author: Justice Kennedy Justice Blackmun, Justice O’Connor,

text:
    EDENFIELD et al. v. FANE
    No. 91-1594.
    Argued December 7, 1992
    Decided April 26, 1993

      Kennedy, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Rehnquist, C. J., and White, Blackmun, Stevens, Scalia, Souter, and Thomas, JJ., joined. Blackmun, J., filed a concurring opinion, post, p. 777. O’Con-nor, J., filed a dissenting opinion, post, p. 778.

      Parker D. Thomson, Special Assistant Attorney General of Florida, argued the cause for petitioners. With him on the briefs were Robert A. Butterworth, Attorney General, John J. Rimes III, Assistant Attorney General, and Carol A. Licko, Special Assistant Attorney General.

      David C. Vladeck argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief was Alan B. Morrison

      Briefs of amici curiae urging affirmance were filed for the American Advertising Federation et al. by Richard E. Wiley, Howard H. Bell, Gilbert H. Weil, and Robert J. Levering; and for the American Association of Attorney-Certified Public Accountants, Inc., by L. Harold Levinson, David Ostrove, and Sydney S. Traum.

        Kenneth R. Hart filed a brief for the Florida Institute of Certified Public Accountants as amicus curiae.

   Justice Kennedy

delivered the opinion of the Court.

In previous cases we have considered the constitutionality of state laws prohibiting lawyers from engaging in direct, personal solicitation of prospective clients. See Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Assn., 436 U. S. 447 (1978); In re Primus, 436 U. S. 412 (1978). In the case now before us, we consider a solicitation ban applicable to certified public accountants (CPA’s) enacted by the State of Florida. We hold that, as applied to CPA solicitation in the business context, Florida’s prohibition is inconsistent with the free speech guarantees of the First and Fourteenth Amendments.

I

Respondent Scott Fane is a CPA licensed to practice in the State of Florida by the Florida Board of Accountancy (Board). Before moving to Florida in 1985, Fane had his own accounting CPA practice in New Jersey, specializing in providing tax advice to small and medium-sized businesses. He often obtained business clients by making unsolicited telephone calls to their executives and arranging meetings to explain his services and expertise. This direct, personal, uninvited solicitation was permitted under New Jersey law. When he moved to Florida, Fane wished to build a practice similar to his solo practice in New Jersey but was unable to do so because the Board of Accountancy had a comprehensive rule prohibiting CPA’s from engaging in the direct, personal solicitation he had found most effective in the past. The Board's rules provide that a CPA “shall not by any direct, in-person, uninvited solicitation solicit an engagement to perform public accounting services . . . where the engagement would be for a person or entity not already a client of [the CPA], unless such person or entity has invited such a communication.” Fla. Admin. Code § 21A-24.002(2)(c) (1992). “[B]irect, in-person, uninvited solicitation” means “any communication which directly or implicitly requests an immediate oral response from the recipient,” which, under the Board’s rules, includes all “[u]ninvited in-person visits or conversations or telephone calls to a specific potential client.” §21A-24.002(3).

The rule, according to Fane’s uncontradicted submissions, presented a serious obstacle, because most businesses are willing to rely for advice on the accountants or CPA’s already serving them. In Fane’s experience, persuading a business to sever its existing accounting relations or alter them to include a new CPA on particular assignments requires the new CPA to contact the business and explain the advantages of a change. This entails a detailed discussion of the client’s needs and the CPA’s expertise, services and fees. See Affidavit of Scott Fane ¶¶ 7, 11, App. 11, 15.

Fane sued the Board in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief on the ground that the Board’s anti-solicitation rule violated the First and Fourteenth Amendments. Fane alleged that but for the prohibition he would seek clients through personal solicitation and would offer fees below prevailing rates. Complaint ¶¶ 9 — 11, App. 3-4.

In response to Fane’s submissions, the Board relied on the affidavit of Louis Dooner, one of its former chairmen. Dooner concluded that the solicitation ban was necessary to preserve the independence of CPA’s performing the attest function, which involves the rendering of opinions on a firm’s financial statements. His premise was that a CPA who solicits clients “is obviously in need of business and may be willing to bend the rules.” App. 23. In Dooner’s view, “[i]f [a CPA] has solicited the client he will be beholden to him.” Id., at 19. Dooner also suggested that the ban was needed to prevent “overreaching and vexatious conduct by the CPA.” Id., at 23.

The District Court gave summary judgment to Fane and enjoined enforcement of the rule “as it is applied to CPA’s who seek clients through in-person, direct, uninvited solicitation in the business context.” Civ. Case No. 88-40264-MNP (ND Fla., Sept. 13, 1990), App. 88. A divided panel of the Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit affirmed. 945 F. 2d 1514 (1991).

We granted certiorari, 504 U. S. 940 (1992), and now affirm.

II

In soliciting potential clients, Fane seeks to communicate no more than truthful, nondeceptive information proposing a lawful commercial transaction. We need not parse Fane’s proposed communications to see if some parts are entitled to greater protection than the solicitation itself. This case comes to us testing the solicitation, nothing more. That is what the State prohibits and Fane proposes.

Whatever ambiguities may exist at the margins of the category of commercial speech, see, e. g., Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm’n on Human Relations, 413 U. S. 376, 384-388 (1973), it is clear that this type of personal solicitation is commercial expression to which the protections of the First Amendment apply. E. g., Virginia State Bd. of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc., 425 U. S. 748, 762 (1976). While we did uphold a ban on in-person solicitation by lawyers in Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Assn., 436 U. S. 447 (1978), that opinion did not hold that all personal solicitation is without First Amendment protection. See id., at 457. There are, no doubt, detrimental aspects to personal commercial solicitation in certain circumstances, see id., at 464, and n. 23, but these detriments are not so inherent or ubiquitous that solicitation of this sort is removed from the ambit of First Amendment protection, cf. United States v. Kokinda, 497 U. S. 720, 725 (1990) (plurality opinion) (“Solicitation is a recognized form of speech protected by the First Amendment”); see also International Society for Krishna Consciousness v. Lee, 505 U. S. 672, 677 (1992).

In the commercial context, solicitation may have considerable value. Unlike many other forms of commercial expression, solicitation allows direct and spontaneous communication between buyer and seller. A seller has a strong financial incentive to educate the market and stimulate demand for his product or service, so solicitation produces more personal interchange between buyer and seller than would occur if only buyers were permitted to initiate contact. Personal interchange enables a potential buyer to meet and evaluate the person offering the product or service and allows both parties to discuss and negotiate the desired form for the transaction or professional relation. Solicitation also enables the seller to direct his proposals toward those consumers who he has a reason to believe would be most interested in what he has to sell. For the buyer, it provides an opportunity to explore in detail the way in which a particular product or service compares to its alternatives in the market. In particular, with respect to nonstandard products like the professional services offered by CPA’s, these benefits are significant.

In denying CPA’s and their clients these advantages, Florida’s law threatens societal interests in broad access to complete and accurate commercial information that First Amendment coverage of commercial speech is designed to safeguard. See Virginia State Bd. of Pharmacy, supra, at 762-765; Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, 433 U. S. 350, 377-378 (1977); Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Comm’n of N Y, 447 U. S. 557, 561-562 (1980). The commercial marketplace, like other spheres of our social and cultural life, provides a forum where ideas and information flourish. Some of the ideas and information are vital, some of slight worth. But the general rule is that the speaker and the audience, not the government, assess the value of the information presented. Thus, even a communication that does no more than propose a commercial transaction is entitled to the coverage of the First Amendment. See Virginia State Bd. of Pharmacy, supra, at 762.

Commercial speech, however, is “linked inextricably” with the commercial arrangement that it proposes, Friedman v. Rogers, 440 U. S. 1, 10, n. 9 (1979), so the State’s interest in regulating the underlying transaction may give it a concomitant interest in the expression itself. See Ohralik, supra, at 457. For this reason, laws restricting commercial speech, unlike laws burdening other forms of protected expression, need only be tailored in a reasonable manner to serve a substantial state interest in order to survive First Amendment scrutiny. Board of Trustees of State University of N. Y. v. Fox, 492 U. S. 469, 480 (1989); Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp., 447 U. S., at 564. Even under this intermediate standard of review, however, Florida’s blanket ban on direct, in-person, uninvited solicitation by CPA’s cannot be sustained as applied to Fane’s proposed speech.

III

To determine whether personal solicitation by CPA’s may be proscribed under the test set forth in Central Hudson we must ask whether the State’s interests in proscribing it are substantial, whether the challenged regulation advances these interests in a direct and material way, and whether the extent of the restriction on protected speech is in reasonable proportion to the interests served. See ibid. Though we conclude that the Board’s asserted interests are substantial, the Board has failed to demonstrate that its solicitation ban advances those interests.

A

In undertaking the first inquiry, we must identify with care the interests the State itself asserts. Unlike rational-basis review, the Central Hudson standard does not permit us to supplant the precise interests put forward by the State with other suppositions. See Fox, supra, at 480. Neither will we turn away if it appears that the stated interests are not the actual interests served by the restriction. See, e. g., Mississippi Univ. for Women v. Hogan, 458 U. S. 718, 730 (1982).

