author:
Mr. Justice McLEAN Mr. Chief Justice TANEY Mr. Justice DANIEL
      Mr. Justice. McLEAN

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    The State of Pennsylvania, Complainant, v. The Wheeling and Belmont Bridge Company, William Otterson and George Croft.
    The State of Pennsylvania having constructed lines of canal and railroad, and other means of travel and transportation, which woijld be injured ' in their revenues by the obstruction in the Biver Ohio, created by a bridge at Wheeling, has a sufficiently direct interest to sustain an application to this court) in the exercise of original jurisdiction, for an injunction to remove the obstruction. The remedy at law would be incomplete.
    It is admitted that the federal courts have no' jurisdiction of common-law. offences, and that there is no abstract, pervading principle, of the common law of the Union under which this court can take jurisdiction; .and that the case under consideration is subject to the same rules of action as if the suit had been commenced in the' Circuit Court for the District of Virginia.
    But chancery jurisdiction is conferred on the courts of the United States by the Constitution, under certain limitations; and, under these limitations, the usages of the High Court of Chancery, in England, which have been adopted as rules by this court, furnish the chancery law which is exercised in all the States, and even in those where no State chancery system exists.
    Under this system, where relief can be given by the English chancery, similar relief may be given by the courts of the Union.
    An indictment against a bridge, as a nuisance, by the United States, could not be sustained; but a proceeding against it, on the ground of a private and irreparable, injury, may be sustained, at the instance of an individual or a corporation, either in the Federal or State courts.'
    In cas6 of nuisance, if the obstruction be unlawful and the injury irreparable, by a suit at common law, the injured party may claim the extraordinary protection of a court of chancery. .
    The Ohio is a navigable stream, subject to the commercial power of Congress, which has been exercised over it; and, if the act of Virginia authorized the structure of the bridge, so as to obstruct navigation, it would afford no justification to the bridge company.
    Congress has sanctioned the compact made between Virginia and Kentucky, viz.; “ That the use and navigation of the River Ohio, so far as the territory of Virginia or Kentucky is concerned, shall be free and common to the citizens of the United States.” This compact is obligatory, and can be carried out by this court.
    Where there is a private injury from a public nuisance, a court of equity will interfere by injunction.
    In this case, the bridge is a nuisance. This is shown by measuring the height of the bridge, and of-the'water, and of the chimneys-of the boats. The report of the commissioner, appointed by this court to ascertain these facts, is equivalent to the verdict of a jury.
    The report of the commissioner adverted to and commented upon; the extent of injury sustained by the boats explained; and the importance shown of maintaining the navigation of the river.
    If a structure be declared to be a nuisance, there is no room for. a calculation and comparison between the injuries and benefit!} which it produces..
    Therefore, unless there be an elevation of the lowest parts of the bridge for three hundred feet over the channel of the river — not less than one hundred and. eleven feet from the low-water mark, the flooring of the bridge descending from the termini of the elevation at the rate of four feet in the hundred — or some other plan shall be adopted which shall relieve the navigation from obstruction, on or before the first of February next, — the bridge must be abated.
    (In consequence of the intimation above alluded to, viz., “ that some other plan might be adopted ’’..than elevating the bridge, the court, at the request of the counsel for the Bridge Company, referred the matter to 'an engineer. After receiving his report, ^ the court decided as follows.)
    The Bridge Company may, upon their own responsibility, try whether the western channel can be improved and made passable, by means of a draw, so as to afford. a safe and unobstructed navigation for the largest class of boats, having chimneys eighty feet high, when they cannot pass under the suspension-bridge. Tiffs' is to be done, if at all, before the first Monday of February next, on which day the plaintiff may move the court on the subject of the decree.
    This was a case upon the equity • side of this court, in the exercise'of original'jurisdiction.
    It is noticed in 9 Howard, 647j and again in 11 Howard, 528.' In 9 Howard, a statement is given of the contents of the bill and answer, and of .the proceedings in the case, up to the time of its reference to a commissioner, for the purpose of talcing further proofs upon the points therein stated. The reader is referred to that volume for these proceedings.
    -In that report it is mentioned, that' a notice of the arguments of counsel was deferred until the final decision of the case.
    That final decision having takenjplace at this term] it is proper now; to note as briefly as possible the gi* unds assumed by the respective counsel.
    The points made ánd authorities cited by the counsel for the plaintiff, were the following, viz.
    1. That the Ohio River is a public highway of commerce, which, under the Constitution of the United States, has. been regulated by Congress. ' Journal of Congress, vol. 4, 637, 638; Ordinance of 1787, art. 4; Act of Congress admitting Kentucky, (1 Stat. at Large, 189); Virginia act of Assembly, 18 Dec. 1789, (Rev. Code, 1819,57); Acts of Congress for enrolling and licensing ships or vessels to be employed in the coasting trade, and for regulating the same, (1 Stat. at Large, 305); Act of Congress authorizing duties to be paid at ports on the Ohio, (4 Stat. at Large, 480); Act of Congress to improve the navigation of the. Ohio .River,. (4 Stat. at Large,, 32); Acts of Congress providing for inspection, &c., of steamboats, (5 Stat. at Large, 304); Committee Report No. 672, in the House of Representatives, 24th Congress; Report No. 993, 25th Congress, on a bridge at Wheeling; Report No. 79, 28th Congress, 1st session on abridge at Wheeling; Pennsylvania Resolutions, vol. 29, (Pa. Laws, 487,) on a bridge at Wheeling; Pennsylvania Resolutions, vol. 31, (Pa. Laws, 591,) on the Wheeling Bridge ; 42 Ohio Laws, 269 ; Green v. Biddle, 8 Wheat, 1; Gordon’s Digest T5, 27, 176,191, 325, 343, 428; 2 Madison Papers, 599, 602, 606, 614, 623, 627, 677; Resolutions of General Assembly, of Virfinia, November; 1786; Resolution offered by. delegates from forth Carolina,'in Congress, September, 1788, relative to the navigation of the Mississippi, (Journal of Congress, 1788); Resolution of Congress, on the same subject, September, 1788, (Journal of Congress, 1788); 2 Madison Papers, 678 ; Act providing for sal'e of Public Land, (1 Stat. at Large, 464, sect. 6); Lyman’s American Diplomacy, 300, 303, 310, 311, 315; Report on Com-, merce and Navigation, December 31, 1849.
    2. That free navigation of the Ohio River, as a common highway, having been established by regulations of Congress, and by compact between the States, it cannot lawfully be obstructed by force of any State authority or legislation."' Constitution of the United States, art. 1, sect. 8, clauses 2, 4,17; sect. 9, clause 5 ; sec. 10, clause 2.; art. 6,1st clause; Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat. 1; Brown ?\ State of Maryland, 12 Wheaton, 419; Wilson v. Blackbird Creek Marsh Co. 2 Peters, 245; Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, 11 Peters, 540, 542, 604; Norris v. Boston, 7 Howard’s United States Rep. 283; Groves v. Slaughter, 15 Peters, 506; Houstpn v. Moore, 5 Wheaton, 22; Worcester ?;. Georgia, 6 Peters, 515; Spooner vt McConnell, 1 McLean’s Rep. 359; United States v. New Bedford Bridge, 1 Woodb. & Mipot, 401, and authorities there citfed; Corfield v. Coryell, 4 Wash. C. Ó. 379 ; Holmes v. Jennison, 14 Pet. 540 '; Livingston’ v. North R. S. B. Co. 3 -Cow. 713.
    3. That inasmuch as the Wheeling Bridge has been found by the commissioner’s report to bexan obstruction to the free navigation of. the Ohio River, it is a public nuisance that may be abated by a court of equity on complaint of an injured party. Hargrave!s Tract, De Jure Maris, 9, 22, 35, 87; 3 Thomas’s Co. Lit. 4;' 2 Story’s Equity, sects. 920, 921, 924 ; Eden on Injunctions, 157,158, 160,161, 222, 228 ; Drewr-y on Injunctions, 237, 240, 249, 294; City of Georgetown v. Alexandria Canal 12 Peters, 91; Blakemore v. Glamorganshire Canal Co. 1- Myl. & Keen, 164; 1 McLean, 359; 3 McLean, 226; 1 Woodhury & Minot, 401; Shelford on Railways, 428, 445, and cases there cited; Robinson v. Lord Byron, 1 Bro. C. Ó. 588; Lane v. Newdigate, 10 Vesey, .192; Spencer v. London and Birmingham Railway Co. 1 Railway C. 170; Attorney-General v. Manchester Railway, 1 Railway C. 436 ; .North of England Railway v. Clarence'Railway, 1 Coll. C. C. 521; Angelí on Watercourses, 201, 208,209,213; Attorney-General v. Burridge, 10 Price, 350; Attorney-General v,. Parmeter, Id. 378; Attorney-General v. Johnson, 2 Wils. Ch. R. 87; Attorney-General v. Forbes, 2 Myl. & Craig, 1?3; Attorney-General v. The Cohoes" Co. 6 Paige, Ch. 133; Spencer v. The Railway Co. 8 Simons, 193; Corning ?;. Lowerre, 6 Johns. Ch. 439; Boston Water Power Co. v. Boston & W. Railroad, 16 Pick. 525; Barrow v. Richards, 8 Paige; Ch. 351; Livingston v. Mayor, of N. York, 8- Wend. 99; Bush v. Warren, Prec. Ch. 530; 2 Story’s Equity, p. 252; 2 Ans. 603; 2 Starkie’s Rep. 448; .United States Const, art. 3, sect. 1, 2; Walford on Railways, 408; Shelford on Railways, 430; 1 Railway Cases, 68, 576; 2 Railway Cases, 380; 2 Younge1 & Coll. 611; Attorney-General v. Utica Ins. Co. 2 Johns. Ch. Rep. '379; 1 Baldwin, 205; 1 Swanston, 250; 1 Mylne & Keen, 164; 3 Howard’s United States Rep. 229; Pennsylvania v. Wheeling Bridge, before Judge Grier, Pamphlet Reports.
    4. That for an injury to a State, she may maintain a. suit in a court of competent jurisdiction. King of France v. Morris, 3-Yeates, 251; King of Spain v. Oliver, Peters C. C. R. 276; •Nabob of T.he Carnatic v. East India Co. 1 Yes. Jr. 382; Don Diego v. Jolyfe, Hobart, 86; Colombian Government v. Rothschild, 1 Sim. 94; Duke of Brunswick v. King ■ of Hanover, 6 Beav. 1; Story’s Equity PI. sect. 55; Rhode Island v. Massachusetts, 12 Pet¡ 720; 4 How. 592; Vattel, book 3, chap. ,6, sects. 22, 23, 49, 50, 60, 65, 71;' Wheaton’s International LáW> 81, 82; Lieber’s Political Ethics, 2, 5, 48, book 2, 196; Whewell’s Elements, 2, 5,o849 ; Mayor of New Orleans v. The. United States, 10 Peters, 672; New Jersey v. Wilson, 7 Cranch, 164; United States Constitution, art. 3.
    5. That the equitable powers of the Supreme Court of the United States are adequate to grant relief against a public nuisance, and where a State is a party to the suit, that court has original jurisdiction. United States Const, art. 3, sects. 1,2; City of Georgetown v.- Alexandria Canal, 12 Peters, 91; Story’s Commentaries, 570; Federalist, ~ No. 80; Osborn v. Bank of United States, 9 Wheaton, 839; Bank of United States v. Planters Bank, 9 Wheat. 904.
    The following extract contains the views of Mr. Stanton, one of the counsel for the complainant.
    It is my design to present, as briefly as I can, the grounds on which the Stateof Pennsylvania prosecutes this suit and claims relief of this court. That purpose will be served by the discussion of a single proposition which will embrace all the points made, viz.
    That the Ohio River is a' highway of commerce leading to and from the ports of Pennsylvania, regulated by Congress, unlawfully obstructed by the Wheeling Bridge, to the injury of the State of Pennsylvania; and therefore that the bridge ought to be abated by decree of this court at her suit.
    The first branch of this proposition, that the Ohio River is a highway of commerce, will not be disputed; for it is a geographical and statistical fact recognized by every department of the government of which this court would take judicial notice; and by their answer the defendants admit that this highway is navigated in steamboats by citizens of the State of Pennsylvania, and connects with her ports. The boundary of six States, its waters draining a large territory of four other States, flowing in a south-west direction from the Alleghany • Mountains to the Mississippi, presenting to the navigator a broad and placid stteam one thousand miles in length, more free from dangers and obstructions than any other navigable river in the world, it is apparent that the regulation of this river would claim the earnest attention of statesmen. Accordingly we find that when the possession of this river - and the territory through which it flowed had been secured by independence and peace with Great Britain, the sagacious statesmen of that day speedily turned their attention to' the regulation, of the western rivers, and the commerce they foresaw must soon flow along their course,
    On the 12th day o£ May, .1786, on the motion of Mr. Grayson, of Virginia, the following resolution was adopted:
    “ Resolved, That the navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and St. Lawrence,, and the carrying-places between the same, be, and they are hereby, declared to be common h’ighways, and be forever free, as well to the inhabitants of said territory as to the citizens of the United States and those of any other States that may be admitted into the confederation, without any tax,- impost, or duty therefor.” Journal o'f Congress, 1786; p.. 637.
    Soon after this, all questions as to the title of the territory north-west of the Ohio being secured hy compromise and cession .of the claims of the several States, an ordinance for its regulation was adopted by Congress. This was the ordinance of 13th July, 1787, since become so famous in connection with another question. The 4th article, last clause, of this ordinance, .contains, a regulation in the same words as the resolution of Mr. Grayson. A similar condition has been imposed on.the admission into the Union of every State bordering upon these waters. It is denied by the defendants that Virginia assented to this provision of the ordinance. But this can make no difference, for it is nevertheless'a'regulation of commerce by Congress, as has been decided by this court, (3 How. 229,) and at all events it overthrows the authority claimed by these defendants under the legislation of Ohio.
    ' In 1789, Virginia, being in possession of a large territory north-east of the Ohio, now constituting the State of Kentucky, desired to have it admitted into the Union as a separate and independent State. For this purpose, her General Assembly, on the 18th December, 1789, passed an act providing for its erection as an independent State upon certain terms and conditions, among which .were the following: '
    “ That the use and .navigation- of the River Ohio, so far as the territory of the proposed State, or the territory that shall remain within the limits of this Commonwealth lies thereon, shall be free and common to the citizens of the United States.” Virginia Rev. Code, 1818, p. 59-
    ' To this, act the assent of -Congress was given, (1 Stat. at Large, 64,) and it became-a compact between Virginia and the othér States of the Union. Freedom being thus established by Congress and the concurrent action of Virginia! as the regulation of the river channel, its commerce was still further -regulated by the act of Congress of 1807, attaching the Ohio River to the collection district of Mississippi, and appointing surveyors for the ports of Pittsburg, Marietta, Cincinnati, and Louisville. 1 Stat. at Large, 464.
    The growing commerce of this region in 1824 received further attention from the general government, by a large appropriation to improve the navigation of the Ohio River; and from that period until now ■ annual appropriations have been made to im.prove its navigation and remove obstructions. This commerce being carried on by steamboats, the regulation of these vessels in 1838 received the attention of Congress. The act of 7th of July, 1838, provided specially for their license .and enrolment, for the appointment of an inspector of their boilers, engines, and machinery, prescribing the duties of the officers, and enforcing severe penalties in case of injury to persons or property. 5 Stat. at Large, 304.
    Thus it appears that the constitutional power of Congress to regulate commerce on the Ohio. River, belonging exclusively to that branch of the general government, has been fully exercised upon every subject susceptible of regulation. This power has been exerted upon the channel, and whatever passes through it, —upon the stream and upon its bed, upon the vessel, its . navigator, and whatever it transports, upon its engine, machinery, cargo, passengers, officers, and crew; nay, that it has. extended, to the very subject now under consideration; and that Congress, by express and repeated action, has prohibited the erection of a. bridge at "Wheeling, I shall proceed now to show.
    In 1836, petitions to Congress praying for the construction of a bridge at Wheeling were laid before that body. They were backed by resolutions of the State of Ohio instructing her Senators and requesting her Representatives to use their exertions to obtain that object. Accompanying them were. statements and representations of similar import to the grounds now urged in favor of the Wheeling Bridge. The importance of such structure.as a link connecting .the disjointed fragments of the Cumberland Road, — the great advantage to commerce, and to the general government in the time of war, of such facility for crossing the Ohio'River, — the obstructions of ice and driftwood and the evils of the ferry, —- the inconvenience of delay in transporting the mails, — all these were held up in bold relief, and represented in glowing and exaggerated colors. With the petitions were presented various communications from Mr. Ellet, the engineer by whom this bridge has been erected, urgiilg the necessity and practicability of the undertaking, and presenting plans; for its accomplishment. A favorable report was procured from the Committee on Roads and Canals, which undertook to answer the objection urged against bridging the Ohio. From this report it appears that the main, and indeed the only important objection was that now insisted on by the State of Pennsylvania; the obstruction which sudh an erection would be likely to occasion to steamboats. In answer to this objection .'if was insisted then, as now, that high chimneys were unnecessary, and that the few boats likely to be obstructed might, with proper machinery, accommodate themselves to the exigency, and that their convenience should yield to the public benefits of a bridge.. But Congress thought otherwise, and the plan was-rejected. House Reports, 1st sess. 24th Cong. No. 132.
    At the next session of the same Congress the subject was again brought forward; the same plan proposed; the same views presented; the same arguments urged. The project was again opposed in Congress on the ground of its injury to navigation, and, as is evident from the committee’s report, was on that ground alone defeated. House Reports, 2d sess, 24th Cong. .672.
    Still insisting upon a bridge at Wheeling, the 25th Congress, had the subject presented in a report of the Committee on Roads and Canals, on the 27th of June, 1838. In/ the mean time an exploration and survey had been made, under the direction of the War Department, by Messrs. Sanders and Dutton, two skil-, ful and distinguished engineers in the government service. They presented a plan for a suspension bridge across the Ohio River, having for its basis a strict regard to the rights of navigation, and providing that no obstruction should be offered to the passage of the highest steamboat chimney on the highest' floods. Their plan proposed a space of five hundred feet in width and the height of the highest chimney then known; and, in order to provide* for any change or improvement in steamboats, the floor of the bridge was to be movable so as to allow the passage of boats. Report of Messrs. Sanders and Dutton, House Documents, 25th Congress, June,-1838, No. 993. The cost was estimated at $400,000. A plan by Mr. Ellet was also submitted for a bridge, the same elevation, seven hundred feet in width. But the same objections being urged, were found to be insuperable, and the plan was rejected.
    • It is further to be remarked that among the documents of this session was a surrender by the city of Wheeling of its streets for the purposes of a bridge, and by Zane of any portion of the island for purposes of embankment. And yet an excuse now given for not erecting the bridge higher is the alleged damage to the streets, and the amount Zane would charge for embankment on the island, which is. set down at the moderate estimate of $20,000. These rights were then freely granted for the bridge; and it was not until a later day that the cheap expedient was resorted to of saving private property by the encroachment on public rights on a navigable river.
    In December, 1843,' another series of resolutions was procured from the Ohio legislature, and, armed therewith, those interested in making 'Wheeling the head of. navigation, again appeared before Congress. But Pennsylvania had become awakened to her interests, and the danget becoming imminent, she instructed her senators’ and representatives to oppose the' erection of the proposed bridge across the Ohio. Her resolutions pointed to the specific objections now urged: — The obstruction to the free use of the Ohio River.; the injury to commerce, trade, and manufactures, building of ships, war-steamers, and other vessels, by placing a barrier in the passage to the Gulf'; the interfering with steamboats, in high water, trading with the Western and Southern States; and claimed the use of thé Ohió'Rivef as a great thoroughfare. They were in these words:
    “ Whereas, application has been made to Congress of the United States for an appropriation to aid in the erection of a bridge across the Ohio River at Wheeling, Virginia, the construction of which might materially obstruct the free use and navigation of said river above that point, and injuriously affect the commerce of the city of Pittsburg and all that district of Pennsylvania lying west of the. Alleghany Mountains,' by arresting the building of war-steapaers and other vessels' of the great western manufacturing and commercial emporium of this State, by placing a barrier to their passage to the Gulf of Mexico, besides seriously interfering with the free navigation of the Ohio River by steamboats and other vessels engaged in the trade of the Western and Southern States during. high stages of water: Therefore,

      “ Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,- in General Assembly met, That our Senators in Congress are hereby instructed, and our Representatives requested, to vote against any appropriation by the national legislature to the object above stated, and oppose every proposition for the erection of a bridge at Wheeling or at any other point on.the Ohio River, or any project that would result in increasing the obstacles already existing to the free navigation and use of that great thoroughfare of this Commonwealth.

      “ Resolved, That the Governor be requested to transmit a copy of-the foregoing preamble and resolution to each member of the Pennsylvania delegation in Congress.
    “James Ross Snowden, Speaker of the House.of Rep.

    “ William Bigler, Speaker of the Senate.

    “ Approved 26th January, 1844. • David R. Porter.”
    These resolutions were immediately laid before Congress, and referred in the House to the Committee on Roads and Canals, on which was Mr. Steenrod, a member from Wheeling. House Doc. 28 Cong. No. 79.
    Here, then, the question was brought before Congress in the most solemn and imposing form. Two sovereign States appeared at the bar of Congress, one urging and the other opposing the bridge.
    At this, crisis a bill had already been reported by that committee making an appropriation for a bridge at Wheeling, and containing this clause, “ that the bridge shall be so constructed as to, admit at all times, without obstruction or delay, of the safe and easy passage of steamboats of the largest dimensions.”
    On ,the twenty-ninth day of January Mr. Steenrod presented á report, not contesting the rights of Pennsylvania, nor the injury she must suffer from an obstruction at Wheeling, but claiming that a bridge could be erected across the Ohio, at Wheeling without obstructing the use and navigation of the river according to the provisions of the bill. With this report was submitted a plan by Mr. Ellet for such a bridge, stating that he had, since the date of his former plan, examined the localities, and “ would recommend a radical change of plan for the Wheeling Bridge, and leave the river entirely unobstructed.” House Rep; 28 Cong. No. 79.
    It appears, moreover, that the plan proposed was in some respects similar to that afterwards adopted and executed by the same engineer. It was a single span across the river, at an elevation of ninety feet, above low water. But it was not then disclosed that such. elevation was to be only for one hundred feet in width; that the channel was to be cut across by an inclined plane so as .to obstruct a public navigable river. ' The specific objection was then urged as now, that ninety feet above low water would not admit the passage of steamboats with tall chimneys. It was then answered as it is now, that such height was unnecessary, that few boats only used, such chimneys, that they ought to be provided with hinges and machinery for lowering; that detention would be only for a short space; that the river was impassable by reason of ice; that the mails were delayed, and, in short, every possible argument that has been, qr can be, presented ill favor of this bridge was, in a report by the member from that district, pressed upon Congress. It was all to no purpose. The rights of Pennsylvania, and her 'interests of navigation, were deemed paramount, and the.constitutional obligation to preserve the Ohio River as a free and common highway was held to be inviolable.
    Now, the-regulation of commerce consists as much in negative as positive action. Mr. Justice McLean, Passenger Cases, 7 Howard, 399.
    Supposing, therefore, the Ohio River to be exclusively within the territory of Virginia, on both banks, and from its head to its mouth, and that she might authorize bridges over it, yet that power is subordinate to the constitutional authority of’ Congress over commerce. And if Congress, in the exercise of its power, has manifested a negative policy hostile to bridges over the Ohio, any conflicting exercise of State authority would be void. And yet, in their answer, this hostile policy of Congress is the confessed, motive for procuring their charter from the. State of Virginia.- Nay, more, its purpose is admitted to be that which the power granted to Congress by the 3d clause, 8th article, of the Constitution was especially intended to prevent, the acquisition by States, for their citizens, of commercial advantages by separate legislation.
    *The addition of territory and of settlement on the Pacific Ocean, and the increasing population and commerce of that coast, have recently given new importance to the subject; the change in federal policy and legislation qs to bridges and other works of internal improvement has made it incumbent upon the States, by -separate legislation, to consult and promote their own and the general Welfare and prosperity.” Original Answer, p. 24.
    The defendants’ allusion to the Pacific settlements and commerce is of deep significance, and indicates the result to be expected, if States may thwart and override the constitutional provision, and by separate legislation consult their own and the general welfare. It has been well remarked, that in such event, the Constitution would be a rope of sand.
    It is manifest, therefore, that the only constitutional power that could in any event authorize this bridge had been invoked, and that by its negative action, potentially as by' express enactment, this structure,.was prohibited.
    Commerce, on the Ohio, being thus regulated by Congress, and that regulation including afl the subjects of navigation, its vehicle, and those engaged in its management, it follows that any act or erection, in any way affecting the subjects thus regulated, .whether by individuals or State governments, is unlawful. In the great case of Gibbons v. Ogden, (9 Wheaton, 1,) this court decided that the power to regulate commerce included navigation, and when exercised by that body, any conflicting State regulation, no matter for what purpose or extent adopted, was void. In the subsequent case of Wilson v. The Blackbird Creek Marsh Company, (2 Peters, 245,) it was held that any exercise of this power by Congress excluded and controlled all State action.
    Subsequent cases have illustrated these principles, applying them to all action, direct, or indirect, of individuals or-States interfering with congressional regulations of foreign and domestic-commerce. In the passenger cases, Norris v. Boston, and Smith v. Turner, (Pamph. Rep. p. 85,) Chief Justice Taney remarks : “ It has always been admitted, in the discussion upon this clause of the Constitution, (art. 8, sect. 3,) that the power to regulate commerce includes navigation, and ships, and crews, because they are the ordinary means of commercial intercourse.” In the same cases, Mr. Justice Daniel observes: “.The power to regulate commerce, includes the regulation of the vessel, as well as the cargo, and the manner of using the .vessel in that commerce.” Id. p. 131.
    ' In those cases the following propositions were among others maintained:
    “ That the power to regulate commerce, foreign and between the States, was vested exclusively in Congress.” Mr. Justice McLean, 7 Howard, 400.
    “ That the power in Congress to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, includes navigation upon the high seas, and in the bays, harbors, lakes, and navigable waters within the United States, and any law by a State, in any way affecting the right of navigation, or subjecting the exercise, of the right to a condition, is contrary to the aforesaid, grant.” Mr. Justice Wayne, Id. 414.
    “ That' Congress has regulated commerce, and intercourse with foreign nations, and between the several States, by willing that it shall be free, and it is, therefore, not left to the direction of each State in the Union, either to refuse a right of passage to person's or property through her territory, or to exact a duty for permission’ to exercise it.” Mr. Justice Catron and Mr. Justice Grier, Id. 464.
    The principle of these decisions has been illustrated and enforced by a long series of cases, cited in the brief, and to which it is sufficient for me to refer. See eases cited in brief. Hence it follows that the bridge, erected by the defendants <Ner the channel of the Ohio River, if it obstructs, interferes with, or in anywise regulates navigation, is an unlawful obstruction, no

