Memorandum for All Executive Department and Agency General Counsels, from Lloyd Cutler, Special Counsel to the President (Sept. 28, 1994), the only way a President could assure privacy would be to create a physical distance between himself and his Secret Service staff. The problem, in other words, arises in respect to ordinary conversations, not in respect to the unusual circumstance of an obvious crime.

Second, former President George Bush, several past and present directors of the Secret Service, and all of the now-living former Special Agents in Charge of the Secret Service detail assigned to protect the President presented statements, either sworn or as amici, declaring that the absence of a privilege will cause the President to lose trust in his agents and keep them at a distance. This conclusion is plausible in light of human psychology that could lead Presidents to discount certain invisible dangers, such as the risk of assassination in surroundings that seem familiar and where all seems secure. Presidents may ignore those inherent dangers to some small degree, if they do not like having another individual, even an unobtrusive Secret Service agent, right next to them wherever they go. Presidents have not always eagerly accepted the omnipresence of their protectors. Politicians often feel the need to mingle with the public in a way that frustrates the Secret Service’s goal of maintaining a controlled environment. And even for those who accept their protectors, enthusiasm can wear thin as the Service pervades the President’s private as well as public life. Melanson 126. Franklin Roosevelt, for example, would try to elude his protectors. See Tays, Presidential Reaction to Security: A Longitudinal Study, 10 Presidential Studies Quarterly 600, 601-602 (1980). President Truman summed up his attitude toward the Secret Service as follows: “‘Kind and considerate as the Secret Service men were in the performance of their duty, I couldn’t help feeling uncomfortable.’” Id., at 603.

A delicate relationship exists between the President and his privacy-intruding protectors, one that may be particularly sensitive to the trust that comes from knowing that what the agents learn in the course of their duties will never be made public. That, in any event, is what the sworn statements set forth in the record and the briefs suggest. Those who provided those statements are in a position to know. It is difficult to characterize the statements as “speculation,” In re: Sealed Case, 148 F. 3d, at 1076, particularly when the record contains nothing to the contrary.

The upshot, in my view, is that this Court should answer the question whether some kind of protective privilege exists and determine its outlines (whether, for example, it is waivable by the President). The matter is, as the Court of Appeals conceded, “fairly disputed.” Id., at 1079. It is legally uncertain. It is important. And only this Court can provide an authoritative answer.

The Independent Counsel at one point argued that “only this Court has the moral authority and public credibility to issue a final ruling on what the Secret Service plainly believes is a sensitive, life-or-death issue.” Pet. for Cert. in United States v. Rubin, O.T. 1997, No. 1942, p. 10 (redacted version). I agree. This Court, not a lower court, should decide this close legal question directly related to the physical security of the President of the United States.

I therefore dissent from the Court’s denial of the writ.

APPENDIX TO OPINION OP BREYER, J.

Presidential Assassinations and Assaults

Sources: Kaiser, Presidential Assassinations and Assaults: Characteristics and Impact on Protective Procedures, 11 Presidential Studies Quarterly 545, 546-547 (1981); N. Y. Times, June 28,1993, section A, p. 7, col. 2; N. Y. Times, Apr. 5,1995, section A, p. 16, col. 5.


source: Caselaw Access Project

license: Public Domain

text:
    No. 98-222.
    Stewart, Director, Arizona Department of Corrections v. Correll.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Motion of respondent for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-237.
    Robertson, Stephens & Co. v. Duffield.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Motion of Securities Industry Association for leave to file a brief as amicus curiae granted. Certiorari denied.


author: Justice Breyer,

text:
    No. 98-316.
    Office of the President v. Office of the Independent Counsel.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Motion of petitioner for leave to file an unredaeted appendix under seal granted. Cer-tiorari denied.

Justice Breyer,

with whom Justice Ginsburg joins,

dissenting.

The divided decision of the Court of Appeals makes clear that the question presented by this petition has no clear legal answer and is open to serious legal debate. Both parties agree that the question presented is important and warrants this Court’s attention. See Pet. for Cert. 6-7; Pet. for Cert. in United States of America v. Clinton, O. T. 1997, No. 97-1924, p. 9. I recognize that a denial of certiorari is not a disposition on the merits of that question. See, e. g., Equality Foundation of Greater Cincinnati, Inc. v. Cincinnati, ante, p. 943 (Stevens, J., respecting denial of certiorari). Nonetheless, whether or when other opportunities for this Court to consider the issue arise depends upon whether or when the President, or other Government employees, will risk disclosing to Government lawyers significant matters that, under the Court of Appeals’ decision, are not privileged. They may very well choose the cautious course, holding back information from Government counsel, perhaps hiring outside lawyers instead. I believe that this Court, not the Court of Appeals, should establish controlling legal principle in this disputed matter of law, of importance to our Nation’s governance. I would grant the petition for certiorari.


text:
    No. 98-376.
    Jackson et al. v. Benson et al.
   Sup. Ct. Wis. Motion of National School Boards Association for leave to file a brief as amicus curiae granted. Certiorari denied.

Justice Breyer would grant certiorari.


text:
    No. 97-8139.
    No. 97-9198.
    No. 97-9264.
    No. 97-9593.
    No. 98-17.
    Karriem v. United States et al., Gleaton v. Moore, Director, South Carolina Department of Corrections, et al., Gilbert v. Moore, Director, South Carolina Department of Corrections, et al., Turner v. United States et al., In re Vey, Crehore v. United States,
   523 U.S. 1065;

ante, p. 840;

ante, p. 840;

ante, p. 860;

ante, p. 808; and

No. 98-5597.

ante, p. 912. Petitions for rehearing denied.


text:
    November 10, 1998
    No. 98-5898.
    In re Flowers.
   Petition for writ of mandamus dismissed under this Court's Rule 46.


text:
    November 16, 1998
    No. D-1970.
    In re Disbarment of Kurtz.
    [For earlier order herein, see 524 U. S. 935.]
   Disbarment entered.


text:
    No. D-2010.
    In re Disbarment of Bereano.
   Bruce Charles Bereano, of Annapolis, Md., is suspended from the practice of law in this Court, and a rule will issue, returnable within 40 days, requiring him to show cause why he should not be disbarred from the practice of law in this Court.


text:
    No. D-2011.
    In re Disbarment of Wechsler.
   William Alfred Weehsler, of Hartford, Conn., is suspended from the practice of law in this Court, and a rule will issue, returnable within 40 days, requiring him to show cause why he should not be disbarred from the practice of law in this Court.


text:
    No. D-2012.
    In re Disbarment of Friedman.
   Hirseh Friedman, of Atlanta, Ga., is suspended from the practice of law in this Court, and a rule will issue, returnable within 40 days, requiring him to show cause why he should not be disbarred from the practice of law in this Court.


text:
    No. D-2013.
    In re Disbarment of Rehberger.
   Robert L. Rehberger, of Forsyth, Ga., is suspended from the practice of law in this Court, and a rule will issue, returnable within 40 days, requiring him to show cause why he should not be disbarred from the practice of law in this Court.


text:
    No. D-2014.
    In re Disbarment of Myerson.
   Harvey D. Myerson, of New York, N. Y., is suspended from the practice of law in this Court, and a rule will issue, returnable within 40 days, requiring him to show cause why he should not be disbarred from the practice of law in this Court.


text:
    No. M-28.
    No. M-29.
    No. M-30.
    Dawson v. Bailey, State Trooper, Colbert County, Alabama, et al.; Gelis v. United States; and Sea Air Shuttle Corp. v. United States.
   Motions to direct the Clerk to file petitions for writs of certiorari out of time denied.


text:
    No. 97-7597.
    Knowles v. Iowa.
   Sup. Ct. Iowa. [Certiorari granted, 523 U. S. 1019.] Motion for appointment of counsel granted, and it is ordered that Paul Rosenberg, Esq., of Des Moines, Iowa, be appointed to serve as counsel for petitioner in this case under Rule 39.6 of the Rules of this Court.


text:
    No. 98-286.
    Fish v. Marsh, Spaeder, Baur, Spaeder & Schaaf et al.,
   ante, p. 944. Motion of respondents for damages and costs denied.


text:
    No. 98-512.
    Davis et al. v. Chiles, Governor of Florida, et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. The Solicitor General is invited to file a brief in this case expressing the views of the United States.


text:
    No. 98-6577.
    In re Breest.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Petition for writ of common-law certiorari denied.