To justify its ban on personal solicitation by CPA’s, the Board proffers two interests. First, the Board asserts an interest in protecting consumers from fraud or overreaching by CPA’s. Second, the Board claims that its ban is necessary to maintain both the fact and appearance of CPA independence in auditing a business and attesting to its financial statements.

The State’s first interest encompasses two distinct purposes: to prevent fraud and other forms of deception, and to protect privacy. As to the first purpose, we have said that “[t]he First Amendment... does not prohibit the State from insuring that the stream of commercial information flow[s] cleanly as well as freely,” Virginia State Bd. of Pharmacy, 425 U. S., at 771-772, and our cases make clear that the State may ban commercial expression that is fraudulent or deceptive without further justification, see, e. g., Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp., supra, at 563-564; In re R. M. J, 455 U. S. 191, 203 (1982); Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego, 453 U. S. 490, 507 (1981) (plurality opinion). Indeed, 25 States and the District of Columbia take various forms of this approach, forbidding solicitation by CPA’s only under circumstances that would render it fraudulent, deceptive, or coercive. See, e.g., Code of Colo. Regs. §7.12 (1991); N. D. Admin. Code § 3-04-06-02 (1991); N. H. Code Admin. Rules § 507.02(c) (1990); D. C. Mun. Reg., Tit. 17, §2513.4 (1990). But where, as with the blanket ban involved here, truthful and nonmisleading expression will be snared along with fraudulent or deceptive commercial speech, the State must satisfy the remainder of the Central Hudson test by demonstrating that its restriction serves a substantial state interest and is designed in a reasonable way to accomplish that end. See In re R. M. J, supra, at 203. For purposes of that test, there is no question that Florida’s interest in ensuring the accuracy of commercial information in the marketplace is substantial. See, e. g., Virginia State Bd. of Pharmacy, supra, at 771-772; San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Comm., 483 U. S. 522, 539 (1987); Friedman v. Rogers, supra, at 13.

Likewise, the protection of potential clients’ privacy is a substantial state interest. Even solicitation that is neither fraudulent nor deceptive may be pressed with such frequency or vehemence as to intimidate, vex, or harass the recipient. In Ohralik, we made explicit that “protection of the public from these aspects of solicitation is a legitimate and important state interest.” 436 U. S., at 462.

The Board’s second justification for its ban — the need to maintain the fact and appearance of CPA independence and to guard against conflicts of interest — is related to the audit and attest functions of a CPA. In the course of rendering these professional services, a CPA reviews financial statements and attests that they have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and present a fair and accurate picture of the firm’s financial condition. See generally R. Gormley, Law of Accountants and Auditors ¶ 1.07[4] (1981); 1 American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, Professional Standards AU §110.01 (1991) (hereinafter AICPA Professional Standards). In the Board’s view, solicitation compromises the independence necessary to perform the audit and attest functions, because a CPA who needs business enough to solicit clients will be prone to ethical lapses. The Board claims that even if actual misconduct does not occur, the public perception of CPA independence will be undermined if CPA’s behave like ordinary commercial actors.

We have given consistent recognition to the State’s important interests in maintaining standards of ethical conduct in the licensed professions. See, e. g., Ohralik, supra, at 460; Virginia State Bd. of Pharmacy, supra, at 766; National Soc. of Professional Engineers v. United States, 436 U. S. 679, 696 (1978). With regard to CPA’s, we have observed that they must “maintain total independence” and act with “complete fidelity to the public trust” when serving as independent auditors. United States v. Arthur Young & Co., 465 U. S. 806, 818 (1984). Although the State’s interest in obscuring the commercial nature of public accounting practice is open to doubt, see Bates v. Arizona State Bar Assn., 433 U. S., at 369-371, the Board’s asserted interest in maintaining CPA independence and ensuring against conflicts of interest is not. We acknowledge that this interest is substantial. See Ohralik, supra, at 460-461.

B

That the Board’s asserted interests are substantial in the abstract does not mean, however, that its blanket prohibition on solicitation serves them. The penultimate prong of the Central Hudson test requires that a regulation impinging upon commercial expression “directly advance the state interest involved; the regulation may not be sustained if it provides only ineffective or remote support for the government’s purpose.” Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp., 447 U. S., at 564. We agree with the Court of Appeals that the Board’s ban on CPA solicitation as applied to the solicitation of business clients fails to satisfy this requirement.

It is well established that “[t]he party seeking to uphold a restriction on commercial speech carries the burden of justifying it.” Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp., 463 U. S. 60, 71, n. 20 (1983); Fox, 492 U. S., at 480. This burden is not satisfied by mere speculation or conjecture; rather, a governmental body seeking to sustain a restriction on commercial speech must demonstrate that the harms it recites are real and that its restriction will in fact alleviate them to a material degree. See, e. g., Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio, 471 U. S. 626, 648-649 (1985); Bolger, supra, at 73; In re R. M. J, 455 U. S., at 205-206; Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp., supra, at 569; Friedman v. Rogers, 440 U. S., at 13-15; Linmark Associates, Inc. v. Willingboro, 431 U. S. 85, 95 (1977). Without this requirement, a State could with ease restrict commercial speech in the service of other objectives that could not themselves justify a burden on commercial expression.

The Board has not demonstrated that, as applied in the business context, the ban on CPA solicitation advances its asserted interests in any direct and material way. It presents no studies that suggest personal solicitation of prospective business clients by CPA’s creates the dangers of fraud, overreaching, or compromised independence that the Board claims to fear. The record does not disclose any anecdotal evidence, either from Florida or another State, that validates the Board’s suppositions. This is so even though 21 States place no specific restrictions of any kind on solicitation by CPA’s, and only 3 States besides Florida have enacted a categorical ban. See 3 La. Admin. Code 46:XIX.507(D)(1)(c) (Supp. 1988); Minn. Admin. Code § 1100.6100 (1991); 22 Tex. Admin. Code §501.44 (Supp. 1992). Not even Fane’s own conduct suggests that the Board’s concerns are justified. Cf. Ohralik, supra, at 467-468. The only suggestion that a ban on solicitation might help prevent fraud and overreaching or preserve CPA independence is the affidavit of Louis Dooner, which contains nothing more than a series of conclusory statements that add little if anything to the Board’s original statement of its justifications.

The Board directs the Court’s attention to a report on CPA solicitation prepared by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants in 1981. See AICPA, Report of the Special Committee on Solicitation (1981), App. 29. The Report contradicts, rather than strengthens, the Board’s submissions. The AICPA Committee stated that it was “unaware of the existence of any empirical data supporting the theories that CPAs (a) are not independent of clients obtained by direct uninvited solicitation, or (b) do not maintain their independence in mental attitude toward those clients subjected to direct uninvited solicitation by another CPA.” Id., at 4, App. 38. Louis Dooner’s suggestion that solicitation of new accounts signals the need for work and invites an improper approach from the client ignores the fact that most CPA firms desire new clients. The AICPA Report discloses no reason to suspect that CPA’s who engage in personal solicitation are more desperate for work, or would be any more inclined to compromise their professional standards, than CPA’s who do not solicit, or who solicit only by mail or advertisement. With respect to the prospect of harassment or overreaching by CPA’s, the report again acknowledges an “absence of persuasive evidence that direct uninvited solicitation by CPAs is likely to lead to false or misleading claims or oppressive conduct.” Id., at 2, App. 35.

Other evidence concerning personal solicitation by CPA’s also belies the Board’s concerns. In contrast to the Board’s anxiety over uninvited solicitation, the literature on the accounting profession suggests that the main dangers of compromised independence occur when a CPA firm is too dependent upon, or involved with, a longstanding client. See, e. g., P. Cottell & T. Perlin, Accounting Ethics 39-40 (1990); G. Previts, The Scope of CPA Services: A Study of the Development of the Concept of Independence and the Profession’s Role in Society 142 (1985); S. Rep. No. 95-34, pp. 50-52 (1977); General Accounting Office, CPA Audit Quality: Status of Actions Taken to Improve Auditing and Financial Reporting of Public Companies 36 (Mar. 1989) (GAO/AFMD-89-38). It appears from the literature that a business executive who wishes to obtain a favorable but unjustified audit opinion from a CPA would be less likely to turn to a stranger who has solicited him than to pressure his existing CPA, with whom he has an ongoing, personal relation and over whom he may also have some financial leverage. See id., at 34 (“A company using the threat of changing accountants — opinion shopping — to pressure its existing accounting firm to accept a less than desirable accounting treatment is one way independence is threatened”); Cottell & Perlin, supra, at 34 (noting that independence can be eroded if a client is served by a single auditor for a great length of time).