      matter by what charter or State enactments it may be author-^ ized or sanctioned. I proceed to demonstrate that;it does obstruct navigation, and conflicts with every regulation prescribed by Congress for that river.
    At Wheeling, the' channel between Zane’s Island and the main Virginia shore is one' thousand and ten feet wide. Through this strait, fifty millions in value of property, and over three hundred thousand passengers are accustomed to pass safely and without impediment, in steamboats to and from Pittsburg. ■ Through it, the rice, cotton, and sugar of the Southern States, the bacon, flour, tobacco, and various products of the Western States, the furs, peltries, ininerals) and products of -the North-western region are transported to an Eastern market; and by the same channel foreign and domestic merchandise and manufactures find their way to their millions of consumers in that vast region.. Baffled in. the project of divérting this commerce from Pittsburg, by making Wheeling the head of navigation, under the sanction of Congress, resort was had to State authority, where Pennsylvania had no voice and where her remonsfrdnce could not be heard. .
    On the 19th of March, 1847, a charter-for the erection of. a wire suspension-bridge was obtained from the General Assembly of-Virginia,, under color of which, but in violation of the most important of its express provisions, the defendants proceeded to erect their bridge in the manner represented in the diagram now exhibited to the court.
    An inspection of that diagram exhibits the fact that the omy material variation betwéen the bridge erected,'and that proposed to and rejected by Congress, in 1844, consists -in a particular, whereby nine hundred feet of the river channel is wholly cut off. for purposes of navigation. . When the engineer, by whom this- structure was erected, -proposed to throw a -single span across the channel, ninety feet above low water, no one could have imagined that elevation applied to only one hundred, feet in width of the water’s surface, and'that by an inclined plane stretching across the channel the residue was to be cut off. And ■ yet such is .this erection. The highest point in the bridge above low-water level is ninety-two feet one and a half inches : from that point it deflects four feet in every hundred, being at the .western abutment • only sixty-two feet above that' level. Taking the highest point as a centre of the highest space, one hundred, feet wide, it is at its extremities only ninety feet above water.' ,
    This elevation, moreover, is- above" the low-water level of the Ohio, viz. eighteen inches in the channel. But this level exists-for a short season only of the year, the height of water varying forty-five feet between the extremes of high and low-water mark. The tables in the record exhibit the height of Water at Wheeling, each day, for the period of the last ten years. From them we gather *— &
    1st.' That the usual Spring and Fall floods, in March and December, attain the height of thirty-eight feet.
    2d. That floods, ranging from twenty to thirty-eight feet, have occurred in the months of January, February, March, April, May, June, July, November, and December, nine several months in the year.
    3d. That the duration of these flb.ods varies from two to ten days.
    . Regard to those facts has always been deemed of vital importance in the .consideration of bridging navigable waters. Thus the wire suspension-bridge over the Menai Straits, swings clear one hundred feet above high water; the Tweed Bridge is the same elevation; the Freyburg Bridge spans the channel at an elevation of one hundred and twenty-seven feet above high water,. (Sanders’s Report); and on a late occasion of erecting a railway-bridge over the Menai Straits, the Lords of Admiralty required the structure to be one hundred, feet above high water, the whole width (2,800 feet) of the channel. Quarterly Review, October, 1849. Stern adherence to this requisition led to the most brilliant achievement, of science since the days of Sir Isaac Newton. While the Conway Tubular-Bridge will stand as a monument of genius, overcoming natural obstacles to accommodate-navigation, the Wheeling Bridge hangs an obstruction to navigation, copied, by its engineer, from the miserable expedient of a South American Indian, its original inventor. .
    With utter disregard to the principles of science and the exigencies of commerce, low-water level is taken as the basis of elevation for the Wheeling Bridge,- and upon-usual floods only a space one hundred feet in width by fifty in height is allowed for the passage of vessels ascending and' descending the Ohio River-r — through that space the commerce of the most návigable river in the world is compelled to . stoop and dodge in high floods. •
    The extent of departure from the principles of art, the engagements of the parties, and the obligations of law, will be seen in the following considerations:
    1st. It is an ordinary wire suspension-bridge,'which, overa channel like the Ohio, is condemned by one of the most dis-' Anguished, engineers of this country, whose opinion, from his official employment as superintendent of. the improvements of navigation on the Western waters, is entitled to great weight.
    “ I have no hesitation in giving the. opinion that ordinary wire suspension-bridges ¿re not well adapted to the bridging of the Ohio; and in view, of the excessive ranges, from extreme low to extreme high water, ranging, as they do, from thirty-five to sixty-five feet at different points, 1 am persuaded that none but truss-ftame bridges, with suitable draws at one or both extremities, or at suitable intermediate points, are properly adapted to bridging the Ohio. Hence, I am decidedly of opinion that wiré suspension-bridges are neither expedient nor applicable in bridging the Ohio,, or any other of the main navigable 'rivers of the West, liable as they all are to excessive changes in the elevation of their surfaces and the depth of their floods.” Col. Long’s Deposition, pp. 139, 140.
    2d. It is an inclined plane, thrown .¿cross a swift stre¿m of - ever-varying surface, the current setting west towards the lowest point of the bridge, rocks fringing the highest point on the east,, with nothing to mark the depth below, or the space above the surface, no two points at the same level, and nothing to guide the navigator, in the perils that thus beset him. This inclined plane is placed, so low as on spring floods to leave a clear headway of only fifty feet by one hundred in a natural channel one thousand and ten feet wide, over the whole of which vessels have hitherto been accustomed at all hours, in all weather, to pass safely, but where now: the obscurity of fog and. darkness, the force of the current, or accident in. the complicated- machinery of a steamboat, expose it to shipwreek.
    3d. It not . only forbids all advance or improvement in the size and dimensions- of vessels, but forces them back ten years, .making the dimensions of the Louisville Bridge and the condition imposed by the falls of the Ohio, the'standard of steamboat architecture and navigation.
    Thar in these respects, -also, such a bridge is against all example and rule, I shall now proceed to show, by the highest authority in; the science of engineering.
    “Among the considerations that should-be held up to view, in throwing bridges across the Ohio, it may be stated that- the bridge shall offer no serious obstruction to the navigation -of the river, by steamboats or other eraft, according to existing peculiarities of such boats or craft, and‘to sound considerations of probable improvement in the size and character of such boats and craft.” Col. J. J. Abert, Chief of Top. Bureau, Record, pi 124. ,
    “ In selecting a plan for a bridge over the -east branch, (of the Ohio at Wheeling,) .full regard must be had to the interests of the navigation of the Ohio, which require that the bridge should offer no'obstruction to. the passage of steamboats or other craft, which run or may hereafter navigate that river,” Report bn Wheeling Bridge to the War Depart, by Lieuts. Sanders and Dutton, House Rep. 25 Cong. 1 Sess. No. 903.
    “ The bridge shall be so constructed as to admit, at all' times, withdut obstruction or delay, of- the safe and easy passage of steamboats 5f the largest dimensions.” Bill making an appro-, priation for a bridge at Wheeling; reported by tlm Committee, óñ-Roads and Canals. House Report, 28 Cong. 1st • Session, No.'79.
    Telford’s- Wire Suspension-Bridge, over the Menai Straits, leaves , ahelear level water-way five hundred-feet wide. The Freyfiurg Bridge leaves a clear water-way eight hundred feet wide. Ellet’s Letter, House Rep. 24 Cong. No. 672.
    The English Lords of Admiralty required the Conway Bridge to give a clear water-way one hundred feet above high water over -the whole width of the channel 2,800 feet. Oct. Quarterly Review, 1849, p. 218. In his first plan for. a bridge at Wheeling, submitted to Congress, Mr. Ellet proposed a clear water-way 700 feet wide. House Rep. 24 Cong. No; 672. In his last plan, he proposed a clear water-way over the whole width of the channel, and to leave • the river entirely unobstructed. Ellet’s Letter, De^ 29j 1843' House Rep. 28th Congress, 1st Session, No. 79. '
    Influenced, doubtless, by these rules and examples, the Virginia Legislature provided in the charter of this bridge:
    “ If the said bridge, mentioned in the eighth section of this act, shall be so erected as to obstruct the navigation of the Ohio River, m the usual manner of such steamboats and other crafts as ate now commonly accustomed to- navigate' the samé, when the river shall be as high as the highest floods heretofore known, then, unless, upon such obstruction being found to exist, such obstruction shall be immediately removed or remedied, the said last-mentioned br'idgé may be treated as a public nuisance, and. abated accordingly.”
    • When- this charter was -accepted the defendants and their engineer thereby admitted the propriety of its requisitions, and engaged-to comply with them. It was a part of their contract, With which they 'Were bound to comply. Agar v. Regent’s Canal, Coop. 77q Blackmore v. Glamorganshire Canal, 1 Myl. &;-K. 164. In .total disregard of all this, the defendants have erected their bridge on the novel plan of their engineer — undertaking to divide inconveniences with commerce on a public river, imposing expense, danger, and delay, razeeing its vessels and averaging its -floods.
    “■-It is fair to make a division of’thesd .inconveniences, and I. would therefore provide.for a passage of fifty feet, and a flood of thirty-five, ánd, if-occasion should require it, allow one or two of these boats to Me by for a few hours.” Ellet’s. Letter, House Reports, 28th' Congress, No. 79, p.- 4.
    Vessels navigating the Ohio, áre propeMed by the agency of wind or steam, and with the dimensions’ of the bridge or channel thus ascertained, it remains only to examine the result upon these vessels.
    At a single glance it is apparent that ships and. sea-going vessels, requiring,- as they do, over twelve feet draught and ninety-feet above the water, are wholly excluded from navigating the Ohio-above WheeMng. By the evidence,, it is shown, that from the port of Pittsburg, ships have been cleared for foreign ports, Iqden with domestic products. Revenue arid war vessels have been, constructed there for -the general government, and a large and prosperous business in ship-building and naval architecture' is springing up. The bridge at Wheeling necessarily involves the total destruction of this business, and the exclusion of such vessels and their commerce from the ports of Pennsylvania. Upon steam-vessels the exclusion operates with but Mttle less injury.
    The diagrams now exhibited to the court represent the figure and dimensions of the Ohio steam-vessels. Two classes are spoken of. The first being large ándrswift packets plying between Pittsburg and Cincinnati. The second class comprising transient vessels and those'which, in the course of their business, pass through the Louisville Canal.
    The first class average in length two hundred and thirty feet; they are over fifty feet wide ; their pilot-house stands forty-' eight feet above the surface of the water, and they require for free passage upwards of seventy feet space. . It is apparent, then, that to the passage of these vessels- the bridge offers a total obstruction whenever the water exceeds twenty feet in height. And this, it has already been shown, is liable to occur in nine several months of the year, and continue from .two to ten days at a time. Four-times, since.-this- court commenced jts session, they have been obstructed. The second class- of boats are one hundred and eighty feet in length, forty-nine'feet wide, with pilot house forty-seven-feet ábové'thri writer,' 'and chimneys over sixty feet high'.
    Upon the Spring and Fall floods, ranging from thirty to thirty-eight feet, the passage of these boats will also be prevented. It is said this class are provided with machinery for lowering a portion of their chimneys. And so. they are; but the proof exhibits that this machinery has been resorted to as an expedient in order to avoid the obstruction of the Ohio .falls, by .passing through the canal at Louisville. And it is insisted by these defendants that all boats passing; to and from Pittsburg, shall be subject to the same condition; imposing upon navigation between Wheeling and Pittsburg the disadvantages of a great natural obstacle like the falls of Louisville.
    Different opinions have been expressed by witnesses on the subject of lowering chimneys. A few observations in connection with the-draughts now beforé the court, will here be made.
    Two plans of lowering are described. By the first, a few joints of chimney at the top, turning on a hinge, are iowered sufficiently to pass through the Louisville Bridge. But this mode is confined, as evidently it must' be, to cases where a short piece of small diameter and light weight is to be lowered. Yet, even in- these cases, it is spoken of as being a troublesome, expensive, and dangerous duty. Hinges have broken and chimneys fallen arid crushed the decks; o'fficers and men on the deck are exposed to danger at night in windy and stormy weather. The packet chimneys, weighing from 2500 to 3000 pounds, and five feet in diameter, require a different management. For lowering these, the only mode suggested is by the use of hinges at the hdrricane deck. Let us consider, then, the condition of one of these, packets in effecting, its .passage on high water.
    Through the Louisville Canal, boats pass slowly with steam and fire down, with no opposing currents and no skill required to direct their course. The whole force, skill and attention of officers and crew, may there be devoted to lowering the chimneys. But boats descend the Ohio River at the rate of from fifteen to twenty miles per hour, and upon a current running between Zane’s Island and the- Virginia .shore at the rate of five to eight miles an hour, which shortly above the bridge, sets strongly out from the main shore to the island, thus inclining boats to the lower part of the bridge. See depositions of Duval and others.
    The boats, moreover, usually arrive at- the bridge in the night season. When, therefore, their chiriineys are to be lowered, supposing it even possible by mechanical contrivances and skill, the task is to be accomplished under the most formidable dangers. Upon a slippery deck, over boilers of steam and a fiery furnace, contending with wind and current, the boat must be guided through a narrow space of one hundred-feet in width, while huge chimneys, three tons in weight, are to be lowered to the deck. It is plain that any accident, under these circumstances, involves hazard and destruction to life and property, exposing officers, passengers, and crew to disaster and death in the most appalling form. Numerous instances of casualties are spoken of by the witnesses, that have happened on the small boats passing bridges bn the Monongahela and in the Louisville C.anal. What, then, is to be apprehended at the Wheeling Bridge' on the Ohio River, if the packets are to be subjected to such condition ? Upon the evidence in this case,' there is ho room to doubt the consequences that must ensue.
    With these general observations, I proceed to examine the evidence in detail. In the original answer it is admitted that there are boats that cannot pass the bridge. The first supplemental answer admits that there are six boats, the owners of which refuse to remodel their chimneys, so as to enable them, in case of a freshet, to pass under the bridge. In their memorial of January 1st, 1849, “ calling upon the. legislature of the State so to amend their charter, as to sanction by law the height fixed by the board of managers,” it is admitted that on a rise of thirty feet, a few of the larger class of boats “will be compelled” to lower their chimneys. On a rise of twenty-five feet, still fewer boats will be compelled to do so. On a flood of twenty feet, from five to §ix boats “ will be"required to lower their chimneys.” It is also confessed that the requisition imposes “ little trouble” and a “ small" additional expense.”
    The fact being thus confessed by the defendants, 'that the bridge will arrest the passage of boats, impose the condition of “remodelling their chimneys,”.exact the duty of lowering, them in order to pass, and incur by this requisition trouble and expense, the right comes in question.
    That no state could grant authority so to interfere with vessels, regulated and licensed pursuant to the acts of Congress, and navigating a river over which Congress had extended its protection as to boats, commerce,, and bridges, has already been shown. That Virginia neither assumed nor delegated sucli authority by their charter, appears from its terms. That the defendants knew they had no lawful authority, is proved by their calling on the legislature to amend their charter and sane-' tibn by law the height of their bridge.
    But several grounds of justification, or rather excuse, are urged. That the only boats obstructed by the bridge, have unusually high chimneys, and “belong toJPittsburg,.the rival of Wheeling in commerce and manufactures.” That the height of steamboat chimneys has been increased since the date of the bridge charter. That the boats obstructed are few in number That the obstruction seldom happens, and only for short periods. That the height of the qhimney is unnecessary, or if necessary, may be lowered to pass the bridge.
    To each of these points' of defence, the evidence furnishes a specific and conclusive answer.
    (Mr. Stanton then entered into a critical examination of the evidence and proceeded.)
    Without pursuing this branch of the subject further, it is evident that a more serious obstruction to tire navigation of the Ohio, by steam-vessels as well as ships, could not have been devised by the art of man. And, upon the authorities already adduced, it is manifest that the charter under which the defendants claim, if it authorized such erection, being a State enactment, which, in its operation, prescribes regulations for commerce conflicting with those of Congress, such charter is against' the Constitution of the United States, and is absolutely void. And all considerations, as to the practicability of changing- and adapting the structure and machinery of steamboats, so as to pass 'the bridge, are wholly unavailing to the defendants, for Congress, having regulated these vessels, appointed an inspector, prescribed their machinery, and the duties of officers and crew, and granted them a license to navigate the river, no individual nor' .State has any authority to. require a change of such machinery, nor impose the performance of any duty, nor for a single moment direct or arrest their course; and hence it follows that as this is undertaken and accomplished by the Wheeling Bridge, it is an unlawful obstruction of navigation on the Ohio River.
    The injury resulting to the State of Pennsylvahia from this unlawful obstruction is of the utmost magnitude. Occupying a central position, resting eastward on the Atlantic, north on the Hakes, flanking on the Ohio, by it she is connected with the Gulf and the vast regions of the West and South. She thus enjoys a position for foreign and domestic commerce more favorable than any other in the Union. From the earliest period these advantages were cultivated, she became a navigating State; the energies and enterprise of her people were devoted to havigation and commerce. By her own' canals connecting 'the lakes and the Atlantic with the Ohio,' she possesses channels for water transportation, more important than can be possessed by any State on the continent. By steamboats navigating the Ohio she has intercourse with all the States lying west and south of her; and, by the same highway, commerce with foreign nations, passing through the Gulf and the Mississippi^ reaches her gates, to be transported eastward through the channels she has opened. Across this thoroughfare, within fifty miles of Her border, the Wheeling Bridge interposes its barrier. By it her communication with New Orleans, St. Louis, Cincinnati, and all the region West and south of her, is intercepted, and the commerce flowing between them and her public works is interrupted, exposed to danger, delay, and is at times wholly cut off. The admission ,by defendants, that obstruction of the Ohio River, from any cause, would injuriously affect her public works, is evidently true; and equally plain is it that sqch obstruction must injuriously affect every interest that a State can possess, or that she is bound to cherish and defend. This injury may be considered in respect,
    1st. To the persons and property of hér citizens.
    2d. To her sovereignty and eminent domain.
    3d. To her ports.
    4th. To the revenue of her public works.
    (We must pass over the discussion of the first three of these points, and proceed to the last.)
    To the public works of Pennsylvania, the injury occasioned' by this obstruction is deep and lasting. The products of the South and West, and of the Pacific coast, are brought in steamboats along the Ohio to the western end of her canals at Pitts-burg, thence to be transported through them to Philadelphia, for an eastern and foreign market. Foreign merchandise and eastern manufactures, received at Philadelphia, are transported by the same channel to Pittsburg, thence to be carried south and west, to their destination, in steambQats along the Ohio. If these vessels and their commerce are liable to be stopped within a short, distance as they approach the-canals, and subject to expense, delay, and danger, to reach them, the same consequences to ensue on their voyage departing, the value of these works must be destroyed. ' This result is confessed by the defendants to be a necessary consequence of obstruction to the-Ohio River from any cause.
    “ They have no doubt that the navigation of the Ohio River is important to the works above referred to, and that the valúe thereof would be affected injuriously, if from any cause the pas-, sage of steamboats from the city of Pittsburg downwards, were obstructed or impeded”, 2d Supplemental Answer, Record, p.42.
    That the passage of steamboats to and from Pittsburg is obstructed and impeded by the Wheeling Bridge, has also been' shown by the admissions already quoted.
    . . . “ Six boats, the owners of which refuse to remodel their chimneys so as to enable them, in case of a freshet, to pass under thé bridge, belong to Pittsburg, the rival of Wheeling in commerce and manufactures.” Supplemental Answer, Record, p. 44.-
    “ A few of the larger class of boats at such a stage (thirty feet) of water, will be compelled to lower their chimneys.” Mem. to Virginia Legislature, Record, p. 56.
    It has been seen that the six boats referred to are the carriers between Pittsburg and Cincinnati, of three fourths of the trade and travel transported by the Pennsylvania Canal.
    The large class spoken of, are the carriers from New Orleans and St. Louis. Too large for the canal, these boats can reach .Pittsburg and depart only on high water. Too large for the bridge, they can pass Wheeling only on low water. They, are thus excluded from Pittsburg by a natural obstruction at Louisville, one portion of the year, and for the remainder by an artificial obstruction at Wheeling. To surmount both obstructions the same condition is imposed — “compelled to.” lower their chimneys.”
    By their own confession, then, the defendants, with their cables stretched over the cnannel, produce the same result as if rocks were sunk in its bed.. Between the Pennsylvania Canal' and Louisville, a distance of seven hundred miles, no obstruction has hitherto existed. Between Pittsburg and Cincinnati, with which' one half of her commerce is transacted, this artificial obstruction, equal to the Louisville falls, is placed within fifty miles of her borders, interposing between her ports and every other to which her commerce extends. Nay, more— to remove obstructions in the Ohio, Congress, at the solicitation of the Pennsylvania Legislature, has appropriated many millions of dollars, (4 U. S. Stat. 32,)' and within twelve months before this bridge was commenced, one hundred and thirty thousand two hundred dollars were expended for that purpose between Wheel-' ing-and Pittsburg. Col. Albert’s Deposition, p. 126.
    Thus it appears that while Congress has', been expending the public money in improving navigation, the defendants have spent their own in obstructing it, with much more effectual purpose.
    From the admissions of the defendants as to the obstruction created by their bridge, and its injury to the property of Pennsylvania, attention may now be turned to the other evidence on the same subject.

      Report of the Board of Canal Commissioners.

    “ The board fully concur in the views expressed by the collector as to the injurious effects which the construction of the bridge at Wheeling must necessarily produce upon the revenues of the Commonwealth, derived from the main line of her public works. If the representation be true that the bridge referred to prevents the passage of the large class of steamboats, which can only run in times of high water, then the State ought to take every legal step to procure the removal of the obstruction. It is unnecessary for the board to present to the Senate any argument to prove that such an impediment to the free navigation of the Ohio will materially affect the interests of Pennsylvania.” Record, p. 421.

      Report of the State Treasurer.

    “ It becomes my duty to call your attention to the bridge lately constructed across the River Ohio at Wheeling; threatening, as it does, to interfere with the business and enterprise of Pittsburg, whose commercial prosperity is so essential to the productiveness of our main line of canal.- Should the price of freights .to and from Pittsburg, by the river, be enhanced in the smallest degree by destroying the competition between the large and small boats, it will result injuriouslyto the business of the canal, and prejudicial to the enterprise- of a city whose manufacturing 'wealth and commerce áre too valuable to the State to be jeopardized.” State Treasurer’s Annual Report, p. 12.
    “ Annual receipts of main line, $1,238,720.05.” Id.- p. 50.
    The views thus expressed by the public officers of Pennsylvania and of the general government, are sustained by the know-’ ledge and experience of business men.
    (Mr. Stanton proceeded to comment on other testimony, and then contended that the bridge might have been constructed so as not to obstruct navigation. He then examined the .value of the bridge as a means of transit from shore to shore, and af-terwards the right of, the State to sue in her corporate capacity, for injuries operating immediately upon the persons, property, and business, of the citizens of Pennsylvania; and also for those which operate directly upon the State.)
    The right to relief at her own suit being shown, its form remains to be mentioned. Abatement by injunction is prayed. And for these reasons: Abatement is a remedy which the law allows persons injured by a nuisance to administer for their own relief; but to avoid the strife and contention that thence might ensue, courts of equity have assumed jurisdiction to administer that specific remedy.
    . The grounds of equitable jurisdiction for abatement by injunction, are precisely those occupied herein by the State.
    “ The ground,” says Mr. Justice Story, “for this , jurisdiction in cases of'purpresture, as well as nuisance, undoubtedly is their ability to give a more complete and perfect remedy than is allowable at law, in order to preve'nt irreparable mischief, and also to suppress oppressive and vexatious litigation. In the. first place they, can interpose, as the' courts of law cannot, to restrain and prevent such nuisances threatened or-ifi progress, as well as those already existing. In the next place, by a perpetual injunction the remedy is made' complete' through all future time. Whereas an information or indictment at the common law can dispose only of the existing nuisance, and. for future acts 'new prosecutions must be brought. In the next .place the remedial justice in equity may be prompt and immediate before irreparable mischief is done, whereas at law nothing can be done except after trial and upon the award of judgment.” 2 Story’s Equity, 203; see also cases cited in the brief.
    Obstruction of watercourses are cases calling for, this remedial • interposition of courts of equity. • 2 Story’s Equity, 206.

      It needs no argument to show that the injury in question, as it is great in magnitude, is also most clearly within the class of what are known as irreparable injuries. In the first place being an injury to trade, the full extent of injury cannot be measured in damages, any more than in cases of nuisance to health, it can be ascertained how many months or weeks or hours life may be shortened. In the second place, it is unceasing and without end. "While the water flows and the bridge stands the injury continues. The mischief is not only irreparable, but the litigation to which it must le.ad would be vexatious in the last degree. The strife and contention that must follow, are also of the fhost serious character.
    It is the specific peiialty prescribed by the. charter, the terms upon which the defendants obtained permission .to erect their bridge, the agreement entered into. That Virginia has since chosen for herself to waive "that penalty, can make no difference a,s to the equities of other parties. This remedy is still in the •charter : “ If the bridge shall be so erected as to obstruct navigation, the said bridge may be treated as a public nuisance and abated accordingly.” Charter of Wheeling Bridge.
    It is said that before injunction, a trial' at law should be awarded. But. trials at law are awarded only where facts are contested; and cases of nuisance are excepted from the benefit even of this rule. “If the thing sought to be prohibited is in itself a nuisance, the court will interfere to stay irreparable mischief, without waiting the result of a trial.” Shelford on Railways, 431.- But what facts are here to be ascertained ? The highway, the obstruction, the injury, are confessed on the record. The whole defence rests simply upon legal exceptions, leaving no fact to be tried.
    The acts of Pennsylvania authorizing bridges within her own territory are urged in defence. . To this it is sufficient to remark, that the equitable doctrine of set-off has never been applied to cases of nuisance. And if it were, the bridges on the Alleghany and Monongahela are not a fair equivalent for the navigation of the Ohio, Mississippi, "and their branches, cut off' by the Wheeling Bridge. • When complaint is made or injury shown from, these bridges, then will be time to show their defence. With this case, and the matters here involved, they have nothing to do.
    The State is .also charged with laches — standing by and witnessing without objection the defendants' expend their money. This is a strange charge, when it is remembered that Pennsyl-. vania met these defendants, in Congress, and there urged her specific objections, resisted and defeated" a bill for the erection of the bridge that had been introduced by the member from Wheeling, before her remonstrance reached Washington.
    She could not follow them into the Legislature of Virginia. And if she had done so, her rights were sufficiently guarded by the 14th section of their charter. Its violation was not to be presumed. But when it became manifest'that, in defiance of its provisions, the river was about to be obstructed, the law officer of the State, her attorney-general, promptly- appealed to this tribunal. What charge of laches could be more . unfounded ? Pending these proceedings, in the fancied belief th'at an advantage would be gained thereby, the work was hurried on to. its completion. Warning was given, by the learned judge before whom the motion was ’ made, that no equity would be thus gained, but that if found a nuisance the bridge must be abated. And this was made one of the grounds’ for then denying the motion. (Judge Grier’s Opinion.) Abatement is the only remedy that can save the public works of Pennsylvania from irreparable injury. It is the condition upon which the defendants in their own wrong obstructed this highway, and it is the penalty pronounced by Virginia for infringing the rights of navigation.
    These rights Pennsylvania might protect by abatement of this nuisance by her own act. But the Constitution established this tribunal as one of dignity, wherein a State might sue and obtain redress by due course of law. Its powers and 'duties are defined in No. 80 of the Federalist, and in the Constitution by terms of the most wide and general signification, extending to “ all those cases which involve the peace of the confederacy, whether they relate to the intercourse between the United States and foreign nations, or 'between the States themselves.” Comment upon these terms from me would be superfluous. ■ They embrace the very case now before the court, than which none can be conceived more directly or deeply involving the peace of the confederacy. It presents no question of abstract rights, but one of actual existing vested rights, essential to the existence of the State and the welfáre of her people. Her rights of commerce extending between the several States; the right of navigation upon a public river; the use of a highway upon which the value of internal improvements, costing over forty millions of dollars, depends.
    Upon these considerations the State of Pennsylvania prosecutes this suit. Declaring it to be consistent with her character to seek a peaceful remedy, her legislature, by unanimous vote in both branches, adopted the following resolutions, in obedience to which-I now appear before this court.

      “ Be if resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in General Asseinbly met — That the free and uninterrupted navigation of the. Ohio River as a common highway, is a right belonging to the citizens of Pennsylvania, which being essential to the prosperity of the State, it is the duty of the Commonwealth to assert and defend.
    “ That the proceedings in behalf of said State, instituted by her attorney-general in the Supreme Court of the United States, and now pending therein, against the Wheeling and Belmont Bridge Company, to' abate the nuisance occasioned by their bridge lately erected across said river, be prosecuted to final judgment, decree, and execution for abatement of said nuisance.”
    Having thus presented my proposition in its various brandies, I feel that it is not needful for me to urge upon this court the important considerations which necessarily arise from the case, considerations affecting not , only life and property to an immeasurable extent, but vast commerce, essential State rights, and the peace of the confederacy. They will present themselves to the court with more force than I could urge them. I know not, sir, that it becomes me to say more in this behalf: This only I will add:
    In 1765, a distinguished son of Pennsylvania, Dr. Rittenhouse, first conceived the plan of her great works, connecting the waters of the Lakes and the Atlantic with the Ohio River. Seventy years elapsed before the resources of the State were equal to such an undertaking^, But once commenced, it was accomplished. While all other works tending to the same object halted east of the Alleghanies, Pennsylvania forced her way through, thus opening a cheap, easy, and secure water transportation from the Gulf and the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic seaboard. But no sooner had this mighty work been completed, and its revenues commenced to replenish the exhausted treasury of the State, and a prosperous commerce to reimburse her citizens for their heavy taxation, than the flagitious scheme is undertaken to cut her off from the Ohio by a bridge at Wheeling, within fifty miles of her borders.
    • When, to prevent so great a wrong, she appeals to the Supreme Court; the work is hurried on ; and, pending her application for an injunction, iron cables are stretched across the channel of a navigable river, interrupting vessels arriving and departing from the ports of Pennsylvania. And before ■ she can be heard in this tribunal, her vessels are stopped on a public highway, their cargo and passengers discharged at Wheeling, and Pennsylvania ports shut up. For less injuries than thése, States have been heretofore prompt to redress their own wrongs, and have rushed swiftly to war. Even under our government, in defence of commercial rights, supposed to be invaded by congressional enactment, the banner of disunion has been unfurled in the South. In the North and East, bordering States, asserting navigation privileges, have resorted to acts of retortion and confiscation, until at length civil war was ready to burst forth on their borders, and rage along their coasts. At a later day, the western States of Ohio- and Michigan, on a mere boundary question, arrayed their military forces against each other, under command of their respective governors. And now, on a mere abstract question, State is seen arrayed against State, with threats and warlike aspect.
    To these, what a contrast and example does Pennsylvania this day present. Threatened in her dearest rights, she makes no appeal to force.
    When the foundations of this government were laid, and this tribunal established as its corner stone, Pennsylvania was there. She knew that the chief object of the Con’stitution was to substitute the law of reason for the raw of force; and her abiding confidence in its efficacy for every exigency has never been shaken. Her commerce obstructed on a public river, her ports shut' up; she comes this day at the head of no armed squadrons, with no blustering enactments of State sovereignty, with no threatenings of disunion upon her lips. As becomes the keystone of the federal arch, she seeks first a peaceful remedy. She appears as an humble suitor before civil judges, sitting upon their judgment-seat, surrounded by no armed janizaries, by no imperial guards; but in the exercise of their constitutional functions, clothed with an authority more potent, in her estimation, than an army with banners. She asks them to protect a right, deemed the most inestimable among all nations, belonging to her by the law of nature and of nations; guaranteed by the Constitution and the laws of Congress, for the improvement of which millions of her treasure have been lavished, and upon which the welfare of her people depends. She asks them, by simple injunction, to prevent a local corporation from violating, under color of State authority, a right that a world in arms could not wrest from her. How far the wholesome influence of this example may depend upon the decree herein to be rendered, the learned members of this court; better than I am, are able to judge.
    The counsel for the defendants, in the brief which they filed, made the following points.
    The questions which arise in the cause may be classed under four distinct hea ds: 0
    I. Those whidi relate to the regularity of the proceedings in this cause.