Justice Souter took no part in the consideration or decision of this petition.


text:
    No. 98-6551.
    No. 98-6561.
    No. 98-6646.
    In re Burgess; In re Everhart; and In re Perez Bustillo.
   Petitions for writs of habeas corpus denied.


text:
    No. 98-5922.
    No. 98-6023.
    No. 98-6067.
    No. 98-6383.
    In re Jefferson; In re Smith; In re Woodard; and In re Kyricopoulos.
   Petitions for writs of mandamus denied.


text:
    No. 98-467.
    In re Viehweg.
   Petition for writ of mandamus and/or prohibition denied.


text:
    No. 97-2048.
    O'Sullivan v. Boerckel.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Motion of respondent for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Certiorari granted limited to the following question: “May an individual who is in custody pursuant to a state criminal conviction pursue claims in a federal habeas petition if those claims were not raised on direct appeal in a petition for discretionary review to the State’s highest court?”


text:
    No. 98-223.
    Florida v. White.
   Sup. Ct. Fla. Motion of respondent for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Certiorari granted.


text:
    No. 98-262.
    McGinnis, Director, Michigan Department of Corrections, et al. v. Hadix et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certio-rari granted limited to the following questions: “1. Whether, in litigation pending on the effective date of the Prison Litigation Reform Act, the attorney fee provision of PLRA § 803(d), 42 U. S. C. § 1997e(d), applies to fees awarded after the Act’s effective date for services rendered after that date? 2. Whether, in such litigation, this fee provision applies to fees awarded after the Act’s effective date for services rendered before that date?”


text:
    No. 97-1993.
    Sun Drilling Products Corp. et al. v. Rayborn.
   Ct. App.La.,4thCir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-105.
    Urbano v. Continental Airlines, Inc.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-200.
    Harper et al. v. Blockbuster Entertainment Corp.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-272.
    Norfolk Southern Corp. et al. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-279.
    Young et al. v. Lockheed Advanced Development Co. et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-295.
    Carter v. Good, Individually and in His Official Capacity as Sheriff of Rutherford County, et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-309.
    Hanifi et al. v. Motor Club of America Insurance Co.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-391.
    Gee v. Florida et al.
   Dist. Ct. App. Fla., 1st Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-397.
    No. 98-399.
    Citizens for Clean Government v. Russell et al.; and Burris, Chairperson, Arkansas Ethics Commission, et al. v. Russell et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 146 F. 3d 563.


text:
    No. 98-430.
    Parent-Guardian Association of Arlington Developmental Center v. People First of Tennessee et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-431.
    Melendez et ux. v. City of Los Angeles.
   Ct. App. Cal., 2d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-432.
    Parrino, Administrator of the Estate of Parrino, Deceased, and Successor to Parrino v. FHP, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-446.
    Carabello v. Supreme Court of Kentucky et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-454.
    City of Cincinnati et al. v. Kruse et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-463.
    Tse et al. v. Mirage Casino-Hotel.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-464.
    Town of Trenton v. Lounge Management, Ltd.
   Sup. Ct. Wis. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-466.
    Martin v. Kentucky State Police et al.
   Sup. Ct. Ky. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-471.
    Norton v. Sam's Club et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-474.
    Van Gemert et al. v. Ladick.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-478.
    Donner v. Donner, Deceased.
   Dist. Ct. App. Fla., 4th Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-493.
    Smith v. Supreme Court of Colorado.
   Sup. Ct. Colo. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-498.
    Hooper v. Perrino, Dolinsky, Karesh, Withrow, Juarbe & Baier, M. D., P. A., et al.
   Ct. Sp. App. Md. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-509.
    Cooper et al. v. North Carolina ex rel. Long, Commissioner of Insurance, as Liquidator of Twentieth Century Life Insurance Co.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-515.
    Miller-Wagenknecht v. Village of Doylestown et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-526.
    Valentin v. Gates, Judge, Court of Common Pleas, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-532.
    Continental Maritime of San Diego, Inc. v. Lenane.
   Ct. App. Cal., 4th App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-538.
    Drexler, Former Sheriff of Tazewell County, et al. v. Lickiss.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-550.
    Kazanjian v. Anniston City Board of Education et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-558.
    Furby v. United Auto Workers et al.
   Ct. App. Mich. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-560.
    Lapidus v. Hahn, Individually and as Los Angeles City Attorney, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-592.
    King v. Beavers.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-596.
    Babigian v. Committee on Professional Standards, Third Judicial Department.
   App. Div., Sup. Ct. N. Y., 3d Jud. Dept. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-599.
    Davis et al. v. Tabachnick.
   Sup. Jud. Ct. Mass. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-604.
    Santiago v. Massachusetts.
   Sup, Jud. Ct. Mass. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-611.
    County of San Diego et al. v. Schneider.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-615.
    Young v. Caldera, Secretary of the Army.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-626.
    Alford v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied..


text:
    No. 98-639.
    Lesoon v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-646.
    Payne v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-664.
    Mills v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5113.
    Raby v. Texas.
   Ct. Crina. App. Tex. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5248.
    No. 98-5424.
    No. 98-5725.
    Jones v. United States; Dodson v. United States; and Motley v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 145 F. 3d 1326.