For similar reasons, we reject the Board’s alternative argument that the solicitation ban is a reasonable restriction on the manner in which CPA’s may communicate with prospective clients, rather than a direct regulation of the commercial speech itself. Assuming that a flat ban on commercial solicitation could be regarded as a content-neutral time, place, or manner restriction on speech, a proposition that is open to serious doubt, see, e. g., Virginia State Bd. of Pharmacy, 425 U. S., at 771, a challenged restriction of that type still must serve a substantial state interest in “a direct and effective way,” Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 491 U. S. 781, 800 (1989). The State has identified certain interests in regulating solicitation in the accounting profession that are important and within its legitimate power, but the prohibitions here do not serve these purposes in a direct and material manner. Where a restriction on speech lacks this close and substantial relation to the governmental interests asserted, it cannot be, by definition, a reasonable time, place, or manner restriction.

C

Relying on Ohralik, the Board seeks to justify its solicitation ban as a prophylactic rule. It acknowledges that Fane’s solicitations may not involve any misconduct but argues that all personal solicitation by CPA’s must be banned, because this contact most often occurs in private offices and is difficult to regulate or monitor.

We reject the Board’s argument and hold that, as applied in this context, the solicitation ban cannot be justified as a prophylactic rule. Ohralik does not stand for the proposition that blanket bans on personal solicitation by all types of professionals are constitutional in all circumstances. Because “the distinctions, historical and functional, between professions, may require consideration of quite different factors,” Virginia State Bd. of Pharmacy, supra, at 773, n. 25, the constitutionality of a ban on personal solicitation will depend upon the identity of the parties and the precise circumstances of the solicitation. Later cases have made this clear, explaining that Ohralik’s holding was narrow and depended upon certain “unique features of in-person solicitation by lawyers” that were present in the circumstances of that case. Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio, 471 U. S., at 641; see also Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Assn., 486 U. S. 466, 472 (1988).

Ohralik was a challenge to the application of Ohio’s ban on attorney solicitation and held only that a State Bar “constitutionally may discipline a lawyer for soliciting clients in person, for pecuniary gain, under circumstances likely to pose dangers that the State has a right to prevent.” Ohralik, 436 U. S., at 449. While Ohralik discusses the generic hazards of personal solicitation, see id., at 464-466, the opinion made clear that a preventative rule was justified only in situations “inherently conducive to overreaching and other forms of misconduct.” Id., at 464; cf. In re R. M. J, 455 U. S., at 203 (advertising may be banned outright only if it is actually or inherently misleading). The Court in Ohralik explained why the case before it met this standard:

“[T]he potential for overreaching is significantly greater when a lawyer, a professional trained in the art of persuasion, personally solicits an unsophisticated, injured, or distressed lay person. Such an individual may place his trust in a lawyer, regardless of the latter’s qualifications or the individual’s actual need for legal representation, simply in response to persuasion under circumstances conducive to uninformed acquiescence. Although it is argued that personal solicitation is valuable because it may apprise a victim of misfortune of his legal rights, the very plight of that person not only makes him more vulnerable to influence but also may make advice all the more intrusive. Thus, under these adverse conditions the overtures of an uninvited lawyer may distress the solicited individual simply because of their obtrusiveness and the invasion of the individual’s privacy, even when no other harm materializes. Under such circumstances, it is not unreasonable for the State to presume that in-person solicitation by lawyers more often than not will be injurious to the person solicited.” 436 U.. S., at 465-466 (footnotes omitted).

The solicitation here poses none of the same dangers. Unlike a lawyer, a CPA is not “a professional trained in the art of persuasion.” A CPA’s training emphasizes independence and objectivity, not advocacy. See 1 AICPA Professional Standards AU §220; 2 id., ET §55; H. Magill & G. Previts, CPA Professional Responsibilities: An Introduction 105-108 (1991). The typical client of a CPA is far less susceptible to manipulation than the young accident victim in Ohralik. Fane’s prospective clients are sophisticated and experienced business executives who understand well the services that a CPA offers, See Affidavit of Scott Fane ¶¶ 5-7,10(A), App. 10-11,13. In general, the prospective client has an existing professional relation with an accountant and so has an independent basis for evaluating the claims of a new CPA seeking professional work. Id., ¶ 6, App. 10-11.

The manner in which a CPA like Fane solicits business is conducive to rational and considered decisionmaking by the prospective client, in sharp contrast to the “uninformed acquiescence” to which the accident victims in Ohralik were prone. Ohralik, supra, at 465. While the clients in Ohralik were approached at a moment of high stress and vulnerability, the clients Fane wishes to solicit meet him in their own offices at a time of their choosing. If they are unreeeptive to his initial telephone solicitation, they need only terminate the call. Invasion of privacy is not a significant concern.

If a prospective client does decide to meet with Fane, there is no expectation or pressure to retain Fane on the spot; instead, he or she most often exercises caution, checking references and deliberating before deciding to hire a new CPA. See Affidavit of Scott Fane ¶ 10(C), App. 13-14. Because a CPA has access to a business firm’s most sensitive financial records and internal documents, retaining a new accountant is not a casual decision. Ibid. The engagements Fane seeks are also long term in nature; to the extent he engages in unpleasant, high pressure sales tactics, he can impair rather than improve his chances of obtaining an engagement or establishing a satisfactory professional relation. The importance of repeat business and referrals gives the CPA a strong incentive to act in a responsible and decorous manner when soliciting business. In contrast with Ohralik, it cannot be said that under these circumstances, personal solicitation by CPA’s “more often than not will be injurious to the person solicited.” Ohralik, 436 U. S., at 466.

The Board’s reliance on Ohralik is misplaced for yet another reason: The Board misunderstands what Ohmlik meant when it approved the use of a prophylactic rule. Id., at 464. The ban on attorney solicitation in Ohralik was prophylactic in the sense that it prohibited conduct conducive to fraud or overreaching at the outset, rather than punishing the misconduct after it occurred. But Ohmlik in no way relieves the State of the obligation to demonstrate that it is regulating speech in order to address what is in fact a serious problem and that the preventative measure it proposes will contribute in a material way to solving that problem. See ibid, (describing the State’s fear of harm from attorney solicitation as “well founded”).

Were we to read Ohralik in the manner the Board proposes, the protection afforded commercial speech would be reduced almost to nothing; comprehensive bans on certain categories of commercial speech would be permitted as a matter of course. That would be inconsistent with the results reached in a number of our prior cases. See, e. g., Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio, 471 U. S. 626 (1985); Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, 433 U. S. 350 (1977); Linmark Associates, Inc. v. Willingboro, 431 U. S. 85 (1977). It would also be inconsistent with this Court’s general approach to the use of preventative rules in the First Amendment context. “Broad prophylactic rules in the area of free expression are suspect. Precision of regulation must be the touchstone in an area so closely touching our most precious freedoms.” NAACP v. Button, 371 U. S. 415, 438 (1963) (citations omitted). Even under the First Amendment’s somewhat more forgiving standards for restrictions on commercial speech, a State may not curb protected expression without advancing a substantial governmental interest. Here, the ends sought by the State are not advanced by the speech restriction, and legitimate commercial speech is suppressed. For this reason, the Board’s rule infringes upon Fane’s right to speak, as guaranteed by -the Constitution.

The judgment of the Court of Appeals is

Affirmed.

Justice Blackmun,

concurring.

I join the Court’s opinion, just as I joined Justice Stevens’ recent opinion for the Court in Cincinnati v. Discovery Network, Inc., ante, p. 410, with the observation that I again disengage myself from any part thereof, or inference therefrom, that commercial speech that is free from fraud or duress or the advocacy of unlawful activity is entitled to only an “intermediate standard,” see ante, at 767, of protection under the First Amendment’s proscription of any law abridging the freedom of speech.

Justice O’Connor,

dissenting.

I continue to believe that this Court took a wrong turn with Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, 433 U. S. 350 (1977), and that it has compounded this error by finding increasingly unprofessional forms of attorney advertising to be protected speech. See Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio, 471 U. S. 626 (1985); Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Assn., 486 U. S. 466 (1988); Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Comm’n of Ill., 496 U. S. 91 (1990) (plurality opinion). These cases consistently focus on whether the challenged advertisement directly harms the listener: whether it is false or misleading, or amounts to “overreaching, invasion of privacy, [or] the exercise of undue influence,” Shapero, supra, at 475. This focus is too narrow. In my view, the States have the broader authority to prohibit commercial speech that, albeit not directly harmful to the listener, is inconsistent with the speaker’s membership in a learned profession and therefore damaging to the profession and society at large. See Zauderer, supra, at 676-677 (O’Connor, J., concurring in part, concurring in judgment in part, and dissenting in part); Shapero, supra, at 488-491 (O’Connor, J., dissenting); Peel, supra, at 119 (O’Connor, J., dissenting). In particular, the States may prohibit certain “forms of competition usual in the business world,” Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 421 U. S. 773, 792 (1975) (internal quotation marks omitted), on the grounds that pure profit seeking degrades the public-spirited culture of the profession and that a particular profit-seeking practice is inadequately justified in terms of consumer welfare or other social benefits. Commercialization has an incremental, indirect, yet profound effect on professional culture, as lawyers know all too well.

But even if I agreed that the States may target only professional speech that directly harms the listener, I still would dissent in this case. Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Assn., 436 U. S. 447 (1978), held that an attorney could be sanctioned for the in-person solicitation of two particularly vulnerable potential clients, because of the inherent risk under such circumstances that the attorney’s speech would be directly harmful, and because a simple prohibition on fraud or overreaching would be difficult to enforce in the context of in-person solicitation. See id., at 464-468. The result reached by the majority today cannot be squared with Ohralik.