      II. Those relating to the original' jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, in the case presented by record.
    III. Those of a political character, arising out of the alleged interference with the free navigation of the Ohio River, and the supposed regulation of commerce between the States, and preference of one port over another.
    IV. Those involving the law in regard to nuisances, and the principles on which a court of equity will interpose, by injunction, to grant relief.
    I. Under this head the defendants will insist —■
    1st. That the order made by Judge Grier, on the 1st day of August, 1849, was not warranted by practice in courts of equity. That he had no power to do more than grant or refuse the injunction, and that the case has been improperly docketed.'
    2d. They will insist that, as the defendants have expressly denied under oath that this suit has been instituted by the State of Pennsylvania, but that it is in fact the suit of sundry citizens of Pittsburg who have Imdertaken to use the name of that State, for the purpose of giving a colorable jurisdiction to this court over the case, without the authority first obtained of the legislature or executive of Pennsylvania; and as the plaintiffs have failed to produce any evidence to show that the proper authorities of Pennsylvania have authorized the institution of the suit, the court should either dismiss it, or award a rule against plaintiff’s attorney to show by what authority it has been, instituted.' Maxfield’s Lessee v. Levy, 4 Dali. 330..
    3d. The original bill being fatally defective was not amendable, the office of an amendment being not to make a new case, but to correct or improve a bill which contained grounds of equitable relief. McMahon v. Fawcett, 2 Rand. 537.
    II. Under this head, defendants will insist that, if the suit has been regularly docketed and instituted by the direction of the proper authorities of the State of Pennsylvania, the bills of the plaintiff do not disclose a case properly cognizable in this court. They show no such interest on the part of the State of Pennsylvania in the matter in controversy as would make her a competent plaintiff in this court. She should show, on the face of her bill, a direct and immediate interest in the State of Pennsylvania, in her corporate -capacity. A remote consequential injury will not do; injury to her citizens is not sufficient; they are.competent plaintiffs, and can seek their own redress.
    2d. The alleged injury to the public works of Pennsylvania, and through them to her revenues, is remote, contingent, and speculative. The bridge is in another State, and not within fifty miles of any of her improvements. If it should prove detrimental to them by the greater facilities which it might afford for crossing the river at Wheeling, and the -inducements which it might hold out to trade and travel to seek that point, it would be a case of damnwm absque_ injuria.

    3d. The allegation of injury to the ship-builders of Pennsylvania is obnoxious to the objections taken to the original bill; the injury is not to the State, but to her citizens, and it is.indirect and consequential.
    4th. If there be injury to the public, it is not to the Pennsylvania public, but to the, great public'of the Union. If it interferes with and regulates commerce, it is the commerce of the Union, aqd not of Pennsylvania, and the government of the Union alone can redress it by a proceeding-in behalf of the United States, at the instance of her attorney-general. Commonwealth v. Charles-town, 1 Pick. 184; see Mitford, Eq. PI. 210 ; Story Eq. PI. sects. 503 - 510 ; Fowler v. Lindsey, 3 Dali. 411; Bowne v. Arbuckle, 4 Dali. 338 and note 2; New York v. Connecticut, 4 Dali. 3; United States v. Peters, 5 Cranch, 115; McNutt, v. Bland, 2 How. 9, opinion of Daniel, J., and cases reviewed by him ; Bank of Kentucky v. Wister, 2 Pet. 318 ; Georgetown v. Alexandria Canal, 12 Pet. 91; United States Bank v. Planters Bank of Georgia, 9 Wheat. 904; Bingham v. Cabot, 3 Dali. 382 ; Turner v. Bank of North America, 4 Dali. 8; McCormick v. Sullivant, 10 Wheat. 199; Fisher v. Cockrell, 5 Pet. 248; Reed v. Marsh, 13 Pet. 153;1 Kent, Com.' 344, and cases cited; Waring v. Clarke, 5 How. 468; Rhode Island v. Massachusetts, 12 Pet. 657; Spooner v. McConnell, 1 McLean, 338, 359; Rogers v. Linn, 2 McLean, 126.; 8 Cow. 146.
    III. The charter was granted for great public objects, and in-' tended to advance and facilitate commerce between the States, and the. safe, speedy, and certain transmission of the mails between the eastern and western sections of the Union, and therefore commends itself to the favorable regard of the government, to which is confided the power and the duty of regulating species of commerce. The duty of the government of the United States is quite as imperative to protect and regulate the trade across, as up and down, the channels of navigable streams.
    The privilege of navigating the river is not paramount to, but only coequal with, the privilege of crossing it. The bridge is not a regulator of commerce in any other sen.se than a railroad or a ferry would be. Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat. 203;. People v. Saratoga and Rens. Co. 15 Wend. 134; Thompson v. People, 23 Wend. 552 ;.Corfield v. Coryell,'! Wash. C. C. R. 378 ; Norris v. Boston, and Smith v. Turner, 7 How. 283; Houston v. Moore, 5 Wheat. 48; Commonwealth v. New Bedford B. Co. 1 Wood-bury & Minot, 423; Wilson v. Blackbird Marsh Co. 2 Peters, 250.

      IY. The case stated is not one for relief, even at law, and' much less in equity, by injunction:
    1. The bridge is not a nuisance.
    2. The injury is not direct, inevitable, and irreparable ; on the contrary, by complainant’s own showing, it is remote, contingent, and susceptible of compensation in damages.
    3. Nor is it peculiar and exclusive, either to the citizens or to the State of Pennsylvania.
    4. The course of Pennsylvania, in chartering and constructing bridges over navigable waters within- her limits, and in remaining passive until the whole capital of the company had been expended, should induce the court, even if that case were in other respects a proper one for relief,to withhold its aid under the peculiar circumstances' of this case. Story, Eq. sect. 959, a & b; Eden on Injunctions, 162; Bonaparte v. Camden & Amboy R. R. Co. 1 Bald. C. C. R. 218; Attorney-General v. Cleaver, 18 Vesey, 218, and authorities cited; Earl Ripon v. Hobart, 1 Coop. Select Cases, 333; Story, Eq. sect. 922 — 925, and cases cited; Pierce v. Dart, 7 Cow. 609; Lansing v. Smith, 8 Cow. 146; Semple v. London and Birmingham R. R. Co. 1 Railw. Cases, 159; Butler v. Kent, 19 Johns. 223; Laws of Pennsylvania, 1846, 309; Palmer v. Cuyahoga County, 3 McLean, 226; Jones v. Royal Canal Co. 2 Molloy, 319; Williams v. The' Earl of- Jersey, 1 Craig &, Phil. 96; Pelcher v. Hart, 1 Humph. Ten. Rep. 524 ; Rex v. Russel, 13 Com. L. R. 254; Crenshaw v. State R. Co. 6 Rand. 245; Hulme v. Shreve, 3 Green, Ch. Cases, 116; Elingworth v. Manchester and Leeds R. R. 2 Railw. Cases, 187; Attorney-General v. Eastern Co. R. R. Co. 3 Railw. Cases, 337.
    After the argument of the cause, the court passed the interlocutory order which is reported in 9 How. 657.
    The coming in of the report of the commissioner is mentioned in 11 How. 529, together with the order of court passed thereon. That report was a printed volume of more than seven hundred pages, accompanied by numerous engravings, and including a great mass of evidence upon geographical, statistical, and scientific-points. It is very difficult to give an abstract of it, but the attempt must be made.
    “ The questions referred to the commissioner to report upon, were the following, viz., whether the suspension-bridge, mentioned in the pleadings in this cause, erected over the Ohio River at the city of Wheeling, by the defendants, is or is not an obstruction to the free navigation of the Ohio River, at the place where such bridge is erected across the sáme, by vessels propelled by steam or sails, engaged, or which may be engaged, in the commerce or navigation of said river; and, if it is such an obstruction, what change, or alteration, if any, can be made, consistent with the continuance of the bridge' across the said river, that will remove the obstruction to the free navigation by such vessels engaged in the commerce and navigation of such! river; and also to report the proofs which should be produced before me by the respective parties; with power to,appoint a clerk to assist in the execution of the order of reference; and also with power, if I should deem it necessary, to appoint a competent engineer, whose duty it should be, under my directions and instructions, as such commissioner,'to take the measurement of said bridge, its appendages and appurtenances, and the localities connected therewith, and make a report to me upon the same.”
    The report commenced with a general examination of suspension-bridges, with their adaptation to the passage of railroad cars. Upon this subject the commissioner expressed himself .as follows:

      “ My opinion, therefore, is, that if the Wheeling Bridge, in its-present form, is not permitted to stand, the idea that it can be so altered in its reconstruction, as to adapt it to the purposes of ordinary railroad transit, should not be entertained, and should not be" permitted to affect the decision of the question of the practicability of altering or reconstructing' such.bridge, so as to obtain a revenue therefrom, which might be of sufficient importance to the stockholdérs of the bridge company to induce them to contribute means to enable the corporation to-rebuild the bridge.”
    The report then contained an account of the commercial statistics of the Ohio River, with the velocity of its current, its floóds, &c. The bridge was described as follows:
    “ The length of the bridge is 980 feet between the faces of the two abutments; and 1010 feet between the centres of the towers, at each end, which' support the cables upon which the flooring of the bridge is suspended. The eastern towers, to the top of the saddles, are 153j feet high above the level of zero of the water-gauge which indicates the depth of water upon the Wheeling Bar; and the' western towers are 132| feet.
    “ The deflection of the catenary below the top of the saddles of the eastern towers, On the 26th of October, 1850,' when the temperature of the atmosphere was 44° of Fahrenheit, was 68 feet 5 inches. And the point of its greatest deflection was 544 feet and 7 inches from the centre of the ¿astern towers. The deflection would probably be about 15 inches less at the temperature of zero of -Fahrenheit, and about 15 inches more at a temperature of 90° above. The temperature of the atmosphere, at the time the measurement was made, was at about a medium between the extreme cold of winter and the greatest heat of' summer, and therefore gives the mea'n deflection.

      “ The ascent of the flooring of the bridge at the east end, for 172| feet from, the centre of the tower, rises on a grade of 1.28 feet to the 100; and for 40 feet further it rises on a- grade of 0.625 of a foot to the'hundred feet. From thence it descends on a grade of 0.925 of a foot to the hundred, for 40 feet; and from thence to the centre of the western tower,-on a grade of 4;08 feet to every hundred feet.
    “ At the highest part of the bridge, for the distance of about 56 feet in width, there is a clear headway, for the passage of steamboats with their chimneys standing, of 92 feet above zero of the Wheeling water-gauge; of 91 feet above extreme low water. This headway commences about 174 feet from the top of the face of the eastern abutment, and terrfiihates 750 feet from the same point in the western al utment. But this space of 56 feet in width is not over any part of the river at extreme low water.

      “ The bank of the river, under the eastern extremity of the 56 feet space,'is 10.21 feet higher -than the level of zero of the Wheeling gauge ; and under the western extremity, the height of the bank above zero of the gauge, is 3.81 feet. And it is only 22 inches below zero of the gauge at a point 1Q0 feet further west. The water upon the Wheeling' Bar must “therefore be about 4 feet-deep to bring the easterly edge of the stream to a point under.the western extremity of the-56 feet. And it must be more than 15 feet deep upon the bar to enable a steamboat drawing 5 feet to avail itself of the 91 feet of clear' head-way above low-water mark, for the whole width of 56 feet.

      “ It follows; from this statement of the facts, that a steamboat drawing five feet, and whose chimneys are' 79i feet high, or over, can never pass under -the apex of the bridge, at any stage of the water, without lowering her chimneys. And. boats drawing 4 feet and having chimneys as high as '86 feet, can never pass under any part of the bridge, without lowering, even in stages of water between 4 and 12 feet high on the Wheeling Bar. This is in accordance with the -testimony, which shows that the Cincinnati, whose chimneys, according to the measurement of the engineer, were but 84.7 feet high, had to lower them to pass under the bridge, even in the lowest stages of the water upon which she. ran.”
    Upon the question whether or not the bridge was an obstruction to sailing vessels, the commissioner reported as follows :
    “ I therefore decide and report that the suspension-bridge at Wheeling, mentioned in the order of reference, is not an obstruction of the free navigation of the Ohio River, at the place where it is erected over the. same, by any vessels propelled by sails, which have been engaged in the commerce or navigation of the river since such bridge was erected, or which will probably be engaged in such navigation and commerce at any future time during the existence of such bridge.”
    Upon that branch of the question which related to the bridge being an obstruction to steamboats, the report contained a description of the boats and the height of the chimneys of some of them ; and came to the following conclusion :
    “ A greatnumber of witnesses have been examined on both sides in reference to the question whether the process of lowering such chimneys as are carried upon the Pittsburg and Cincinnati packets, and others of the largest class of boats which navigate the waters of the Ohio, is not attended with injury to the chimneys, delay to the boats, and danger to the limbs and lives of the passengers, or of the officers and crew.
    “ So far as the question depends upon opinion merely, there is a very great conflict in the testimony of'the witnesses. But when we examine the facts testified to by them, I think there is a decided preponderance of testimony in favor of the affirmative of the question.
    “ Even with the smaller and shorter chimneys on the boats which pass through the Louisville and Portland Canal, where the boats proceed very slowly, and lower and raise their chimneys at leisure, accidents frequently occur to • the chimneys; though, from the nature of the navigation through the canal, the procéss of raising and lowering does not produce much delay there, in ordinary cases. It is easy to perceive, that if the four, five, or six rings, let down upon boats that pass the canal, should fall, and break from their hinges, as they sometimes do, the lives of the passengers and crew, or of some of them, would necessarily be endangered.
    “ The very elevated as well as large chimneys used upon the Pittsburg and Cincinnati packets, and other boats of that class cannot, certainly, with any facility or safety, be lowered by hinges at the tops. They are, therefore, obliged to lpwer them at the hurricane deck, by the means of a derric. The weight of the parts of the two chimneys which must be let down, upon these large boats, is estimated by the witnesses to be.from three to four tons. This enormous weight hanging over the cabin, or rather over the berths of the passeng\ rs, in the process qf lowering, would probably prove disastrous in the extreme, if by any accident the chimneys should come down by the run; which is very likely to occur, from the carelessness or stupidity of the green hands that the owners and officers of Western boats are so often obliged to employ.”
    The report then discussed the increased danger in lowering the chimneys, resulting from the velocity of the river; and then examined the question whether such high chimneys were necessary for obtaining the maximum of speed. The conclusion arrived at was, that they were necessary. Upon this general branch of the question the commissioner reported as follows :
    “ It would be a great injury to commerce, and .to the community to have the benefit of a fair competition, between river navigation and railroad transit, destroyed by any unnecessary obstruction of either. And if railroads can be carried across our large Western rivers, without impairing the navigation, it is proper that it should be done. Certainly, if this beautiful and beneficial structure, which has been thrown across the eastern branch of the Ohio at Wheeling, at so much cost, can remain as it is, without injury to the commerce and navigation of the river, no one should desire its removal or alteration.
    “ But, upon a full examination of the subject, or rather such an examination as T have been enabled to give it, in a limited time, and without the aid of counsel, I have arrived at the con-, elusion, and do accordingly decide and report, that the Wheeling Suspension-Bridge, referred to in the pleadings and proofs in this cause, is an obstruction of the free navigation of the Ohio, at the place where it is erected across the same, by vessels propelled by steam, which are now engaged in the commerce and navigation of that river, and by such vessels as will undoubtedly be engaged in such navigation and commerce hereafter, at that place ; while such bridge is permitted to remain without very material alterations.”
    The commissioner then proceeded to- discuss the question, whether the bridge could be. so altered as not to impede the free navigation of the river by steamboats; and examined eight different plans for effecting this' object. The result was thus stated:
    “ I therefore conclude that it is practicable to. alter the construction of the present bridge, so that it will not bé an obstruction to the1 free navigation of the Ohio, consistent with the continúanos of the bridge across the river at the place where it is now erected.
    “And I further decide and report that the change, or alteration, which can and should be made, in the construction and existing condition of the bridge, to remove the obstruction which now exists .to the free navigation of the river at that place, by steamboats, is to raise the suspension-cables, and the flooring^ of the bridge, in such a manner as to give a level headway, at least three hundred feet wide, over a convenient part of the channel of the river, of not less than one hundred and twenty feet above the level of zero on the Wheeling water-gauge; and below the lowest projections of the flooring of the bridge, and the greatest deflections of the suspension-cables, at a medium temperature of the atmosphere.
    “ It will be seen that, in fixing this elevation for the altered bridge, I have made no provision for a greater amount of headway should the future wants of travel and commerce upon this part of the river require it. But I have adopted this height as being ample for the present demands of steamboat navigation, and upon the supposition that the dimensions of the boats running on the Ohio, from places above the bridge, and the heights of their chimneys, have about reached- their maximum, for Convenient running, or for profit.
    “ It is true, some of the boats running below the falls are a little longer, and have more breadth of beam, than any of the Pittsburg and Cincinnati packets', and have chimneys a few feet higher. But they have also a greater depth of hold and draw more water; and are not, therefore, so well adapted to the navigation of the upper part of the' Ohio, where the river is narrower, and the channel more sinuous.
    “ Possibly, if the contemplated improvement at the falls of the Ohio should be made, boats of a larger class and with taller chimneys might be found profitable, in carrying on a direct trade between Pittsburg and New Orleans, or. between the former place and St. Louis. But as that event is still in the womb of time, and may never have birth, I have not deemed it necessary to, make any farther provision for it, than an elevation of the bridge to the height of one hundred and twenty feet, above the level of zero on the Wheeling gauge, will give them. ■
    “ Many of my -calculations in this report were made very hurriedly ; but the engineer, at my request, has examined them all, since the draft of the report was prepared, and has not discovered any errors in them. I have reason to believe, therefore, that they are all correct. R. Hyde Walworth, Com.”

    To this report exceptions were filed both upon the part .of the complainant, and respondent. On the part of the State of Pennsylvania the exceptions were as follows:

      Complainant's Exceptions. And now comes the complainant, by her counsel; and as to the report of the special commissioner, Hon. R. H. Walworth, herein made at the last term, the said complainant excepts as follows:
    1. To so much of said report, on page 30, as decides that the suspension-bridge, at Wheeling, is not an obstruction of the free navigation of the Ohio River «at the place where it is erected over the same, by any vessels propelled by sails, which have been engaged in the commerce or navigation of the river since such bridge was. erected, or which will probably be ■ engaged in such navigation and commerce at any future time during the existence of such bridge; and, also, in the particulars, that said report does not provide for a héadway for ships and sea-going vessels propelled by sails; and complainant prays that the court will decree that adequate provision shall be made fox the passage of steam-ships and sailing vessels with their masts standing.
    2. The complainant also excepts to said report in the particular, that the change in the construction and existing condition of said bridge, which, in page 53 of said report, the commissioner decides should be made to remove the obstruction to the free navigation of the river by steamboats, will not be sufficient to remove said obstruction, because the obstruction aforesaid cannot be removed without raising the bridge to the elevation of at least one hundred and forty-five feet above the level of zero on the water-gauge, and also because the width of a level headway of three hundred feet is not sufficient, but the same ought to be the whole width of the river channel at that place; and, also, because no necessity is shown for any obstruction to the- navigation, by any bridge at that -point, nor is such bridge authorized, or. could be lawfully authorized by any State enactment. Complainant prays that the court may decree accordingly.
    3. The complainant also excepts to said report, in the particular, that in fixing the elevation for the altered bridge, in page 53 of said report, no provision is made for a greater amount of headway, should the future wants of travel and commerce of this part of the river require it.
    Complainant prays that no bridge be allowed across said channel, or, if any be allowed, that the elevation of such bridge be fixed by the decree of this court at not less than one hundred and fortjzffive feet above the level of zero, on the Wheeling water-gauge, across the whole width of the channel at that place.
    4. In all other respects, except the particulars thereof above excepted to, the complainant prays that the report of the commissioner aforesaid be established and confirmed, and that in the particulars herein excepted to, the report be corrected by the' decree of this court, so as to abate the obstruction to the navigation of the Ohio River, created by the defendants by their suspension-bridge, and to preserve the free navigation of the said river, as prayed for in the original and supplemental bills of complainant; and that -a final decree be entered’, as justice and the rights of your complainant may require.
    C. Darragh,
    Shaler & Stanton,
    Robert J. Walker,

      For Complainant.

      Defendants' Exceptions. The defendants except to the proceedings and report of the commissioner, the Hon. R. H. Walworth, under the order of reference made in this cause, at the December term, 1849, as follows:
    1. That the commissioner made an order.for the parties to appear before him, with their witnesses, at Wheeling, on the 15th July, 1850, without ány application for such order from the counsel of either party, but with information from the counsel of the defendants that they could not then be prepared to take the testimony which they desired to take there. Moreover, his immediate adjournment on the 15th July, 1850, to a place several miles from Wheeling, and from the Ohio Riveiy-caused so much inconvenience and expense in the production of witnesses at that time, as to constrain the defendants to defer the examination of many .of them until a future opportunity; which opportunity was afterwards denied to them. Whereby, and by the course pursued by the commissioner afterwards, as mentioned in the next exception, the defendants were prevented from taking the greater part of the testimony which they desired to take at Wheeling.
    2. That the commissioner, in his report, has expressed opinions upon the questions on which he was directed to take proofs, without first having taken all the proofs which the counsel for the. defendants saw fit to produce before him, and without reporting those proofs particularly. That, “as a general rule,” he refused to receive or to report any testimony produced by the counsel for the defendants, unless he, the commissioner, considered it relevant to the subject on which the court had directed testimony to be taken by him, if objected to by the opposite counsel; and actually excluded evidence which was relevant, in some instances, which appear in his report; besides establishing rules of decision which prevented the production of all testimony of like tendency to that which was rejected; and,
    That, on the 4th day of December, 1850, in the unavoidable absence of the regular counsel of the. defendants, (occasioned by sickness,) the commissioner refused to keep open his proceedings, at Wheeling, until the defendants could have had the presence and advice of that counsel, in relation' to the further production of testimony, refused to grant the defendants further time for completing their proofs, and even refused to report to the court the affidavit on which the application for delay was grounded; notwithstanding, it appears by his report that the defendants finally (being without counsel) asked for a delay of only two days, until the expected arrival of their counsel, and nothing was done, or to be done by the commissioner, in the cause, until the fifth day afterwards, at Pittsburg. And, from that time forward, the commissioner denied to the defendants the opportunity and time, which reasonably they ought to have had, to complete the taking of their testimony before him, though he had repeatedly been informed by their counsel that they desired to produce further proofs at Wheeling, Philadelphia, and elsewhere. See Rep. pp. 845, &c.
    3. That the commissioner, knowing that the defendants desired to avail themselves of the expiration of the time limited for making his report, to apply to the court for some explanation or modification of the order of reference, so as thereafter to prevent a repetition of the injustice which, as they considered, had been done to them by the commissioner, did, on or about the 1st of December, 1850, privately apply to the court for an order extending the time for his proceedings, confirming what he might have done after the expiration of the time previously limited, and making- no other change in the terms of the order of reference. And the commissioner suffered the defendants and their counsel to take their course in ignorance that any such application had been made, and then refused to make such a special report as would have enabled them to make a more regular application. See Rep. pp. 645, 648.
    4. That the commissioner, in his report, argues to prove that wire suspension-bridges are not adapted to the uses of railroads-; which opinion, or argument, is not only incorrect, but is on a subject not referred to him, and it can only tend to prejudice the defence improperly. See Rep. pp. 17, 20.
    5. That the commissioner reports that “ the Wheeling Suspension-Bridge, referred to in the pleadings and proofs in this cause, is an obstruction of the free navigation of the Ohio River, at the place where it is erected across the same, by vessels propelled by steam, which are now engaged in the commerce of that river, and by such vessels as will undoubtedly be engaged in such commerce hereafter, at that place, while such bridge is permitted to remain without material alterations.” Whereas, it appears by the evidence -in the cause, that the said bridge is not such an obstruction. See Rep. p. 45.
    6. That the commissioner reports that a change or alteration of said bridge can, and should be made by raising the suspension-cables and flooring, so as to give a level headway at least three hundred feet wide, over a convenient part of the channel' of the river, of not less than 120 feet above the level of zero,.on thet Wheeling water-gauge, and below tbe lowest projections of the flooring of the bridge arid the greatest deflections of the suspension-cables, at a medium temperature of the atmosphere. Rep. p. 53.

      7. That the commissioner has decided the questions referred to him upon the assumption that, if any steamboats -navigating the Ohio, however few, can attain an increase of speed, however slight, by using the tallest chimneys, where such- increase of speed is beneficial to travel and commerce, in however small a degree, those steamboats are entitled to the benefit nf such increase, in opposition to the claims of all who require the use of a bridge; whatever may be the extent of mischief resulting from the want of a bridge, or from its extreme elevation. See Rep. p. 45.
    8. That the commissioner refused to receive or report any testimony tending to show the amount of inconvenience or injury which the public would suffer by the want of a bridge such as the one above mentioned, now standing at Wheeling. And, on the other hand, he has admitted much testimony, offered by the complainant, to show the magnitude of the present and prospective commerce on the river, and while expressing, in his report, an opinion favorable to the utility of- the tallest chimneys used by any boat on that part of the river, has omitted all reference to the testimony tending to show in how small or great a degree, if' at'all, a reduction of the height of those chimneys,-to the usual standard, would impair their supposed utility, and what proportion of the boats navigating, or likely to navigate the river, do now, or probably will, use chimneys of the extreme héight which he considers useful.
    9. That the commissioner appointed Edivin F. Johnson, an engineer, to make the measurements of the bridge, &c., and retained' him in that position after he became aware that the said Johnson was the brother-in-law of one of the counsel for complainant, residing at Pittsburg, and until that fact had been discovered and formally alleged by the counsel for the defendants, and-long after the commissioner must have discovered that the said Johnson was unfit for that position ; and the said commissioner proposes to allow .the said Johnson pay and expenses - as such engineer, though he failed to perform his duties as • such, and was much more diligent in serving the, interests of the complainant in the cause.
    10. That the said, commissioner unnecessarily increased the expenses incurred under the order of reference to an enormous extent.
    11. That the commissioner has returned ¡the report of the engineer with his own, without permitting the parties to have an opportunity of inspecting it before the commissioner closed the taking of testimony.
    12. .The defendants not only except to such parts of the report and proceedings .of the commissioner, as are above pointed out, but they insist on their exceptions, taken before the commissioner,- and reported by him with the testimony.
    Alex. H. H. Stuart.
    Reverdy Johnson,

      Attorneys for Defendants.
    These exceptions were fully argued upon both sides; but the great length to which this report must necessarily be protracted, forbids any notice of the arguments of the respective counsel.
   Mr. Justice McLEAN

delivered the opinion of the court.

This bill was filed in the clerk’s office of this court, in July, 1849. It charged that the defendants, under color of an act of the Legislature of Virginia, but in direct violation of its terms, w'ere engaged in the construction of a bridge across the Ohio River, at Wheeling, which would obstruct-its navigation, to and from the ports of Pennsylvania, by steamboats and other craft which navigate the same. That the State of Pennsylvania owns certain valuable public works, canals, and railways, constructed at great expense as channels of commerce, for the transportation of passengers and goods, from which a large revenue, as tolls, was received by the State. That these works terminate on the Ohio River, and were constructed with direct reference to its free navigation; the goods and passengers transported on these lines were conveyed in steamboats, on the Ohio River; and the Wheeling Bridge-would so obstruct the navigation of that river, as to cut off and direct trade and business from the public works of Pennsylvania, impair and diminish the tolls and revenue of the Staté, and render its improvements useless. The bill prayed' an injunction against the erection of the bridge, as a public nuisance, and for general relief.

In August, 1849, a ■ supplemental bill was filed, stating that, after notice, the defendants, continued to prosecute-their work, and were engaged in stretching iron cables across the channel of the river, which would obstruct its navigation, and it praved that these cables might be abated.

At the December term of this court, 1849, another supplemental bill was filed, representing that defendants had- completed the erection of the bridge, and that it had obstructed the passage of steamboats carrying freight and passengers to and from the ports of Pennsylvania; that it also hindered the passage of steamships and sea-going vessels, which were accustomed to be constructed at the ports of Pennsylvania, and would injure and destroy the trade and business of ship and boat building, which was carried on by the citizens of Pittsburg, and it prayed an abatement of the bridge as a public nuisance, and for general relief.