text:
    No. 98-5318.
    Etsitty v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5341.
    Cain v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5350.
    Burger v. Masters, Mates & Pilots Union et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5656.
    Hood v. Helling, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5748.
    Farris v. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5827.
    Henderson v. Texas.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tex. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5953.
    Link v. Production Credit Assn.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5954.
    McDonald v. Miller, Governor of Nevada, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5969.
    Oken v. Maine.
   Sup. Jud. Ct. Me. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5983.
    Hutchison v. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5984.
    Haines v. Terrangi, Warden.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5985.
    Gore v. The Enterprise.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5987.
    Gray v. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5988.
    Skipper v. Etowah County Department of Human Resources et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5989.
    Shamsideen v. Texas et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5991.
    Prunte v. Walt Disney Co. et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5992.
    Steele v. County of Los Angeles et al.
   Ct. App. Cal., 2d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5994.
    Link v. City of Columbus, Ohio.
   Ct. App. Ohio, Franklin County. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6000.
    Aragon v. Shanks, Warden.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6001.
    Barber v. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6003.
    White v. White, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6008.
    Jones et al. v. Texas.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6009.
    Birds v. Garcia et al.
   Ct. App. Cal., 2d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6010.
    Collazo v. Morton, Administrator, New Jersey State Prison, et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6026.
    Gribble v. Pennsylvania.
   Sup. Ct. Pa. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6032.
    Judge v. Carter et al.
   Ct. App. Cal., 1st App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6038.
    Billings v. North Carolina.
   Sup. Ct. N. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6042.
    Thompson v. Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska at Lincoln.
   Ct. App. Neb. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6049.
    Shaffer v. Saffle, Director, Oklahoma Department of Corrections, et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6051.
    Ogilvie v. California.
   Sup. Ct. Cal. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6053.
    Butterfield v. Service Employees International Union, Local 28, et al.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6057.
    Cross v. Placer County Superior Court.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6058.
    Burney v. Thompkins et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6061.
    Reed v. Scott, Executive Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6062.
    Quarterman v. Lewis, Judge, Probate Court of Chatham County, Georgia.
   Sup. Ct. Ga. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6064.
    Stanton v. Husz et al.
   Ct. App. Wis. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6071.
    Johnson v. Bowersox, Superintendent, Potosi Correctional Center.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6073.
    Sikora v. Houston et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6082.
    Randle v. Texas.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6086.
    Madison v. Alabama.
   Sup. Ct. Ala. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6088.
    Carver v. Nevada.
   Sup. Ct. Nev. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6090.
    Campbell v. Alabama.
   Ct. Crim. App. Ala. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6092.
    Johnson v. Indiana.
   Ct. App. Ind. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6095.
    Diggs v. Hall et al.
   Ct. App. D. C. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6101.
    Hill v. Burdick, Chapter 7 Trustee, et al.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6104.
    Kido v. Hawaii.
   Sup. Ct. Haw. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6106.
    Gomez v. Eastland County, Texas, et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6121.
    Mack v. Illinois.
   Sup. Ct. Ill. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6144.
    Nicolaison v. Doth, Commissioner of Human Services of Minnesota.
   Ct. App. Minn. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6216.
    Millender v. Hooks, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6258.
    Lara v. Iowa.
   Sup. Ct. Iowa. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6265.
    Hachmeister v. Department of Defense.
   C. A. Fed. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6287.
    Vinnie v. Massachusetts.
   Sup. Jud. Ct. Mass. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6294.
    Jordan v. Maine.
   Sup. Jud. Ct. Me. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6298.
    Jacobs v. Edwards, Warden.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6300.
    M'Malani v. Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6305.
    Brightwell v. Kyler, Superintendent, State Correctional Institution and Diagnostic/Classification Center at Camp Hill, et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6323.
    Carter v. Hopkins, Warden.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6333.
    Kahl v. Maryland.
   Ct. Sp. App. Md. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6335.
    Thompson v. Massachusetts.
   Sup. Jud. Ct. Mass. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6345.
    Presley v. Page, Warden.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6349.
    Withers v. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6361.
    Hurt v. Indiana.
   Ct. App. Ind. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6362.
    Shepherd v. Illinois Human Rights Commission.
   App. Ct. Ill., 1st Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6368.
    Bradvica v. Block et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6415.
    Smith v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6423.
    Mack v. United States.
   Ct. App. D. C. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6433.
    Rutherford v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6434.
    Rockot v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6436.
    Segers v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6438.
    Stinnett v. North Carolina.
   Ct. App. N. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6441.
    Tremblay v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6442.
    Young v. United States.
   Ct. App. D. C. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6444.
    Walton v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6445.
    Williams v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6447.
    Williams v. North Carolina.
   Gen. Ct. Justice, Super. Ct. Div., Wayne County/N. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6449.
    Menn v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6450.
    McCarthy v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6454.
    Novak v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6457.
    Stevens v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6459.
    Pajooh v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6462.
    Aslani v. Detroit Public Library et al.
   Ct. App. Mieh. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6471.
    Cureaux v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6475.
    Jones v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6480.
    Lancellotti v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6502.
    Hall v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6503.
    Griffin v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6504.
    Garcia v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6507.
    Dugan v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6512.
    Gonzalez-Mendez v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6545.
    Brown v. City of Little Rock, Arkansas, et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6596.
    Barbaro v. Colleran, Acting Superintendent, State Correctional Institution at Waymart, et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


author: Justice Scalia,

text:
    No. 97-2057.
    Danner v. Kentucky.
   Sup. Ct. Ky. Certiorari denied.

Justice Scalia,

with whom Justice Thomas joins,

dissenting.

The Sixth Amendment guarantees a criminal defendant “the right ... to be confronted with the witnesses against him.” In this case, the Kentucky Supreme Court deprived James Danner of that right in defending against a prosecution for raping and sodomizing his daughter, because the victim of the asserted crime, now 15 years of age, vaguely protested that she could not be near him. The trial court conducted the following inquiry:

“‘Q. Why is it that him being there in the room would make you unable to tell your side?
“ ‘A. I don’t know. I just can't. I just can't be near him.
“ ‘Q. We've already talked about that you’re not afraid of him, are you?
“A. No.
“ ‘Q. I know it’s difficult to exactly put a finger on what it is about; but why do you think that you could tell when he’s not in the room but you couldn't tell it with him in the room?
“A. I don’t know. I just can’t be near him. I don’t know why. I just can’t.
“ ‘Q. Do you think that if you were to try and you know if we had to take breaks or something, you would be able to do it?
“A. I don’t know.’” Pet. for Cert. 7.

Even though the witness had expressly disclaimed fear of the defendant, the trial court concluded:

“ ‘The Court finds that due to factors which I cannot define but yet go much further than anxiety or nervousness, as referred to the various cases that have been cited, that compelling need exists for the use of the electronic equipment. And although I am not making this decision simply for the witnesses [sic] convenience, or to prevent her from being nervous or anxious, as that no doubt happens to all witnesses, the Court is convinced that due to the nature of [the] testimony and the age of the witness that face-to-face arrangement would inhibit the witness to a degree that the jury’s search for the truth would be clouded.’ ” Id., at 7-8.

The Kentucky Supreme Court affirmed Danner’s conviction. 968 S. W. 2d 632 (1998). Although petitioner objected that this procedure violated his constitutional right to confront his accuser, neither the trial court nor the Supreme Court so much as mentioned the Sixth Amendment.

Maryland v. Craig, 497 U. S. 836 (1990), holds that a State may allow child witnesses in abuse cases to testify outside the presence of the defendant if “necessary to protect a child witness from trauma that would be caused by testifying in the physical presence of the defendant, at least where such trauma would impair the child’s ability to communicate ....” Id., at 857. The child witnesses in Craig were presumably all around the age of the principal child witness, who was seven. See Craig v. State, 316 Md. 551, 555-556, 560 A. 2d 1120, 1122 (1989). Experts testified at trial that one child “wouldn’t be able to communicate effectively,” another “would probably stop talking and .. . withdraw and curl up,” another would “become highly agitated, that he may refuse to talk or if he did talk, that he would choose his subject regardless of the questions,” and another would “become extremely timid and unwilling to talk.” Craig, 497 U. S., at 842 (internal quotation marks omitted).

I believe Craig was wrongly decided, since the confrontation guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment covers all witnesses in (as the text says) “all criminal prosecutions.” (Emphasis added.) See ■id., at 860 (Scaua, J., dissenting). This case, however, comes nowhere close to fitting within Craig's limited exception. Far from being rendered mute with fear at the prospect of facing her father, Danner’s daughter did not even rule out the possibility of testifying if she could take breaks from the witness stand. Moreover, Craig hardly contemplates that the child-witness exception is available to 15-year-olds.

But for the precedent of Craig, the present case would be such an obvious and blatant violation of the Sixth Amendment that it would warrant summary reversal. Given Craig, however, it should be reviewed on certiorari and reversed to make clear that the_ exception we have created to the text of the Sixth Amendment is a narrow one. It is a dangerous business to water down the confrontation right so dramatically merely because society finds the charged crime particularly reprehensible. Indeed, the more reprehensible the charge, the more the defendant is in need of all constitutionally guaranteed protection for his defense.


text:
    No. 98-162.
    Williams et al. v. Byrd.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Motion of respondent for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-193.
    Consolidated Rail Corporation v. Wicker et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Motion of Association of American Railroads for leave to file a brief as amicus curiae granted. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-289.
    Hendon, Administrator of the Estate of Mayberry, Deceased v. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Justice O’Connor took no part in the consideration or decision of this petition.


text:
    No. 98-424.
    National Solid Waste Management Assn. v. Williams, Commissioner, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Motion of BFI Waste Systems of North America for leave to file, a brief as amicus curiae granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6796 (A-394).
    Wilson v. Taylor, Warden.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Application for stay of execution of sentence of death, presented to The Chief Justice, and by him referred to the Court, denied. Certiorari denied.