Although Ohralik preceded Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Comm’n of N. Y., 447 U. S. 557 (1980), this Court has understood Ohralik to mean that a rule prohibiting in-person solicitation by attorneys would satisfy the Central Hudson test. See Shapero, supra, at 472. Such a rule would “directly advanc[e] the governmental interest [and would not be] more extensive than is necessary to serve that interest.” Central Hudson, supra, at 566. A substantial fraction of in-person solicitations are inherently conducive to overreaching or otherwise harmful speech, and these potentially harmful solicitations cannot be singled .out in advance (or so a reasonable legislator could believe).

I see no constitutional difference between a rule prohibiting in-person solicitation by attorneys, and a rule prohibiting in-person solicitation by certified public accountants (CPA’s). The attorney’s rhetorical power derives not only from his specific training in the art of persuasion, see ante, at 774-775, but more generally from his professional expertise. His certified status as an expert in a complex subject matter— the law — empowers the attorney to overawe inexpert clients. CPA’s have an analogous power. The drafters of Fla. Admin. Code § 21 A-24.002(2)(c) (1992) reasonably could have envisioned circumstances analogous to those in Okralik, where there is a substantial risk that the CPA will use his professional expertise to mislead or coerce a naive potential client.

Indeed, the majority scrupulously declines to question the validity of Florida’s rule. The majority never analyzes the rule itself under Central Hudson, cf. Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism, Co. of Puerto Rico, 478 U. S. 328, 340-344 (1986) (analyzing “facial” validity of law regulating commercial speech by employing Central Hudson test), but instead seeks to avoid this analysis by characterizing Fane’s suit as an “as-applied” challenge. See ante, at 763, 767, 770, 771, 774. I am surprised that the majority has taken this approach without explaining or even articulating the underlying assumption: that a commercial speaker can claim First Amendment protection for particular instances of prohibited commercial speech, even where the prohibitory law satisfies Central Hudson. Board of Trustees of State University of N. Y. v. Fox, 492 U. S. 469 (1989), appears to say the opposite, see id., at 476-486, and we recently granted certiorari in a case that poses precisely this issue, see United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co., 506 U. S. 1032 (1992).

In any event, the instant case is not an “as-applied” challenge, in the sense that a speaker points to special features of his own speech as constitutionally protected from a valid law. Cf. Zauderer, supra, at 644. The majority obscures this point by stating that Florida’s rule “cannot be sustained as applied to Fane’s proposed speech,” ante, at 767, and by paraphrasing Fane’s affidavit at length to show that he does not propose to solicit vulnerable clients, ante, at 775-776. But I do not understand the relevance of that affidavit here, because the broad remedy granted by the District Court goes well beyond Fane’s own speech.

“Florida Administrative Code, §§21A-24.002(2) and (3), places an unconstitutional ban on protected commercial speech in violation of the first . . . amendment]. The Board of Accountancy and State are hereby enjoined from enforcing that regulation as it is applied to CPAs who seek clients through in-person, direct, uninvited solicitation in the business context.” App. 88.

Even if the majority is correct that a law satisfying Central Hudson cannot be applied to harmless commercial speech, and that Fane’s proposed speech will indeed be harmless, these two premises do not justify an injunction against the enforcement of the antisolicitation rule to all CPA's.

The majority also relies on the fact that petitioners were enjoined only from enforcing the rule in the “business context.” See ante, at 763, 771. Yet this narrowing of focus, without more, does not salvage the District Court’s remedy. I fail to see why §21A-24.002(2)(c) should be valid overall, but not “in the business context.” Small businesses constitute the vast majority of business establishments in the United States, see U. S. Dept, of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States 526 (1992). The drafters of Florida’s rule reasonably could have believed that the average small businessman is no more sophisticated than the average individual who is wealthy enough to hire a CPA for his personal affairs.

In short, Í do not see how the result reached by the majority is consistent with the validity of §21A-24.002(2)(c). In failing to state otherwise, the majority implies that the rule itself satisfies Central Hudson, and I agree, but on that precise grounds Í would reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals.


source: Caselaw Access Project

license: Public Domain

text:
    February 22, 1993
    No. 91-1992.
    Figures et al. v. Hunt, Governor of Alabama, et al.
   Affirmed on appeal from D. C. S. D. Ala.


text:
    No. 92-805.
    DeWitt et al. v. Foley, Speaker of the House of Representatives, et al.
   Affirmed on appeal from D. C. N. D. Cal.


text:
    No. 92-282.
    Pearson et al. v. Planned Parenthood Margaret Sanger Clinic (Manhattan) et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari granted, judgment vacated, and case remanded for further consideration in light of Bray v. Alexandria Women’s Health Clinic, 506 U. S. 263 (1993).


text:
    No. 92-6180.
    Lacey v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Motion of petitioner for leave to proceed informa pauperis granted. Certiorari granted, judgment vacated, and case remanded for further consideration in light of Crosby v. United States, 506 U. S. 255 (1993).


text:
    No.-.
    No. —-—.
    No.-.
    No.-.
    North Jersey Secretarial School, Inc. v. Department of Education et al.; Fairley v. C & P Telephone Co.; Evan et al. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission et al.; and Guice-Mills v. Brown, Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
   Motions to direct the Clerk to file petitions for writs of certiorari out of time denied.


text:
    No.-.
    No.-.
    Durocher v. Florida; and McPeters v. California.
   Motions for leave to proceed in forma pauperis without affidavits of indigency executed by petitioners granted.


text:
    No. D-1202.
    In re Disbarment of Leighton.
    [For earlier order herein, see 506 U. S. 970.]
   Disbarment entered.


text:
    No. D-1203.
    In re Disbarment of Baucum.
    [For earlier order herein, see 506 U. S. 970.]
   Disbarment entered.


text:
    No. D-1205.
    In re Disbarment of Isaacks.
    [For earlier order herein, see 506 U. S. 970.]
   Disbarment entered.


text:
    No. D-1206.
    In re Disbarment of Breit.
    [For earlier order herein, see 506 U. S. 983.]
   Disbarment entered.


text:
    No. D-1208.
    In re Disbarment of Beaty.
    [For earlier order herein, see 506 U. S. 995.]
   Disbarment entered.


text:
    No. D-1209.
    In re Disbarment of White.
    [For earlier order herein, see 506 U. S. 995.]
   Disbarment entered.


text:
    No. D-1211.
    In re Disbarment of McClean.
    [For earlier order herein, see 506 U. S. 995.]
   Disbarment entered.


text:
    No. D-1212.
    In re Disbarment of Aguilar.
    [For earlier order herein, see 506 U. S. 995.]
   Disbarment entered.


text:
    No. D-1213.
    In re Disbarment of Verizzo.
    [For earlier order herein, see 506 U. S. 995.]
   Disbarment entered.


text:
    No. D-1215.
    In re Disbarment of Mayblum.
    [For earlier order herein, see 506 U. S. 995.]
   Disbarment entered.


text:
    No. D-1216.
    In re Disbarment of Hayes.
    [For earlier order herein, see 506 U. S. 1017.]
   Disbarment entered.


text:
    No. D-1228.
    In re Disbarment of Buck.
   It is ordered that Thomas Randolph Buck, of Plantation, Fla., be suspended from the practice of law in this Court and that a rule issue, returnable within 40 days, requiring him to show cause why he should not be disbarred from the practice of law in this Court.


text:
    No. D-1229.
    In re Disbarment of Veith.
   It is ordered that Douglas Veith, of Papillion, Neb., be suspended from the practice of law in this Court and that a rule issue, returnable within 40 days, requiring him to show cause why he should not be disbarred from the practice of law in this Court.


text:
    No. D-1230.
    In re Disbarment of Roth.
   It is ordered that James G. Roth, of Miami Beach, Fla., be suspended from the practice of law in this Court and that a rule issue, returnable within 40 days, requiring him to show cause why he should hot be disbarred from the practice of law in this Court.


text:
    No. D-1231.
    In re Disbarment of Gross.
   It is ordered that Howard Gross, of Miami Beach, Fla., be suspended from the practice of law in this Court and that a rule issue, returnable within 40 days, requiring him to show cause why he should not be disbarred from the practice of law in this Court.


text:
    No. D-1232.
    In re Disbarment of Thibideau.
   It is ordered that Lance Joseph Thibideau, of Fort Lauderdale, Fla., be suspended from the practice , of law in this Court and that a rule issue, returnable within 40 days, requiring him to show cause why he should not be disbarred from the practice of law ih this Court.


text:
    No. D-1233.
    In re Disbarment of Irek.
   It is ordered that Kenneth Frank Irek, of Raleigh, N. C., be suspended from the practice of law in this Court and that a rule issue, returnable within 40 days, requiring him to show cause why he should not be disbarred from the practice of law in this Court,


text:
    No. D-1234.
    In re Disbarment of Rice.
   It is ordered that Wilfred Carlmond Rice, of Litchfield, Mich., be suspended from the practice of law in this Court and that a rule issue, returnable within 40 days, requiring him to show cause why he should not be disbarred from the practice of law in this Court.