In their answers the defendants-allege the exclusive sovereignty of Virginia over the' Ohio River, and set forth the act authorizing the erection of the bridge. And they object to the application for an injunction and the relief prayed for, that the persons injured might have remedy in the courts of Virginia; that the State of Pennsylvania had no corporate capacity to institute this suit in the Supreme Court, to vindicate the rights of her' citizens; that the State is only a nominal party, whose name was, without proper authority, used by individuals; that the bridge is a connecting link of a great public highway, as important as the navigation of the Ohio River; that Pennsylvania had set the example of authorizing bridges across the Ohio; that certain engineers of the United States had recommended a Avire suspension-bridge at Wheeling, and gave as their opinion, that “by an elevation of ninety feet, every imaginable danger of obstructing the navigation would be avoided; ” that certain reports of committees in Congress recognized the necessity of a bridge at Wheeling, and recommended an appropriation for that purpose; that the headway for steamers left by the bridge is amply sufficient, forty-seven feet above the water, for all useful purposes; and if sufficient draught cannot be had at that height, blowers might be added; that chimneys might have hinges on them, so as to be ioAvered without much inconvenience; that the bridge will not be an appreciable inconvenience to the average class of boats ; that the bridge will not diminish or destroy trade between Pittsburg and other ports, or do irreparable injury to the citizens of Pennsylvania.

The answer admits that the State of Pennsylvania has expended large sums of money in the construction of public improvements, terminating at Pittsburg and Beaver; that a great amount of freight and a large number of passengers do pass over said works, and that a large amount of toll to the State is derived therefrom; that the navigation of the Ohio River is important to the works above-referred to, and that the value thereof-would be affected injuriously if from any cause the passage of steamboats from the city of Pittsburg downAvards were obstructed or impeded. But they deny that their bridge or the cables will have any such effect, or that it can in truth be called a nuisance.

To the actual obstruction occasioned by the bridge, as charged in the second supplemental bill, they set up an amendatory and explanatory act of the Virginia Legislature, passed 11th of January, 1850, declaring the height of ninety feet at the eastern abutment, ninety-three and a half feet at the highest point, and sixty ffwo feet at the western abutment, above'the low-water level of the Ohio River, to be of lawful height, and in conformity with the intent and meaning of the 19th section of the charter.

At December term, 1849, the question of jurisdiction was argued on both sides, and it was sustained by the entry of an. order of reference to the Hon. R. H. Walworth, as special commissioner to take testimony and report —

1. Whether the bridge is, or is not, an obstruction of the free navigation of the Ohio River, by vessels propelled by steam or sails, engaged, or which may be engaged, in the commerce • or navigation- of said river.

2. If an obstruction be made to appear, what change or .alteration in the construction and existing condition of the said bridge, if any, call be made, consistent with the continuance of the saíne across said river, that will remove the obstruction to the free navigation.

At the ensuing term, near its close, the commissioner made his report, together with the report of the engineer employed, and the evidence taken before him, deciding,

1. That the bridge is not an obstruction to the free navigation of the Ohio by any vessels propelled by sails.

' 2. That the bridge is an obstruction of the free navigation of the Ohio by vessels propelled.by steam.

3. That the change of alteration which can and should be made in the construction and existing condition of the bridge is, to raise the cables and'flooring in such manner as to give a level headway, at least three hundred feet wide, over a convenient part of the channel, of not less than one hundred and twenty feet above the level of zero on the Wheeling water-gauge.

To this report several exceptions were taken, by the counsel on both sides.

As this is the exercise of original jurisdiction by this uourt, on the ground that the State of Pennsylvania is a party, it is important to ascertain whether such a case is made out as to entitle the State to assume this attitude. In the second section of the third article of the Constitution, it is declared that the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction in a case, where a State shall be a party.

In this case the State of Pennsylvania is not a party in virtue if its sovereignty. It does not come here to protect the rights of its citizens. The sovereign powers of a State are adequate to the protection of its own citizens,'and no other jurisdiction can be exercised over them, or in their behalf, except in a few specified cases. Nor can the State prosecute this suit on the ground of any remote or contingent interest in itself. It assumes and claims, not an abstract right, but a direct interest in the controversy, and that the power of this court, can redress its wrongs and save it from irreparable injury. ' If such a case be made out, the jurisdiction may be sustained.

When a State enters into a copartnership, or becomes a stockholder in a bank, orother corporation, its sovereignty is not involved in the business, but it stands and is treated as other stockholders, or partners. And so in the present case, the rights asserted and relief prayed, are considered a's in no respect different from those of an individual. From the dignity of the State, the Constitution gives to it the right to bring an original suit in this court. And this is the only privilege, if the right be established, which the State of Pennsylvania can claim in the prese“nt case.

It is objected, in the first place, that there is no evidence that the State of Pennsylvania, has consented to the prosecution of this suit in its own name.

This would seem to be answered by the fact, that the proceedings were instituted by the attorney-general of the State. He is its legal representative, and- the court cannot presume, without proof, against his authority. In January, 1850, the following declaration passed unanimously by both branches of the Pennsylvania Legislature: “ Whereas the navigation of the River Ohio has been, and is now obstructed by bridges erected across its channel, between Zaire’s Island and the main Virginia and Ohio shores, so that steamboats and other water crafts hitherto accustomed to navigate said river, are hindered in their passage to and from the port of Pittsburg, and other ports in the State of Pennsylvania, and the trade and commerce, and business of this Commonwealth- interrupted, the revenue of her public works diminished and impaired, and steamboats, owned and navigated by citizens of this State, bound to and from her ports, are subjected to labor, expense, and delay, with hazard to life and property, by reason whereof the said bridges are a common and public nuisance, injurious to the State of Pennsylvania and her citizens, therefore be it resolved, &c.

“2. That the proceedings, in behalf of said'State, instituted by her attorney-general in the Supreme Court of" the United States, and now pending therein against the Wheeling and Belmont Bridge Company to abate the nuisance occasioned by their bridge lately erected across the Ohio, be prosecuted to final judgment, decree, and execution, for abatement of said nuisance.”

On a question of disputed boundary, between two States, although the inquiry of the court is limited to the establishment of a common line, yet the exercise of sovereign authority, over more or less territory, (i may depend upon the decision. This gives great dignity and importance to such a controversy, and renders necessary a broader view, than on a question -as to the mere right of property. ’ But in the present case, the State of Pennsylvania claims nothing connected with the exercise of its sovereignty. It asks.from the court a protection of its property, on, the same ground and to the same extent as a corporation or individual may ask it. And it becomes an important question whether such facts are shown, as to require the extraordinary interposition of this court.

Relief in this form is given, as it cannot be given adequately in any other. The injury complained of, in the language of the books, must be irreparable by a suit at law for damages. It is matter of history, as well as in proof, that Pennsylvania, for many years past, has been engaged in making extensive improvements by canals, railroads, and turnpikes, many of them extending from Eastern Pennsylvania to Pittsburg, by which the transportation of goods and passengers is greatly facilitated, and that a large portion of the goods and passengers thus transported are conveyed to and from Pittsburg on the Ohio River.

On the 18th of December, 1789, an act was passed by Virginia, consenting to the erection of the State of Kentucky put of its territory, on certain conditions, apiong which are the following: “ That the use and navigation of the River Ohio, so far as the territory of the proposed State, or the territory that shall remain within the limits of this Commonwealth lies thereon, shall be free and common to the citizens of the United States.” Virg. Revised Code,/1819, p. 19. To this act the assent of Congress was given. 1 Stat. at Large, 189.

Thai the Ohio River is navigable, is a historical fact, which all courts may recognize. For many years the commerce upon it has been regulated by Congress, under the commercial power, by establishing ports, requiring vessels which navigate it to take out licenses, and to observe certain rules for the safety of their passengers and cargoes. Appropriations by Congress have been frequently made, to remove obstructions to navigation from its channel.

It appears that Pennsylvania has constructed a combined line of canal and railroad from Pittsburg and Alleghany cities, to the city of Philadelphia, a distance of about four hundred miles, at an expense of about sixteen millions of dollars, all of which are owned by the State. There is also’ a railroad from Pitts-burg to Harrisburg which will soon be completed, at an expense of some eight or ten millions of dollars. There is also a slack-water navigation from Pittsburg 'to Brownsville, and up the Yaughegany to West Newton, and there are other lines, of communication between Pittsburg and the East, which are owned in whole or .in part by the State, and from which it derives revenue.

And the witnesses generally say, that any obstruction on the .Ohio River, to the free passage of steamboats, must affect injuriously the revenue from the above public works, as it would divert the transportation of goods and passengers from the lines to and from Pittsburg, to the northern lines through New York. Whilst the witnesses differ as to the amount of such an injury, they generally agree in saying, that any serious obstruction or. the Ohio would diminish the trade and lessen the revenue of • the State. The value of the goods to and from Pittsburg, transported on the above lines of communication, is estimated at from forty to fifty millions annually. And it is shown that the commerce on the Ohio, to and from Pittsburg, amounts to about the same sum.

If the bridge be such an obstruction to the navigation of the Ohio as to change, to-any considerable extent, the line of transportation through Pennsylvania to the northern route through New York, or to a more southern route, an injury is done to'the State of Pennsylvania, as the principal proprietor of the lines of communication, by canal and railroad, from Philadelphia to Pittsburg. And this injury is of a character for which an action at law could afford no adequate redress. It is of daily occurrence, and would require numerous, if not daily prosecutions, for the wrong done; and from the nature of that wrong, the compensation could not be measured or ascertained with any degree of precision. The effect would be, if not to reduce the tolls on these lines of transportation, to prevent their increase with the increasing business of the country.

If the obstruction complained of be an injury, it would be difficult to state a stronger case for the extraordinary interposition of a court of chancery. In no case could a remedy be more hopeless by an action at common law. The structure complained of is permanent, and só are the public works sought to be protected. The injury, if there be one., is as permanent as the work from which it proceeds, and as are the works affected by it. And whatever injury there may now be, will become greater in proportion to the increase of population and the commercial developments of the country. And in a country like this, where there would seem to be no limit to its progress, the injury complained of would be far greater in its effects than under less prosperous circumstances.

■ As we are now considering the obstruction of the. bridge, not as to the relief prayed for, but as to the form of-the remedy adopted by the complainant, we are brought to the conclusion, as before announced by this court to the. parties, that there is made out a primd facie case for the exercise of jurisdiction. The witnesses who testify to the obstruction are numerous, and the weight of their testimony is not impaired by'the impeachment of their credit, or. a denial of the facts stated by them.

But it is objected, if not as a matter going to the jurisdiction, as fatal to any further action in the ease, that there are no statutory provisions to guide the court, either by the State of Virginia, or by Congress. It is said that there is no common law of the Union on which the procedure can be founded; that the common law of Virginia is subject to its legislative action, and that the bridge, having been constructed under its authority, it can in no sense be considered a nuisance. That whatever shall be done within the limits of a State, is subject to its laws, written or unwritten, unless it be a violation of the Constitution, or of some act of Congress.

It is admitted that the federal courts have no jurisdiction of common-law offences, and that there is no abstract pervading principle of the common law of the Union under which we can take jurisdiction. And it is admitted, that the case under consideration, is subject to the same rules of action as if the suit had been commenced in the Circuit Court for the District of Virginia.

In the second section of the third article of the Constitution it is declared, “ the judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law-and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made under their authority.”

Chancery jurisdiction is conferred on the courts of th<" United States with the limitation that suits in equity shad not be sustained in either of the courts of the United States, in any case where plain, adequate, and complete remedy may be had at law.” The rules of the High Court of Chancery of England have been adopted by the courts of the United States. And there is no other limitation to the exercise of a chancery jurisdiction by these courts, except the value of the matter in controversy, the residence or character of the parties, ox a claim which arises under a law of the United States, and which has been decided against in a State court.

In exercising this jurisdiction, the courts of the Union are not limited by the chancery system adopted by any State, and they exercise their functions in a State where - no court of chancery has been established. The usages of the High Court of Chancery in England, whenever the jurisdiction is exercised, govern the proceedings. This may be said to. be the common law of chancery, and since the organization of the government, it has been observed.

In Robinson v. Campbell, (3 Wheat. 222,) it is said, The court, therefore, think that, to effectuate the purposes of the legislature, the remedies in the courts of the United States are to be, at common law or in equity, not according to the practice of State courts, but according to the principles of common law and equity, as distinguished and defined in that country from which we derive our knowledge of those principles.”

This principle is not controverted by what is laid down in the case of Wheaton & Donaldson v. Peters, 8 Pet. 658. In that case, the court say, “ It is clear there can be no common law of the United States. The federal government is composed of twenty-four sovereign and independent States, each of which may have its local 'usages, customs, and common law. There is no principle which pervades the Union, and has the authority of law, that is not embodied in the Constitution or laws of the Union. The common law could be made a part of our federal system only by legislative adoption. ' When, therefore, a common-law right is' asserted, we must look to the State in which the controversy origindfed.” The inquiry, in that easel was, whether a copy-right existed by common law in the State of .Pennsylvania. But, in the case above cited from 3 Wheaton, the court spoke of the remedy. By the act of Congress of 1828, proceedings at law, in the courts of the United .States, are required to conform to the modes of proceeding in the State courts;. but there is no such provision in regard to ■ courts of chancery.

Under this system, where relief can. be given by the English chancery, similar relief may be given by the courts. of the Union.

An indictment at common law. could not be-sustained in the federal courts by the United States, against the bridge as a nuisance, as no such procedure has been authorized by Congress. But' a-proceeding, oh the ground of a private and an irreparable injury, may be sustained against it by an individual or a corporation. Süch a proceeding is common to thé federal .courts, and also to the courts of the State.. The injury makes • the obstruction a private nuisance to the injured party; and the doctrine of nuisance applies. to the case where the jurisdiction ■is made, out, the same as in a.public prosecution. If the'obstruction b(3 unlawful, and the injury irreparable, by a suit at common law, the injured party may claim the extraordinary projection of a court of chancery.

■ Such a proceeding is as common and as free from difficulty as an ordinary injunction-bill, against a proceeding at law,'or.to stay waste or trespass. The powers of a court of chancery are as well adapted, and as effectual' for relief - in the case of a private, nuisance,- as in'either of the cases.named. And, in regard to the exercise of these powers, it is of. no importance whether the eastern channel, over which the bridge' is thrown, is wholly within the limits of .the State of Virginia. The Ohio being a navigable stream, subject to the commercial power of Congress,-. and over, which that power has been exerted; if the river be within the State of Virginia, the commerce upon it, which extends to other States, is not within its jurisdiction; consequently,' if the act of Virginia authorized the-structure of the bridge, so as to obstruct navigation, it' could afford no justification to the Bridge Company.

The act of. Virginia, under which the bridge was built, with scrupulous cafe, guarded the rights of navigation. In the 19th section, it is declared “ That, if the said bridge shall be so -constructed as'to injure the navigation of the said river, the said bridge shall be treated as a public nuisance, and shall be liable to abatement, upon the same principles and in the same manner that other public nuisances are.” And, in the act of the 19th of March, 1847, to revive the first act, it is declared, in the 14th section, “ that if the bridge shall be so erected as to obstruct the' navigation of the Ohio River, in the usual manner, by such steamboats and other crafts as are. now commonly accustomed to navigate the same, when the river shall be as high as the highest floods hereinbefore known, then, unless, upon such obstruction being, found to exist, such obstruction shall be immediately removed or remedied, the said last-mentioned bridge may be treated "as a publicmuisance, and abated accordingly.”

This is'a full recognition of the public right on this great highway, and the grant to the Bridge Company was made subject to that right.

It is objected that there is no act of Congress prohibiting .obstructions on the Ohio River, and that until there shall be such a regulation, a State, in the construction of bridges, has a right to exercise its own discretion on the subject.

Congress have not declared in terms that a State, by the construction of bridges, or otherwise, shall not obstruct the navigation of the Ohio, but they have regulated navigation upon it, as before remarked, by licensing vessels, establishing ports of entry, ^imposing duties upon masters and other officers of boats, and inflicting severe penalties i'or neglect of those duties, by which, damage to life or property has resulted. And they have expressly sanctioned the' compact made by Virginia with Kentucky,- at the time of its admission into the Union, that the use and navigation of the River Ohio, so far as the territory of the proposed State, or the territory that shall remain within the limits of this Commonwealth lies thereon, shall be free and com-man- to the citizens of the' United States,” Now, an obstructed navigation cannot be said to be free. It was, no doubt, in' view of this compact, that in the charter for the' bridge, it was required to be so elevated, as hot, at the greatest height of the water, to obstruct navigation. Any individual may abate a public nuisance. 5 Bac. Ab. 797; 2 Roll. Ab. 144, 145; 9 Co. 54; Hawk. P. C. 75, sect. 12.

This compact, by the sanction of Congress, has become a law of the Union. What further legislation can be desired for judicial action? In the case of Green et al. v. Biddle, (8 Wheat. 1,)'this court held that' a law of the State of Kentucky,'which was in violation of this compact between- Virginia and Kentucky, was yoid; and they say this court has authority to declare a State law unconstitutional, upon the ground of its impairing the obligation of a compact between different States of the Union.

The case of Wilson v. The Blackbird Creek Marsh Company, (2 Peters, 250,) is different in principle from the case before us. A dam was built over a creek to drain a marsh, required .by the u-nhealthiness it produced. . It was a small creek, made navigable by the flowing of the tide. The Chief Justice said it was a matter of doubt, whether the small creeks, which the tide makes navigable a short distance, are within the general commercial regulation, and that in such cases of doubt, it would be better for the court to follow the lead of Congress. Congress have led in regulating commerce on the Ohio, which brings the case within the rule above laid down. The facts of the two cases, therefore, instead of being alike, are altogether different.

No State law can hinder or obstruct the free use of a license granted' under an act of Congress. Nor can any State violate the compact, sanctioned as it has been, by obstructing the navigation of the river. > More than this is not necessary to give 'a civil remedy for an injury done by an obstruction. Congress might punish such an act criminally, but until they shall so provide, an indictment will not lie in the courts of the United States for an obstruction which is a public nuisance. But a, public nuisance is also a private nuisance, where a special and ah irremediable mischief is done to an individual.

In the case of the City of Georgetown v. The Alexandria Co.(12 Peters, 98,) this court say, “ The court of equity,-also, pursuing the analogy-of the law, that a party may maintain ¿private action for special damages, even in case of a public nuisance, will now take jurisdiction in case of a public nuisance, at the instance- of a private person, where he is in imminent danger of suffering a special injury, for which, under the circumstances of the case, the law would not afford an adequate remedy.” Where no special damage is alleged, an individual could not prosecute in his Own name for a public nuisance. This doctrine is laid down in Conning et al. v. Lowerre, 6 Johns. Ch. 439. In that case the injunction ’ was granted, and the chancellor said, “ that here was a special grievance to the plaintiffs, affecting the enjoyment of their próperty and the value of it. The obstruction was not only a common or public nuisance,, but worked a special injury to the plaintiffs.”

Chancellor Kent, in the 3d volume of his Commentaries, 411, says, “ The common law, while it acknowledged and protected the right of the owners of the adjacent lands to the soil and water of the river, rendered' that right subordinate to the public convenience, and all erections and impediments made by the owners, to the obstruction of the free use of the river as a highway for boats and rafts are deemed nuisances.”

In Sampson v. Smith, (8 Simons, 272,) it was held that injury to the plaintiff’s trade was sufficient to give jurisdiction against a public nuisance, and that it was not necessary to uSe, in such a prosecution, the name of the attorney-general. And-this was on a bill for the discontinuance of works already erected.

It is said, “ the question of nuisance, or not, must, in cases of doubt, be tried by a jury.” 2 Story’s Eq. 202. In this respect the question is similar to an application for the protection of a patent. Where the right has been long enjoyed, or is clear of doubt, chancery will interfere without a trial at law. Mr. Justice Story says, (Id. 203,) “ A court of equity will not only interfere upon the information of the attorney-general, but also upon the application of private parties, directly affected by the nuisance; whereas, at law, in many cases the remedy is, or may be, solely through the instrumentality of the attorney-general.”

In the same volume, (p. 204,) it is said, “ In regard to private nuisances the interference of courts of equity, by way of injunction, is undoubtedly founded upon the ground of restraining irreparable mischief, or of suppressing oppressive and interminable litigation,' or of preventing multiplicity of suits.” Mit. Eq. Pl. by Jeremy, 144, 145; Eden on Injunctions, ch. 11, 231, 238.

“ There must be such an'injury, as from its nature is not susceptible of being adequately compensated by damages at law, or such as, from its continuance or permanent mischief, must, occasion a constantly recurring grievance, which cannot otherwise be prevented than by an injunction.” “ Formerly, indeed, courts of equity'were extremely reluctant to interfere at all, even in regard to repeated trespasses. But now there is-not the slightest hesitation, if the acts done, or threatened to.be done to the property, would be ruinous or irreparable.” 2 Story’s Eq. 207. ;

In Ripon v. Hobart, 3 Mylne & Keen, 169, Lord Brougham says, “ If the thing sought to be prohibited is in itself a nuisance, the court will interfere to stay irreparable mischief without waiting for the result ofia trial; and will, according to the circumstances, direct an'issue or allow an action,” &c. Lord Eldon, in the case of Attorney-General v. Cleaver, 18 Ves. 218, appeared to think that there was no instance of an injunction to restrain a nuisance without trial. But in this he was clearly wrong.

The fact that the bridge constitutes a nuisance is ascertained by measurement. The 'height of the bridge, of the water, and of the chimneys of steamboats, are the principal facts to be ascertained. If the obstruction exists, it is a nuisance. To ascertain this a jury is not necessary. It is shown in the report, by a mathematical demonstration. And the other matters, connected with the case, as to the benefit of high chimneys, lowering of them in passing under the bridge,' and shortening chimneys, are matters of science and experience, better ascertained by a report than by a verdict. And. the same may be said of the statistics which are in the case.

The object of the suit was, not the recovery of damages, but to enjoin the defendants from building the bridge which would injure the plaintiff. If the bridge be a material obstruction to the navigation of the Ohio, it is not denied that the plaintiff would be injured. The ground of defence taken and maintained is, that- the bridge is not a material obstruction to Commerce on the river. On this point there is no doubt. A jury, in such a case could give no aid to the court, nor security to the parties. Having had, notice of an application for an injunction, before the defendants had thrown any obstruction over the river, they cannot claim that their position is strengthened by the completion of the bridge.

But it is said, the bridge constitutes no serious obstruction to the navigation of the Ohio ; that only seven steamboats, of two hundred and thirty which ply upon the river as high as Pitts-burg, are, obstructed; and that arises from the height of their chimnej's, which might be lowered at a small expense, in passing under the bridge; that by the introduction of blowers, the chimneys might be shortened without lessening the speed of the boats; that the goods and passengers which are conveyed on the public lines of communication, between Pittsburg and Philadelphia, could be as well conveyed on boats of lower chimneys, and consequently the State, as proprietor of those lines, if at all injured, is injured so inconsiderably as not to lay the foundation of this procedure; that none of the,packets or the other boats .on the river are owned by the State of Pennsylvania.

That the bridge constitutes an obstruction, is shown by the report of the commissioner, the answer of defendants, the proof in the case, and by the admission in the argument of the counsel for the defendants. The report of the commissioner is eonsidered, as to the fact of the obstruction, and the extent of it, of the same force as a verdict of a jury. The report having been the result of a most-arduous and scientific investigation., of the facts, is entitled to the full weight of a verdict. 2 Railway Cases, 330. The fact of obstruction was a plain and practical question, but it was connected with other matters, involving questions of Science, which were to be settled on the opinión of experts, and a report being fairly made, the court will, generally, assume it as a basis of action, unless it shall be shown to . have been made under improper influences, or through a mistake of facts. 1 Railway Cases, 576;' Shelford on Railways, 430.

■ In his report the commissioner says : “ The boats running in that line, and passing the site of- the present suspension-bridge, in 1849, previous to the time when the first cables were thrown across the eastern branch of the Ohio, at Wheeling, were the Clipper, No. 2; the Hibernia, No. 2; the Brilliant; the Messenger, No. 2; the Isaac Newton; the New England, No. 2; and the Monongahela.

“ The Clipper, No. 2, came out in March, 1846, was 215 feet long, and had chimneys 64 feet high. The Hibernia, No. 2, came out iii 1847. She was- 225 feet long, and her chimneys were 72| feet high from the water. The Brilliant came out in. February, 1848, was 227 feet long; and had chimneys 71 feet high. The Messenger, No. 2, came out in the Winter or Spring of 1849, was 242 feet long, and has chimneys 76| feet high. The Isaac Newton was 182 feet long, and had chimneys only 63| feet high- The New England, No. 2, was 222 feet long, and her chimneys were 65| feet high. « The dimensions and height of the chimneys of the Monongahela,” the commissioner says, “ I have not been able to ascertain from the evidence.”

•“ There were also two other regular packets running past Wheeling in the Spring and Summer of 1849; previous to the -erection of thé bridge; the two Telegraphs, running- as regular packets between Pittsburg and Louisville, The chimneys of the Telegraph, No.' 1, were 80 feet high, and those of the other Telegraph were 79 feet 9 inches high.

“ Not more than two or three, of these nine packets had their chimneys prepared for lowering at the close of the navigation in the Summer of 1849. And of the five largest only one of them could have gotten under the bridge on a twenty feet stage of water with the chimneys standing; and that one, the Brilliant, could not have gotten under when the water was more than twenty-one feet upon the Wheeling Bar. And neither of the-two Telegraphs could, have gotten under the bridge at a thirteen feet stage of the water with their chimneys standing.”

“ If the bridge,” says the commissioner, “ had been erected in 1847, therefore, and those nine' packets had then been running, two of them could not have - gotten under the bridge for nearly three months, when • the water was thirteen feet and over; two of them would have been unable to get under for thirty-three days, when the /water on the bar was twenty .feet and over; another, the Brilliant, from nineteen to twenty-five days, when the water was twenty-nine feet and over; and the other four as much as ten days, when the water was twenty-nine feet and over, — unless, they had lowered or cut off their .chimneys.”'

The passage of three of the Pittsburg and Cincinnati packets, which were running on the Ohio before the erection of the bridge, had been actually stopped or obstructed by such bridge previous to the order of reference in this cause; the Messenger, No. 2, the Hibernia,- No. 2, and the Brilliant.

“ The first of these boats arrived at the bridge on the 10th of November, 1849, on her downward passage, upon a twenty feet stage of water, and had to put off her chimneys before she could pass the bridge. She was .detained there about seven hours, but I believe she did not lose her trip or passengers. She was subsequently detained at the bridge seven hours, and was obliged to cut off her chimneys a second time.'

“ On the 11th of November, 1849, the Hibernia, No. 2, reached the bridge on her upward trip. They attempted to get her under the bridge by sinking her deeper in the water with coal ballast. But, in attempting to pass the bridge, the top of one of her chimneys caught upon a projection from the under side of one of the flooring timbers, and injured the chimney so that it had to be taken down and repaired. The boat was detained thirty-two hours at Wheeling on that occasion; and was obliged to hire-another boat.to take her passengers on. to Pitts-burg, except such of them as preferred to cross the. mountains by .the way of Cumberland.

“ On the 18th of the same month the passage of the Hibernia, No. 2, was again obstructed by the' bridge on her downward passage; by which she lost an entire trip. Finding she could not get under.the bridge in time to save her trip, she transferred her freight and passengers to another boat, and returned to Pittsburg. And-the passage of the same boat was again obstructed by the bridge in coming up the river last Spring. . On that occasion she arrived .at Wheeling between nine and ten o’clock in the- morning, and finding she could not get under the bridge' she gave up the trip, and landed her passengers, who proceeded east by way.of. Cumberland. .

“ The Brilliant was obstructed .by the bridge on her passage up on the 18th December, 1849, and had to wait until her chimneys could be cut off to enable her to pass under the bridge. The chimneys were cut off at' great risk to the lives of those, who were engaged in the operation; and the boat passed under the bridge and proceeded to Pittsburg after a detention of four- or five hours.

“ In the Winter and ’ Spring subsequent to the erection, of the bridge, the Buckeye State, the Keystone. State, and the Cincinnati, three new packets, were brought into the Pittsburg and Cincinnati lines, in the places of the New England, No. 2, the Isaac Newton, and the Monongahela. They were all of much larger dimensions and had much taller chimneys than the old boats for which they were substituted, and, their chimneys were hinged .and rigged for lowering.” The chimnéys óf the Buckeye State were 74 feet 8 inches high, those, of the Keystone 77 feet 5 inches, and those of the Cincinnati 84 feet 7 inches.

“ Two accidents have occurred to those new boats in passing under the bridge since they came out. The Keystone State, on her downward passage, the 4th of March last, in attempting to pass under the apex of the bridge upon a thirteen and' a quarter' feet stage of water, could not get near enough to the Wheeling shore to pass under the apex of the bridge. And ■ in attempting to drop down about twenty feet further west, one of the chimneys struck the bridge and tore away all the guys.or fastenings of both chimneys,- except one guy-rod, broke the westerly chimney in two, broke off the hinge from- the other chimney, and tore up some portions of the hurricane deck to which the guy-rods were fastened. And • if the -remaining guy-rod had given way, both chimneys, Aveighing together about four tons, would have fallen down.”

A somewhat similar accident, it seems from the report, occurred to the Cincinnati, in October, 1850.