Justice Stevens and Justice Ginsburg would grant the application for stay of execution.


text:
    No. 98-6830 (A-398).
    Enoch v. Gramley, Warden.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Application for stay of execution of sentence of death, presented to Justice Stevens, and by him referred to the Court, denied. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6864 (A-404).
    Gilliam v. Simms, Secretary, Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services.
   Ct. App. Md. Application for stay of execution of sentence of death, presented to The Chief Justice, and by him referred to the Court, denied. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 97-1910.
    No. 97-2004.
    No. 97-2008.
    No. 97-2060.
    No. 97-2066.
    No. 97-8681.
    No. 97-9177.
    No. 97-9192.
    No. 97-9238.
    No. 97-9354.
    No. 97-9682.
    No. 98-34.
    No. 98-213.
    No. 98-5147.
    No. 98-5200.
    No. 98-5227.
    No. 98-5319.
    No. 98-5328.
    No. 98-5461.
    No. 98-5700.
    Ziemke et al. v. Almog et al., National Collegiate Athletic Assn. v. Law et al. (two judgments), Wen-Chouh Lin v. Lin, Gaddis v. Gaddis, Yadegar v. Yadegar et al., Holland v. Mississippi, Tudorov v. Colazo, Blount v. United States, Limehouse v. Red Lobster, Inc., Boyd v. Tennessee, King v. Superior Court of New Hampshire, Rockingham County, Fernandes v. Environmental Protection Agency et al., Upshaw v. Bond et al., Weiswasser v. Terhune, Director, California Department of Corrections, et al., Capers v. TCI of Northern New Jersey, Inc., Cunningham v. Kent et al., Ozmen v. New Mexico, Twiddy v. City of Healdsburg, California, et al., Curtis v. Parker, Warden, Williamson v. Shalala, Secretary of Health and Human Services,
   ante, p. 817;

ante, p. 822;

ante, p. 823;

ante, p. 826;

ante, p. 827;

ante, p. 829;

ante, p. 839;

ante, p. 840;

ante, p. 842;

ante, p. 846;

ante, p. 866;

ante, p. 869;

ante, p. 877;

ante, p. 888;

ante, p. 891;

ante, p. 893;

ante, p. 898;

ante, p. 899;

ante, p. 906; and

ante, p. 915. Petitions for rehearing denied.


text:
    No. 97-2038.
    In re Crowell,
   ante, p. 807. Motion of petitioner for leave to proceed further herein in forma pauperis granted. Petition for rehearing denied.


text:
    November 17, 1998
    No. A-410.
    Wilson, Governor of California, et al. v. United States District Court for the Northern District of California.
   Application to vacate the temporary restraining order entered by the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on November 16, 1998, presented to Justice O’Connor, and by her referred to the Court, denied.


text:
    No. 98-6888 (A-414).
    McDuff v. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Application for stay of execution of sentence of death, presented to Justice Scalia, and by him referred to the Court, denied. Certiorari denied.

Justice Stevens and Justice Ginsburg would grant the application for stay of execution.


text:
    November 30, 1998
    No. M-31.
    Collins v. Warner-Lambert Co.
   Motion to direct the Clerk to file petition for writ of certiorari denied.


text:
    No. M-32.
    Lai v. United States.
   Motion to direct the Clerk to file petition for writ of certiorari out of time denied.


text:
    No. M-33.
    Cannon v. Oklahoma.
   Motion for leave to proceed informa pauperis without an affidavit of indigency executed by petitioner denied.


text:
    No. 98-6132.
    No. 98-6148.
    No. 98-6615.
    Speth v. New Jersey. Percesepe v. New York State Department of Labor et al. Stafford v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
   Super. Ct. N. J., App. Div.;

C. A. 2d Cir.; and

C. A. 5th Cir. Motions of petitioners for leave to proceed in forma pauperis denied. Petitioners are allowed until December 21, 1998, within which to pay the docketing fee required by Rule 38(a) and to submit petitions in compliance with Rule 33.1 of the Rules of this Court.


text:
    No. 98-6672.
    No. 98-6674.
    No. 98-6721.
    In re Noland; In re Whitley; and In re Perry.
   Petitions for writs of habeas corpus denied.


text:
    No. 98-6242.
    In re King.
   Petition for writ of mandamus denied.


text:
    No. 98-6647.
    In re Byrd.
   Petition for writ of prohibition denied.


text:
    No. 98-231.
    Grupo Mexicano de Desarrollo, S. A., et al. v. Alliance Bond Fund, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari granted.


text:
    No. 97-8940.
    Harris v. Pennsylvania.
   Sup. Ct. Pa. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 97-9329.
    Collins v. Pennsylvania.
   Sup. Ct. Pa. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-94.
    Federico v. DiPaolo, Superintendent, Massachusetts Correctional Institution at Norfolk.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-225.
    Michigan et al. v. Department of Energy et al.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-276.
    No. 98-443.
    No. 98-444.
    Delew et al. v. Wagner et al.; Wagner v. Delew et al.; and Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department et al. v. Delew et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 143 F. 3d 1219.


text:
    No. 98-296.
    Legal Aid Society of Hawaii et al. v. Legal Services Corporation et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied,