text:
    No. D-1235.
    In re Disbarment of Ushijima.
   It is ordered that Michael Masaharu Ushijima, of Algonquin, Ill., be suspended from the practice of law in this Court and that a rule issue, returnable within 40 days, requiring him to show cause why he should not be disbarred from the practice of law in this Court.


text:
    No. D-1236.
    In re Disbarment of Protokowicz.
   It is ordered that Stanley Edward Protokowicz, Jr., of Bel Air, Md., be suspended from the practice of law in this Court and that a rule issue, returnable within 40 days, requiring him to show cause why he should not be disbarred from the practice of law in this Court.


text:
    No. D-1237.
    In re Disbarment of Matusow.
   It is ordered that Arthur J. Matusow, of Philadelphia, Pa., be suspended from the practice of law in this Court and that a rule issue, returnable within 40 days, requiring him to show cause why he should not be disbarred from the practice of law in this Court.


text:
    No. 65,
    Orig.
    Texas v. New Mexico.
    [For earlier order herein, see, e. g., 506 U. S. 983.]
   Motion of the River Master for award of compensation and fees granted, and the River Master is awarded a total of $7,318.93 for the period October 1 through December 31, 1992, to be paid equally by the parties.


text:
    No. 91-261.
    No. 91-274.
    Building & Construction Trades Council of the Metropolitan District v. Associated Builders & Contractors of Massachusetts/Rhode Island, Inc., et al.; and Massachusetts Water Resources Authority et al. v. Associated Builders & Contractors of Massachusetts/Rhode Island, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 1st Cir. [Certiorari granted, 504 U. S. 908.] Motion of the Acting Solicitor General for leave to file a supplemental brief as amicus curiae after argument granted.


text:
    No. 91-871.
    Bath Iron Works Corp. et al. v. Director, Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs, United States Department of Labor, et al.,
   506 U. S. 153. Motion of respondent Ernest Brown for award of attorney’s fees denied without prejudice to refiling in the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.


text:
    No. 92-102.
    Daubert et ux., Individually and as Guardians ad Litem for Daubert, et al. v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
   C. A. 9th Cir. [Certiorari granted, 506 U. S. 914.] Motion of American College of Legal Medicine for leave to participate in oral argument as amicus curiae, for divided argument, and for additonal time for oral argument denied.


text:
    No. 92-166.
    Keene Corp. v. United States.
   C. A. Fed. Cir. [Certiorari granted, 506 U. S. 939.] Motion of Dico, Inc., to withdraw ainicus curiae brief denied.


text:
    No. 92-207.
    United States v. Padilla et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. [Certiorari granted, 506 U. S. 952.] Motion of respondents for divided argument denied. Motion of respondent Xavier V. Padilla for leave to proceed further herein in forma pauperis grahted. Motion for appointment of counsel granted, and it is ordered that Walter B. Nash III, Esq., of Tucson, Ariz., be appointed to serve as counsel for respondent Xavier V. Padilla in this case.


text:
    No. 92-311.
    Shalala, Secretary of Health and Human Services v. Schaefer.
   C. A. 8th Cir. [Certiorari granted sub nom. Sullivan v. Schaefer, 506 U. S. 997.] Motion of the Acting Solicitor General to dispense with printing the joint appendix granted.


text:
    No. 92-357.
    Shaw et al. v. Gerson, Acting Attorney General, et al.
   D. C. E. D. N. C. [Probable jurisdiction noted sub nom. Shaw v. Barr, 506 U. S. 1019.] Motion of the Acting Solicitor General for divided argument granted.


text:
    No. 92-484.
    No. 92-507.
    United States National Bank of Oregon v. Independent Insurance Agents of America, Inc., et al.; and Steinbrink, Acting Comptroller of the Currency, et al. v. Independent Insurance Agents of America, Inc., et al.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. [Certiorari granted, 506 U. S. 1032.] Motion of the Acting Solicitor General to dispense with printing the joint appendix granted. Motion of the Acting Solicitor General for divided argument denied.


text:
    No. 92-515.
    Wisconsin v. Mitchell.
   Sup. Ct. Wis. [Certiorari granted, 506 U. S. 1033.] Motion of the Acting Solicitor General for leave to participate in oral argument as amicus curiae and for divided argument granted.


text:
    No. 92-621.
    Rake et al. v. Wade, Trustee.
   C. A. 10th Cir. [Certiorari granted, 506 U. S. 972.] Motion of the Acting Solicitor General fbr leave to participate in oral argument as amicus curiae and for divided argument granted.


text:
    No. 92-725.
    Godinez, Warden v. Moran.
   C. A. 9th Cir. [Certiorari granted, 506 U. S. 1033.] Motion of the Acting Solicitor General for leave to participate in oral argument as amicus curiae and for divided argument granted.


text:
    No. 92-551.
    Cisneros, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, et al. v. Alpine Ridge Group et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. [Certiorari granted sub nom. Kemp v. Alpine Ridge Group, 506 U. S. 984.] Motion of American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations for leave to file a brief as amicus curiae granted.


text:
    No. 92-602.
    St. Mary’s Honor Center et al. v. Hicks.
   C. A. 8th Cir. [Certiorari granted, 506 U. S. 1042.] Motion of respondent for leave to proceed further herein in forma pau-peris denied.


text:
    No. 92-785.
    No. 92-1077.
    Rock Creek Limited Partnership v. California State Water Resources Control Board et al. American Airlines, Inc. v. Davies.
   C. A. 9th Cir.; and

C. A. 10th Cir. The Solicitor General is invited to file briefs in these cases expressing the views of the United States.


text:
    No. 92-6033.
    McNeil v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. [Certiorari granted, 506 U. S. 1074.] Motion for appointment of counsel granted, and it is ordered that Allen E. Shoenberger, Esq., of Chicago, Ill,, be appointed to serve as counsel for petitioner in this case.


text:
    No. 92-6378.
    Mahdavi v. Regents of the University of California.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Motion of petitioner for reconsideration of order denying leave to proceed informa pauperis [506 U. S. 1019] denied.


author: Justice Blackmun and Justice Stevens,

text:
    No. 92-6730.
    Swartz v. Florida Bar et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Motion of petitioner for leave to proceed in forma pauperis denied. Petitioner is allowed until March 15, 1993, within which to pay the docketing fee required by Rule 38(a) and to submit a petition in compliance with Rule 33 of the Rules of this Court.

Justice Blackmun and Justice Stevens,

dissenting.

For the reasons expressed in Brown v. Herald Co., 464 U. S. 928 (1983), we would deny the petition for writ of certiorari without reaching the merits of the motion to proceed in forma pauperis.


text:
    No. 92-6849.
    No. 92-6944.
    Betka v. A-T Industries, Inc., et al. Restrepo et al. v. First National Bank of Dona Ana County, New Mexico.
   Sup. Ct. Ore.; and

C. A. 5th Cir. Motions of petitioners for leave to proceed in forma pauperis denied. See this Court’s Rule 39.8. Petitioners are allowed until March 15, 1993, within which to pay the docketing fee required by Rule 38(a) and to submit petitions in compliance with Rule 33 of the Rules of this Court.

Justice Blackmun and Justice Stevens would deny the petitions for writs of certiorari.


text:
    No. 92-7099.
    In re Camilo Montoya.
   Petition for writ of habeas corpus denied.


text:
    No. 92-1005.
    No. 92-1050.
    No. 92-1052.
    No. 92-7231.
    In re Steinhilber; In re Risk Managers International, Inc., et al.; In re Sullivan; and In re Hewlett.
   Petitions for writs of mandamus denied.


text:
    No. 92-6789.
    In re Lightfoot.
   Petition for writ of mandamus and/or prohibition denied.


text:
    No. 92-6709.
    In re Watson.
   Petition for writ of prohibition denied.


text:
    No. 92-519.
    No. 92-593.
    No. 92-767.
    Wetherell, Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives, et al. v. De Grandy et al.; De Grandy et al. v. Wetherell, Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives, et al.; and United States v. Florida et al.
   Appeals from D. C. N. D. Fla. Motion of American Jewish Congress et al. for leave to file a brief as amici curiae in No. 92-519 granted. Probable jurisdiction noted, cases consolidated, and a total of one hour allotted for oral argument. Reported below: 815 F. Supp. 1550.


text:
    No. 92-1123.
    Izumi Seimitsu Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha v. U. S. Philips Corp. et al.
   C. A. Fed. Cir. Certiorari granted.


text:
    No. 91-1523.
    Florence County School District Four et al. v. Carter, a Minor, By and Through Her Father and Next Friend, Carter.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari granted limited to Question 1 presented by the petition.


text:
    No. 92-757.
    No. 92-938.
    Landgraf v. USI Film Products et al. Rivers et al. v. Roadway Express, Inc.
   C. A. 5th Cir.; and