On the practicability and safety of lowering the chimneys a great number of witnesses were examined. .And the commissioner says, although there was great conflict in the testimony as respects the danger to the limbs and lives of the passengers in the operation, yet, he says, when the facts sworn to are examined, there is a decided preponderance against the safety of lowering the chimneys. And he remarks, “ The very elevated as well as large chimneys used upon the Cincinnati and Pitts-burg packets, and other boats, of that class, cannot certainly with any facility 6r safety be lowered by hinges at the tops. They are therefore obliged to lower them at the hurricane-deck, by means of a derric. The weight of the I. parts of the two chimneys which must be let down upon those large boats is estimated by the Avitnesses to be from three to four tons. This enormous weight hanging over the cabin, or rather over the berths of passengers, in process of lowering, would probably prove disastrous in the extreme if by any accident the chimneys should come down by the run; which Is very likely to occur, from the carelessness or stupidity of the green hands that the owners and officers of 'Western boats are so often obliged to employ.”

And if to the difficulties stated in the report there be added the darkness of the night, a snow storm, or the falling rain congealing on' the roof of the boat and covering it with ice, and a high wind, which generally is experienced in a storm, it would be impracticable, while the boat was proceeding at the rate of ten or twelve miles an hour, to lower the chimneys, and this must be done or the boat must land. During this operation, the pilot, on whom the safety of the boat. and the lives of the passengers in a great degree depend, must, from his position, be in imminent danger.

The expense of lowering the chimneys, if practicable and safe, would constitute no inconsiderable item. The time lost in raising and lowering chimneys is variously estimated by the witnesses at from one to three hours. Take the minimum of such estimate, and, according to the calculation of Colonel Long, the expense of the boat amounts to $8.33 per hour. Each packet will have to lower its chimneys every time it passes under the bridge, which will be, ordinarily, sixty times a season, amounting to the sum of $499.80, a charge on each packet. To this may be. added the apparatus for lowering the chimneys, estimated at $400, which, with its repairs, may be estimated at $100 pejf annum during the life of the boat, which averages five years. And it is in proof that stationary chimneys will last five years, but if subject to be lowered they will only last half that time. The cost of chimneys for-- a boat is stated at $1000, which may be considered as an increased expense to each boat of $200 per annum. These sums added together make a total of $799.80, which sum multiplied by seven, the number of the packets, make the sum of $5,598.60 which the owners of these packets must necessarily pay as an annual tax, by reason of the obstruction of the bridge, if they run their boats and lower their chimneys.

But it is contended that the difficulty of passing under the bridge may be obviated by shortening the height of the chimneys without lessening materially the speed of the boat.

That high chimneys increase the speed of the boat is proved in the case practically and scientifically.

Professors Benwick, Byrne, and Locke say, that by a law of nature the force or velocity of a draft depends upon the height of the chimney; the force and velocity being measured by the difference in the weight between the column of air within the chimney and an outside column of equal height and diameter; so that á reduction of the height of the chimney involves a diminution of that force with which nature supplies air to combine with fuel for combustion, and by consequence there follows a diminution of heat developed in the furnace, of steam generated in the boiler, and of power- by which the. wheel is moved and the boat propelled.

The commissioner, in his report, says, “ the deduction of science also shows that the draft is increased by elongating the chimneys.” In this question economy of- fuel is not the object to be attained, but the greatest practicable speed consistent with safety. And this is attained, where there is no defect in the furnace, by the combustion pf the largest amount of fuel. Forty-three bushels of bituminous coal are consumed per hour by each of the Pittsburg packets.

The commissioner says,' “ In relation to the questipn whether chimneys as high as those now in use upon the Pittsburg and Cincinnati packets,'and some of the larger boats -on the-Ohio, are necessary for obtaining the maximum • of speed desirable in the navigation of the river, there is a diversity of opinion among the witnesses, especially among those who are not- acquainted .with the scientific principles of chimney-draft in reference to the combustion of fuel for the generation of. steam. But I think there is a. great preponderance of the testimony even of that class of witnesses in favor of the necessity of very high chimneys upon the large Ohio steamboats.”

And he further iemarks: “ Rejecting the deductions of science on the subject, the teachings of expedience show, that as .boats upon the Ohio have been gradually improved in their dimensions, from time to time, and the height of their- chimneys increased, they have been enabled to run. with greater speed, to the evident advantage of commerce and of travel upon the rivers. And the fact .that several different projects, for’ procuring-artificial draft, such .as blowers, as an available substitute for the draft of tall chimneys, have been tried upon the Western waters' and have failed and been abandoned, is very strong evidence in-favor of the necessity of natural draft for the combustion of wood and bituminous coal upon the steamboats navigating the Ohio.*

There is no better evidence of utility, than the progress made in the structure of steamboats and of the machinery by which they are propelled. Men who are engaged in navigation learn by experience and adopt that which will be most conducive to • their own interests.

It appears, from thef-statement of Scowden, an engineer, that the chimneys of the first boat, called the Cincinnati, were 84 feet high from the surface of the water when light, and about 74 feet high from the centre of the flues. Her chimneys were shortened 8 feet, and it diminished her speed up stream from a. mile to a mile and a half per hour. Captain Hazlep states that, adding 8 feet to the chimney of the Telegraph, in 1849, increased her speed about half a mile an hour up stream. And by Captain Duval, that the Clipper’s chimney being cut off 8 feet, in order to pass the Wheeling Bridge, reduced her speed about three hours between Cincinnati and Pittsburg. And it may be fairly inferred, that a reduction of 20 feet would reduce the speed between Cincinnati and Pittsburg about four hours.

According to this estimate, the cost, of the boat per hour being, as above stated, $8.33, if there should be an average loss of four hours in each trip, it would amount to $33.32. This sum multiplied by sixty, the average number of trips each season, would amount to thé sum of $1,999.20, and this being multiplied by seven, the number of the packets, would make the sum of $13,994.40, an annual loss by the owners of the packets, by reducing the height of their chimneys, so as to pass under the bridge at the different stages of the water.

But it is said these seven packets are the only boats obstructed by the bridge of the two hundred and thirty which ply upon the Ohio, and run to Pittsburg.

The transportation of goods and passengers by these packets will show their relative importance, as instruments of commerce, between Cincinnati and Pittsburg. From the evidence, it appears that they convey about one half of the goods in value and three fourths of the passepgers, between- those cities. Taking the Keystone State as a criterion, each packet transports annually thirty thousand nine hundred and sixty tons of freight, and twelve thousand passengers. The line was established in 1844, and it appears from the proof, that since that time it has transported between the above cities, nearly a million of passengers.

It is in proof that the life of these packets averages five years, when their places in the line must be. supplied by new boats. If to their original cost.of construction, there be added .the expense of running‘them for .five years, adding nothing for repairs or accidents, a total sum wilffbe expended of $1,680,000. This amount of capital is appropriated every five year® in "running this line of packets. The structure of the bridge cost less than one eighth of that sum.

The speed of these boats, their excellent accommodations, and their general .good management, recommend them to the pub-.lie, as is shown by the large amount of goods and "passengers they convey. And any change in their structure, or in the production of the propelling power, which shall impede their progress, would nót only impose upon their proprietors a most onerous tax, but it would greatly lessen their profits, by reducing the amount of freight and. passengers. And no part of the amount would, probably, pass to other boats on the river, but to the northern or southern lines, where greater expedition is given.

In the report of the commissioner, a statement is' made of the stages of water, at Wheeling, for twelve years, beginning on the 10th of March, 1838, and ending on the 9th of the same month, 1850..

The highest part of the bridge, by actual measurement from the ground, is 91.31 feet. This elevation is only at a single point, two hundred and eighty-four feet from the face of the eastern abutment. From the apex it deflects east and west, being at the distance of forty feet westward only 89.48 feet above the ground, and at the same distance east only 89.77 feet above the ground. The chimneys on the seven packets require a space of about thirty feet in width to pass under the bridge within the eighty feet allowed, and the depth of water and a sufficient beadway, must be deducted, to show the height of the bridge for the passage of boats. The headway required, as appears from the report of the engineer, should be between the tops of the chimneys and the lowest parts of the bridge, from two to three feet. This would reduce the space, say two feet and a half to 87.27 feet.

In the twelve years above stated, the water was at the stage of twenty-one feet and over, two hundred and nineteen days; consequently no boat, whose chimneys were 66| feet high, could have passed under the bridge. Twent-y-one feet of water, are substituted for twenty feet in the table 'reported, that statement allowing a foot of water below the measurement. The water, in the above period, was twenty-six feet and over, eighty-three days, during which time no boat could have passed under the bridge "whose chimnéys were 62 feet high. The water was twenty-eight feet and over, fifty-five days during the twelve years, which would have prevented a boat from' passing under the bridge, whose chimneys were 60 feet high. ■ Within the same period, the water was sixteen feet and' over, five hundred and thirty-four days; consequently boats, whose chimneys were 72 feet high, during that whole time could not have passed under the. bridge.

In his report, the commissioner says, “ The bridge is nine hundred and eighty feet between the bases- of the two abutments. At the highest point of the bridge, for the distance of .about fifty-six feet in width, there is a clear headway, for'the' passage of steamboats with their chimneys standing, of 91 feet above extreme low water. But this spacé of fifty-six feet in width is not over any part of the', river at extreme low water. The water upon the Wheeling Bar must be about four feet deep, to bring the easterly edge of the stream under the western extremity of the fifty-six feet. And it must be more than fifteen feet deep upon the bar to enable a steamboat, drawing five feet, to avail itself of the ninety-one feet headway above low-water mark, for the whole width of fifty-six feet.”

“ .It follows,, from this statement of facts, that a steamboat, drawing five feet of water, and whose chimneys are 79J feet high or over, cán never pass under the apex of the bridge, at any stage of the water, without lowering her chimneys.”

From the data referred to, the defendants’counsel contend that in a few years, at most, there will be a concentration of railroads at Wheeling, and at other places on the Ohio, connecting the Eastern with the Western country, which, from their speed and safety, must take from the river the passengers and a considerable portion of the freight now transported in steam? boats. That these rOads, crossing the Ohio River, will reach the commercial ports of the interior,.and diffuse a larger amount of commerce than that which is now transported on the Ohio. And it is intimated that the Wheeling Bridge may be used by the railroad cars; but it is clearly proved, that the bridge is not calculated for such a transportation.

However numerous these roads may be, there can be no doubt, that, like similar roads in other parts of the country, their cars will be loaded with freight and passengers. But it may not follow that the Ohio and our other rivers will be deserted, or their business reduced. We have an extent of river coast, counting both shores, exceeding twenty-five thousand miles, through countries the most fertile on the globe. This is a greater distance than the combined railways of the world. That our railroads, as avenues of commerce, may develop our resources in á greater-degree than is now anticipated, must be the desire of every one. But the great thoroughfares, provided by a beneficent Providence, should neither be neglected nor abandoned. . They will still remain the great arteries of commerce.

Past experience teaches us, that however the facilities of commerce may be multiplied, her tracks will be filled with productions which énricffthe country and add to the comforts and enjoyments of its rapidly increasing population. The rewards, of labor will give an .irresistible impulse to enterprise which must secure to. our country a prosperity unequalled. in history. Our internal commerce is more than three times as great as our foreign, and the increased lines of intercourse will cause both rapidly to advance. The protection of the river commerce is by no means hostile to any other. The multiplication of commercial facilities will, in the same proportion, increase the.articles of trade.

It is said that the interest of commerce requires navigable waters to be crossed,and that in such a case the inquiry should be, whether the benefit conferred upon, commerce by the cross route, is not greater than the injury done. In the case of the King v. Sir John Morris, 1 Barn. & Adol. 441, it was held, that the injury cannot be balanced against the benefits secured. And in the case of the King v. George Henry Ward, 4 Ad. & El. 384, it was held, where the jury found that an embankment complained of was a nuisance, but that the inconvenience was counterbalanced by the public benefit arising from the alteration it amounted to a verdict of guilty.

If the obstruction be slight, as á draw in a bridge, which would be safe and convenient for the passage of- vessels, it would not be regarded as a nuisance, where proper attention is given to raise the draw on the approach of vessels. Of this character is the complaint of the plaintiff against the bridge, that it obstructs sea-vessels built at Pittsburg. Sails cannot be used to advantage on the Ohio - or the Mississippi, consequently there can be no' necessity of "raising the masts until it becomes necessary to hoist-the sails. Such vessels float down the river or are tówed by steam-vessels,

It is true the injury done to the State of Pennsylvania may seem to be small, when compared to the magnitude of this subject. It applies to all our rivers, and affects annually a transportation of many millions of passengers, and a commerce worth not less than six hundred millions of dollars. It would be as unwise as it is unlawful to fetter, in any respect, this vast commerce.

In- all the charters, granted for the construction of bridges over navigable waters, it is believed all the States, not excepting Virginia, have provided that their navigation should not be obstructed.

The Bridge Company had legal notiee of the institution of the suit, and of the application for an injunction to stay their proceedings, before' their cables were throw;n across the river. This should have induced them to suspend, for a time, their great work, alike- creditable to the enterprise of their citizens, and the genius and science of the engineer who planned the bridge and superintended its construction. It is a matter of regret that, by the prosecution and, completion of the bridge, they have incurred a high responsibility.

For the reasons and facts stated, we' think that the bridge obstructs the navigation of the Ohio, and that the State of Pennsylvania has been, and will be, injured in her public works, in such manner as not only to authorize the bringing of this-suit, but to entitle her to the relief prayed.

' Believing, from the estimates in the case, that the obstruction to the navigation.of the river may be removed by elevating the bridge, at an expense which, when added to the original cost, will leave a reasonable profit to the stockholders, on the entire capital expended, we have endeavored to ascertain, the kwest point of elevation which will secure this object. And, on a full "view of the evidence, we are brought to the conclusion, that an elevation of the lowest parts of the bridge.for three hundred.feet over the channel of the river, not less than one hundred and eleven feet from the low-water mark, will be sufficient — the flooring of the bridge descending from the termini of the elevation, at ■the- rate of four feet in the hundred ; this will give a level headway for boats of three. hundred feet in width, and will enable those whose chimneys are eighty feet high to pass under the bridge when the water is thirty feet deep from the ground, leaving the tops of the chimneys two feet below the lowest parts of the bridge. If this or some other plan shall not be adopted which shall relieve the navigation from obstruction, on or before the 1st day of February- next, the bridge must be abated.

"We do riot deem it necessary to provide against the floods, which seldom occur, and-which, when at the highest, overwhelm the lower parts of our cities and towns on the banks of the Ohio, and necessarily suspend, for a short time, business upon the river.

Mr. Chief Justice TANEY

dissenting.

As this is a case of much importance to the parties and the public, and I do not concur in the judgment of the court, it is my duty to express my opinion. I shall do so as briefly as I can.

The first question to be decided is, whether this bridge is a public nuisance or not, which this court, has a right to abate. The State of Pennsylvania, it is true, complains of an interruption to her canals, in which, in her character as a State, she has a proprietary interest, analogous to that of an. individual owner. She seeks redress for this injury. But she proceeds upon the ground that the bridge is a public nuisance, from which the State receives a particular injury to its property beyond that which the public in general sustain. And the foundation of her claim, as stated in the bill, is, that the bridge is an unlawful obstruction to the navigation of a public river, and therefore a public nuisance. The immense mass of testimony, contained in this record, is directed almost altogether to that póint. In order, therefore to maintain the bill, it is incumbent upon the State to show that this bridge is a public nuisance.- And, if it is a public nuisance, it must be because it is a violation of some law which this court has a right to administer.

In examining this question, it must be borne in mind that, although the suit is brought in this court, the law of the case' and the rights of the parties are the same as if it had been brought in the Circuit Court of Virginia, in which the bridge is situated. Pennsylvania, as a State, has the right to sue in this court. But a suit here merely, changes the forum, and does not change the law of the case or the rights of the parties. And if, in the Circuit Court of the United States, sitting in Virginia, this bridge could not be adjudged a nuisance, and abated'as such, neither can it be done in this court. The State, in this controversy, has the same rights as an individual, and nothing more. And the court is bound to administer to the State here the same law that would- be administered to an individual suitor, suing for a like cause, in' a Circuit Court of the United.States, sitting in the State where the bridge is erected.

Assuming, then, that it does obstruct a public navigable river, and would,-at common law, be a public nuisance, I proceed to inquire whether this court is authorized to declare it to be such, and order it to be abated.

The Ohio being a public-navigable stream, Congress have undoubtedly the power to regulate commerce upon it. They have the right to prohibit obstructions to its navigation ; to decláre any such obstruction a public nuisance; to direct the .mode of proceeding in the courts of .the United States to remove it; and to punish arty one who may erect or maintain it; or it may declare what degree or description of obstruction shall be a public nuisance: as, for example, the height of a bridge over the river, or the distance to which a wharf may be extended into its navigable waters.

But this power has not been e.xercised. There is no law of the United States declaring an obstruction in the Ohio or any other navigable river, to be a public nuisance, and directing it to be abated as such. Nor is there any act of Congress regulating the height of bridges over the river. We can derive no jurisdiction, therefore, upon this subject, from any law of the United States, and if we exercise it we must derive our authority from some other source.

But we cannot derive it' from the common law. For .it has been settled, since the beginning of this government, that the courts of the United States as such, have no common-law jurisdiction,' civil or criminal, unless conferred upon them by act of Congress. . It is trae that the courts of the United ¿otates, when sitting in a State, administer the common law, where it has been adopted by the State. But it .is administered as the law of the State, under the authority and direction of the act of Congress, which makes the laws of the State the rule of decision in a court of the United States, when sitting in the State, provided such laws are not contrary to the Constitution, laws, or treaties, of the United States. We cannot, tinder the rule of decision thus prescribed, adjudge this bridge to be a nuisance, although it may obstruct the navigation of the river, unless it is a nuisance by the common law, as adopted in Virginia and modified by its statutes. But this bridge was built under the authority of a statute of the State. The structure, in its present form, has been sanctioned by the legislature. It is therefore no offence against the laws of the State; and a Circuit Court of the United States, sitting in the State and governed by its laws, when not in conflict with the Constitution or laws of the United States, or treaties, could not order it to be abated as a public nuisance; and this court has no higher power over this subject, either at law or in equity, nor any other riffe to guide it, than a Circuit Court sitting in Virginia... And as the bridge is not a nuisance by the laws of that State, and there is no act of Congress making the obstruction -of a public river an offence against the United States, and we have no common law to which the court may resort for jurisdiction, I do not. understand by what law, or under what authority, this court can adjudge it to be a public nuisance and proceed to abate it', either upon a proceeding in chancery or by a process at law.

if it is a publjc nuisance, it is an offence either against the United States or the State of Virginia, for which the persons who erected or who continue it, are liable to be indicted. For we need go no further than-' Blackstone’s Commentaries (4 Bl. Com. 167,) for proof that the unauthorized obstruction of a navigable river is an offence, and may be punished in a criminal proceeding by indictment. Can the parties who built or continue this bridge be indicted for it as an offence against the public ? This appears to me to be the true test. We are inquiring whether there is any law which the court has the power to administer, under which this bridge may be adjudged a public nuisance or purpresture? If there'is, then the persons who erected it maybe punished'in a criminal proceeding.'

For if it is a.public nuisance or purpresture, it is an ‘offence against the sovereignty whose laws have been violated. Could they be indicted for an offence against the United States ? This will hardly be contended for, as common-law offences cannot be punished in its courts, unless they are. declared offences by act of Congress.. And as we have no such act of Congress, it is clear that an indictment charging the obstruction as an offence against' the United States, could not be maintained.' It is equally clear, that an indictment, charging it as an offence against the State, could not be supported, for the law of the State sanctions its construction. It may be asked, in reply to this view of the subject, is this great river then liable to be obstructed by bridges whenever .the States, through whose territories it passes, choose to authorize them ? and are the inhabitants above the obstruc-. tions to be shut out from its 'navigation, and without redress ? The argument ab inconvenienti would be entitled to great consideration, if there was any foundation for it, although it would not alter the law. But this opinion leads to no such result. For I have already said that Congress have the power to declare the obstruction of a navigable stream an offence against the United States, and to authorize the courts of the United States to abate it as a nuisance; and any law of a State to the contrary would be unconstitutional and void.

If, therefore, there be an. evil, it may easily be corrected by the legislative authority of the general government. But if Congress have not thought proper, or do not think proper, to exercise this power, and public mischief has arisen, or may arise from it, it does not follow that the judicial power of the United States may step in and supply what the legislative authority has omitted to perform. It does not by any means follow that the judicial power may declare an obstruction in or over a navigable stream, an offence against the United States before the legislative power has forbidden it, and conferred authority upon the courts to punish or remove it.

Undoubtedly this court has original jurisdiction when a State is a party. But it cannot exercise that jurisdiction without some law prescribing the mode of proceeding, the rule of decision, and the evidence-by which the right in dispute is to be.tried. The unskilful and careless manner in which a steamboat is navigated may ■impede the passage of other vessels, and sometimes endanger their' safety, yet if Pennsylvania sued here for any injury arising from this cause, we could exercise no jurisdiction and give no redress unless there was some law to guide us. And when a case of this kind is not embraced in any law of the United States, we always resort to the established usages of navigation on the river, and the laws of the State in whose jurisdiction- the injury was sustained.

The cases in which the court has. taken jurisdiction in questions of boundary between States, stand on. different-ground. The- original jurisdiction was conferred by the Constitution. The evidence upon which the right in controversy must be decided, depended upon the laws and usages of nations in, disputes of that kind. Congress had no power over the subject. It could neither give nor take away the right' of either party, nor prescribe the evidence by which it was to be tried. All that Congress was required to do, or .could do, was to authorize the court to issue' the proper process to bring the parties before it, and to conduct the proceedings to final judgment. This was admitted on all hands to be necessary before the.court could exercise the jurisdiction which the Constitution, had conferred. And in the case of New Jersey v. New York, (5 Pet. 287, 288,)-it was held that the acts of 1789 and 1792 had clothed the court with the necessary power.

' The rule as to navigable waters is this: Every independent nation has the exclusive jurisdiction over the navigable waters lying within its territorial limits. It has the right to regulate commerce upon thenq and to determine what bridges may be built over them, or piers or wharves extended into them. And an erection authorized by the legislature cannot be a nuisance, public or private. This was the situation of the old States prior to the adoption of the Constitution. Each was then an independent sovereign State. But by the Constitution of the United States, they surrendered to the general government the power to regulate commerce. And thus, while they retain their absolute territorial jurisdiction over their navigable waters in all other respects, Congress may forbid, the erection of any structure in a navigable, stream, which it deems an obstruction to commerce, and may declare it a nuisance, and direct it to be removed. - But all the original authority of the State over the river remains subject to that limitation. For otherwise; until Congress thought proper to legislate, navigation on the river would be under no control. Boats might be run down with impunity, and obstructions of every kind erected in or over it, which the State could not prevent or. punish:

.The bridge in question is entirely within the territory of Virginia. Prior to the adoption of the Constitution of the United States, she had an unquestionable right to authorize its erection. She still possesses the same control over the river, subject to the power of Congress, so far as concerns the regulation of commerce. The United States and Virginia are the only sovereign-ties which can exercise any power over the river where the bridge is erected. Virginia has authorized it, and Congress have acquiesced in it. Congress have made no regulation declaring such a structure unlawful, or authorizing any judicial proceeding against it. If Congress, to whom the power is granted, to regulate commerce, have acquiesced, how can the court, to whom the power is not granted, undertake to regulate it, and declare this bridge an unlawful obstruction, and the law of Virginia unconstitutional and void ? With ail my respect for my brethren, I think it is an error, and I had almost said, a grave one.

If it should be said that the compact between Virginia' and Kentucky makes the river free independently of the Constitution, the answer is obvious. The compact does not deprive Virginia of the power to regulate the police of the river, or .to authorize bridges or piers, or other structures in it; Such a compact between States has always been construed to mean nothing more than that the river shah be as free to the citizens or subjects for which the other party contracts, as it is to the citizens or subjects of the State in which it is situated. But if this compact or any compact should be construed to prohibit the- erection of the bridge, the proceeding should be to enforce the observance of the compact. If erected in violation of a compact, it is still not a nuisance, because there is no law prohibiting it. -It would' be a breach of contract by the State, and' the remedy in a very different mode of proceeding.

This compact between Virginia'and Kentucky, in relation to the navigation of the Ohio, was one of the articles of agreement under'which Virginia consented that Kentucky should become a separate State. Kentucky could not become a separate State without the consent of Congress'. But the act of Congress,, which gave that assent, maíces no reference whatever to the terms of the agreement between the States. It does not make, the United States a party to them, nor guarantee their execution. It simply declares its consent that the district of Kentucky should, on the 1st of June, 1792, become a State, according to its actual boundaries, on the 18th of December, 1789. The act of Congress is in 1 Stat. at Large, 189, and contains no allusion whatever, direct or indirect, to the navigation of the Ohio. It leaves the compact as • it was; that is, a. compact between the two States, and nothing more, and to be enforced by a proceeding upon it. Nor is there any difference in the rights of navigation between the. rivers and bays of the Atlantic States and those of the West. The old and the new State's in this respect stand upon, an equal footing. It was so decided in this court in the case of Pollard v. Hagan, (3 How. 212,) and that decision has been sanctioned in subsequent cases, to which it is not now necessary to _refer.

The complainant, however,, insists that the law of the United States'for.enrolling and licensing coasting vessels, gives to the vessel so enrolled and licensed, .the right to navigate the river free from obstructions : that this law, therefore, by necessary implication, forbids the erection of the' bridge which obstructs the navigation; and, consequently, defines the rights of the parties. And if a vessel is obstructed, the law is violated, and the injured. party entitled to his remedy, and to have the obstruction removed. The case of Gibbons v. Ogden is relied on to support this proposition.

This, brings up the question, whether the law of Virginia, sanctioning the erection of this bridge, is or is not repugnant to the-Constitution or laws of the United States. Is it repugnant to the clause of the Constitution which gives Congress the power to regulate commerce ? or to any law passed under it ? If" it is not, then the structure complained of, being within the territory of the State, and authorized by its legislature, cannot be a public nuisance or a private nuisance in the eye of the law. Nor has any one a right to complain" of it as an unlawful obstruction in his way; nor to maintain a suit atiaw or in equity for any inconvenience or loss he may sustain from it. Assuming that we may exercise jurisdiction on the. ground that the complainant claims a right under the above-mentioned act of Congress, neither the point nor the principles decided in Gibbons v. Ogden have, in my judgment, any application to the case before us. In that case, the Legislature of New York passed a law granting to certain persons the exclusive privilege of navigating all the waters within the jurisdiction of that State with boats moved by fire or steam; and authorizing the Chancellor of the State to restrain by injunction any person whatever from navigating these waters with boats of that description. The complainant claimed under the grantees of the monopoly, and sought. by his bill to restrain the respondents from navigating the waters embra'ced in it. And this court held, and correctly held, that the law of the State was unconstitutional; that a vessel enrolled and licensed for the coasting trade, under an act of Congress, had a right to navigate any of the navigable waters of the United States; and that no State had a right to forbid it.

There was no question in that case as to the authority of a court of the United States to declare an obstruction in a.river, which a State had authorized, to be a public nuisance, and treat it as an offence against the United States. The waters in question were navigable, and free from impediments of that description ; and the boats of the parties who claimed the exclusive-privilege were daily passing over them. The only question in the case was, whether all vessels, enrolled and licensed by Congress, had not the right to pass over the same waters as freely as the vessels of the monopolists. The court said they had; that they had an equal right, with the complainant to use the navigable waters of New York. But the'court do not say that an obstruction placed in the water, which fenders navigation inconvenient or hazardous, is a violation of the act for licensing and enrolling coasting vessels, or in conflict with it; nor do they say that this act of Congress confers on the court the power to adjudge it a nuisance, and order it to be abated. There was no such question before the court. It was not in the case, nor was the attention of the court in any way called to it by the argument.

Now, in this case, Virginia has passed no law giving exclusive privileges to navigate the Ohio River through her territory. -If the bridge is an obstruction, her own citizens, engaged in the navigation of the Ohio, are equally disabled from passing as the citizens of any other State. . The question, therefore, on which, this case must turn, did not-arise in Gibbons v. Ogden. But it did arise, and was expressly decided in the case of Wilson v. The Blackbird Creek Marsh Company, 2 Pet. 245. It was the point in the case. A dam across a. navigable creek had been authorized by the Legislature of Delaware, as this bridge has been authorized by the Legislature of Virginia. It stopped a navigable creek, and, as the court said, mtist be supposed to abridge the rights of those who were accustomed to use it. So this bridge is supposed to impede the navigation of the Ohio, and abridge the rights of those accustomed to use it. Yet, in the ease referred to, the court said, that as Congress, in the execution of its power to regulate commerce, had passed no law'to control State legislation over these small navigable creeks, the law of Delaware was not repugnant to the Constitution, not being in conflict with -any law of Congress. It will be remembered that the act of Congress for enrolling and licensing vessels, under which Gibbons v. Ogden wTas decided, was still in force, but was regarded by the court as inapplicable to the obstruction occasioned by the dam.' The result of these two cases is this. The act of Congress gives to, vessels enrolled and licensed under it the right to navigate the public waters wherever they find them navigable; and any State law prohibiting it, is unconstitutional and void. And, upon this ground, the judgment of .the State court of New York, which had decided otherwise, was reversed. But this act of Congress has no application to an obstruction created by a dam across the navigable water, and without further legislation by Congress, the law of Delaware, which authorized the dam, was constitutional and valid. And upon that ground, the judgment of the State court of Delaware, which sanctioned the obstruction, was affirmed. I can see no difference in principle between the'last-mentioned case and the case at bar. There has been .no further legislation by Congress on that subject since that case was decided. And as the principle is the same, the decision should be the same; and the case of Wilson v. The Blackbird Creek Marsh Company, should, in my opinion, govern this.