text:
    No. 98-313.
    Gibson v. Rivera et al.
   Ct. App. Cal., 2d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-315.
    American Re-Insurance Co. et al. v. Crawford, Insurance Commissioner of Oklahoma, as Receiver of Employers National Insurance Corp.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-320.
    Bastek et al. v. Federal Crop Insurance Corporation et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-338.
    Fields v. Albright, Secretary of State.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-363.
    Moore et al. v. Time Warner, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-378.
    Stone et al. v. North Carolina Department of Labor et al.
   Sup. Ct. N. G. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-384.
    Department of Energy et al. v. Northern States Power Co. et al.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-426.
    City of Oxnard et al. v. Jensen, Individually and as Administrator of the Estate of Jensen, Deceased, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-455.
    Gianelli Money Purchase Plan and Trust, Gianelli, Trustee v. ADM Investor Services, Inc.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-465.
    Kansas City Southern Railway Co. v. Darden et al.
   Ct. App. La., 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-479.
    Kansas City Southern Railway Co. v. McKenna et al.
   Cir. Ct. Hinds County, Miss. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-480.
    Comm-Care Corp. v. Louisiana Tax Commission et al.
   Ct. App. La., 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-482.
    Hanlin v. Martin et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-484.
    Rebel Oil Co. et al. v. Atlantic Richfield Co.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-487.
    Maritime Overseas Corp. v. Ellis.
   Sup. Ct. Tex. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-489.
    Brodtmann, Wife of Brodtmann, Deceased, et al. v. Duke et al.
   Ct. App. La., 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-490.
    Bossley et ux., Individually and as Representatives of the Estate of Bossley, Deceased v. Dallas County Mental Health and Mental Retardation et al.
   Sup. Ct. Tex. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-491.
    Administrative Committee, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Associates Health and Welfare Plan v. Speciale.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-494.
    Erieview Cartage, Inc. v. Pennsylvania Board of Finance and Revenue.
   Sup. Ct. Pa. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-496.
    P. C. Films Corp. v. MGM/UA Home Video Inc. et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-499.
    Major League Umpires Assn. v. National League of Professional Baseball Clubs et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-501.
    Wynat Development Co. et al. v. Board of Levee Commissioners for the Parish of Orleans.
   Sup. Ct. La. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-502.
    Slotnik et al. v. Considine et al.
   Sup. Ct. Conn. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-504.
    Torres et al. v. Commissioner of Correction of Massachusetts et al.
   Sup. Jud. Ct. Mass. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-510.
    Kuhns v. CoreStates Financial Corp., Successor to Meridian Bancorp, Inc.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-511.
    Vaughan v. Texas.
   Ct. App. Tex., 12th Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-514.
    Davis et ux. v. Sun Oil Co.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-517.
    Miller v. Allen et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-518.
    Synatel Instrumentation Ltd. v. Vandelune et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-519.
    Toth v. Toth et al.
   Ct. App. Mich. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-524.
    Polsby v. Spruill et al.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-530.
    Peterson v. Gentile et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-533.
    Central Transport, Inc., et al. v. Michigan Public Service Commission.
   Ct. App. Mich. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-539.
    Hawaii Leaseholders Equity Coalition v. Small Landowners of Oahu et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-540.
    Irving, as Guardian of the Person and Property of Bashir and as Administratrix of the Estate of Irving, Deceased v. Mazda Motor Corp. et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-542.
    Smith v. John Peter Lee, Ltd., et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-544.
    Merino v. San Diego County Council of the Boy Scouts of America et al.
   Ct. App. Cal., 4th App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-552.
    Armstrong et al. v. Martin Marietta Corp. et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-553.
    Taiwan Shin Yeh Enterprise Co., Ltd. v. Superior Court of California, County of San Francisco (Pacific Employers Insurance Co., Real Party in Interest).
   Ct. App. Cal., 1st App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-555.
    Hines v. Baltimore Gas & Electric Co.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-565.
    Everfresh Beverages, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-573.
    Brandt v. Orthopedics Consultants of Washington et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-580.
    Blackman v. Missouri.
   Sup. Ct. Mo. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-587.
    Wood v. Rendell, Mayor of the City of Philadelphia, et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-588.
    In re Smith.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-589.
    Cook et al. v. Herman, Secretary of Labor.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-590.
    McMullan et ux. v. National Bank of Commerce.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-610.
    Chambers et al. v. Van Horn.
   Sup. Ct. Tex. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-612.
    McCown v. Kansas.
   Sup. Ct. Kan. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-634.
    Bensch et al. v. Mattos et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-637.
    Shives v. CSX Transportation, Inc.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-641.
    Zvenia v. Nevada.
   Sup. Ct. Nev. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-645.
    Hunt v. Armbrister et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-670.
    Temple v. Internal Revenue Service.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-689.
    Gallara, aka Stanfa v. United States.
   C„ A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-690.
    Nosik v. Connecticut.
   Sup. Ct. Conn. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-693.
    Purdy v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-695.
    Pafford et al. v. Herman, Secretary of Labor.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-701.
    Mills v. Babbitt, Secretary of the Interior.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-703.
    Neufeld et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-705.
    Schuler v. McGraw-Hill Cos., Inc., et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-714.
    Pierce v. Mansfield.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5053.
    Smith v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5380.
    Jenkins v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5395.
    Huy Vu Nguyen Dang v. DuCharme, Superintendent, Washington State Reformatory.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5481.
    Blocker v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5577.
    Lockhart v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5680.
    Nicklasson v. Missouri.
   Sup. Ct. Mo. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5772.
    Ladum v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5826.
    Hough v. Indiana.
   Sup. Ct. Ind. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5848.
    Stevens v. Indiana.
   Sup. Ct. Ind. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5853.
    Bieghler v. Indiana.
   Sup. Ct. Ind. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5942.
    Richardson v. Texas.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tex. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6087.
    Boyd v. Hawk, Director, Federal Bureau of Prisons.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6113.
    Rosenberg v. Arlington County Government et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6115.
    Crawford v. Mississippi.
   Sup. Ct. Miss. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6124.
    Moody v. Moody.
   Ct. Sp. App. Md. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6131.
    Lewis v. Pugh, Commissioner, Alaska Department of Corrections.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6133.
    Cole v. Johnson, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6137.
    Williams v. Conway et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6138.
    Williams v. Francis et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6151.
    Chaney v. Missouri.
   Sup. Ct. Mo. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6152.
    Shamsideen v. Price, Warden.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6157.
    Berrien v. Shanks, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6162.
    Glover v. Puckett.
   Sup. Ct. Wis. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6164.
    Hicks v. South Carolina.
   Sup. Ct. S. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6166.
    Green v. Gerard et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6170.
    Grant v. White, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6173.
    Howard v. Sharpe, Warden.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6174.
    Darden v. City of Berkeley, California, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6177.
    Montford v. Metropolitan Dade County et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6178.
    Montford v. Metropolitan Dade County Police Department et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6182.
    Barnes v. Washington.
   Ct. App. Wash. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6188.
    Ranson v. Florida.
   Dist. Ct. App. Fla., 2d Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6189.
    Ranson v. Florida.
   Dist. Ct. App. Fia., 2d Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6190.
    Glisson v. United States Forest Service et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6193.
    Foster v. Nelson, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6195.
    Gray v. Curran, Attorney General of Maryland, et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6198.
    Reeves v. Brinson, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6199.
    Hall v. Florida Department of Corrections et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6200.
    Hogan v. Coffey et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6204.
    Gilyard v. McCormick County Jail et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6205.
    Lee v. Indiana.
   Sup. Ct. Ind. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6209.
    Christiansen v. Clarke, Director, Nebraska Department of Correctional Services, et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6214.
    Nelson v. Terhune, Director, California Department of Corrections, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6219.
    Wyatt v. City of Boston et al.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6229.
    Searles v. River Mead Condominium Assn.
   App. Ct. Conn. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6231.
    Palmisano v. Securities and Exchange Commission.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6233.
    Stuart v. Family Independence Agency.
   Ct. App. Mich. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6241.
    Ferguson v. Safeco Insurance Company of America et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6245.
    Harris v. Prince George's County Public Schools.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6247.
    Evans v. First Knox National Trust et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6248.
    George v. Alabama.
   Sup. Ct. Ala. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6250.
    Lopez v. Douglas, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6251.
    Santillan Valmonte v. Immigration and Naturalization Service.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6261.
    Headspeth v. Mercedes-Benz Credit Corp. et al.
   Ct. App. D. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6263.
    Milner et al. v. Apfel, Commissioner of Social Security.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6266.
    K. W. F. v. Colorado.
   Ct. App. Colo. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6268.
    Hendrix v. Florida.
   Dist. Ct. App. Fla., 5th Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6269.
    Giasson v. Stewart, Director, Arizona Department of Corrections, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6272.
    Johnson v. Office of Personnel Management.
   C. A. Fed. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6275.
    Sellers v. Gibson, Warden.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6277.
    Djerf v. Arizona.
   Sup. Ct. Ariz. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6280.
    Fernandez v. Home Savings of America.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6281.
    Fechter v. Goebel et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6282.
    Floyd v. Alexander, Warden.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6288.
    Webber v. Department of Defense et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6289.
    Warren v. Henderson, Warden.
   Ct. App. D. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6292.
    Tubwell v. Mississippi.
   Sup. Ct. Miss. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6296.
    Sawyer v. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6303.
    Maddix v. George, Sheriff, Saline County, Missouri.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6306.
    Braun v. Stotts et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6316.
    Schwarz v. Department of State.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6317.
    Schwarz v. Federal Bureau of Prisons et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6318.
    Schwarz v. Executive Office of the President.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6319.
    Brown v. French, Warden.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6320.
    Bleecker v. City of Atlantic City et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6341.
    Boitnott v. Minnesota.
   Sup. Ct. Minn. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6352.
    Brennan v. Singletary, Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections, et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6357.
    Hodges v. Virginia.
   Sup. Ct. Va. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6360.
    Davis v. Pennsylvania.
   Super. Ct. Pa. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6382.
    Brumley v. Ghee et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6387.
    Sumter v. Saybolt, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6390.
    Wise v. Bowersox, Superintendent, Potosi Correctional Center.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6396.
    Brown v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6401.
    LaCourse v. Vermont.
   Sup. Ct. Vt. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6406.
    Giatas v. Dimitri et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6413.
    Adams v. Portuondo, Superintendent, Shawangunk Correctional Facility.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6432.
    Sprinkle v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6435.
    Slusar v. Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6446.
    Wilson v. Ghee.
   Sup. Ct. Ohio. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6453.
    Nall v. Angelone, Director, Virginia Department of Corrections.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6455.
    Lawless v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6456.
    Williams v. Molina, Warden.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6461.
    Arvin v. Mills, Warden.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6465.
    Bodwell v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6468.
    Charity v. Virginia.
   Sup. Ct. Va. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6476.
    Bell v. Beeler et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6477.
    Brooks v. Voinovich, Governor of Ohio, et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6481.
    Mitchell v. Hawkins et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6485.
    Ainsworth v. Cunningham, Warden.
   Super. Ct. N. H., Merrimack County. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6487.
    Braswell v. United States Postal Service.
   G. A. Fed. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6491.
    Liles v. Easley, Attorney General of North Carolina, et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6495.
    Mallard v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6496.
    Moore v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6498.
    Hannah v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6500.
    Gonzalez, aka Quinones v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6501.
    Frazier v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6505.
    Fernandez v. New York City Police Department et al.
   App. Div., Sup. Ct. N. Y., 2d Jud. Dept. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6506.
    D. P. v. Florida.
   Dist. Ct. App. Fla., 3d Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6508.
    Smith v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6509.
    Rashid v. Drug Enforcement Administration.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6520.
    Soto v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6525.
    Tchakmakjian v. Cohen, Secretary of Defense.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6526.
    Velez v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6527.
    Justus et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6531.
    Parren v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6532.
    White v. Caldwell, Warden.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6533.
    Thompson v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6537.
    A. S. v. Florida.
   Dist. Ct. App. Fla., 3d Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6538.
    A. V. v. Florida.
   Dist. Ct. App. Fla., 3d Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6542.
    Kyger v. Carlton, Warden.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6553.
    Cheese v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6554.
    Etheridge v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6556.
    Gonzalez v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6558.
    Garcia v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6560.
    Hawkins v. United States.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6562.
    Flaugher v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6564.
    Fluker v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6565.
    Flowers v. Court of Appeals of Wisconsin, District I, et al.
   Sup. Ct. Wis. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6572.
    Castaneda v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6573.
    Richards v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6578.
    Nantroup v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6579.
    Lawrence v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6580.
    Leatherwood v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6582.
    Sainte Marie v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6583.
    Montgomery v. United States.
   Ct. App. D. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6584.
    Browne v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6585.
    Camarillo v. Office of Personnel Management.
   C. A. Fed. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6588.
    Sanchez-Sanchez v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6589.
    Shea v. United States.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6591.
    Fenner et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6593.
    Emigh v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6595.
    Doggett v. Senkowski, Superintendent, Clinton Correctional Facility.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6598.
    Baig v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6600.
    Evans v. United States.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6602.
    Hughey v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6603.
    Frazier v. Williams, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6606.
    Navarro-Salcedo v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6607.
    Mitchell v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6608.
    Moore v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6610.
    Traylor v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6611.
    Pitt v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6612.
    Rattigan v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6613.
    Peters v. Kentucky.
   Sup. Ct. Ky. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6623.
    Schwarz v. Internal Revenue Service.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6625.
    Lateju v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6626.
    Lamb v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6627.
    Meraz-Sandoval v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6628.
    Rodriguez v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6629.
    Jeffus v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6630.
    Irwin v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6631.
    Mitchell v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6632.
    Burke v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6633.
    Richards v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6634.
    Stocke v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6635.
    Paredes v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6639.
    Martinez v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6640.
    Johnson v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6644.
    Sargent v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6645.
    Pacheco-Izazaga v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6648.
    Martin v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6650.
    Martin v. University of Texas Health Center.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6653.
    Wagoner v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6654.
    Villegas v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6655.
    Miranda Vasquez v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6656.
    Witters v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6657.
    Wiley v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6663.
    Anderson v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6668.
    Nabors et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6669.
    Imam v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6671.
    McCauley v. United States.
   G. A. Fed. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6689.
    Radmall v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6690.
    Steiner v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6695.
    Iglesia Cruz v. United States.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6698.
    Webb et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6699.
    Arevalo-Perez v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6708.
    McFerren v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-43.
    Illinois v. Austin.
   App. Ct. Ill., 1st Dist. Motion of respondent for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-476.
    Calderon, Warden v. Dyer.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Motion of respondent for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-543.
    Texas v. Fernandez.
   Ct. App. Tex., 4th Dist. Motion of respondent for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-593.
    New Jersey v. Smith.
   Sup. Ct. N. J. Motion of respondent for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-326.
    Thomas et al. v. Albright, Secretary of State.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Motion of class of African-American Foreign Service Officers for leave to file a brief as amicus curiae granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-735.
    Loe v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Motion of petitioner for leave to file appendix, to petition for writ of certiorari under seal granted. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6240.
    DeFoe v. Massachusetts Department of Revenue.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari before judgment denied.