C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari in No. 92-757 granted limited to Question 1 presented by the petition. Certiorari in No. 92-938 granted limited to Question 1 presented by the petition. Cases consolidated and a total of one hour allotted for oral argument. Reported below: No. 92-757, 968 F. 2d 427; No. 92-938, 973 F. 2d 490.


text:
    No. 90-1575.
    Lewis v. Pearson Foundation, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 91-6933.
    Cintron-Rodriguez v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 91-7567.
    Schlup v. Delo, Superintendent, Potosi Correctional Center.
   Sup. Ct. Mo. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 91-7733.
    Radley v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-443.
    Elfelt et al. v. Cooper.
   Sup. Ct. Wis. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-495.
    Green et al. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-501.
    Bachner v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-613.
    Harry and Jeanette Weinberg Foundation Inc. v. Croyden Associates et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-631.
    Smith et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-649.
    Schumacher et al. v. Nix, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-673.
    Butler v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-681.
    Novotny v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari dehied.


text:
    No. 92-687.
    Willmar Electric Service, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-694.
    McGranaghan v. California.
   Ct. App. Cal., 3d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-722.
    No. 92-917.
    Spencer Gifts, Inc. v. Olitsky; and Olitsky v. Spencer Gifts, Inc.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 964 F. 2d 1471.


text:
    No. 92-726.
    Torcasio v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-730.
    Insurance Company of North America v. United States Department of Labor, Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs, et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-738.
    Breque v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-743.
    Eckersley et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-744.
    Kraft, Inc. v. Federal Trade Commission.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-745.
    No. 92-1063.
    Aslan v. Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corp. et al.; and Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corp. et al. v. Aslan.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 967 F. 2d 683.


text:
    No. 92-746.
    Hughes v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-758.
    Campbell et al. v. United States.
   C. A. llth Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-762.
    Maulding v. Shalala, Secretary of Health and Human Services, et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-774.
    Davis v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-775.
    Maula v. Freckleton, Warden.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-777.
    Invention Submission Corp. v. Federal Trade Commission.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-779.
    Johnson et al. v. Thompson et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-789.
    Atlantic Richfield Co. v. United States Department of Energy et al.
   Temp. Emerg. Ct. App. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-795.
    Pounds v. Griepenstroh et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-799.
    Environmental Protection Agency v. Environmental Council of Sacramento, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-801.
    Commodities Export Co. v. United States.
   C. A. Fed. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-808.
    Knight v. City of New Orleans et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-815.
    Figueroa v. United States.
   Ct. Mil. App. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-824.
    Great Dane Trailers, Inc. v. Ruffin.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-825.
    Lee et al. v. Talladega County Board of Education et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-827.
    Copp v. United States.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-843.
    Save Our Cumberland Mountains, Inc. v. Babbitt, Secretary of the Interior, et al.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-855.
    Royal v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-869.
    Active Erectors & Installers, Inc. v. Hoffman Construction Company of Oregon.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-877.
    Elliott et al. v. Vermont.
   Sup. Ct. Vt. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-883.
    Berry v. Doe et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-900.
    Stiffler v. Lutheran Hospital, dba Hoopeston Community Memorial Hospital.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-902.
    Berghman et al. v. Atlantic Richfield Co. et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-907.
    Wilkinson v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-909.
    Tipton et al. v. Bergrohr GMBH-Siegen et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-910.
    Stowe v. Davis et al.
   Sup. Ct. Tenn. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-912.
    Primrose Oil Co., Inc. v. Steven D. Thompson Trucking, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-918.
    Frankenberry v. Morgan, Superintendent of State Correctional Institution at Pittsburgh, et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-921.
    Shih v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-924.
    Garthright, Executor v. Estate of Locke, Deceased.
   Ct. App. Tenn. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-925.
    Central Baptist Theological Seminary v. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources et al.
   Ct. App. Minn. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-932.
    Baker v. Bennett et al.
   Sup. Ct. Ala. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-934.
    Gould v. Smith, Trustee, Miami Center Liquidating Trust, et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-936.
    Neely v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-939.
    Spang & Co. v. Delgrosso et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-941.
    Bote, a Minor, By and Through Her Guardian ad Litem, Rogers v. Thomas.
   Ct. App. Cal, 2d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-942.
    Ames et ux. v. Sundance State Bank.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-943.
    No. 92-1211.
    Campo v. Electro-Coal Transfer Corp., Inc.; and National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania v. Electro-Coal Transfer Corp., Inc., et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-944.
    Catlett, Heir of the Estate of Catlett, Deceased v. Richards, Individually and as Successor Administrator of the Estate of Catlett, Deceased, et al.
   Ct. App. Tex., 2d Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-945.
    Northwest Airlines, Inc. v. American Airlines, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-947.
    BMW of North America, Inc. v. Big Apple BMW, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-950.
    23 West Washington Street, Inc. v. City of Hagerstown, Maryland.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-952.
    Pfluger v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-954.
    King, aka Greene v. Russell et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-955.
    Branson v. Strauch.
   Ct. App. Cal., 2d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-957.
    Garner v. Grievance Committee for the Ninth Judicial District.
   App. Div., Sup. Ct. N.Y., 2d Jud. Dept. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-958.
    Pickrel v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-959.
    Pritchard v. National Transportation Safety Board et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-971.
    Perron v. Bell Maintenance & Fabricators, Inc.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-972.
    Southern Slip Form Services, Inc. v. Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development.
   Ct. App. La., 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-974.
    Watkins v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-981.
    Madsen, Individually and as Personal Representative of the Estate of Madsen, and as Guardian for Madsen v. Allstate Insurance Co.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-983.
    Wilson v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-990.
    Gregory, Administrator of the Estate of Gregory, et al. v. City of Rogers, Arkansas, et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-991.
    Kaubisch et al. v. South Dakota.
   Sup. Ct. S. D. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-992.
    Lewis, Personal Representative of the Estate of Lewis, Deceased, et al. v. United States Navy.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-993.
    McCue v. McCue, Personal Representative of the Estate of McCue, Deceased.
   Ct. App. Minn. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 92-997.
    McGunnigle v. Callahan, Superintendent, McNeil Island Corrections Center.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-998.
    Russell v. Board of Trustees of the Firemen, Policemen & Fire Alarm Operators’ Pension Fund of Dallas, Texas, et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-999.
    Sykora v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1000.
    Maldonado, Personal Representative of the Estate of Maldonado, Deceased v. Josey, Personal Representative of the Estate of Berry.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1001.
    Pacific Erectors, Inc., et al. v. Brinderson-Newberg Joint Venture et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1004.
    Cowhig v. Stone, Secretary of the Army, et al.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1006.
    Sprague et al. v. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (General Motors Corp., Real Party in Interest).
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1007.
    Carlton v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1009.
    Greater Anchorage, Inc. v. Nowell.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1010.
    Deaton v. United States Department of Agriculture.
   C. A. Fed. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1011.
    Winter v. United States.
   Ct. Mil. App. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1023.
    Morton v. Southern Union Co.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1024.
    Sexton et al. v. Vaughn et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1025.
    Torres v. ASARCO, Inc.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1026.
    City of Long Beach et al. v. George.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1027.
    Turner et ux. v. Ocean Nymph Shipping Co., Ltd., et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1028.
    McLaren v. Imperial Casualty & Indemnity Co. et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1029.
    Skurnick v. Ainsworth.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1030.
    Diaz-Flores v. Immigration and Naturalization Service.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1031.
    McKnight v. General Motors Corp.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1032.
    Benasa Realty Co., t/a Wild Acres, et al. v. Mooney et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1034.
    Seminole Electric Cooperative, Inc. v. Florida Department of Revenue et al.
   Dist. Ct. App. Fla., 2d Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1035.
    Slawek et al. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1036.
    Moore v. Board of Education of Fulton Public School No. 58.
   Sup. Ct. Mo. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1038.
    Waterman Steamship Corp. et al. v. Raphaely International, Inc., et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1039.
    Booker v. Connecticut.
   App. Ct. Conn. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1040.
    Barber et al. v. Horsey et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1044.
    DeFoor v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1045.
    McCollum v. Georgia.
   Ct. App. Ga. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1049.
    Kassel v. Jarrett et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1054.
    Clayton Brokerage Co. of St. Louis, Inc. v. Jordan.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1056.
    Bray v. Idaho.
   Ct. App. Idaho. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1057.
    Sikes v. BancBoston Mortgage Corp.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1058.
    Strickland et al. v. Motors Insurance Corp.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1059.
    Boese v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1060.
    Osterbrock v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1064.
    Anderson et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1065.
    Rogers v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1068.
    City of South Sioux City, Nebraska v. Sioux City Foundry Co.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1071.
    Bozarov v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1072.
    Weaver et al. v. Steger et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1073.
    Central Gulf Lines, Inc., et al. v. United States,
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1075.
    Garner v. Colorado State Department of Personnel et al.
   Ct. App. Colo. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1080.
    Stephenson v. McLean Contracting Co., Inc.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1082.
    Black & Decker, Inc. v. Ross.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1086.
    Thomas v. City of Houston, Texas.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1087.
    Perella v. Colonial Transit, Inc., aka Colonial Taxi Co., Inc., et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1091.
    Holding v. Brothers et al.
   Sup. Ct. Va. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1092.
    Diversified Investment Properties, Inc., et al. v. Homart Development Co.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certio-rari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1093.
    Lebbos v. Arguelles et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1096.
    Sieu Mei Tu et al. v. Southern Pacific Transportation Co. et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1098.
    Phillips v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1100.
    Norton v. Rosen et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1101.
    Kimball v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1103.
    Henkel Corp. v. Tuck.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1108.
    Performance Industries, Inc. v. Morton International, Inc.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1109.
    Johnston et vir v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1111.
    City of Cincinnati et al. v. Kuntz.
   Ct. App. Ohio, Hamilton County. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1112.
    Pele Defense Fund v. Paty, Chairman, Board of Land and Natural Resources of Hawaii, et al.
   Sup. Ct. Haw. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1115.
    Krueger v. Board of Professional Discipline of the Idaho State Board of Medicine.
   Sup. Ct. Idaho. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1116.
    Ortiz v. Illinois.
   Sup. Ct. Ill. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1117.
    No. 92-1118.
    Hall v. Conway et al.; and Camoscio v. Conway et al.
   App. Ct. Mass. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 32 Mass. App. 1103, 585 N. E. 2d 764.