It can hardly be supposed, that the circumstance that a of entry is established on the Ohio River, above the bridge, distinguishes this case from the one referred to. The right which the act of Congress gives to vessels enrolled and licensed for the coasting trade, is certainly not confined to the navigation between ports of entry. They have the right to enter añy navigable creek or river which may suit their convenience, or the business and employment in which they are engaged. And any State, law which forbids them to do so, or attempts to confine the right to particular persons, is unconstitutional. Any vessel enrolled and licensed had a right to proceed up Blackbird Creek as far as she found navigable water; and her right was as perfect as if a port of entry had been established at the head of navigation. Nor can the size of the creek, or the small number of vessels that used it, as .compared with the Ohio, make any difference between the cases. It was the right that was in question ; and that right was the same whether the navigable water was narrow or wide, or used only by a single vessel, or frequented by hundreds.

The case of Wilson v. The Blackbird Creek Marsh Company is entitled to the more weight, because it was decided after the ease of Gibbons v. Ogden, which appears, by the report,- to have been recalled to the attention of the court, and relied upon in the argument; and the.' opinion in the last case was delivered by the same learned judge who delivered the elaborate opinion in the former one. It shows that he, and the learned court in which he presided, did not consider the principles on which Gibbons v. Ogden was decided,' applicable to a case where an obstruction was placed in- a navigable water, impeding, generally, the passage of vessels; and were of opinion that -the courts of the United States had no jurisdiction which would authorize them to remove or abate it, or treat it as unlawful, without further legislation by Congress. I think it more safe to follow their own construction of their own opinion in Gibbons 1). Ogden, than to look for a new one.

Indeed, apart from any decisions on the subject, I cannot perceive how the mere grant of power to the legislative department of the government to regulate commerce, can give, to the judicial branch the power to declare what shall', and what shall not, be regarded as an unlawful obstruction; how high a bridge must be. above the stream, and how far a wharf may be extended into the water, when we have no regulation of Congress to guide us. Nor do I see how we can order a bridge or a wharf to. be removed, unless it is in violation of some law which we are authorized to administer. In taking jurisdiction, as the law now stands, we must exercise a broad and undefinable discretion, without any certain and safe rule to guide us. And such a discretion, when men of science differ, when we are to consider the amount and value of trade, and the number of travellers on and across the stream, the interests of communities -and States .sometimes supposed to be conflicting, and the proper height and form of 'steamboat chimneys, such' a discretion appears to me much more appropriately to belong to the Legislature than to the Judiciary.

Besides, I think there is an insuperable objection to this proceeding in equity even if this bridge should be regarded as a nuisance, public or private. And it appears to me to be settled law in ’England, as well as in this country, that chancery will not interfere by injunction where the evidence is conflicting and the injury doubtful. I do not speak of informations in chancery where the attorney-general is a party, for this is not a proceeding of that kind. But I speak of" cases ■ between individual parties, like the present one. And the rule above stated, when there is a conflict of testimony, will be found in 2 Story’s Com. page 201 to 207, where the subject is fully examined, and the cases which have been decided referred to. And a case where there is more conflict in the testimony of men of high character and undoubted skill and knowledge could hardly be imagined, than is presented in the record before us; nor a case where the injury is more doubtful. For, after the experience , of two years, we see how- small the loss, has been compared with the immense .trade and the multitude of steamboats, which, during that time, have passed under it.

Neither can the jurisdiction of a court of chancery be supported upon the ground that the injury is immediate and irreparable, or that any serious embarrassments lie in the way of an action at law. The injury, after two years’ experience, has not been found serious .enough to lessen the navigation and commerce of the river. On the contraryCthey have been continually increasing since this bridge was built. And if it be an injury for which the party is entitled to a remedy, he has a plain and adequate remedy at law; and, therefore, upon general principles of equity, and more especially under the express provisions of the act of 1789, he has no right to.come into chancery for relief. And if an action at law were brought by the State in the Circuit Court óf the United States,-sitting in Virginia, the proceeding at law would be as free from embarrassment and difficulty as any action at law for any injury for which the law gives' a remedy. And there is no reason to suppose that the respondents are not- able to answer to any amount of damage, which, upon the evidence in this case, the State of Pennsylvania might recover against them.

If it should be said that as the Legislature of Virginia have sanctioned the. erection of this bridge, prejudices in favor of it might be supposed to influence the jury, the answer is obvious. The law would be decided, by the Circuit Court, subject, to the revision and control of this court; áñd we are bound to presume that a- jury, in a Circuit Court of the United States, would do equal justice between citizens of their own State, and another State or its citizens. The Constitution and laws so presume. And; certainly, this court would never act upon any apprehension that justice would not be done, by a jury in any State, when summoned and impanelled accordin'g to the laws of the United States. And still less could it be induced to assume ■extraordinary and unusual powers from fears or suspicions of that kind,

But Pennsylvania has the right to sue in this court, ,or in the Circuit Court, at her election. She has the same right to sue heye in an action at law as she has to file her bill in equity. And in an action at law brought here by the State of Georgia v. Brailsford et al. (3 Dal. 1,) the case was tried by a jury in the same manner as if the suit had been brought in the Circuit Court. And the jury, brought here -to try this case, would be altogether free from suspicion of bias or prejudice.

It may be said that such a proceeding here would'emoarrass and retard the business of. this court, and would be expensive and onerous- to the complainant, as the witnesses must be brought from a distance and detained here for a considerable time. .This is true. But if the State sues in this court, instead of the Circuit Court, it does so by its own choice. And if the remedy, at law in the forum selected is embarrassing arid expensive, it has no right to complain of what is the necessary consequence of its own act; nor to go into equity to avoid difficulties at law, which arise from the nature of the forufn to which the State voluntarily resorts ; and certainly no inconvenience to the court could alter the law, nor give it equity jurisdiction where the law has denied it. In the language of the act of Congress, Pennsylvania has in this case a plain and adequate remedy at law, and has no right, therefore, to. come to the equity jurisdiction of the court, until her legal right has been established.

Indeed this .case, in my view of it, pushes the jurisdiction of chancery further than has heretofore been done in England or in this country.

The bridge has been erected and completed without any previous injunction to restrain the respondents- from proceeding in the work. It is charged to be a public nuisance. But. Pennsylvania has no right to proceed against it solely on that account. She proceeds, and is entitled to proceed,, only for the. private and particular injury to her .property which this public nuisance has occasioned. If the court order it to be demolished, it is not to protect the public or any portion of the community who may be supposed to be injured by it. For the government, which represents the public, and is charged with its interests, is not before the court; and has not complained of this structure, nor sought to have it removed. Pennsylvania is the only party asking for relief; and her damage, as proved in the record, is a’trivial loss of some few dollars - in tolls; and the mere possibility of an annual future loss to some small amount, concerning which the testimony is vague and inconclusive, and at best but conjectural. She has no .concern with the obstruction to boats with high chimneys, nor with the amount of trade from Pittsburg, or any other place, further than such evidence tends to show the bridge to be a public nuisance. The owners of steamboats, and the persons engaged in commerce are not parties to this suit, -and the State of Pennsylvania has no right to prosecute for them,. She must not only, show that boats with high chimneys are more profitable to the owners, and better for commerce, than those with lower, ones, but she must also show that the necessity of reducing them will lessen the profits of her canals. I see no proof in the record by any means sufficient to establish that fact. And we are called upon to demolish a structure which cost more than $200,000 to save the State of' Pennsylvania from this speculative, questionable, and at most, inconsiderable loss. It seems to me that if the power and jurisdiction of this court were clear, and supported by precedents, yet, this court, upon settled principles of equity jurisprudence, wbuld refuse to destroy property of so much value, and which the public,' by its proper officer, does not charge to be a nuisance, merely to guard against the possibility of an inconsiderable loss by the State. It is precisely one of those cases in which .the court would, at all events, require the party to establish his right at law before he comes into equity, or to make the attomeygeneral a party, and give the public an opportunity of¡ being heard where its interest is so deeply involved.

I do not doubt the po\Ver of the Court of Chancery to abate a public nuisance, upon an information in chancery, to which, the attorney-general is a party. But even in a case of that kind there must be danger of irreparable mischief before the tardiness of the law can reach it. This is the doctrine of this court in the case of the City of Georgetown v. The Alexandria Canal Company, 12 Pet. 98. But such a case is not now before us. The attorney-general is not a party. Pennsylvania sues as an individual for a private right. And in a case of this description I am not aware of any case entitled to be regarded as an authority in this court, where chancery ever interfered by injunction except.-by way of prevention, that is, to stay the contemplated structure, until it could be decided, in a proceeding to which the public was a party, whether it was a public nuisance or not. We must.be careful not to confound cases of public' nuisance with merely private ones. For, in the former, the public have an. interest to abate it if a nuisance, and to protect it, if it is not, and therefore have a right to be heard, whether the trial be in equity or at law.

This was evidently the opinion of this court in the case of the City of Georgetown v. The Alexandria Canal Company, arid of Lord Eldon, in the case of Crowder v. Tinkler, 19 Ves. 616, therein cited, with approbation. In the last-mentioned ease, where the court interfered for prevention, and not to abate a structure already completed, the chancellor placed the injunction upon the ground that the nuisance about to be erected would be attended with extreme probability of irreparable injury to the property of the plaintiffs, including also danger to their existence,. And that this was clearly established in that case before he awarded the injunction. Such is the rule upon this subject which has been sanctioned by this court. Certainly no one of the material circumstances which existed in Crowder v. Tinkler, can be found in this. And if the principles decided here in the case of the City of Georgetown v. The Alexandria Canal Company, are recognized as the law of this court, I can see no foundation for the injunction in the case before us. For it not only has none of the circumstances in it, upon which the injunction was granted in Crowder v. Tinkler, but in that case, strongly as it appealed to the preventive power of the Court of' Chancery, the court merely suspended the erection until the question of public nuisance or not could be tried by a jury upon an indictment. It did not grant a pérpetual injunction, and still less did it order what had already been constructed to be abated or removed.

So far I have considered the case upon the assumption-that the bridge, upon common-law -principles, might, upon the evidence, be determined to be a nuisance. -And, admitting that to be the case, I think, for the reasons above stated, that in the .absence of any legislation upon the - subject by Congress, this proceeding cannot be maintained. I shall, therefore, very briefly express my opinion on the evidence.

I am by no means prepared to say, that this bridge would be a public nuisance even at common law. The evidence of the degree in which it obstructs navigation is exceedingly voluminous, and it is impossible to go fully into an examination of its comparative weight, in a mannei that would do justice to the subject,, without making this opinion itself a volume. It is sufficient to say, that in all questions of this kind, the general convenience and interest of the public in the travel and trade across the river, as well as on its waters, must be taken into consideration. For whether it is a public nuisance or not, depends upon whether it is or is not injurious,to the public. The cases in the State Courts, and in the Circuit 'Courts of the United States, referred to in the argument, which I shall not stop, here to examine, in my opinion maintain this doctrine. And upon principle, independently oij adjudications, it cannot be otherwise. A structure which promotes the convenience of the public, cannot be a nuisance to it. And the public, whose interests are to be looked to in this case, is not the public of any particular town or district of country, or State- or States, but the great public of the whole Union. Taking this view of the question, and looking to the testimony as set forth in the.record, and more especially to that unerring test, experience,, which the lapse- of time has afforded, I am convinced that the détrimént and inconvenience to the commerce and travel on the. river, is small and occasional only,‘while the advantages which the public derives from the passage over, are great and constant. And if the courts of the United States had common-law jurisdiction, and the question was legally before us to determine whether this bridge was a uublic nuisance or not, I am of opinion that it is not; and that the advantages which the great body of the people of the United States reap from it, outweigh the disadvantages and inconvenience sustained by the commerce and navigation of the riven

Moreover, the jurisdiction exercised in this cáse, is new and without precedent in this court. Bridges have been erected over many navigable rivers, and built so near the water, that vessels can pass only through a draw. Such bridges are unquestionably obstructions, and impede navigation. For where the vessels are propelled by sails, and the wind is unfavorable, they are often detained not only for hours, but for days. The courts • of the United States have never exercised jurisdiction over any of these obstructions, nor declared them to be nuisances.. I should be unwilling, in a case like this, to exercise this high and delicate power without precedents to support me in analogous cases. The demolition of this bridge would occasion a heavy loss to the parties, and much inconvenience to a large portion of the community. The United States are not parties to this proceeding, and the particular injury sustained by the. complainant is exceedingly small. And it is solely for the protection of her small, remote, contingent, and speculative interest in tolls, that this bridge is pulled down. For it must be remembered. that, although we see .in the testimony that' injuries 'are alleged to have been suffered by others, yet the State of Pennsylvania is the- only party to this proceeding, the only one who appears in this court as complainant, and her particular loss is the only ground on which jurisdiction is claimed,- and the only injury which the court is called on to redress; or has a right to consider in this proceeding.

The testimony, too, is conflicting; men of eminence and skill, and well qualified to speak bn the subject, differing widely in their testimony. And I am the more unwilling to assume this questionable jurisdiction, because the legislative department of the géneral government has undoubted power over the whole subject, and may regulate the height of bridges over the Ohio, and of the chimneys of steamboats when passing under them, and may, while it guards the -rights of ñavigation in the stream, at the same time protect the rights of passage and -travel over it. That department of the government has better means, too, of obtaining information, than the narrow scope of judicial proceedings can afford. It may adopt regulations by which courts of justice may be guided in an inquiry like this with some, degree of certainty, instead of leaving them ■ to the undefined discretion which must now be exercised in every ease that may, be brought before, ús, without being able to lay down any certain rule, by which -this discretion may be, limited. It is too near the confines ’ of legislation; and I think the cdurt ought not to assume it.

Entertaining this opinion, I must, with all the respect I feel for the judgment of my brethren, with whom it is my misfortund to differ, enter my dissent.

Mr. Justice DANIEL

dissenting.

In entering upon the consideration of the case before us, the mind is at.once impressed with the belief that there never, has been, that there perhaps never can be brought before this tribunal, for its decision, a case of higher importance or of deeper interest than the present. The subjects which it presses upon our examination, nay, upon which the judgment of this court has been demanded, and has inevitably determined, are nothing less than —

1st. The jurisdiction or authority of this court, under one of the heads of Original Jurisdiction, enumerated in the Constitution.

■ 2d. The correct interpretation, of the power of commercial regulation vested in the federal government, either exerted simply as such by that government, or as affecting the power of internal improvement in the States.

3d. The policy or influence of particular regulations with respect to commerce,- as these may tend 'to restrict it within circumscribed channels, or to promote, its general activity and diffusion, by facilities óperating a reasonable and just equality of right, of competition, and advantage to all.

4th. The character of the proceeding complained of as a nuisance, the regularity of the proposed mode of .redress, and the right of the complainant to claim the interference asked for in any mode.

The magnitude of these topics would seem, in some degree to excuse, in treating them, the hazard óf prolixity, and at any rate, lying as’they do in the direct path to the proper survey of this case, they cannot-with propriétybe overstepped, without pausing upon their examination.

When, at a former period, this cause was before this court, the several topics just enumerated were cursorily adverted to by me as, necessarily involved in its adjudication; and the course then adopted by the court was formally objected to, because that course seemed a premature and foregone conclusion upon facts and legal positions entering essentially into the nature of the controversy; facts and legal positions not then maturely examined and ascertained, as'the order of the court at that time made, necessarily implies; and which could not, according to established precedent, and the highest adjudications, be properly investigated in the mode proposed.' The subsequent .proceedings upon the order of the court at the January term, 1850, have greatly strengthened the objections assigned by me on that occasion. These proceedings have, at an almost incalculable expense to the parties, brought hither an immense mass of matter, much of which on the one hand is not “within the inquiries directed by:the court, whilst on the other, inquiries strictly pertinent seem to have been wholly excluded. .It has placed before us a long and very learned report, to be sure, in part upon subjects entirely dehors the order of the court, and in other aspects of the same report,'{I spe,ak it with all respect for the highly intelligent and respectable author of that report,) palpably opposed, in my opinion, to the rational and just preponderarme of the facts stated by the witnesses; a report, in fine, which leaves in all its weight and force,, tfie mischief of withdrawing the trial of the question of nuisance from its proper forum, in which the witnesses could have been confronted and cross-examined; and imposes upon the court the task of passing upon the credibility of those whom they have never heard nor seen. Even in matters of minor concernment, I have always been unwilling, whenever the credibility of witnesses was to be tested, to interpose between such persons and the scrutiny of a jury, awakened, as it is sure to be, by the vigilance of the advocate; where the essential rights and interests of great communities are at stake, I never will do so, unless constrained by irresistible authority.

■ Reeurring now to the first head of inquiry, I contend that the complainant can have no standing here, on the ground that this court cannot, as is shown, both upon the face of the pleadings and upon the proofs, take jurisdiction of this cause. If this court can take- cognizance of the cause before us, it must be in virtue of the 2d section of the 3d article of the Constitution, which declares that “ in all cases affecting ambassadors, other ■ public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction.” There is. no other provision of the Constitution under which original cognizance of this cause by the Supreme Court can be assumed. Now, to arrive at the just interpretation of this clause of the Constitution, as fixing that position or interest of the State as a party,- which alone creates original jurisdiction, in the Supreme Court, ii; is necessary to settle the import of the word party, as connected with legal or equitable .proceedings. By all correct legal intendment, this term party is. applicable only to persons sustaining a direct or real interest or right in any pending litigation; an- interest or right immediately affected or bound by the issues such litigation involves, This term cannot be extended to persons who may be arbitrarily- and irregularly named in proceedings either -at law or in equity, the very description of whose relation to the case shall evince a total absence of legal or equi■table claims upon the subject of litigation; a total absence, too, of reciprocal duty or obligation with reference to those whose property and whose possession and enjoyment of that property, are sought tó be affected. Whilst courts of justice, therefore, will enforce the conventing of all whose interest can properly be adjudged, they will repel and even rebuke attempts to assail, or even to canvass, the rights and interests of others, by those who in effect concede the want of a legal or equitable title in themselves. Courts of justice take no cognizance of imperfect rights* or such as may be termed merely moral' or incidental, as distinguishable from legal or equitable, even when the existence of the former may be clearly shown. In this controversy, the State of Pennsylvania, admitted to have no property in or title to the River Ohio within the limits of Virginia, and no property in or title to the steamboats which ply upon that river, is confessedly made use of as a mean, under the shelter of her name, of redressing grievances, which, if they ever had existence, are injuries to her citizens and to individuals, and the proper and efficient remedy for which is to be found at the suit of those citizens in the courts of the State or of the United States. The alleged right of Pennsylvania to sue in this case, for a diminution of profits from her canals and other works of internal improvement within her own territory, and many miles remote from the Wheeling Bridge, had it not been cast into'shade by a still greater extravagance disclosed by the record, (her right of ship navigation with top.-gallant royals all standing,) might have awakened some surprise; but even this tamer and less lofty .pretension should fail of the end it has been designed to effect, for it cannot be pretended, and is not even intimated in the pleadings in this cause, that those canals and other public works .have been obstructed or rendered in any respect less fitted for transportation, or in any way impaired by the etection of the Wheeling Bridge beyond her territory, and within th^t of a-separate and independent State. And if the mere rivalry of works of internal improvement in other States, by holding out the temptation of greater despatch, greater safety, or any other inducement to preference for those works over the Pennsylvania canals, be a wrofig, and a ground for jurisdiction here, the argument and the rule sought to be deduced therefrom should operate equally. The State of Virginia, who is constructing a railroad from the seaboard to the Ohio River at Point Pleasant, much farther down that river tha.n either Pittsburg or Wheeling, and at the cost of the longest tunnel in the world, piercing the base of the Blue Ridge Mountain, should have the right by original suit in this court against the canal, compánies of Pennsylvania, or against that State-herself, to recover compensation for diverting any portion of the commerce which might seek the ocean by this shortest transit to the mouths of her canals on the Ohio, or to the city of Pitts-burg ; and on the like principle, the Stsfte of Pennsylvania has a just cause of action against the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, for intercepting at Wheeling, the commerce which might otherwise be constrained to seek the city of Pittsburg. The State of Pennsylvania cannot be a party to this suit on the grounds stated in the bills filed in her name, for the reason, still more cogent than any yet assigned, viz. that to permit this, would be to render the clause in the Constitution, relied on in her behalf, utterly useless, and even ridiculous; would destroy every restriction intended by the enumeration of instances of original jurisdiction ; and would confound this clause with another provision of the Constitution, designed to cover cases precisely like the one now before the court. If in all instances in which tiie citizens of one State have cause of action against a citizen or a corporation of a different State, the action can be prosecuted the name'of the State in which the claimant resides, although no peculiar or legal right or cause of action can be shown in such State sustaining the character of a private suitor, then the restriction as to cases of original jurisdiction is entirely abolished; the defending party, too, must be entitled to the same right of substitution, and all suits between' citizens of different States might, by this process, be transformed into suits between States, or suits to which States are parties; cases of original jurisdiction in this court. That provision of' the Constitution designed to e.mbrace controversies between citizens of different States is thus annulled, and the jurisdiction of the District and Circuit Courts transferred, as falling within its original cognizance, to the Supreme Court. Such, to my apprehension, appears to be the inevitable result of asserting what are essentially and clearly private rights or interests, in the name of a State, or the prosecution of remote, contingent, and imperfect interests not amounting to property, though claimed-on behalf of a State. I conclude, therefore, that to constitute a State a party in that sense which brings her within the meaning of the Constitution, and indeed within the import of the term party to a cause by all correct legal intendment, there must be averred and proved on her behalf, a certain and direct interest, or an injury, or a right of property — a perfect right — a right which a court of justice can define, adjudge, and enforce; and that on the part of the State of Pennsylvania no such right having been ■ averred even, much less established in proof, nothing is shown which can maintain the jurisdiction of this court in this cause. The shadowy pretext of an interest or injury, from the nature of things not susceptible of calculation or estimate, can never be the foundation of a right, legal or equitable. And, indeed, so far as any light can be reflected by facts on-this pretended or incidental interest of Pennsylvania, resulting from any supposed effect upon the tolls on her canals, an actual increase instead of a diminution of those tolls since the erection of the Wheeling Bridge, is proved.

Passing from this subject of jurisdiction, and supposing it for the present to be vested here, I proceed to examine the pretensions of the complainant, as being deducible from, and as guaranteed by, the power delegated to Congress to regulate commerce between-the several States. The existence of that power, in its fullest extent, and for every purpose -for which it has been delegated to Congress, need not be questioned, in order to expose and to repel the pretensions advanced for the complainant. On the contrary, the assertion of that power in its greatest latitudé, so far- as it was ever contemplated by those who gave it, or so far as it can be exercised for useful purposes, carries with it necessarily, the condemnation of those pretensions. The power to regulate commerce was given' to the federal government, whose functions and objects were designed to be general and coextensive with the entire confederacy, because its duties embrace the equal rights and interests of all the members of the confederacy, and as a mean of the widest diffusion of commercial facilities and intercourse within the powers vested by the Constitution. It cannot be rationally concluded that, by a provision palpably intended to protect commerce from unequal or invidious restrictions, the power was given to Congress to advance so fair towards restriction ór monopoly as to limit commerce to particular, channels; thereby crippling oí wholly preventing its diffusion and activity, and, by the, same process, conferring upon particular points or sections of the country, arbitrary and unjust advantages, and riveting, upon all those. portions affected by such a procedure, loss and even ruin. Admitting, then, that Congress had made any regulation affecting the subjects, of this controversy, (and it will hereafter be shown that they have not done so,) admitting, moreover, that their acts or regulations might fall within the broad language of the power vested by the Constitution, it remains still a just and fair inquiry, whether those acts which are arbitrary or oppressive, which defeat the great ends for which the power, thus perverted, may have been within the legitimate scope of the powers alleged in excuse, for their performance. In other words, whether Congress, as a regulation of commerce, would, be justifiable in breaking down works of internal improvement within the States, though calculated in their character and tendencies for the diffusion of commerce, and by such destruction limit commerce to particular local points or interests ? ■ Common sense and common justice would promptly answer in the negative, and would decide- that a' rational arid proper, nay, the only rational and proper, exercise of the regulating power in Congress, demands the promotion and protection of such modes and facilities of commercial intercourse, (so far as Congress have this, power,) as will insure equality to all, and the widest diffusion of commercial advantage. ' Surely, then, in the absence of all action on the part ,of Congress, this court should imply no policy or design in that body to fetter or cripple great interests which they are charged with the power and duty to protect. But Congress have enacted no regulation whatever in relation to the subject of this controversy; they have not said that bridges should nowhere be erected over the River Ohio, or,_ if erected, what should be their elevation above the water; neither have they declared, upon scientific calculations or upon experiments, or on any data, what shall be the height of the chimteys of steamboats on that river, nor to what degrees, either from, their own calculations of improvement in speed, or from fancy or local rivalry, the owners or masters of steamboats on that river may elongate the chimneys of those steamboats. Upon all these matters Congress have thus far been perfectly silent.