text:
    No. D-1958.
    No. 97-1890.
    No. 97-1912.
    In re Disbarment of Berg, Kerby v. Southeastern Public Service Authority of Virginia et al., Wirtz, Executrix of the Estate of Whitley, et al. v. Switzer, K & K Construction, Inc., et al. v. Michigan Department of Natural Resources et al., Belin v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission et al., Watts v. Caldera, Secretary of the Army, et al., Carroll v. Black et al., Green et al. v. City of Boston et al., Kokoraleis v. Gilmore, Warden, Baldwin v. Louisiana, In re Campbell, Prentice v. Information Resources, Inc., Solis v. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division, et al., In re Seaton, Williams v. Louisiana, In re Farrell, McEvoy v. Hoag, Richmond v. North Carolina, Tucker v. Barton et al., Cummings v. Stewart, Director, Arizona Department of Corrections, et al., Coates v. Shalala, Secretary of Health and Human Services, Peterson v. Apfel, Commissioner of Social Security, Stewart v. Hechinger Stores Co., Williams v. United States, In re Tasby, Jordan v. United States, Ward v. General Motors National Retirement Service, Tonubbee v. River Parishes Guide et al., In re Wapnick, King v. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division, Keenan v. Ohio, Tizer v. Montgomery County Orphans' Court, In re Thompson, Bell v. United States, Walczak v. Massachusetts State Retirement Board, King v. Freedman et al., In re Henderson, Smith v. United States, King v. Elser, Sassower v. Mangano, Presiding Justice of the Appellate Division, Second Department, Supreme Court of New York, et al., Berg v. State Bar of California, Speth v. Capitol Indemnity Corp. et al., Garcia-Abrego v. United States, Polyak v. United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, Berg v. Kozloff, Tyler v. Chiles, Governor of Florida, et al., In re Atkinson, Electronic Engineering Co. v. Federal Communications Commission, Swanson v. United States, Robertson v. Louisiana, Miller et al. v. Lorain County Board of Elections et al., Mease v. Bowersox, Superintendent, Potosi Correctional Center, Ziebarth v. AgriBank, FCB, In re Swanson, Gillies v. Stewart, Director, Arizona Department of Corrections, Capps v. California, Barley-Cooke v. Edison et al., Aronovsky v. Nguyen et al., Singleton v. Singletary, Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections, Coombs v. Sobina, Superintendent, State Correctional Institution at Somerset, et al. (two judgments), Scott v. United States, Molin v. The Trentonian et al., Chhorn v. West, Secretary of Veterans Affairs, Outlaw v. Apfel, Commissioner of Social Security, In re Varela, Cook v. Mills, Warden, et al., Dread v. Maryland State Police, Kazandjian v. United States, Johnson v. Coggins et al., Enand v. Ahmad et al., Duncan v. Children's National Medical Center, Higley v. United States, Gunnell v. Lazaroff, Warden, Perry v. Henderson, Postmaster General, McKinney v. United States, Dempsey v. United States, Trobaugh v. United States,
   ante, p. 802;

ante, p. 816;

ante, p. 817;

No. 97-1957.

No. 97-1990.

No. 97-2034.

No. 97-2065.

No. 97-2075.

No. 97-8701.

No. 97-8918.

No. 97-8930.

No. 97-8963.

No. 97-9027.

No. 97-9090.

No. 97-9154.

No. 97-9256.

No. 97-9290.

No. 97-9292.

No. 97-9293.

No. 97-9363.

No. 97-9364.

No. 97-9376.

No. 97-9392.

No. 97-9413.

No. 97-9441.

No. 97-9467.

No. 97-9543.

No. 97-9551.