text:
    No. 92-1119.
    Larson v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1120.
    Brown et al. v. Independent School District No. 1-06 of McCurtain County, Oklahoma (Haworth School District), et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1121.
    Dever v. Ohio.
   Sup. Ct. Ohio. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1122.
    Polyak v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1124.
    Clarkson Puckle Group, Ltd., et al. v. International Insurance Co. et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1125.
    North by Northwest Civic Assn., Inc. v. City of Atlanta et al.
   Sup. Ct. Ga. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1126.
    Goodin v. Shalala, Secretary of Health and Human Services.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1132.
    Schwartz v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1133.
    Lightfoot et al. v. Eu, Secretary of State of California.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1135.
    Griffin v. First National Bank of Crossett, Arkansas.
   Sup. Ct. Ark. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1136.
    Belanger v. Madera Unified School District et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1137.
    Carroll v. Downs, Commissioner of Transportation of New Jersey, et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1138.
    Karst v. Woods.
   Ct. App. Cal., 1st App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1140.
    Browning et al. v. Boatmen’s Bank of Benton et al.
   App. Ct. Ill., 5th Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1141.
    Hurd v. Hurd.
   App. Ct. Mass. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1146.
    Powell v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1148.
    Barkley v. RKO Pictures, Inc.
   Ct. App. Okla. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1152.
    Western Gas Resources, Inc., Successor in Interest to Western Gas Processors, Ltd. v. Heitkamp, Tax Commissioner of North Dakota.
   Sup. Ct. N. D. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1153.
    Pickrel v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1154.
    O'Hara et al. v. Kovens, Personal Representative of the Estate of Kovens, et al.
   Ct. Sp. App. Md. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1155.
    Indiana Department of Financial Institutions et al. v. Miller et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1160.
    Ward v. Office of Personnel Management et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1161.
    Skubal v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1162.
    9221 Associates et al. v. Industrial State Bank.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1167.
    Bush v. Zeeland Public Schools et al.
   Sup. Ct. Mich. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1171.
    McLinn v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1172.
    Span et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1174.
    Schneiderman v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1175.
    Grosz v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1185.
    Navarro v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1193.
    Walgren v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1197.
    Konigsberg v. Kuhlmann, Warden.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1198.
    Matyastik v. Texas.
   Ct. App. Tex., 10th Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1200.
    Sun Communications, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission et al.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1201.
    Armstrong World Industries, Inc. v. Fineman et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1204.
    Milam v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-1226.
    Goland v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-5568.
    Jones v. Texas.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tex. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-5603.
    Coble v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-5743.
    Dawson v. Nevada.
   Sup. Ct. Nev. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-5818.
    Padilla v. Ignacio, Warden, et al.
   Sup. Ct. Nev. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-5896.
    Deberry v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-5907.
    Betka v. Shalala, Secretary of Health and Human Services, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-5992.
    Janes v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6013.
    Luckett v. Jett, Director, Illinois Department of Human Rights.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6032.
    Washington v. United States.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6037.
    Hernandez v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6054.
    Villarrubia v. United States Postal Service et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6061.
    Pedroza-Diaz v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6106.
    Halbert v. New York.
   Ct. App. N. Y. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6141.
    Dolfi v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6160.
    Johnson v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6186.
    Evans v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6264.
    Uhler v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6277.
    Ali-Kandiel v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6278.
    Carter v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6327.
    Nickerson v. Lee, Superintendent, Rockingham Correctional Center, et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6331.
    Davis v. Bentsen, Secretary of the Treasury, et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6337.
    Strickland v. Florida.
   Dist. Ct. App. Fla., 2d Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6340.
    Davern v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6345.
    Montero v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6353.
    Silvers v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6409.
    No. 92-6802.
    Dischner v. United States; and Mathisen v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 974 F. 2d 1502.


text:
    No. 92-6410.
    Crank v. Duckworth, Superintendent, Indiana State Reformatory.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6427.
    Cowan v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6448.
    Giles v. Hotel Oakland Associates et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6459.
    Selland v. United States et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6461.
    Beall v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6472.
    Ojebode v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6474.
    Leger v. Illinois.
   Sup. Ct. Ill. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6480.
    Kesner v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6500.
    No. 92-6574.
    Holm v. United States; and LaFleur v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 971 F. 2d 200.


text:
    No. 92-6509.
    Sasser v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6521.
    Blount v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6530.
    Griffin v. Illinois.
   Sup. Ct. Ill. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6570.
    Weaver et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6572.
    Dill v. Alabama.
   Sup. Ct. Ala. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6587.
    Tran Van Khiem v. United States.
   Ct. App. D. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6594.
    Hill v. North Carolina.
   Sup. Ct. N. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6595.
    Grant v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6597.
    Gaudet v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6605.
    Meek v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6611.
    Whitson v. City of Urbandale, Iowa.
   Ct. App. Iowa. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6617.
    Tarango v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6620.
    Williams v. Shalala, Secretary of Health and Human Services.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6641.
    Wood v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6668.
    Giles v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6669.
    Martinez v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6672.
    Uselton v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6688.
    Hampton v. Keal Driveaway Co. et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6699.
    Russell v. Runyon, Postmaster General.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6704.
    Baker v. Federal Bureau of Investigation.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6710.
    Williams v. California.
   Ct. App. Cal., 4th App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6715.
    Anderson v. United States.
   C. A. Fed. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6718.
    Spychala v. Meyers, Warden.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6720.
    Haight v. Kentucky.
   Sup. Ct. Ky. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6721.
    Haney v. Alabama.
   Sup. Ct. Ala. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6723.
    Halverson v. United States.
   C: A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6725.
    Jones v. Continental Bondware.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6728.
    Smith v. Stotler, Judge, United States District Court for the Central District of California, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6741.
    Harvey v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6743.
    Franklin v. National Maritime Union of America et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6745.
    Knight v. Walker et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6748.
    Angeletakis v. California.
   Ct. App. Cal., 4th App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6749.
    Cross v. Shelton.
   Ct. App. Cal, 1st App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6750.
    Adams v. Carr, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6752.
    Montgomery v. United States Postal Service.
   C. A. Fed. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6753.
    Porth v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6758.
    Lande v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6759.
    Richardson v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6761.
    Tinsley v. Williams, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6762.
    Guy v. Westmoreland County Sheriff’s Department et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6763.
    White v. Collins, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6764.
    Jackson v. Department of Health and Human Services.
   C. A. Fed. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6766.
    Battle v. Barton et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6769.
    Swig v. Jones et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6772.
    McMiller v. Borgert, Warden.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6773.
    Lewis v. American Airlines et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6774.
    Shaw v. Delo, Superintendent, Missouri State Correctional Facility at Potosi, et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6779.
    Schrader v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6782.
    Moore v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6783.
    Lightfoot v. Town of Fairfield, Maine.
   Sup. Jud. Ct. Me. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6785.
    Battle v. McDade, Superintendent, Eastern Correctional Institution, et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6788.
    No. 92-6804.
    Plath v. South Carolina; and Arnold v. South Carolina.
   Sup. Ct. S. C. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 309 S. C. 157, 420 S. E. 2d 834.