Admitting, then, that the State .of Pennsylvania can be regularly before us in the character of a party in interest, this controversy presents to us, in truth, simply a comparison-between -the will and the acts of the parties thereto; and an appeal to this court, in the absence of all action by Congress, — by some rule which it must deduce from the common law of nuisance, to decide upon the comparative merits or demerits of the parties, — to-decide whether the benefits produced by the'Wheeling- Bridge to the surrounding country, and by its connection with extended lines of travel and commerce, can save it from the character of a nuisance. Or whether its interference, in certain stages of water, With the chimneys of seven steamboats, owned by private individuals, the height of whose chimneys is a subject of .much contrariety of opinion, both amongst scientific men and practical builders and captains of steamboats, — can so constitute it a public nuisance, and a cause of such direct injury to the legal rights arid interests of Pennsylvania, as to. justify its abatement by this, court. In the absence of all action by Congress in relation ¡to this matter, in the only legitimate mode in which Congress could affect it, viz., by commercial regulation, or 'by some express statutory declaration, the act of one of these parties in the prosecution' of their interests must claim intrinsically equal authority with the acts of the other, except so far .as they may have -some common arbiter by whom • both may be controlled. In this cáse, that arbiter would seem to be-either the. local sovereignty, (the State of Virginia,) within whose territory the alleged nuisance is situated, or the United States, through some enactment for the regulation of commerce; but neither of these authorities is invoked in this controversy. We have here a suit in the name of Pennsylvania, occupying the position of every private suitor, asking the action of this court upon general common-law jurisdiction over the subject of nuisances, which jurisdiction the courts of the United States do not- possess. Nor is it enough to' draw within our cognizance the subject of this cause, to affirm merely the competency of Congress to legislate upon it, and to refer its decision, if they choose, to the federal courts. I ask upon what foundation the courts of the United States, limited and circumscribed as they are by the Constitution, and by the laws which have created them and defined their jurisdiction, can, upon any speculations of public poliay, assume to themselves the authority and functions of the legislative department of the government, alone clothed with those functions by the Constitution and laws, and undertake, of their mere will, to supply the omissions of that department ? Is it either in the language or theory of the Constitution, that this court shall exercise such an auxiliary or rather guardian and paramount authority? Cannot the legislative department of the government be intrusted with the fulfilment of its . peculiar duties ? Such an act as this court has been called upon, to perform; such an act as it has just announced as its own, is, in my opinion, virtually an act of legislation, or, in stricter propriety, (I say it not in an offensive sense,) an act of usurpation. To rest our authority to adjudicate this matter on the naked proposition just stated, would be to reject the doctrine by this court heretofore most expressly ruled. The case of Wilson v. The Blackbird Marsh Creek Company, (2 Peters, 245,) "seems to be conclusive upon this point. This case presented an instance of an absolute obstruction by a dam of a watercourse navigable by vessels of considerable size, and in which the tide ebbed and flowed. The person who' undertook to destroy or injure the dam constructed across this navigable water,"was the master of a vessel regularly licensed and enrolled according to the navigation laws of the United States ; and being sued for a trespass committed in breaking or injuring the dam, he pléaded, in justification of his act, the character of the navigable water as a public and common highway, for all the citizens of the particular State, and of the United States, to sail, pass, and repass over, through and upon, at all times of the year, at their own free will and pleasure. Upon comparing this case with the one before us, it is impossible not tof perceive that in many of their capital features they are strikingly similar— may, indeed, be regarded as identical. In the. ..former case, as in this, the watercourse said to be obstructed was a navigable water; in that case, as in this, the locus in quo was within the jurisdiction of a State; and the alleged obstruction, in each instance,' an act of State legislation in exercising the power of internal improvement; in each instance, the right- of passage to the extent and in the manner claimed, freely and at will usquf ad ccelum, was in virtue solely of license and enrolment, according to the navigation laws of the United States. Now, what said this court upon the aforegoing state of the pleadings and evidence ? “ If Congress,” said they, “ had passed any act which bore upon the case; any act in execution of the power to regulate commerce, the object of which was to control State legislation^ over those small navigable creeks into which the-tide flows, and which abound throughout the lower country, of the middle and southern States, we should feel not much difficulty in saying, that a State law, coming in conflict with such act, would be void. But Congress has passed no such act. The repugnancy of the State law to the Constitution, is placed entirely on its repugnancy to the power to regulate commerce with'foreign nations and among the several States; a power which has not been- so .exercised as to affect the question. We do not think that the act empowering the Blackbird Marsh Creek Company to place, a dam across -the creek, can, under the circumstances of the-case, be repugnant to the power to regulate commerce in f” 3 dormant state, or as being in conflict with any.law passed on e subject.” This decision at once puts to flight the pretext for terference here to protect and enforce the duties and functions pf Congress, and equally exposes the fallacy that the grant of a. /coasting license, of a mere certificate of the domicibof the vessel bearing it, of evidence primd facie, of her capacity or tonnage, or of her exemption from suspicion of smuggling or piracy, is a regulation of commerce' over every inch’of the waters over which, in her various excursions, she may pass. Just as cogent and tenable-is the argument, if argument it deserves to be called, which affirms that the establishment of Pittsburg as a port of entry, its mere designation as a. point at which merchandise may be landed subjeet to the revenue laws of the United States, is a positive declaration by Congress, prescribing the modes of the transportation of such merchandise thither, and defining'what shall be held to be an interference with such transportation. Equally, or rather more unsound and untrue,, is the position that, by the -same designation of Pittsburg, Congress have declared that vessels propelled by wind or steam, vessels of the greatest capacity, carrying masts or. chimneys of illimitable height, shall navigate a river whose ordinary regimen, to adopt a term in this-record, scarcely affords a channel broad or deep enough for. the tacking of a shallop, and for long periods of a few inches only in depth. This attempt, from the-mere designátion of a port of entry, to bring, home to Congress the absurd? ities the'argument implies, would ascribe to them a practical wisdom much'upon a parallel with that of the despot, who attempted to confine. the Hellespont in fetters, or of him who forbade the-approach to him of the ocean-tide. -But Congress have in truth enacted nothing in relation to the partícula? subject in issue in this controversy; and we have seen* in the" explicit declaration of this court, in the case from 2 Peters, that not only must there be some positive enactment by Congress, but an enactment.“ the object of which was to control- State legislation over those navigable creeks into -which the tide flows.” But again: it has been asserted, in justification of the power claimed by the' majority of the court, that Gongress, by adopting the act of the Virginia Legislature, of December 18th, 1789, authorizing' the erection of Kentucky into a State, have fully regulated the navigation of the Qhio River. ' And how is this position- sustained by fact? By the 7 th section of her act of 1789, Virginia declares that, so far as her-own territory and that of the proposed State shall extend upon the Ohio, the navigation of that river shall .be free for all the citizens of the United States.-. Congress, by an act. passed February 4th, 1791, containing two sections only,, (vide 1 Stat. at Large, 189,) consents, by the 1st-section,-to the proffer of Virginia of the creation of the new State ; and, by the '2d section, declares, that on the 1st day of . June following, the new State, by . the name of' Kentucky, shall be admitted á member of the Union. These two sections comprise the entire action of Congress, from which the .position that has been asserted by the majority, of the court is deduced. Let us try the integrity of this position by reducing it-to the form of a syllogism. Tfae major of that syllogism will consist of the fact, that Virginia, by her law of 1789, has agreed that she and the newly proposed State will permit; the navigation of the Ohio within their respectivo limits, to all citizens’ of the United States. Its minor is this, — that Congress have assented to the permission so declared; the conclusion attempted to be deduced is, ergo• Congress by that assent -have completely regulated the navigaticjn of the Ohio, and by inevitable implica^ tion ordained that bridges shall never be thrown across that river, except in absolute subordination, to the interests or the will of the owners of steamboats upon that river. This may possibly be -Iqgic, irrefragable logic; and the failure to comprehend its consistency may arise from the infirmity of my own perceptions ; but I cannot help suspepting,that an acumen, far surpassing any to which T will lay claim, would be .puzzled to reconcile this process with the laws of induction, as prescribed by Watts, by Duncan, or by Kaims.

The next inquiry, naturally arising in this case, an inquiry inseparably connected with the alleged obstruction by the Wheeling Bridge, as constituting it a nuisance or otherwise, an inquiry equal in magnitude of interest, with , any other involved, relates to the policy and effects of commercial regulations, as these may tend either to the restriction óf commerce within particular channels, or to supplying auxiliaries for its prosecution, or for the promotion of its activity and diffusion by increased facilities, operating a just equality of right and competition and advantage to all. And here it may be premised, that throughout the discussion of this cause, a reigning fallacy has been assumed and urged upon the court, a fallacy, which, if successful, may subserve the grasping pretensions Of the plaintiff, but which, by an enlightened view of this case, must be condemned as destructive to the extended, commercial prosperity of the country. The error assumed as the basis of the plaintiff’s pretensions is this, that commerce can be prosecuted with advantage to the country, only by the channels of rivers, and in all the country intersected by the western rivers, only through the agency of steamboats; and hence is’’ attempted the deduction in favor of the paramount privileges of steamboats, and the right claimed for this species of commercial vehicles for exemption from any limit upon the interests or the fancies of those who may own or manage them. It has been a curious and somewhat amusing incident, in the argument of this cause, that whenever any restraint upon the management of steamboats (on the Ohio) was intimated, (as necessary for the protection of other essential rights, both public ¿nd private,) the fixed réply of the advocate in opposition. has ■been, that commerce demands these peculiar privileges in the owners and masters of steamboats. An obvious and stricter propriety of. argument would have suggested for that reply the following language: Steamboat proprietors; local ■ monopoly, and the peculiar views of interest,.real or imaginary, of the plain-tiff, supply the t*ue origin and character of the pretensions here urged; commerce, enlightened, extended, fair, equal, prosperous, •and beneficial, conde nns all such pretensions ; she demands that freedom, fairness, competition, and equality, which are the true, and only true causes of her prosperity; and which the equalizing power vested by the Constitution, was designed to insure.

Commerce, in its infancy, is of necessity chiefly confined to the channels of watercourses. Weakness, poverty,, or the absence of art' or science, are unable, ip the earlier stages of society, to supply moré eligible or efficient modes for its prosecution, or. to overcome the difficulties attendant on transportation off the •watér. Hence we see tbe rude essays of commercé commencing with' the raft, the canoe, or the bateau; but, as wealth and population, science and art advance, we trace her operations to the magnificent, ship or steamboat; each adapted to-its proper' theatre. Does not this very progress, and the advantages which are their' concomitants, glaringly expose the folly and injustice of all attempts at the restriction of commerce to particular localities, or to particular interests, or means of circulation ? Are her operations to be. confined to a passage up and down the channels of watercourses, impracticable for navigation'for protracted» •periods, and whose capacity is always dependent on the contri-, butions of the clouds, avidita.s cedi mt'nimius imber ? Would not such a narrow policy be a proclamation to commerce, inhibiting her advancement; and to the hundreds .of thousands situated without her permitted track, that the wealth, the luxuries, and comforts of civilization and improvement, if-tó, be enjoyed by them at all, are to be obtained only at far greater expense and labor, aád in an inferior degree, than they are enjoyed by more favored classes ? These positions are strikingly illustrated by the experience of our own times, and indeed of a very brief space. Thus, notwithstanding the high improvement in navigation by steam and by sails, which seems-to have carried it to its. greatest perfection, wé' see the railroad in situations where no deficiency of water and no artificial or natural obstruction to vessels exist, or áre complained of, stretching its parallel course with the track of ,the vessel, tying together as it were., iri close contiguity, and connecting, in .habit and sympathy and interest, remote sections of our extended country, which, for any aid that the navigation on our rivers could afford, must ever remain morally and physically remote. The obvious superiority of the railroad, from its unequalled «peed,, its greater safety, its-exemption from dependencé upon, wind or on depth of water, but above all,-its po-wer of linking, together tlie distant and extended regions interplosed between the rivers of the country, spaces which navigation never can approach, must, give it á decided preference, in many respects, to every other commercial facility, and cause it to penetrate,, longitudinally and latitudiBally, longe ei late, the entire surface • of the country, ^unless arrested in its progress by the fiat of this court;. for, once let it be proclaimed that the rivers of this country shall, under no circumstances of advantage to the country, be spanned by bridges, at the trivial, inconvenience and cost of adapting to their elevation-the chimneys of a few steamboats, even if the height of those chimneys had been clearly shown to be necessary, or certainly advantageous, (a problem nowhere solved in this record); let this, I say, be proclaimed, and the effect above mentioned is at-once accomplished; the rapidly increasing and beneficial system of railroad communication is broken up, and- a' system of narrow local monopoly and inequality sustained. Whether these things shall now be done; whether, for these purposes, the citizens of this country shall be restrained in their social and business relations, and so restrained under the abused and perverted name of commerce, — are the questions which this court have been called on to decide, and which, in my view, they have affirmatively ruled. ~ They are questions too grave, too pregnant with vital consequences, to have been decided upon the speculations of any one man living.

. It was with the view, doubtless, of giving plausibility to the conclusion of the commissioner, or to the strange idea sought to be enforced .in the argument for the complainant, that commerce signified only a passage up and down the Ohio, that so large a portion of the commissioner’s report is taken up in treating, in learned phrase, of the dynamic and static capabilities of the Wheeling Bridge; or, translated into plain English, the capability of that bridge to sustain heavy bodies in motion and at rest. It does not seem very easy to reconcile this part of the report Avith the order appointing-the commissioner, and prescribing -his duties. That' order directed the commissioner to ascertain and report whether the Wheeling Bridge was, in his opinion,: an obstruction to commerce upon the Ohio; and in the event that he should so regard it, to suggest any alterations by which such obstruction might be remedied. The dynamic or static capabilities of the bridge, introduced to our notice with some parade .of learning, whether it could support any weight, either in motion or at rest, were'subjects altogether dehors the order of this court, and without the warrant and powers of the .commissioner. And. this difficulty is in-no degree lessened by the fact, disclosed ..in the. record, that whilst the commissioner wandered beyond’his commission to pronounce upon the capabilities of the bridge for railroad transit, he- rejected all the evidence, tendered by the defendants, to prove the usefulness and importance of the bridge, either to the-local population or as a public and commercial facility. - This irregularity in the commissioner is of no small significance, as it betrays a bias on his part, however honest, which led him to throw the weight of his opinion against the usefulness. of the bridge; a fact entering essentially into its character, as- being a' nuisance or otherwise, and to withhold from this court evidence by which the value of his opinion might have been tested with precision. This same irregularity should have had its effect in warning this court to 'scrutinize the opinions of the commissioner, on matters falling re.guJ.arly within the scope of his commission. The evidence received, and that rejected on-this particular point, were, perhaps, both inadmissible under the terms of the order of this court; but surely it should have been either wholly admitted or rejected on both sides.

And this brings me to. the last branch of inquiry, which I have proposed to treat, namely — The character of the erection complained of; the regularity of the mode of redress proposed, and the right of the complainant to-claim the interference asked for in any mode. First, .then, can the Wheeling Bridge, according to any correct acceptation of, the term, be regarded as - a nuisance? This inquiry is answered by the solution of another, which is simply this : is that bridge injurious to the rights and interests, of the public, or of individuals, beyond the benefits that its erection confers on both ? . Common sense and consistency assure us, that to pronounce that to be a wrong and an injury which is in reality beneficial, involves a plain absurdity; and the language of legal definition fully sustains this conclusion of common, sense; for, according to such definition, there must be the hurt, the nocumentum, the commune nocumentum, 'the injury to the public right, to constitute it a public nuisance; for, admitting the fact of injury by any act, still if, in its origin, character, and extent, it is essentially private, it may be trespass or some other form of injury, but not the public offence of nuisance. This position implies no denial of the right to show a private injury resulting from a public nuisance; it insists only Upon the necessity of showing where special or private injury is alleged as flowing from .a nuisance, that nuisance in reality exists. This forces back upon us the inquiries into the .nature of the offence of nuisance; and-when ascertained, against-what public authority it has been committed ? I have said, that upon the plainest principles of common sense, no act in reference to the public, by which a public benefit is conferred, can be denominated a nuisance ; and I insist that the rules and conclusions of the law are in accordance with this proposition., These are forcibly stated in. the case of the King v. Russell, 6 Barn. & Cress., particularly by Bayley, J., beginning at page 593 of the volume. That was the case of an indictment for a nuisance by the erection, in the River Tyne, of a peculiar wharf or staging, called giers or staiths, for the purpose of loading coal on board ships in the Newcastle trade. The questions before the King’s Bench arose upon the charge of Bayley, J., who tried the case at nisi prius, where his charge concluded in the following terms: “ Thus, gentlemen, I apprehend I have- pointed out to you the true ground on which your verdict is to be founded. If you think this (that is the wharf or staith,) is placed not' on a reasonable part of the river, that it does an unnecessary damage tó the navigation, or that this is not of any public benefit, or that the public benefit resulting from it is not equal to the public inconvenience arising from it, then you will, find a verdict for the crown; if on these points you are of a different opinion, then for the defendants.” This charge of Sir John Bayley was sustained in bank. The reasoning in support of that charge by that able judge, is given more at length than can be convehiently inserted here; but it presents a commentary upon this question so lucid, so entirely conclusive, that I cannot forbear to extract a portion of it, as illustrating, much better than I have power to do, the doctrines for which I contend.- I submitted,” says- Sir John Bayley,- (page 594,) to the consideration of the jury, that if, by means of these staiths; an article of great public’ use found its way to the public at a lower price, and in a better state than it otherwise would, ■ I thought these were circumstances, of public -benefit, and points they might takq into their consideration upon that head; and upon the best attention that I have been able to give the subject, I am bound to say I continue of that opinion. ' ¿The right of the public upon the waters of . a port or navigable river is not confined to the purposes of passage ; trade and commerce are .the chief objects, and the right of passage is chiefly subservient thereto. Unless there are ¿facilities for-loading and unloading, of shipping and landing, much of the public benefit of a port is lost. In the infancy of a port, when it is first applied to the purposes of trade and commerce, unless the water by the shore be deep, the articles must-be shipped in shallow water from the shore, and landed in shallow water on the- shore. Breakage, and pilferage, and waste, besides the expense of boating, are some of the concomitants of such a mode. As trade advances, the inconvenience and mischief of thismode are superseded by the erection of wharves and quays, and what is perhaps an improved species of loading wharf, a staith. But upon what principle can the erection of a wharf or staith be supported ? It narrows the right of passage. It occupies a space where boats before had navigated. It turns part of the waterway into solid ground; but it advances some of the purposes of a port, its trade and commerce. Is there any other legal principle upon which they can be allowed ? Make an erection for pleasure, for whim, for caprice, and if it interfere in the least degree with the public-right of passage, it is a nuisance'. Erect it, for the purposes of trade and commerce, and keep it applied to the purposes of. trade and commerce, and subject to the guards with which this case-was presented to the jury, the interests iof commerce give-it protection, and it is .a- justifiable erection, and not a nuisance.” • In accordance with this doctrine, has the law been propounded by the Supreme Court of New York, in the case of the People v. The Rensselaef and Saratoga Railroad Company, reported in the 15th of- Wendell, page 113. That was a prosecution against the company for placing abutments and piers in the bed of the Hudson River, and erecting a bridge across it, being a public navigable river. In delivering the opinion of the court, the law of the case is thus stated by- Savage, Chief Justice, pp. 132, 133, of the volume above mentioned. “ Í think I may safely say, that the power exists somewhere to erect bridges over waters ■-which are navigable, if the wants of society require them, provided such bridges do not essentially injure the navigation of the waters they cross. • Such power' certainly did exist in the State legislatures before the delegation of power to the federal government by the federal Constitution. It is not pretended that such a power has been delegated to the general government, or is conveyed under the power to regulate commerce and navigation ; it remains then in the State legislatures, or it exists nowhere. It-does exist, because it has not been surrendered any further than such surrender may be qualifiedly implied, that is, the power to erect bridges over navigable streams must be so far surrendered as may be necessary for a free navigation upon those streams. By a free navigation must “not be understood a navigation free from such partial obstacles and impediments as the best interests of society may render necessary.”

In- conformity with- the doctrines above quoted; and in support of the views here Contended for, I might confidently appeal to the language .of the judge, by' whom the decision of' this court has just been announced, on another occasion most explicitly and emphatically declared. • Thus, in the case of Palmer v. The Commissioners of Cayuga County, which was an application'for an injunction to prevent the construction of a draw-bridge over the Cayúga River, upon the ground that it would obstruct the navigation of the river, that judge, in refusing the ¿implication, announces the following, as I conceive, unanswerable conclusions: “Atoll charged for the improvement of th.e navigation, would riot be a tax for the use of the river in its natural state, but for the increased commercial facilities. • A draw-bridge across a navigable water is not an obstruction. . As this would not be a work connected with the navigation of the river, no toll, it -is supposed, could be charged for the passage of boats. But the obstruction would be only momentary, to raise the dravv; and as such a work may be very important in the general intercourse of the -community, no doubt is entertained, as to the power of the State to make the bridge. It is one of those general powers ‘possessed by a State, for the public Convenience, and may. be exercised, provided it does not infringe upon the federal powers.” These positions require no comment from me; they commend .themselves by their obvious propriety and reasonableness. - I would simply remark, in connection with these positions, and as warranted by them, that any obstruction by the Wheeling Bridge is of course contingent and not certain; that even were it certain, under'the present elevation of the bridge, this difficulty might be prevented át a comparatively small expense and inconvenience by lowering, .when necessary, the chimneys of a few steamboats for the purpose of' safe and-speedy passage; that this operation, like the raising of a draw, would be only momentary; and as, to use the language of the judge, the Wheeling Bridge “ may be a work of great importance in a general intercourse, no doubt, is entertained, as to the power of the State to make the.bridge.” It will be admitted, I presume, that the Ohio can claim no higher privileges than those appertaining to other navigable rivers.

It follows, then, from these adjudications, not less than from the principles of common sense, that the' conclusion, nuisance or no nuisance, is dependent solely upon the character of the act complained of as being noxious or beneficial to the public, and that the ascertainment of that character, where it is doubtful upon the circumstances, or where it is positively denied, is regularly an investigation of fact to be , made and settled, except under circumstances of peculiar urgency, by the established proceeding of'the common law in relation to all questions of fact,' a trial-by jury. This is the doctrine of Lord Hale in reference to this very subject of obstructions in navigable waters, as quoted from his Treatise De Portubus, where it is said by that venerable judge, “the case, of building into the water where ships or vessels might formerly have ridden, whether it be nuisance or not nuisance, is a question of fact.” I will not here deny, nor is it necessary in any view to deny, that a court of equity will, prevent by injunction the creation of a. private injury in the nature of a nuisance, or the continuation of such an injury in a case proper for its .jurisdiction. Thus, where an individual or private person is about to perform an act, or has performed an act which is palpably and notoriously in its character a nuisance, from which private and irreparable injury will ensue to others, or has accrued to others, and will continue, a court of equity, upon the admitted or notorious character of the act from which the private injury is shown to proceed, and from the irreparable character of that injury, will interpose by injunction to relieve the party injured. Such is the principle ruled by Lord Eldon, in the case of the Attorney-General v. Cleaver, 18 Vesey, 211, which was upon an information by private persons for private injury, though in the name of the attorney-general; and by the same judge in the case of Crowder v. Tinkler, in the 19 Vesey, 616; Such, also, I understand to be'the rule laid, down by this court, in the case of the city of Georgetown v. The Alexandria Canal Company. These cases all proceed upon the grounds of the ascertained character of the. act complained of on the one hand, and of the private and irreparable nature of the injury shown on the other. This is as far, it is believed, as-the courts of equity have ever proceeded. They have never said, that where the act complained of was dubious in its character, as being a nuisance, or ’ otherwise, and where that fact was a matter of contestation, they would assume .jurisdiction a priori, or-without' sending the question of nuisance to be tried at law, but have ruled the reverse of this; and in the cases just quoted from Vesey, Lord Eldon' declared that he would not decide those cases until the equivocal -or contested fact was settled at law. Again, it is ruled in the cases above quoted, and . in many others which might be adduced, that although the courts of equity will, in order to prevent irreparable private injury, interpose by way of injunction, that where the abatement of a public nuisance is the purpose in view, as that is an offence against the government, the attorney-general must be a party to any proceeding for such a purpose. In -this case the act complained of, if a nuisance, is a public nuisance, and is so. denominated upon the record, and by the decision of the majority. Its character, however, as a nuisance ih any sense is denied; and much testimony has been taken by both parties upon this contested question. The interests of Pennsylvania, who stands here in the relation of a private suitor, and the alleged injury to her private interests, are the sole foundation on which she has sought here the abatement of what she has asserted to be a public nuisance. And without the participation of any representative of the sovereignty either of the State or the federal government’, without the agency of the attorney-general of the State, or of the United States, without the reference to a jury of any of the contested facts of this case, this court, in the professed exercise of original equity jurisdiction,.upon affidavits, and upon the opinion of a single individual, who has been, by this court, constituted the arbiter of all questions of public policy, of law, of science, and of art, and of the competency and credibility of all the testimony in the case, have decided upon the act complained of with reference to its influence upon the rights and powers both- of the United States and of the local sovereignty; upon the rights and interests of the complainant in the matter in controversy,' and upon the extent of the injury, if any, done to those interests. They have, upon the same grounds, and in the like absence of the legal representative of either the State or federal sovereignity, directed a great public work, disapproved by neither of those sovereignties, and by one of them expressly authorized and approved, to be, in effect, demolished.

I do not deem it necessary,-if it were practicable, to examine here, in detail, the cumbrous mass of statement and speculation heaped together on this record. Such a task is not requisite in order to test the accuracy of the decision pronounced in this case, or to sustain the objections to which that decision is believed to be palpably obnoxious; both these objects appear to me to be attained by regarding the character of the case as described by the plaintiff herself, and the nature arid manner of the proceeding adopted by the court as a remedy for the case so presented. I will give, succinctly, however, the results to which, in my view, the court should have been led by thé facts of the case, and to which an industrious examination, at least, of the testimony, has conducted my mind. Before this, however, I must be permitted to point out a striking inconsistency between the alleged ground of jurisdiction in this cause, as set forth in the pleadings, and the conclusion to which the court has been carried, and the reasons they have assigned for their conclusion. It will be remembered, that the ground of jurisdiction insisted upon in this case, is the injury alleged to have been done to the State of Pennsylvania, as a private suitor — her peculiar interest alone and none other — for none other could give jurisdiction to this court under the Constitution; yet nothing is more obvious, than that the whole argument of the court is founded upon the injury inflicted by the bridge upon the owners of certain steam-packets, and upon the trade of Pittsburg. Calculations are gone into, at length, to show what number of passengers and what amount of freight are carried by' these particular packets ; how much they would lose by being deprived of,this business, or by being subjected to the inconvenience and cost of lowering their chimneys, and how muck the business of Pittsburg would be injured by- the obstruction complained of. Thus the true character of this causé is betrayed in the very argument and conclusions of the court. The name and alleged interests df Pennsylvania, as a private suitor, are used to draw to this court jurisdiction of this cause; but no sooner is that jurisdiction allowed in the name of Pennsylvania, than she, and any peculiar- or corporate interests she was said to possess, are, at once lost sight of, and-those of the steamboat owners, and the local interests of Pittsburg alone are enforced.

The results, above alluded to, are as follows: 1st. That the conflicting opinions of those who- have been called, as men of science, to testify in this cause, establish nothing conclusively, much less ascertain the theory contended for, that, for purposes of economy, of rapid combustion of fuel, or for the generation and escape of steam, an extraordinary height of chimney is necessary ; but leave- it doubtful whether the elongation of chimneys beyond á certain altitude is not calculated to retard the escape of heated air and smoke, and also.to eau'se inconvenience and danger to the boats that carry them. 2d. That, amongst the practical men, consisting, of those who have experience in constructing boats, and boilers, and^other steamboat machinery, and also in commanding steamboats on ■ the western rivers and elsewhere, the preponderance, for several reasons mentioned by them, is against the extraordinary height of chimneys. 3dl That the cost incident to such a construction of chimneys, (supposing this great altitude to be advantageous,) as .to admit pf their being lowered, and the" delay and hazard of lowering them, are subjects of minor import; have been greatly exaggerated in the statements of some of the witnesses, and should not be weighed in competition with an important public improvement, itself a valuable, and necessary commercial facility, and cannot convert such a work into a public nuisance, or, in any correct sense, an obstruction to navigation. 4th. That the commissioner erred in yielding to speculation and théory, rather than to practical knowledge and experience, and to, the statements of witnesses, in some instances, whose local position was calculated, though it may have been honestly and unconsciously, to influence their feelings and their judgments. With regard to the right of the plaintiff t"o ask the abatement of the Wheeling Bridge, as a nuisance, by any mode of proceeding, I will' here add another remark, which has in some degree been anticipated in preceding views in this opinion; and it is this: A nuisance, to exist at all, and emphatically a' public nuisance, must be an offence against the public, or more properly against the government or sovereignty within whose jurisdiction it is committed. In the case before us, that sovereignty and that jurisdiction reside either in the commonwealth of Virginia, or in the federal government. If in the former, she has expressly sanctioned the act complained of; consequently, no nuisance has been commit-; ted with respect to her. If the sovereignty and jurisdiction be in the United States, if is a limited and delegated sovereignty, to be exerted in the modes and to the extent which the delegating power has prescribed. There can be no other in the government of the United States, — none resulting from the principles of the common law, as inherent in an original and perfect sovereignty. There then can bé no nuisance with respeqt to the United States, except what .Congress shall, in the exercise of some constitutional power, declarer',to be such; and Congress have not declared an act like that here complained of to be a nuisance. Upon the whole case, then, believing that Pennsylvania cannot maintain this suit, as a party, by any just interpretation of the 2d section., of the 3d article of the Constitution, vesting this court.with original jurisdiction: Believing that the power which the majority of the court have assumed cannot, in this case, be correctly1- derived to them from the competency of Congress to regulate commerce between the several States: Believing that the question of nuisance or no nuisance is intrinsically a question of fact, which, when contested, ought to be. tried at law upon the circumstances of each case, and that, before the ascertainment of that fact, a court of equity cannot take cognizance either for enjoining or abating an act alleged, but not proven, to be nuisance: Seeing that the commonwealth of Virginia, within whose territory and jurisdiction the Wheeling Bridge has been erected, has authorized and approv'ed the erection of that bridge; and the United States, under the pretext of whose authority this suit has been instituted, have by no act of theirs forbidden its erection, and do not now claim to 'have it abated; — my opinion, upon the best lights.I have been able to bring to this case, is, that the bill of the complainant should be dismissed. From these convictions, and from the serse11 entertain of the almost incalculable importance of the decision of the majority of the court in this case, I find myself constrained solemnly to dissent from that decision.

Motion for another Reference.

On the above opinion being pronounced, and the two dissenting opinions, Mr. Johnson, of counsel for defendants, suggested to the court, that the engineer of the bridge had informed him that the obstruction, to the navigation of the Ohio might be avoided by- making a draw in the suspension-bridge, or in some other manner, far less expensive to the Bridge Company, and equally convenient to the public, than by elevating the bridge, as required in the opinion..

On this suggestion, the court .observed that, as they were desirous .of having the obstruction removed in a manner that shall be most convenient and least expensive to the Bridge Company, they requested the counsel to file, in writing, his suggestions, and give notice to the other side, that both jpartigs may be heard in regard to them.

In pursuance of the above suggestion from the court, the counsel for-the Bridge Company filed their suggestions in writing, • and an argument took place. Afterwards, Mr. Justice McLEAN delivered the following opinion of the court.

Order of Reference.

In pursuance of the intimation of the court, the counsel for the defendants filed, in writing, five plans for'the removal of the obstruction to navigation occasioned by the bridge.

1. To elevate it, as required by the opinion of the court.

2. To remove the wooden bridge over the western channel of the river.

3. To remove the flooring of the suspension-bridge, so that the tallest chimneys may pass under the cables.

4. To construct a draw in the wooden bridge over the western channel.

5. To make a draw in the suspension-bridge.

It is objected by the complainant’s counsel that, after a case has been argued upon the evidence, and the opinion of the court pronounced, it is not within any known rules of chancery proceeding- to hear additional evidence, with the view of modifying, in any respect, the decree. That some of the plans now proposed were not embraced by the pleadings or evidence -in the case, and that the effect must be to open the case,for additional evidence and a new argument.'

The bill alleged the bridge to be an obstruction to the navigation of the Ohio, and prayed that it might be abated as a nuisance. • The answer denied that it was an obstruction to navigation.

The commissioner was directed to inquire,-“if an obstruction be made to appear, what change or alteration in the construction and existing condition of the said bridge, if any, can be made, consistent with the continuance of . the same across said river, that will remove the obstruction to' the free navigation.”

In the opinion "of the court, the bridge is an obstruction to the navigation of the river, and they held that an elevation of it one hundred and eleven feet from .low-water mark, the width of three hundred feet across the channel of the river, would remove the obstruction. Except the elevation of the bridge, no mode was proposed by the commissioner, for the removal of the obstruction. His instructions limited him to a “change or alteration in the bridge,” which should effectuate that object. Several of' the plans now'proposed, were not within the scope of his inquiry,' and-of course were not embraced by-his report.