No. 97-9554.

ante, p. 819;

ante, p. 822;

ante, p. 825;

ante, p. 826;

ante, p. 827;

ante, p. 829;

ante, p. 831;

ante, p. 808;

ante, p. 832;

ante, p. 834;

ante, p. 807;

ante, p. 838;

ante, p. 807;

ante, p. 843;

ante, p. 843;

ante, p. 844;

ante, p. 847;

ante, p. 847;

ante, p. 847;

ante, p. 848;

ante, p. 850;

ante, p. 808;

ante, p. 853;

ante, p. 858;

ante, p. 858;

ante, p. 807;

No. 97-9556.

No. 97-9591.

No. 97-9629.

No. 97-9630.

No. 97-9649.

No. 97-9654.

No. 97-9658.

No. 97-9676.

No. 97-9678.

No. 97-9684.

No. 98-106.

No. 98-159.

No. 98-210.

No. 98-234.

No. 98-240.

No. 98-273.

No. 98-274.

No. 98-330.

No. 98-435.

No. 98-5007.

No. 98-5026.

No. 98-5055.

No. 98-5133.

No. 98-5149.

No. 98-5152.

No. 98-5166.

No. 98-5178.

No. 98-5290.

ante, p. 858;

ante, p. 860;

ante, p. 863;

ante, p. 807;

ante, p. 864;

ante, p. 864;

ante, p. 865;

ante, p. 807;

ante, p. 866;

ante, p. 866;

ante, p. 872;

ante, p. 875;

ante, p. 877;

ante, p. 878;

ante, p. 878;

ante, p. 931;

ante, p. 931;

ante, p. 808;

ante, p. 932;

ante, p. 880;

ante, p. 882;

ante, p. 923;

ante, p. 888;

ante, p. 888;

ante, p. 807;

ante, p. 889;

ante, p. 890;

ante, p. 897;

No. 98-5293.

No. 98-5369.

No. 98-5373.

No. 98-5386.

No. 98-5419.

No. 98-5459.

No. 98-5519.

No. 98-5548.

No. 98-5551.

No. 98-5557.

No. 98-5578.

No. 98-5579.

No. 98-5605.

No. 98-5612.

No. 98-5646.

No. 98-5667.

No. 98-5783.

No. 98-5795.

No. 98-5828.

No. 98-6085.

ante, p. 897;

ante, p. 901;

ante, p. 901;

ante, p. 902;

ante, p. 904;

ante, p. 906;

ante, p. 909;

ante, p. 808;

ante, p. 910;

ante, p. 935;

ante, p. 911;

ante, p. 935;

ante, p. 935;

ante, p. 912;

ante, p. 914;

ante, p. 937;

ante, p. 917;

ante, p. 918;

ante, p. 938; and

ante, p. 942. Petitions for rehearing denied.


text:
    No. 97-8254.
    Wolde-Giorgis v. Delecki et al.,
   523 U.S. 1125. Motion for leave to file petition for rehearing denied.


text:
    December 1, 1998
    No. 98-318.
    Louisiana et al. v. St. Tammany Parish School Board et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari dismissed under this Court’s Rule 46.


text:
    December 3, 1998
    No. A-461 (98-7140).
    Cantu-tzin v. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Application for stay of execution of sentence of death, presented to Justice Scalia, and by him referred to the Court, granted pending disposition of the petition for writ of certiorari. Should the petition for writ of certiorari be denied, this stay shall terminate automatically. In the event the petition for writ of certiorari is granted, the stay shall continue pending the sending down of the judgment of this Court.


text:
    No. 98-6997 (A-437).
    Cardwell v. Greene, Warden.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Application for stay of execution of sentence of death, presented to The Chief Justice, and by him referred to the Court, denied. Certiorari denied.

Justice Stevens and Justice Ginsburg would grant the application for stay of execution.


text:
    December 4, 1998
    No. A-463.
    Gilbert et al. v. Beasley, Governor of South Carolina, et al.
   Application for stay of execution of sentence of death, presented to The Chief Justice, and by him referred to the Court, denied.

Justice Stevens and Justice Ginsburg would grant the application for stay of execution.


text:
    No. 98-7126 (A-456).
    Gleaton v. Moore, Director, South Carolina Department of Corrections, et al.
   Sup. Ct. S. C. Application for stay of execution of sentence of death, presented to The Chief Justice, and by him referred to the Court, denied. Certiorari denied.

Justice Stevens and Justice Breyer would grant the application for stay of execution.


text:
    No. 98-7132 (A-458).
    Gilbert v. Moore, Director, South Carolina Department of Corrections, et al.
   Sup. Ct. S. C. Application for stay of execution of sentence of death, presented to The Chief Justice, and by him referred to the Court, denied. Certiorari denied.

Justice Stevens and Justice Bbeyer would grant the application for stay of execution.


text:
    December 7, 1998
    No. 98-562.
    City of Grenada, Mississippi, et al. v. Hubbard et al.
   Affirmed on appeal from D. C. N. D. Miss.


text:
    No. A-344.
    Wise v. Bowersox, Superintendent, Potosi Correctional Center.
   Application for certificate of appeal-ability, addressed to Justice Stevens and referred to the Court, denied.


text:
    No. D-1960.
    In re Disbarment of Meisler.
   Motion to vacate order of October 5, 1998 [ante, p. 802], denied.


text:
    No. D-1989.
    In re Disbarment of Wolfrom.
    [For earlier order herein, see ante, p. 803.]
   Disbarment entered.


text:
    No. D-1990.
    In re Disbarment of Taylor.
    [For earlier order herein, see ante, p. 803.]
   Disbarment entered.


text:
    No. D-1992.
    In re Disbarment of Christy.
    [For earlier order herein, see ante, p. 804.]
   Disbarment entered.


text:
    No. D-1993.
    In re Disbarment of Richardson.
    [For earlier order herein, see ante, p. 804.]
   Disbarment entered.


text:
    No. D-1994.
    In re Disbarment of Krasnove.
    [For earlier order herein, see ante, p. 804.]
   Disbarment entered.


text:
    No. D-1995.
    In re Disbarment of Stevenson.
    [For earlier order herein, see ante, p. 804.]
   Disbarment entered.


text:
    No. D-2015.
    In re Disbarment of Hingle.
   Gilmer P. Hin-gle, of Monroe, La., is suspended from the practice of law in this Court, and a rule will issue, returnable within 40 days, requiring him to show cause why he should not be disbarred from the practice of law in this Court.


text:
    No. D-2016.
    In re Disbarment of Smith.
   Z. Hershel Smith, of Brooklyn, N. Y., is suspended from the practice of law in this Court, and a rule will issue, returnable within 40 days, requiring him to show cause why he should not be disbarred from the practice of law in this Court.


text:
    No. D-2017.
    In re Disbarment of Glee.
   Willi James Glee, of Charleston, S. C., is suspended from the practice of law in this Court, and a rule will issue, returnable within 40 days, requiring him to show cause why he should not be disbarred from the practice of law in this Court.


text:
    No. D-2018.
    In re Disbarment of Martucci.
   Joseph C. Martueci, of Miami, Fla., is suspended from the practice of law in this Court, and a rule will issue, returnable within 40 days, requiring him to show cause why he should not be disbarred from the practice of law in this Court.


text:
    No. D-2019.
    In re Disbarment of Frost.
   Jack Nowell Frost, of Plainfield, N. J., is suspended from the practice of law in this Court, and a rule will issue, returnable within 40 days, requiring him to show cause why he should not be disbarred from the practice of law in this Court.


text:
    No. 98-5804.
    In re Smith.
   The Solicitor General is invited to file a brief in this case expressing the views of the United States.


text:
    No. 98-726.
    No. 98-6354.
    In re Lukacs; and In re Shawley.
   Petitions for writs of mandamus denied.


text:
    No. 98-6391.
    In re Mason.
   Petition for writ of mandamus denied.