text:
    No. 92-6790.
    Key v. Washington et al.
   Sup. Ct. Wash. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6791.
    Ellis v. Collins, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6793.
    Herrera v. Miller.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6794.
    Vereen v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6795.
    Vanskike v. Peters.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6797.
    Whitaker v. For Eyes et al.; and Whitaker v. Alameda County Superior Court et al.
   Ct. App. Cal., 1st App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6798.
    Wilkerson v. Borg, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6801.
    Dick v. Peters, Director, Illinois Department of Corrections.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6803.
    Smith v. Johnson et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6808.
    James v. Arizona.
   Super. Ct. Ariz., Maricopa County. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6810.
    Serrano Reyes et al. v. California.
   Ct. App. Cal., 2d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6812.
    Echols v. American Fork Investors et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6814.
    Ponce-Bran v. Wilson, Governor of California, et al.
   Ct. App. Cal., 3d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6817.
    Boyd v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6819.
    Crenshaw v. Ohio Department of Human Services.
   Sup. Ct. Ohio. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6824.
    Smith v. Klincar, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6828.
    Washburn v. Virginia.
   Sup. Ct. Va. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6829.
    Hester v. Georgia.
   Ct. App. Ga. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6831.
    Provost v. Minnesota.
   Sup. Ct. Minn. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6834.
    Edwards et al. v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6840.
    Marshall v. New Jersey.
   Sup. Ct. N. J. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6841.
    Thigpen v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6842.
    Stevens v. Zant, Warden.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6843.
    Sitton v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6844.
    Duvall v. Duvall et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6845.
    Demos v. King County Superior Court et al.
   Sup. Ct. Wash. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6848.
    Williams et ux. v. Seeber et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6857.
    Faglie v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6858.
    Hakim v. Miele.
   Super. Ct. N. H., Hillsborough County. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6859.
    Heck v. Richards, Superintendent, Westville Correctional Center, et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6860.
    Horton v. Singletary, Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections, et al.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6861.
    Jones v. Jones.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6862.
    Green et al. v. Chatham County, Georgia.
   Ct. App. Ga. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6865.
    Peabody v. Arizona.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6867.
    McCray v. Maryland et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6869.
    LaFlamme v. Spector et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6870.
    Ryman v. Galley, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6871.
    Ryman v. Galley, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6872.
    Darling et al. v. City of Beaumont et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6875.
    Ferreira v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6879.
    Billings et ux. v. Dolan, Acting Commissioner, Internal Revenue Service.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6881.
    Cain v. Peters, Director, Illinois Department of Corrections, et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6883.
    Minnis v. Baldwin.
   Sup. Ct. Pa. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6884.
    Lucien v. Peters, Director, Illinois Department of Corrections, et al.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6885.
    Murphy v. Dowd et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6887.
    Mohiuddin v. State Department of Industrial Relations et al.
   Sup. Ct. Ala. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6892.
    Shelton v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6893.
    Holbs v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6896.
    Gough v. Ohio.
   Sup. Ct. Ohio. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6897.
    Robertson v. Whitley, Warden.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6898.
    Nelson v. City of Tuscaloosa et al.
   Sup. Ct. Ala. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6900.
    Campbell v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6901.
    Buchanan v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6902.
    Dobrova v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6903.
    Wilson v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6905.
    Oken v. Maryland.
   Ct. App. Md. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6906.
    Turner v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6909.
    Hafford v. Texas.
   Ct. App. Tex., 2d Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6912.
    Blalock v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6913.
    Semenak v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6914.
    Chavez v. Merced County Human Services Agency.
   Ct. App. Cal., 5th App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6915.
    Vega-Penarete v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6916.
    Turner v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6918.
    Seagrave v. Gomez, Warden.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6919.
    Whitaker v. Alameda County Superior Court et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6920.
    Seagrave v. California.
   Ct. App. Cal., 1st App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6922.
    Warner v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6923.
    Gardner v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6924.
    Gutierrez-Mederos v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6925.
    Fowler v. Estelle, Warden.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6926.
    Herman v. Department of the Treasury et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6927.
    Smith v. Groose, Superintendent, Jefferson City Correctional Center, et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6928.
    Watson v. Workers’ Compensation Appeals Board of California et al.
   Ct. App. Cal., 4th App. Dist. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6929.
    Wolfenbarger v. Love, Judge, et al.; and Wolfenbarger v. Court of Appeals of Kansas et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6930.
    Stevens v. Department of Health and Human Services.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6932.
    Dickerson v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6933.
    Alvarez v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6935.
    Lewis v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6937.
    Purnell v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6938.
    Lawrence v. New York.
   App. Div., Sup. Ct. N. Y., 2d Jud. Dept. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6939.
    Abner v. Escambia County School District.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6940.
    Young v. North Carolina.
   Super. Ct. N. C., Wake County. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6943.
    Rodriguez v. Kincheloe.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6946.
    Clark v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6947.
    England v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6948.
    Goodwin v. California.
   Ct. App. Cal., 1st App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6950.
    Cano-Pena v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6951.
    Carlyle v. Trigg, Superintendent, Indiana Youth Center.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6952.
    Lackey v. Texas.
   Ct. Crim. App. Tex. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6954.
    Satcher v. Virginia.
   Sup. Ct. Va. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6955.
    Dulaney v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6956.
    Locadia v. New York.
   App. Div., Sup. Ct. N. Y., 2d Jud. Dept. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6958.
    Birkholz v. Racicot, Attorney General of Montana.
   Sup. Ct. Mont. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6959.
    Gray v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6961.
    Ruiz v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6963.
    Durling v. Chairman, Massachusetts Parole Board et al.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6964.
    Williams v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6965.
    Mylo v. Board of Education of Baltimore County.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6966.
    Moses v. Carnes.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6967.
    Prenzler v. Kleinman.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6968.
    Lyle v. Saginaw Circuit Judge et al.
   Sup. Ct. Mich. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6969.
    Arafiles v. California.
   Ct. App. Cal., 3d App. Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6970.
    Farley v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6972.
    Goodman v. Goodman.
   Super. Ct. Dougherty County, Ga. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6974.
    Wright v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6975.
    Holmes v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6976.
    Burns v. California.
   App. Dept., Super. Ct. Cal., County of Los Angeles. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6978.
    Fields v. City of West Palm Beach, Florida.
   Dist. Ct. App. Fla., 4th Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6980.
    Brookins v. Pennsylvania.
   Sup. Ct. Pa. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6985.
    Allen v. Leimbach.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6986.
    Sultry v. United States.
   C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6990.
    Powers v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6991.
    Bethley v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6992.
    Overshown v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6993.
    Pride v. California.
   Sup. Ct. Cal. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6994.
    Larkin v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6995.
    Moore v. United States.
   Ct. App. D. C. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6996.
    Franklin v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6997.
    Holden v. Briggs, Superintendent, Cook Inlet Pre-Trial Facility, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6998.
    Hernandez-Ruiz v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-6999.
    Grey v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7000.
    Evans v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7001.
    Henry et ux. v. Otis Engineering Corp. et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7002.
    Johnson v. Collins, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7003.
    DiCesare v. Walker et al.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7004.
    Estus v. Lynn.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7005.
    Franklin v. Collins, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7006.
    McGee et al. v. County of Los Angeles et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7007.
    Simpson v. United States.
   C. A. 7th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7010.
    Smith v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7011.
    Purdy v. Commodity Futures Trading Commission.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7013.
    Maxwell v. Beyer et al.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7014.
    Murphy v. Oklahoma.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7015.
    White v. Texas.
   Ct. App. Tex., 9th Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7016.
    Ryman v. Pyles et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7017.
    Warden v. Perry et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7018.
    Bentley v. Scully et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7022.
    Norton v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7023.
    Hunt v. City of Detroit, Michigan, et al.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7024.
    Ingalls v. Firehouse Brewing Co., Inc.
   Ct. App. Ariz. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7027.
    Ferdik v. Woods, Attorney General of Arizona, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7028.
    De Los Santos v. Borg, Warden.
   Sup. Ct. Cal. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7029.
    Thomas v. McCormick, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7030.
    Norris v. Indiana.
   Ct. App. Ind. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7031.
    Spano v. McAvoy et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7032.
    Spano v. McAvoy et al.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7033.
    Litvin v. Florida.
   Dist. Ct. App. Fla., 4th Dist. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7034.
    Stratton v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7035.
    Stokes v. Puckett, Superintendent, Mississippi State Penitentiary, et al.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7036.
    Bernard v. Garraghty, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7037.
    Hammond v. Department of the Air Force.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7038.
    Schaefer v. Singletary, Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7040.
    Carter v. Ohio.
   Sup. Ct. Ohio. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7044.
    Stanton v. United States.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7045.
    Williams v. Grayson, Warden.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7046.
    Chimal v. United States.
   C. A. 10th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7047.
    Bryant v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7048.
    Campbell v. United States.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7050.
    Smith v. Lockhart, Director, Arkansas Department of Correction.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7051.
    Brown v. United States.
   C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7052.
    Baugh v. Arkansas.
   Ct. App. Ark. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7053.
    Bryson v. Bessinger, Warden, et al.
   C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7054.
    Blackmon v. McMackin, Warden.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7055.
    York v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7056.
    Whigham v. Filene’s Department Store et al.
   C. A. 1st Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7057.
    Seibert v. Delo et al.
   C. A. 8th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7058.
    Sola v. United States.
   C. A. 2d Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7059.
    Martinez-Cortez v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7060.
    Lorentsen v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7061.
    MacInnis v. United States.
   C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7062.
    Reed v. United States.
   C. A. 6th Cir. Cer-tiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7063.
    Heal v. United States.
   C. A. 9th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7065.
    Hannah v. United States.
   C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.


text:
    No. 92-7068.
    Gonzales v. Texas.
   Ct. App. Tex., 4th Dist. Certiorari denied.