In giving relief, the court are not bound to abate the nuisance, as prayed for in the bill, nor to adopt the report of the commissioner, if the obstruction can be removed and the public right maintained with less expense to the bridge company. This is a matter within’the judgment of the court, and does- not necessarily constitute a part of the pleadings.

It is suggested that the elevation of the bridge, as required in the opinion of the' court, must result in its abatement, as the stocknolders have -not. the- pecuniary means of elevating'it. Whatever, may be the consequences to the stockholders, a great public right cannot be made 'subservient to their interests. Subject to that right, the court will regard and protect their interests.

• The second plan, which proposed to remove the bridge over the western channel of the river, we shall refer to the engineer who acted .under the commissioner, and who is familiar with all the facts, and having his surveys before him, can give promptly to the court the information they desire.

To remove the flooring of the bridge, as proposed in' the third plan, leaving the cables in their present position, seems to have no other practical result than the sale of the cables.

The third and fourth plans propose to construct a draw for the passage of boats, in the suspension or the western bridge.'

Draws aré Common in bridges across arms of the sea where the tide ebbs and flows, for the passage of sea vessels, and also in bridges over rivers with a sluggish current; but we entertain great doubts-whether a draw in either of the bridges, as proposed,' can be constructed so as to afford “ a convenient and .safe passage” for the steamboats that ply upon, the Ohio. Some of them are about two hundred and fifty feet long, and from fifty to sixty feet in width. The current in the Ohio, at high .water, is from five to six miles an hqur. A steamboat, to be under the command -ofthe helm, must have a pressure of steam, which, with the current, would give it a considerable velocity in passing the draw, and any deviation from the direct line'by.the wind, the eddies and. currents of the river, in high water, might throw the boat against the bridge on either side. This might be fatal to the boat and to the lives of its passengers; and the danger ■would be greatly increased by attempting to. pass the draw at night', especially when the weather is unfavorable to navigation.

Jonathan Knight, an engineer-called by. the defendants, before the commissioner, said, “my opinion is, decidedly, it would be better to pass under, (the bridge) by lowering chimneys, than to have a draw; that it would be less dangerous and take less time.” And he further-states, “where there is a. draw, the space is necessarily contracted, and it might strike on the one side or the other, or the wind might be adverse.”

The .report of the. commissioner contains a report of Charles Ellet, “ on' a railway suspension-bridge across the Connecticut (River)! at Middletown,” in which he says, “the flooring (ofthe bridge) is to be placed one hundred and forty feet above the river, and the navigation left entirely unobstructed.” And he recommends “ a high level to avoid ” “ the injury tó the public consequent on delays at the draw.” In the sama.rfeport he observes, “ no party would now be so idle as to ask to place a draw-bridge across the Ohio or Mississippi; no law could be obtained for such an obstruction, and nothing is hazarded by the assertion that such a nuisance would be immediately overthrown,' if placed there under the color of any law. The .bridges that are established on those streams, must be placed high enough to clear the steamboats, and must leave the channel open.”

We shall direct the decree drawn up in pursuance of the opinion of the court, which affords to the stockholders of the bridge the alternative of elevating it, and thereby removing the obstruction to the navigation of the river, to be tiled but not recorded, until the engineer or the commissioner shall report upon the second, third, fourth, and fifth plans proposed bjt defendants? counsel. Notwithstanding the above intimations in regard to a draw, w.e are desirous of -having the report of a practical and scientific engineer on that subject, as well as in relation to the other plans.

It is therefore ordered, that the clerk of this court transmit to William J. MeAlpine, Esquire, a copy of this opinion, with a request that he make a report to this court, on or before the second Monday of May next,—

1st. Whether a draw can be constructed in the suspension-bridge, that shall afford a safe and convenient passage for the largest class of steamboats which ply to Pittsburg, having chimneys eighty feet high, at a depth of water thirty feet from the ground, and if such a draw be practicable, that he give a' particular description in what manner and of what dimensions it must be constructed.

2d. Whether such a draw may be constructed in the wooden bridge over the western channel of the river.

3d. Whether the removal of the western bridge will open an unobstructed channel for the packetg which now pass Wheeling, having chimneys eighty feet high, at all times when they shall not be able to pass under the suspension-bridge.

4th. Whether the removal of the flooring of the bridge, as proposed, will enable packets to pass having chimneys eighty feet high.

In obedience to this order of the court, Mr. MeAlpine filed the following report.

To the honorable Roger B. Taney, chief justice; John McLean, James M. Wayne, John Cation, John McKinley, Peter . V. Daniel, Samuel Nelson, Robert C. Grier, and Benjamin R. Curtis, associate justices of the Supreme Court of the United States.

In pursuance of the order of the Supreme Court of the United States, dated the first day of March, 1852, a copy of which has been furnished by the clerk of-the said court, dated the third day of March, 1852,. I, William j. McAlpine, do make the following report on the several matters directed in the said order, as follows:

1st. Whether a draw can be constructed in the suspension-bridge that shall afford, a safe and convenient passage for the largest class of.steamboats which ply to Pittsburg, having chimneys eighty feet high, at a depth of water thirty feet from the ground; and if such a draw be practicable, that he give a particular, description in what manner, and of what dimensions, it must be constructed.

2d.- Whether such a draw may be constructed, in the wooden bridge over the western channel of the river.

3d. Whether the removal of the western bridge will open an unobstructed channel for the packets which now pass Wheeling, having chimneys eighty feet high, at all. times, when they shall not be able to pass under the- suspension-bridge.

4th. Whether the removal of the flooring of the bridge, as proposed, will enable packets to' pass having chimneys eighty feet high.

The largest class of steamboats which ply to Pittsburg are the daily packets, which- are from fifty-four to fifty-eight feet in width, and from two hundred and fifteen’ to two hundred and sixty-four feet in length.

In a direct channel, with a moderate current, and in favorable .weather, a draw of one hundred feet.in width would, with skilful navigation,,be sufficient for the safe and convenient passage of such vessels.

In the high stages of water in the Ohio River at Wheeling, the velocity of the current is from five to six miles an hour. A steamboat, in passing, down the river, must have an additional velocity'to keep her under-the command of the helm,, so that she must pass the draw with a velocity of from, eight to ten miles per hour; and this speed would be less than the ordinary velocity of the vessel in other parts of the river.

In stormy weather, with the-wind blowing across .the current of the river, it would be difficult for a steamboat, of the size above stated, to pass without considerably more .allowance than would be provided for in a draw of one hundred feet in width.

At such times, the danger of passing the draw at night would be much increased, and it would be necessary to maintain lights on each side of the draw to guide the pilots in the proper direction to pass it.

•Under the ordinary circumstances of high water, a draw of at least one hundred and fifty feet in width would be necessary, and one of two hundred feet in width to pass at night with safety. ,

In dark, stormy nights, and with a rapid current in the river, the hazard of a passage would be so great that vessels would probably-be laid by, rather than risk the dangers of the passage of a draw of less than three hundred feet in width.

From the accompanying drawing of the present suspension-bridge at Wheeling, it will be seen that-a draw cannot be placed in the eastern end of the bridge which will give a clear passageway, beneath the cables, for steamboats having chimneys eighty feét high, at a depth of water thirty feet above the ground, of one hundred feet in width.-

At the'western end of the bridge, adjoining the western abutment, a draw may be placed, which will give a passage for such vessels in a thirty feet stage of water, of nearly ode hundred feet in width:

In reply,, therefore, to the first question of the court, I have to state, that a draw of sufficient width for the safe' and convenient passage of steamboats of the dimensions stated, cannot be constructed in the present bridge.

In a five feet stage of water, such a vessel would have a space of ninety-six feet in width, adjoining the eastern shore, to pass beneath the flooring of the present bridge,-and. in a six feet stage a width of one hundred and twelve feet.

At any stage of water higher than six feet, the width of passage would be reduced in consequence of the steep inclination of the eastern bank' of the river.

In a five feet stage of water, vessels drawing four feet would strike the bed- of the river on the western shore, at a point eight hundred and eighty feet from the face of the eastern abutfnent.

A steamboat with a chimney eighty feet high would, (allowing two feet for clearance,) on a five feet stage of water, in extremely warm weamer, dear the cable at a point six hundred and seventy-one feet from the face of the eastern abutment, which leaves a clear passage-way of two hundred and nine feet in width.

In a six feet stage. of water, the vessel, would strike the bed of the river at nine hundred feet, and the chimney would clear at six hundred and eighty-five feet;,which leaves a clear passage of two hundred and fifteen feet in width.

In a seven feet stage of water, the vessel would, strike the bed at nine hundred and eighteen feet, and the chimney would clear at six hundred and ninety-seven feet, leaving a passage-way of two. hundred and twenty-one feet in width.

In an eight feet stage of water, the vessel would strike the bed of the river at nine hundred and twenty-two feet, and the chimney would clear at seven hundred and nine feet, leaving a passage of two hundred and thirteen feet.

In a nine feet stage of water, the vessel, would strike the bed of the river at nine hundred and twenty-six feet, and the chimney would clear at seven hundred and nineteen feet, leaving a passage of two hundred and seven feet.

In a ten feet stage of water, the vessel would strike the bed of the river at nine hundred and thirty feet, and the chimney would clear at seven hundred and twenty-nine feet, leaving a passage of two hundred and one feet.

In an eleven feet stage of water, the vessel would strike the bed of the river at nine hundred and thirty-four feet, and the chimney would clear at seven hundred and thirty-nine feet, leaving a passage of one hundred and ninety-five feet.

In a twelve feet stage of water, the vessel would strike ..a bed of the river at nine hundred and thirty-eight feet, and the chimney would clear at seven hundred and forty-nine feet, leaving a passage of one hundred and eighty-nine feet.

In a thirteen feet stage of water, the vessel would strike .the bed of the fiver at nine hundred and forty-two feet, and the chimney would clear at seven hundred "and fifty-nine feet, leaving a passage of one hundred and eighty-three feet. .

■ From the accompanying chart, it will be seen that the shoal which makes into the river from the west shore above the bridge, would render it difficult for a vessel to enter the draw on a six feet stage of water, unless its eastern end were located at least three hundred feet from the'western abutment, and then the passage-way under t-he bridge, clear of the bottom of the river and cable, would be two hundred and fifteen feet in width.

It is necessary that the draw should be arranged for this stage of water, because a vessel could not then pass under the flooring of the eastern end of the bridge, with a sufficient width of clear space.

For each foot that the water rises, the passage-way is thrown about ten feet to the west, and its width is diminished about six feet.

In an eighteen feet stage of water, the chimney would clear the cables at a point seven hundred .and eighty-three feet from the face of the eastern abutment, which would leave a clear space of one hundred and ninety-three feet in width.

In a thirty feet stage, the chimney would clear at eight hundred and sixty-six' feet, leaving a space of one hundred and ten feet.

The draw would, therefore, require to be made at least three hundred feet long-, from the face of the western abutment, to allow the passage of steamboats of the dimensions stated, in the several stages of water, from six to thirty feet in depth.

It is, in my opinion, impracticable to construct so large a draw in a suspension-bridge, because from its flexible character, and.' the constant change of position of its cables, which would be caused by the movement of a mass of so great weight as the draw, it would not admit of the adaptation of machinery for' its movement.

A draw of this length might be constructed in the Wheeling Suspension-Bridge, by erecting a pier in the river at the eastern end of the draw, and carrying .the cables over the top of it, in the manner suggested by Colonel Long, in his testimony before the commissioner, and suspending the draw from a strong permanent bridge, elevated on the top of the new pier and abutment of the present bridge, similay to the tubular bridges recently constructed across the Conway and Menai straits, in Great Britain. The cost of constructing such a draw, arid of the necessary alterations of the bridge, would exceed the cost of elevating it to the height stated in the order of the court.

The inconvenience of the, approach to a . draw placed in this position,- and the. uncertainty of its successful operation and-maintenance under all circumstances of weather, exposed to winds, and with its machinery liable to be deranged by frost, or by the- accidental encounter with passing vessels, render the'utility of the plan, in my opinion, so doubtful, that any further detail of its arrangement is deemed unnecessary.

A draw can. be constructed in thé wooden bridge over the western channel' of the river, which will, under ordinary circumstances, offer a safe and convenient passage for the largest class of steamboats which ply to Pittsburg. This bridge consists of three spans, eách o’f two hundred feet in length. A drawing is herewith sent, which exhibits a plan of a draw placed in the centre span of the- bridge, which opens- a clear space of two hundred feet.

The plan of this draw is similar to one which has been constructed on the London and Brighton railroad, -which has a single draw, moving in one direction, of sixty-six feet in length.

The plan proposed for the Wheeling Bridge, is in two parts, opening in the centre,, and moving back on the floor of the pre-' sent bridge. Each draw will open one hundred feet, (being thirty-four feetmore than the single draw above mentioned,) and making the whole opening two hundred feet, equal to the space between the centre piers.

The plan proposed will require the removal of the roof, and the centre trusses of the end spans cf the present bridge, to allow the draws to move back on the floors. The draws to be timber; truss frames, each' two hundred feet long, the ends supported by timber suspenders from the top of a well-braced centre frame; the land ends of the draws to be loaded sufficiently to balance the projecting portion of the same. When the draws are closed, the ends are. to be' secured together with iron pins passing through iron straps, and the' land ends fastened to .the end s.pans of the permanent bridge in. a similar manner. When the bridge is thus closed and secured, it will form a perfect suspension-bridge of two hundred feet span.

The draws will be moved on wheels moving on iron rails, laid on the floor of the end spans, which will require to be strengthened by additional timbers. The trusses should also be strengthened with arch ribs and timbers to support the additional weight of the draws.

The draws to be moved by gearing placed in the piers, working into a rack on the underside of the draw-bridge frame; the gearings moved by a capstan placed on the side of the bridge over the piers. The capstan may be worked by man or horse power.

The floor of the draw will be two and a half feet above the floor of the permanent bridge, which may be overcome by a light platform attached to the end of the draw, that would move with the draw when opening or closing.

The cost of removing the centre span of the permanent bridge, strengthening the side or end spans, and constructing the draw-bridge, is estimated at thirty-three thousand and twenty-three dollars and sixty cents, ($33,023.60.)

It is proper that I should state that there would be some-difficulty experienced in the opening of this, or any other practicable draw, during very strong gales of wind, and at such times some delays would unavoidably occur in the passage of vessels.

The present bridge over the western channel would not admit of the construction of a draw of more than two hundred feet in width, without the expenditure of a sum nearly as great as that required for the construction of a new bridge.

A draw of three hundred feet in width may be constructed, either in the present bridge, or in a new bridge over the western channel, in the same manner as before stated, at the western end of the suspension-bridge.

The expense of the construction of such a draw would ex-, ceed the cost of elevating the' suspension-bridge to the height stated in the order of the court, and thére would be the same difficulties in operating and maintaining it as have béen before stated.

In my opinion, no draw can be constructed in either of the bridges at Wheeling, which would produce no delay, and present no obstruction to the safe and convenient passage, at all times,, of the largest class of steamboats which' navigate the Ohio River at Wheeling.

In reply to the third question of the court, I have to state, that the removal of the western bridge will open an unobstructed channel for the packets which now pass Wheeling, when the water is six feet deep on the Wheeling bar.

' It .has been previously stated that steamboats, with chimneys eighty feet high, will have a passage-way uiider the flooring of the suspension-bridge of ninety-six feet in width in a five feet stage of water* and of one hundred and twelve feet in-a six feet stage. :

By removing the obstructions in .the western channel, which are now caused by a bar at the north end of Zane’s. Island, an unobstructed channel can be obtained for such vessels at all times when they cannot pass under the suspension-bridge.

A chart is herewith sent, which exhibits the obstructions Of the western channel. 1

• In reply to the fourth question of the court, it is proper to state, that from the preceding report it will be seen thakthe removal of the flooring of the suspension-bridge will enable packets to pass under the cables, having chimneys eighty feet high, the clear width of the passage being, .as before stated, from one hundred ten to two hundred and twenty-one feet in width, depending upon the stage of water in the river.

The naked cables would afford no guide to direct the passage of vessels to the point at which the chimneys would clear the cables on the one side, and not strike the bottom of the river on the other side.

■ It would bfe necessary to suspend lights on the cables during the night to indicate the passage.

In high stages of the water, and during the night, the passage of vessels of the size stated would be attended with difficulty and danger, in consequence of the narrowness of the space, and of its being out of the main channel of the river. Respectfully snbmitted, ■ "William J. McAlpine.

Albany, May 8,-1852.

This report was made the subject of another argument, in consequence of exceptions to it being filed by Mr. Campbell, the Attorney- GenerJ. of Pennsylvania, and Mr. Stanton, also of counsel for the complainant. The report of the case has already been extended to such an unusual length, that the reporter cannot find’ room to notice the arguments of the respective counsel upon the exceptions.

Mr. Justice. McLEAN

delivered the opinion.of the court.

The plans lately proposed, through defendant’scounsel, to’obviate the obstructions to the navigation of the Ohio River, by reason of the Wheeling-Bridge, complained of by the plaintiff, having been referred to William J. McAlpine, Esquire, civil engineer, he reports —

That a draw cannot be made m the suspension-bridge which shall- afford a safe and convenient passage for the largest class of steamboats, which ply from Pittsburg, having chimneys -eighty feet high, on a depth of water thirty feet from the ground. And he reports that a draw can be constructed in the wooden bridge over the western channel of the river, which will, under ordinary circumstances, óffer a safe and convenient passage for such boats.

That bridge,' he .states, consists of three spans, each of.two hundred feet in length; and he proposes -that the draw shall be placed in the centre span of the bridge, which will open a clear space-of two hundred feet. He also reports, in answer to the third question of the court, “ that the removal of the Western Bridge will open an obstructed channel for the packets which now pass Wheeling, when the water is six féet deep on the Wheeling bar.”

On this report the parties have been heard.

The counsel for the defendants complain that no notice was given to them, of the late action of the engineer. A notice was unnecessary. The proposed plans were submitted by the defendants, and they were referred to the engineer, who acted under-the commissioner; and who, having made the surveys and reports, was in possession of" all the evidence necessary to give the required information to the court. He had only to look into his .own work for the data to make the additional report in regard to both'bridges and the two channels of the river, over which they have been constructed. His opinion as to a draw and the other matters referred to him, were strictly within the line of his profession. • No act done under the late reference was open for investigation by proof, or subject to be influenced by argument. The presence of the, parties by their counsel -was neither necessary nor desirable, and notice to the defendant was not, therefore, required to be given.

By the reference the court did not intend to make the opinion of the engineer the immediate basis of 'a final decree. They were desirous of ascertaining all the facts which could' have a bearing-iii the decision of the case. They were fully impressed with its high importance to the public and to the defendants.* And, whilst a high sense of duty required them to maintain the public right, they were solicitous, as expressed in their former opinion, to do so, with the least possible expense to the defendants.

' In their former opinion nothing was said, from which an inference could be drawn; that the right of crossing the Ohio River by bridges, was incompatible with its navigation. Had this bridge been constructed, in the language of its charter, so “ as not to obstruct the navigation of the .Ohio in the usual manner, by steamboats and other crafts, as are now commonly accustomed’ to navigate the same, when the fiver shall be as high as the highest floods hereinbefore known,” this suit could never have been instituted. The charter was granted in 1847, long after the great floods in 183.2, and in subsequent years.

The right of navigating the Ohio River, or any other river in our country, does not necessarily conflict with the right of bridging it. But these rights can only be maintained when they are so exercised as not to be incompatible with each other. It is in their improper exercise, and not in their nature, that any incompatibility exists.

We can derive but little instruction on this subject, from European experience and practice. The rivers on that continent are generally diminutive, and of no very great length.- They do not compare with the great rivers of the West. The bridges on the Rhine are numerous, and most,if not all.of them, have draws, through which boats are continually passing. But' their boats are small, with low and light chimneys, and some, if not many of the bridges, rest upon the surface of the water. A boat of two hundred and ninety-five feet in. length, as the Pittsburg, it is believed, is not to be found engaged in inland river navigation in Europe.

The report now before us, in its outlines, is not objected to by the defendants. On the contrary, they ask the court to sanction it, leaving open its details. In their former opinion, after stating the elevation which must be given to the suspension-bridge tó remove the obstruction, the court say, if this, or some other plan, shall not be adopted, which shall relieve the navigation from obstruction, on or before the first day of February next, the bridge must be abated.” It was supposed that some plan might be suggested to remove the obstruction, at less expense than the elevation or abatement of the bridge. The court had before them only the general plan for relief reported by the commissioner. Under such circumstances) they felt themselves bound to receive and refer the propositions submitted by the defendants’ counsel. The affirmative action on these propositions belong to the defendants; and also the eventual responsibility.

The court think that the report of the engineer, in its general aspect, without examining its details, affords such probability of success as to entitle the defendants to the proposed experiment. We look to the desired results, and not to the practicability and efficiency of the plan. Of these the defendants must judge. They have the means of ascertaining, with the utmost accuracy, whether' a channel can be opened, in the western branch of the river, so as to afford a safe and an unobstructed navigation for the largest class of boats, having chimneys eighty feet high, when they cannot pass under the suspension-bridge. This is-the object desired, and any thing short of this would not be, satisfactory.

When the subject of a draw was first suggested to the court, it was' intimated that no draw was known which exceeded seventy feet in width, but it was supposed'that one of" eighty feet might be constructed. And the, court then said, “ we entertain great doubts whether a draw in either of the bridges, as proposed, can be constructed so as to afford a convenient passage for the steamboats that ply upon the. Ohio River.*’ A draw of two hundred feet in the clear is now proposed, and one less than that, would not answer the public demand.

The court will not now examine, whether there be not in the western channel other obstruetionsffhan the bridge. If such obstruction exist, of whatsoever' nature, they must be known to the defendants, and must be removed.

With these general remarks, the court will leave the defendants free in the matter, to act as their o\vn judgments shall dictate.

■ The elevation of the bridge, in pursuance of the report of the commissioner, was ordered by the court, as the best mode of removing the obstruction, suggested by- the evidence. The abatement of the nuisance was the most direct and ordinary mode for giving relief in' such cases. The alternative of elevating the bridge was adopted, from considerations connected with the interests of the defendants, and the'accommodation of thé public. The same views have influenced us, in relation to the proposition now before us. We do not sanction them farthef than to leave them to the defendants, to work out and secure, if they shall think proper, the required results, as stated in this opinion. The inconsiderable delay of two or three minutes in passing the draw, and running' the increased distance of the western channel,, does not constitute a material objection. From the statement made the increase of time would bo less than is ordinarily consumed in the landing or receiving a passenger at the shore.

The objection, .that the navigation of the eastern channel of the river has been improved by the government, and that the plaintiff has a right to its unobstructed, use, is admitted to have much force.

In the multitudinous concerns of- commerce, we must view things practically, and cannot deal in abstractions. It iá not always in the discretion of a'court to measure, justice by doing or requiring to be done, the exact<thing which would seem to be most appropriate. Cases may arise in which great interests are involved, that may have-had. their origin in wrongful acts., yfet connécted with circumstances which render it extremely difficult, if not impracticable, to' do the thing, or cause it to be done', which is most fit and proper. In such cases, as in ' the law of mechanics,' equivalents are of necessity substituted. And if the thing done be all that justice can require, it may suffice. Such, is not unfrequently the necessary action of á court of chancery.

If the western channel of the river shall be made to afford an. equally safe and unobstructed passage for boats, as- .the eastern channel, before, the structure of the 'suspension-bridge, excepting the mere passage of the draw, and the increased distance, no appreciable injury is done to commerce.

.The court will direct "the decree which has been filed, and which required the bridge to be elevated, as therein specified, on or béfore the first day of February next to be recorded, and that it shall stand as the order of- this court, unless before that time the western channel of the river shall be' made by the defendants, to afford an unobstructed passage to boats' of the largest class which ply to Pittsburg, agreeably to' this opinion ; and leave is given to either party to move the court in relation to this matter, on the first Monday of February next.

The costs-of this suit are ordered to be paid by the defendants.

Decree.

This cause having been heard in February last, and the opinion' of the court pronounced; on the suggestions of the defendants’ counsel-a reference on certain points was made to William'J. McAlpine, whose report having been made and arguments heard from the counsel on both sides ■ at the adjourned term, in May, 1852, the cause stands for a final decree, on the original bill, the amendments thereto, the answers of respondents, and replications to said answers ; and on the proofs in the cause, together with the. report of the commissioner appointed by this court to examine the premises, and on the exceptions to said report: — when it appeared —■ that the respondents, in the year 1849, had erected a suspension-bridge supported by iron-wire cables across that portion of the Rivér Ohio lying between 'the city of Wheeling and Zane!s Island, by virtue, of a charter granted by the commonwealth of Virginia, the span of said bridge being over one thousand.feet long; .and it also appeared that across the other channel of the river west of Zane’s Island, there is a truss-bridge so constructed as altogether to prevent the passage of steamboats through that channel, which bridge is qwned and maintained by the defendants. And it further appeared that the suspension-bridge over the channel of the river east of the island,, is so near the flow of the water in its ordinary stages, as seriously to hinder and obstruct the largest class of steamboats from passing and repassing under-said bridge, in going to and returning from the pdrt of Pittsburg, -in the State of Pennsylvania; that large and expensive public improvements made by, and the property of, that State, consisting of canals connecting railroads, turnpike-roads, and slack-water navigation in said State, constructed years before the said suspension-bridge was erected, all of which improvements terminate at Pittsburg, on the Ohio River, and extend throughout the State of Pennsylvania, to the east and-north, connecting the city of Philadelphia,'in said State, and Lake Erie with the River Ohio. That a large commerce for-several years has been and now is carried on over these public works of internal improvement, on which Pennsylvania levies reasonable, tolls to maintain said works, and to compensate her for their erection. That said bridge imposes serious obstructions to the largest class of vessels propelled by steam, and which bring freight and passengers from below said bridge, and which freight and passehgers are intended to pass east and north over the canals and railroads of Pennsylvania, or to be conveyed down the Ohio River, having been transported on the public works of Pennsylvania, a portion of which commerce hag been hindered and -prevented, and hereafter must ‘be hindered and prevented from passing over the public works of that State, because of obstructions to navigation interposed by said bridge. That the said Ohio River is a navigable stream, the navigation whereof by law is free to all citizens of the United States, arid ought to retaain unobstructed; and that the said suspension-bridge not only obstructs and hinders navigation on said river but by means of such'obstructions does occasion a special damage to the said State of Pennsylvania as aforesaid, for which there is not a plain and an adequaté remedy at law, but on the contrary thereof, such injury is irreparable by an action or. actions at common law.

It is, therefore, decreed and adjudged, that, said suspensionDridge is an .obstruction and nuisance, and that the complainant has a just and legal right to have the navigation of the said river made .free, either by the abatement or elevation of the bridge, so that it will cease to be an obstruction, in ordinary stages of high water, to the largest class of steam-vessels now navigating the Ohio River, and. which alteration is hereby declared to be an elevation of said suspension-bridge, to the height'of one hundfed and eleven' feet at least, in its Undermost parts, above' thp low-water mark, by the Wheeling gauge of the Ohio’s water; and that the height of said one hundred and eleven feet shall be maintained to the extent of three hundred feet' on a level headway over the channel of the said river. And that, from the respective ends of said headway, of three hundred feet, to the abutments - of each end' of the bridge,"'the descent shall not exceed at the rate of four feet fall to every hundred feet of ex-, tension on the line of the bridge; and that the same shall be removed by respondents, or altered, as above stated, on or before the first day of February, 1853.

. Since the above decree was drawn, certain propositions having been made by the defendants to open an unobstructed navigation for boats of the largest class, which ply to Pittsburg, through the western channel of the river, as is more particularly stated in the last opinion of the court in this case,, which may avoid the obstructions by reason of- the bridge complained of by the plaintiffs; and, as time has been given, to the first Monday of February next, for the defendants, should they .deem proper, to carry, out their propositions, by removing all obstructions in the western channel, on which day the plaintiff may move the court on the subject of the decree, and of the proposed alter-, ations in ■ the western channel, which, being before the court, Will enable them to act in the premises as the law and the equity of tho case may require.

The court order the costs to -be paid by defendants.

Mr. Chief Justice TANEY and Mr. Justice DANIEL dissented.

Opinion of Mr. Justice Daniel and Mr. Chief Justice Taney.

When this case was .formerly before - us, my opinion was expressed at length -against , thé right of this court to take jurisdiction thereof. My opinion upon this question rerfiains unchanged ; but the court having taken jurisdiction, I do not conceive that my objection to 'the cognizance by the court of this controversy forbids my-concurrence in any modification of the deeree originally proposed in this case, calculated to relieve the defendants from .the operation of exactions, believed by me to'be unwarranted by law. I therefore concur iii. the proposed modification of the former decree, by which a draw is authorized in the bridgé over the western branch of the River Ohio. I-think, however, that the length prescribed by this court for tlie draw is greater than the public exigencies require, and that a draw of one hundred feet, at the utmost, would be ample to meet those exigencies. It is also my opinion, that the costs in this cause should-be equally borne by the parties.

Mr. Chief Justice TANEY also dissented, concurring in the opinion of Mr. Justice Daniel.