Justice Breyer took no part in the consideration or decision of this petition.


text:
    No. 98-470.
    Ruhrgas AG v. Marathon Oil Co. et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari granted.


text:
    No. 98-10.
    Jefferson County, Alabama v. Acker, Senior Judge, United States District Court, Northern District of Alabama, et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari granted limited to the following questions: “1. Whether the District Court had subject matter jurisdiction over this action in light of the Tax Injunction Act, 28 U. S. C. § 1341? 2. Whether a county privilege/ occupational tax levied upon the pay or compensation of an Article Ill judge violates the Supremacy Clause?”


text:
    No. 98-235.
    Nutritional Health Alliance et al. v. Shalala, Secretary of Health and Human Services, et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-241.
    Brickhouse v. Jonathan Corp. et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-251.
    Loving v. Hart, Colonel, Commandant, United States Disciplinary Barracks, et al.
   C. A. Armed Forces. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-383.
    Weldon v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-388.
    Volkema et al. v. Michigan et al.
   Ct. App. Mich. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-396.
    Texas et al. v. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, as Manager of the FSLIC Resolution Fund as Receiver of First South, N. A.
   Ct. App. Tex., 2d Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-468.
    Montgomery v. City of Farmington Hills et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-485.
    Township of Leland et al. v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians (two judgments).
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-556.
    Burns et al. v. Stone Forest Industries, Inc.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-557.
    Ford v. Town of Grafton.
   App. Ct. Mass. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-563.
    Gabay v. Mostazafan Foundation of Iran, aka Foundation for the Oppressed, et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-570.
    Bank of China v. Voest-Alpine Trading USA Corp.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-571.
    Carter, Administratrix of the Estate of Braud, Deceased, et al. v. Fenner et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-572.
    Horwath Associates v. City of East Palo Alto et al.
   Ct. App. Cal., 1st App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-575.
    Bestelmeyer v. Henry, Warden.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-582.
    Gottfried v. Medical Planning Services, Inc., et al.
   C. A 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-585.
    Krumme et al. v. WestPoint Stevens Inc., fka WestPoint-Pepperell, Inc., et al.
   C. A 2d Cir. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-586.
    Keith v. Texas.
   Ct. App. Tex., 8th Dist. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-595.
    Mt. Hope Asphalt Corp. et al. v. Zagata, Commissioner, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, et al.
   App. Div., Sup. Ct. N. Y., 2d Jud. Dept. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-616.
    Barber v. Welch.
   Ct. Civ. App. Aa. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-618.
    McClellan Federal Credit Union v. Parker.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-619.
    Jonas v. Briggs, Executrix of the Estate of Morey, Deceased.
   Sup. Ct. N. H. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-621.
    In re Lentino.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-624.
    Glaser v. City of San Diego.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-631.
    Weeks v. Oklahoma Bar Assn.
   Sup. Ct. Okla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-638.
    Gowan v. Department of the Air Force.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-658.
    Mayeux v. United States Army Corps of Engineers.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-663.
    Sturgis v. Employers Insurance of Wausau et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-683.
    Coghill v. Virginia.
   Sup. Ct. Va. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-711.
    Rodrigue et al. v. Madden et al.
   Sup. Jud. Ct. Me. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-729.
    Randall v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-750.
    Husick v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5297.
    Bennett v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5762.
    Wood v. Alabama.
   Sup. Ct. Ala. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5845.
    Hill v. Nevada.
   Sup. Ct. Nev. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5905.
    Harris v. Illinois.
   Sup. Ct. Ill. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5963.
    Beltran Torres v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-5976.
    Harmon v. Matarazzo.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6125.
    Peevy v. California.
   Sup. Ct. Cal. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6299.
    Massey v. Head, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6308.
    Ledford v. Texas.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tex. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6309.
    Martinez v. United States District Court for the Central District of California.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6310.
    Lindstedt v. Baum et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6311.
    Nelson v. Stringer, Sheriff, Marion County, Mississippi, et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6312.
    Nelson v. Idaho.
   Ct. App. Idaho. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6321.
    Cross v. Cambra, Warden.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6325.
    McInerney v. City and County of San Francisco et al.
   Ct. App. Cal., 1st App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6334.
    Washington v. Ward, Warden.
   G. A. 5th Gir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6337.
    Williams v. Ventura County, California, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6338.
    Worthen v. Oklahoma.
   Ct. Crim. App. Okla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6343.
    Bauhaus v. Reynolds, Warden.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6351.
    Crowder v. Texas.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tex. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6355.
    Powers v. South Carolina.
   Sup. Ct. S. G: Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6359.
    Hill v. South Carolina.
   Sup. Ct. S. C. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6363.
    Spangler v. Alabama.
   Ct. Crim. App. Ala. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6364.
    Saunders v. Angelone, Director, Virginia Department of Corrections.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6367.
    Bentley v. Demskie, Acting Superintendent, Woodbourne Correctional Facility, et al.
   App. Div., Sup. Ct. N. Y., 3d Jud. Dept. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6375.
    Barnett v. California.
   Sup. Ct. Cal. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6402.
    Labankoff et al. v. Viking Credit Corp. et al.
   Ct. App. Cal., 1st App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6460.
    Riggins v. Dormire, Superintendent, Jefferson City Correctional Center.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6466.
    Bartlett v. Department of the Army.
   C. A. Fed. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6479.
    McLennon v. Senkowski, Superintendent, Clinton Correctional Facility.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6490.
    Carter v. Amtrak Corporation.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6499.
    Dinsmore-Thomas v. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6513.
    Lanier v. Superior Court of the District of Columbia et al.
   Ct. App. D. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6536.
    Thomas v. Singletary, Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections.
   Sup. Ct. Fla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6541.
    Moss v. Duncan, Warden.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6544.
    Brown v. McGinnis et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6567.
    Harper v. Singletary, Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections, et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6569.
    Fields v. Duncan, Warden.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6597.
    Brown v. Vidor, Deputy Warden, et al.
   G. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6605.
    McClanahan v. Wellmore Coal Corp.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6637.
    Rashed v. Dorsey et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6642.
    Smith v. Duncan, Warden, et al.
   G. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6643.
    Sharma v. United States District Court for the Central District of California.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6649.
    James v. Moore, Director, South Carolina Department of Corrections, et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6658.
    Childs v. Smith, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6662.
    Carpenter v. United States.
   Ct. App. D. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6665.
    Bowen v. Illinois.
   Sup. Ct. Ill. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6675.
    Borja-Espinoza v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6676.
    McBride v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6677.
    Marshall v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6680.
    De La Rosa, aka Acosta v. United States.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6682.
    Grant v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6684.
    Cook v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6685.
    Graves v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6686.
    Clark et ux. v. City of Portland, Oregon.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6687.
    Lupercio Ramirez v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6688.
    Savage-El v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6693.
    Reinhardt v. United States Postal Service et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6697.
    Walton v. Virginia.
   Sup. Ct. Va. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6702.
    Collazo-Diaz v. United States.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6704.
    Sandoval v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6706.
    LaBoone v. Angelone, Director, Virginia Department of Corrections.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6707.
    Lawton v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6716.
    Vaid, aka Johnson v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6722.
    Rodriguez v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6728.
    Wiley v. Smith, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6730.
    Wong v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6734.
    Whiting v. United States.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6739.
    Rivera v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6748.
    Williams v. McKeen, Acting Administrator, Southern State Correctional Facility, et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6750.
    Kulik v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6751.
    Jones v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6753.
    James v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6756.
    Alexander v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6758.
    Alaniz v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6759.
    Ismel et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6763.
    Lyday v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6764.
    Lutz v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6766.
    Budd v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6772.
    Guerrero v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6774.
    Doss v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6776.
    Adler v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6780.
    King v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6781.
    Nelson v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6786.
    Williams v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6787.
    Thomas v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6791.
    Yossif v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6793.
    Byers v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6795.
    Perez v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6804.
    Mattison v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6805.
    Marji v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6807.
    Ashley v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6810.
    Thomas v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-6812.
    Wright v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 98-266.
    Anne Arundel County v. West et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Motion of National League of Cities et al. for leave to file a brief as amici curiae granted. Certiorari denied.